Add m-esr52 at 52.6.0

1830 files changed, 306691 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/python/PyECC/MANIFEST.in b/python/PyECC/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb3ec5f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include README.md
diff --git a/python/PyECC/README.md b/python/PyECC/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be67fff04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+ecc
+===
+
+Pure Python implementation of an elliptic curve cryptosystem based on FIPS 186-3
+
+License
+=======
+
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Toni Mattis
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/Key.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/Key.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ba268576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/Key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+#   ====================================================================
+#
+#       ELLIPTIC CURVE KEY ENCAPSULATION
+#       Version 2011-01-26
+#
+#       Copyright (c) 2010 - 2011 | Toni Mattis
+#
+#   ====================================================================
+
+"""
+== Elliptic Curve Key Encapsulation ==
+
+Keypairs
+--------
+Keypairs are generated using: Key.generate(bits)
+
+The number of bits is tied to the NIST-proposed elliptic curves
+and has to be 192, 224, 256, 384 or 521 (not 512!).
+The result is a Key object containing public and private key.
+
+private() is a method for checking whether the Key object is a
+pure public key or also includes the private part.
+
+
+Exchange
+--------
+Public keys have to be exported using the export()-Method without
+passing an argument. The result is a string which can be safely
+transmitted.
+
+Using Key.decode(<encoded key>) the receiver obtains a new
+public Key object of the sender.
+
+
+Storage
+-------
+For storing a key, export(True) exports both private and public
+key as a string. Make sure this information is properly encrypted
+when stored.
+
+Key.decode(<encoded key>) obtains the full Key object from the
+encoded keypair.
+
+
+Public Keys
+-----------
+A public Key object can perform the following cryptographic
+operations:
+
+*   validate()      Checks key integrity, i.e. after loading the
+                    key from a file. Returns True if the key is
+                    valid. Invalid keys should be discarded.
+
+*   fingerprint()   Returns the public key fingerprint used to
+                    identify the key. Optional arguments:
+                    1. as_hex - True, if output should be formatted
+                        as hexadecimal number (default: True).
+                    2. hashfunc - The official name of the hash
+                        function being used (default: 'sha1')
+                        For supported hash functions see below.
+
+*   keyid()         Returns a (mostly) unique Key ID, which is
+                    shorter than the fingerprint. The result
+                    is an integer of max. 64 bits.
+
+*   verify()        Verifies whether the given data (argument 1)
+                    matches the signature (argument 2) issued
+                    by the owner of this key. A falsification
+                    can have multiple causes:
+                    
+                    - Data, public key or signature were altered
+                      during transmission/storage.
+                    - The siganture was not issued by the owner
+                      of this key but may be valid with another
+                      key.
+                    - The signature was issued for different data.
+                    - The signature was issued using a different
+                      hash function. Another hash function may work.
+                      
+                    Optionally, the name of a hash algorithm
+                    can be provided. For hash names see below.
+
+* encrypt()         Encrypts a packet of data destined for the owner
+                    of this key*. After encryption only the holder
+                    of this Key's private part is able to decrypt
+                    the message.
+
+Private Keys / Keypairs
+-----------------------
+
+If the key object is private, then it is a keypair consisting of
+a public and a private key. Therefore all Public key operations
+are supported.
+
+Additional functions:
+
+* sign()            Signs given data using this private key. The
+                    result is a signature which can be passed as
+                    argument to the verify() function in addition
+                    to the data being verified.
+
+                    As additional argument the name of the hash
+                    function can be provided (defaults to 'sha256').
+                    For hash names see below.
+
+* auth_encrypt()    Performs authenticated encryption of data
+                    (argument 1) for the holder of the key provided
+                    as second argument. Only the receiver whose
+                    public key is given is able to derypt and verify
+                    the message. The message will be implicitly
+                    signed using the own private key. *
+
+* decrypt()         Decrypts a message which has been encrypted
+                    using the public key of this keypair*. If
+                    decryption yields random data, this can have
+                    multiple causes:
+                    - You were not the intended receiver, a different
+                      private key may be able to decrypt it.
+                    - The message was altered.
+                    - Your private key is damaged.
+
+* auth_decrypt()    Decrypts a message while verifying whether
+                    it has been authentically issued by the holder
+                    of the given key (argument 2). When
+                    authentication failed, a
+                    SecurityViolationException is thrown. Reasons
+                    for this to happen are those mentioned with
+                    decrypt() and verify(). *
+
+*) The encryption used here depends on the "eccrypt" module imported
+by this module. Default implementation should use RABBIT as cipher
+and do the asymmetric part using an optimized El-Gamal scheme.
+        
+            
+
+Hash functions
+--------------
+The following hash functions can be passed at the moment:
+
+name     | hash size              | security level
+         | (bits, bytes, hex digits)
+---------+------------------------+----------------
+'sha1'      160 / 20 / 40           medium
+'sha224'    224 / 28 / 56           medium-strong
+'sha256'    256 / 32 / 64           strong
+'sha384'    384 / 48 / 96           very strong
+'sha512'    512 / 64 / 128          very strong
+
+'md5'       128 / 16 / 32           weak (not recommended!)
+
+
+Curves
+------
+According to FIPS 186-3, Appendix D.1.2 there are 5 elliptic
+curves recommended. All of those are strong, but those with
+a higher bit number even stronger.
+
+192 and 224 bits are sufficient for most purposes.
+256 bits offer an additional magnitude of security.
+    (i.e. for classified / strongly confidential data)
+384 and 521 bits provide exceptionally strong security. According
+    to current research they most probably keep this level for
+    decades in the future.
+
+FIPS also recommends curves over polynomial fields but actually
+only prime fields are implemented here. (Because 2^521-1 is a mersenne
+prime having great security characteristics, 521 bits are preferred
+over a constructed 512 bit field.)
+"""
+
+from encoding import *
+from eccrypt import *
+import ecdsa
+import hashlib
+from SecurityViolationException import *
+
+class Key:
+
+    # --- KEY SETUP ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __init__(self, public_key, private_key = None):
+        '''Create a Key(pair) from numeric keys.'''
+        self._pub = public_key
+        self._priv = private_key
+        self._fingerprint = {}
+        self._id = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def generate(bits):
+        '''Generate a new ECDSA keypair'''
+        return Key(*ecdsa.keypair(bits))
+
+    # --- BINARY REPRESENTATION ------------------------------------------------
+
+    def encode(self, include_private = False):
+        '''Returns a strict binary representation of this Key'''
+        e = Encoder().int(self.keyid(), 8)
+        e.int(self._pub[0], 2).point(self._pub[1], 2)
+        if include_private and self._priv:
+            e.long(self._priv[1], 2)
+        else:
+            e.long(0, 2)
+        return e.out()
+
+    def compress(self):
+        '''Returns a compact public key representation'''
+        
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def decode(s):
+        '''Constructs a new Key object from its binary representation'''
+        kid, ksize, pub, priv = Decoder(s).int(8).int(2).point(2).long(2).out()
+        k = Key((ksize, pub), (ksize, priv) if priv else None)
+        if kid == k.keyid():
+            return k
+        else:
+            raise ValueError, "Invalid Key ID"
+
+    # --- IDENTIFICATION AND VALIDATION ----------------------------------------
+
+    def private(self):
+        '''Checks whether Key object contains private key'''
+        return bool(self._priv)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        '''Checks key validity'''
+        if ecdsa.validate_public_key(self._pub):
+            if self._priv:          # ? validate and match private key
+                return ecdsa.validate_private_key(self._priv) and \
+                       ecdsa.match_keys(self._pub, self._priv)
+            else:
+                return True         # : everything valid
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def fingerprint(self, as_hex = True, hashfunc = 'sha1'):
+        '''Get the public key fingerprint'''
+        if hashfunc in self._fingerprint:
+            return self._fingerprint[hashfunc] if not as_hex else \
+                   self._fingerprint[hashfunc].encode("hex")
+        else:
+            h = hashlib.new(hashfunc, enc_point(self._pub[1]))
+            d = h.digest()
+            self._fingerprint[hashfunc] = d
+            return d.encode("hex") if as_hex else d
+
+    def keyid(self):
+        '''Get a short, unique identifier'''
+        if not self._id:
+            self._id = dec_long(self.fingerprint(False, 'sha1')[:8])
+        return self._id
+
+    # --- DIGITAL SIGNATURES ---------------------------------------------------
+
+    def sign(self, data, hashfunc = 'sha256'):
+        '''Sign data using the specified hash function'''
+        if self._priv:
+            h = dec_long(hashlib.new(hashfunc, data).digest())
+            s = ecdsa.sign(h, self._priv)
+            return enc_point(s)
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError, "Private key needed for signing."
+
+    def verify(self, data, sig, hashfunc = 'sha256'):
+        '''Verify the signature of data using the specified hash function'''
+        h = dec_long(hashlib.new(hashfunc, data).digest())
+        s = dec_point(sig)
+        return ecdsa.verify(h, s, self._pub)
+
+    # --- HYBRID ENCRYPTION ----------------------------------------------------
+
+    def encrypt(self, data):
+        '''Encrypt a message using this public key'''
+        ctext, mkey = encrypt(data, self._pub)
+        return Encoder().point(mkey).str(ctext, 4).out()
+
+    def decrypt(self, data):
+        '''Decrypt an encrypted message using this private key'''
+        mkey, ctext = Decoder(data).point().str(4).out()
+        return decrypt(ctext, mkey, self._priv)
+        
+    # --- AUTHENTICATED ENCRYPTION ---------------------------------------------
+
+    def auth_encrypt(self, data, receiver):
+        '''Sign and encrypt a message'''
+        sgn = self.sign(data)
+        ctext, mkey = encrypt(data, receiver._pub)
+        return Encoder().point(mkey).str(ctext, 4).str(sgn, 2).out()
+
+    def auth_decrypt(self, data, source):
+        '''Decrypt and verify a message'''
+        mkey, ctext, sgn = Decoder(data).point().str(4).str(2).out()
+        text = decrypt(ctext, mkey, self._priv)
+        if source.verify(text, sgn):
+            return text
+        else:
+            raise SecurityViolationException, "Invalid Signature"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    import time
+
+    def test_overhead():
+        print "sender", "receiver", "+bytes", "+enctime", "+dectime"
+        for s in [192, 224, 256, 384, 521]:
+            sender = Key.generate(s)
+            for r in [192, 224, 256, 384, 521]:
+                receiver = Key.generate(r)
+                t = time.time()
+                e = sender.auth_encrypt("", receiver)
+                t1 = time.time() - t
+                t = time.time()
+                receiver.auth_decrypt(e, sender)
+                t2 = time.time() - t
+                print s, r, len(e), t1, t2
+
+                
+                
+    
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/Rabbit.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/Rabbit.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..209f01e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/Rabbit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#   R A B B I T   Stream Cipher
+#   by M. Boesgaard, M. Vesterager, E. Zenner (specified in RFC 4503)
+#
+#
+#   Pure Python Implementation by Toni Mattis
+#
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+WORDSIZE = 0x100000000
+
+rot08 = lambda x: ((x <<  8) & 0xFFFFFFFF) | (x >> 24)
+rot16 = lambda x: ((x << 16) & 0xFFFFFFFF) | (x >> 16)
+
+def _nsf(u, v):
+    '''Internal non-linear state transition'''
+    s = (u + v) % WORDSIZE
+    s = s * s
+    return (s ^ (s >> 32)) % WORDSIZE
+
+class Rabbit:
+
+    def __init__(self, key, iv = None):
+        '''Initialize Rabbit cipher using a 128 bit integer/string'''
+        
+        if isinstance(key, str):
+            # interpret key string in big endian byte order
+            if len(key) < 16:
+                key = '\x00' * (16 - len(key)) + key
+            # if len(key) > 16 bytes only the first 16 will be considered
+            k = [ord(key[i + 1]) | (ord(key[i]) << 8)
+                 for i in xrange(14, -1, -2)]
+        else:
+            # k[0] = least significant 16 bits
+            # k[7] = most significant 16 bits
+            k = [(key >> i) & 0xFFFF for i in xrange(0, 128, 16)]
+            
+        # State and counter initialization
+        x = [(k[(j + 5) % 8] << 16) | k[(j + 4) % 8] if j & 1 else
+             (k[(j + 1) % 8] << 16) | k[j] for j in xrange(8)]
+        c = [(k[j] << 16) | k[(j + 1) % 8] if j & 1 else
+             (k[(j + 4) % 8] << 16) | k[(j + 5) % 8] for j in xrange(8)]
+        
+        self.x = x
+        self.c = c
+        self.b = 0
+        self._buf = 0           # output buffer
+        self._buf_bytes = 0     # fill level of buffer
+        
+        self.next()
+        self.next()
+        self.next()
+        self.next()
+
+        for j in xrange(8):
+            c[j] ^= x[(j + 4) % 8]
+        
+        self.start_x = self.x[:]    # backup initial key for IV/reset
+        self.start_c = self.c[:]
+        self.start_b = self.b
+
+        if iv != None:
+            self.set_iv(iv)
+
+    def reset(self, iv = None):
+        '''Reset the cipher and optionally set a new IV (int64 / string).'''
+        
+        self.c = self.start_c[:]
+        self.x = self.start_x[:]
+        self.b = self.start_b
+        self._buf = 0
+        self._buf_bytes = 0
+        if iv != None:
+            self.set_iv(iv)
+
+    def set_iv(self, iv):
+        '''Set a new IV (64 bit integer / bytestring).'''
+
+        if isinstance(iv, str):
+            i = 0
+            for c in iv:
+                i = (i << 8) | ord(c)
+            iv = i
+
+        c = self.c
+        i0 = iv & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        i2 = iv >> 32
+        i1 = ((i0 >> 16) | (i2 & 0xFFFF0000)) % WORDSIZE
+        i3 = ((i2 << 16) | (i0 & 0x0000FFFF)) % WORDSIZE
+        
+        c[0] ^= i0
+        c[1] ^= i1
+        c[2] ^= i2
+        c[3] ^= i3
+        c[4] ^= i0
+        c[5] ^= i1
+        c[6] ^= i2
+        c[7] ^= i3
+
+        self.next()
+        self.next()
+        self.next()
+        self.next()
+        
+
+    def next(self):
+        '''Proceed to the next internal state'''
+        
+        c = self.c
+        x = self.x
+        b = self.b
+
+        t = c[0] + 0x4D34D34D + b
+        c[0] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[1] + 0xD34D34D3 + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[1] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[2] + 0x34D34D34 + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[2] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[3] + 0x4D34D34D + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[3] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[4] + 0xD34D34D3 + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[4] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[5] + 0x34D34D34 + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[5] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[6] + 0x4D34D34D + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[6] = t % WORDSIZE
+        t = c[7] + 0xD34D34D3 + t // WORDSIZE
+        c[7] = t % WORDSIZE
+        b = t // WORDSIZE
+        
+        g = [_nsf(x[j], c[j]) for j in xrange(8)]
+        
+        x[0] = (g[0] + rot16(g[7]) + rot16(g[6])) % WORDSIZE
+        x[1] = (g[1] + rot08(g[0]) + g[7]) % WORDSIZE
+        x[2] = (g[2] + rot16(g[1]) + rot16(g[0])) % WORDSIZE
+        x[3] = (g[3] + rot08(g[2]) + g[1]) % WORDSIZE
+        x[4] = (g[4] + rot16(g[3]) + rot16(g[2])) % WORDSIZE
+        x[5] = (g[5] + rot08(g[4]) + g[3]) % WORDSIZE
+        x[6] = (g[6] + rot16(g[5]) + rot16(g[4])) % WORDSIZE
+        x[7] = (g[7] + rot08(g[6]) + g[5]) % WORDSIZE
+        
+        self.b = b
+        return self
+
+
+    def derive(self):
+        '''Derive a 128 bit integer from the internal state'''
+        
+        x = self.x
+        return ((x[0] & 0xFFFF) ^ (x[5] >> 16)) | \
+               (((x[0] >> 16) ^ (x[3] & 0xFFFF)) << 16)| \
+               (((x[2] & 0xFFFF) ^ (x[7] >> 16)) << 32)| \
+               (((x[2] >> 16) ^ (x[5] & 0xFFFF)) << 48)| \
+               (((x[4] & 0xFFFF) ^ (x[1] >> 16)) << 64)| \
+               (((x[4] >> 16) ^ (x[7] & 0xFFFF)) << 80)| \
+               (((x[6] & 0xFFFF) ^ (x[3] >> 16)) << 96)| \
+               (((x[6] >> 16) ^ (x[1] & 0xFFFF)) << 112)
+
+    
+    def keystream(self, n):
+        '''Generate a keystream of n bytes'''
+        
+        res = ""
+        b = self._buf
+        j = self._buf_bytes
+        next = self.next
+        derive = self.derive
+        
+        for i in xrange(n):
+            if not j:
+                j = 16
+                next()
+                b = derive()
+            res += chr(b & 0xFF)
+            j -= 1
+            b >>= 1
+
+        self._buf = b
+        self._buf_bytes = j
+        return res
+
+
+    def encrypt(self, data):
+        '''Encrypt/Decrypt data of arbitrary length.'''
+        
+        res = ""
+        b = self._buf
+        j = self._buf_bytes
+        next = self.next
+        derive = self.derive
+
+        for c in data:
+            if not j:   # empty buffer => fetch next 128 bits
+                j = 16
+                next()
+                b = derive()
+            res += chr(ord(c) ^ (b & 0xFF))
+            j -= 1
+            b >>= 1
+        self._buf = b
+        self._buf_bytes = j
+        return res
+
+    decrypt = encrypt
+        
+    
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    import time
+
+    # --- Official Test Vectors ---
+    
+    # RFC 4503 Appendix A.1 - Testing without IV Setup
+
+    r = Rabbit(0)
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xB15754F036A5D6ECF56B45261C4AF702
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x88E8D815C59C0C397B696C4789C68AA7
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xF416A1C3700CD451DA68D1881673D696
+
+    r = Rabbit(0x912813292E3D36FE3BFC62F1DC51C3AC)
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x3D2DF3C83EF627A1E97FC38487E2519C
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xF576CD61F4405B8896BF53AA8554FC19
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xE5547473FBDB43508AE53B20204D4C5E
+
+    r = Rabbit(0x8395741587E0C733E9E9AB01C09B0043)
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x0CB10DCDA041CDAC32EB5CFD02D0609B 
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x95FC9FCA0F17015A7B7092114CFF3EAD
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x9649E5DE8BFC7F3F924147AD3A947428
+
+    # RFC 4503 Appendix A.2 - Testing with IV Setup
+
+    r = Rabbit(0, 0)
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xC6A7275EF85495D87CCD5D376705B7ED
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x5F29A6AC04F5EFD47B8F293270DC4A8D
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x2ADE822B29DE6C1EE52BDB8A47BF8F66
+
+    r = Rabbit(0, 0xC373F575C1267E59)
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x1FCD4EB9580012E2E0DCCC9222017D6D
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xA75F4E10D12125017B2499FFED936F2E
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0xEBC112C393E738392356BDD012029BA7
+
+    r = Rabbit(0, 0xA6EB561AD2F41727)
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x445AD8C805858DBF70B6AF23A151104D
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x96C8F27947F42C5BAEAE67C6ACC35B03
+    assert r.next().derive() == 0x9FCBFC895FA71C17313DF034F01551CB
+
+
+    # --- Performance Tests ---
+
+    def test_gen(n = 1048576):
+        '''Measure time for generating n bytes => (total, bytes per second)'''
+        
+        r = Rabbit(0)
+        t = time.time()
+        r.keystream(n)
+        t = time.time() - t
+        return t, n / t
+
+    def test_enc(n = 1048576):
+        '''Measure time for encrypting n bytes => (total, bytes per second)'''
+        
+        r = Rabbit(0)
+        x = 'x' * n
+        t = time.time()
+        r.encrypt(x)
+        t = time.time() - t
+        return t, n / t
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/SecurityViolationException.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/SecurityViolationException.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4fc13687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/SecurityViolationException.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class SecurityViolationException(Exception):
+    pass
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/__init__.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/curves.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/curves.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee5847fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/curves.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#
+#   Predefined Elliptic Curves
+#   for use in signing and key exchange
+#
+'''
+Predefined elliptic curves for use in signing and key exchange.
+This Module implements FIPS approved standard curves P-192, P-224, P-256,
+P-384 and P-521 along with two weak non-standard curves of field size 128
+and 160 bits.
+
+The weak curves cannot be used for signing but provide a faster way to
+obfuscate non-critical transmissions.
+'''
+
+# FIPS approved elliptic curves over prime fields 
+# (see FIPS 186-3, Appendix D.1.2)
+DOMAINS = {
+    # Bits : (p, order of E(GF(P)), parameter b, base point x, base point y)
+    192 : (0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffeffffffffffffffffL,
+           0xffffffffffffffffffffffff99def836146bc9b1b4d22831L,
+           0x64210519e59c80e70fa7e9ab72243049feb8deecc146b9b1L,
+           0x188da80eb03090f67cbf20eb43a18800f4ff0afd82ff1012L,
+           0x07192b95ffc8da78631011ed6b24cdd573f977a11e794811L),
+    
+    224 : (0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000000000000001L,
+           0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16a2e0b8f03e13dd29455c5c2a3dL,
+           0xb4050a850c04b3abf54132565044b0b7d7bfd8ba270b39432355ffb4L,
+           0xb70e0cbd6bb4bf7f321390b94a03c1d356c21122343280d6115c1d21L,
+           0xbd376388b5f723fb4c22dfe6cd4375a05a07476444d5819985007e34L),
+
+    256 : (0xffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffL,
+           0xffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551L,
+           0x5ac635d8aa3a93e7b3ebbd55769886bc651d06b0cc53b0f63bce3c3e27d2604bL,
+           0x6b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296L,
+           0x4fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5L),
+
+    384 : (0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffeffffffff0000000000000000ffffffffL,
+           0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffc7634d81f4372ddf581a0db248b0a77aecec196accc52973L,
+           0xb3312fa7e23ee7e4988e056be3f82d19181d9c6efe8141120314088f5013875ac656398d8a2ed19d2a85c8edd3ec2aefL,
+           0xaa87ca22be8b05378eb1c71ef320ad746e1d3b628ba79b9859f741e082542a385502f25dbf55296c3a545e3872760ab7L,
+           0x3617de4a96262c6f5d9e98bf9292dc29f8f41dbd289a147ce9da3113b5f0b8c00a60b1ce1d7e819d7a431d7c90ea0e5fL),
+
+    521 : (0x1ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffL,
+           0x1fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffa51868783bf2f966b7fcc0148f709a5d03bb5c9b8899c47aebb6fb71e91386409L,
+           0x051953eb9618e1c9a1f929a21a0b68540eea2da725b99b315f3b8b489918ef109e156193951ec7e937b1652c0bd3bb1bf073573df883d2c34f1ef451fd46b503f00L,
+           0x0c6858e06b70404e9cd9e3ecb662395b4429c648139053fb521f828af606b4d3dbaa14b5e77efe75928fe1dc127a2ffa8de3348b3c1856a429bf97e7e31c2e5bd66L,
+           0x11839296a789a3bc0045c8a5fb42c7d1bd998f54449579b446817afbd17273e662c97ee72995ef42640c550b9013fad0761353c7086a272c24088be94769fd16650L)
+    }
+
+
+# Additional non-standard curves for low security but high performance
+# (not intended for use in signing, hence the missing group order)
+
+DOMAINS.update({
+    128 : (0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff61L,
+           None,
+           0xd83d3eb8266a89927d73d5fe263d5f23L,
+           0xa94d2d8531f7af8bde367def12b98eadL,
+           0x9f44e1d671beb68fd2df7f877ab13fa6L),
+    
+    160 : (0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffd1L,
+           None,
+           0x94bfe70deef7b94742c089ca4db3ca27fbe1f754L,
+           0xcc6562c2969ac57524b8d0f300d1f598c908c121L,
+           0x952ddde80a252683dd7ba90fb5919899b5af69f5L)
+    })     
+
+CURVE_P = 3     # global parameter of all curves (for efficiency reasons)
+
+           
+def get_curve(bits):
+    '''Get a known curve of the given size => (bits, prime, order, p, q, point).
+    Order may be None if unknown.'''
+    if bits in DOMAINS:
+        p, n, b, x, y = DOMAINS[bits]
+        return bits, p, n, CURVE_P, p - b, (x, y)
+    else:
+        raise KeyError, "Key size not implemented: %s" % bits
+ 
+def implemented_keys(must_sign = False):
+    return [k for k in DOMAINS if not must_sign or DOMAINS[k][1]]
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/eccrypt.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/eccrypt.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c38876d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/eccrypt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#   Elliptic Curve Hybrid Encryption Scheme
+#
+#   COPYRIGHT (c) 2010 by Toni Mattis <solaris@live.de>
+#
+
+from curves import get_curve
+from elliptic import mulp
+from encoding import enc_long
+from random import SystemRandom
+from Rabbit import Rabbit
+
+# important for cryptographically secure random numbers:
+random = SystemRandom()
+
+# Encryption Algorithm:
+# ---------------------
+# Input: Message M, public key Q
+#
+# 0. retrieve the group from which Q was generated.
+# 1. generate random number k between 1 and the group order.
+# 2. compute KG = k * G (where G is the base point of the group).
+# 3. compute SG = k * Q (where Q is the public key of the receiver).
+# 4. symmetrically encrypt M to M' using SG's x-coordinate as key.
+#
+# Return: Ciphertext M', temporary key KG
+
+
+def encrypt(message, qk, encrypter = Rabbit):
+    '''Encrypt a message using public key qk => (ciphertext, temp. pubkey)'''
+    bits, q = qk
+    try:
+        bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+        if not n:
+            raise ValueError, "Key size %s not suitable for encryption" % bits
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError, "Key size %s not implemented" % bits
+    
+    k = random.randint(1, n - 1)        # temporary private key k
+    kg = mulp(cp, cq, cn, g, k)         # temporary public key k*G
+    sg = mulp(cp, cq, cn, q, k)         # shared secret k*Q = k*d*G
+
+    return encrypter(enc_long(sg[0])).encrypt(message), kg
+
+# Decryption Algorithm:
+# ---------------------
+# Input: Ciphertext M', temporary key KG, private key d
+#
+# 0. retrieve the group from which d and KG were generated.
+# 1. compute SG = q * KG.
+# 2. symmetrically decrypt M' to M using SG's x-coordinate as key.
+#
+# Return: M
+
+def decrypt(message, kg, dk, decrypter = Rabbit):
+    '''Decrypt a message using temp. public key kg and private key dk'''
+    bits, d = dk
+    try:
+        bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError, "Key size %s not implemented" % bits
+
+    sg = mulp(cp, cq, cn, kg, d)        # shared secret d*(k*G) = k*d*G
+    return decrypter(enc_long(sg[0])).decrypt(message)
+    
+    
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/ecdsa.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/ecdsa.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b52aeaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/ecdsa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+#
+#   Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)
+#
+#   COPYRIGHT (c) 2010 by Toni Mattis <solaris@live.de>
+#
+
+from elliptic import inv, mulf, mulp, muladdp, element
+from curves import get_curve, implemented_keys
+from os import urandom
+
+import hashlib
+
+def randkey(bits, n):
+    '''Generate a random number (mod n) having the specified bit length'''
+    rb = urandom(bits / 8 + 8)  # + 64 bits as recommended in FIPS 186-3
+    c = 0
+    for r in rb:
+        c = (c << 8) | ord(r)
+    return (c % (n - 1)) + 1
+
+def keypair(bits):
+    '''Generate a new keypair (qk, dk) with dk = private and qk = public key'''
+    try:
+        bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError, "Key size %s not implemented" % bits
+    if n > 0:
+        d = randkey(bits, n)
+        q = mulp(cp, cq, cn, g, d)
+        return (bits, q), (bits, d)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError, "Key size %s not suitable for signing" % bits
+
+def supported_keys():
+    '''Return a list of all key sizes implemented for signing'''
+    return implemented_keys(True)
+
+def validate_public_key(qk):
+    '''Check whether public key qk is valid'''
+    bits, q = qk
+    x, y = q
+    bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+    return q and 0 < x < cn and 0 < y < cn and \
+        element(q, cp, cq, cn) and (mulp(cp, cq, cn, q, n) == None)
+
+def validate_private_key(dk):
+    '''Check whether private key dk is valid'''
+    bits, d = dk
+    bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+    return 0 < d < cn
+
+def match_keys(qk, dk):
+    '''Check whether dk is the private key belonging to qk'''
+    bits, d = dk
+    bitz, q = qk
+    if bits == bitz:
+        bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+        return mulp(cp, cq, cn, g, d) == q
+    else:
+        return False
+
+def truncate(h, hmax):
+    '''Truncate a hash to the bit size of hmax'''
+    while h > hmax:
+        h >>= 1
+    return h
+
+def sign(h, dk):
+    '''Sign the numeric value h using private key dk'''
+    bits, d = dk
+    bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+    h = truncate(h, cn)
+    r = s = 0
+    while r == 0 or s == 0:
+        k = randkey(bits, cn)
+        kinv = inv(k, n)
+        kg = mulp(cp, cq, cn, g, k)
+        r = kg[0] % n
+        if r == 0:
+            continue
+        s = (kinv * (h + r * d)) % n
+    return r, s
+
+def verify(h, sig, qk):
+    '''Verify that 'sig' is a valid signature of h using public key qk'''
+    bits, q = qk
+    try:
+        bits, cn, n, cp, cq, g = get_curve(bits)
+    except KeyError:
+        return False
+    h = truncate(h, cn)
+    r, s = sig
+    if 0 < r < n and 0 < s < n:
+        w = inv(s, n)
+        u1 = (h * w) % n
+        u2 = (r * w) % n
+        x, y = muladdp(cp, cq, cn, g, u1, q, u2)
+        return r % n == x % n
+    return False
+
+def hash_sign(s, dk, hashfunc = 'sha256'):
+    h = int(hashlib.new(hashfunc, s).hexdigest(), 16)
+    return (hashfunc,) + sign(h, dk)
+
+def hash_verify(s, sig, qk):
+    h = int(hashlib.new(sig[0], s).hexdigest(), 16)
+    return verify(h, sig[1:], qk)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    import time
+
+    testh1 = 0x0123456789ABCDEF
+    testh2 = 0x0123456789ABCDEE
+
+    for k in supported_keys():
+        qk, dk = keypair(k)
+        s1 = sign(testh1, dk)
+        s2 = sign(testh1, (dk[0], dk[1] ^ 1))
+        s3 = (s1[0], s1[1] ^ 1)
+        qk2 = (qk[0], (qk[1][0] ^ 1, qk[1][1]))
+        
+        assert verify(testh1, s1, qk)       # everything ok -> must succeed
+        assert not verify(testh2, s1, qk)   # modified hash       -> must fail
+        assert not verify(testh1, s2, qk)   # different priv. key -> must fail
+        assert not verify(testh1, s3, qk)   # modified signature  -> must fail
+        assert not verify(testh1, s1, qk2)  # different publ. key -> must fail
+
+
+    def test_perf(bits, rounds = 50):
+        '''-> (key generations, signatures, verifications) / second'''
+        h = 0x0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF
+        d = get_curve(bits)
+        
+        t = time.time()
+        for i in xrange(rounds):
+            qk, dk = keypair(bits)
+        tgen = time.time() - t
+        
+        t = time.time()
+        for i in xrange(rounds):
+            s = sign(0, dk)
+        tsign = time.time() - t
+
+        t = time.time()
+        for i in xrange(rounds):
+            verify(0, s, qk)
+        tver = time.time() - t
+
+        return rounds / tgen, rounds / tsign, rounds / tver
+
+    
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/elliptic.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/elliptic.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9191a8848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/elliptic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+
+# --- ELLIPTIC CURVE MATH ------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#   curve definition:   y^2 = x^3 - p*x - q
+#   over finite field:  Z/nZ* (prime residue classes modulo a prime number n)
+#
+#
+#   COPYRIGHT (c) 2010 by Toni Mattis <solaris@live.de>
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+'''
+Module for elliptic curve arithmetic over a prime field GF(n).
+E(GF(n)) takes the form y**2 == x**3 - p*x - q (mod n) for a prime n.
+
+0. Structures used by this module
+
+    PARAMETERS and SCALARS are non-negative (long) integers.
+
+    A POINT (x, y), usually denoted p1, p2, ...
+    is a pair of (long) integers where 0 <= x < n and 0 <= y < n
+
+    A POINT in PROJECTIVE COORDINATES, usually denoted jp1, jp2, ...
+    takes the form (X, Y, Z, Z**2, Z**3) where x = X / Z**2
+    and y = Y / z**3. This form is called Jacobian coordinates.
+
+    The NEUTRAL element "0" or "O" is represented by None
+    in both coordinate systems.
+
+1. Basic Functions
+
+    euclid()            Is the Extended Euclidean Algorithm.
+    inv()               Computes the multiplicative inversion modulo n.
+    curve_q()           Finds the curve parameter q (mod n)
+                        when p and a point are given.
+    element()           Tests whether a point (x, y) is on the curve.
+
+2. Point transformations
+
+    to_projective()     Converts a point (x, y) to projective coordinates.
+    from_projective()   Converts a point from projective coordinates
+                        to (x, y) using the transformation described above.
+    neg()               Computes the inverse point -P in both coordinate
+                        systems.
+
+3. Slow point arithmetic
+
+    These algorithms make use of basic geometry and modular arithmetic
+    thus being suitable for small numbers and academic study.
+
+    add()               Computes the sum of two (x, y)-points
+    mul()               Perform scalar multiplication using "double & add"
+
+4. Fast point arithmetic
+
+    These algorithms make use of projective coordinates, signed binary
+    expansion and a JSP-like approach (joint sparse form).
+
+    The following functions consume and return projective coordinates:
+
+    addf()              Optimized point addition.
+    doublef()           Optimized point doubling.
+    mulf()              Highly optimized scalar multiplication.
+    muladdf()           Highly optimized addition of two products.
+    
+    The following functions use the optimized ones above but consume
+    and output (x, y)-coordinates for a more convenient usage:
+
+    mulp()              Encapsulates mulf()
+    muladdp()           Encapsulates muladdf()
+
+    For single additions add() is generally faster than an encapsulation of
+    addf() which would involve expensive coordinate transformations.
+    Hence there is no addp() and doublep().
+'''
+
+# BASIC MATH -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def euclid(a, b):
+    '''Solve x*a + y*b = ggt(a, b) and return (x, y, ggt(a, b))'''
+    # Non-recursive approach hence suitable for large numbers
+    x = yy = 0
+    y = xx = 1
+    while b:
+        q = a // b
+        a, b = b, a % b
+        x, xx = xx - q * x, x
+        y, yy = yy - q * y, y
+    return xx, yy, a
+
+def inv(a, n):
+    '''Perform inversion 1/a modulo n. a and n should be COPRIME.'''
+    # coprimality is not checked here in favour of performance
+    i = euclid(a, n)[0]
+    while i < 0:
+        i += n
+    return i
+
+def curve_q(x, y, p, n):
+    '''Find curve parameter q mod n having point (x, y) and parameter p'''
+    return ((x * x - p) * x - y * y) % n
+
+def element(point, p, q, n):
+    '''Test, whether the given point is on the curve (p, q, n)'''
+    if point:
+        x, y = point
+        return (x * x * x - p * x - q) % n == (y * y) % n
+    else:
+        return True
+
+def to_projective(p):
+    '''Transform point p given as (x, y) to projective coordinates'''
+    if p:
+        return (p[0], p[1], 1, 1, 1)
+    else:
+        return None     # Identity point (0)
+
+def from_projective(jp, n):
+    '''Transform a point from projective coordinates to (x, y) mod n'''
+    if jp:
+        return (jp[0] * inv(jp[3], n)) % n, (jp[1] * inv(jp[4], n)) % n
+    else:
+        return None     # Identity point (0)
+
+def neg(p, n):
+    '''Compute the inverse point to p in any coordinate system'''
+    return (p[0], (n - p[1]) % n) + p[2:] if p else None
+
+
+# POINT ADDITION ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# addition of points in y**2 = x**3 - p*x - q over <Z/nZ*; +>
+def add(p, q, n, p1, p2):
+    '''Add points p1 and p2 over curve (p, q, n)'''
+    if p1 and p2:
+        x1, y1 = p1
+        x2, y2 = p2
+        if (x1 - x2) % n:
+            s = ((y1 - y2) * inv(x1 - x2, n)) % n   # slope
+            x = (s * s - x1 - x2) % n               # intersection with curve
+            return (x, n - (y1 + s * (x - x1)) % n)
+        else:
+            if (y1 + y2) % n:       # slope s calculated by derivation
+                s = ((3 * x1 * x1 - p) * inv(2 * y1, n)) % n
+                x = (s * s - 2 * x1) % n            # intersection with curve
+                return (x, n - (y1 + s * (x - x1)) % n)
+            else:
+                return None
+    else:   # either p1 is not none -> ret. p1, otherwiese p2, which may be
+        return p1 if p1 else p2     # none too.
+
+
+# faster addition: redundancy in projective coordinates eliminates
+# expensive inversions mod n.
+def addf(p, q, n, jp1, jp2):
+    '''Add jp1 and jp2 in projective (jacobian) coordinates.'''
+    if jp1 and jp2:
+        
+        x1, y1, z1, z1s, z1c = jp1
+        x2, y2, z2, z2s, z2c = jp2
+
+        s1 = (y1 * z2c) % n
+        s2 = (y2 * z1c) % n
+
+        u1 = (x1 * z2s) % n
+        u2 = (x2 * z1s) % n
+
+        if (u1 - u2) % n:
+
+            h = (u2 - u1) % n
+            r = (s2 - s1) % n
+
+            hs = (h * h) % n
+            hc = (hs * h) % n
+
+            x3 = (-hc - 2 * u1 * hs + r * r) % n
+            y3 = (-s1 * hc + r * (u1 * hs - x3)) % n
+            z3 = (z1 * z2 * h) % n
+            
+            z3s = (z3 * z3) % n
+            z3c = (z3s * z3) % n
+    
+            return (x3, y3, z3, z3s, z3c)
+        
+        else:
+            if (s1 + s2) % n:
+                return doublef(p, q, n, jp1)
+            else:
+                return None
+    else:
+        return jp1 if jp1 else jp2
+
+# explicit point doubling using redundant coordinates
+def doublef(p, q, n, jp):
+    '''Double jp in projective (jacobian) coordinates'''
+    if not jp:
+        return None
+    x1, y1, z1, z1p2, z1p3 = jp
+    
+    y1p2 = (y1 * y1) % n
+    a = (4 * x1 * y1p2) % n
+    b = (3 * x1 * x1 - p * z1p3 * z1) % n
+    x3 = (b * b - 2 * a) % n
+    y3 = (b * (a - x3) - 8 * y1p2 * y1p2) % n
+    z3 = (2 * y1 * z1) % n
+    z3p2 = (z3 * z3) % n
+    
+    return x3, y3, z3, z3p2, (z3p2 * z3) % n
+
+
+# SCALAR MULTIPLICATION --------------------------------------------------------
+
+# scalar multiplication p1 * c = p1 + p1 + ... + p1 (c times) in O(log(n))
+def mul(p, q, n, p1, c):
+    '''multiply point p1 by scalar c over curve (p, q, n)'''
+    res = None
+    while c > 0:
+        if c & 1:
+            res = add(p, q, n, res, p1)
+        c >>= 1                     # c = c / 2
+        p1 = add(p, q, n, p1, p1)   # p1 = p1 * 2
+    return res
+
+
+# this method allows _signed_bin() to choose between 1 and -1. It will select
+# the sign which leaves the higher number of zeroes in the binary
+# representation (the higher GDB).
+def _gbd(n):
+    '''Compute second greatest base-2 divisor'''
+    i = 1
+    if n <= 0: return 0
+    while not n % i:
+        i <<= 1
+    return i >> 2
+
+
+# This method transforms n into a binary representation having signed bits.
+# A signed binary expansion contains more zero-bits hence reducing the number
+# of additions required by a multiplication algorithm.
+#
+# Example:  15 ( 0b1111 ) can be written as 16 - 1, resulting in (1,0,0,0,-1)
+#           and saving 2 additions. Subtraction can be performed as
+#           efficiently as addition.
+def _signed_bin(n):
+    '''Transform n into an optimized signed binary representation'''
+    r = []
+    while n > 1:
+        if n & 1:
+            cp = _gbd(n + 1) 
+            cn = _gbd(n - 1)
+            if cp > cn:         # -1 leaves more zeroes -> subtract -1 (= +1)
+                r.append(-1)
+                n += 1
+            else:               # +1 leaves more zeroes -> subtract +1 (= -1)
+                r.append(+1)
+                n -= 1
+        else:
+            r.append(0)         # be glad about one more zero
+        n >>= 1
+    r.append(n)
+    return r[::-1]
+
+
+# This multiplication algorithm combines signed binary expansion and
+# fast addition using projective coordinates resulting in 5 to 10 times
+# faster multiplication.
+def mulf(p, q, n, jp1, c):
+    '''Multiply point jp1 by c in projective coordinates'''
+    sb = _signed_bin(c)
+    res = None
+    jp0 = neg(jp1, n)  # additive inverse of jp1 to be used fot bit -1
+    for s in sb:
+        res = doublef(p, q, n, res)
+        if s:
+            res = addf(p, q, n, res, jp1) if s > 0 else \
+                  addf(p, q, n, res, jp0)
+    return res
+
+# Encapsulates mulf() in order to enable flat coordinates (x, y)
+def mulp(p, q, n, p1, c):
+    '''Multiply point p by c using fast multiplication'''
+    return from_projective(mulf(p, q, n, to_projective(p1), c), n)
+
+
+# Sum of two products using Shamir's trick and signed binary expansion
+def muladdf(p, q, n, jp1, c1, jp2, c2):
+    '''Efficiently compute c1 * jp1 + c2 * jp2 in projective coordinates'''
+    s1 = _signed_bin(c1)
+    s2 = _signed_bin(c2)
+    diff = len(s2) - len(s1)
+    if diff > 0:
+        s1 = [0] * diff + s1
+    elif diff < 0:
+        s2 = [0] * -diff + s2
+
+    jp1p2 = addf(p, q, n, jp1, jp2)
+    jp1n2 = addf(p, q, n, jp1, neg(jp2, n))
+
+    precomp = ((None,           jp2,            neg(jp2, n)),
+               (jp1,            jp1p2,          jp1n2),
+               (neg(jp1, n),    neg(jp1n2, n),  neg(jp1p2, n)))
+    res = None
+
+    for i, j in zip(s1, s2):
+        res = doublef(p, q, n, res)
+        if i or j:
+            res = addf(p, q, n, res, precomp[i][j])
+    return res
+
+# Encapsulate muladdf()
+def muladdp(p, q, n, p1, c1, p2, c2):
+    '''Efficiently compute c1 * p1 + c2 * p2 in (x, y)-coordinates'''
+    return from_projective(muladdf(p, q, n,
+                                   to_projective(p1), c1,
+                                   to_projective(p2), c2), n)
+
+# POINT COMPRESSION ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Compute the square root modulo n
+
+
+# Determine the sign-bit of a point allowing to reconstruct y-coordinates
+# when x and the sign-bit are given:
+def sign_bit(p1):
+    '''Return the signedness of a point p1'''
+    return p1[1] % 2 if p1 else 0
+
+# Reconstruct the y-coordinate when curve parameters, x and the sign-bit of
+# the y coordinate are given:
+def y_from_x(x, p, q, n, sign):
+    '''Return the y coordinate over curve (p, q, n) for given (x, sign)'''
+
+    # optimized form of (x**3 - p*x - q) % n
+    a = (((x * x) % n - p) * x - q) % n
+    
+    
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import rsa
+    import time
+
+    t = time.time()
+    n = rsa.get_prime(256/8, 20)
+    tp = time.time() - t
+    p = rsa.random.randint(1, n)
+    p1 = (rsa.random.randint(1, n), rsa.random.randint(1, n))
+    q = curve_q(p1[0], p1[1], p, n)
+    r1 = rsa.random.randint(1,n)
+    r2 = rsa.random.randint(1,n)
+    q1 = mulp(p, q, n, p1, r1)
+    q2 = mulp(p, q, n, p1, r2)
+    s1 = mulp(p, q, n, q1, r2)
+    s2 = mulp(p, q, n, q2, r1)
+    s1 == s2
+    tt = time.time() - t
+
+    def test(tcount, bits = 256):
+        n = rsa.get_prime(bits/8, 20)
+        p = rsa.random.randint(1, n)
+        p1 = (rsa.random.randint(1, n), rsa.random.randint(1, n))
+        q = curve_q(p1[0], p1[1], p, n)
+        p2 = mulp(p, q, n, p1, rsa.random.randint(1, n))
+
+        c1 = [rsa.random.randint(1, n) for i in xrange(tcount)]
+        c2 = [rsa.random.randint(1, n) for i in xrange(tcount)]
+        c = zip(c1, c2)
+
+        t = time.time()
+        for i, j in c:
+            from_projective(addf(p, q, n,
+                                 mulf(p, q, n, to_projective(p1), i),
+                                 mulf(p, q, n, to_projective(p2), j)), n)
+        t1 = time.time() - t
+        t = time.time()
+        for i, j in c:
+            muladdp(p, q, n, p1, i, p2, j)
+        t2 = time.time() - t
+
+        return tcount, t1, t2
+        
+
+        
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/encoding.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/encoding.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24d3eb5a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/encoding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+#
+#   Encodings and Formats for Elliptic Curve Cryptography
+#
+
+import StringIO
+
+# Big-Endian Encoding
+
+def enc_long(n):
+    '''Encodes arbitrarily large number n to a sequence of bytes.
+    Big endian byte order is used.'''
+    s = ""
+    while n > 0:
+        s = chr(n & 0xFF) + s
+        n >>= 8
+    return s
+
+def enc_int(n):
+    '''Encodes an integer n to a 4-byte string.
+    Big endian byte order is used.'''
+    return chr((n >> 24) & 0xFF) + chr((n >> 16) & 0xFF) + \
+           chr((n >>  8) & 0xFF) + chr( n        & 0xFF)
+
+def enc_fixed_long(n, length):
+    return enc_long(n)[:length].rjust(length, '\x00')
+
+def dec_long(s):
+    '''Decodes s to its numeric representation.
+    Big endian byte order is used.'''
+    n = 0
+    for c in s:
+        n = (n << 8) | ord(c)
+    return n
+
+# dec_int not necessary,
+# dec_long does the same when provided with 4 bytes input.
+
+# Chunks
+
+def enc_chunks(*args):
+    '''Chain given string args or sub-chunks to a single chunk'''
+    return ''.join([enc_int(len(a)) + a for a in args])
+
+def dec_chunks(s):
+    '''Split a chunk into strings or sub-chunks'''
+    i = 0
+    result = []
+    while i < len(s):
+        size = dec_long(s[i : i + 4])
+        i += 4
+        result.append(s[i : i + size])
+        i += size
+    return result
+
+# Point and signature data
+
+def enc_point(p):
+    '''Encode a point p = (x, y)'''
+    x, y = p
+    sx = enc_long(x)
+    sy = enc_long(y)
+    diff = len(sx) - len(sy)
+    if diff > 0:
+        sy = '\x00' * diff + sy
+    elif diff < 0:
+        sx = '\x00' * -diff + sx
+    return sx + sy
+
+def dec_point(s):
+    '''Decode an even length string s to a point(x, y)'''
+    d = len(s) / 2
+    return (dec_long(s[:d]), dec_long(s[d:]))
+
+
+class Encoder:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._io = StringIO.StringIO()
+
+    def int(self, n, size = 4):
+        self._io.write(enc_fixed_long(n, size))
+        return self
+
+    def long(self, n, pre = 2):
+        lstr = enc_long(n)
+        self._io.write(enc_fixed_long(len(lstr), pre) + lstr)
+        return self
+
+    def str(self, s, pre = 2):
+        self._io.write(enc_fixed_long(len(s), pre) + s)
+        return self
+
+    def point(self, p, pre = 2):
+        lstr = enc_point(p)
+        self._io.write(enc_fixed_long(len(lstr), pre) + lstr)
+        return self
+
+    def chunk(self, enc, pre = 2):
+        lstr = enc.out()
+        self._io.write(enc_fixed_long(len(lstr), pre) + lstr)
+        return self
+
+    def out(self):
+        return self._io.getvalue()
+
+class Decoder:
+
+    def __init__(self, data, offset = 0):
+        self._io = StringIO.StringIO(data)
+        self._io.seek(offset)
+        self._res = []
+        self._limit = None
+        self._parent = None
+
+    def _ret(self):
+##        if self._parent and self._io.tell() >= self._limit:
+##            return self.exit()
+##        else:
+##            return self
+        return self
+
+    def int(self, size = 4):
+        self._res.append(dec_long(self._io.read(size)))
+        return self._ret()
+        
+
+    def long(self, pre = 2):
+        llen = dec_long(self._io.read(pre))
+        self._res.append(dec_long(self._io.read(llen)))
+        return self._ret()
+
+    def str(self, pre = 2):
+        llen = dec_long(self._io.read(pre))
+        self._res.append(self._io.read(llen))
+        return self._ret()
+
+    def point(self, pre = 2):
+        llen = dec_long(self._io.read(pre))
+        self._res.append(dec_point(self._io.read(llen)))
+        return self._ret()
+
+    def enter(self, pre = 2):
+        llen = dec_long(self._io.read(pre))
+        subcoder = Decoder("")
+        subcoder._io = self._io
+        subcoder._parent = self
+        subcoder._limit = self._io.tell() + llen
+        return subcoder
+
+    def chunk(self, pre = 2):
+        llen = dec_long(self._io.read(pre))
+        self._res.append(Decoder(self._io.read(llen)))
+        return self._ret()
+
+    def exit(self):
+        if self._parent:
+            self._parent._io.seek(self._limit)
+            self._parent._res.append(self._res)
+            return self._parent
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError, "Cannont exit top level Decoder"
+
+    def continues(self):
+        return (not self._limit) or (self._io.tell() < self._limit)
+
+    def out(self, exit_all = False):
+        if exit_all and self._parent:
+            return self.exit().out()
+        else:
+            r = self._res
+            self._res = []
+            return r
+
+    def only(self):
+        if self._res:
+            return self._res.pop(0)
+        else:
+            return RuntimeError, "Only what? (Empty decoder stack)"
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/performance.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/performance.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..724176aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/performance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from Key import Key
+import time
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+def test_generation_perf(n = 100):
+    results = OrderedDict()
+    for bits in (192, 224, 256, 384, 521):
+        t = time.time()
+        for i in xrange(n):
+            k = Key.generate(bits)
+        t = time.time() - t
+        results[bits] = t
+    return results
+        
+def test_signing_perf(n = 100):
+    results = OrderedDict()
+    for bits in (192, 224, 256, 384, 521):
+        k = Key.generate(bits)
+        t = time.time()
+        for i in xrange(n):
+            k.sign("random string")
+        t = time.time() - t
+        results[bits] = t
+    return results
+
+def test_verification_perf(n = 100):
+    results = OrderedDict()
+    for bits in (192, 224, 256, 384, 521):
+        k = Key.generate(bits)
+        s = k.sign("random string")
+        t = time.time()
+        for i in xrange(n):
+            k.verify("random string", s)
+        t = time.time() - t
+        results[bits] = t
+    return results
+            
+def print_dict(title, d):
+    print title
+    print '-' * len(title)
+    for k, v in d.items():
+        print k, '\t', v
+    print
+
+n = 100
+print_dict("Key generation", test_generation_perf(n))
+print_dict("Signing", test_signing_perf(n))
+print_dict("Verifying", test_verification_perf(n))
+
+        
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/primes.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/primes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8bc1424b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/primes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+'''
+This module implements simple prime generation and primality testing.
+'''
+
+from random import SystemRandom
+random = SystemRandom()
+from os import urandom
+
+def exp(x, n, m):
+    '''Efficiently compute x ** n mod m'''
+    y = 1
+    z = x
+    while n > 0:
+        if n & 1:
+            y = (y * z) % m
+        z = (z * z) % m
+        n //= 2
+    return y
+
+
+# Miller-Rabin-Test
+
+def prime(n, k):
+    '''Checks whether n is probably prime (with probability 1 - 4**(-k)'''
+    
+    if n % 2 == 0:
+        return False
+    
+    d = n - 1
+    s = 0
+    
+    while d % 2 == 0:
+        s += 1
+        d /= 2
+        
+    for i in xrange(k):
+        
+        a = long(2 + random.randint(0, n - 4))
+        x = exp(a, d, n)
+        if (x == 1) or (x == n - 1):
+            continue
+        
+        for r in xrange(1, s):
+            x = (x * x) % n
+            
+            if x == 1:
+                return False
+            
+            if x == n - 1:
+                break
+            
+        else:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+# Generate and Test Algorithms
+
+def get_prime(size, accuracy):
+    '''Generate a pseudorandom prime number with the specified size (bytes).'''
+    
+    while 1:
+
+        # read some random data from the operating system
+        rstr = urandom(size - 1)
+        r = 128 | ord(urandom(1))   # MSB = 1 (not less than size)
+        for c in rstr:
+            r = (r << 8) | ord(c)
+        r |= 1                      # LSB = 1 (odd)
+
+        # test whether this results in a prime number
+        if prime(r, accuracy):
+            return r
+
+
+def get_prime_upto(n, accuracy):
+    '''Find largest prime less than n'''
+    n |= 1
+    while n > 0:
+        n -= 2
+        if prime(n, accuracy):
+            return n
diff --git a/python/PyECC/ecc/shacrypt.py b/python/PyECC/ecc/shacrypt.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69ee7b943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/ecc/shacrypt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+#   SHA-512-BASED FEISTEL CIPHER
+#   by Toni Mattis
+#
+#   Feistel Function:   SHA-512(Block || Key)
+#   Key Size:           Fully Dynamic
+#   Block Size:         1024 Bits
+#   Rounds:             User-Specified
+#
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+from hashlib import sha512
+
+BPOS = tuple(range(64))
+
+def enc_block(block, key, rounds = 16):
+    x = block[:64]
+    y = block[64:]
+    for i in xrange(rounds):
+        h = sha512(x + key).digest()
+        y = ''.join([chr(ord(y[k]) ^ ord(h[k])) for k in BPOS])
+        h = sha512(y + key).digest()
+        x = ''.join([chr(ord(x[k]) ^ ord(h[k])) for k in BPOS])
+    return x + y
+        
+def dec_block(block, key, rounds = 16):
+    x = block[:64]
+    y = block[64:]
+    for i in xrange(rounds):
+        h = sha512(y + key).digest()
+        x = ''.join([chr(ord(x[k]) ^ ord(h[k])) for k in BPOS])
+        h = sha512(x + key).digest()
+        y = ''.join([chr(ord(y[k]) ^ ord(h[k])) for k in BPOS])
+    return x + y
+
+
+    
diff --git a/python/PyECC/setup.py b/python/PyECC/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9e507c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/PyECC/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python2.4
+#
+# Copyright 2007 The Python-Twitter Developers
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# copied from https://github.com/bear/python-twitter/blob/master/setup.py
+#
+
+'''The setup and build script for the python-twitter library.'''
+
+__author__ = 'niccokunzmann@aol.com'
+__version__ = '0.0.1'
+
+
+# The base package metadata to be used by both distutils and setuptools
+METADATA = dict(
+    name = "ecc",
+    version = __version__,
+    packages = ['ecc'],
+    author='Toni Mattis',
+    author_email='solaris@live.de',
+    description='Pure Python implementation of an elliptic curve cryptosystem based on FIPS 186-3',
+    license='MIT',
+    url='https://github.com/niccokunzmann/ecc',
+    keywords='elliptic curve cryptosystem rabbit cipher',
+)
+
+# Extra package metadata to be used only if setuptools is installed
+SETUPTOOLS_METADATA = dict(
+    install_requires = [],
+    include_package_data = True,
+    classifiers = [
+        'Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+        'Topic :: Communications',
+        'Topic :: Security :: Cryptography', 
+        'Topic :: Internet',
+    ],
+##    test_suite = 'distacc_test',
+)
+
+
+def Read(file):
+    return open(file).read()
+
+def BuildLongDescription():
+    return '\n'.join([Read('README.md'), ])
+
+def Main():
+    # Build the long_description from the README and CHANGES
+    METADATA['long_description'] = BuildLongDescription()
+
+    # Use setuptools if available, otherwise fallback and use distutils
+    try:
+        import setuptools
+        METADATA.update(SETUPTOOLS_METADATA)
+        setuptools.setup(**METADATA)
+    except ImportError:
+        import distutils.core
+        distutils.core.setup(**METADATA)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    Main()
diff --git a/python/README b/python/README
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9e677b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/README
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+This directory contains common Python code.
+
+The basic rule is that if Python code is cross-module (that's "module" in the
+Mozilla meaning - as in "module ownership") and is MPL-compatible, it should
+go here.
+
+What should not go here:
+
+* Python that is not MPL-compatible (see other-licenses/)
+* Python that has good reason to remain close to its "owning" (Mozilla)
+  module (e.g. it is only being consumed from there).
+
+Historical information can be found at
+https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=775243
+
+## pyyaml | pystache
+
+Used in taskcluster related mach commands to update download from github
+and remove .git and tests.
+
+Then run tests in taskcluster/tests/
diff --git a/python/altgraph/MANIFEST.in b/python/altgraph/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a9b96078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+include ReadMe.txt
+include *.txt MANIFEST.in *.py
+graft doc
+graft doc/_static
+graft doc/_templates
+graft altgraph_tests
+global-exclude .DS_Store
+global-exclude *.pyc
+global-exclude *.so
diff --git a/python/altgraph/PKG-INFO b/python/altgraph/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87b602f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: altgraph
+Version: 0.12
+Summary: Python graph (network) package
+Home-page: http://packages.python.org/altgraph
+Author: Ronald Oussoren
+Author-email: ronaldoussoren@mac.com
+License: MIT
+Download-URL: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/altgraph
+Description: altgraph is a fork of graphlib: a graph (network) package for constructing
+        graphs, BFS and DFS traversals, topological sort, shortest paths, etc. with
+        graphviz output.
+        
+        altgraph includes some additional usage of Python 2.6+ features and
+        enhancements related to modulegraph and macholib.
+        
+        
+        Release history
+        ===============
+        
+        0.12
+        ----
+        
+        - Added ``ObjectGraph.edgeData`` to retrieve the edge data
+          from a specific edge.
+        
+        - Added ``AltGraph.update_edge_data`` and ``ObjectGraph.updateEdgeData``
+          to update the data associated with a graph edge.
+        
+        0.11
+        ----
+        
+        - Stabilize the order of elements in dot file exports,
+          patch from bitbucket user 'pombredanne'.
+        
+        - Tweak setup.py file to remove dependency on distribute (but
+          keep the dependency on setuptools)
+        
+        
+        0.10.2
+        ------
+        
+        - There where no classifiers in the package metadata due to a bug
+          in setup.py
+        
+        0.10.1
+        ------
+        
+        This is a bugfix release
+        
+        Bug fixes:
+        
+        - Issue #3: The source archive contains a README.txt
+          while the setup file refers to ReadMe.txt.
+        
+          This is caused by a misfeature in distutils, as a
+          workaround I've renamed ReadMe.txt to README.txt
+          in the source tree and setup file.
+        
+        
+        0.10
+        -----
+        
+        This is a minor feature release
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Do not use "2to3" to support Python 3.
+        
+          As a side effect of this altgraph now supports
+          Python 2.6 and later, and no longer supports
+          earlier releases of Python.
+        
+        - The order of attributes in the Dot output
+          is now always alphabetical.
+        
+          With this change the output will be consistent
+          between runs and Python versions.
+        
+        0.9
+        ---
+        
+        This is a minor bugfix release
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Added ``altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes``, a method
+          yielding all nodes in an object graph.
+        
+        Bugfixes:
+        
+        - The 0.8 release didn't work with py2app when using
+          python 3.x.
+        
+        
+        0.8
+        -----
+        
+        This is a minor feature release. The major new feature
+        is a extensive set of unittests, which explains almost
+        all other changes in this release.
+        
+        Bugfixes:
+        
+        - Installing failed with Python 2.5 due to using a distutils
+          class that isn't available in that version of Python
+          (issue #1 on the issue tracker)
+        
+        - ``altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist`` now actually works
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.add_edge(a, b, create_nodes=False)`` will
+          no longer create the edge when one of the nodes doesn't
+          exist.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.forw_topo_sort`` failed for some sparse graphs.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.back_topo_sort`` was completely broken in
+          previous releases.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph`` now actually works.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph`` now actually works.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.iterdfs`` now returns the correct result
+          when the ``forward`` argument is ``False``.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.iterdata`` now returns the correct result
+          when the ``forward`` argument is ``False``.
+        
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - The ``altgraph.Graph`` constructor now accepts an argument
+          that contains 2- and 3-tuples instead of requireing that
+          all items have the same size. The (optional) argument can now
+          also be any iterator.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node`` has no effect when you
+          add a hidden node.
+        
+        - The private method ``altgraph.Graph._bfs`` is no longer
+          present.
+        
+        - The private method ``altgraph.Graph._dfs`` is no longer
+          present.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.ObjectGraph`` now has a ``__contains__`` methods,
+          which means you can use the ``in`` operator to check if a
+          node is part of a graph.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph`` will raise
+          ``GraphError`` instead of looping forever when it is
+          impossible to create the requested graph.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Dot.edge_style`` raises ``GraphError`` when
+          one of the nodes is not present in the graph. The method
+          silently added the tail in the past, but without ensuring
+          a consistent graph state.
+        
+        - ``altgraph.Dot.save_img`` now works when the mode is
+          ``"neato"``.
+        
+        0.7.2
+        -----
+        
+        This is a minor bugfix release
+        
+        Bugfixes:
+        
+        - distutils didn't include the documentation subtree
+        
+        0.7.1
+        -----
+        
+        This is a minor feature release
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Documentation is now generated using `sphinx <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx>`_
+          and can be viewed at <http://packages.python.org/altgraph>.
+        
+        - The repository has moved to bitbucket
+        
+        - ``altgraph.GraphStat.avg_hops`` is no longer present, the function had no
+          implementation and no specified behaviour.
+        
+        - the module ``altgraph.compat`` is gone, which means altgraph will no
+          longer work with Python 2.3.
+        
+        
+        0.7.0
+        -----
+        
+        This is a minor feature release.
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Support for Python 3
+        
+        - It is now possible to run tests using 'python setup.py test'
+        
+          (The actual testsuite is still very minimal though)
+        
+Keywords: graph
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
+Classifier: Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Visualization
diff --git a/python/altgraph/README.txt b/python/altgraph/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..904a14be5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+altgraph is a fork of graphlib: a graph (network) package for constructing
+graphs, BFS and DFS traversals, topological sort, shortest paths, etc. with
+graphviz output.
+
+altgraph includes some additional usage of Python 2.6+ features and
+enhancements related to modulegraph and macholib.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/Dot.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/Dot.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49a471e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/Dot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+'''
+altgraph.Dot - Interface to the dot language
+============================================
+
+The :py:mod:`~altgraph.Dot` module provides a simple interface to the
+file format used in the `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_
+program. The module is intended to offload the most tedious part of the process
+(the **dot** file generation) while transparently exposing most of its features.
+
+To display the graphs or to generate image files the `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_
+package needs to be installed on the system, moreover the :command:`dot` and :command:`dotty` programs must
+be accesible in the program path so that they can be ran from processes spawned
+within the module.
+
+Example usage
+-------------
+
+Here is a typical usage::
+
+    from altgraph import Graph, Dot
+
+    # create a graph
+    edges = [ (1,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5), (5,4) ]
+    graph = Graph.Graph(edges)
+
+    # create a dot representation of the graph
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph)
+
+    # display the graph
+    dot.display()
+
+    # save the dot representation into the mydot.dot file
+    dot.save_dot(file_name='mydot.dot')
+
+    # save dot file as gif image into the graph.gif file
+    dot.save_img(file_name='graph', file_type='gif')
+
+Directed graph and non-directed graph
+-------------------------------------
+
+Dot class can use for both directed graph and non-directed graph
+by passing ``graphtype`` parameter.
+
+Example::
+
+    # create directed graph(default)
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph, graphtype="digraph")
+
+    # create non-directed graph
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph, graphtype="graph")
+
+Customizing the output
+----------------------
+
+The graph drawing process may be customized by passing
+valid :command:`dot` parameters for the nodes and edges. For a list of all
+parameters see the `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_
+documentation.
+
+Example::
+
+    # customizing the way the overall graph is drawn
+    dot.style(size='10,10', rankdir='RL', page='5, 5' , ranksep=0.75)
+
+    # customizing node drawing
+    dot.node_style(1, label='BASE_NODE',shape='box', color='blue' )
+    dot.node_style(2, style='filled', fillcolor='red')
+
+    # customizing edge drawing
+    dot.edge_style(1, 2, style='dotted')
+    dot.edge_style(3, 5, arrowhead='dot', label='binds', labelangle='90')
+    dot.edge_style(4, 5, arrowsize=2, style='bold')
+
+
+.. note::
+
+   dotty (invoked via :py:func:`~altgraph.Dot.display`) may not be able to
+   display all graphics styles. To verify the output save it to an image file
+   and look at it that way.
+
+Valid attributes
+----------------
+
+    - dot styles, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.style` method::
+
+        rankdir = 'LR'   (draws the graph horizontally, left to right)
+        ranksep = number (rank separation in inches)
+
+    - node attributes, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.node_style` method::
+
+        style = 'filled' | 'invisible' | 'diagonals' | 'rounded'
+        shape = 'box' | 'ellipse' | 'circle' | 'point' | 'triangle'
+
+    - edge attributes, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.edge_style` method::
+
+        style     = 'dashed' | 'dotted' | 'solid' | 'invis' | 'bold'
+        arrowhead = 'box' | 'crow' | 'diamond' | 'dot' | 'inv' | 'none' | 'tee' | 'vee'
+        weight    = number (the larger the number the closer the nodes will be)
+
+    - valid `graphviz colors <http://www.research.att.com/~erg/graphviz/info/colors.html>`_
+
+    - for more details on how to control the graph drawing process see the
+      `graphviz reference <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/refs.html>`_.
+'''
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from altgraph import GraphError
+
+
+class Dot(object):
+    '''
+    A  class providing a **graphviz** (dot language) representation
+    allowing a fine grained control over how the graph is being
+    displayed.
+
+    If the :command:`dot` and :command:`dotty` programs are not in the current system path
+    their location needs to be specified in the contructor.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, graph=None, nodes=None, edgefn=None, nodevisitor=None, edgevisitor=None, name="G", dot='dot', dotty='dotty', neato='neato', graphtype="digraph"):
+        '''
+        Initialization.
+        '''
+        self.name, self.attr = name, {}
+
+        assert graphtype in ['graph', 'digraph']
+        self.type = graphtype
+
+        self.temp_dot = "tmp_dot.dot"
+        self.temp_neo = "tmp_neo.dot"
+
+        self.dot, self.dotty, self.neato = dot, dotty, neato
+
+        # self.nodes: node styles
+        # self.edges: edge styles
+        self.nodes, self.edges = {}, {}
+
+        if graph is not None and nodes is None:
+            nodes = graph
+        if graph is not None and edgefn is None:
+            def edgefn(node, graph=graph):
+                return graph.out_nbrs(node)
+        if nodes is None:
+            nodes = ()
+
+        seen = set()
+        for node in nodes:
+            if nodevisitor is None:
+                style = {}
+            else:
+                style = nodevisitor(node)
+            if style is not None:
+                self.nodes[node] = {}
+                self.node_style(node, **style)
+                seen.add(node)
+        if edgefn is not None:
+            for head in seen:
+                for tail in (n for n in edgefn(head) if n in seen):
+                    if edgevisitor is None:
+                        edgestyle = {}
+                    else:
+                        edgestyle = edgevisitor(head, tail)
+                    if edgestyle is not None:
+                        if head not in self.edges:
+                            self.edges[head] = {}
+                        self.edges[head][tail] = {}
+                        self.edge_style(head, tail, **edgestyle)
+
+    def style(self, **attr):
+        '''
+        Changes the overall style
+        '''
+        self.attr = attr
+
+    def display(self, mode='dot'):
+        '''
+        Displays the current graph via dotty
+        '''
+
+        if  mode == 'neato':
+            self.save_dot(self.temp_neo)
+            neato_cmd = "%s -o %s %s" % (self.neato, self.temp_dot, self.temp_neo)
+            os.system(neato_cmd)
+        else:
+            self.save_dot(self.temp_dot)
+
+        plot_cmd = "%s %s" % (self.dotty, self.temp_dot)
+        os.system(plot_cmd)
+
+    def node_style(self, node, **kwargs):
+        '''
+        Modifies a node style to the dot representation.
+        '''
+        if node not in self.edges:
+            self.edges[node] = {}
+        self.nodes[node] = kwargs
+
+    def all_node_style(self, **kwargs):
+        '''
+        Modifies all node styles
+        '''
+        for node in self.nodes:
+            self.node_style(node, **kwargs)
+
+    def edge_style(self, head, tail, **kwargs):
+        '''
+        Modifies an edge style to the dot representation.
+        '''
+        if tail not in self.nodes:
+            raise GraphError("invalid node %s" % (tail,))
+
+        try:
+            if tail not in self.edges[head]:
+                self.edges[head][tail]= {}
+            self.edges[head][tail] = kwargs
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError("invalid edge  %s -> %s " % (head, tail) )
+
+    def iterdot(self):
+        # write graph title
+        if self.type == 'digraph':
+            yield 'digraph %s {\n' % (self.name,)
+        elif self.type == 'graph':
+            yield 'graph %s {\n' % (self.name,)
+
+        else:
+            raise GraphError("unsupported graphtype %s" % (self.type,))
+
+        # write overall graph attributes
+        for attr_name, attr_value in sorted(self.attr.items()):
+            yield '%s="%s";' % (attr_name, attr_value)
+        yield '\n'
+
+        # some reusable patterns
+        cpatt  = '%s="%s",'      # to separate attributes
+        epatt  = '];\n'          # to end attributes
+
+        # write node attributes
+        for node_name, node_attr in sorted(self.nodes.items()):
+            yield '\t"%s" [' % (node_name,)
+            for attr_name, attr_value in sorted(node_attr.items()):
+                yield cpatt % (attr_name, attr_value)
+            yield epatt
+
+        # write edge attributes
+        for head in sorted(self.edges):
+            for tail in sorted(self.edges[head]):
+                if self.type == 'digraph':
+                    yield '\t"%s" -> "%s" [' % (head, tail)
+                else:
+                    yield '\t"%s" -- "%s" [' % (head, tail)
+                for attr_name, attr_value in sorted(self.edges[head][tail].items()):
+                    yield cpatt % (attr_name, attr_value)
+                yield epatt
+
+        # finish file
+        yield '}\n'
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self.iterdot()
+
+    def save_dot(self, file_name=None):
+        '''
+        Saves the current graph representation into a file
+        '''
+
+        if not file_name:
+            warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning, "always pass a file_name")
+            file_name = self.temp_dot
+
+        fp   = open(file_name, "w")
+        try:
+            for chunk in self.iterdot():
+                fp.write(chunk)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def save_img(self, file_name=None, file_type="gif", mode='dot'):
+        '''
+        Saves the dot file as an image file
+        '''
+
+        if not file_name:
+            warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning, "always pass a file_name")
+            file_name = "out"
+
+        if  mode == 'neato':
+            self.save_dot(self.temp_neo)
+            neato_cmd = "%s -o %s %s" % (self.neato, self.temp_dot, self.temp_neo)
+            os.system(neato_cmd)
+            plot_cmd = self.dot
+        else:
+            self.save_dot(self.temp_dot)
+            plot_cmd = self.dot
+
+        file_name  = "%s.%s" % (file_name, file_type)
+        create_cmd = "%s -T%s %s -o %s" % (plot_cmd, file_type, self.temp_dot, file_name)
+        os.system(create_cmd)
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/Graph.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/Graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..491e5c228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/Graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+"""
+altgraph.Graph - Base Graph class
+=================================
+
+..
+  #--Version 2.1
+  #--Bob Ippolito October, 2004
+
+  #--Version 2.0
+  #--Istvan Albert June, 2004
+
+  #--Version 1.0
+  #--Nathan Denny, May 27, 1999
+"""
+
+from altgraph import GraphError
+from collections import deque
+
+class Graph(object):
+    """
+    The Graph class represents a directed graph with *N* nodes and *E* edges.
+
+    Naming conventions:
+
+    - the prefixes such as *out*, *inc* and *all* will refer to methods
+      that operate on the outgoing, incoming or all edges of that node.
+
+      For example: :py:meth:`inc_degree` will refer to the degree of the node
+      computed over the incoming edges (the number of neighbours linking to
+      the node).
+
+    - the prefixes such as *forw* and *back* will refer to the
+      orientation of the edges used in the method with respect to the node.
+
+      For example: :py:meth:`forw_bfs` will start at the node then use the outgoing
+      edges to traverse the graph (goes forward).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, edges=None):
+        """
+        Initialization
+        """
+
+        self.next_edge = 0
+        self.nodes, self.edges = {}, {}
+        self.hidden_edges, self.hidden_nodes = {}, {}
+
+        if edges is not None:
+            for item in edges:
+                if len(item) == 2:
+                    head, tail = item
+                    self.add_edge(head, tail)
+                elif len(item) == 3:
+                    head, tail, data = item
+                    self.add_edge(head, tail, data)
+                else:
+                    raise GraphError("Cannot create edge from %s"%(item,))
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Graph: %d nodes, %d edges>' % (
+            self.number_of_nodes(), self.number_of_edges())
+
+    def add_node(self, node, node_data=None):
+        """
+        Adds a new node to the graph.  Arbitrary data can be attached to the
+        node via the node_data parameter.  Adding the same node twice will be
+        silently ignored.
+
+        The node must be a hashable value.
+        """
+        #
+        # the nodes will contain tuples that will store incoming edges,
+        # outgoing edges and data
+        #
+        # index 0 -> incoming edges
+        # index 1 -> outgoing edges
+
+        if node in self.hidden_nodes:
+            # Node is present, but hidden
+            return
+
+        if node not in self.nodes:
+            self.nodes[node] = ([], [], node_data)
+
+    def add_edge(self, head_id, tail_id, edge_data=1, create_nodes=True):
+        """
+        Adds a directed edge going from head_id to tail_id.
+        Arbitrary data can be attached to the edge via edge_data.
+        It may create the nodes if adding edges between nonexisting ones.
+
+        :param head_id: head node
+        :param tail_id: tail node
+        :param edge_data: (optional) data attached to the edge
+        :param create_nodes: (optional) creates the head_id or tail_id node in case they did not exist
+        """
+        # shorcut
+        edge = self.next_edge
+
+        # add nodes if on automatic node creation
+        if create_nodes:
+            self.add_node(head_id)
+            self.add_node(tail_id)
+
+        # update the corresponding incoming and outgoing lists in the nodes
+        # index 0 -> incoming edges
+        # index 1 -> outgoing edges
+
+        try:
+            self.nodes[tail_id][0].append(edge)
+            self.nodes[head_id][1].append(edge)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid nodes %s -> %s' % (head_id, tail_id))
+
+        # store edge information
+        self.edges[edge] = (head_id, tail_id, edge_data)
+
+
+        self.next_edge += 1
+
+    def hide_edge(self, edge):
+        """
+        Hides an edge from the graph. The edge may be unhidden at some later
+        time.
+        """
+        try:
+            head_id, tail_id, edge_data = self.hidden_edges[edge] = self.edges[edge]
+            self.nodes[tail_id][0].remove(edge)
+            self.nodes[head_id][1].remove(edge)
+            del self.edges[edge]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid edge %s' % edge)
+
+    def hide_node(self, node):
+        """
+        Hides a node from the graph.  The incoming and outgoing edges of the
+        node will also be hidden.  The node may be unhidden at some later time.
+        """
+        try:
+            all_edges = self.all_edges(node)
+            self.hidden_nodes[node] = (self.nodes[node], all_edges)
+            for edge in all_edges:
+                self.hide_edge(edge)
+            del self.nodes[node]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid node %s' % node)
+
+    def restore_node(self, node):
+        """
+        Restores a previously hidden node back into the graph and restores
+        all of its incoming and outgoing edges.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.nodes[node], all_edges = self.hidden_nodes[node]
+            for edge in all_edges:
+                self.restore_edge(edge)
+            del self.hidden_nodes[node]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid node %s' % node)
+
+    def restore_edge(self, edge):
+        """
+        Restores a previously hidden edge back into the graph.
+        """
+        try:
+            head_id, tail_id, data = self.hidden_edges[edge]
+            self.nodes[tail_id][0].append(edge)
+            self.nodes[head_id][1].append(edge)
+            self.edges[edge] = head_id, tail_id, data
+            del self.hidden_edges[edge]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid edge %s' % edge)
+
+    def restore_all_edges(self):
+        """
+        Restores all hidden edges.
+        """
+        for edge in list(self.hidden_edges.keys()):
+            try:
+                self.restore_edge(edge)
+            except GraphError:
+                pass
+
+    def restore_all_nodes(self):
+        """
+        Restores all hidden nodes.
+        """
+        for node in list(self.hidden_nodes.keys()):
+            self.restore_node(node)
+
+    def __contains__(self, node):
+        """
+        Test whether a node is in the graph
+        """
+        return node in self.nodes
+
+    def edge_by_id(self, edge):
+        """
+        Returns the edge that connects the head_id and tail_id nodes
+        """
+        try:
+            head, tail, data =  self.edges[edge]
+        except KeyError:
+            head, tail = None, None
+            raise GraphError('Invalid edge %s' % edge)
+
+        return (head, tail)
+
+    def edge_by_node(self, head, tail):
+        """
+        Returns the edge that connects the head_id and tail_id nodes
+        """
+        for edge in self.out_edges(head):
+            if self.tail(edge) == tail:
+                return edge
+        return None
+
+    def number_of_nodes(self):
+        """
+        Returns the number of nodes
+        """
+        return len(self.nodes)
+
+    def number_of_edges(self):
+        """
+        Returns the number of edges
+        """
+        return len(self.edges)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over all nodes in the graph
+        """
+        return iter(self.nodes)
+
+    def node_list(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of the node ids for all visible nodes in the graph.
+        """
+        return list(self.nodes.keys())
+
+    def edge_list(self):
+        """
+        Returns an iterator for all visible nodes in the graph.
+        """
+        return list(self.edges.keys())
+
+    def number_of_hidden_edges(self):
+        """
+        Returns the number of hidden edges
+        """
+        return len(self.hidden_edges)
+
+    def number_of_hidden_nodes(self):
+        """
+        Returns the number of hidden nodes
+        """
+        return len(self.hidden_nodes)
+
+    def hidden_node_list(self):
+        """
+        Returns the list with the hidden nodes
+        """
+        return list(self.hidden_nodes.keys())
+
+    def hidden_edge_list(self):
+        """
+        Returns a list with the hidden edges
+        """
+        return list(self.hidden_edges.keys())
+
+    def describe_node(self, node):
+        """
+        return node, node data, outgoing edges, incoming edges for node
+        """
+        incoming, outgoing, data = self.nodes[node]
+        return node, data, outgoing, incoming
+
+    def describe_edge(self, edge):
+        """
+        return edge, edge data, head, tail for edge
+        """
+        head, tail, data = self.edges[edge]
+        return edge, data, head, tail
+
+    def node_data(self, node):
+        """
+        Returns the data associated with a node
+        """
+        return self.nodes[node][2]
+
+    def edge_data(self, edge):
+        """
+        Returns the data associated with an edge
+        """
+        return self.edges[edge][2]
+
+    def update_edge_data(self, edge, edge_data):
+        """
+        Replace the edge data for a specific edge
+        """
+        self.edges[edge] = self.edges[edge][0:2] + (edge_data,)
+
+    def head(self, edge):
+        """
+        Returns the node of the head of the edge.
+        """
+        return self.edges[edge][0]
+
+    def tail(self, edge):
+        """
+        Returns node of the tail of the edge.
+        """
+        return self.edges[edge][1]
+
+    def out_nbrs(self, node):
+        """
+        List of nodes connected by outgoing edges
+        """
+        l = [self.tail(n) for n in self.out_edges(node)]
+        return l
+
+    def inc_nbrs(self, node):
+        """
+        List of nodes connected by incoming edges
+        """
+        l = [self.head(n) for n in self.inc_edges(node)]
+        return l
+
+    def all_nbrs(self, node):
+        """
+        List of nodes connected by incoming and outgoing edges
+        """
+        l = dict.fromkeys( self.inc_nbrs(node) + self.out_nbrs(node) )
+        return list(l)
+
+    def out_edges(self, node):
+        """
+        Returns a list of the outgoing edges
+        """
+        try:
+            return list(self.nodes[node][1])
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid node %s' % node)
+
+        return None
+
+    def inc_edges(self, node):
+        """
+        Returns a list of the incoming edges
+        """
+        try:
+            return list(self.nodes[node][0])
+        except KeyError:
+            raise GraphError('Invalid node %s' % node)
+
+        return None
+
+    def all_edges(self, node):
+        """
+        Returns a list of incoming and outging edges.
+        """
+        return set(self.inc_edges(node) + self.out_edges(node))
+
+    def out_degree(self, node):
+        """
+        Returns the number of outgoing edges
+        """
+        return len(self.out_edges(node))
+
+    def inc_degree(self, node):
+        """
+        Returns the number of incoming edges
+        """
+        return len(self.inc_edges(node))
+
+    def all_degree(self, node):
+        """
+        The total degree of a node
+        """
+        return self.inc_degree(node) + self.out_degree(node)
+
+    def _topo_sort(self, forward=True):
+        """
+        Topological sort.
+
+        Returns a list of nodes where the successors (based on outgoing and
+        incoming edges selected by the forward parameter) of any given node
+        appear in the sequence after that node.
+        """
+        topo_list = []
+        queue = deque()
+        indeg = {}
+
+        # select the operation that will be performed
+        if forward:
+            get_edges = self.out_edges
+            get_degree = self.inc_degree
+            get_next = self.tail
+        else:
+            get_edges = self.inc_edges
+            get_degree = self.out_degree
+            get_next = self.head
+
+        for node in self.node_list():
+            degree = get_degree(node)
+            if degree:
+                indeg[node] = degree
+            else:
+                queue.append(node)
+
+        while queue:
+            curr_node = queue.popleft()
+            topo_list.append(curr_node)
+            for edge in get_edges(curr_node):
+                tail_id = get_next(edge)
+                if tail_id in indeg:
+                    indeg[tail_id] -= 1
+                    if indeg[tail_id] == 0:
+                        queue.append(tail_id)
+
+        if len(topo_list) == len(self.node_list()):
+            valid = True
+        else:
+            # the graph has cycles, invalid topological sort
+            valid = False
+
+        return (valid, topo_list)
+
+    def forw_topo_sort(self):
+        """
+        Topological sort.
+
+        Returns a list of nodes where the successors (based on outgoing edges)
+        of any given node appear in the sequence after that node.
+        """
+        return self._topo_sort(forward=True)
+
+    def back_topo_sort(self):
+        """
+        Reverse topological sort.
+
+        Returns a list of nodes where the successors (based on incoming edges)
+        of any given node appear in the sequence after that node.
+        """
+        return self._topo_sort(forward=False)
+
+    def _bfs_subgraph(self, start_id, forward=True):
+        """
+        Private method creates a subgraph in a bfs order.
+
+        The forward parameter specifies whether it is a forward or backward
+        traversal.
+        """
+        if forward:
+            get_bfs  = self.forw_bfs
+            get_nbrs = self.out_nbrs
+        else:
+            get_bfs  = self.back_bfs
+            get_nbrs = self.inc_nbrs
+
+        g = Graph()
+        bfs_list = get_bfs(start_id)
+        for node in bfs_list:
+            g.add_node(node)
+
+        for node in bfs_list:
+            for nbr_id in get_nbrs(node):
+                g.add_edge(node, nbr_id)
+
+        return g
+
+    def forw_bfs_subgraph(self, start_id):
+        """
+        Creates and returns a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+        reachable nodes based on their outgoing edges.
+        """
+        return self._bfs_subgraph(start_id, forward=True)
+
+    def back_bfs_subgraph(self, start_id):
+        """
+        Creates and returns a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+        reachable nodes based on the incoming edges.
+        """
+        return self._bfs_subgraph(start_id, forward=False)
+
+    def iterdfs(self, start, end=None, forward=True):
+        """
+        Collecting nodes in some depth first traversal.
+
+        The forward parameter specifies whether it is a forward or backward
+        traversal.
+        """
+        visited, stack = set([start]), deque([start])
+
+        if forward:
+            get_edges = self.out_edges
+            get_next = self.tail
+        else:
+            get_edges = self.inc_edges
+            get_next = self.head
+
+        while stack:
+            curr_node = stack.pop()
+            yield curr_node
+            if curr_node == end:
+                break
+            for edge in sorted(get_edges(curr_node)):
+                tail = get_next(edge)
+                if tail not in visited:
+                    visited.add(tail)
+                    stack.append(tail)
+
+    def iterdata(self, start, end=None, forward=True, condition=None):
+        """
+        Perform a depth-first walk of the graph (as ``iterdfs``)
+        and yield the item data of every node where condition matches. The
+        condition callback is only called when node_data is not None.
+        """
+
+        visited, stack = set([start]), deque([start])
+
+        if forward:
+            get_edges = self.out_edges
+            get_next = self.tail
+        else:
+            get_edges = self.inc_edges
+            get_next = self.head
+
+        get_data = self.node_data
+
+        while stack:
+            curr_node = stack.pop()
+            curr_data = get_data(curr_node)
+            if curr_data is not None:
+                if condition is not None and not condition(curr_data):
+                    continue
+                yield curr_data
+            if curr_node == end:
+                break
+            for edge in get_edges(curr_node):
+                tail = get_next(edge)
+                if tail not in visited:
+                    visited.add(tail)
+                    stack.append(tail)
+
+    def _iterbfs(self, start, end=None, forward=True):
+        """
+        The forward parameter specifies whether it is a forward or backward
+        traversal.  Returns a list of tuples where the first value is the hop
+        value the second value is the node id.
+        """
+        queue, visited = deque([(start, 0)]), set([start])
+
+        # the direction of the bfs depends on the edges that are sampled
+        if forward:
+            get_edges = self.out_edges
+            get_next = self.tail
+        else:
+            get_edges = self.inc_edges
+            get_next = self.head
+
+        while queue:
+            curr_node, curr_step = queue.popleft()
+            yield (curr_node, curr_step)
+            if curr_node == end:
+                break
+            for edge in get_edges(curr_node):
+                tail = get_next(edge)
+                if tail not in visited:
+                    visited.add(tail)
+                    queue.append((tail, curr_step + 1))
+
+
+    def forw_bfs(self, start, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns a list of nodes in some forward BFS order.
+
+        Starting from the start node the breadth first search proceeds along
+        outgoing edges.
+        """
+        return [node for node, step in self._iterbfs(start, end, forward=True)]
+
+    def back_bfs(self, start, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns a list of nodes in some backward BFS order.
+
+        Starting from the start node the breadth first search proceeds along
+        incoming edges.
+        """
+        return [node for node, step in self._iterbfs(start, end, forward=False)]
+
+    def forw_dfs(self, start, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns a list of nodes in some forward DFS order.
+
+        Starting with the start node the depth first search proceeds along
+        outgoing edges.
+        """
+        return list(self.iterdfs(start, end, forward=True))
+
+    def back_dfs(self, start, end=None):
+        """
+        Returns a list of nodes in some backward DFS order.
+
+        Starting from the start node the depth first search proceeds along
+        incoming edges.
+        """
+        return list(self.iterdfs(start, end, forward=False))
+
+    def connected(self):
+        """
+        Returns :py:data:`True` if the graph's every node can be reached from every
+        other node.
+        """
+        node_list = self.node_list()
+        for node in node_list:
+            bfs_list = self.forw_bfs(node)
+            if len(bfs_list) != len(node_list):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def clust_coef(self, node):
+        """
+        Computes and returns the local clustering coefficient of node.  The
+        local cluster coefficient is proportion of the actual number of edges between
+        neighbours of node and the maximum number of edges between those neighbours.
+
+        See <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering_coefficient#Local_clustering_coefficient>
+        for a formal definition.
+        """
+        num = 0
+        nbr_set = set(self.out_nbrs(node))
+
+        if node in nbr_set:
+            nbr_set.remove(node) # loop defense
+
+        for nbr in nbr_set:
+            sec_set = set(self.out_nbrs(nbr))
+            if nbr in sec_set:
+                sec_set.remove(nbr) # loop defense
+            num += len(nbr_set & sec_set)
+
+        nbr_num = len(nbr_set)
+        if nbr_num:
+            clust_coef = float(num) / (nbr_num * (nbr_num - 1))
+        else:
+            clust_coef = 0.0
+        return clust_coef
+
+    def get_hops(self, start, end=None, forward=True):
+        """
+        Computes the hop distance to all nodes centered around a specified node.
+
+        First order neighbours are at hop 1, their neigbours are at hop 2 etc.
+        Uses :py:meth:`forw_bfs` or :py:meth:`back_bfs` depending on the value of the forward
+        parameter.  If the distance between all neighbouring nodes is 1 the hop
+        number corresponds to the shortest distance between the nodes.
+
+        :param start: the starting node
+        :param end: ending node (optional). When not specified will search the whole graph.
+        :param forward: directionality parameter (optional). If C{True} (default) it uses L{forw_bfs} otherwise L{back_bfs}.
+        :return: returns a list of tuples where each tuple contains the node and the hop.
+
+        Typical usage::
+
+            >>> print (graph.get_hops(1, 8))
+            >>> [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)]
+            # node 1 is at 0 hops
+            # node 2 is at 1 hop
+            # ...
+            # node 8 is at 5 hops
+        """
+        if forward:
+            return list(self._iterbfs(start=start, end=end, forward=True))
+        else:
+            return list(self._iterbfs(start=start, end=end, forward=False))
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphAlgo.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphAlgo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e6fff2b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphAlgo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+'''
+altgraph.GraphAlgo - Graph algorithms
+=====================================
+'''
+from altgraph import GraphError
+
+def dijkstra(graph, start, end=None):
+    """
+    Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths
+
+    `David Eppstein, UC Irvine, 4 April 2002 <http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/161/python/>`_
+
+    `Python Cookbook Recipe <http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/119466>`_
+
+    Find shortest paths from the  start node to all nodes nearer than or equal to the end node.
+
+    Dijkstra's algorithm is only guaranteed to work correctly when all edge lengths are positive.
+    This code does not verify this property for all edges (only the edges examined until the end
+    vertex is reached), but will correctly compute shortest paths even for some graphs with negative
+    edges, and will raise an exception if it discovers that a negative edge has caused it to make a mistake.
+
+    *Adapted to altgraph by Istvan Albert, Pennsylvania State University - June, 9 2004*
+
+    """
+    D = {}    # dictionary of final distances
+    P = {}    # dictionary of predecessors
+    Q = _priorityDictionary()    # estimated distances of non-final vertices
+    Q[start] = 0
+
+    for v in Q:
+        D[v] = Q[v]
+        if v == end: break
+
+        for w in graph.out_nbrs(v):
+            edge_id  = graph.edge_by_node(v,w)
+            vwLength = D[v] + graph.edge_data(edge_id)
+            if w in D:
+                if vwLength < D[w]:
+                    raise GraphError("Dijkstra: found better path to already-final vertex")
+            elif w not in Q or vwLength < Q[w]:
+                Q[w] = vwLength
+                P[w] = v
+
+    return (D,P)
+
+def shortest_path(graph, start, end):
+    """
+    Find a single shortest path from the given start node to the given end node.
+    The input has the same conventions as dijkstra(). The output is a list of the nodes
+    in order along the shortest path.
+
+    **Note that the distances must be stored in the edge data as numeric data**
+    """
+
+    D,P = dijkstra(graph, start, end)
+    Path = []
+    while 1:
+        Path.append(end)
+        if end == start: break
+        end = P[end]
+    Path.reverse()
+    return Path
+
+#
+# Utility classes and functions
+#
+class _priorityDictionary(dict):
+    '''
+    Priority dictionary using binary heaps (internal use only)
+
+    David Eppstein, UC Irvine, 8 Mar 2002
+
+    Implements a data structure that acts almost like a dictionary, with two modifications:
+        1. D.smallest() returns the value x minimizing D[x].  For this to work correctly,
+            all values D[x] stored in the dictionary must be comparable.
+        2. iterating "for x in D" finds and removes the items from D in sorted order.
+            Each item is not removed until the next item is requested, so D[x] will still
+            return a useful value until the next iteration of the for-loop.
+            Each operation takes logarithmic amortized time.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self):
+        '''
+        Initialize priorityDictionary by creating binary heap of pairs (value,key).
+        Note that changing or removing a dict entry will not remove the old pair from the heap
+        until it is found by smallest() or until the heap is rebuilt.
+        '''
+        self.__heap = []
+        dict.__init__(self)
+
+    def smallest(self):
+        '''
+        Find smallest item after removing deleted items from front of heap.
+        '''
+        if len(self) == 0:
+            raise IndexError("smallest of empty priorityDictionary")
+        heap = self.__heap
+        while heap[0][1] not in self or self[heap[0][1]] != heap[0][0]:
+            lastItem = heap.pop()
+            insertionPoint = 0
+            while 1:
+                smallChild = 2*insertionPoint+1
+                if smallChild+1 < len(heap) and heap[smallChild] > heap[smallChild+1] :
+                    smallChild += 1
+                if smallChild >= len(heap) or lastItem <= heap[smallChild]:
+                    heap[insertionPoint] = lastItem
+                    break
+                heap[insertionPoint] = heap[smallChild]
+                insertionPoint = smallChild
+        return heap[0][1]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Create destructive sorted iterator of priorityDictionary.
+        '''
+        def iterfn():
+            while len(self) > 0:
+                x = self.smallest()
+                yield x
+                del self[x]
+        return iterfn()
+
+    def __setitem__(self,key,val):
+        '''
+        Change value stored in dictionary and add corresponding pair to heap.
+        Rebuilds the heap if the number of deleted items gets large, to avoid memory leakage.
+        '''
+        dict.__setitem__(self,key,val)
+        heap = self.__heap
+        if len(heap) > 2 * len(self):
+            self.__heap = [(v,k) for k,v in self.iteritems()]
+            self.__heap.sort()  # builtin sort probably faster than O(n)-time heapify
+        else:
+            newPair = (val,key)
+            insertionPoint = len(heap)
+            heap.append(None)
+            while insertionPoint > 0 and newPair < heap[(insertionPoint-1)//2]:
+                heap[insertionPoint] = heap[(insertionPoint-1)//2]
+                insertionPoint = (insertionPoint-1)//2
+            heap[insertionPoint] = newPair
+
+    def setdefault(self,key,val):
+        '''
+        Reimplement setdefault to pass through our customized __setitem__.
+        '''
+        if key not in self:
+            self[key] = val
+        return self[key]
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphStat.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphStat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25fc46c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphStat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+'''
+altgraph.GraphStat - Functions providing various graph statistics
+=================================================================
+'''
+import sys
+
+def degree_dist(graph, limits=(0,0), bin_num=10, mode='out'):
+    '''
+    Computes the degree distribution for a graph.
+
+    Returns a list of tuples where the first element of the tuple is the center of the bin
+    representing a range of degrees and the second element of the tuple are the number of nodes
+    with the degree falling in the range.
+
+    Example::
+
+        ....
+    '''
+
+    deg = []
+    if mode == 'inc':
+        get_deg = graph.inc_degree
+    else:
+        get_deg = graph.out_degree
+
+    for node in graph:
+        deg.append( get_deg(node) )
+
+    if not deg:
+        return []
+
+    results = _binning(values=deg, limits=limits, bin_num=bin_num)
+
+    return results
+
+_EPS = 1.0/(2.0**32)
+def _binning(values, limits=(0,0), bin_num=10):
+    '''
+    Bins data that falls between certain limits, if the limits are (0, 0) the
+    minimum and maximum values are used.
+
+    Returns a list of tuples where the first element of the tuple is the center of the bin
+    and the second element of the tuple are the counts.
+    '''
+    if limits == (0, 0):
+        min_val, max_val = min(values) - _EPS, max(values) + _EPS
+    else:
+        min_val, max_val = limits
+
+    # get bin size
+    bin_size = (max_val - min_val)/float(bin_num)
+    bins = [0] * (bin_num)
+
+    # will ignore these outliers for now
+    out_points = 0
+    for value in values:
+        try:
+            if (value - min_val) < 0:
+                out_points += 1
+            else:
+                index = int((value - min_val)/float(bin_size))
+                bins[index] += 1
+        except IndexError:
+            out_points += 1
+
+    # make it ready for an x,y plot
+    result = []
+    center = (bin_size/2) + min_val
+    for i, y in enumerate(bins):
+        x = center + bin_size * i
+        result.append( (x,y) )
+
+    return result
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphUtil.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphUtil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3b6acd74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/GraphUtil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'''
+altgraph.GraphUtil - Utility classes and functions
+==================================================
+'''
+
+import random
+from collections import deque
+from altgraph import Graph
+from altgraph import GraphError
+
+def generate_random_graph(node_num, edge_num, self_loops=False, multi_edges=False):
+    '''
+    Generates and returns a :py:class:`~altgraph.Graph.Graph` instance with *node_num* nodes
+    randomly connected by *edge_num* edges.
+    '''
+    g = Graph.Graph()
+
+    if not multi_edges:
+        if self_loops:
+            max_edges = node_num * node_num
+        else:
+            max_edges = node_num * (node_num-1)
+
+        if edge_num > max_edges:
+            raise GraphError("inconsistent arguments to 'generate_random_graph'")
+
+    nodes = range(node_num)
+
+    for node in nodes:
+        g.add_node(node)
+
+    while 1:
+        head = random.choice(nodes)
+        tail = random.choice(nodes)
+
+        # loop defense
+        if head == tail and not self_loops:
+            continue
+
+        # multiple edge defense
+        if g.edge_by_node(head,tail) is not None and not multi_edges:
+            continue
+
+        # add the edge
+        g.add_edge(head, tail)
+        if g.number_of_edges() >= edge_num:
+            break
+
+    return g
+
+def generate_scale_free_graph(steps, growth_num, self_loops=False, multi_edges=False):
+    '''
+    Generates and returns a :py:class:`~altgraph.Graph.Graph` instance that will have *steps* \* *growth_num* nodes
+    and a scale free (powerlaw) connectivity. Starting with a fully connected graph with *growth_num* nodes
+    at every step *growth_num* nodes are added to the graph and are connected to existing nodes with
+    a probability proportional to the degree of these existing nodes.
+    '''
+    # FIXME: The code doesn't seem to do what the documentation claims.
+    graph = Graph.Graph()
+
+    # initialize the graph
+    store = []
+    for i in range(growth_num):
+        #store   += [ i ] * (growth_num - 1)
+        for j in range(i + 1, growth_num):
+            store.append(i)
+            store.append(j)
+            graph.add_edge(i,j)
+
+    # generate
+    for node in range(growth_num, steps * growth_num):
+        graph.add_node(node)
+        while ( graph.out_degree(node) < growth_num ):
+            nbr = random.choice(store)
+
+            # loop defense
+            if node == nbr and not self_loops:
+                continue
+
+            # multi edge defense
+            if graph.edge_by_node(node, nbr) and not multi_edges:
+                continue
+
+            graph.add_edge(node, nbr)
+
+
+        for nbr in graph.out_nbrs(node):
+            store.append(node)
+            store.append(nbr)
+
+    return graph
+
+def filter_stack(graph, head, filters):
+    """
+    Perform a walk in a depth-first order starting
+    at *head*.
+
+    Returns (visited, removes, orphans).
+
+    * visited: the set of visited nodes
+    * removes: the list of nodes where the node
+      data does not all *filters*
+    * orphans: tuples of (last_good, node),
+      where node is not in removes, is directly
+      reachable from a node in *removes* and
+      *last_good* is the closest upstream node that is not
+      in *removes*.
+    """
+
+    visited, removes, orphans = set([head]), set(), set()
+    stack = deque([(head, head)])
+    get_data = graph.node_data
+    get_edges = graph.out_edges
+    get_tail = graph.tail
+
+    while stack:
+        last_good, node = stack.pop()
+        data = get_data(node)
+        if data is not None:
+            for filtfunc in filters:
+                if not filtfunc(data):
+                    removes.add(node)
+                    break
+            else:
+                last_good = node
+        for edge in get_edges(node):
+            tail = get_tail(edge)
+            if last_good is not node:
+                orphans.add((last_good, tail))
+            if tail not in visited:
+                visited.add(tail)
+                stack.append((last_good, tail))
+
+    orphans = [(last_good, tail) for (last_good, tail) in orphans if tail not in removes]
+    #orphans.sort()
+
+    return visited, removes, orphans
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/ObjectGraph.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/ObjectGraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d07f51b68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/ObjectGraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+"""
+altgraph.ObjectGraph - Graph of objects with an identifier
+==========================================================
+
+A graph of objects that have a "graphident" attribute.
+graphident is the key for the object in the graph
+"""
+
+from altgraph import GraphError
+from altgraph.Graph import Graph
+from altgraph.GraphUtil import filter_stack
+
+class ObjectGraph(object):
+    """
+    A graph of objects that have a "graphident" attribute.
+    graphident is the key for the object in the graph
+    """
+    def __init__(self, graph=None, debug=0):
+        if graph is None:
+            graph = Graph()
+        self.graphident = self
+        self.graph = graph
+        self.debug = debug
+        self.indent = 0
+        graph.add_node(self, None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s>' % (type(self).__name__,)
+
+    def flatten(self, condition=None, start=None):
+        """
+        Iterate over the subgraph that is entirely reachable by condition
+        starting from the given start node or the ObjectGraph root
+        """
+        if start is None:
+            start = self
+        start = self.getRawIdent(start)
+        return self.graph.iterdata(start=start, condition=condition)
+
+    def nodes(self):
+        for ident in self.graph:
+            node = self.graph.node_data(ident)
+            if node is not None:
+                yield self.graph.node_data(ident)
+
+
+    def get_edges(self, node):
+        start = self.getRawIdent(node)
+        _, _, outraw, incraw = self.graph.describe_node(start)
+        def iter_edges(lst, n):
+            seen = set()
+            for tpl in (self.graph.describe_edge(e) for e in lst):
+                ident = tpl[n]
+                if ident not in seen:
+                    yield self.findNode(ident)
+                    seen.add(ident)
+        return iter_edges(outraw, 3), iter_edges(incraw, 2)
+
+    def edgeData(self, fromNode, toNode):
+        start = self.getRawIdent(fromNode)
+        stop = self.getRawIdent(toNode)
+        edge = self.graph.edge_by_node(start, stop)
+        return self.graph.edge_data(edge)
+
+    def updateEdgeData(self, fromNode, toNode, edgeData):
+        start = self.getRawIdent(fromNode)
+        stop = self.getRawIdent(toNode)
+        edge = self.graph.edge_by_node(start, stop)
+        self.graph.update_edge_data(edge, edgeData)
+
+    def filterStack(self, filters):
+        """
+        Filter the ObjectGraph in-place by removing all edges to nodes that
+        do not match every filter in the given filter list
+
+        Returns a tuple containing the number of: (nodes_visited, nodes_removed, nodes_orphaned)
+        """
+        visited, removes, orphans = filter_stack(self.graph, self, filters)
+
+        for last_good, tail in orphans:
+            self.graph.add_edge(last_good, tail, edge_data='orphan')
+
+        for node in removes:
+            self.graph.hide_node(node)
+
+        return len(visited)-1, len(removes), len(orphans)
+
+    def removeNode(self, node):
+        """
+        Remove the given node from the graph if it exists
+        """
+        ident = self.getIdent(node)
+        if ident is not None:
+            self.graph.hide_node(ident)
+
+    def removeReference(self, fromnode, tonode):
+        """
+        Remove all edges from fromnode to tonode
+        """
+        if fromnode is None:
+            fromnode = self
+        fromident = self.getIdent(fromnode)
+        toident = self.getIdent(tonode)
+        if fromident is not None and toident is not None:
+            while True:
+                edge = self.graph.edge_by_node(fromident, toident)
+                if edge is None:
+                    break
+                self.graph.hide_edge(edge)
+
+    def getIdent(self, node):
+        """
+        Get the graph identifier for a node
+        """
+        ident = self.getRawIdent(node)
+        if ident is not None:
+            return ident
+        node = self.findNode(node)
+        if node is None:
+            return None
+        return node.graphident
+
+    def getRawIdent(self, node):
+        """
+        Get the identifier for a node object
+        """
+        if node is self:
+            return node
+        ident = getattr(node, 'graphident', None)
+        return ident
+
+    def __contains__(self, node):
+        return self.findNode(node) is not None
+
+    def findNode(self, node):
+        """
+        Find the node on the graph
+        """
+        ident = self.getRawIdent(node)
+        if ident is None:
+            ident = node
+        try:
+            return self.graph.node_data(ident)
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    def addNode(self, node):
+        """
+        Add a node to the graph referenced by the root
+        """
+        self.msg(4, "addNode", node)
+
+        try:
+            self.graph.restore_node(node.graphident)
+        except GraphError:
+            self.graph.add_node(node.graphident, node)
+
+    def createReference(self, fromnode, tonode, edge_data=None):
+        """
+        Create a reference from fromnode to tonode
+        """
+        if fromnode is None:
+            fromnode = self
+        fromident, toident = self.getIdent(fromnode), self.getIdent(tonode)
+        if fromident is None or toident is None:
+            return
+        self.msg(4, "createReference", fromnode, tonode, edge_data)
+        self.graph.add_edge(fromident, toident, edge_data=edge_data)
+
+    def createNode(self, cls, name, *args, **kw):
+        """
+        Add a node of type cls to the graph if it does not already exist
+        by the given name
+        """
+        m = self.findNode(name)
+        if m is None:
+            m = cls(name, *args, **kw)
+            self.addNode(m)
+        return m
+
+    def msg(self, level, s, *args):
+        """
+        Print a debug message with the given level
+        """
+        if s and level <= self.debug:
+            print ("%s%s %s" % ("  " * self.indent, s, ' '.join(map(repr, args))))
+
+    def msgin(self, level, s, *args):
+        """
+        Print a debug message and indent
+        """
+        if level <= self.debug:
+            self.msg(level, s, *args)
+            self.indent = self.indent + 1
+
+    def msgout(self, level, s, *args):
+        """
+        Dedent and print a debug message
+        """
+        if level <= self.debug:
+            self.indent = self.indent - 1
+            self.msg(level, s, *args)
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph/__init__.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f72c18e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+'''
+altgraph - a python graph library
+=================================
+
+altgraph is a fork of `graphlib <http://pygraphlib.sourceforge.net>`_ tailored
+to use newer Python 2.3+ features, including additional support used by the
+py2app suite (modulegraph and macholib, specifically).
+
+altgraph is a python based graph (network) representation and manipulation package.
+It has started out as an extension to the `graph_lib module <http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~denny/python_nest/graph_lib_1.0.1.html>`_
+written by Nathan Denny it has been significantly optimized and expanded.
+
+The :class:`altgraph.Graph.Graph` class is loosely modeled after the `LEDA <http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/enleda.htm>`_
+(Library of Efficient Datatypes)  representation. The library
+includes methods for constructing graphs, BFS and DFS traversals,
+topological sort, finding connected components, shortest paths as well as a number
+graph statistics functions. The library can also visualize graphs
+via `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_.
+
+The package contains the following modules:
+
+    -  the :py:mod:`altgraph.Graph` module contains the :class:`~altgraph.Graph.Graph` class that stores the graph data
+
+    -  the :py:mod:`altgraph.GraphAlgo` module implements graph algorithms operating on graphs (:py:class:`~altgraph.Graph.Graph`} instances)
+
+    -  the :py:mod:`altgraph.GraphStat` module contains functions for computing statistical measures on graphs
+
+    -  the :py:mod:`altgraph.GraphUtil` module contains functions for generating, reading and saving graphs
+
+    -  the :py:mod:`altgraph.Dot` module  contains functions for displaying graphs via `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_
+
+    -  the :py:mod:`altgraph.ObjectGraph` module implements a graph of objects with a unique identifier
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+Download and unpack the archive then type::
+
+    python setup.py install
+
+This will install the library in the default location. For instructions on
+how to customize the install procedure read the output of::
+
+    python setup.py --help install
+
+To verify that the code works run the test suite::
+
+    python setup.py test
+
+Example usage
+-------------
+
+Lets assume that we want to analyze the graph below (links to the full picture) GRAPH_IMG.
+Our script then might look the following way::
+
+    from altgraph import Graph, GraphAlgo, Dot
+
+    # these are the edges
+    edges = [ (1,2), (2,4), (1,3), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (6,5),
+        (6,14), (14,15), (6, 15),  (5,7), (7, 8), (7,13), (12,8),
+        (8,13), (11,12), (11,9), (13,11), (9,13), (13,10) ]
+
+    # creates the graph
+    graph = Graph.Graph()
+    for head, tail in edges:
+        graph.add_edge(head, tail)
+
+    # do a forward bfs from 1 at most to 20
+    print(graph.forw_bfs(1))
+
+This will print the nodes in some breadth first order::
+
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 11, 10, 12, 9]
+
+If we wanted to get the hop-distance from node 1 to node 8
+we coud write::
+
+    print(graph.get_hops(1, 8))
+
+This will print the following::
+
+    [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)]
+
+Node 1 is at 0 hops since it is the starting node, nodes 2,3 are 1 hop away ...
+node 8 is 5 hops away. To find the shortest distance between two nodes you
+can use::
+
+    print(GraphAlgo.shortest_path(graph, 1, 12))
+
+It will print the nodes on one (if there are more) the shortest paths::
+
+    [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 13, 11, 12]
+
+To display the graph we can use the GraphViz backend::
+
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph)
+
+    # display the graph on the monitor
+    dot.display()
+
+    # save it in an image file
+    dot.save_img(file_name='graph', file_type='gif')
+
+
+
+..
+  @author: U{Istvan Albert<http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/i/u/iua1/>}
+
+  @license:  MIT License
+
+  Copyright (c) 2004 Istvan Albert unless otherwise noted.
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+  and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+  including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+  and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+  so.
+
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+  INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+  PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+  FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+  THE SOFTWARE.
+  @requires: Python 2.3 or higher
+
+  @newfield contributor: Contributors:
+  @contributor: U{Reka Albert <http://www.phys.psu.edu/~ralbert/>}
+
+'''
+import pkg_resources
+__version__ = pkg_resources.require('altgraph')[0].version
+
+class GraphError(ValueError):
+    pass
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/__init__.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6890389df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+""" altgraph tests """
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_altgraph.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_altgraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ca6b251e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_altgraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env py.test
+import os
+import sys
+
+from altgraph import Graph, GraphAlgo
+import unittest
+
+class BasicTests (unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.edges = [
+            (1,2), (2,4), (1,3), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (6,5), (6,14), (14,15),
+            (6, 15), (5,7), (7, 8), (7,13), (12,8), (8,13), (11,12), (11,9),
+            (13,11), (9,13), (13,10)
+        ]
+
+        # these are the edges
+        self.store = {}
+        self.g = Graph.Graph()
+        for head, tail in self.edges:
+            self.store[head] = self.store[tail] = None
+            self.g.add_edge(head, tail)
+
+    def test_num_edges(self):
+        # check the parameters
+        self.assertEqual(self.g.number_of_nodes(), len(self.store))
+        self.assertEqual(self.g.number_of_edges(), len(self.edges))
+
+    def test_forw_bfs(self):
+        # do a forward bfs
+        self.assertEqual( self.g.forw_bfs(1),
+                [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 11, 10, 12, 9])
+
+
+    def test_get_hops(self):
+        # diplay the hops and hop numbers between nodes
+        self.assertEqual(self.g.get_hops(1, 8),
+                [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)])
+
+    def test_shortest_path(self):
+        self.assertEqual(GraphAlgo.shortest_path(self.g, 1, 12),
+                [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 13, 11, 12])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_dot.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_dot.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83993dad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_dot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+import unittest
+import os
+
+from altgraph import Dot
+from altgraph import Graph
+from altgraph import GraphError
+
+
+class TestDot (unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([
+                (1,2),
+                (1,3),
+                (1,4),
+                (2,4),
+                (2,6),
+                (2,7),
+                (7,4),
+                (6,1),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.name, 'G')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.attr, {})
+        self.assertEqual(dot.temp_dot, 'tmp_dot.dot')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.temp_neo, 'tmp_neo.dot')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.dot, 'dot')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.dotty, 'dotty')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.neato, 'neato')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.type, 'digraph')
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes, dict([(x, {}) for x in g]))
+
+        edges = {}
+        for head in g:
+            edges[head] = {}
+            for tail in g.out_nbrs(head):
+                edges[head][tail] = {}
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1], edges[1])
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges, edges)
+
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g, nodes=[1,2],
+                edgefn=lambda node: list(sorted(g.out_nbrs(node)))[:-1],
+                nodevisitor=lambda node: {'label': node},
+                edgevisitor=lambda head, tail: {'label': (head, tail) },
+                name="testgraph",
+                dot='/usr/local/bin/dot',
+                dotty='/usr/local/bin/dotty',
+                neato='/usr/local/bin/neato',
+                graphtype="graph")
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.name, 'testgraph')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.attr, {})
+        self.assertEqual(dot.temp_dot, 'tmp_dot.dot')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.temp_neo, 'tmp_neo.dot')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.dot, '/usr/local/bin/dot')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.dotty, '/usr/local/bin/dotty')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.neato, '/usr/local/bin/neato')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.type, 'graph')
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes, dict([(x, {'label': x}) for x in [1,2]]))
+
+        edges = {}
+        for head in [1,2]:
+            edges[head] = {}
+            for tail in list(sorted(g.out_nbrs(head)))[:-1]:
+                if tail not in [1,2]: continue
+                edges[head][tail] = {'label': (head, tail) }
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1], edges[1])
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges, edges)
+
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, Dot.Dot, g, nodes=[1,2, 9])
+
+    def test_style(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([])
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.attr, {})
+
+        dot.style(key='value')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.attr, {'key': 'value'})
+
+        dot.style(key2='value2')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.attr, {'key2': 'value2'})
+
+    def test_node_style(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([
+                (1,2),
+                (1,3),
+                (1,4),
+                (2,4),
+                (2,6),
+                (2,7),
+                (7,4),
+                (6,1),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes[1], {})
+
+        dot.node_style(1, key='value')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes[1], {'key': 'value'})
+
+        dot.node_style(1, key2='value2')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes[1], {'key2': 'value2'})
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes[2], {})
+
+        dot.all_node_style(key3='value3')
+        for n in g:
+            self.assertEqual(dot.nodes[n], {'key3': 'value3'})
+
+        self.assertTrue(9 not in dot.nodes)
+        dot.node_style(9, key='value')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.nodes[9], {'key': 'value'})
+
+    def test_edge_style(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([
+                (1,2),
+                (1,3),
+                (1,4),
+                (2,4),
+                (2,6),
+                (2,7),
+                (7,4),
+                (6,1),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1][2], {})
+        dot.edge_style(1,2, foo='bar')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1][2], {'foo': 'bar'})
+
+        dot.edge_style(1,2, foo2='2bar')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1][2], {'foo2': '2bar'})
+
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1][3], {})
+
+        self.assertFalse(6 in dot.edges[1])
+        dot.edge_style(1,6, foo2='2bar')
+        self.assertEqual(dot.edges[1][6], {'foo2': '2bar'})
+
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, dot.edge_style, 1, 9, a=1)
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, dot.edge_style, 9, 1, a=1)
+
+
+    def test_iter(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([
+                (1,2),
+                (1,3),
+                (1,4),
+                (2,4),
+                (2,6),
+                (2,7),
+                (7,4),
+                (6,1),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g)
+        dot.style(graph="foobar")
+        dot.node_style(1, key='value')
+        dot.node_style(2, key='another', key2='world')
+        dot.edge_style(1,4, key1='value1', key2='value2')
+        dot.edge_style(2,4, key1='valueA')
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(iter(dot)), list(dot.iterdot()))
+
+        for item in dot.iterdot():
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(item, str))
+
+        first = list(dot.iterdot())[0]
+        self.assertEqual(first, "digraph %s {\n"%(dot.name,))
+
+        dot.type = 'graph'
+        first = list(dot.iterdot())[0]
+        self.assertEqual(first, "graph %s {\n"%(dot.name,))
+
+        dot.type = 'foo'
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, list, dot.iterdot())
+        dot.type = 'digraph'
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(dot), [
+            'digraph G {\n',
+              'graph="foobar";',
+              '\n',
+
+            '\t"1" [',
+              'key="value",',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"2" [',
+              'key="another",',
+              'key2="world",',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"3" [',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"4" [',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"6" [',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"7" [',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"1" -> "2" [',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"1" -> "3" [',
+            '];\n',
+
+            '\t"1" -> "4" [',
+              'key1="value1",',
+              'key2="value2",',
+            '];\n',
+
+             '\t"2" -> "4" [',
+               'key1="valueA",',
+             '];\n',
+
+             '\t"2" -> "6" [',
+             '];\n',
+
+             '\t"2" -> "7" [',
+             '];\n',
+
+             '\t"6" -> "1" [',
+             '];\n',
+
+             '\t"7" -> "4" [',
+             '];\n',
+           '}\n'])
+
+
+    def test_save(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([
+                (1,2),
+                (1,3),
+                (1,4),
+                (2,4),
+                (2,6),
+                (2,7),
+                (7,4),
+                (6,1),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g)
+        dot.style(graph="foobar")
+        dot.node_style(1, key='value')
+        dot.node_style(2, key='another', key2='world')
+        dot.edge_style(1,4, key1='value1', key2='value2')
+        dot.edge_style(2,4, key1='valueA')
+
+        fn = 'test_dot.dot'
+        self.assertTrue(not os.path.exists(fn))
+
+        try:
+            dot.save_dot(fn)
+
+            fp = open(fn, 'r')
+            data = fp.read()
+            fp.close()
+            self.assertEqual(data, ''.join(dot))
+
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(fn):
+                os.unlink(fn)
+
+
+    def test_img(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph([
+                (1,2),
+                (1,3),
+                (1,4),
+                (2,4),
+                (2,6),
+                (2,7),
+                (7,4),
+                (6,1),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dot = Dot.Dot(g, dot='/usr/local/bin/!!dot', dotty='/usr/local/bin/!!dotty', neato='/usr/local/bin/!!neato')
+        dot.style(size='10,10', rankdir='RL', page='5, 5' , ranksep=0.75)
+        dot.node_style(1, label='BASE_NODE',shape='box', color='blue')
+        dot.node_style(2, style='filled', fillcolor='red')
+        dot.edge_style(1,4, style='dotted')
+        dot.edge_style(2,4, arrowhead='dot', label='binds', labelangle='90')
+
+        system_cmds = []
+        def fake_system(cmd):
+            system_cmds.append(cmd)
+            return None
+
+        try:
+            real_system = os.system
+            os.system = fake_system
+
+            system_cmds = []
+            dot.save_img('foo')
+            self.assertEqual(system_cmds, ['/usr/local/bin/!!dot -Tgif tmp_dot.dot -o foo.gif'])
+
+            system_cmds = []
+            dot.save_img('foo', file_type='jpg')
+            self.assertEqual(system_cmds, ['/usr/local/bin/!!dot -Tjpg tmp_dot.dot -o foo.jpg'])
+
+            system_cmds = []
+            dot.save_img('bar', file_type='jpg', mode='neato')
+            self.assertEqual(system_cmds, [
+                '/usr/local/bin/!!neato -o tmp_dot.dot tmp_neo.dot',
+                '/usr/local/bin/!!dot -Tjpg tmp_dot.dot -o bar.jpg',
+            ])
+
+            system_cmds = []
+            dot.display()
+            self.assertEqual(system_cmds, [
+                '/usr/local/bin/!!dotty tmp_dot.dot'
+            ])
+
+            system_cmds = []
+            dot.display(mode='neato')
+            self.assertEqual(system_cmds, [
+                '/usr/local/bin/!!neato -o tmp_dot.dot tmp_neo.dot',
+                '/usr/local/bin/!!dotty tmp_dot.dot'
+            ])
+
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(dot.temp_dot):
+                os.unlink(dot.temp_dot)
+            if os.path.exists(dot.temp_neo):
+                os.unlink(dot.temp_neo)
+            os.system = real_system
+
+        if os.path.exists('/usr/local/bin/dot') and os.path.exists('/usr/local/bin/neato'):
+            try:
+                dot.dot='/usr/local/bin/dot'
+                dot.neato='/usr/local/bin/neato'
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists('foo.gif'))
+                dot.save_img('foo')
+                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists('foo.gif'))
+                os.unlink('foo.gif')
+
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists('foo.gif'))
+                dot.save_img('foo', mode='neato')
+                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists('foo.gif'))
+                os.unlink('foo.gif')
+
+            finally:
+                if os.path.exists(dot.temp_dot):
+                    os.unlink(dot.temp_dot)
+                if os.path.exists(dot.temp_neo):
+                    os.unlink(dot.temp_neo)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graph.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..553549f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+import unittest
+
+from altgraph import GraphError
+from altgraph.Graph import Graph
+
+class TestGraph (unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_nodes(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.node_list(), [])
+
+        o1 = object()
+        o1b = object()
+        o2 = object()
+        graph.add_node(1, o1)
+        graph.add_node(1, o1b)
+        graph.add_node(2, o2)
+        graph.add_node(3)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, graph.add_node, [])
+
+        self.assertTrue(graph.node_data(1) is o1)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.node_data(2) is o2)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.node_data(3) is None)
+
+        self.assertTrue(1 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(2 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(3 in graph)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_nodes(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_hidden_nodes(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.hidden_node_list(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph)), [1, 2, 3])
+
+        graph.hide_node(1)
+        graph.hide_node(2)
+        graph.hide_node(3)
+
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_nodes(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_hidden_nodes(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.hidden_node_list())), [1, 2, 3])
+
+        self.assertFalse(1 in graph)
+        self.assertFalse(2 in graph)
+        self.assertFalse(3 in graph)
+
+        graph.add_node(1)
+        self.assertFalse(1 in graph)
+
+        graph.restore_node(1)
+        self.assertTrue(1 in graph)
+        self.assertFalse(2 in graph)
+        self.assertFalse(3 in graph)
+
+        graph.restore_all_nodes()
+        self.assertTrue(1 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(2 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(3 in graph)
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.node_list())), [1, 2, 3])
+
+        v = graph.describe_node(1)
+        self.assertEqual(v, (1, o1, [], []))
+
+    def test_edges(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_node(1)
+        graph.add_node(2)
+        graph.add_node(3)
+        graph.add_node(4)
+        graph.add_node(5)
+
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(graph.edge_list(), list))
+
+        graph.add_edge(1, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 5, 'a')
+
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, graph.add_edge, 'a', 'b', create_nodes=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_hidden_edges(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_edges(), 2)
+        e = graph.edge_by_node(1, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(e, int))
+        graph.hide_edge(e)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_hidden_edges(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_edges(), 1)
+        e2 = graph.edge_by_node(1, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(e2 is None)
+
+        graph.restore_edge(e)
+        e2 = graph.edge_by_node(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(e, e2)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_hidden_edges(), 0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_edges(), 2)
+
+        e1 = graph.edge_by_node(1, 2)
+        e2 = graph.edge_by_node(4, 5)
+        graph.hide_edge(e1)
+        graph.hide_edge(e2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_edges(), 0)
+        graph.restore_all_edges()
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_edges(), 2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.edge_by_id(e1), (1,2))
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, graph.edge_by_id, (e1+1)*(e2+1)+1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.edge_list())), [e1, e2])
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.describe_edge(e1), (e1, 1, 1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(graph.describe_edge(e2), (e2, 'a', 4, 5))
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.edge_data(e1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.edge_data(e2), 'a')
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.head(e2), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.tail(e2), 5)
+
+        graph.add_edge(1, 3)
+        graph.add_edge(1, 5)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.out_nbrs(1))), [2, 3, 5])
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.inc_nbrs(1))), [4])
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.inc_nbrs(5))), [1, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.all_nbrs(1))), [2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+        graph.add_edge(5, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(list(sorted(graph.all_nbrs(5))), [1, 4])
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.out_degree(1), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.inc_degree(2), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.inc_degree(5), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.all_degree(5), 3)
+
+        v = graph.out_edges(4)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(v, list))
+        self.assertEqual(graph.edge_by_id(v[0]), (4, 5))
+
+        v = graph.out_edges(1)
+        for e in v:
+            self.assertEqual(graph.edge_by_id(e)[0], 1)
+
+        v = graph.inc_edges(1)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(v, list))
+        self.assertEqual(graph.edge_by_id(v[0]), (4, 1))
+
+        v = graph.inc_edges(5)
+        for e in v:
+            self.assertEqual(graph.edge_by_id(e)[1], 5)
+
+        v = graph.all_edges(5)
+        for e in v:
+            self.assertTrue(graph.edge_by_id(e)[1] == 5 or graph.edge_by_id(e)[0] == 5)
+
+        e1 = graph.edge_by_node(1, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(e1, int))
+        graph.hide_node(1)
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, graph.edge_by_node, 1, 2)
+        graph.restore_node(1)
+        e2 = graph.edge_by_node(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(e1, e2)
+
+
+
+    def test_toposort(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_node(1)
+        graph.add_node(2)
+        graph.add_node(3)
+        graph.add_node(4)
+        graph.add_node(5)
+
+        graph.add_edge(1, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(1, 3)
+        graph.add_edge(2, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(3, 5)
+
+        ok, result = graph.forw_topo_sort()
+        self.assertTrue(ok)
+        for idx in range(1, 6):
+            self.assertTrue(idx in result)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(1) < result.index(2))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(1) < result.index(3))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(2) < result.index(4))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(3) < result.index(5))
+
+        ok, result = graph.back_topo_sort()
+        self.assertTrue(ok)
+        for idx in range(1, 6):
+            self.assertTrue(idx in result)
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(2) < result.index(1))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(3) < result.index(1))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(4) < result.index(2))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(5) < result.index(3))
+
+
+        # Same graph as before, but with edges
+        # reversed, which means we should get
+        # the same results as before if using
+        # back_topo_sort rather than forw_topo_sort
+        # (and v.v.)
+
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_node(1)
+        graph.add_node(2)
+        graph.add_node(3)
+        graph.add_node(4)
+        graph.add_node(5)
+
+        graph.add_edge(2, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(3, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(5, 3)
+
+        ok, result = graph.back_topo_sort()
+        self.assertTrue(ok)
+        for idx in range(1, 6):
+            self.assertTrue(idx in result)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(1) < result.index(2))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(1) < result.index(3))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(2) < result.index(4))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(3) < result.index(5))
+
+        ok, result = graph.forw_topo_sort()
+        self.assertTrue(ok)
+        for idx in range(1, 6):
+            self.assertTrue(idx in result)
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(2) < result.index(1))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(3) < result.index(1))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(4) < result.index(2))
+        self.assertTrue(result.index(5) < result.index(3))
+
+
+        # Create a cycle
+        graph.add_edge(1, 5)
+        ok, result = graph.forw_topo_sort()
+        self.assertFalse(ok)
+        ok, result = graph.back_topo_sort()
+        self.assertFalse(ok)
+
+    def test_bfs_subgraph(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge(1, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(1, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(2, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 8)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 9)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 10)
+        graph.add_edge(8, 10)
+
+        subgraph = graph.forw_bfs_subgraph(10)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(subgraph, Graph))
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_nodes(), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(10 in subgraph)
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_edges(), 0)
+
+        subgraph = graph.forw_bfs_subgraph(4)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(subgraph, Graph))
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_nodes(), 4)
+        self.assertTrue(4 in subgraph)
+        self.assertTrue(8 in subgraph)
+        self.assertTrue(9 in subgraph)
+        self.assertTrue(10 in subgraph)
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_edges(), 4)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(4, 8)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(4, 9)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(4, 10)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(8, 10)
+
+        # same graph as before, but switch around
+        # edges. This results in the same test results
+        # but now for back_bfs_subgraph rather than
+        # forw_bfs_subgraph
+
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge(2, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(8, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(9, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(10, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(10, 8)
+
+        subgraph = graph.back_bfs_subgraph(10)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(subgraph, Graph))
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_nodes(), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(10 in subgraph)
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_edges(), 0)
+
+        subgraph = graph.back_bfs_subgraph(4)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(subgraph, Graph))
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_nodes(), 4)
+        self.assertTrue(4 in subgraph)
+        self.assertTrue(8 in subgraph)
+        self.assertTrue(9 in subgraph)
+        self.assertTrue(10 in subgraph)
+        self.assertEqual(subgraph.number_of_edges(), 4)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(4, 8)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(4, 9)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(4, 10)
+        e = subgraph.edge_by_node(8, 10)
+
+    def test_iterdfs(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.3")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1.2.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2.2.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2.2.3")
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdfs("1"))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1', '1.1', '1.1.2', '1.1.1'
+        ])
+        result = list(graph.iterdfs("1", "1.2.1"))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1'
+        ])
+
+        result = graph.forw_dfs("1")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1', '1.1', '1.1.2', '1.1.1'
+        ])
+        result = graph.forw_dfs("1", "1.2.1")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1'
+        ])
+
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.3", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.1", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.1", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2.1", "1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2.2", "1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2.3", "1.2.2")
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdfs("1", forward=False))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1', '1.1', '1.1.2', '1.1.1'
+        ])
+        result = list(graph.iterdfs("1", "1.2.1", forward=False))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1'
+        ])
+        result = graph.back_dfs("1")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1', '1.1', '1.1.2', '1.1.1'
+        ])
+        result = graph.back_dfs("1", "1.2.1")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1'
+        ])
+
+
+        # Introduce cyle:
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.2")
+        result = list(graph.iterdfs("1", forward=False))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1', '1.1', '1.1.2', '1.1.1'
+        ])
+
+        result = graph.back_dfs("1")
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            '1', '1.3', '1.2', '1.2.2', '1.2.2.3', '1.2.2.2',
+            '1.2.2.1', '1.2.1', '1.1', '1.1.2', '1.1.1'
+        ])
+
+
+    def test_iterdata(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_node("1", "I")
+        graph.add_node("1.1", "I.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.2", "I.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.3", "I.III")
+        graph.add_node("1.1.1", "I.I.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.1.2", "I.I.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.1", "I.II.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2", "I.II.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2.1", "I.II.II.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2.2", "I.II.II.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2.3", "I.II.II.III")
+
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.3")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1.2.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2.2.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2.2.3")
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdata("1", forward=True))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            'I', 'I.III', 'I.II', 'I.II.II', 'I.II.II.III', 'I.II.II.II',
+            'I.II.II.I', 'I.II.I', 'I.I', 'I.I.II', 'I.I.I'
+        ])
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdata("1", end="1.2.1", forward=True))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            'I', 'I.III', 'I.II', 'I.II.II', 'I.II.II.III', 'I.II.II.II',
+            'I.II.II.I', 'I.II.I'
+        ])
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdata("1", condition=lambda n: len(n) < 6, forward=True))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            'I', 'I.III', 'I.II',
+            'I.I', 'I.I.I'
+        ])
+
+
+        # And the revese option:
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_node("1", "I")
+        graph.add_node("1.1", "I.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.2", "I.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.3", "I.III")
+        graph.add_node("1.1.1", "I.I.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.1.2", "I.I.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.1", "I.II.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2", "I.II.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2.1", "I.II.II.I")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2.2", "I.II.II.II")
+        graph.add_node("1.2.2.3", "I.II.II.III")
+
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.3", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.1", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.1", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2.1", "1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2.2", "1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.2.3", "1.2.2")
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdata("1", forward=False))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            'I', 'I.III', 'I.II', 'I.II.II', 'I.II.II.III', 'I.II.II.II',
+            'I.II.II.I', 'I.II.I', 'I.I', 'I.I.II', 'I.I.I'
+        ])
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdata("1", end="1.2.1", forward=False))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            'I', 'I.III', 'I.II', 'I.II.II', 'I.II.II.III', 'I.II.II.II',
+            'I.II.II.I', 'I.II.I'
+        ])
+
+        result = list(graph.iterdata("1", condition=lambda n: len(n) < 6, forward=False))
+        self.assertEqual(result, [
+            'I', 'I.III', 'I.II',
+            'I.I', 'I.I.I'
+        ])
+
+    def test_bfs(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1.2.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1.2.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.3")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1.2.1")
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.forw_bfs("1"),
+                ['1', '1.1', '1.2', '1.3', '1.1.1', '1.1.2', '1.2.1', '1.1.2.1', '1.1.2.2'])
+        self.assertEqual(graph.forw_bfs("1", "1.1.1"),
+                ['1', '1.1', '1.2', '1.3', '1.1.1'])
+
+
+        # And the "reverse" graph
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge("1.1", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.1", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2.1", "1.1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.1.2.2", "1.1.2")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.3", "1")
+        graph.add_edge("1.2.1", "1.2")
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.back_bfs("1"),
+                ['1', '1.1', '1.2', '1.3', '1.1.1', '1.1.2', '1.2.1', '1.1.2.1', '1.1.2.2'])
+        self.assertEqual(graph.back_bfs("1", "1.1.1"),
+                ['1', '1.1', '1.2', '1.3', '1.1.1'])
+
+
+
+        # check cycle handling
+        graph.add_edge("1", "1.2.1")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.back_bfs("1"),
+                ['1', '1.1', '1.2', '1.3', '1.1.1', '1.1.2', '1.2.1', '1.1.2.1', '1.1.2.2'])
+
+
+    def test_connected(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_node(1)
+        graph.add_node(2)
+        graph.add_node(3)
+        graph.add_node(4)
+
+        self.assertFalse(graph.connected())
+
+        graph.add_edge(1, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(3, 4)
+        self.assertFalse(graph.connected())
+
+        graph.add_edge(2, 3)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 1)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.connected())
+
+    def test_edges_complex(self):
+        g = Graph()
+        g.add_edge(1, 2)
+        e = g.edge_by_node(1,2)
+        g.hide_edge(e)
+        g.hide_node(2)
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, g.restore_edge, e)
+
+        g.restore_all_edges()
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, g.edge_by_id, e)
+
+    def test_clust_coef(self):
+        g = Graph()
+        g.add_edge(1, 2)
+        g.add_edge(1, 3)
+        g.add_edge(1, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(g.clust_coef(1), 0)
+
+        g.add_edge(2, 5)
+        g.add_edge(3, 5)
+        g.add_edge(4, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(g.clust_coef(1), 0)
+
+        g.add_edge(2, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(g.clust_coef(1), 1./6)
+        g.add_edge(2, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(g.clust_coef(1), 2./6)
+        g.add_edge(4, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(g.clust_coef(1), 3./6)
+
+        g.add_edge(2, 3)
+        g.add_edge(2, 4)
+        g.add_edge(3, 4)
+        g.add_edge(3, 2)
+        g.add_edge(4, 2)
+        g.add_edge(4, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(g.clust_coef(1), 1)
+
+
+    def test_get_hops(self):
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge(1, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(1, 3)
+        graph.add_edge(2, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 5)
+        graph.add_edge(5, 7)
+        graph.add_edge(7, 8)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.get_hops(1),
+            [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)])
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.get_hops(1, 5),
+            [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)])
+
+        graph.add_edge(5, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(7, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(7, 4)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.get_hops(1),
+            [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)])
+
+        # And the reverse graph
+        graph = Graph()
+        graph.add_edge(2, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(3, 1)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 2)
+        graph.add_edge(5, 4)
+        graph.add_edge(7, 5)
+        graph.add_edge(8, 7)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.get_hops(1, forward=False),
+            [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)])
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.get_hops(1, 5, forward=False),
+            [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)])
+
+        graph.add_edge(1, 5)
+        graph.add_edge(1, 7)
+        graph.add_edge(4, 7)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.get_hops(1, forward=False),
+            [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)])
+
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        graph = Graph(iter([
+                (1, 2),
+                (2, 3, 'a'),
+                (1, 3),
+                (3, 4),
+            ]))
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_nodes(), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_edges(), 4)
+        try:
+            graph.edge_by_node(1,2)
+            graph.edge_by_node(2,3)
+            graph.edge_by_node(1,3)
+            graph.edge_by_node(3,4)
+        except GraphError:
+            self.fail("Incorrect graph")
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.edge_data(graph.edge_by_node(2, 3)), 'a')
+
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, Graph, [(1,2,3,4)])
+
+if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graphstat.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graphstat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b628b6f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graphstat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import unittest
+
+from altgraph import GraphStat
+from altgraph import Graph
+import sys
+
+class TestDegreesDist (unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        a = Graph.Graph()
+        self.assertEqual(GraphStat.degree_dist(a), [])
+
+        a.add_node(1)
+        a.add_node(2)
+        a.add_node(3)
+
+        self.assertEqual(GraphStat.degree_dist(a), GraphStat._binning([0, 0, 0]))
+
+        for x in range(100):
+            a.add_node(x)
+
+        for x in range(1, 100):
+            for y in range(1, 50):
+                if x % y == 0:
+                    a.add_edge(x, y)
+
+        counts_inc = []
+        counts_out = []
+        for n in a:
+            counts_inc.append(a.inc_degree(n))
+            counts_out.append(a.out_degree(n))
+
+        self.assertEqual(GraphStat.degree_dist(a), GraphStat._binning(counts_out))
+        self.assertEqual(GraphStat.degree_dist(a, mode='inc'), GraphStat._binning(counts_inc))
+
+class TestBinning (unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+
+        # Binning [0, 100) into 10 bins
+        a = list(range(100))
+        out = GraphStat._binning(a, limits=(0, 100), bin_num=10)
+
+        self.assertEqual(out,
+                [ (x*1.0, 10) for x in range(5, 100, 10) ])
+
+
+        # Check that outliers are ignored.
+        a = list(range(100))
+        out = GraphStat._binning(a, limits=(0, 90), bin_num=9)
+
+        self.assertEqual(out,
+                [ (x*1.0, 10) for x in range(5, 90, 10) ])
+
+
+        out = GraphStat._binning(a, limits=(0, 100), bin_num=15)
+        binSize = 100 / 15.0
+        result = [0]*15
+        for i in range(100):
+            bin = int(i/binSize)
+            try:
+                result[bin] += 1
+            except IndexError:
+                pass
+
+        result = [ (i * binSize + binSize/2, result[i]) for i in range(len(result))]
+
+        self.assertEqual(result, out)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graphutil.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graphutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1166237c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_graphutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import unittest
+from altgraph import GraphUtil
+from altgraph import Graph, GraphError
+
+class TestGraphUtil (unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_generate_random(self):
+        g =  GraphUtil.generate_random_graph(10, 50)
+        self.assertEqual(g.number_of_nodes(), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(g.number_of_edges(), 50)
+
+        seen = set()
+
+        for e in g.edge_list():
+            h, t = g.edge_by_id(e)
+            self.assertFalse(h == t)
+            self.assertTrue((h, t) not in seen)
+            seen.add((h, t))
+
+        g =  GraphUtil.generate_random_graph(5, 30, multi_edges=True)
+        self.assertEqual(g.number_of_nodes(), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(g.number_of_edges(), 30)
+
+        seen = set()
+
+        for e in g.edge_list():
+            h, t = g.edge_by_id(e)
+            self.assertFalse(h == t)
+            if (h, t) in seen:
+                break
+            seen.add((h, t))
+
+        else:
+            self.fail("no duplicates?")
+
+        g =  GraphUtil.generate_random_graph(5, 21, self_loops=True)
+        self.assertEqual(g.number_of_nodes(), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(g.number_of_edges(), 21)
+
+        seen = set()
+
+        for e in g.edge_list():
+            h, t = g.edge_by_id(e)
+            self.assertFalse((h, t) in seen)
+            if h == t:
+                break
+            seen.add((h, t))
+
+        else:
+            self.fail("no self loops?")
+
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, GraphUtil.generate_random_graph, 5, 21)
+        g = GraphUtil.generate_random_graph(5, 21, True)
+        self.assertRaises(GraphError, GraphUtil.generate_random_graph, 5, 26, True)
+
+    def test_generate_scale_free(self):
+        graph = GraphUtil.generate_scale_free_graph(50, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.number_of_nodes(), 500)
+
+        counts = {}
+        for node in graph:
+            degree = graph.inc_degree(node)
+            try:
+                counts[degree] += 1
+            except KeyError:
+                counts[degree] = 1
+
+        total_counts = sum(counts.values())
+        P = {}
+        for degree, count in counts.items():
+            P[degree] = count * 1.0 / total_counts
+
+        # XXX: use algoritm <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3433486/how-to-do-exponential-and-logarithmic-curve-fitting-in-python-i-found-only-polyn>
+        # to check if P[degree] ~ degree ** G (for some G)
+
+        #print sorted(P.items())
+
+        #print sorted([(count, degree) for degree, count in counts.items()])
+
+        #self.fail("missing tests for GraphUtil.generate_scale_free_graph")
+
+    def test_filter_stack(self):
+        g = Graph.Graph()
+        g.add_node("1", "N.1")
+        g.add_node("1.1", "N.1.1")
+        g.add_node("1.1.1", "N.1.1.1")
+        g.add_node("1.1.2", "N.1.1.2")
+        g.add_node("1.1.3", "N.1.1.3")
+        g.add_node("1.1.1.1", "N.1.1.1.1")
+        g.add_node("1.1.1.2", "N.1.1.1.2")
+        g.add_node("1.1.2.1", "N.1.1.2.1")
+        g.add_node("1.1.2.2", "N.1.1.2.2")
+        g.add_node("1.1.2.3", "N.1.1.2.3")
+        g.add_node("2", "N.2")
+
+        g.add_edge("1", "1.1")
+        g.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.1")
+        g.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.2")
+        g.add_edge("1.1", "1.1.3")
+        g.add_edge("1.1.1", "1.1.1.1")
+        g.add_edge("1.1.1", "1.1.1.2")
+        g.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1.2.1")
+        g.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1.2.2")
+        g.add_edge("1.1.2", "1.1.2.3")
+
+        v, r, o =  GraphUtil.filter_stack(g, "1", [
+            lambda n: n != "N.1.1.1", lambda n: n != "N.1.1.2.3" ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(v,
+            set(["1", "1.1", "1.1.1", "1.1.2", "1.1.3",
+                "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.2.1", "1.1.2.2",
+                "1.1.2.3"]))
+        self.assertEqual(r, set([
+                "1.1.1", "1.1.2.3"]))
+
+        o.sort()
+        self.assertEqual(o,
+            [
+                ("1.1", "1.1.1.1"),
+                ("1.1", "1.1.1.2")
+            ])
+
+        v, r, o =  GraphUtil.filter_stack(g, "1", [
+            lambda n: n != "N.1.1.1", lambda n: n != "N.1.1.1.2" ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(v,
+            set(["1", "1.1", "1.1.1", "1.1.2", "1.1.3",
+                "1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.2.1", "1.1.2.2",
+                "1.1.2.3"]))
+        self.assertEqual(r, set([
+                "1.1.1", "1.1.1.2"]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(o,
+            [
+                ("1.1", "1.1.1.1"),
+            ])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_object_graph.py b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_object_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9035607e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/altgraph_tests/test_object_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+import unittest
+import sys
+from altgraph.ObjectGraph import ObjectGraph
+from altgraph.Graph import Graph
+
+try:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from io import StringIO
+
+
+class Node (object):
+    def __init__(self, graphident):
+        self.graphident = graphident
+
+class SubNode (Node):
+    pass
+
+class ArgNode (object):
+    def __init__(self, graphident, *args, **kwds):
+        self.graphident = graphident
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwds = kwds
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<ArgNode %s>'%(self.graphident,)
+
+class TestObjectGraph (unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(graph, ObjectGraph))
+
+        g = Graph()
+        graph = ObjectGraph(g)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.graph is g)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.debug, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.indent, 0)
+
+        graph = ObjectGraph(debug=5)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.debug, 5)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        self.assertEqual(repr(graph), '<ObjectGraph>')
+
+
+    def testNodes(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        n1 = Node("n1")
+        n2 = Node("n2")
+        n3 = Node("n3")
+        n4 = Node("n4")
+
+        n1b = Node("n1")
+
+        self.assertTrue(graph.getIdent(graph)  is graph)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.getRawIdent(graph)  is graph)
+
+        graph.addNode(n1)
+        graph.addNode(n2)
+        graph.addNode(n3)
+
+        self.assertTrue(n1 in graph)
+        self.assertFalse(n4 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue("n1" in graph)
+        self.assertFalse("n4" in graph)
+
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode(n1) is n1)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode(n1b) is n1)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode(n2) is n2)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode(n4) is None)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode("n1") is n1)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode("n2") is n2)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode("n4") is None)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getRawIdent(n1), "n1")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getRawIdent(n1b), "n1")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getRawIdent(n4), "n4")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getRawIdent("n1"), None)
+
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getIdent(n1), "n1")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getIdent(n1b), "n1")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getIdent(n4), "n4")
+        self.assertEqual(graph.getIdent("n1"), "n1")
+
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in graph)
+        graph.removeNode(n3)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 not in graph)
+        graph.addNode(n3)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in graph)
+
+        n = graph.createNode(SubNode, "n1")
+        self.assertTrue(n is n1)
+
+        n = graph.createNode(SubNode, "n8")
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n, SubNode))
+        self.assertTrue(n in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode("n8") is n)
+
+        n = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "args", 1, 2, 3, a='a', b='b')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n, ArgNode))
+        self.assertTrue(n in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(graph.findNode("args") is n)
+        self.assertEqual(n.args, (1, 2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(n.kwds, {'a':'a', 'b':'b'})
+
+    def testEdges(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        n1 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1", 1)
+        n2 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n2", 1)
+        n3 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n3", 1)
+        n4 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n4", 1)
+
+        graph.createReference(n1, n2, "n1-n2")
+        graph.createReference("n1", "n3", "n1-n3")
+        graph.createReference("n2", n3)
+
+        g = graph.graph
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n1", "n2")
+        self.assertTrue(e is not None)
+        self.assertEqual(g.edge_data(e), "n1-n2")
+
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n1", "n3")
+        self.assertTrue(e is not None)
+        self.assertEqual(g.edge_data(e), "n1-n3")
+
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n2", "n3")
+        self.assertTrue(e is not None)
+        self.assertEqual(g.edge_data(e), None)
+
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n1", "n4")
+        self.assertTrue(e is None)
+
+        graph.removeReference(n1, n2)
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n1", "n2")
+        self.assertTrue(e is None)
+
+        graph.removeReference("n1", "n3")
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n1", "n3")
+        self.assertTrue(e is None)
+
+        graph.createReference(n1, n2, "foo")
+        e = g.edge_by_node("n1", "n2")
+        self.assertTrue(e is not None)
+        self.assertEqual(g.edge_data(e), "foo")
+
+
+    def test_flatten(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        n1 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1", 1)
+        n2 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n2", 2)
+        n3 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n3", 3)
+        n4 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n4", 4)
+        n5 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n5", 5)
+        n6 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n6", 6)
+        n7 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n7", 7)
+        n8 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n8", 8)
+
+        graph.createReference(graph, n1)
+        graph.createReference(graph, n7)
+        graph.createReference(n1, n2)
+        graph.createReference(n1, n4)
+        graph.createReference(n2, n3)
+        graph.createReference(n2, n5)
+        graph.createReference(n5, n6)
+        graph.createReference(n4, n6)
+        graph.createReference(n4, n2)
+
+        self.assertFalse(isinstance(graph.flatten(), list))
+
+        fl = list(graph.flatten())
+        self.assertTrue(n1 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n4 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n5 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n6 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n7 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n8 in fl)
+
+        fl = list(graph.flatten(start=n2))
+        self.assertFalse(n1 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n4 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n5 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n6 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n7 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n8 in fl)
+
+        graph.createReference(n1, n5)
+        fl = list(graph.flatten(lambda n: n.args[0] % 2 != 0))
+        self.assertTrue(n1 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n2 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n3 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n4 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n5 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n6 in fl)
+        self.assertTrue(n7 in fl)
+        self.assertFalse(n8 in fl)
+
+    def test_iter_nodes(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        n1 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1", 1)
+        n2 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n2", 2)
+        n3 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n3", 3)
+        n4 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n4", 4)
+        n5 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n5", 5)
+        n6 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n6", 5)
+
+        nodes = graph.nodes()
+        if sys.version[0] == '2':
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(nodes, 'next'))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(nodes, '__next__'))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(nodes, '__iter__'))
+
+        nodes = list(nodes)
+        self.assertEqual(len(nodes), 6)
+        self.assertTrue(n1 in nodes)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in nodes)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in nodes)
+        self.assertTrue(n4 in nodes)
+        self.assertTrue(n5 in nodes)
+        self.assertTrue(n6 in nodes)
+
+    def test_get_edges(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        n1 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1", 1)
+        n2 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n2", 2)
+        n3 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n3", 3)
+        n4 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n4", 4)
+        n5 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n5", 5)
+        n6 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n6", 5)
+
+        graph.createReference(n1, n2)
+        graph.createReference(n1, n3)
+        graph.createReference(n3, n1)
+        graph.createReference(n5, n1)
+        graph.createReference(n2, n4)
+        graph.createReference(n2, n5)
+        graph.createReference(n6, n2)
+
+        outs, ins = graph.get_edges(n1)
+
+        self.assertFalse(isinstance(outs, list))
+        self.assertFalse(isinstance(ins, list))
+
+        ins = list(ins)
+        outs = list(outs)
+
+
+        self.assertTrue(n1 not in outs)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in outs)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in outs)
+        self.assertTrue(n4 not in outs)
+        self.assertTrue(n5 not in outs)
+        self.assertTrue(n6 not in outs)
+
+        self.assertTrue(n1 not in ins)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 not in ins)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in ins)
+        self.assertTrue(n4 not in ins)
+        self.assertTrue(n5 in ins)
+        self.assertTrue(n6 not in ins)
+
+    def test_filterStack(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+        n1 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1", 0)
+        n11 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1.1", 1)
+        n12 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1.2", 0)
+        n111 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1.1.1", 0)
+        n112 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n1.1.2",2)
+        n2 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n2", 0)
+        n3 = graph.createNode(ArgNode, "n2", 0)
+
+        graph.createReference(None, n1)
+        graph.createReference(None, n2)
+        graph.createReference(n1, n11)
+        graph.createReference(n1, n12)
+        graph.createReference(n11, n111)
+        graph.createReference(n11, n112)
+
+        self.assertTrue(n1 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n11 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n12 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n111 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n112 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in graph)
+
+        visited, removes, orphans = graph.filterStack(
+                [lambda n: n.args[0] != 1, lambda n: n.args[0] != 2])
+
+        self.assertEqual(visited, 6)
+        self.assertEqual(removes, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(orphans, 1)
+
+        e = graph.graph.edge_by_node(n1.graphident, n111.graphident)
+        self.assertEqual(graph.graph.edge_data(e), "orphan")
+
+        self.assertTrue(n1 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n11 not in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n12 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n111 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n112 not in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n2 in graph)
+        self.assertTrue(n3 in graph)
+
+
+class TestObjectGraphIO (unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._stdout = sys.stdout
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        sys.stdout = self._stdout
+
+    def test_msg(self):
+        graph = ObjectGraph()
+
+        sys.stdout = fp = StringIO()
+        graph.msg(0, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.getvalue(), "foo \n")
+
+        sys.stdout = fp = StringIO()
+        graph.msg(5, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.getvalue(), "")
+
+        sys.stdout = fp = StringIO()
+        graph.debug = 10
+        graph.msg(5, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.getvalue(), "foo \n")
+
+        sys.stdout = fp = StringIO()
+        graph.msg(0, "foo", 1, "a")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.getvalue(), "foo 1 'a'\n")
+
+        sys.stdout = fp = StringIO()
+        graph.msgin(0, "hello", "world")
+        graph.msg(0, "test me")
+        graph.msgout(0, "bye bye")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.getvalue(), "hello 'world'\n  test me \nbye bye \n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/Makefile b/python/altgraph/doc/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b91ac8142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+BUILDDIR      = _build
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp latex changes linkcheck doctest
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html      to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml   to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  pickle    to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json      to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp  to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp    to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  latex     to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  changes   to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest   to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+
+clean:
+	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
+
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
+
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
+
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
+
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/altgraph.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/altgraph.qhc"
+
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make all-pdf' or \`make all-ps' in that directory to" \
+	      "run these through (pdf)latex."
+
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/changelog.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/changelog.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b78e2f235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/changelog.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/core.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/core.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..367409313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/core.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/dot.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/dot.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2bd9ea89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/dot.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/environment.pickle b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/environment.pickle
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e7b4ea03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/environment.pickle
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graph.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graph.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c9aef42c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graph.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphalgo.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphalgo.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e22ca572d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphalgo.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphstat.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphstat.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e0503615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphstat.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphutil.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphutil.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb9fa2c65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/graphutil.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/index.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/index.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3241e5e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/index.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/license.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/license.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba3ce378a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/license.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/objectgraph.doctree b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/objectgraph.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..802396b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/doctrees/objectgraph.doctree
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/.buildinfo b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/.buildinfo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..003a04976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/.buildinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Sphinx build info version 1
+# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done.
+config: 84aa655833f036f5ba0f6f2dbd1945fa
+tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/changelog.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/changelog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e491c9544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/changelog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+Release history
+===============
+
+0.11
+----
+
+- Stabilize the order of elements in dot file exports,
+  patch from bitbucket user 'pombredanne'.
+
+- Tweak setup.py file to remove dependency on distribute (but
+  keep the dependency on setuptools)
+
+
+0.10.2
+------
+
+- There where no classifiers in the package metadata due to a bug
+  in setup.py
+
+0.10.1
+------
+
+This is a bugfix release
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Issue #3: The source archive contains a README.txt
+  while the setup file refers to ReadMe.txt.
+
+  This is caused by a misfeature in distutils, as a
+  workaround I've renamed ReadMe.txt to README.txt
+  in the source tree and setup file.
+
+
+0.10
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Do not use "2to3" to support Python 3.
+
+  As a side effect of this altgraph now supports
+  Python 2.6 and later, and no longer supports
+  earlier releases of Python.
+
+- The order of attributes in the Dot output
+  is now always alphabetical.
+
+  With this change the output will be consistent
+  between runs and Python versions.
+
+0.9
+---
+
+This is a minor bugfix release
+
+Features:
+
+- Added ``altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes``, a method
+  yielding all nodes in an object graph.
+
+Bugfixes:
+
+- The 0.8 release didn't work with py2app when using
+  python 3.x.
+
+
+0.8
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release. The major new feature
+is a extensive set of unittests, which explains almost
+all other changes in this release.
+
+Bugfixes:
+
+- Installing failed with Python 2.5 due to using a distutils
+  class that isn't available in that version of Python
+  (issue #1 on the issue tracker)
+
+- ``altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist`` now actually works
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.add_edge(a, b, create_nodes=False)`` will
+  no longer create the edge when one of the nodes doesn't
+  exist.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.forw_topo_sort`` failed for some sparse graphs.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.back_topo_sort`` was completely broken in
+  previous releases.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph`` now actually works.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph`` now actually works.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.iterdfs`` now returns the correct result
+  when the ``forward`` argument is ``False``.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.iterdata`` now returns the correct result
+  when the ``forward`` argument is ``False``.
+
+
+Features:
+
+- The ``altgraph.Graph`` constructor now accepts an argument
+  that contains 2- and 3-tuples instead of requireing that
+  all items have the same size. The (optional) argument can now
+  also be any iterator.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node`` has no effect when you
+  add a hidden node.
+
+- The private method ``altgraph.Graph._bfs`` is no longer
+  present.
+
+- The private method ``altgraph.Graph._dfs`` is no longer
+  present.
+
+- ``altgraph.ObjectGraph`` now has a ``__contains__`` methods,
+  which means you can use the ``in`` operator to check if a
+  node is part of a graph.
+
+- ``altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph`` will raise
+  ``GraphError`` instead of looping forever when it is
+  impossible to create the requested graph.
+
+- ``altgraph.Dot.edge_style`` raises ``GraphError`` when
+  one of the nodes is not present in the graph. The method
+  silently added the tail in the past, but without ensuring
+  a consistent graph state.
+
+- ``altgraph.Dot.save_img`` now works when the mode is
+  ``"neato"``.
+
+0.7.2
+-----
+
+This is a minor bugfix release
+
+Bugfixes:
+
+- distutils didn't include the documentation subtree
+
+0.7.1
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Documentation is now generated using `sphinx <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx>`_
+  and can be viewed at <http://packages.python.org/altgraph>.
+
+- The repository has moved to bitbucket
+
+- ``altgraph.GraphStat.avg_hops`` is no longer present, the function had no
+  implementation and no specified behaviour.
+
+- the module ``altgraph.compat`` is gone, which means altgraph will no
+  longer work with Python 2.3.
+
+
+0.7.0
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release.
+
+Features:
+
+- Support for Python 3
+
+- It is now possible to run tests using 'python setup.py test'
+
+  (The actual testsuite is still very minimal though)
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/core.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/core.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8288f6a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/core.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+:mod:`altgraph` --- A Python Graph Library
+==================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph
+   :synopsis: A directional graph for python
+
+altgraph is a fork of `graphlib <http://pygraphlib.sourceforge.net>`_ tailored
+to use newer Python 2.3+ features, including additional support used by the
+py2app suite (modulegraph and macholib, specifically).
+
+altgraph is a python based graph (network) representation and manipulation package.
+It has started out as an extension to the `graph_lib module <http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~denny/python_nest/graph_lib_1.0.1.html>`_
+written by Nathan Denny it has been significantly optimized and expanded.
+
+The :class:`altgraph.Graph.Graph` class is loosely modeled after the `LEDA <http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/enleda.htm>`_ 
+(Library of Efficient Datatypes)  representation. The library
+includes methods for constructing graphs, BFS and DFS traversals,
+topological sort, finding connected components, shortest paths as well as a number
+graph statistics functions. The library can also visualize graphs
+via `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_.
+
+
+.. exception:: GraphError
+
+   Exception raised when methods are called with bad values of
+   an inconsistent state.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/dot.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/dot.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3848c488a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/dot.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.Dot` --- Interface to the dot language
+=====================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.Dot
+   :synopsis: Interface to the dot language as used by Graphviz..
+
+The :py:mod:`~altgraph.Dot` module provides a simple interface to the
+file format used in the `graphviz`_ program. The module is intended to 
+offload the most tedious part of the process (the **dot** file generation) 
+while transparently exposing most of its features.
+
+.. _`graphviz`: <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_
+
+To display the graphs or to generate image files the `graphviz`_
+package needs to be installed on the system, moreover the :command:`dot` and :command:`dotty` programs must
+be accesible in the program path so that they can be ran from processes spawned
+within the module. 
+
+Example usage
+-------------
+
+Here is a typical usage::
+
+    from altgraph import Graph, Dot
+
+    # create a graph
+    edges = [ (1,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5), (5,4) ]
+    graph = Graph.Graph(edges)
+    
+    # create a dot representation of the graph
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph)
+
+    # display the graph
+    dot.display()
+
+    # save the dot representation into the mydot.dot file
+    dot.save_dot(file_name='mydot.dot')
+
+    # save dot file as gif image into the graph.gif file
+    dot.save_img(file_name='graph', file_type='gif')
+
+
+Directed graph and non-directed graph
+-------------------------------------
+
+Dot class can use for both directed graph and non-directed graph
+by passing *graphtype* parameter.
+
+Example::
+
+    # create directed graph(default)
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph, graphtype="digraph")
+
+    # create non-directed graph
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph, graphtype="graph")
+
+
+Customizing the output
+----------------------
+
+The graph drawing process may be customized by passing
+valid :command:`dot` parameters for the nodes and edges. For a list of all
+parameters see the `graphviz`_ documentation.
+
+Example::
+
+    # customizing the way the overall graph is drawn
+    dot.style(size='10,10', rankdir='RL', page='5, 5' , ranksep=0.75)
+
+    # customizing node drawing
+    dot.node_style(1, label='BASE_NODE',shape='box', color='blue' )
+    dot.node_style(2, style='filled', fillcolor='red')
+
+    # customizing edge drawing
+    dot.edge_style(1, 2, style='dotted')
+    dot.edge_style(3, 5, arrowhead='dot', label='binds', labelangle='90')
+    dot.edge_style(4, 5, arrowsize=2, style='bold')
+
+
+    .. note:: 
+       
+       dotty (invoked via :py:func:`~altgraph.Dot.display`) may not be able to
+       display all graphics styles. To verify the output save it to an image 
+       file and look at it that way.
+
+Valid attributes
+----------------
+
+- dot styles, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.style` method::
+
+    rankdir = 'LR'   (draws the graph horizontally, left to right)
+    ranksep = number (rank separation in inches)
+
+- node attributes, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.node_style` method::
+
+     style = 'filled' | 'invisible' | 'diagonals' | 'rounded'
+     shape = 'box' | 'ellipse' | 'circle' | 'point' | 'triangle'
+
+- edge attributes, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.edge_style` method::
+
+     style     = 'dashed' | 'dotted' | 'solid' | 'invis' | 'bold'
+     arrowhead = 'box' | 'crow' | 'diamond' | 'dot' | 'inv' | 'none' | 'tee' | 'vee'
+     weight    = number (the larger the number the closer the nodes will be)
+
+- valid `graphviz colors <http://www.research.att.com/~erg/graphviz/info/colors.html>`_
+
+- for more details on how to control the graph drawing process see the 
+  `graphviz reference <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/refs.html>`_.
+
+
+Class interface
+---------------
+
+.. class:: Dot(graph[, nodes[, edgefn[, nodevisitor[, edgevisitor[, name[, dot[, dotty[, neato[, graphtype]]]]]]]]])
+
+  Creates a new Dot generator based on the specified 
+  :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>`.  The Dot generator won't reference
+  the *graph* once it is constructed.
+
+  If the *nodes* argument is present it is the list of nodes to include
+  in the graph, otherwise all nodes in *graph* are included.
+  
+  If the *edgefn* argument is present it is a function that yields the
+  nodes connected to another node, this defaults to 
+  :meth:`graph.out_nbr <altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_nbr>`. The constructor won't
+  add edges to the dot file unless both the head and tail of the edge
+  are in *nodes*.
+
+  If the *name* is present it specifies the name of the graph in the resulting
+  dot file. The default is ``"G"``.
+
+  The functions *nodevisitor* and *edgevisitor* return the default style
+  for a given edge or node (both default to functions that return an empty
+  style).
+
+  The arguments *dot*, *dotty* and *neato* are used to pass the path to 
+  the corresponding `graphviz`_ command.
+
+
+Updating graph attributes
+.........................
+
+.. method:: Dot.style(\**attr)
+
+   Sets the overall style (graph attributes) to the given attributes.
+
+   See `Valid Attributes`_ for more information about the attributes.
+
+.. method:: Dot.node_style(node, \**attr)
+
+   Sets the style for *node* to the given attributes.
+
+   This method will add *node* to the graph when it isn't already 
+   present.
+
+   See `Valid Attributes`_ for more information about the attributes.
+
+.. method:: Dot.all_node_style(\**attr)
+
+   Replaces the current style for all nodes
+
+
+.. method:: edge_style(head, tail, \**attr)
+
+   Sets the style of an edge to the given attributes. The edge will
+   be added to the graph when it isn't already present, but *head*
+   and *tail* must both be valid nodes.
+
+   See `Valid Attributes`_ for more information about the attributes.
+
+
+
+Emitting output
+...............
+
+.. method:: Dot.display([mode])
+
+   Displays the current graph via dotty.
+
+   If the *mode* is ``"neato"`` the dot file is processed with
+   the neato command before displaying.
+
+   This method won't return until the dotty command exits.
+
+.. method:: save_dot(filename)
+
+   Saves the current graph representation into the given file.
+
+   .. note::
+
+       For backward compatibility reasons this method can also
+       be called without an argument, it will then write the graph
+       into a fixed filename (present in the attribute :data:`Graph.temp_dot`).
+
+       This feature is deprecated and should not be used.
+
+
+.. method:: save_image(file_name[, file_type[, mode]])
+
+   Saves the current graph representation as an image file. The output
+   is written into a file whose basename is *file_name* and whose suffix
+   is *file_type*.
+
+   The *file_type* specifies the type of file to write, the default
+   is ``"gif"``.
+
+   If the *mode* is ``"neato"`` the dot file is processed with
+   the neato command before displaying.
+
+   .. note::
+
+       For backward compatibility reasons this method can also
+       be called without an argument, it will then write the graph
+       with a fixed basename (``"out"``).
+
+       This feature is deprecated and should not be used.
+
+.. method:: iterdot()
+
+   Yields all lines of a `graphviz`_ input file (including line endings).
+
+.. method:: __iter__()
+
+   Alias for the :meth:`iterdot` method.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graph.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graph.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72e36bbc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graph.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.Graph` --- Basic directional graphs
+==================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.Graph
+   :synopsis: Basic directional graphs.
+
+The module :mod:`altgraph.Graph` provides a class :class:`Graph` that
+represents a directed graph with *N* nodes and *E* edges.
+
+.. class:: Graph([edges])
+
+  Constructs a new empty :class:`Graph` object. If the optional
+  *edges* parameter is supplied, updates the graph by adding the
+  specified edges. 
+  
+  All of the elements in *edges* should be tuples with two or three 
+  elements. The first two elements of the tuple are the source and
+  destination node of the edge, the optional third element is the
+  edge data.  The source and destination nodes are added to the graph
+  when the aren't already present.
+
+
+Node related methods
+--------------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.add_node(node[, node_data])
+
+   Adds a new node to the graph if it is not already present. The new
+   node must be a hashable object.
+
+   Arbitrary data can be attached to the node via the optional *node_data*
+   argument.
+
+   .. note:: the node also won't be added to the graph when it is
+      present but currently hidden.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.hide_node(node)
+
+   Hides a *node* from the graph. The incoming and outgoing edges of
+   the node will also be hidden. 
+
+   Raises :class:`altgraph.GraphError` when the node is not (visible)
+   node of the graph.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_node(node)
+
+   Restores a previously hidden *node*. The incoming and outgoing
+   edges of the node are also restored.
+
+   Raises :class:`altgraph.GraphError` when the node is not a hidden
+   node of the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_all_nodes()
+
+   Restores all hidden nodes.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_nodes()
+
+   Return the number of visible nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_hidden_nodes()
+
+   Return the number of hidden nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.node_list()
+
+   Return a list with all visible nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.hidden_node_list()
+
+   Return a list with all hidden nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: node_data(node)
+
+   Return the data associated with the *node* when it was
+   added.
+
+.. method:: Graph.describe_node(node)
+
+   Returns *node*, the node's data and the lists of outgoing
+   and incoming edges for the node.
+
+   .. note:: 
+   
+      the edge lists should not be modified, doing so
+      can result in unpredicatable behavior.
+
+.. method:: Graph.__contains__(node)
+
+   Returns True iff *node* is a node in the graph. This
+   method is accessed through the *in* operator.
+
+.. method:: Graph.__iter__()
+
+   Yield all nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.out_edges(node)
+
+   Return the list of outgoing edges for *node*
+
+.. method:: Graph.inc_edges(node)
+
+   Return the list of incoming edges for *node*
+
+.. method:: Graph.all_edges(node)
+
+   Return the list of incoming and outgoing edges for *node*
+
+.. method:: Graph.out_degree(node)
+
+   Return the number of outgoing edges for *node*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.inc_degree(node)
+
+   Return the number of incoming edges for *node*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.all_degree(node)
+
+   Return the number of edges (incoming or outgoing) for *node*.
+
+Edge related methods
+--------------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.add_edge(head_id, tail_id [, edge data [, create_nodes]])
+
+   Adds a directed edge from *head_id* to *tail_id*. Arbitrary data can
+   be added via *edge_data*.  When *create_nodes* is *True* (the default),
+   *head_id* and *tail_id* will be added to the graph when the aren't 
+   already present.
+
+.. method:: Graph.hide_edge(edge)
+
+   Hides an edge from the graph. The edge may be unhidden at some later 
+   time.
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_edge(edge)
+
+   Restores a previously hidden *edge*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_all_edges()
+
+   Restore all edges that were hidden before, except for edges
+   referring to hidden nodes.
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_by_node(head, tail)
+
+   Return the edge ID for an edge from *head* to *tail*,
+   or :data:`None` when no such edge exists.
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_by_id(edge)
+
+   Return the head and tail of the *edge*
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_data(edge)
+
+   Return the data associated with the *edge*.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.head(edge)
+
+   Return the head of an *edge*
+
+.. method:: Graph.tail(edge)
+
+   Return the tail of an *edge*
+
+.. method:: Graph.describe_edge(edge)
+
+   Return the *edge*, the associated data, its head and tail.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_edges()
+
+   Return the number of visible edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_hidden_edges()
+
+   Return the number of hidden edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_list()
+
+   Returns a list with all visible edges in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.hidden_edge_list()
+
+   Returns a list with all hidden edges in the graph.
+
+Graph traversal
+---------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.out_nbrs(node)
+
+   Return a list of all nodes connected by outgoing edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.inc_nbrs(node)
+
+   Return a list of all nodes connected by incoming edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.all_nbrs(node)
+
+   Returns a list of nodes connected by an incoming or outgoing edge.
+
+.. method:: Graph.forw_topo_sort()
+
+   Return a list of nodes where the successors (based on outgoing
+   edges) of any given node apear in the sequence after that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.back_topo_sort()
+
+   Return a list of nodes where the successors (based on incoming
+   edges) of any given node apear in the sequence after that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph(start_id)
+
+   Return a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+   reachable nodes from *start_id* based on their outgoing edges.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.back_bfs_subgraph(start_id)
+
+   Return a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+   reachable nodes from *start_id* based on their incoming edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.iterdfs(start[, end[, forward]])
+
+   Yield nodes in a depth first traversal starting at the *start*
+   node. 
+   
+   If *end* is specified traversal stops when reaching that node.
+
+   If forward is True (the default) edges are traversed in forward
+   direction, otherwise they are traversed in reverse direction.
+
+.. method:: Graph.iterdata(start[, end[, forward[, condition]]])
+
+   Yield the associated data for nodes in a depth first traversal
+   starting at the *start* node. This method will not yield values for nodes
+   without associated data.
+
+   If *end* is specified traversal stops when reaching that node.
+
+   If *condition* is specified and the condition callable returns
+   False for the associated data this method will not yield the
+   associated data and will not follow the edges for the node.
+
+   If forward is True (the default) edges are traversed in forward
+   direction, otherwise they are traversed in reverse direction.
+
+.. method:: Graph.forw_bfs(start[, end])
+
+   Returns a list of nodes starting at *start* in some bread first
+   search order (following outgoing edges).
+
+   When *end* is specified iteration stops at that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.back_bfs(start[, end])
+
+   Returns a list of nodes starting at *start* in some bread first
+   search order (following incoming edges).
+
+   When *end* is specified iteration stops at that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.get_hops(start[, end[, forward]])
+
+   Computes the hop distance to all nodes centered around a specified node.
+
+   First order neighbours are at hop 1, their neigbours are at hop 2 etc.
+   Uses :py:meth:`forw_bfs` or :py:meth:`back_bfs` depending on the value of 
+   the forward parameter.  
+   
+   If the distance between all neighbouring nodes is 1 the hop number 
+   corresponds to the shortest distance between the nodes.  
+
+   Typical usage::
+
+        >>> print graph.get_hops(1, 8)
+        >>> [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)]
+        # node 1 is at 0 hops
+        # node 2 is at 1 hop
+        # ...
+        # node 8 is at 5 hops
+
+
+Graph statistics
+----------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.connected()
+
+   Returns True iff every node in the graph can be reached from
+   every other node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.clust_coef(node)
+
+   Returns the local clustering coefficient of node. 
+
+   The local cluster coefficient is the proportion of the actual number
+   of edges between neighbours of node and the maximum number of
+   edges between those nodes.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphalgo.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphalgo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84d492f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphalgo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.GraphAlgo` --- Graph algorithms
+==================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.GraphAlgo
+   :synopsis: Basic graphs algoritms
+
+.. function:: dijkstra(graph, start[, end])
+
+   Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths.
+
+   Find shortest paths from the  start node to all nodes nearer 
+   than or equal to the *end* node. The edge data is assumed to be the edge length.
+
+   .. note::
+
+       Dijkstra's algorithm is only guaranteed to work correctly when all edge lengths are positive.
+       This code does not verify this property for all edges (only the edges examined until the end
+       vertex is reached), but will correctly compute shortest paths even for some graphs with negative
+       edges, and will raise an exception if it discovers that a negative edge has caused it to make a mistake.
+
+
+.. function:: shortest_path(graph, start, end)
+
+   Find a single shortest path from the given start node to the given end node.
+   The input has the same conventions as :func:`dijkstra`. The output is a list 
+   of the nodes in order along the shortest path.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphstat.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphstat.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0931a12dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphstat.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.GraphStat` --- Functions providing various graph statistics
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.GraphStat
+   :synopsis: Functions providing various graph statistics
+
+The module :mod:`altgraph.GraphStat` provides function that calculate
+graph statistics. Currently there is only one such function, more may
+be added later.
+
+.. function:: degree_dist(graph[, limits[, bin_num[, mode]]])
+
+   Groups the number of edges per node into *bin_num* bins
+   and returns the list of those bins. Every item in the result
+   is a tuple with the center of the bin and the number of items
+   in that bin.
+
+   When the *limits* argument is present it must be a tuple with
+   the mininum and maximum number of edges that get binned (that
+   is, when *limits* is ``(4, 10)`` only nodes with between 4
+   and 10 edges get counted.
+
+   The *mode* argument is used to count incoming (``'inc'``) or
+   outgoing (``'out'``) edges. The default is to count the outgoing
+   edges.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphutil.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphutil.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c07836df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/graphutil.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.GraphUtil` --- Utility functions
+================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.GraphUtil
+   :synopsis: Utility functions
+
+The module :mod:`altgraph.GraphUtil` performs a number of more
+or less useful utility functions.
+
+.. function:: generate_random_graph(node_num, edge_num[, self_loops[, multi_edges])
+
+   Generates and returns a :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>` instance
+   with *node_num* nodes randomly connected by *edge_num* edges.
+
+   When *self_loops* is present and True there can be edges that point from
+   a node to itself.
+
+   When *multi_edge* is present and True there can be duplicate edges.
+
+   This method raises :class:`GraphError <altgraph.GraphError` when
+   a graph with the requested configuration cannot be created.
+
+.. function:: generate_scale_free_graph(steps, growth_num[, self_loops[, multi_edges]])
+
+    Generates and returns a :py:class:`~altgraph.Graph.Graph` instance that 
+    will have *steps*growth_n um* nodes and a scale free (powerlaw) 
+    connectivity. 
+    
+    Starting with a fully connected graph with *growth_num* nodes
+    at every step *growth_num* nodes are added to the graph and are connected 
+    to existing nodes with a probability proportional to the degree of these 
+    existing nodes.
+
+    .. warning:: The current implementation is basically untested, although
+       code inspection seems to indicate an implementation that is consistent
+       with the description at 
+       `Wolfram MathWorld <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Scale-FreeNetwork.html>`_
+
+.. function:: filter_stack(graph, head, filters)
+
+   Perform a depth-first oder walk of the graph starting at *head* and
+   apply all filter functions in *filters* on the node data of the nodes
+   found.
+
+   Returns (*visited*, *removes*, *orphans*), where
+
+   * *visited*: the set of visited nodes
+
+   * *removes*: the list of nodes where the node data doesn't match
+     all *filters*.
+
+   * *orphans*: list of tuples (*last_good*, *node*), where 
+     node is not in *removes* and one of the nodes that is connected
+     by an incoming edge is in *removes*. *Last_good* is the
+     closest upstream node that is not in *removes*.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/index.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e8d504ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+.. altgraph documentation master file, created by
+   sphinx-quickstart on Tue Aug 31 11:04:49 2010.
+   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
+   contain the root `toctree` directive.
+
+Altgraph - A basic graph library
+================================
+
+altgraph is a fork of graphlib: a graph (network) package for constructing
+graphs, BFS and DFS traversals, topological sort, shortest paths, etc. with
+graphviz output.
+
+The primary users of this package are `macholib <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/macholib>`_ and `modulegraph <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/modulegraph>`_.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   changelog
+   license
+   core
+   graph
+   objectgraph
+   graphalgo
+   graphstat
+   graphutil
+   dot
+
+Online Resources
+----------------
+
+* `Sourcecode repository on bitbucket <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/altgraph/>`_
+
+* `The issue tracker <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/altgraph/issues>`_
+
+Indices and tables
+------------------
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
+
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/license.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/license.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..498e60be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/license.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+License
+=======
+
+Copyright (c) 2004 Istvan Albert unless otherwise noted.
+
+Parts are copyright (c) Bob Ippolito
+
+Parts are copyright (c) 2010-2014 Ronald Oussoren
+
+MIT License
+...........
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/objectgraph.txt b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/objectgraph.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87485255f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_sources/objectgraph.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.ObjectGraph` --- Graphs of objecs with an identifier
+===================================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.ObjectGraph
+   :synopsis: A graph of objects that have a "graphident" attribute.
+
+.. class:: ObjectGraph([graph[, debug]])
+
+   A graph of objects that have a "graphident" attribute. The
+   value of this attribute is the key for the object in the
+   graph.
+
+   The optional *graph* is a previously constructed 
+   :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>`.
+
+   The optional *debug* level controls the amount of debug output
+   (see :meth:`msg`, :meth:`msgin` and :meth:`msgout`).
+
+   .. note:: the altgraph library does not generate output, the
+      debug attribute and message methods are present for use
+      by subclasses.
+
+.. data:: ObjectGraph.graph
+
+   An :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>` object that contains
+   the graph data.
+
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.addNode(node)
+
+   Adds a *node* to the graph.  
+
+   .. note:: re-adding a node that was previously removed
+      using :meth:`removeNode` will reinstate the previously
+      removed node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.createNode(self, cls, name, \*args, \**kwds)
+
+   Creates a new node using ``cls(*args, **kwds)`` and adds that
+   node using :meth:`addNode`.
+
+   Returns the newly created node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.removeNode(node)
+
+   Removes a *node* from the graph when it exists. The *node* argument
+   is either a node object, or the graphident of a node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.createReferences(fromnode, tonode[, edge_data])
+
+   Creates a reference from *fromnode* to *tonode*. The optional
+   *edge_data* is associated with the edge.
+
+   *Fromnode* and *tonode* can either be node objects or the graphident
+   values for nodes.
+
+.. method:: removeReference(fromnode, tonode)
+
+   Removes the reference from *fromnode* to *tonode* if it exists.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.getRawIdent(node)
+
+   Returns the *graphident* attribute of *node*, or the graph itself
+   when *node* is :data:`None`.
+
+.. method:: getIdent(node)
+
+   Same as :meth:`getRawIdent`, but only if the node is part
+   of the graph. 
+
+   *Node* can either be an actual node object or the graphident of
+   a node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.findNode(node)
+
+   Returns a given node in the graph, or :data:`Node` when it cannot
+   be found.
+
+   *Node* is either an object with a *graphident* attribute or
+   the *graphident* attribute itself.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.__contains__(node)
+
+   Returns True if *node* is a member of the graph. *Node* is either an 
+   object with a *graphident* attribute or the *graphident* attribute itself.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.flatten([condition[, start]])
+
+   Yield all nodes that are entirely reachable by *condition*
+   starting fromt he given *start* node or the graph root.
+
+   .. note:: objects are only reachable from the graph root
+      when there is a reference from the root to the node
+      (either directly or through another node)
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.nodes()
+
+   Yield all nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.get_edges(node)
+
+   Returns two iterators that yield the nodes reaching by
+   outgoing and incoming edges.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.filterStack(filters)
+
+   Filter the ObjectGraph in-place by removing all edges to nodes that
+   do not match every filter in the given filter list
+
+   Returns a tuple containing the number of: 
+   (*nodes_visited*, *nodes_removed*, *nodes_orphaned*)
+
+
+Debug output
+------------
+
+.. data:: ObjectGraph.debug
+
+   The current debug level.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.msg(level, text, \*args)
+
+   Print a debug message at the current indentation level when the current 
+   debug level is *level* or less.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.msgin(level, text, \*args)
+
+   Print a debug message when the current debug level is *level* or less,
+   and increase the indentation level.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.msgout(level, text, \*args)
+
+   Decrease the indentation level and print a debug message when the 
+   current debug level is *level* or less.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/ajax-loader.gif b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/ajax-loader.gif
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61faf8cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/ajax-loader.gif
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/basic.css b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/basic.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c959cf0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/basic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+    width: 100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    float: left;
+    width: 230px;
+    margin-left: -100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    margin-left: 20px;
+    list-style: square;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+    width: 170px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] {
+    width: 30px;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+    line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+    clear: left;
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
+    clear: right;
+    float: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+    border-top: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-right: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+    border-left: solid 1px gray;
+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+    list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+    list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlighted {
+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.optional {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.line-block .line-block {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+tt.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+tt.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+tt.xref, a tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-bright.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-bright.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..551517b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-bright.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-close.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-close.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09b54be46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-close.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92feb52b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/comment.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/doctools.js b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2036e5f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+};
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+        var span = document.createElement("span");
+        span.className = className;
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this);
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      if (!body.length) {
+        body = $('body');
+      }
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this == '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/down-pressed.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/down-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f7ad7827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/down-pressed.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/down.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/down.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3003a8877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/down.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/file.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/file.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d18082e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/file.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/jquery.js b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83589daa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/minus.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/minus.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da1c5620d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/minus.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/nature.css b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/nature.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46081870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/nature.css
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/*
+ * nature.css_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- nature theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+ 
+@import url("basic.css");
+ 
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+ 
+body {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+    font-size: 100%;
+    background-color: #111;
+    color: #555;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    float: left;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+hr {
+    border: 1px solid #B1B4B6;
+}
+ 
+div.document {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+ 
+div.body {
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    color: #3E4349;
+    padding: 0 30px 30px 30px;
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+}
+ 
+div.footer {
+    color: #555;
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 13px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 75%;
+}
+ 
+div.footer a {
+    color: #444;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.related {
+    background-color: #6BA81E;
+    line-height: 32px;
+    color: #fff;
+    text-shadow: 0px 1px 0 #444;
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+}
+ 
+div.related a {
+    color: #E2F3CC;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    font-size: 0.75em;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper{
+    padding: 20px 0;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar h3,
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+    color: #222;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 5px 10px;
+    background-color: #ddd;
+    text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 white
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4{
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+    color: #444;
+}
+ 
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+    color: #888;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    margin: 10px 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: #000;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+    color: #444;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input[type=text]{
+    margin-left: 20px;
+}
+ 
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+ 
+a {
+    color: #005B81;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+ 
+a:hover {
+    color: #E32E00;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+    background-color: #BED4EB;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    color: #212224;
+    margin: 30px 0px 10px 0px;
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 10px;
+    text-shadow: 0px 1px 0 white
+}
+ 
+div.body h1 { border-top: 20px solid white; margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 150%; background-color: #C8D5E3; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 120%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 110%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+ 
+a.headerlink {
+    color: #c60f0f;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+ 
+a.headerlink:hover {
+    background-color: #c60f0f;
+    color: white;
+}
+ 
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+ 
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.highlight{
+    background-color: white;
+}
+
+div.note {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+ 
+div.seealso {
+    background-color: #ffc;
+    border: 1px solid #ff6;
+}
+ 
+div.topic {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+ 
+div.warning {
+    background-color: #ffe4e4;
+    border: 1px solid #f66;
+}
+ 
+p.admonition-title {
+    display: inline;
+}
+ 
+p.admonition-title:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+ 
+pre {
+    padding: 10px;
+    background-color: White;
+    color: #222;
+    line-height: 1.2em;
+    border: 1px solid #C6C9CB;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    margin: 1.5em 0 1.5em 0;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #d8d8d8;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #d8d8d8;
+}
+ 
+tt {
+    background-color: #ecf0f3;
+    color: #222;
+    /* padding: 1px 2px; */
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    background-color: #f4debf;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ac9;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/plus.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/plus.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3cb37425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/plus.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/pygments.css b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/pygments.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d79caa151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/pygments.css
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+.highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
+.highlight  { background: #eeffcc; }
+.highlight .c { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
+.highlight .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
+.highlight .k { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
+.highlight .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
+.highlight .cm { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.highlight .cp { color: #007020 } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.highlight .c1 { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
+.highlight .cs { color: #408090; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Comment.Special */
+.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
+.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
+.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.highlight .go { color: #333333 } /* Generic.Output */
+.highlight .gp { color: #c65d09; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.highlight .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.highlight .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.highlight .kc { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.highlight .kd { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.highlight .kn { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
+.highlight .kp { color: #007020 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.highlight .kr { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.highlight .kt { color: #902000 } /* Keyword.Type */
+.highlight .m { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number */
+.highlight .s { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String */
+.highlight .na { color: #4070a0 } /* Name.Attribute */
+.highlight .nb { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.highlight .nc { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
+.highlight .no { color: #60add5 } /* Name.Constant */
+.highlight .nd { color: #555555; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Decorator */
+.highlight .ni { color: #d55537; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
+.highlight .ne { color: #007020 } /* Name.Exception */
+.highlight .nf { color: #06287e } /* Name.Function */
+.highlight .nl { color: #002070; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Label */
+.highlight .nn { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
+.highlight .nt { color: #062873; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
+.highlight .nv { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable */
+.highlight .ow { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
+.highlight .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.highlight .mf { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.highlight .mh { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.highlight .mi { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.highlight .mo { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.highlight .sb { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.highlight .sc { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.highlight .sd { color: #4070a0; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.highlight .s2 { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.highlight .se { color: #4070a0; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.highlight .sh { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.highlight .si { color: #70a0d0; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.highlight .sx { color: #c65d09 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.highlight .sr { color: #235388 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.highlight .s1 { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.highlight .ss { color: #517918 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.highlight .bp { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.highlight .vc { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.highlight .vg { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.highlight .vi { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.highlight .il { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/searchtools.js b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/searchtools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5c7e5fee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/searchtools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilties for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Simple result scoring code.
+ */
+var Scorer = {
+  // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
+  // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+  // and returns the new score.
+  /*
+  score: function(result) {
+    return result[4];
+  },
+  */
+
+  // query matches the full name of an object
+  objNameMatch: 11,
+  // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
+  objPartialMatch: 6,
+  // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
+  objPrio: {0:  15,   // used to be importantResults
+            1:  5,   // used to be objectResults
+            2: -5},  // used to be unimportantResults
+  //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
+  objPrioDefault: 0,
+
+  // query found in title
+  title: 15,
+  // query found in terms
+  term: 5
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true,
+            complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+              if (textstatus != "success") {
+                document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url;
+              }
+            }});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      var i;
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    }
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
+   */
+  query : function(query) {
+    var i;
+    var stopwords = ["a","and","are","as","at","be","but","by","for","if","in","into","is","it","near","no","not","of","on","or","such","that","the","their","then","there","these","they","this","to","was","will","with"];
+
+    // stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] !== "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i].toLowerCase()) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+          tmp[i] === "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      var toAppend;
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$u.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    }
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var titleterms = this._index.titleterms;
+
+    // array of [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    var results = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0, i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length));
+      results = results.concat(this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others));
+    }
+
+    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
+    results = results.concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, Scorer.term))
+                     .concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, titleterms, Scorer.title));
+
+    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
+    if (Scorer.score) {
+      for (i = 0; i < results.length; i++)
+        results[i][4] = Scorer.score(results[i]);
+    }
+
+    // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
+    // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then
+    // alphabetically
+    results.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[4];
+      var right = b[4];
+      if (left > right) {
+        return 1;
+      } else if (left < right) {
+        return -1;
+      } else {
+        // same score: sort alphabetically
+        left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+        right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+        return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // for debugging
+    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
+    //console.info('search results:', Search.lastresults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX === '') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        }
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          $.ajax({url: DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' + item[0] + '.txt',
+                  dataType: "text",
+                  complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+                    var data = jqxhr.responseText;
+                    if (data !== '') {
+                      listItem.append(Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+                    }
+                    Search.output.append(listItem);
+                    listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+                      displayNextItem();
+                    });
+                  }});
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for object names
+   */
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i;
+    var results = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var score = 0;
+          var parts = fullname.split('.');
+          // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
+          // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
+          if (fullname == object || parts[parts.length - 1] == object) {
+            score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
+          // matches in last name
+          } else if (parts[parts.length - 1].indexOf(object) > -1) {
+            score += Scorer.objPartialMatch;
+          }
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+
+          var anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor === '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
+          if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) {
+            score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
+          } else {
+            score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
+          }
+          results.push([filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr, score]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for full-text terms in the index
+   */
+  performTermsSearch : function(searchterms, excluded, terms, score) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i, j, file, files;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var results = [];
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ((files = terms[word]) === undefined)
+        break;
+      if (files.length === undefined) {
+        files = [files];
+      }
+      // create the mapping
+      for (j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+          continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
+      for (i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+          $u.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it to the result list
+      if (valid) {
+        results.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null, score]);
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to return a node containing the
+   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+   * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+   * words. the first one is used to find the occurance, the
+   * latter for highlighting it.
+   */
+  makeSearchSummary : function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+    var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+    var start = 0;
+    $.each(keywords, function() {
+      var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+      if (i > -1)
+        start = i;
+    });
+    start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+    var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+      $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+      ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+    var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+    $.each(hlwords, function() {
+      rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+    });
+    return rv;
+  }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/underscore.js b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b55f32be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Underscore.js 1.3.1
+// (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+(function(){function q(a,c,d){if(a===c)return a!==0||1/a==1/c;if(a==null||c==null)return a===c;if(a._chain)a=a._wrapped;if(c._chain)c=c._wrapped;if(a.isEqual&&b.isFunction(a.isEqual))return a.isEqual(c);if(c.isEqual&&b.isFunction(c.isEqual))return c.isEqual(a);var e=l.call(a);if(e!=l.call(c))return false;switch(e){case "[object String]":return a==String(c);case "[object Number]":return a!=+a?c!=+c:a==0?1/a==1/c:a==+c;case "[object Date]":case "[object Boolean]":return+a==+c;case "[object RegExp]":return a.source==
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+b.isArguments=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Arguments]"};if(!b.isArguments(arguments))b.isArguments=function(a){return!(!a||!b.has(a,"callee"))};b.isFunction=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Function]"};b.isString=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object String]"};b.isNumber=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Number]"};b.isNaN=function(a){return a!==a};b.isBoolean=function(a){return a===true||a===false||l.call(a)=="[object Boolean]"};b.isDate=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object Date]"};
+b.isRegExp=function(a){return l.call(a)=="[object RegExp]"};b.isNull=function(a){return a===null};b.isUndefined=function(a){return a===void 0};b.has=function(a,b){return I.call(a,b)};b.noConflict=function(){r._=G;return this};b.identity=function(a){return a};b.times=function(a,b,d){for(var e=0;e<a;e++)b.call(d,e)};b.escape=function(a){return(""+a).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;").replace(/"/g,"&quot;").replace(/'/g,"&#x27;").replace(/\//g,"&#x2F;")};b.mixin=function(a){j(b.functions(a),
+function(c){K(c,b[c]=a[c])})};var L=0;b.uniqueId=function(a){var b=L++;return a?a+b:b};b.templateSettings={evaluate:/<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,interpolate:/<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,escape:/<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g};var t=/.^/,u=function(a){return a.replace(/\\\\/g,"\\").replace(/\\'/g,"'")};b.template=function(a,c){var d=b.templateSettings,d="var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};with(obj||{}){__p.push('"+a.replace(/\\/g,"\\\\").replace(/'/g,"\\'").replace(d.escape||t,function(a,b){return"',_.escape("+
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+function(){var a=i.call(arguments);H.call(a,this._wrapped);return v(c.apply(b,a),this._chain)}};b.mixin(b);j("pop,push,reverse,shift,sort,splice,unshift".split(","),function(a){var b=k[a];m.prototype[a]=function(){var d=this._wrapped;b.apply(d,arguments);var e=d.length;(a=="shift"||a=="splice")&&e===0&&delete d[0];return v(d,this._chain)}});j(["concat","join","slice"],function(a){var b=k[a];m.prototype[a]=function(){return v(b.apply(this._wrapped,arguments),this._chain)}});m.prototype.chain=function(){this._chain=
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/up-pressed.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/up-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bd587afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/up-pressed.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/up.png b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b94625680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/up.png
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/websupport.js b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/websupport.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19fcda564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/_static/websupport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/*
+ * websupport.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * sphinx.websupport utilties for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+  $.fn.autogrow = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+    var textarea = this;
+
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+
+    $(textarea)
+      .focus(function() {
+        textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
+          $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+        }, 500);
+      })
+      .blur(function() {
+        clearInterval(textarea.interval);
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
+    var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
+    var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
+    var columns = textarea.cols;
+    var lineCount = 0;
+    $.each(lines, function() {
+      lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
+    });
+    var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
+    $(textarea).css('height', height);
+  };
+})(jQuery);
+
+(function($) {
+  var comp, by;
+
+  function init() {
+    initEvents();
+    initComparator();
+  }
+
+  function initEvents() {
+    $('a.comment-close').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.vote').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleVote($(this));
+    });
+    $('a.reply').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.close-reply').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.sort-option').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleReSort($(this));
+    });
+    $('a.show-proposal').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.hide-proposal').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.show-propose-change').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.hide-propose-change').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.accept-comment').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.delete-comment').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.comment-markup').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
+   * inserting comments into the list.
+   */
+  function setComparator() {
+    // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
+    // and remove the prefix.
+    if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
+      var i = by.substring(3);
+      comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise sort in descending order.
+      comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
+    }
+
+    // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
+    $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
+    $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
+   * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
+   */
+  function initComparator() {
+    by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
+    // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
+    if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
+      var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
+      if (start != -1) {
+        start = start + 7;
+        var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
+        if (end == -1) {
+          end = document.cookie.length;
+          by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show a comment div.
+   */
+  function show(id) {
+    $('#ao' + id).hide();
+    $('#ah' + id).show();
+    var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
+    var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
+    popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
+    popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
+    var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
+    form.submit(function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      addComment(form);
+    });
+    $('#s' + id).after(popup);
+    popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      getComments(id);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Hide a comment div.
+   */
+  function hide(id) {
+    $('#ah' + id).hide();
+    $('#ao' + id).show();
+    var div = $('#sc' + id);
+    div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+      div.remove();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
+   * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
+   */
+  function getComments(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+     type: 'GET',
+     url: opts.getCommentsURL,
+     data: {node: id},
+     success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+       var ul = $('#cl' + id);
+       var speed = 100;
+       $('#cf' + id)
+         .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
+         .data('source', data.source);
+
+       if (data.comments.length === 0) {
+         ul.html('<li>No comments yet.</li>');
+         ul.data('empty', true);
+       } else {
+         // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
+         var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
+         speed = data.comments.length * 100;
+         appendComments(comments, ul);
+         ul.data('empty', false);
+       }
+       $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
+       ul.slideDown(speed);
+     },
+     error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+       showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
+     },
+     dataType: 'json'
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
+   */
+  function addComment(form) {
+    var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
+    var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
+    var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
+    var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
+
+    if (text == '') {
+      showError('Please enter a comment.');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Disable the form that is being submitted.
+    form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+
+    // Send the comment to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.addCommentURL,
+      dataType: 'json',
+      data: {
+        node: node_id,
+        parent: parent_id,
+        text: text,
+        proposal: proposal
+      },
+      success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
+        // Reset the form.
+        if (node_id) {
+          hideProposeChange(node_id);
+        }
+        form.find('textarea')
+          .val('')
+          .add(form.find('input'))
+          .removeAttr('disabled');
+	var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
+        if (ul.data('empty')) {
+          $(ul).empty();
+          ul.data('empty', false);
+        }
+        insertComment(data.comment);
+        var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
+        ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
+        if (node_id) {
+          // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
+          // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
+          $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
+        }
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
+   * lists, creating the comment tree.
+   */
+  function appendComments(comments, ul) {
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      var div = createCommentDiv(this);
+      ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
+      appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
+      // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+      this.children = null;
+      div.data('comment', this);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
+   * location in the comment tree.
+   */
+  function insertComment(comment) {
+    var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
+
+    // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+    comment.children = null;
+    div.data('comment', comment);
+
+    var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
+    var siblings = getChildren(ul);
+
+    var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
+    li.hide();
+
+    // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
+    for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
+      if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
+        $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
+          .parent()
+          .before(li.html(div));
+        li.slideDown('fast');
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
+    // or it is the only comment in the list.
+    ul.append(li.html(div));
+    li.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function acceptComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
+        $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function deleteComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        var div = $('#cd' + id);
+        if (data == 'delete') {
+          // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
+          div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+            div.remove();
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+        // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
+        div
+          .find('span.user-id:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('div.comment-text:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
+                ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
+          .remove();
+        var comment = div.data('comment');
+        comment.username = '[deleted]';
+        comment.text = '[deleted]';
+        div.data('comment', comment);
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function showProposal(id) {
+    $('#sp' + id).hide();
+    $('#hp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposal(id) {
+    $('#hp' + id).hide();
+    $('#sp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function showProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#pc' + id).hide();
+    $('#hc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
+    textarea.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#hc' + id).hide();
+    $('#pc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
+    textarea.slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
+    $('#mb' + id).toggle();
+  }
+
+  /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
+  function handleReSort(link) {
+    var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
+    for (var i=0; i<classes.length; i++) {
+      if (classes[i] != 'sort-option') {
+	by = classes[i].substring(2);
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+    // Save/update the sortBy cookie.
+    var expiration = new Date();
+    expiration.setDate(expiration.getDate() + 365);
+    document.cookie= 'sortBy=' + escape(by) +
+                     ';expires=' + expiration.toUTCString();
+    $('ul.comment-ul').each(function(index, ul) {
+      var comments = getChildren($(ul), true);
+      comments = sortComments(comments);
+      appendComments(comments, $(ul).empty());
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Function to process a vote when a user clicks an arrow.
+   */
+  function handleVote(link) {
+    if (!opts.voting) {
+      showError("You'll need to login to vote.");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var id = link.attr('id');
+    if (!id) {
+      // Didn't click on one of the voting arrows.
+      return;
+    }
+    // If it is an unvote, the new vote value is 0,
+    // Otherwise it's 1 for an upvote, or -1 for a downvote.
+    var value = 0;
+    if (id.charAt(1) != 'u') {
+      value = id.charAt(0) == 'u' ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    // The data to be sent to the server.
+    var d = {
+      comment_id: id.substring(2),
+      value: value
+    };
+
+    // Swap the vote and unvote links.
+    link.hide();
+    $('#' + id.charAt(0) + (id.charAt(1) == 'u' ? 'v' : 'u') + d.comment_id)
+      .show();
+
+    // The div the comment is displayed in.
+    var div = $('div#cd' + d.comment_id);
+    var data = div.data('comment');
+
+    // If this is not an unvote, and the other vote arrow has
+    // already been pressed, unpress it.
+    if ((d.value !== 0) && (data.vote === d.value * -1)) {
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'u' + d.comment_id).hide();
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'v' + d.comment_id).show();
+    }
+
+    // Update the comments rating in the local data.
+    data.rating += (data.vote === 0) ? d.value : (d.value - data.vote);
+    data.vote = d.value;
+    div.data('comment', data);
+
+    // Change the rating text.
+    div.find('.rating:first')
+      .text(data.rating + ' point' + (data.rating == 1 ? '' : 's'));
+
+    // Send the vote information to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.processVoteURL,
+      data: d,
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem casting that vote.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open a reply form used to reply to an existing comment.
+   */
+  function openReply(id) {
+    // Swap out the reply link for the hide link
+    $('#rl' + id).hide();
+    $('#cr' + id).show();
+
+    // Add the reply li to the children ul.
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(replyTemplate, {id: id})).hide();
+    $('#cl' + id)
+      .prepend(div)
+      // Setup the submit handler for the reply form.
+      .find('#rf' + id)
+      .submit(function(event) {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        addComment($('#rf' + id));
+        closeReply(id);
+      })
+      .find('input[type=button]')
+      .click(function() {
+        closeReply(id);
+      });
+    div.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      $('#rf' + id).find('textarea').focus();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close the reply form opened with openReply.
+   */
+  function closeReply(id) {
+    // Remove the reply div from the DOM.
+    $('#rd' + id).slideUp('fast', function() {
+      $(this).remove();
+    });
+
+    // Swap out the hide link for the reply link
+    $('#cr' + id).hide();
+    $('#rl' + id).show();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively sort a tree of comments using the comp comparator.
+   */
+  function sortComments(comments) {
+    comments.sort(comp);
+    $.each(comments, function() {
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/changelog.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/changelog.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f0f459ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/changelog.html
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Release history &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '0.11',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="altgraph 0.11 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="License" href="license.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Altgraph - A basic graph library" href="index.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="license.html" title="License"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="index.html" title="Altgraph - A basic graph library"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="release-history">
+<h1>Release history<a class="headerlink" href="#release-history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="id1">
+<h2>0.11<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Stabilize the order of elements in dot file exports,
+patch from bitbucket user &#8216;pombredanne&#8217;.</li>
+<li>Tweak setup.py file to remove dependency on distribute (but
+keep the dependency on setuptools)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id2">
+<h2>0.10.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>There where no classifiers in the package metadata due to a bug
+in setup.py</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id3">
+<h2>0.10.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a bugfix release</p>
+<p>Bug fixes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Issue #3: The source archive contains a README.txt
+while the setup file refers to ReadMe.txt.</p>
+<p>This is caused by a misfeature in distutils, as a
+workaround I&#8217;ve renamed ReadMe.txt to README.txt
+in the source tree and setup file.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id4">
+<h2>0.10<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a minor feature release</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Do not use &#8220;2to3&#8221; to support Python 3.</p>
+<p>As a side effect of this altgraph now supports
+Python 2.6 and later, and no longer supports
+earlier releases of Python.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The order of attributes in the Dot output
+is now always alphabetical.</p>
+<p>With this change the output will be consistent
+between runs and Python versions.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id5">
+<h2>0.9<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a minor bugfix release</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes</span></tt>, a method
+yielding all nodes in an object graph.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Bugfixes:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The 0.8 release didn&#8217;t work with py2app when using
+python 3.x.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id6">
+<h2>0.8<a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a minor feature release. The major new feature
+is a extensive set of unittests, which explains almost
+all other changes in this release.</p>
+<p>Bugfixes:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Installing failed with Python 2.5 due to using a distutils
+class that isn&#8217;t available in that version of Python
+(issue #1 on the issue tracker)</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist</span></tt> now actually works</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.add_edge(a,</span> <span class="pre">b,</span> <span class="pre">create_nodes=False)</span></tt> will
+no longer create the edge when one of the nodes doesn&#8217;t
+exist.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.forw_topo_sort</span></tt> failed for some sparse graphs.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.back_topo_sort</span></tt> was completely broken in
+previous releases.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph</span></tt> now actually works.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph</span></tt> now actually works.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.iterdfs</span></tt> now returns the correct result
+when the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">forward</span></tt> argument is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.iterdata</span></tt> now returns the correct result
+when the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">forward</span></tt> argument is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph</span></tt> constructor now accepts an argument
+that contains 2- and 3-tuples instead of requireing that
+all items have the same size. The (optional) argument can now
+also be any iterator.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node</span></tt> has no effect when you
+add a hidden node.</li>
+<li>The private method <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph._bfs</span></tt> is no longer
+present.</li>
+<li>The private method <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph._dfs</span></tt> is no longer
+present.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph</span></tt> now has a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt> methods,
+which means you can use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">in</span></tt> operator to check if a
+node is part of a graph.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph</span></tt> will raise
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GraphError</span></tt> instead of looping forever when it is
+impossible to create the requested graph.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Dot.edge_style</span></tt> raises <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GraphError</span></tt> when
+one of the nodes is not present in the graph. The method
+silently added the tail in the past, but without ensuring
+a consistent graph state.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Dot.save_img</span></tt> now works when the mode is
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;neato&quot;</span></tt>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id7">
+<h2>0.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a minor bugfix release</p>
+<p>Bugfixes:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>distutils didn&#8217;t include the documentation subtree</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id8">
+<h2>0.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a minor feature release</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Documentation is now generated using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx">sphinx</a>
+and can be viewed at &lt;<a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/altgraph">http://packages.python.org/altgraph</a>&gt;.</li>
+<li>The repository has moved to bitbucket</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat.avg_hops</span></tt> is no longer present, the function had no
+implementation and no specified behaviour.</li>
+<li>the module <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.compat</span></tt> is gone, which means altgraph will no
+longer work with Python 2.3.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="id9">
+<h2>0.7.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id9" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This is a minor feature release.</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Support for Python 3</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">It is now possible to run tests using &#8216;python setup.py test&#8217;</p>
+<p>(The actual testsuite is still very minimal though)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Release history</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">0.11</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">0.10.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">0.10.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">0.10</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">0.9</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id6">0.8</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id7">0.7.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id8">0.7.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id9">0.7.0</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="index.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Altgraph - A basic graph library</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="license.html"
+                        title="next chapter">License</a></p>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/core.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/core.html
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+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph">
+<span id="altgraph-a-python-graph-library"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph" title="altgraph: A directional graph for python"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph</span></tt></a> &#8212; A Python Graph Library<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>altgraph is a fork of <a class="reference external" href="http://pygraphlib.sourceforge.net">graphlib</a> tailored
+to use newer Python 2.3+ features, including additional support used by the
+py2app suite (modulegraph and macholib, specifically).</p>
+<p>altgraph is a python based graph (network) representation and manipulation package.
+It has started out as an extension to the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~denny/python_nest/graph_lib_1.0.1.html">graph_lib module</a>
+written by Nathan Denny it has been significantly optimized and expanded.</p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph.Graph</span></tt></a> class is loosely modeled after the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/enleda.htm">LEDA</a>
+(Library of Efficient Datatypes)  representation. The library
+includes methods for constructing graphs, BFS and DFS traversals,
+topological sort, finding connected components, shortest paths as well as a number
+graph statistics functions. The library can also visualize graphs
+via <a class="reference external" href="http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/">graphviz</a>.</p>
+<dl class="exception">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphError">
+<em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">altgraph.</tt><tt class="descname">GraphError</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Exception raised when methods are called with bad values of
+an inconsistent state.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/dot.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/dot.html
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@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph.Dot">
+<span id="altgraph-dot-interface-to-the-dot-language"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.Dot" title="altgraph.Dot: Interface to the dot language as used by Graphviz.."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Dot</span></tt></a> &#8212; Interface to the dot language<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph.Dot" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.Dot" title="altgraph.Dot: Interface to the dot language as used by Graphviz.."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">Dot</span></tt></a> module provides a simple interface to the
+file format used in the <a class="reference external" href="&lt;http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/&gt;`_">graphviz</a> program. The module is intended to
+offload the most tedious part of the process (the <strong>dot</strong> file generation)
+while transparently exposing most of its features.</p>
+<p>To display the graphs or to generate image files the <a class="reference external" href="&lt;http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/&gt;`_">graphviz</a>
+package needs to be installed on the system, moreover the <strong class="command">dot</strong> and <strong class="command">dotty</strong> programs must
+be accesible in the program path so that they can be ran from processes spawned
+within the module.</p>
+<div class="section" id="example-usage">
+<h2>Example usage<a class="headerlink" href="#example-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here is a typical usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">altgraph</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Dot</span>
+
+<span class="c"># create a graph</span>
+<span class="n">edges</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="n">graph</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">edges</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># create a dot representation of the graph</span>
+<span class="n">dot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># display the graph</span>
+<span class="n">dot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">display</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="c"># save the dot representation into the mydot.dot file</span>
+<span class="n">dot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save_dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;mydot.dot&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># save dot file as gif image into the graph.gif file</span>
+<span class="n">dot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save_img</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">file_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;graph&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">file_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;gif&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="directed-graph-and-non-directed-graph">
+<h2>Directed graph and non-directed graph<a class="headerlink" href="#directed-graph-and-non-directed-graph" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Dot class can use for both directed graph and non-directed graph
+by passing <em>graphtype</em> parameter.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># create directed graph(default)</span>
+<span class="n">dot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">graphtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;digraph&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># create non-directed graph</span>
+<span class="n">dot</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">graphtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;graph&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="customizing-the-output">
+<h2>Customizing the output<a class="headerlink" href="#customizing-the-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The graph drawing process may be customized by passing
+valid <strong class="command">dot</strong> parameters for the nodes and edges. For a list of all
+parameters see the <a class="reference external" href="&lt;http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/&gt;`_">graphviz</a> documentation.</p>
+<p>Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># customizing the way the overall graph is drawn
+dot.style(size=&#39;10,10&#39;, rankdir=&#39;RL&#39;, page=&#39;5, 5&#39; , ranksep=0.75)
+
+# customizing node drawing
+dot.node_style(1, label=&#39;BASE_NODE&#39;,shape=&#39;box&#39;, color=&#39;blue&#39; )
+dot.node_style(2, style=&#39;filled&#39;, fillcolor=&#39;red&#39;)
+
+# customizing edge drawing
+dot.edge_style(1, 2, style=&#39;dotted&#39;)
+dot.edge_style(3, 5, arrowhead=&#39;dot&#39;, label=&#39;binds&#39;, labelangle=&#39;90&#39;)
+dot.edge_style(4, 5, arrowsize=2, style=&#39;bold&#39;)
+
+
+.. note::
+
+   dotty (invoked via :py:func:`~altgraph.Dot.display`) may not be able to
+   display all graphics styles. To verify the output save it to an image
+   file and look at it that way.
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="valid-attributes">
+<h2>Valid attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#valid-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">dot styles, passed via the <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot.style" title="altgraph.Dot.Dot.style"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">Dot.style()</span></tt></a> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>rankdir = &#39;LR&#39;   (draws the graph horizontally, left to right)
+ranksep = number (rank separation in inches)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">node attributes, passed via the <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot.node_style" title="altgraph.Dot.Dot.node_style"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">Dot.node_style()</span></tt></a> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">style</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;filled&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;invisible&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;diagonals&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;rounded&#39;</span>
+<span class="n">shape</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;box&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;ellipse&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;circle&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;point&#39;</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="s">&#39;triangle&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">edge attributes, passed via the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">Dot.edge_style()</span></tt> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>style     = &#39;dashed&#39; | &#39;dotted&#39; | &#39;solid&#39; | &#39;invis&#39; | &#39;bold&#39;
+arrowhead = &#39;box&#39; | &#39;crow&#39; | &#39;diamond&#39; | &#39;dot&#39; | &#39;inv&#39; | &#39;none&#39; | &#39;tee&#39; | &#39;vee&#39;
+weight    = number (the larger the number the closer the nodes will be)
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">valid <a class="reference external" href="http://www.research.att.com/~erg/graphviz/info/colors.html">graphviz colors</a></p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">for more details on how to control the graph drawing process see the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/refs.html">graphviz reference</a>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="class-interface">
+<h2>Class interface<a class="headerlink" href="#class-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.Dot">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">Dot</tt><big>(</big><em>graph</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>nodes</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>edgefn</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>nodevisitor</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>edgevisitor</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>dot</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>dotty</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>neato</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>graphtype</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Creates a new Dot generator based on the specified
+<a class="reference internal" href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a>.  The Dot generator won&#8217;t reference
+the <em>graph</em> once it is constructed.</p>
+<p>If the <em>nodes</em> argument is present it is the list of nodes to include
+in the graph, otherwise all nodes in <em>graph</em> are included.</p>
+<p>If the <em>edgefn</em> argument is present it is a function that yields the
+nodes connected to another node, this defaults to
+<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">graph.out_nbr</span></tt>. The constructor won&#8217;t
+add edges to the dot file unless both the head and tail of the edge
+are in <em>nodes</em>.</p>
+<p>If the <em>name</em> is present it specifies the name of the graph in the resulting
+dot file. The default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;G&quot;</span></tt>.</p>
+<p>The functions <em>nodevisitor</em> and <em>edgevisitor</em> return the default style
+for a given edge or node (both default to functions that return an empty
+style).</p>
+<p>The arguments <em>dot</em>, <em>dotty</em> and <em>neato</em> are used to pass the path to
+the corresponding <a class="reference external" href="&lt;http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/&gt;`_">graphviz</a> command.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="section" id="updating-graph-attributes">
+<h3>Updating graph attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#updating-graph-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.Dot.style">
+<tt class="descclassname">Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">style</tt><big>(</big><em>**attr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot.style" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Sets the overall style (graph attributes) to the given attributes.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#valid-attributes">Valid Attributes</a> for more information about the attributes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.Dot.node_style">
+<tt class="descclassname">Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">node_style</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em>, <em>**attr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot.node_style" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Sets the style for <em>node</em> to the given attributes.</p>
+<p>This method will add <em>node</em> to the graph when it isn&#8217;t already
+present.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#valid-attributes">Valid Attributes</a> for more information about the attributes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.Dot.all_node_style">
+<tt class="descclassname">Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">all_node_style</tt><big>(</big><em>**attr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot.all_node_style" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Replaces the current style for all nodes</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.edge_style">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">edge_style</tt><big>(</big><em>head</em>, <em>tail</em>, <em>**attr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.edge_style" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Sets the style of an edge to the given attributes. The edge will
+be added to the graph when it isn&#8217;t already present, but <em>head</em>
+and <em>tail</em> must both be valid nodes.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#valid-attributes">Valid Attributes</a> for more information about the attributes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="emitting-output">
+<h3>Emitting output<a class="headerlink" href="#emitting-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.Dot.display">
+<tt class="descclassname">Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">display</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>mode</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.Dot.display" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the current graph via dotty.</p>
+<p>If the <em>mode</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;neato&quot;</span></tt> the dot file is processed with
+the neato command before displaying.</p>
+<p>This method won&#8217;t return until the dotty command exits.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.save_dot">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">save_dot</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.save_dot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Saves the current graph representation into the given file.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>For backward compatibility reasons this method can also
+be called without an argument, it will then write the graph
+into a fixed filename (present in the attribute <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph.temp_dot</span></tt>).</p>
+<p class="last">This feature is deprecated and should not be used.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.save_image">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">save_image</tt><big>(</big><em>file_name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>file_type</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.save_image" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Saves the current graph representation as an image file. The output
+is written into a file whose basename is <em>file_name</em> and whose suffix
+is <em>file_type</em>.</p>
+<p>The <em>file_type</em> specifies the type of file to write, the default
+is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;gif&quot;</span></tt>.</p>
+<p>If the <em>mode</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;neato&quot;</span></tt> the dot file is processed with
+the neato command before displaying.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>For backward compatibility reasons this method can also
+be called without an argument, it will then write the graph
+with a fixed basename (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;out&quot;</span></tt>).</p>
+<p class="last">This feature is deprecated and should not be used.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.iterdot">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">iterdot</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.iterdot" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yields all lines of a <a class="reference external" href="&lt;http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/&gt;`_">graphviz</a> input file (including line endings).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Dot.__iter__">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Dot.</tt><tt class="descname">__iter__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Dot.__iter__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Alias for the <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Dot.iterdot" title="altgraph.Dot.iterdot"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">iterdot()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Dot</span></tt> &#8212; Interface to the dot language</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-usage">Example usage</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#directed-graph-and-non-directed-graph">Directed graph and non-directed graph</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#customizing-the-output">Customizing the output</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#valid-attributes">Valid attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-interface">Class interface</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#updating-graph-attributes">Updating graph attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#emitting-output">Emitting output</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graphutil.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphUtil</span></tt> &#8212; Utility functions</a></p>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="graphutil.html" title="altgraph.GraphUtil — Utility functions"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren, Bob Ippolito, 2004 Istvan Albert.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/genindex.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/genindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16977c712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/genindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Index &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '0.11',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
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+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="altgraph 0.11 documentation" href="index.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="#" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+
+<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
+
+<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
+ <a href="#_"><strong>_</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#B"><strong>B</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#E"><strong>E</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#F"><strong>F</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#I"><strong>I</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#N"><strong>N</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#O"><strong>O</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#R"><strong>R</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#T"><strong>T</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="_">_</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.__contains__">__contains__() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      <dd><dl>
+        
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.__contains__">(altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      </dl></dd>
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.__iter__">__iter__() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      <dd><dl>
+        
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.__iter__">(in module altgraph.Dot)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      </dl></dd>
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="A">A</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_edge">add_edge() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node">add_node() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.addNode">addNode() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_degree">all_degree() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_edges">all_edges() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_nbrs">all_nbrs() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.Dot.all_node_style">all_node_style() (altgraph.Dot.Dot method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="core.html#module-altgraph">altgraph (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#module-altgraph.Dot">altgraph.Dot (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#module-altgraph.Graph">altgraph.Graph (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphalgo.html#module-altgraph.GraphAlgo">altgraph.GraphAlgo (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphstat.html#module-altgraph.GraphStat">altgraph.GraphStat (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphutil.html#module-altgraph.GraphUtil">altgraph.GraphUtil (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#module-altgraph.ObjectGraph">altgraph.ObjectGraph (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="B">B</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs">back_bfs() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph">back_bfs_subgraph() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_topo_sort">back_topo_sort() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="C">C</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.clust_coef">clust_coef() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.connected">connected() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.createNode">createNode() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.createReferences">createReferences() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="D">D</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphstat.html#altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist">degree_dist() (in module altgraph.GraphStat)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.describe_edge">describe_edge() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.describe_node">describe_node() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphalgo.html#altgraph.GraphAlgo.dijkstra">dijkstra() (in module altgraph.GraphAlgo)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.Dot.display">display() (altgraph.Dot.Dot method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.Dot">Dot (class in altgraph.Dot)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="E">E</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_by_id">edge_by_id() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_by_node">edge_by_node() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_data">edge_data() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_list">edge_list() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.edge_style">edge_style() (in module altgraph.Dot)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="F">F</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphutil.html#altgraph.GraphUtil.filter_stack">filter_stack() (in module altgraph.GraphUtil)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.filterStack">filterStack() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.findNode">findNode() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.flatten">flatten() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs">forw_bfs() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph">forw_bfs_subgraph() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_topo_sort">forw_topo_sort() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="G">G</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphutil.html#altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph">generate_random_graph() (in module altgraph.GraphUtil)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphutil.html#altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_scale_free_graph">generate_scale_free_graph() (in module altgraph.GraphUtil)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.get_edges">get_edges() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.get_hops">get_hops() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.getIdent">getIdent() (in module altgraph.ObjectGraph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.getRawIdent">getRawIdent() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph">Graph (class in altgraph.Graph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="core.html#altgraph.GraphError">GraphError</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="H">H</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.head">head() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hidden_edge_list">hidden_edge_list() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hidden_node_list">hidden_node_list() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hide_edge">hide_edge() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hide_node">hide_node() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="I">I</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_degree">inc_degree() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_edges">inc_edges() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_nbrs">inc_nbrs() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.iterdata">iterdata() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.iterdfs">iterdfs() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.iterdot">iterdot() (in module altgraph.Dot)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="M">M</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msg">msg() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgin">msgin() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgout">msgout() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="N">N</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.node_data">node_data() (in module altgraph.Graph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.node_list">node_list() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.Dot.node_style">node_style() (altgraph.Dot.Dot method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes">nodes() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_edges">number_of_edges() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_hidden_edges">number_of_hidden_edges() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_hidden_nodes">number_of_hidden_nodes() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_nodes">number_of_nodes() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="O">O</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph">ObjectGraph (class in altgraph.ObjectGraph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.debug">ObjectGraph.debug (in module altgraph.ObjectGraph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.graph">ObjectGraph.graph (in module altgraph.ObjectGraph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_degree">out_degree() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_edges">out_edges() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_nbrs">out_nbrs() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="R">R</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.removeNode">removeNode() (altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="objectgraph.html#altgraph.ObjectGraph.removeReference">removeReference() (in module altgraph.ObjectGraph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_all_edges">restore_all_edges() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_all_nodes">restore_all_nodes() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_edge">restore_edge() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_node">restore_node() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="S">S</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.save_dot">save_dot() (in module altgraph.Dot)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.save_image">save_image() (in module altgraph.Dot)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graphalgo.html#altgraph.GraphAlgo.shortest_path">shortest_path() (in module altgraph.GraphAlgo)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dot.html#altgraph.Dot.Dot.style">style() (altgraph.Dot.Dot method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="T">T</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph.tail">tail() (altgraph.Graph.Graph method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+
+   
+
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
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+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+    <title>altgraph.Graph — Basic directional graphs &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph.Graph">
+<span id="altgraph-graph-basic-directional-graphs"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph: Basic directional graphs."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph</span></tt></a> &#8212; Basic directional graphs<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph.Graph" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph: Basic directional graphs."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph</span></tt></a> provides a class <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a> that
+represents a directed graph with <em>N</em> nodes and <em>E</em> edges.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">Graph</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>edges</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Constructs a new empty <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a> object. If the optional
+<em>edges</em> parameter is supplied, updates the graph by adding the
+specified edges.</p>
+<p>All of the elements in <em>edges</em> should be tuples with two or three
+elements. The first two elements of the tuple are the source and
+destination node of the edge, the optional third element is the
+edge data.  The source and destination nodes are added to the graph
+when the aren&#8217;t already present.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="section" id="node-related-methods">
+<h2>Node related methods<a class="headerlink" href="#node-related-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">add_node</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>node_data</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Adds a new node to the graph if it is not already present. The new
+node must be a hashable object.</p>
+<p>Arbitrary data can be attached to the node via the optional <em>node_data</em>
+argument.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">the node also won&#8217;t be added to the graph when it is
+present but currently hidden.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.hide_node">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">hide_node</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hide_node" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Hides a <em>node</em> from the graph. The incoming and outgoing edges of
+the node will also be hidden.</p>
+<p>Raises <a class="reference internal" href="core.html#altgraph.GraphError" title="altgraph.GraphError"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphError</span></tt></a> when the node is not (visible)
+node of the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_node">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">restore_node</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_node" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Restores a previously hidden <em>node</em>. The incoming and outgoing
+edges of the node are also restored.</p>
+<p>Raises <a class="reference internal" href="core.html#altgraph.GraphError" title="altgraph.GraphError"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphError</span></tt></a> when the node is not a hidden
+node of the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_all_nodes">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">restore_all_nodes</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_all_nodes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Restores all hidden nodes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_nodes">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">number_of_nodes</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_nodes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of visible nodes in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_hidden_nodes">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">number_of_hidden_nodes</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_hidden_nodes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of hidden nodes in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.node_list">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">node_list</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.node_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a list with all visible nodes in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.hidden_node_list">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">hidden_node_list</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hidden_node_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a list with all hidden nodes in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.node_data">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">node_data</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.node_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the data associated with the <em>node</em> when it was
+added.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.describe_node">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">describe_node</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.describe_node" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns <em>node</em>, the node&#8217;s data and the lists of outgoing
+and incoming edges for the node.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">the edge lists should not be modified, doing so
+can result in unpredicatable behavior.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.__contains__">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">__contains__</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns True iff <em>node</em> is a node in the graph. This
+method is accessed through the <em>in</em> operator.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.__iter__">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">__iter__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.__iter__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yield all nodes in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">out_edges</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the list of outgoing edges for <em>node</em></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">inc_edges</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the list of incoming edges for <em>node</em></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">all_edges</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the list of incoming and outgoing edges for <em>node</em></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_degree">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">out_degree</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_degree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of outgoing edges for <em>node</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_degree">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">inc_degree</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_degree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of incoming edges for <em>node</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_degree">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">all_degree</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_degree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of edges (incoming or outgoing) for <em>node</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="edge-related-methods">
+<h2>Edge related methods<a class="headerlink" href="#edge-related-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_edge">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">add_edge</tt><big>(</big><em>head_id</em>, <em>tail_id</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>edge data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>create_nodes</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_edge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Adds a directed edge from <em>head_id</em> to <em>tail_id</em>. Arbitrary data can
+be added via <em>edge_data</em>.  When <em>create_nodes</em> is <em>True</em> (the default),
+<em>head_id</em> and <em>tail_id</em> will be added to the graph when the aren&#8217;t
+already present.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.hide_edge">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">hide_edge</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hide_edge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Hides an edge from the graph. The edge may be unhidden at some later
+time.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_edge">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">restore_edge</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_edge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Restores a previously hidden <em>edge</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_all_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">restore_all_edges</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.restore_all_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Restore all edges that were hidden before, except for edges
+referring to hidden nodes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_by_node">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">edge_by_node</tt><big>(</big><em>head</em>, <em>tail</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_by_node" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the edge ID for an edge from <em>head</em> to <em>tail</em>,
+or <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a> when no such edge exists.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_by_id">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">edge_by_id</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_by_id" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the head and tail of the <em>edge</em></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_data">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">edge_data</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the data associated with the <em>edge</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.head">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">head</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.head" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the head of an <em>edge</em></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.tail">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">tail</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.tail" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the tail of an <em>edge</em></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.describe_edge">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">describe_edge</tt><big>(</big><em>edge</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.describe_edge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the <em>edge</em>, the associated data, its head and tail.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">number_of_edges</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of visible edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_hidden_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">number_of_hidden_edges</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.number_of_hidden_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return the number of hidden edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_list">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">edge_list</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.edge_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a list with all visible edges in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.hidden_edge_list">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">hidden_edge_list</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.hidden_edge_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a list with all hidden edges in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="graph-traversal">
+<h2>Graph traversal<a class="headerlink" href="#graph-traversal" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_nbrs">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">out_nbrs</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_nbrs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a list of all nodes connected by outgoing edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_nbrs">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">inc_nbrs</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.inc_nbrs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a list of all nodes connected by incoming edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_nbrs">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">all_nbrs</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.all_nbrs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a list of nodes connected by an incoming or outgoing edge.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_topo_sort">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">forw_topo_sort</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_topo_sort" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a list of nodes where the successors (based on outgoing
+edges) of any given node apear in the sequence after that node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_topo_sort">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">back_topo_sort</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_topo_sort" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a list of nodes where the successors (based on incoming
+edges) of any given node apear in the sequence after that node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">forw_bfs_subgraph</tt><big>(</big><em>start_id</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+reachable nodes from <em>start_id</em> based on their outgoing edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">back_bfs_subgraph</tt><big>(</big><em>start_id</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+reachable nodes from <em>start_id</em> based on their incoming edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.iterdfs">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">iterdfs</tt><big>(</big><em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>forward</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.iterdfs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yield nodes in a depth first traversal starting at the <em>start</em>
+node.</p>
+<p>If <em>end</em> is specified traversal stops when reaching that node.</p>
+<p>If forward is True (the default) edges are traversed in forward
+direction, otherwise they are traversed in reverse direction.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.iterdata">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">iterdata</tt><big>(</big><em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>forward</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>condition</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.iterdata" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yield the associated data for nodes in a depth first traversal
+starting at the <em>start</em> node. This method will not yield values for nodes
+without associated data.</p>
+<p>If <em>end</em> is specified traversal stops when reaching that node.</p>
+<p>If <em>condition</em> is specified and the condition callable returns
+False for the associated data this method will not yield the
+associated data and will not follow the edges for the node.</p>
+<p>If forward is True (the default) edges are traversed in forward
+direction, otherwise they are traversed in reverse direction.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">forw_bfs</tt><big>(</big><em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a list of nodes starting at <em>start</em> in some bread first
+search order (following outgoing edges).</p>
+<p>When <em>end</em> is specified iteration stops at that node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">back_bfs</tt><big>(</big><em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a list of nodes starting at <em>start</em> in some bread first
+search order (following incoming edges).</p>
+<p>When <em>end</em> is specified iteration stops at that node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.get_hops">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">get_hops</tt><big>(</big><em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>forward</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.get_hops" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Computes the hop distance to all nodes centered around a specified node.</p>
+<p>First order neighbours are at hop 1, their neigbours are at hop 2 etc.
+Uses <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph.forw_bfs"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">forw_bfs()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph.back_bfs"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">back_bfs()</span></tt></a> depending on the value of
+the forward parameter.</p>
+<p>If the distance between all neighbouring nodes is 1 the hop number
+corresponds to the shortest distance between the nodes.</p>
+<p>Typical usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_hops</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="go"># node 1 is at 0 hops</span>
+<span class="go"># node 2 is at 1 hop</span>
+<span class="go"># ...</span>
+<span class="go"># node 8 is at 5 hops</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="graph-statistics">
+<h2>Graph statistics<a class="headerlink" href="#graph-statistics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.connected">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">connected</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.connected" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns True iff every node in the graph can be reached from
+every other node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.Graph.Graph.clust_coef">
+<tt class="descclassname">Graph.</tt><tt class="descname">clust_coef</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.Graph.Graph.clust_coef" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the local clustering coefficient of node.</p>
+<p>The local cluster coefficient is the proportion of the actual number
+of edges between neighbours of node and the maximum number of
+edges between those nodes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph</span></tt> &#8212; Basic directional graphs</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#node-related-methods">Node related methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edge-related-methods">Edge related methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#graph-traversal">Graph traversal</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#graph-statistics">Graph statistics</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="core.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph</span></tt> &#8212; A Python Graph Library</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="objectgraph.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graphs of objecs with an identifier</a></p>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph.GraphAlgo">
+<span id="altgraph-graphalgo-graph-algorithms"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.GraphAlgo" title="altgraph.GraphAlgo: Basic graphs algoritms"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphAlgo</span></tt></a> &#8212; Graph algorithms<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph.GraphAlgo" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphAlgo.dijkstra">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.GraphAlgo.</tt><tt class="descname">dijkstra</tt><big>(</big><em>graph</em>, <em>start</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>end</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphAlgo.dijkstra" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Dijkstra&#8217;s algorithm for shortest paths.</p>
+<p>Find shortest paths from the  start node to all nodes nearer
+than or equal to the <em>end</em> node. The edge data is assumed to be the edge length.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Dijkstra&#8217;s algorithm is only guaranteed to work correctly when all edge lengths are positive.
+This code does not verify this property for all edges (only the edges examined until the end
+vertex is reached), but will correctly compute shortest paths even for some graphs with negative
+edges, and will raise an exception if it discovers that a negative edge has caused it to make a mistake.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphAlgo.shortest_path">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.GraphAlgo.</tt><tt class="descname">shortest_path</tt><big>(</big><em>graph</em>, <em>start</em>, <em>end</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphAlgo.shortest_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Find a single shortest path from the given start node to the given end node.
+The input has the same conventions as <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.GraphAlgo.dijkstra" title="altgraph.GraphAlgo.dijkstra"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dijkstra()</span></tt></a>. The output is a list
+of the nodes in order along the shortest path.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="objectgraph.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graphs of objecs with an identifier</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graphstat.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat</span></tt> &#8212; Functions providing various graph statistics</a></p>
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+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren, Bob Ippolito, 2004 Istvan Albert.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/graphstat.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/graphstat.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49a89bf51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/graphstat.html
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>altgraph.GraphStat — Functions providing various graph statistics &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '0.11',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="altgraph 0.11 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="altgraph.GraphUtil — Utility functions" href="graphutil.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="altgraph.GraphAlgo — Graph algorithms" href="graphalgo.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="graphutil.html" title="altgraph.GraphUtil — Utility functions"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="graphalgo.html" title="altgraph.GraphAlgo — Graph algorithms"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph.GraphStat">
+<span id="altgraph-graphstat-functions-providing-various-graph-statistics"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.GraphStat" title="altgraph.GraphStat: Functions providing various graph statistics"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat</span></tt></a> &#8212; Functions providing various graph statistics<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph.GraphStat" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.GraphStat" title="altgraph.GraphStat: Functions providing various graph statistics"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat</span></tt></a> provides function that calculate
+graph statistics. Currently there is only one such function, more may
+be added later.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.GraphStat.</tt><tt class="descname">degree_dist</tt><big>(</big><em>graph</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>limits</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>bin_num</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Groups the number of edges per node into <em>bin_num</em> bins
+and returns the list of those bins. Every item in the result
+is a tuple with the center of the bin and the number of items
+in that bin.</p>
+<p>When the <em>limits</em> argument is present it must be a tuple with
+the mininum and maximum number of edges that get binned (that
+is, when <em>limits</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(4,</span> <span class="pre">10)</span></tt> only nodes with between 4
+and 10 edges get counted.</p>
+<p>The <em>mode</em> argument is used to count incoming (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'inc'</span></tt>) or
+outgoing (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'out'</span></tt>) edges. The default is to count the outgoing
+edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graphalgo.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphAlgo</span></tt> &#8212; Graph algorithms</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graphutil.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphUtil</span></tt> &#8212; Utility functions</a></p>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
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+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+</div>
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+             >index</a></li>
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+             >modules</a> |</li>
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+             >next</a> |</li>
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+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren, Bob Ippolito, 2004 Istvan Albert.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/graphutil.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/graphutil.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..774efcfdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/graphutil.html
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>altgraph.GraphUtil — Utility functions &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '0.11',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="altgraph 0.11 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="altgraph.Dot — Interface to the dot language" href="dot.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="altgraph.GraphStat — Functions providing various graph statistics" href="graphstat.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="dot.html" title="altgraph.Dot — Interface to the dot language"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="graphstat.html" title="altgraph.GraphStat — Functions providing various graph statistics"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph.GraphUtil">
+<span id="altgraph-graphutil-utility-functions"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.GraphUtil" title="altgraph.GraphUtil: Utility functions"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphUtil</span></tt></a> &#8212; Utility functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph.GraphUtil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.GraphUtil" title="altgraph.GraphUtil: Utility functions"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphUtil</span></tt></a> performs a number of more
+or less useful utility functions.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.GraphUtil.</tt><tt class="descname">generate_random_graph</tt><big>(</big><em>node_num, edge_num[, self_loops[, multi_edges]</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Generates and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a> instance
+with <em>node_num</em> nodes randomly connected by <em>edge_num</em> edges.</p>
+<p>When <em>self_loops</em> is present and True there can be edges that point from
+a node to itself.</p>
+<p>When <em>multi_edge</em> is present and True there can be duplicate edges.</p>
+<p>This method raises <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GraphError</span> <span class="pre">&lt;altgraph.GraphError</span></tt> when
+a graph with the requested configuration cannot be created.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_scale_free_graph">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.GraphUtil.</tt><tt class="descname">generate_scale_free_graph</tt><big>(</big><em>steps</em>, <em>growth_num</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>self_loops</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>multi_edges</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_scale_free_graph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Generates and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a> instance that
+will have <em>steps*growth_n um</em> nodes and a scale free (powerlaw)
+connectivity.</p>
+<p>Starting with a fully connected graph with <em>growth_num</em> nodes
+at every step <em>growth_num</em> nodes are added to the graph and are connected
+to existing nodes with a probability proportional to the degree of these
+existing nodes.</p>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p class="last">The current implementation is basically untested, although
+code inspection seems to indicate an implementation that is consistent
+with the description at
+<a class="reference external" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Scale-FreeNetwork.html">Wolfram MathWorld</a></p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="altgraph.GraphUtil.filter_stack">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.GraphUtil.</tt><tt class="descname">filter_stack</tt><big>(</big><em>graph</em>, <em>head</em>, <em>filters</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.GraphUtil.filter_stack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform a depth-first oder walk of the graph starting at <em>head</em> and
+apply all filter functions in <em>filters</em> on the node data of the nodes
+found.</p>
+<p>Returns (<em>visited</em>, <em>removes</em>, <em>orphans</em>), where</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><em>visited</em>: the set of visited nodes</li>
+<li><em>removes</em>: the list of nodes where the node data doesn&#8217;t match
+all <em>filters</em>.</li>
+<li><em>orphans</em>: list of tuples (<em>last_good</em>, <em>node</em>), where
+node is not in <em>removes</em> and one of the nodes that is connected
+by an incoming edge is in <em>removes</em>. <em>Last_good</em> is the
+closest upstream node that is not in <em>removes</em>.</li>
+</ul>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graphstat.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat</span></tt> &#8212; Functions providing various graph statistics</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="dot.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Dot</span></tt> &#8212; Interface to the dot language</a></p>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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+    </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
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+             >modules</a> |</li>
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+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="graphstat.html" title="altgraph.GraphStat — Functions providing various graph statistics"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren, Bob Ippolito, 2004 Istvan Albert.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/index.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83c8c9a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Altgraph - A basic graph library &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '0.11',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="altgraph 0.11 documentation" href="#" />
+    <link rel="next" title="Release history" href="changelog.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="changelog.html" title="Release history"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="#">altgraph 0.11 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="altgraph-a-basic-graph-library">
+<h1>Altgraph - A basic graph library<a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph-a-basic-graph-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>altgraph is a fork of graphlib: a graph (network) package for constructing
+graphs, BFS and DFS traversals, topological sort, shortest paths, etc. with
+graphviz output.</p>
+<p>The primary users of this package are <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/macholib">macholib</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/modulegraph">modulegraph</a>.</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html">Release history</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html">License</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="core.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph</span></tt> &#8212; A Python Graph Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="graph.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph</span></tt> &#8212; Basic directional graphs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="objectgraph.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graphs of objecs with an identifier</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="graphalgo.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphAlgo</span></tt> &#8212; Graph algorithms</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="graphstat.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphStat</span></tt> &#8212; Functions providing various graph statistics</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="graphutil.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphUtil</span></tt> &#8212; Utility functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dot.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Dot</span></tt> &#8212; Interface to the dot language</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="online-resources">
+<h2>Online Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#online-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/altgraph/">Sourcecode repository on bitbucket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/altgraph/issues">The issue tracker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="indices-and-tables">
+<h2>Indices and tables<a class="headerlink" href="#indices-and-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="genindex.html"><em>Index</em></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="py-modindex.html"><em>Module Index</em></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="search.html"><em>Search Page</em></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Altgraph - A basic graph library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#online-resources">Online Resources</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#indices-and-tables">Indices and tables</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="changelog.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Release history</a></p>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/license.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/license.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..546f6e66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/license.html
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
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+  <div class="section" id="license">
+<h1>License<a class="headerlink" href="#license" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Copyright (c) 2004 Istvan Albert unless otherwise noted.</p>
+<p>Parts are copyright (c) Bob Ippolito</p>
+<p>Parts are copyright (c) 2010-2014 Ronald Oussoren</p>
+<div class="section" id="mit-license">
+<h2>MIT License<a class="headerlink" href="#mit-license" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+and associated documentation files (the &#8220;Software&#8221;), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
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+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
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diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/objectgraph.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/objectgraph.html
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+    <title>altgraph.ObjectGraph — Graphs of objecs with an identifier &mdash; altgraph 0.11 documentation</title>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-altgraph.ObjectGraph">
+<span id="altgraph-objectgraph-graphs-of-objecs-with-an-identifier"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-altgraph.ObjectGraph" title="altgraph.ObjectGraph: A graph of objects that have a &quot;graphident&quot; attribute."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph</span></tt></a> &#8212; Graphs of objecs with an identifier<a class="headerlink" href="#module-altgraph.ObjectGraph" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">altgraph.ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">ObjectGraph</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>graph</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>debug</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A graph of objects that have a &#8220;graphident&#8221; attribute. The
+value of this attribute is the key for the object in the
+graph.</p>
+<p>The optional <em>graph</em> is a previously constructed
+<a class="reference internal" href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>The optional <em>debug</em> level controls the amount of debug output
+(see <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msg" title="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msg"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">msg()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgin" title="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgin"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">msgin()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgout" title="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">msgout()</span></tt></a>).</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">the altgraph library does not generate output, the
+debug attribute and message methods are present for use
+by subclasses.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.graph">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">graph</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.graph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An <a class="reference internal" href="graph.html#altgraph.Graph.Graph" title="altgraph.Graph.Graph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt></a> object that contains
+the graph data.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.addNode">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">addNode</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.addNode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Adds a <em>node</em> to the graph.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">re-adding a node that was previously removed
+using <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.removeNode" title="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.removeNode"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">removeNode()</span></tt></a> will reinstate the previously
+removed node.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.createNode">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">createNode</tt><big>(</big><em>self</em>, <em>cls</em>, <em>name</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwds</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.createNode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Creates a new node using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cls(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kwds)</span></tt> and adds that
+node using <a class="reference internal" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.addNode" title="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.addNode"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">addNode()</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>Returns the newly created node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.removeNode">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">removeNode</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.removeNode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes a <em>node</em> from the graph when it exists. The <em>node</em> argument
+is either a node object, or the graphident of a node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.createReferences">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">createReferences</tt><big>(</big><em>fromnode</em>, <em>tonode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>edge_data</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.createReferences" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Creates a reference from <em>fromnode</em> to <em>tonode</em>. The optional
+<em>edge_data</em> is associated with the edge.</p>
+<p><em>Fromnode</em> and <em>tonode</em> can either be node objects or the graphident
+values for nodes.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.removeReference">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">removeReference</tt><big>(</big><em>fromnode</em>, <em>tonode</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.removeReference" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the reference from <em>fromnode</em> to <em>tonode</em> if it exists.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.getRawIdent">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">getRawIdent</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.getRawIdent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the <em>graphident</em> attribute of <em>node</em>, or the graph itself
+when <em>node</em> is <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.getIdent">
+<tt class="descclassname">altgraph.ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">getIdent</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.getIdent" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">getRawIdent()</span></tt>, but only if the node is part
+of the graph.</p>
+<p><em>Node</em> can either be an actual node object or the graphident of
+a node.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.findNode">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">findNode</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.findNode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a given node in the graph, or <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">Node</span></tt> when it cannot
+be found.</p>
+<p><em>Node</em> is either an object with a <em>graphident</em> attribute or
+the <em>graphident</em> attribute itself.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.__contains__">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">__contains__</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.__contains__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns True if <em>node</em> is a member of the graph. <em>Node</em> is either an
+object with a <em>graphident</em> attribute or the <em>graphident</em> attribute itself.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.flatten">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">flatten</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>condition</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>start</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.flatten" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yield all nodes that are entirely reachable by <em>condition</em>
+starting fromt he given <em>start</em> node or the graph root.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">objects are only reachable from the graph root
+when there is a reference from the root to the node
+(either directly or through another node)</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">nodes</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yield all nodes in the graph.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.get_edges">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">get_edges</tt><big>(</big><em>node</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.get_edges" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns two iterators that yield the nodes reaching by
+outgoing and incoming edges.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.filterStack">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">filterStack</tt><big>(</big><em>filters</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.filterStack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Filter the ObjectGraph in-place by removing all edges to nodes that
+do not match every filter in the given filter list</p>
+<p>Returns a tuple containing the number of:
+(<em>nodes_visited</em>, <em>nodes_removed</em>, <em>nodes_orphaned</em>)</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="section" id="debug-output">
+<h2>Debug output<a class="headerlink" href="#debug-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.debug">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">debug</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.debug" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The current debug level.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msg">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">msg</tt><big>(</big><em>level</em>, <em>text</em>, <em>*args</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a debug message at the current indentation level when the current
+debug level is <em>level</em> or less.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgin">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">msgin</tt><big>(</big><em>level</em>, <em>text</em>, <em>*args</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a debug message when the current debug level is <em>level</em> or less,
+and increase the indentation level.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgout">
+<tt class="descclassname">ObjectGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">msgout</tt><big>(</big><em>level</em>, <em>text</em>, <em>*args</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.msgout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Decrease the indentation level and print a debug message when the
+current debug level is <em>level</em> or less.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.ObjectGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graphs of objecs with an identifier</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debug-output">Debug output</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graph.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.Graph</span></tt> &#8212; Basic directional graphs</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="graphalgo.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">altgraph.GraphAlgo</span></tt> &#8212; Graph algorithms</a></p>
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+    </form>
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+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/objects.inv b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c8a150fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/objects.inv
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/py-modindex.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/py-modindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd60a9b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/py-modindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="#" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
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+            
+
+   <h1>Python Module Index</h1>
+
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+   </div>
+
+   <table class="indextable modindextable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+     <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cap" id="cap-a"><td></td><td>
+       <strong>a</strong></td><td></td></tr>
+     <tr>
+       <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler"
+              id="toggle-1" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td>
+       <td>
+       <a href="core.html#module-altgraph"><tt class="xref">altgraph</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>A directional graph for python</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="dot.html#module-altgraph.Dot"><tt class="xref">altgraph.Dot</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Interface to the dot language as used by Graphviz..</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="graph.html#module-altgraph.Graph"><tt class="xref">altgraph.Graph</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Basic directional graphs.</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="graphalgo.html#module-altgraph.GraphAlgo"><tt class="xref">altgraph.GraphAlgo</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Basic graphs algoritms</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="graphstat.html#module-altgraph.GraphStat"><tt class="xref">altgraph.GraphStat</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Functions providing various graph statistics</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="graphutil.html#module-altgraph.GraphUtil"><tt class="xref">altgraph.GraphUtil</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Utility functions</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="objectgraph.html#module-altgraph.ObjectGraph"><tt class="xref">altgraph.ObjectGraph</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>A graph of objects that have a &#34;graphident&#34; attribute.</em></td></tr>
+   </table>
+
+
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+        </div>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/search.html b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/search.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93acf8dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/search.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/searchindex.js b/python/altgraph/doc/_build/html/searchindex.js
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/changelog.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/changelog.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02fd412d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/changelog.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+Release history
+===============
+
+0.12
+----
+
+- Added ``ObjectGraph.edgeData`` to retrieve the edge data
+  from a specific edge.
+
+- Added ``AltGraph.update_edge_data`` and ``ObjectGraph.updateEdgeData``
+  to update the data associated with a graph edge.
+
+0.11
+----
+
+- Stabilize the order of elements in dot file exports,
+  patch from bitbucket user 'pombredanne'.
+
+- Tweak setup.py file to remove dependency on distribute (but
+  keep the dependency on setuptools)
+
+
+0.10.2
+------
+
+- There where no classifiers in the package metadata due to a bug
+  in setup.py
+
+0.10.1
+------
+
+This is a bugfix release
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Issue #3: The source archive contains a README.txt
+  while the setup file refers to ReadMe.txt.
+
+  This is caused by a misfeature in distutils, as a
+  workaround I've renamed ReadMe.txt to README.txt
+  in the source tree and setup file.
+
+
+0.10
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Do not use "2to3" to support Python 3.
+
+  As a side effect of this altgraph now supports
+  Python 2.6 and later, and no longer supports
+  earlier releases of Python.
+
+- The order of attributes in the Dot output
+  is now always alphabetical.
+
+  With this change the output will be consistent
+  between runs and Python versions.
+
+0.9
+---
+
+This is a minor bugfix release
+
+Features:
+
+- Added ``altgraph.ObjectGraph.ObjectGraph.nodes``, a method
+  yielding all nodes in an object graph.
+
+Bugfixes:
+
+- The 0.8 release didn't work with py2app when using
+  python 3.x.
+
+
+0.8
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release. The major new feature
+is a extensive set of unittests, which explains almost
+all other changes in this release.
+
+Bugfixes:
+
+- Installing failed with Python 2.5 due to using a distutils
+  class that isn't available in that version of Python
+  (issue #1 on the issue tracker)
+
+- ``altgraph.GraphStat.degree_dist`` now actually works
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.add_edge(a, b, create_nodes=False)`` will
+  no longer create the edge when one of the nodes doesn't
+  exist.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.forw_topo_sort`` failed for some sparse graphs.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.back_topo_sort`` was completely broken in
+  previous releases.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph`` now actually works.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.back_bfs_subgraph`` now actually works.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.iterdfs`` now returns the correct result
+  when the ``forward`` argument is ``False``.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.iterdata`` now returns the correct result
+  when the ``forward`` argument is ``False``.
+
+
+Features:
+
+- The ``altgraph.Graph`` constructor now accepts an argument
+  that contains 2- and 3-tuples instead of requireing that
+  all items have the same size. The (optional) argument can now
+  also be any iterator.
+
+- ``altgraph.Graph.Graph.add_node`` has no effect when you
+  add a hidden node.
+
+- The private method ``altgraph.Graph._bfs`` is no longer
+  present.
+
+- The private method ``altgraph.Graph._dfs`` is no longer
+  present.
+
+- ``altgraph.ObjectGraph`` now has a ``__contains__`` methods,
+  which means you can use the ``in`` operator to check if a
+  node is part of a graph.
+
+- ``altgraph.GraphUtil.generate_random_graph`` will raise
+  ``GraphError`` instead of looping forever when it is
+  impossible to create the requested graph.
+
+- ``altgraph.Dot.edge_style`` raises ``GraphError`` when
+  one of the nodes is not present in the graph. The method
+  silently added the tail in the past, but without ensuring
+  a consistent graph state.
+
+- ``altgraph.Dot.save_img`` now works when the mode is
+  ``"neato"``.
+
+0.7.2
+-----
+
+This is a minor bugfix release
+
+Bugfixes:
+
+- distutils didn't include the documentation subtree
+
+0.7.1
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Documentation is now generated using `sphinx <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx>`_
+  and can be viewed at <http://packages.python.org/altgraph>.
+
+- The repository has moved to bitbucket
+
+- ``altgraph.GraphStat.avg_hops`` is no longer present, the function had no
+  implementation and no specified behaviour.
+
+- the module ``altgraph.compat`` is gone, which means altgraph will no
+  longer work with Python 2.3.
+
+
+0.7.0
+-----
+
+This is a minor feature release.
+
+Features:
+
+- Support for Python 3
+
+- It is now possible to run tests using 'python setup.py test'
+
+  (The actual testsuite is still very minimal though)
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/conf.py b/python/altgraph/doc/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd3fd9912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# altgraph documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Tue Aug 31 11:04:49 2010.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+import sys, os
+
+def get_version():
+    fn = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))),
+            'setup.cfg')
+    for ln in open(fn):
+        if ln.startswith('version'):
+            version = ln.split('=')[-1].strip()
+            return version
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#sys.path.append(os.path.abspath('.'))
+sys.path.insert(0,
+        os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
+# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
+extensions = ['sphinx.ext.intersphinx', 'sphinx.ext.todo', 'sphinx.ext.autodoc' ]
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+#source_encoding = 'utf-8'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = u'altgraph'
+copyright = u'2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren, Bob Ippolito, 2004 Istvan Albert'
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = get_version()
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = version
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#language = None
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
+#unused_docs = []
+
+# List of directories, relative to source directory, that shouldn't be searched
+# for source files.
+exclude_trees = ['_build']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
+#default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+#modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  Major themes that come with
+# Sphinx are currently 'default' and 'sphinxdoc'.
+html_theme = 'nature'
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+#html_theme_path = []
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+#html_title = None
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#html_logo = None
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#html_use_modindex = True
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+html_show_sourcelink = False
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# If nonempty, this is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+#html_file_suffix = ''
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'altgraphdoc'
+
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+#latex_font_size = '10pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
+latex_documents = [
+  ('index', 'altgraph.tex', u'altgraph Documentation',
+   u'Ronald Oussoren', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+#latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#latex_use_parts = False
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+#latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#latex_use_modindex = True
+
+
+# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
+intersphinx_mapping = {'python': ('http://docs.python.org/', None) }
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/core.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/core.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8288f6a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/core.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+:mod:`altgraph` --- A Python Graph Library
+==================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph
+   :synopsis: A directional graph for python
+
+altgraph is a fork of `graphlib <http://pygraphlib.sourceforge.net>`_ tailored
+to use newer Python 2.3+ features, including additional support used by the
+py2app suite (modulegraph and macholib, specifically).
+
+altgraph is a python based graph (network) representation and manipulation package.
+It has started out as an extension to the `graph_lib module <http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~denny/python_nest/graph_lib_1.0.1.html>`_
+written by Nathan Denny it has been significantly optimized and expanded.
+
+The :class:`altgraph.Graph.Graph` class is loosely modeled after the `LEDA <http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/enleda.htm>`_ 
+(Library of Efficient Datatypes)  representation. The library
+includes methods for constructing graphs, BFS and DFS traversals,
+topological sort, finding connected components, shortest paths as well as a number
+graph statistics functions. The library can also visualize graphs
+via `graphviz <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_.
+
+
+.. exception:: GraphError
+
+   Exception raised when methods are called with bad values of
+   an inconsistent state.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/dot.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/dot.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3848c488a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/dot.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.Dot` --- Interface to the dot language
+=====================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.Dot
+   :synopsis: Interface to the dot language as used by Graphviz..
+
+The :py:mod:`~altgraph.Dot` module provides a simple interface to the
+file format used in the `graphviz`_ program. The module is intended to 
+offload the most tedious part of the process (the **dot** file generation) 
+while transparently exposing most of its features.
+
+.. _`graphviz`: <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/>`_
+
+To display the graphs or to generate image files the `graphviz`_
+package needs to be installed on the system, moreover the :command:`dot` and :command:`dotty` programs must
+be accesible in the program path so that they can be ran from processes spawned
+within the module. 
+
+Example usage
+-------------
+
+Here is a typical usage::
+
+    from altgraph import Graph, Dot
+
+    # create a graph
+    edges = [ (1,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5), (5,4) ]
+    graph = Graph.Graph(edges)
+    
+    # create a dot representation of the graph
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph)
+
+    # display the graph
+    dot.display()
+
+    # save the dot representation into the mydot.dot file
+    dot.save_dot(file_name='mydot.dot')
+
+    # save dot file as gif image into the graph.gif file
+    dot.save_img(file_name='graph', file_type='gif')
+
+
+Directed graph and non-directed graph
+-------------------------------------
+
+Dot class can use for both directed graph and non-directed graph
+by passing *graphtype* parameter.
+
+Example::
+
+    # create directed graph(default)
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph, graphtype="digraph")
+
+    # create non-directed graph
+    dot = Dot.Dot(graph, graphtype="graph")
+
+
+Customizing the output
+----------------------
+
+The graph drawing process may be customized by passing
+valid :command:`dot` parameters for the nodes and edges. For a list of all
+parameters see the `graphviz`_ documentation.
+
+Example::
+
+    # customizing the way the overall graph is drawn
+    dot.style(size='10,10', rankdir='RL', page='5, 5' , ranksep=0.75)
+
+    # customizing node drawing
+    dot.node_style(1, label='BASE_NODE',shape='box', color='blue' )
+    dot.node_style(2, style='filled', fillcolor='red')
+
+    # customizing edge drawing
+    dot.edge_style(1, 2, style='dotted')
+    dot.edge_style(3, 5, arrowhead='dot', label='binds', labelangle='90')
+    dot.edge_style(4, 5, arrowsize=2, style='bold')
+
+
+    .. note:: 
+       
+       dotty (invoked via :py:func:`~altgraph.Dot.display`) may not be able to
+       display all graphics styles. To verify the output save it to an image 
+       file and look at it that way.
+
+Valid attributes
+----------------
+
+- dot styles, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.style` method::
+
+    rankdir = 'LR'   (draws the graph horizontally, left to right)
+    ranksep = number (rank separation in inches)
+
+- node attributes, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.node_style` method::
+
+     style = 'filled' | 'invisible' | 'diagonals' | 'rounded'
+     shape = 'box' | 'ellipse' | 'circle' | 'point' | 'triangle'
+
+- edge attributes, passed via the :py:meth:`Dot.edge_style` method::
+
+     style     = 'dashed' | 'dotted' | 'solid' | 'invis' | 'bold'
+     arrowhead = 'box' | 'crow' | 'diamond' | 'dot' | 'inv' | 'none' | 'tee' | 'vee'
+     weight    = number (the larger the number the closer the nodes will be)
+
+- valid `graphviz colors <http://www.research.att.com/~erg/graphviz/info/colors.html>`_
+
+- for more details on how to control the graph drawing process see the 
+  `graphviz reference <http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/refs.html>`_.
+
+
+Class interface
+---------------
+
+.. class:: Dot(graph[, nodes[, edgefn[, nodevisitor[, edgevisitor[, name[, dot[, dotty[, neato[, graphtype]]]]]]]]])
+
+  Creates a new Dot generator based on the specified 
+  :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>`.  The Dot generator won't reference
+  the *graph* once it is constructed.
+
+  If the *nodes* argument is present it is the list of nodes to include
+  in the graph, otherwise all nodes in *graph* are included.
+  
+  If the *edgefn* argument is present it is a function that yields the
+  nodes connected to another node, this defaults to 
+  :meth:`graph.out_nbr <altgraph.Graph.Graph.out_nbr>`. The constructor won't
+  add edges to the dot file unless both the head and tail of the edge
+  are in *nodes*.
+
+  If the *name* is present it specifies the name of the graph in the resulting
+  dot file. The default is ``"G"``.
+
+  The functions *nodevisitor* and *edgevisitor* return the default style
+  for a given edge or node (both default to functions that return an empty
+  style).
+
+  The arguments *dot*, *dotty* and *neato* are used to pass the path to 
+  the corresponding `graphviz`_ command.
+
+
+Updating graph attributes
+.........................
+
+.. method:: Dot.style(\**attr)
+
+   Sets the overall style (graph attributes) to the given attributes.
+
+   See `Valid Attributes`_ for more information about the attributes.
+
+.. method:: Dot.node_style(node, \**attr)
+
+   Sets the style for *node* to the given attributes.
+
+   This method will add *node* to the graph when it isn't already 
+   present.
+
+   See `Valid Attributes`_ for more information about the attributes.
+
+.. method:: Dot.all_node_style(\**attr)
+
+   Replaces the current style for all nodes
+
+
+.. method:: edge_style(head, tail, \**attr)
+
+   Sets the style of an edge to the given attributes. The edge will
+   be added to the graph when it isn't already present, but *head*
+   and *tail* must both be valid nodes.
+
+   See `Valid Attributes`_ for more information about the attributes.
+
+
+
+Emitting output
+...............
+
+.. method:: Dot.display([mode])
+
+   Displays the current graph via dotty.
+
+   If the *mode* is ``"neato"`` the dot file is processed with
+   the neato command before displaying.
+
+   This method won't return until the dotty command exits.
+
+.. method:: save_dot(filename)
+
+   Saves the current graph representation into the given file.
+
+   .. note::
+
+       For backward compatibility reasons this method can also
+       be called without an argument, it will then write the graph
+       into a fixed filename (present in the attribute :data:`Graph.temp_dot`).
+
+       This feature is deprecated and should not be used.
+
+
+.. method:: save_image(file_name[, file_type[, mode]])
+
+   Saves the current graph representation as an image file. The output
+   is written into a file whose basename is *file_name* and whose suffix
+   is *file_type*.
+
+   The *file_type* specifies the type of file to write, the default
+   is ``"gif"``.
+
+   If the *mode* is ``"neato"`` the dot file is processed with
+   the neato command before displaying.
+
+   .. note::
+
+       For backward compatibility reasons this method can also
+       be called without an argument, it will then write the graph
+       with a fixed basename (``"out"``).
+
+       This feature is deprecated and should not be used.
+
+.. method:: iterdot()
+
+   Yields all lines of a `graphviz`_ input file (including line endings).
+
+.. method:: __iter__()
+
+   Alias for the :meth:`iterdot` method.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/graph.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/graph.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..502a2186a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/graph.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.Graph` --- Basic directional graphs
+==================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.Graph
+   :synopsis: Basic directional graphs.
+
+The module :mod:`altgraph.Graph` provides a class :class:`Graph` that
+represents a directed graph with *N* nodes and *E* edges.
+
+.. class:: Graph([edges])
+
+  Constructs a new empty :class:`Graph` object. If the optional
+  *edges* parameter is supplied, updates the graph by adding the
+  specified edges.
+
+  All of the elements in *edges* should be tuples with two or three
+  elements. The first two elements of the tuple are the source and
+  destination node of the edge, the optional third element is the
+  edge data.  The source and destination nodes are added to the graph
+  when the aren't already present.
+
+
+Node related methods
+--------------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.add_node(node[, node_data])
+
+   Adds a new node to the graph if it is not already present. The new
+   node must be a hashable object.
+
+   Arbitrary data can be attached to the node via the optional *node_data*
+   argument.
+
+   .. note:: the node also won't be added to the graph when it is
+      present but currently hidden.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.hide_node(node)
+
+   Hides a *node* from the graph. The incoming and outgoing edges of
+   the node will also be hidden.
+
+   Raises :class:`altgraph.GraphError` when the node is not (visible)
+   node of the graph.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_node(node)
+
+   Restores a previously hidden *node*. The incoming and outgoing
+   edges of the node are also restored.
+
+   Raises :class:`altgraph.GraphError` when the node is not a hidden
+   node of the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_all_nodes()
+
+   Restores all hidden nodes.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_nodes()
+
+   Return the number of visible nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_hidden_nodes()
+
+   Return the number of hidden nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.node_list()
+
+   Return a list with all visible nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.hidden_node_list()
+
+   Return a list with all hidden nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: node_data(node)
+
+   Return the data associated with the *node* when it was
+   added.
+
+.. method:: Graph.describe_node(node)
+
+   Returns *node*, the node's data and the lists of outgoing
+   and incoming edges for the node.
+
+   .. note::
+
+      the edge lists should not be modified, doing so
+      can result in unpredicatable behavior.
+
+.. method:: Graph.__contains__(node)
+
+   Returns True iff *node* is a node in the graph. This
+   method is accessed through the *in* operator.
+
+.. method:: Graph.__iter__()
+
+   Yield all nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.out_edges(node)
+
+   Return the list of outgoing edges for *node*
+
+.. method:: Graph.inc_edges(node)
+
+   Return the list of incoming edges for *node*
+
+.. method:: Graph.all_edges(node)
+
+   Return the list of incoming and outgoing edges for *node*
+
+.. method:: Graph.out_degree(node)
+
+   Return the number of outgoing edges for *node*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.inc_degree(node)
+
+   Return the number of incoming edges for *node*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.all_degree(node)
+
+   Return the number of edges (incoming or outgoing) for *node*.
+
+Edge related methods
+--------------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.add_edge(head_id, tail_id [, edge data [, create_nodes]])
+
+   Adds a directed edge from *head_id* to *tail_id*. Arbitrary data can
+   be added via *edge_data*.  When *create_nodes* is *True* (the default),
+   *head_id* and *tail_id* will be added to the graph when the aren't
+   already present.
+
+.. method:: Graph.hide_edge(edge)
+
+   Hides an edge from the graph. The edge may be unhidden at some later
+   time.
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_edge(edge)
+
+   Restores a previously hidden *edge*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.restore_all_edges()
+
+   Restore all edges that were hidden before, except for edges
+   referring to hidden nodes.
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_by_node(head, tail)
+
+   Return the edge ID for an edge from *head* to *tail*,
+   or :data:`None` when no such edge exists.
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_by_id(edge)
+
+   Return the head and tail of the *edge*
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_data(edge)
+
+   Return the data associated with the *edge*.
+
+.. method:: Graph.update_edge_data(edge, data)
+
+   Replace the edge data for *edge* by *data*. Raises
+   :exc:`KeyError` when the edge does not exist.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 0.12
+
+.. method:: Graph.head(edge)
+
+   Return the head of an *edge*
+
+.. method:: Graph.tail(edge)
+
+   Return the tail of an *edge*
+
+.. method:: Graph.describe_edge(edge)
+
+   Return the *edge*, the associated data, its head and tail.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_edges()
+
+   Return the number of visible edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.number_of_hidden_edges()
+
+   Return the number of hidden edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.edge_list()
+
+   Returns a list with all visible edges in the graph.
+
+.. method:: Graph.hidden_edge_list()
+
+   Returns a list with all hidden edges in the graph.
+
+Graph traversal
+---------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.out_nbrs(node)
+
+   Return a list of all nodes connected by outgoing edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.inc_nbrs(node)
+
+   Return a list of all nodes connected by incoming edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.all_nbrs(node)
+
+   Returns a list of nodes connected by an incoming or outgoing edge.
+
+.. method:: Graph.forw_topo_sort()
+
+   Return a list of nodes where the successors (based on outgoing
+   edges) of any given node apear in the sequence after that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.back_topo_sort()
+
+   Return a list of nodes where the successors (based on incoming
+   edges) of any given node apear in the sequence after that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.forw_bfs_subgraph(start_id)
+
+   Return a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+   reachable nodes from *start_id* based on their outgoing edges.
+
+
+.. method:: Graph.back_bfs_subgraph(start_id)
+
+   Return a subgraph consisting of the breadth first
+   reachable nodes from *start_id* based on their incoming edges.
+
+.. method:: Graph.iterdfs(start[, end[, forward]])
+
+   Yield nodes in a depth first traversal starting at the *start*
+   node.
+
+   If *end* is specified traversal stops when reaching that node.
+
+   If forward is True (the default) edges are traversed in forward
+   direction, otherwise they are traversed in reverse direction.
+
+.. method:: Graph.iterdata(start[, end[, forward[, condition]]])
+
+   Yield the associated data for nodes in a depth first traversal
+   starting at the *start* node. This method will not yield values for nodes
+   without associated data.
+
+   If *end* is specified traversal stops when reaching that node.
+
+   If *condition* is specified and the condition callable returns
+   False for the associated data this method will not yield the
+   associated data and will not follow the edges for the node.
+
+   If forward is True (the default) edges are traversed in forward
+   direction, otherwise they are traversed in reverse direction.
+
+.. method:: Graph.forw_bfs(start[, end])
+
+   Returns a list of nodes starting at *start* in some bread first
+   search order (following outgoing edges).
+
+   When *end* is specified iteration stops at that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.back_bfs(start[, end])
+
+   Returns a list of nodes starting at *start* in some bread first
+   search order (following incoming edges).
+
+   When *end* is specified iteration stops at that node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.get_hops(start[, end[, forward]])
+
+   Computes the hop distance to all nodes centered around a specified node.
+
+   First order neighbours are at hop 1, their neigbours are at hop 2 etc.
+   Uses :py:meth:`forw_bfs` or :py:meth:`back_bfs` depending on the value of
+   the forward parameter.
+
+   If the distance between all neighbouring nodes is 1 the hop number
+   corresponds to the shortest distance between the nodes.
+
+   Typical usage::
+
+        >>> print graph.get_hops(1, 8)
+        >>> [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (7, 4), (8, 5)]
+        # node 1 is at 0 hops
+        # node 2 is at 1 hop
+        # ...
+        # node 8 is at 5 hops
+
+
+Graph statistics
+----------------
+
+.. method:: Graph.connected()
+
+   Returns True iff every node in the graph can be reached from
+   every other node.
+
+.. method:: Graph.clust_coef(node)
+
+   Returns the local clustering coefficient of node.
+
+   The local cluster coefficient is the proportion of the actual number
+   of edges between neighbours of node and the maximum number of
+   edges between those nodes.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/graphalgo.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/graphalgo.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84d492f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/graphalgo.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.GraphAlgo` --- Graph algorithms
+==================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.GraphAlgo
+   :synopsis: Basic graphs algoritms
+
+.. function:: dijkstra(graph, start[, end])
+
+   Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths.
+
+   Find shortest paths from the  start node to all nodes nearer 
+   than or equal to the *end* node. The edge data is assumed to be the edge length.
+
+   .. note::
+
+       Dijkstra's algorithm is only guaranteed to work correctly when all edge lengths are positive.
+       This code does not verify this property for all edges (only the edges examined until the end
+       vertex is reached), but will correctly compute shortest paths even for some graphs with negative
+       edges, and will raise an exception if it discovers that a negative edge has caused it to make a mistake.
+
+
+.. function:: shortest_path(graph, start, end)
+
+   Find a single shortest path from the given start node to the given end node.
+   The input has the same conventions as :func:`dijkstra`. The output is a list 
+   of the nodes in order along the shortest path.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/graphstat.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/graphstat.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0931a12dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/graphstat.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.GraphStat` --- Functions providing various graph statistics
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.GraphStat
+   :synopsis: Functions providing various graph statistics
+
+The module :mod:`altgraph.GraphStat` provides function that calculate
+graph statistics. Currently there is only one such function, more may
+be added later.
+
+.. function:: degree_dist(graph[, limits[, bin_num[, mode]]])
+
+   Groups the number of edges per node into *bin_num* bins
+   and returns the list of those bins. Every item in the result
+   is a tuple with the center of the bin and the number of items
+   in that bin.
+
+   When the *limits* argument is present it must be a tuple with
+   the mininum and maximum number of edges that get binned (that
+   is, when *limits* is ``(4, 10)`` only nodes with between 4
+   and 10 edges get counted.
+
+   The *mode* argument is used to count incoming (``'inc'``) or
+   outgoing (``'out'``) edges. The default is to count the outgoing
+   edges.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/graphutil.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/graphutil.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c07836df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/graphutil.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.GraphUtil` --- Utility functions
+================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.GraphUtil
+   :synopsis: Utility functions
+
+The module :mod:`altgraph.GraphUtil` performs a number of more
+or less useful utility functions.
+
+.. function:: generate_random_graph(node_num, edge_num[, self_loops[, multi_edges])
+
+   Generates and returns a :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>` instance
+   with *node_num* nodes randomly connected by *edge_num* edges.
+
+   When *self_loops* is present and True there can be edges that point from
+   a node to itself.
+
+   When *multi_edge* is present and True there can be duplicate edges.
+
+   This method raises :class:`GraphError <altgraph.GraphError` when
+   a graph with the requested configuration cannot be created.
+
+.. function:: generate_scale_free_graph(steps, growth_num[, self_loops[, multi_edges]])
+
+    Generates and returns a :py:class:`~altgraph.Graph.Graph` instance that 
+    will have *steps*growth_n um* nodes and a scale free (powerlaw) 
+    connectivity. 
+    
+    Starting with a fully connected graph with *growth_num* nodes
+    at every step *growth_num* nodes are added to the graph and are connected 
+    to existing nodes with a probability proportional to the degree of these 
+    existing nodes.
+
+    .. warning:: The current implementation is basically untested, although
+       code inspection seems to indicate an implementation that is consistent
+       with the description at 
+       `Wolfram MathWorld <http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Scale-FreeNetwork.html>`_
+
+.. function:: filter_stack(graph, head, filters)
+
+   Perform a depth-first oder walk of the graph starting at *head* and
+   apply all filter functions in *filters* on the node data of the nodes
+   found.
+
+   Returns (*visited*, *removes*, *orphans*), where
+
+   * *visited*: the set of visited nodes
+
+   * *removes*: the list of nodes where the node data doesn't match
+     all *filters*.
+
+   * *orphans*: list of tuples (*last_good*, *node*), where 
+     node is not in *removes* and one of the nodes that is connected
+     by an incoming edge is in *removes*. *Last_good* is the
+     closest upstream node that is not in *removes*.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/index.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e8d504ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+.. altgraph documentation master file, created by
+   sphinx-quickstart on Tue Aug 31 11:04:49 2010.
+   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
+   contain the root `toctree` directive.
+
+Altgraph - A basic graph library
+================================
+
+altgraph is a fork of graphlib: a graph (network) package for constructing
+graphs, BFS and DFS traversals, topological sort, shortest paths, etc. with
+graphviz output.
+
+The primary users of this package are `macholib <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/macholib>`_ and `modulegraph <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/modulegraph>`_.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   changelog
+   license
+   core
+   graph
+   objectgraph
+   graphalgo
+   graphstat
+   graphutil
+   dot
+
+Online Resources
+----------------
+
+* `Sourcecode repository on bitbucket <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/altgraph/>`_
+
+* `The issue tracker <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/altgraph/issues>`_
+
+Indices and tables
+------------------
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
+
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/license.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/license.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..498e60be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/license.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+License
+=======
+
+Copyright (c) 2004 Istvan Albert unless otherwise noted.
+
+Parts are copyright (c) Bob Ippolito
+
+Parts are copyright (c) 2010-2014 Ronald Oussoren
+
+MIT License
+...........
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/python/altgraph/doc/objectgraph.rst b/python/altgraph/doc/objectgraph.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3df396b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/doc/objectgraph.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+:mod:`altgraph.ObjectGraph` --- Graphs of objecs with an identifier
+===================================================================
+
+.. module:: altgraph.ObjectGraph
+   :synopsis: A graph of objects that have a "graphident" attribute.
+
+.. class:: ObjectGraph([graph[, debug]])
+
+   A graph of objects that have a "graphident" attribute. The
+   value of this attribute is the key for the object in the
+   graph.
+
+   The optional *graph* is a previously constructed
+   :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>`.
+
+   The optional *debug* level controls the amount of debug output
+   (see :meth:`msg`, :meth:`msgin` and :meth:`msgout`).
+
+   .. note:: the altgraph library does not generate output, the
+      debug attribute and message methods are present for use
+      by subclasses.
+
+.. data:: ObjectGraph.graph
+
+   An :class:`Graph <altgraph.Graph.Graph>` object that contains
+   the graph data.
+
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.addNode(node)
+
+   Adds a *node* to the graph.
+
+   .. note:: re-adding a node that was previously removed
+      using :meth:`removeNode` will reinstate the previously
+      removed node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.createNode(self, cls, name, \*args, \**kwds)
+
+   Creates a new node using ``cls(*args, **kwds)`` and adds that
+   node using :meth:`addNode`.
+
+   Returns the newly created node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.removeNode(node)
+
+   Removes a *node* from the graph when it exists. The *node* argument
+   is either a node object, or the graphident of a node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.createReferences(fromnode, tonode[, edge_data])
+
+   Creates a reference from *fromnode* to *tonode*. The optional
+   *edge_data* is associated with the edge.
+
+   *Fromnode* and *tonode* can either be node objects or the graphident
+   values for nodes.
+
+.. method:: removeReference(fromnode, tonode)
+
+   Removes the reference from *fromnode* to *tonode* if it exists.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.getRawIdent(node)
+
+   Returns the *graphident* attribute of *node*, or the graph itself
+   when *node* is :data:`None`.
+
+.. method:: getIdent(node)
+
+   Same as :meth:`getRawIdent`, but only if the node is part
+   of the graph.
+
+   *Node* can either be an actual node object or the graphident of
+   a node.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.findNode(node)
+
+   Returns a given node in the graph, or :data:`Node` when it cannot
+   be found.
+
+   *Node* is either an object with a *graphident* attribute or
+   the *graphident* attribute itself.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.__contains__(node)
+
+   Returns True if *node* is a member of the graph. *Node* is either an
+   object with a *graphident* attribute or the *graphident* attribute itself.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.flatten([condition[, start]])
+
+   Yield all nodes that are entirely reachable by *condition*
+   starting fromt he given *start* node or the graph root.
+
+   .. note:: objects are only reachable from the graph root
+      when there is a reference from the root to the node
+      (either directly or through another node)
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.nodes()
+
+   Yield all nodes in the graph.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.get_edges(node)
+
+   Returns two iterators that yield the nodes reaching by
+   outgoing and incoming edges.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.filterStack(filters)
+
+   Filter the ObjectGraph in-place by removing all edges to nodes that
+   do not match every filter in the given filter list
+
+   Returns a tuple containing the number of:
+   (*nodes_visited*, *nodes_removed*, *nodes_orphaned*)
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.edgeData(fromNode, toNode):
+   Return the edge data associated with the edge from *fromNode*
+   to *toNode*.  Raises :exc:`KeyError` when no such edge exists.
+
+   .. versionadded: 0.12
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.updateEdgeData(fromNode, toNode, edgeData)
+
+   Replace the data associated with the edge from *fromNode* to
+   *toNode* by *edgeData*.
+
+   Raises :exc:`KeyError` when the edge does not exist.
+
+Debug output
+------------
+
+.. data:: ObjectGraph.debug
+
+   The current debug level.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.msg(level, text, \*args)
+
+   Print a debug message at the current indentation level when the current
+   debug level is *level* or less.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.msgin(level, text, \*args)
+
+   Print a debug message when the current debug level is *level* or less,
+   and increase the indentation level.
+
+.. method:: ObjectGraph.msgout(level, text, \*args)
+
+   Decrease the indentation level and print a debug message when the
+   current debug level is *level* or less.
diff --git a/python/altgraph/setup.cfg b/python/altgraph/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c6880e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+[metadata]
+name = altgraph
+version = 0.12
+description = Python graph (network) package
+long_description_file = 
+	README.txt
+	doc/changelog.rst
+author = Ronald Oussoren
+author_email = ronaldoussoren@mac.com
+maintainer = Ronald Oussoren
+maintainer_email = ronaldoussoren@mac.com
+url = http://packages.python.org/altgraph
+download_url = http://pypi.python.org/pypi/altgraph
+license = MIT
+classifiers = 
+	Intended Audience :: Developers
+	License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+	Programming Language :: Python
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+	Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+	Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
+	Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Visualization
+keywords = graph
+platforms = any
+packages = altgraph
+zip-safe = 1
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/altgraph/setup.py b/python/altgraph/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1a4cb6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/altgraph/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+"""
+Shared setup file for simple python packages. Uses a setup.cfg that
+is the same as the distutils2 project, unless noted otherwise.
+
+It exists for two reasons:
+1) This makes it easier to reuse setup.py code between my own
+   projects
+
+2) Easier migration to distutils2 when that catches on.
+
+Additional functionality:
+
+* Section metadata:
+    requires-test:  Same as 'tests_require' option for setuptools.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import platform
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import tempfile
+import tarfile
+try:
+    import urllib.request as urllib
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib
+from distutils import log
+try:
+    from hashlib import md5
+
+except ImportError:
+    from md5 import md5
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+    from ConfigParser import RawConfigParser, NoOptionError, NoSectionError
+else:
+    from configparser import RawConfigParser, NoOptionError, NoSectionError
+
+ROOTDIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+# Parsing the setup.cfg and converting it to something that can be
+# used by setuptools.setup()
+#
+#
+#
+
+def eval_marker(value):
+    """
+    Evaluate an distutils2 environment marker.
+
+    This code is unsafe when used with hostile setup.cfg files,
+    but that's not a problem for our own files.
+    """
+    value = value.strip()
+
+    class M:
+        def __init__(self, **kwds):
+            for k, v in kwds.items():
+                setattr(self, k, v)
+
+    variables = {
+        'python_version': '%d.%d'%(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]),
+        'python_full_version': sys.version.split()[0],
+        'os': M(
+            name=os.name,
+        ),
+        'sys': M(
+            platform=sys.platform,
+        ),
+        'platform': M(
+            version=platform.version(),
+            machine=platform.machine(),
+        ),
+    }
+
+    return bool(eval(value, variables, variables))
+
+
+    return True
+
+def _opt_value(cfg, into, section, key, transform = None):
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get(section, key)
+        if transform != _as_lines and ';' in v:
+            v, marker = v.rsplit(';', 1)
+            if not eval_marker(marker):
+                return
+
+            v = v.strip()
+
+        if v:
+            if transform:
+                into[key] = transform(v.strip())
+            else:
+                into[key] = v.strip()
+
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+def _as_bool(value):
+    if value.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 'on'):
+        return True
+    elif value.lower() in ('n', 'no', 'off'):
+        return False
+    elif value.isdigit():
+        return bool(int(value))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(value)
+
+def _as_list(value):
+    return value.split()
+
+def _as_lines(value):
+    result = []
+    for v in value.splitlines():
+        if ';' in v:
+            v, marker = v.rsplit(';', 1)
+            if not eval_marker(marker):
+                continue
+
+            v = v.strip()
+            if v:
+                result.append(v)
+        else:
+            result.append(v)
+    return result
+
+def _map_requirement(value):
+    m = re.search(r'(\S+)\s*(?:\((.*)\))?', value)
+    name = m.group(1)
+    version = m.group(2)
+
+    if version is None:
+        return name
+
+    else:
+        mapped = []
+        for v in version.split(','):
+            v = v.strip()
+            if v[0].isdigit():
+                # Checks for a specific version prefix
+                m = v.rsplit('.', 1)
+                mapped.append('>=%s,<%s.%s'%(
+                    v, m[0], int(m[1])+1))
+
+            else:
+                mapped.append(v)
+        return '%s %s'%(name, ','.join(mapped),)
+
+def _as_requires(value):
+    requires = []
+    for req in value.splitlines():
+        if ';' in req:
+            req, marker = v.rsplit(';', 1)
+            if not eval_marker(marker):
+                continue
+            req = req.strip()
+
+        if not req:
+            continue
+        requires.append(_map_requirement(req))
+    return requires
+
+def parse_setup_cfg():
+    cfg = RawConfigParser()
+    r = cfg.read([os.path.join(ROOTDIR, 'setup.cfg')])
+    if len(r) != 1:
+        print("Cannot read 'setup.cfg'")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    metadata = dict(
+            name        = cfg.get('metadata', 'name'),
+            version     = cfg.get('metadata', 'version'),
+            description = cfg.get('metadata', 'description'),
+    )
+
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'license')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'maintainer')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'maintainer_email')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'author')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'author_email')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'url')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'download_url')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'classifiers', _as_lines)
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'platforms', _as_list)
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'packages', _as_list)
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'keywords', _as_list)
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'requires-dist')
+
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        requires = _as_requires(v)
+        if requires:
+            metadata['install_requires'] = requires
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'requires-test')
+
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        requires = _as_requires(v)
+        if requires:
+            metadata['tests_require'] = requires
+
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'long_description_file')
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        parts = []
+        for nm in v.split():
+            fp = open(nm, 'rU')
+            parts.append(fp.read())
+            fp.close()
+
+        metadata['long_description'] = '\n\n'.join(parts)
+
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'zip-safe')
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        metadata['zip_safe'] = _as_bool(v)
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'console_scripts')
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        if 'entry_points' not in metadata:
+            metadata['entry_points'] = {}
+
+        metadata['entry_points']['console_scripts'] = v.splitlines()
+
+    if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+        try:
+            metadata['tests_require'] += ", unittest2"
+        except KeyError:
+            metadata['tests_require'] = "unittest2"
+
+    return metadata
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+# Bootstrapping setuptools/distribute, based on
+# a heavily modified version of distribute_setup.py
+#
+#
+#
+
+
+SETUPTOOLS_PACKAGE='setuptools'
+
+
+try:
+    import subprocess
+
+    def _python_cmd(*args):
+        args = (sys.executable,) + args
+        return subprocess.call(args) == 0
+
+except ImportError:
+    def _python_cmd(*args):
+        args = (sys.executable,) + args
+        new_args = []
+        for a in args:
+            new_args.append(a.replace("'", "'\"'\"'"))
+        os.system(' '.join(new_args)) == 0
+
+
+try:
+    import json
+
+    def get_pypi_src_download(package):
+        url = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi/%s/json'%(package,)
+        fp = urllib.urlopen(url)
+        try:
+            try:
+                data = fp.read()
+
+            finally:
+                fp.close()
+        except urllib.error:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        pkgdata = json.loads(data.decode('utf-8'))
+        if 'urls' not in pkgdata:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        for info in pkgdata['urls']:
+            if info['packagetype'] == 'sdist' and info['url'].endswith('tar.gz'):
+                return (info.get('md5_digest'), info['url'])
+
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine downlink link for %s"%(package,))
+
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 2.5 compatibility, no JSON in stdlib but luckily JSON syntax is
+    # simular enough to Python's syntax to be able to abuse the Python compiler
+
+    import _ast as ast
+
+    def get_pypi_src_download(package):
+        url = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi/%s/json'%(package,)
+        fp = urllib.urlopen(url)
+        try:
+            try:
+                data = fp.read()
+
+            finally:
+                fp.close()
+        except urllib.error:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+
+        a = compile(data, '-', 'eval', ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
+        if not isinstance(a, ast.Expression):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        a = a.body
+        if not isinstance(a, ast.Dict):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        for k, v in zip(a.keys, a.values):
+            if not isinstance(k, ast.Str):
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+            k = k.s
+            if k == 'urls':
+                a = v
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("PyPI JSON for %s doesn't contain URLs section"%(package,))
+
+        if not isinstance(a, ast.List):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        for info in v.elts:
+            if not isinstance(info, ast.Dict):
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+            url = None
+            packagetype = None
+            chksum = None
+
+            for k, v in zip(info.keys, info.values):
+                if not isinstance(k, ast.Str):
+                    raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+                if k.s == 'url':
+                    if not isinstance(v, ast.Str):
+                        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+                    url = v.s
+
+                elif k.s == 'packagetype':
+                    if not isinstance(v, ast.Str):
+                        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+                    packagetype = v.s
+
+                elif k.s == 'md5_digest':
+                    if not isinstance(v, ast.Str):
+                        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+                    chksum = v.s
+
+            if url is not None and packagetype == 'sdist' and url.endswith('.tar.gz'):
+                return (chksum, url)
+
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+def _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir):
+    # extracting the tarball
+    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
+    old_wd = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(tmpdir)
+        tar = tarfile.open(tarball)
+        _extractall(tar)
+        tar.close()
+
+        # going in the directory
+        subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
+        os.chdir(subdir)
+        log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
+
+        # building an egg
+        log.warn('Building a %s egg in %s', egg, to_dir)
+        _python_cmd('setup.py', '-q', 'bdist_egg', '--dist-dir', to_dir)
+
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(old_wd)
+    # returning the result
+    log.warn(egg)
+    if not os.path.exists(egg):
+        raise IOError('Could not build the egg.')
+
+
+def _do_download(to_dir, packagename=SETUPTOOLS_PACKAGE):
+    tarball = download_setuptools(packagename, to_dir)
+    version = tarball.split('-')[-1][:-7]
+    egg = os.path.join(to_dir, '%s-%s-py%d.%d.egg'
+                       % (packagename, version, sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]))
+    if not os.path.exists(egg):
+        _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir)
+    sys.path.insert(0, egg)
+    import setuptools
+    setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = egg
+
+
+def use_setuptools():
+    # making sure we use the absolute path
+    return _do_download(os.path.abspath(os.curdir))
+
+def download_setuptools(packagename, to_dir):
+    # making sure we use the absolute path
+    to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
+    try:
+        from urllib.request import urlopen
+    except ImportError:
+        from urllib2 import urlopen
+
+    chksum, url = get_pypi_src_download(packagename)
+    tgz_name = os.path.basename(url)
+    saveto = os.path.join(to_dir, tgz_name)
+
+    src = dst = None
+    if not os.path.exists(saveto):  # Avoid repeated downloads
+        try:
+            log.warn("Downloading %s", url)
+            src = urlopen(url)
+            # Read/write all in one block, so we don't create a corrupt file
+            # if the download is interrupted.
+            data = src.read()
+
+            if chksum is not None:
+                data_sum = md5(data).hexdigest()
+                if data_sum != chksum:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Downloading %s failed: corrupt checksum"%(url,))
+
+
+            dst = open(saveto, "wb")
+            dst.write(data)
+        finally:
+            if src:
+                src.close()
+            if dst:
+                dst.close()
+    return os.path.realpath(saveto)
+
+
+
+def _extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
+    """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
+       directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
+       directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
+       to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
+       list returned by getmembers().
+    """
+    import copy
+    import operator
+    from tarfile import ExtractError
+    directories = []
+
+    if members is None:
+        members = self
+
+    for tarinfo in members:
+        if tarinfo.isdir():
+            # Extract directories with a safe mode.
+            directories.append(tarinfo)
+            tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+            tarinfo.mode = 448 # decimal for oct 0700
+        self.extract(tarinfo, path)
+
+    # Reverse sort directories.
+    if sys.version_info < (2, 4):
+        def sorter(dir1, dir2):
+            return cmp(dir1.name, dir2.name)
+        directories.sort(sorter)
+        directories.reverse()
+    else:
+        directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'), reverse=True)
+
+    # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
+    for tarinfo in directories:
+        dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
+        try:
+            self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
+        except ExtractError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            if self.errorlevel > 1:
+                raise
+            else:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+# Definitions of custom commands
+#
+#
+#
+
+try:
+    import setuptools
+
+except ImportError:
+    use_setuptools()
+
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    from distutils.core import PyPIRCCommand
+except ImportError:
+    PyPIRCCommand = None # Ancient python version
+
+from distutils.core import Command
+from distutils.errors  import DistutilsError
+from distutils import log
+
+if PyPIRCCommand is None:
+    class upload_docs (Command):
+        description = "upload sphinx documentation"
+        user_options = []
+
+        def initialize_options(self):
+            pass
+
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            pass
+
+        def run(self):
+            raise DistutilsError("not supported on this version of python")
+
+else:
+    class upload_docs (PyPIRCCommand):
+        description = "upload sphinx documentation"
+        user_options = PyPIRCCommand.user_options
+
+        def initialize_options(self):
+            PyPIRCCommand.initialize_options(self)
+            self.username = ''
+            self.password = ''
+
+
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            PyPIRCCommand.finalize_options(self)
+            config = self._read_pypirc()
+            if config != {}:
+                self.username = config['username']
+                self.password = config['password']
+
+
+        def run(self):
+            import subprocess
+            import shutil
+            import zipfile
+            import os
+            import urllib
+            import StringIO
+            from base64 import standard_b64encode
+            import httplib
+            import urlparse
+
+            # Extract the package name from distutils metadata
+            meta = self.distribution.metadata
+            name = meta.get_name()
+
+            # Run sphinx
+            if os.path.exists('doc/_build'):
+                shutil.rmtree('doc/_build')
+            os.mkdir('doc/_build')
+
+            p = subprocess.Popen(['make', 'html'],
+                cwd='doc')
+            exit = p.wait()
+            if exit != 0:
+                raise DistutilsError("sphinx-build failed")
+
+            # Collect sphinx output
+            if not os.path.exists('dist'):
+                os.mkdir('dist')
+            zf = zipfile.ZipFile('dist/%s-docs.zip'%(name,), 'w',
+                    compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+
+            for toplevel, dirs, files in os.walk('doc/_build/html'):
+                for fn in files:
+                    fullname = os.path.join(toplevel, fn)
+                    relname = os.path.relpath(fullname, 'doc/_build/html')
+
+                    print ("%s -> %s"%(fullname, relname))
+
+                    zf.write(fullname, relname)
+
+            zf.close()
+
+            # Upload the results, this code is based on the distutils
+            # 'upload' command.
+            content = open('dist/%s-docs.zip'%(name,), 'rb').read()
+
+            data = {
+                ':action': 'doc_upload',
+                'name': name,
+                'content': ('%s-docs.zip'%(name,), content),
+            }
+            auth = "Basic " + standard_b64encode(self.username + ":" +
+                 self.password)
+
+
+            boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+            sep_boundary = '\n--' + boundary
+            end_boundary = sep_boundary + '--'
+            body = StringIO.StringIO()
+            for key, value in data.items():
+                if not isinstance(value, list):
+                    value = [value]
+
+                for value in value:
+                    if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                        fn = ';filename="%s"'%(value[0])
+                        value = value[1]
+                    else:
+                        fn = ''
+
+                    body.write(sep_boundary)
+                    body.write('\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"'%key)
+                    body.write(fn)
+                    body.write("\n\n")
+                    body.write(value)
+
+            body.write(end_boundary)
+            body.write('\n')
+            body = body.getvalue()
+
+            self.announce("Uploading documentation to %s"%(self.repository,), log.INFO)
+
+            schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = \
+                    urlparse.urlparse(self.repository)
+
+
+            if schema == 'http':
+                http = httplib.HTTPConnection(netloc)
+            elif schema == 'https':
+                http = httplib.HTTPSConnection(netloc)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError("unsupported schema "+schema)
+
+            data = ''
+            loglevel = log.INFO
+            try:
+                http.connect()
+                http.putrequest("POST", url)
+                http.putheader('Content-type',
+                    'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s'%boundary)
+                http.putheader('Content-length', str(len(body)))
+                http.putheader('Authorization', auth)
+                http.endheaders()
+                http.send(body)
+            except socket.error:
+                e = socket.exc_info()[1]
+                self.announce(str(e), log.ERROR)
+                return
+
+            r = http.getresponse()
+            if r.status in (200, 301):
+                self.announce('Upload succeeded (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                    log.INFO)
+            else:
+                self.announce('Upload failed (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                    log.ERROR)
+
+                print ('-'*75)
+                print (r.read())
+                print ('-'*75)
+
+
+def recursiveGlob(root, pathPattern):
+    """
+    Recursively look for files matching 'pathPattern'. Return a list
+    of matching files/directories.
+    """
+    result = []
+
+    for rootpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(root):
+        for fn in filenames:
+            if fnmatch(fn, pathPattern):
+                result.append(os.path.join(rootpath, fn))
+    return result
+
+
+def importExternalTestCases(unittest,
+        pathPattern="test_*.py", root=".", package=None):
+    """
+    Import all unittests in the PyObjC tree starting at 'root'
+    """
+
+    testFiles = recursiveGlob(root, pathPattern)
+    testModules = map(lambda x:x[len(root)+1:-3].replace('/', '.'), testFiles)
+    if package is not None:
+        testModules = [(package + '.' + m) for m in testModules]
+
+    suites = []
+
+    for modName in testModules:
+        try:
+            module = __import__(modName)
+        except ImportError:
+            print("SKIP %s: %s"%(modName, sys.exc_info()[1]))
+            continue
+
+        if '.' in modName:
+            for elem in modName.split('.')[1:]:
+                module = getattr(module, elem)
+
+        s = unittest.defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromModule(module)
+        suites.append(s)
+
+    return unittest.TestSuite(suites)
+
+
+
+class test (Command):
+    description = "run test suite"
+    user_options = [
+        ('verbosity=', None, "print what tests are run"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.verbosity='1'
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if isinstance(self.verbosity, str):
+            self.verbosity = int(self.verbosity)
+
+
+    def cleanup_environment(self):
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        egg_name = ei_cmd.egg_name.replace('-', '_')
+
+        to_remove =  []
+        for dirname in sys.path:
+            bn = os.path.basename(dirname)
+            if bn.startswith(egg_name + "-"):
+                to_remove.append(dirname)
+
+        for dirname in to_remove:
+            log.info("removing installed %r from sys.path before testing"%(
+                dirname,))
+            sys.path.remove(dirname)
+
+    def add_project_to_sys_path(self):
+        from pkg_resources import normalize_path, add_activation_listener
+        from pkg_resources import working_set, require
+
+        self.reinitialize_command('egg_info')
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+        self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+
+        # Check if this distribution is already on sys.path
+        # and remove that version, this ensures that the right
+        # copy of the package gets tested.
+
+        self.__old_path = sys.path[:]
+        self.__old_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        sys.path.insert(0, normalize_path(ei_cmd.egg_base))
+        sys.path.insert(1, os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+        # Strip the namespace packages defined in this distribution
+        # from sys.modules, needed to reset the search path for
+        # those modules.
+
+        nspkgs = getattr(self.distribution, 'namespace_packages')
+        if nspkgs is not None:
+            for nm in nspkgs:
+                del sys.modules[nm]
+
+        # Reset pkg_resources state:
+        add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+        working_set.__init__()
+        require('%s==%s'%(ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version))
+
+    def remove_from_sys_path(self):
+        from pkg_resources import working_set
+        sys.path[:] = self.__old_path
+        sys.modules.clear()
+        sys.modules.update(self.__old_modules)
+        working_set.__init__()
+
+
+    def run(self):
+        import unittest
+
+        # Ensure that build directory is on sys.path (py3k)
+
+        self.cleanup_environment()
+        self.add_project_to_sys_path()
+
+        try:
+            meta = self.distribution.metadata
+            name = meta.get_name()
+            test_pkg = name + "_tests"
+            suite = importExternalTestCases(unittest,
+                    "test_*.py", test_pkg, test_pkg)
+
+            runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=self.verbosity)
+            result = runner.run(suite)
+
+            # Print out summary. This is a structured format that
+            # should make it easy to use this information in scripts.
+            summary = dict(
+                count=result.testsRun,
+                fails=len(result.failures),
+                errors=len(result.errors),
+                xfails=len(getattr(result, 'expectedFailures', [])),
+                xpass=len(getattr(result, 'expectedSuccesses', [])),
+                skip=len(getattr(result, 'skipped', [])),
+            )
+            print("SUMMARY: %s"%(summary,))
+
+        finally:
+            self.remove_from_sys_path()
+
+#
+#
+#
+#  And finally run the setuptools main entry point.
+#
+#
+#
+
+metadata = parse_setup_cfg()
+
+setup(
+    cmdclass=dict(
+        upload_docs=upload_docs,
+        test=test,
+    ),
+    **metadata
+)
diff --git a/python/bitstring/PKG-INFO b/python/bitstring/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1036c45d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: bitstring
+Version: 3.1.3
+Summary: Simple construction, analysis and modification of binary data.
+Home-page: http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com
+Author: Scott Griffiths
+Author-email: scott@griffiths.name
+License: The MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+Download-URL: http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com
+Description: ================

+        bitstring module

+        ================

+        

+        **bitstring** is a pure Python module designed to help make

+        the creation and analysis of binary data as simple and natural as possible.

+        

+        Bitstrings can be constructed from integers (big and little endian), hex,

+        octal, binary, strings or files. They can be sliced, joined, reversed,

+        inserted into, overwritten, etc. with simple functions or slice notation.

+        They can also be read from, searched and replaced, and navigated in,

+        similar to a file or stream.

+        

+        bitstring is open source software, and has been released under the MIT

+        licence.

+        

+        This version supports Python 2.6 and later (including Python 3).

+        For Python 2.4 and 2.5 you should instead download version 1.0.

+        

+        Documentation

+        -------------

+        The manual for the bitstring module is available here

+        <http://packages.python.org/bitstring>. It contains a walk-through of all

+        the features and a complete reference section.

+        

+        It is also available as a PDF as part of the source download.

+        

+        Installation

+        ------------

+        If you have downloaded and unzipped the package then you need to run the

+        ``setup.py`` script with the 'install' argument::

+        

+             python setup.py install

+        

+        You may need to run this with root privileges on Unix-like systems.

+        

+        

+        If you haven't yet downloaded the package then you can just try::

+        

+             easy_install bitstring

+        

+        or ::

+        

+             pip install bitstring     

+        

+        

+        Simple Examples

+        ---------------

+        Creation::

+        

+             >>> a = BitArray(bin='00101')

+             >>> b = Bits(a_file_object)

+             >>> c = BitArray('0xff, 0b101, 0o65, uint:6=22')

+             >>> d = pack('intle:16, hex=a, 0b1', 100, a='0x34f')

+             >>> e = pack('<16h', *range(16))

+        

+        Different interpretations, slicing and concatenation::

+        

+             >>> a = BitArray('0x1af')

+             >>> a.hex, a.bin, a.uint

+             ('1af', '000110101111', 431)

+             >>> a[10:3:-1].bin

+             '1110101'

+             >>> 3*a + '0b100'

+             BitArray('0o0657056705674')

+        

+        Reading data sequentially::

+        

+             >>> b = BitStream('0x160120f')

+             >>> b.read(12).hex

+             '160'

+             >>> b.pos = 0

+             >>> b.read('uint:12')

+             352

+             >>> b.readlist('uint:12, bin:3')

+             [288, '111']

+        

+        Searching, inserting and deleting::

+        

+             >>> c = BitArray('0b00010010010010001111')   # c.hex == '0x1248f'

+             >>> c.find('0x48')

+             (8,)

+             >>> c.replace('0b001', '0xabc')

+             >>> c.insert('0b0000')

+             >>> del c[12:16]

+        

+        Unit Tests

+        ----------

+        

+        The 400+ unit tests should all pass for Python 2.6 and later.

+        

+        ----

+        

+        The bitstring module has been released as open source under the MIT License.

+        Copyright (c) 2014 Scott Griffiths

+        

+        For more information see the project's homepage on Google Code:

+        <http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com>

+        

+        
+Platform: all
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
diff --git a/python/bitstring/README.txt b/python/bitstring/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..491c2f8cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+================

+bitstring module

+================

+

+**bitstring** is a pure Python module designed to help make

+the creation and analysis of binary data as simple and natural as possible.

+

+Bitstrings can be constructed from integers (big and little endian), hex,

+octal, binary, strings or files. They can be sliced, joined, reversed,

+inserted into, overwritten, etc. with simple functions or slice notation.

+They can also be read from, searched and replaced, and navigated in,

+similar to a file or stream.

+

+bitstring is open source software, and has been released under the MIT

+licence.

+

+This version supports Python 2.6 and later (including Python 3).

+For Python 2.4 and 2.5 you should instead download version 1.0.

+

+Documentation

+-------------

+The manual for the bitstring module is available here

+<http://packages.python.org/bitstring>. It contains a walk-through of all

+the features and a complete reference section.

+

+It is also available as a PDF as part of the source download.

+

+Installation

+------------

+If you have downloaded and unzipped the package then you need to run the

+``setup.py`` script with the 'install' argument::

+

+     python setup.py install

+

+You may need to run this with root privileges on Unix-like systems.

+

+

+If you haven't yet downloaded the package then you can just try::

+

+     easy_install bitstring

+

+or ::

+

+     pip install bitstring     

+

+

+Simple Examples

+---------------

+Creation::

+

+     >>> a = BitArray(bin='00101')

+     >>> b = Bits(a_file_object)

+     >>> c = BitArray('0xff, 0b101, 0o65, uint:6=22')

+     >>> d = pack('intle:16, hex=a, 0b1', 100, a='0x34f')

+     >>> e = pack('<16h', *range(16))

+

+Different interpretations, slicing and concatenation::

+

+     >>> a = BitArray('0x1af')

+     >>> a.hex, a.bin, a.uint

+     ('1af', '000110101111', 431)

+     >>> a[10:3:-1].bin

+     '1110101'

+     >>> 3*a + '0b100'

+     BitArray('0o0657056705674')

+

+Reading data sequentially::

+

+     >>> b = BitStream('0x160120f')

+     >>> b.read(12).hex

+     '160'

+     >>> b.pos = 0

+     >>> b.read('uint:12')

+     352

+     >>> b.readlist('uint:12, bin:3')

+     [288, '111']

+

+Searching, inserting and deleting::

+

+     >>> c = BitArray('0b00010010010010001111')   # c.hex == '0x1248f'

+     >>> c.find('0x48')

+     (8,)

+     >>> c.replace('0b001', '0xabc')

+     >>> c.insert('0b0000')

+     >>> del c[12:16]

+

+Unit Tests

+----------

+

+The 400+ unit tests should all pass for Python 2.6 and later.

+

+----

+

+The bitstring module has been released as open source under the MIT License.

+Copyright (c) 2014 Scott Griffiths

+

+For more information see the project's homepage on Google Code:

+<http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com>

+

diff --git a/python/bitstring/bitstring.py b/python/bitstring/bitstring.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86f969c7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/bitstring.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4234 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# cython: profile=True
+"""
+This package defines classes that simplify bit-wise creation, manipulation and
+interpretation of data.
+
+Classes:
+
+Bits -- An immutable container for binary data.
+BitArray -- A mutable container for binary data.
+ConstBitStream -- An immutable container with streaming methods.
+BitStream -- A mutable container with streaming methods.
+
+                      Bits (base class)
+                     /    \
+ + mutating methods /      \ + streaming methods
+                   /        \
+              BitArray   ConstBitStream
+                   \        /
+                    \      /
+                     \    /
+                    BitStream
+
+Functions:
+
+pack -- Create a BitStream from a format string.
+
+Exceptions:
+
+Error -- Module exception base class.
+CreationError -- Error during creation.
+InterpretError -- Inappropriate interpretation of binary data.
+ByteAlignError -- Whole byte position or length needed.
+ReadError -- Reading or peeking past the end of a bitstring.
+
+http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com
+"""
+
+__licence__ = """
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Scott Griffiths (scott@griffiths.name)
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+"""
+
+__version__ = "3.1.3"
+
+__author__ = "Scott Griffiths"
+
+import numbers
+import copy
+import sys
+import re
+import binascii
+import mmap
+import os
+import struct
+import operator
+import collections
+
+byteorder = sys.byteorder
+
+bytealigned = False
+"""Determines whether a number of methods default to working only on byte boundaries."""
+
+# Maximum number of digits to use in __str__ and __repr__.
+MAX_CHARS = 250
+
+# Maximum size of caches used for speed optimisations.
+CACHE_SIZE = 1000
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Base class for errors in the bitstring module."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *params):
+        self.msg = params[0] if params else ''
+        self.params = params[1:]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.params:
+            return self.msg.format(*self.params)
+        return self.msg
+
+
+class ReadError(Error, IndexError):
+    """Reading or peeking past the end of a bitstring."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *params):
+        Error.__init__(self, *params)
+
+
+class InterpretError(Error, ValueError):
+    """Inappropriate interpretation of binary data."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *params):
+        Error.__init__(self, *params)
+
+
+class ByteAlignError(Error):
+    """Whole-byte position or length needed."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *params):
+        Error.__init__(self, *params)
+
+
+class CreationError(Error, ValueError):
+    """Inappropriate argument during bitstring creation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *params):
+        Error.__init__(self, *params)
+
+
+class ConstByteStore(object):
+    """Stores raw bytes together with a bit offset and length.
+
+    Used internally - not part of public interface.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('offset', '_rawarray', 'bitlength')
+
+    def __init__(self, data, bitlength=None, offset=None):
+        """data is either a bytearray or a MmapByteArray"""
+        self._rawarray = data
+        if offset is None:
+            offset = 0
+        if bitlength is None:
+            bitlength = 8 * len(data) - offset
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.bitlength = bitlength
+
+    def getbit(self, pos):
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.bitlength
+        byte, bit = divmod(self.offset + pos, 8)
+        return bool(self._rawarray[byte] & (128 >> bit))
+
+    def getbyte(self, pos):
+        """Direct access to byte data."""
+        return self._rawarray[pos]
+
+    def getbyteslice(self, start, end):
+        """Direct access to byte data."""
+        c = self._rawarray[start:end]
+        return c
+
+    @property
+    def bytelength(self):
+        if not self.bitlength:
+            return 0
+        sb = self.offset // 8
+        eb = (self.offset + self.bitlength - 1) // 8
+        return eb - sb + 1
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return ByteStore(self._rawarray[:], self.bitlength, self.offset)
+
+    def _appendstore(self, store):
+        """Join another store on to the end of this one."""
+        if not store.bitlength:
+            return
+        # Set new array offset to the number of bits in the final byte of current array.
+        store = offsetcopy(store, (self.offset + self.bitlength) % 8)
+        if store.offset:
+            # first do the byte with the join.
+            joinval = (self._rawarray.pop() & (255 ^ (255 >> store.offset)) |
+                       (store.getbyte(0) & (255 >> store.offset)))
+            self._rawarray.append(joinval)
+            self._rawarray.extend(store._rawarray[1:])
+        else:
+            self._rawarray.extend(store._rawarray)
+        self.bitlength += store.bitlength
+
+    def _prependstore(self, store):
+        """Join another store on to the start of this one."""
+        if not store.bitlength:
+            return
+            # Set the offset of copy of store so that it's final byte
+        # ends in a position that matches the offset of self,
+        # then join self on to the end of it.
+        store = offsetcopy(store, (self.offset - store.bitlength) % 8)
+        assert (store.offset + store.bitlength) % 8 == self.offset % 8
+        bit_offset = self.offset % 8
+        if bit_offset:
+            # first do the byte with the join.
+            store.setbyte(-1, (store.getbyte(-1) & (255 ^ (255 >> bit_offset)) | \
+                               (self._rawarray[self.byteoffset] & (255 >> bit_offset))))
+            store._rawarray.extend(self._rawarray[self.byteoffset + 1: self.byteoffset + self.bytelength])
+        else:
+            store._rawarray.extend(self._rawarray[self.byteoffset: self.byteoffset + self.bytelength])
+        self._rawarray = store._rawarray
+        self.offset = store.offset
+        self.bitlength += store.bitlength
+
+    @property
+    def byteoffset(self):
+        return self.offset // 8
+
+    @property
+    def rawbytes(self):
+        return self._rawarray
+
+
+class ByteStore(ConstByteStore):
+    """Adding mutating methods to ConstByteStore
+
+    Used internally - not part of public interface.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def setbit(self, pos):
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.bitlength
+        byte, bit = divmod(self.offset + pos, 8)
+        self._rawarray[byte] |= (128 >> bit)
+
+    def unsetbit(self, pos):
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.bitlength
+        byte, bit = divmod(self.offset + pos, 8)
+        self._rawarray[byte] &= ~(128 >> bit)
+
+    def invertbit(self, pos):
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.bitlength
+        byte, bit = divmod(self.offset + pos, 8)
+        self._rawarray[byte] ^= (128 >> bit)
+
+    def setbyte(self, pos, value):
+        self._rawarray[pos] = value
+
+    def setbyteslice(self, start, end, value):
+        self._rawarray[start:end] = value
+
+
+def offsetcopy(s, newoffset):
+    """Return a copy of a ByteStore with the newoffset.
+
+    Not part of public interface.
+    """
+    assert 0 <= newoffset < 8
+    if not s.bitlength:
+        return copy.copy(s)
+    else:
+        if newoffset == s.offset % 8:
+            return ByteStore(s.getbyteslice(s.byteoffset, s.byteoffset + s.bytelength), s.bitlength, newoffset)
+        newdata = []
+        d = s._rawarray
+        assert newoffset != s.offset % 8
+        if newoffset < s.offset % 8:
+            # We need to shift everything left
+            shiftleft = s.offset % 8 - newoffset
+            # First deal with everything except for the final byte
+            for x in range(s.byteoffset, s.byteoffset + s.bytelength - 1):
+                newdata.append(((d[x] << shiftleft) & 0xff) +\
+                               (d[x + 1] >> (8 - shiftleft)))
+            bits_in_last_byte = (s.offset + s.bitlength) % 8
+            if not bits_in_last_byte:
+                bits_in_last_byte = 8
+            if bits_in_last_byte > shiftleft:
+                newdata.append((d[s.byteoffset + s.bytelength - 1] << shiftleft) & 0xff)
+        else: # newoffset > s._offset % 8
+            shiftright = newoffset - s.offset % 8
+            newdata.append(s.getbyte(0) >> shiftright)
+            for x in range(s.byteoffset + 1, s.byteoffset + s.bytelength):
+                newdata.append(((d[x - 1] << (8 - shiftright)) & 0xff) +\
+                               (d[x] >> shiftright))
+            bits_in_last_byte = (s.offset + s.bitlength) % 8
+            if not bits_in_last_byte:
+                bits_in_last_byte = 8
+            if bits_in_last_byte + shiftright > 8:
+                newdata.append((d[s.byteoffset + s.bytelength - 1] << (8 - shiftright)) & 0xff)
+        new_s = ByteStore(bytearray(newdata), s.bitlength, newoffset)
+        assert new_s.offset == newoffset
+        return new_s
+
+
+def equal(a, b):
+    """Return True if ByteStores a == b.
+
+    Not part of public interface.
+    """
+    # We want to return False for inequality as soon as possible, which
+    # means we get lots of special cases.
+    # First the easy one - compare lengths:
+    a_bitlength = a.bitlength
+    b_bitlength = b.bitlength
+    if a_bitlength != b_bitlength:
+        return False
+    if not a_bitlength:
+        assert b_bitlength == 0
+        return True
+    # Make 'a' the one with the smaller offset
+    if (a.offset % 8) > (b.offset % 8):
+        a, b = b, a
+    # and create some aliases
+    a_bitoff = a.offset % 8
+    b_bitoff = b.offset % 8
+    a_byteoffset = a.byteoffset
+    b_byteoffset = b.byteoffset
+    a_bytelength = a.bytelength
+    b_bytelength = b.bytelength
+    da = a._rawarray
+    db = b._rawarray
+
+    # If they are pointing to the same data, they must be equal
+    if da is db and a.offset == b.offset:
+        return True
+
+    if a_bitoff == b_bitoff:
+        bits_spare_in_last_byte = 8 - (a_bitoff + a_bitlength) % 8
+        if bits_spare_in_last_byte == 8:
+            bits_spare_in_last_byte = 0
+        # Special case for a, b contained in a single byte
+        if a_bytelength == 1:
+            a_val = ((da[a_byteoffset] << a_bitoff) & 0xff) >> (8 - a_bitlength)
+            b_val = ((db[b_byteoffset] << b_bitoff) & 0xff) >> (8 - b_bitlength)
+            return a_val == b_val
+        # Otherwise check first byte
+        if da[a_byteoffset] & (0xff >> a_bitoff) != db[b_byteoffset] & (0xff >> b_bitoff):
+            return False
+        # then everything up to the last
+        b_a_offset = b_byteoffset - a_byteoffset
+        for x in range(1 + a_byteoffset, a_byteoffset + a_bytelength - 1):
+            if da[x] != db[b_a_offset + x]:
+                return False
+        # and finally the last byte
+        return (da[a_byteoffset + a_bytelength - 1] >> bits_spare_in_last_byte ==
+                db[b_byteoffset + b_bytelength - 1] >> bits_spare_in_last_byte)
+
+    assert a_bitoff != b_bitoff
+    # This is how much we need to shift a to the right to compare with b:
+    shift = b_bitoff - a_bitoff
+    # Special case for b only one byte long
+    if b_bytelength == 1:
+        assert a_bytelength == 1
+        a_val = ((da[a_byteoffset] << a_bitoff) & 0xff) >> (8 - a_bitlength)
+        b_val = ((db[b_byteoffset] << b_bitoff) & 0xff) >> (8 - b_bitlength)
+        return a_val == b_val
+    # Special case for a only one byte long
+    if a_bytelength == 1:
+        assert b_bytelength == 2
+        a_val = ((da[a_byteoffset] << a_bitoff) & 0xff) >> (8 - a_bitlength)
+        b_val = ((db[b_byteoffset] << 8) + db[b_byteoffset + 1]) << b_bitoff
+        b_val &= 0xffff
+        b_val >>= 16 - b_bitlength
+        return a_val == b_val
+
+    # Compare first byte of b with bits from first byte of a
+    if (da[a_byteoffset] & (0xff >> a_bitoff)) >> shift != db[b_byteoffset] & (0xff >> b_bitoff):
+        return False
+    # Now compare every full byte of b with bits from 2 bytes of a
+    for x in range(1, b_bytelength - 1):
+        # Construct byte from 2 bytes in a to compare to byte in b
+        b_val = db[b_byteoffset + x]
+        a_val = ((da[a_byteoffset + x - 1] << 8) + da[a_byteoffset + x]) >> shift
+        a_val &= 0xff
+        if a_val != b_val:
+            return False
+
+    # Now check bits in final byte of b
+    final_b_bits = (b.offset + b_bitlength) % 8
+    if not final_b_bits:
+        final_b_bits = 8
+    b_val = db[b_byteoffset + b_bytelength - 1] >> (8 - final_b_bits)
+    final_a_bits = (a.offset + a_bitlength) % 8
+    if not final_a_bits:
+        final_a_bits = 8
+    if b.bytelength > a_bytelength:
+        assert b_bytelength == a_bytelength + 1
+        a_val = da[a_byteoffset + a_bytelength - 1] >> (8 - final_a_bits)
+        a_val &= 0xff >> (8 - final_b_bits)
+        return a_val == b_val
+    assert a_bytelength == b_bytelength
+    a_val = da[a_byteoffset + a_bytelength - 2] << 8
+    a_val += da[a_byteoffset + a_bytelength - 1]
+    a_val >>= (8 - final_a_bits)
+    a_val &= 0xff >> (8 - final_b_bits)
+    return a_val == b_val
+
+
+class MmapByteArray(object):
+    """Looks like a bytearray, but from an mmap.
+
+    Not part of public interface.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('filemap', 'filelength', 'source', 'byteoffset', 'bytelength')
+
+    def __init__(self, source, bytelength=None, byteoffset=None):
+        self.source = source
+        source.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
+        self.filelength = source.tell()
+        if byteoffset is None:
+            byteoffset = 0
+        if bytelength is None:
+            bytelength = self.filelength - byteoffset
+        self.byteoffset = byteoffset
+        self.bytelength = bytelength
+        self.filemap = mmap.mmap(source.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        try:
+            start = key.start
+            stop = key.stop
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                assert 0 <= key < self.bytelength
+                return ord(self.filemap[key + self.byteoffset])
+            except TypeError:
+                # for Python 3
+                return self.filemap[key + self.byteoffset]
+        else:
+            if start is None:
+                start = 0
+            if stop is None:
+                stop = self.bytelength
+            assert key.step is None
+            assert 0 <= start < self.bytelength
+            assert 0 <= stop <= self.bytelength
+            s = slice(start + self.byteoffset, stop + self.byteoffset)
+            return bytearray(self.filemap.__getitem__(s))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.bytelength
+
+
+# This creates a dictionary for every possible byte with the value being
+# the key with its bits reversed.
+BYTE_REVERSAL_DICT = dict()
+
+# For Python 2.x/ 3.x coexistence
+# Yes this is very very hacky.
+try:
+    xrange
+    for i in range(256):
+        BYTE_REVERSAL_DICT[i] = chr(int("{0:08b}".format(i)[::-1], 2))
+except NameError:
+    for i in range(256):
+        BYTE_REVERSAL_DICT[i] = bytes([int("{0:08b}".format(i)[::-1], 2)])
+    from io import IOBase as file
+    xrange = range
+    basestring = str
+
+# Python 2.x octals start with '0', in Python 3 it's '0o'
+LEADING_OCT_CHARS = len(oct(1)) - 1
+
+def tidy_input_string(s):
+    """Return string made lowercase and with all whitespace removed."""
+    s = ''.join(s.split()).lower()
+    return s
+
+INIT_NAMES = ('uint', 'int', 'ue', 'se', 'sie', 'uie', 'hex', 'oct', 'bin', 'bits',
+              'uintbe', 'intbe', 'uintle', 'intle', 'uintne', 'intne',
+              'float', 'floatbe', 'floatle', 'floatne', 'bytes', 'bool', 'pad')
+
+TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>' + '|'.join(INIT_NAMES) +
+                      r')((:(?P<len>[^=]+)))?(=(?P<value>.*))?$', re.IGNORECASE)
+DEFAULT_UINT = re.compile(r'(?P<len>[^=]+)?(=(?P<value>.*))?$', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+MULTIPLICATIVE_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<factor>.*)\*(?P<token>.+)')
+
+# Hex, oct or binary literals
+LITERAL_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>0(x|o|b))(?P<value>.+)', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+# An endianness indicator followed by one or more struct.pack codes
+STRUCT_PACK_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<endian><|>|@)?(?P<fmt>(?:\d*[bBhHlLqQfd])+)$')
+
+# A number followed by a single character struct.pack code
+STRUCT_SPLIT_RE = re.compile(r'\d*[bBhHlLqQfd]')
+
+# These replicate the struct.pack codes
+# Big-endian
+REPLACEMENTS_BE = {'b': 'intbe:8', 'B': 'uintbe:8',
+                   'h': 'intbe:16', 'H': 'uintbe:16',
+                   'l': 'intbe:32', 'L': 'uintbe:32',
+                   'q': 'intbe:64', 'Q': 'uintbe:64',
+                   'f': 'floatbe:32', 'd': 'floatbe:64'}
+# Little-endian
+REPLACEMENTS_LE = {'b': 'intle:8', 'B': 'uintle:8',
+                   'h': 'intle:16', 'H': 'uintle:16',
+                   'l': 'intle:32', 'L': 'uintle:32',
+                   'q': 'intle:64', 'Q': 'uintle:64',
+                   'f': 'floatle:32', 'd': 'floatle:64'}
+
+# Size in bytes of all the pack codes.
+PACK_CODE_SIZE = {'b': 1, 'B': 1, 'h': 2, 'H': 2, 'l': 4, 'L': 4,
+                  'q': 8, 'Q': 8, 'f': 4, 'd': 8}
+
+_tokenname_to_initialiser = {'hex': 'hex', '0x': 'hex', '0X': 'hex', 'oct': 'oct',
+                             '0o': 'oct', '0O': 'oct', 'bin': 'bin', '0b': 'bin',
+                             '0B': 'bin', 'bits': 'auto', 'bytes': 'bytes', 'pad': 'pad'}
+
+def structparser(token):
+    """Parse struct-like format string token into sub-token list."""
+    m = STRUCT_PACK_RE.match(token)
+    if not m:
+        return [token]
+    else:
+        endian = m.group('endian')
+        if endian is None:
+            return [token]
+        # Split the format string into a list of 'q', '4h' etc.
+        formatlist = re.findall(STRUCT_SPLIT_RE, m.group('fmt'))
+        # Now deal with mulitiplicative factors, 4h -> hhhh etc.
+        fmt = ''.join([f[-1] * int(f[:-1]) if len(f) != 1 else
+                       f for f in formatlist])
+        if endian == '@':
+            # Native endianness
+            if byteorder == 'little':
+                endian = '<'
+            else:
+                assert byteorder == 'big'
+                endian = '>'
+        if endian == '<':
+            tokens = [REPLACEMENTS_LE[c] for c in fmt]
+        else:
+            assert endian == '>'
+            tokens = [REPLACEMENTS_BE[c] for c in fmt]
+    return tokens
+
+def tokenparser(fmt, keys=None, token_cache={}):
+    """Divide the format string into tokens and parse them.
+
+    Return stretchy token and list of [initialiser, length, value]
+    initialiser is one of: hex, oct, bin, uint, int, se, ue, 0x, 0o, 0b etc.
+    length is None if not known, as is value.
+
+    If the token is in the keyword dictionary (keys) then it counts as a
+    special case and isn't messed with.
+
+    tokens must be of the form: [factor*][initialiser][:][length][=value]
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return token_cache[(fmt, keys)]
+    except KeyError:
+        token_key = (fmt, keys)
+    # Very inefficient expanding of brackets.
+    fmt = expand_brackets(fmt)
+    # Split tokens by ',' and remove whitespace
+    # The meta_tokens can either be ordinary single tokens or multiple
+    # struct-format token strings.
+    meta_tokens = (''.join(f.split()) for f in fmt.split(','))
+    return_values = []
+    stretchy_token = False
+    for meta_token in meta_tokens:
+        # See if it has a multiplicative factor
+        m = MULTIPLICATIVE_RE.match(meta_token)
+        if not m:
+            factor = 1
+        else:
+            factor = int(m.group('factor'))
+            meta_token = m.group('token')
+        # See if it's a struct-like format
+        tokens = structparser(meta_token)
+        ret_vals = []
+        for token in tokens:
+            if keys and token in keys:
+                # Don't bother parsing it, it's a keyword argument
+                ret_vals.append([token, None, None])
+                continue
+            value = length = None
+            if token == '':
+                continue
+            # Match literal tokens of the form 0x... 0o... and 0b...
+            m = LITERAL_RE.match(token)
+            if m:
+                name = m.group('name')
+                value = m.group('value')
+                ret_vals.append([name, length, value])
+                continue
+            # Match everything else:
+            m1 = TOKEN_RE.match(token)
+            if not m1:
+                # and if you don't specify a 'name' then the default is 'uint':
+                m2 = DEFAULT_UINT.match(token)
+                if not m2:
+                    raise ValueError("Don't understand token '{0}'.".format(token))
+            if m1:
+                name = m1.group('name')
+                length = m1.group('len')
+                if m1.group('value'):
+                    value = m1.group('value')
+            else:
+                assert m2
+                name = 'uint'
+                length = m2.group('len')
+                if m2.group('value'):
+                    value = m2.group('value')
+            if name == 'bool':
+                if length is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("You can't specify a length with bool tokens - they are always one bit.")
+                length = 1
+            if length is None and name not in ('se', 'ue', 'sie', 'uie'):
+                stretchy_token = True
+            if length is not None:
+                # Try converting length to int, otherwise check it's a key.
+                try:
+                    length = int(length)
+                    if length < 0:
+                        raise Error
+                    # For the 'bytes' token convert length to bits.
+                    if name == 'bytes':
+                        length *= 8
+                except Error:
+                    raise ValueError("Can't read a token with a negative length.")
+                except ValueError:
+                    if not keys or length not in keys:
+                        raise ValueError("Don't understand length '{0}' of token.".format(length))
+            ret_vals.append([name, length, value])
+        # This multiplies by the multiplicative factor, but this means that
+        # we can't allow keyword values as multipliers (e.g. n*uint:8).
+        # The only way to do this would be to return the factor in some fashion
+        # (we can't use the key's value here as it would mean that we couldn't
+        # sensibly continue to cache the function's results. (TODO).
+        return_values.extend(ret_vals * factor)
+    return_values = [tuple(x) for x in return_values]
+    if len(token_cache) < CACHE_SIZE:
+        token_cache[token_key] = stretchy_token, return_values
+    return stretchy_token, return_values
+
+# Looks for first number*(
+BRACKET_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<factor>\d+)\*\(')
+
+def expand_brackets(s):
+    """Remove whitespace and expand all brackets."""
+    s = ''.join(s.split())
+    while True:
+        start = s.find('(')
+        if start == -1:
+            break
+        count = 1 # Number of hanging open brackets
+        p = start + 1
+        while p < len(s):
+            if s[p] == '(':
+                count += 1
+            if s[p] == ')':
+                count -= 1
+            if not count:
+                break
+            p += 1
+        if count:
+            raise ValueError("Unbalanced parenthesis in '{0}'.".format(s))
+        if start == 0 or s[start - 1] != '*':
+            s = s[0:start] + s[start + 1:p] + s[p + 1:]
+        else:
+            m = BRACKET_RE.search(s)
+            if m:
+                factor = int(m.group('factor'))
+                matchstart = m.start('factor')
+                s = s[0:matchstart] + (factor - 1) * (s[start + 1:p] + ',') + s[start + 1:p] + s[p + 1:]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Failed to parse '{0}'.".format(s))
+    return s
+
+
+# This converts a single octal digit to 3 bits.
+OCT_TO_BITS = ['{0:03b}'.format(i) for i in xrange(8)]
+
+# A dictionary of number of 1 bits contained in binary representation of any byte
+BIT_COUNT = dict(zip(xrange(256), [bin(i).count('1') for i in xrange(256)]))
+
+
+class Bits(object):
+    """A container holding an immutable sequence of bits.
+
+    For a mutable container use the BitArray class instead.
+
+    Methods:
+
+    all() -- Check if all specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    any() -- Check if any of specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    count() -- Count the number of bits set to 1 or 0.
+    cut() -- Create generator of constant sized chunks.
+    endswith() -- Return whether the bitstring ends with a sub-string.
+    find() -- Find a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    findall() -- Find all occurrences of a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    join() -- Join bitstrings together using current bitstring.
+    rfind() -- Seek backwards to find a sub-bitstring.
+    split() -- Create generator of chunks split by a delimiter.
+    startswith() -- Return whether the bitstring starts with a sub-bitstring.
+    tobytes() -- Return bitstring as bytes, padding if needed.
+    tofile() -- Write bitstring to file, padding if needed.
+    unpack() -- Interpret bits using format string.
+
+    Special methods:
+
+    Also available are the operators [], ==, !=, +, *, ~, <<, >>, &, |, ^.
+
+    Properties:
+
+    bin -- The bitstring as a binary string.
+    bool -- For single bit bitstrings, interpret as True or False.
+    bytes -- The bitstring as a bytes object.
+    float -- Interpret as a floating point number.
+    floatbe -- Interpret as a big-endian floating point number.
+    floatle -- Interpret as a little-endian floating point number.
+    floatne -- Interpret as a native-endian floating point number.
+    hex -- The bitstring as a hexadecimal string.
+    int -- Interpret as a two's complement signed integer.
+    intbe -- Interpret as a big-endian signed integer.
+    intle -- Interpret as a little-endian signed integer.
+    intne -- Interpret as a native-endian signed integer.
+    len -- Length of the bitstring in bits.
+    oct -- The bitstring as an octal string.
+    se -- Interpret as a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+    ue -- Interpret as an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+    sie -- Interpret as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uie -- Interpret as an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uint -- Interpret as a two's complement unsigned integer.
+    uintbe -- Interpret as a big-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintle -- Interpret as a little-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintne -- Interpret as a native-endian unsigned integer.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_datastore')
+
+    def __init__(self, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        """Either specify an 'auto' initialiser:
+        auto -- a string of comma separated tokens, an integer, a file object,
+                a bytearray, a boolean iterable or another bitstring.
+
+        Or initialise via **kwargs with one (and only one) of:
+        bytes -- raw data as a string, for example read from a binary file.
+        bin -- binary string representation, e.g. '0b001010'.
+        hex -- hexadecimal string representation, e.g. '0x2ef'
+        oct -- octal string representation, e.g. '0o777'.
+        uint -- an unsigned integer.
+        int -- a signed integer.
+        float -- a floating point number.
+        uintbe -- an unsigned big-endian whole byte integer.
+        intbe -- a signed big-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatbe - a big-endian floating point number.
+        uintle -- an unsigned little-endian whole byte integer.
+        intle -- a signed little-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatle -- a little-endian floating point number.
+        uintne -- an unsigned native-endian whole byte integer.
+        intne -- a signed native-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatne -- a native-endian floating point number.
+        se -- a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+        ue -- an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+        sie -- a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        uie -- an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        bool -- a boolean (True or False).
+        filename -- a file which will be opened in binary read-only mode.
+
+        Other keyword arguments:
+        length -- length of the bitstring in bits, if needed and appropriate.
+                  It must be supplied for all integer and float initialisers.
+        offset -- bit offset to the data. These offset bits are
+                  ignored and this is mainly intended for use when
+                  initialising using 'bytes' or 'filename'.
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def __new__(cls, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, _cache={}, **kwargs):
+        # For instances auto-initialised with a string we intern the
+        # instance for re-use.
+        try:
+            if isinstance(auto, basestring):
+                try:
+                    return _cache[auto]
+                except KeyError:
+                    x = object.__new__(Bits)
+                    try:
+                        _, tokens = tokenparser(auto)
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        raise CreationError(*e.args)
+                    x._datastore = ConstByteStore(bytearray(0), 0, 0)
+                    for token in tokens:
+                        x._datastore._appendstore(Bits._init_with_token(*token)._datastore)
+                    assert x._assertsanity()
+                    if len(_cache) < CACHE_SIZE:
+                        _cache[auto] = x
+                    return x
+            if isinstance(auto, Bits):
+                return auto
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        x = super(Bits, cls).__new__(cls)
+        x._initialise(auto, length, offset, **kwargs)
+        return x
+
+    def _initialise(self, auto, length, offset, **kwargs):
+        if length is not None and length < 0:
+            raise CreationError("bitstring length cannot be negative.")
+        if offset is not None and offset < 0:
+            raise CreationError("offset must be >= 0.")
+        if auto is not None:
+            self._initialise_from_auto(auto, length, offset)
+            return
+        if not kwargs:
+            # No initialisers, so initialise with nothing or zero bits
+            if length is not None and length != 0:
+                data = bytearray((length + 7) // 8)
+                self._setbytes_unsafe(data, length, 0)
+                return
+            self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(0), 0, 0)
+            return
+        k, v = kwargs.popitem()
+        try:
+            init_without_length_or_offset[k](self, v)
+            if length is not None or offset is not None:
+                raise CreationError("Cannot use length or offset with this initialiser.")
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                init_with_length_only[k](self, v, length)
+                if offset is not None:
+                    raise CreationError("Cannot use offset with this initialiser.")
+            except KeyError:
+                if offset is None:
+                    offset = 0
+                try:
+                    init_with_length_and_offset[k](self, v, length, offset)
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise CreationError("Unrecognised keyword '{0}' used to initialise.", k)
+
+    def _initialise_from_auto(self, auto, length, offset):
+        if offset is None:
+            offset = 0
+        self._setauto(auto, length, offset)
+        return
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """Return a new copy of the Bits for the copy module."""
+        # Note that if you want a new copy (different ID), use _copy instead.
+        # The copy can return self as it's immutable.
+        return self
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        raise TypeError("unorderable type: {0}".format(type(self).__name__))
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        raise TypeError("unorderable type: {0}".format(type(self).__name__))
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        raise TypeError("unorderable type: {0}".format(type(self).__name__))
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        raise TypeError("unorderable type: {0}".format(type(self).__name__))
+
+    def __add__(self, bs):
+        """Concatenate bitstrings and return new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- the bitstring to append.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if bs.len <= self.len:
+            s = self._copy()
+            s._append(bs)
+        else:
+            s = bs._copy()
+            s = self.__class__(s)
+            s._prepend(self)
+        return s
+
+    def __radd__(self, bs):
+        """Append current bitstring to bs and return new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- the string for the 'auto' initialiser that will be appended to.
+
+        """
+        bs = self._converttobitstring(bs)
+        return bs.__add__(self)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Return a new bitstring representing a slice of the current bitstring.
+
+        Indices are in units of the step parameter (default 1 bit).
+        Stepping is used to specify the number of bits in each item.
+
+        >>> print BitArray('0b00110')[1:4]
+        '0b011'
+        >>> print BitArray('0x00112233')[1:3:8]
+        '0x1122'
+
+        """
+        length = self.len
+        try:
+            step = key.step if key.step is not None else 1
+        except AttributeError:
+            # single element
+            if key < 0:
+                key += length
+            if not 0 <= key < length:
+                raise IndexError("Slice index out of range.")
+            # Single bit, return True or False
+            return self._datastore.getbit(key)
+        else:
+            if step != 1:
+                # convert to binary string and use string slicing
+                bs = self.__class__()
+                bs._setbin_unsafe(self._getbin().__getitem__(key))
+                return bs
+            start, stop = 0, length
+            if key.start is not None:
+                start = key.start
+                if key.start < 0:
+                    start += stop
+            if key.stop is not None:
+                stop = key.stop
+                if key.stop < 0:
+                    stop += length
+            start = max(start, 0)
+            stop = min(stop, length)
+            if start < stop:
+                return self._slice(start, stop)
+            else:
+                return self.__class__()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return the length of the bitstring in bits."""
+        return self._getlength()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return approximate string representation of bitstring for printing.
+
+        Short strings will be given wholly in hexadecimal or binary. Longer
+        strings may be part hexadecimal and part binary. Very long strings will
+        be truncated with '...'.
+
+        """
+        length = self.len
+        if not length:
+            return ''
+        if length > MAX_CHARS * 4:
+            # Too long for hex. Truncate...
+            return ''.join(('0x', self._readhex(MAX_CHARS * 4, 0), '...'))
+        # If it's quite short and we can't do hex then use bin
+        if length < 32 and length % 4 != 0:
+            return '0b' + self.bin
+        # If we can use hex then do so
+        if not length % 4:
+            return '0x' + self.hex
+        # Otherwise first we do as much as we can in hex
+        # then add on 1, 2 or 3 bits on at the end
+        bits_at_end = length % 4
+        return ''.join(('0x', self._readhex(length - bits_at_end, 0),
+                        ', ', '0b',
+                        self._readbin(bits_at_end, length - bits_at_end)))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Return representation that could be used to recreate the bitstring.
+
+        If the returned string is too long it will be truncated. See __str__().
+
+        """
+        length = self.len
+        if isinstance(self._datastore._rawarray, MmapByteArray):
+            offsetstring = ''
+            if self._datastore.byteoffset or self._offset:
+                offsetstring = ", offset=%d" % (self._datastore._rawarray.byteoffset * 8 + self._offset)
+            lengthstring = ", length=%d" % length
+            return "{0}(filename='{1}'{2}{3})".format(self.__class__.__name__,
+                    self._datastore._rawarray.source.name, lengthstring, offsetstring)
+        else:
+            s = self.__str__()
+            lengthstring = ''
+            if s.endswith('...'):
+                lengthstring = " # length={0}".format(length)
+            return "{0}('{1}'){2}".format(self.__class__.__name__, s, lengthstring)
+
+    def __eq__(self, bs):
+        """Return True if two bitstrings have the same binary representation.
+
+        >>> BitArray('0b1110') == '0xe'
+        True
+
+        """
+        try:
+            bs = Bits(bs)
+        except TypeError:
+            return False
+        return equal(self._datastore, bs._datastore)
+
+    def __ne__(self, bs):
+        """Return False if two bitstrings have the same binary representation.
+
+        >>> BitArray('0b111') == '0x7'
+        False
+
+        """
+        return not self.__eq__(bs)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """Return bitstring with every bit inverted.
+
+        Raises Error if the bitstring is empty.
+
+        """
+        if not self.len:
+            raise Error("Cannot invert empty bitstring.")
+        s = self._copy()
+        s._invert_all()
+        return s
+
+    def __lshift__(self, n):
+        """Return bitstring with bits shifted by n to the left.
+
+        n -- the number of bits to shift. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift by a negative amount.")
+        if not self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift an empty bitstring.")
+        n = min(n, self.len)
+        s = self._slice(n, self.len)
+        s._append(Bits(n))
+        return s
+
+    def __rshift__(self, n):
+        """Return bitstring with bits shifted by n to the right.
+
+        n -- the number of bits to shift. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift by a negative amount.")
+        if not self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift an empty bitstring.")
+        if not n:
+            return self._copy()
+        s = self.__class__(length=min(n, self.len))
+        s._append(self[:-n])
+        return s
+
+    def __mul__(self, n):
+        """Return bitstring consisting of n concatenations of self.
+
+        Called for expression of the form 'a = b*3'.
+        n -- The number of concatenations. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot multiply by a negative integer.")
+        if not n:
+            return self.__class__()
+        s = self._copy()
+        s._imul(n)
+        return s
+
+    def __rmul__(self, n):
+        """Return bitstring consisting of n concatenations of self.
+
+        Called for expressions of the form 'a = 3*b'.
+        n -- The number of concatenations. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        return self.__mul__(n)
+
+    def __and__(self, bs):
+        """Bit-wise 'and' between two bitstrings. Returns new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to '&' with.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the two bitstrings have differing lengths.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if self.len != bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Bitstrings must have the same length "
+                             "for & operator.")
+        s = self._copy()
+        s._iand(bs)
+        return s
+
+    def __rand__(self, bs):
+        """Bit-wise 'and' between two bitstrings. Returns new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- the bitstring to '&' with.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the two bitstrings have differing lengths.
+
+        """
+        return self.__and__(bs)
+
+    def __or__(self, bs):
+        """Bit-wise 'or' between two bitstrings. Returns new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to '|' with.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the two bitstrings have differing lengths.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if self.len != bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Bitstrings must have the same length "
+                             "for | operator.")
+        s = self._copy()
+        s._ior(bs)
+        return s
+
+    def __ror__(self, bs):
+        """Bit-wise 'or' between two bitstrings. Returns new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to '|' with.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the two bitstrings have differing lengths.
+
+        """
+        return self.__or__(bs)
+
+    def __xor__(self, bs):
+        """Bit-wise 'xor' between two bitstrings. Returns new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to '^' with.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the two bitstrings have differing lengths.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if self.len != bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Bitstrings must have the same length "
+                             "for ^ operator.")
+        s = self._copy()
+        s._ixor(bs)
+        return s
+
+    def __rxor__(self, bs):
+        """Bit-wise 'xor' between two bitstrings. Returns new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to '^' with.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the two bitstrings have differing lengths.
+
+        """
+        return self.__xor__(bs)
+
+    def __contains__(self, bs):
+        """Return whether bs is contained in the current bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to search for.
+
+        """
+        # Don't want to change pos
+        try:
+            pos = self._pos
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        found = Bits.find(self, bs, bytealigned=False)
+        try:
+            self._pos = pos
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return bool(found)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """Return an integer hash of the object."""
+        # We can't in general hash the whole bitstring (it could take hours!)
+        # So instead take some bits from the start and end.
+        if self.len <= 160:
+            # Use the whole bitstring.
+            shorter = self
+        else:
+            # Take 10 bytes from start and end
+            shorter = self[:80] + self[-80:]
+        h = 0
+        for byte in shorter.tobytes():
+            try:
+                h = (h << 4) + ord(byte)
+            except TypeError:
+                # Python 3
+                h = (h << 4) + byte
+            g = h & 0xf0000000
+            if g & (1 << 31):
+                h ^= (g >> 24)
+                h ^= g
+        return h % 1442968193
+
+    # This is only used in Python 2.x...
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Return True if any bits are set to 1, otherwise return False."""
+        return self.any(True)
+
+    # ...whereas this is used in Python 3.x
+    __bool__ = __nonzero__
+
+    def _assertsanity(self):
+        """Check internal self consistency as a debugging aid."""
+        assert self.len >= 0
+        assert 0 <= self._offset, "offset={0}".format(self._offset)
+        assert (self.len + self._offset + 7) // 8 == self._datastore.bytelength + self._datastore.byteoffset
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_with_token(cls, name, token_length, value):
+        if token_length is not None:
+            token_length = int(token_length)
+        if token_length == 0:
+            return cls()
+        # For pad token just return the length in zero bits
+        if name == 'pad':
+            return cls(token_length)
+
+        if value is None:
+            if token_length is None:
+                error = "Token has no value ({0}=???).".format(name)
+            else:
+                error = "Token has no value ({0}:{1}=???).".format(name, token_length)
+            raise ValueError(error)
+        try:
+            b = cls(**{_tokenname_to_initialiser[name]: value})
+        except KeyError:
+            if name in ('se', 'ue', 'sie', 'uie'):
+                b = cls(**{name: int(value)})
+            elif name in ('uint', 'int', 'uintbe', 'intbe', 'uintle', 'intle', 'uintne', 'intne'):
+                b = cls(**{name: int(value), 'length': token_length})
+            elif name in ('float', 'floatbe', 'floatle', 'floatne'):
+                b = cls(**{name: float(value), 'length': token_length})
+            elif name == 'bool':
+                if value in (1, 'True', '1'):
+                    b = cls(bool=True)
+                elif value in (0, 'False', '0'):
+                    b = cls(bool=False)
+                else:
+                    raise CreationError("bool token can only be 'True' or 'False'.")
+            else:
+                raise CreationError("Can't parse token name {0}.", name)
+        if token_length is not None and b.len != token_length:
+            msg = "Token with length {0} packed with value of length {1} ({2}:{3}={4})."
+            raise CreationError(msg, token_length, b.len, name, token_length, value)
+        return b
+
+    def _clear(self):
+        """Reset the bitstring to an empty state."""
+        self._datastore = ByteStore(bytearray(0))
+
+    def _setauto(self, s, length, offset):
+        """Set bitstring from a bitstring, file, bool, integer, iterable or string."""
+        # As s can be so many different things it's important to do the checks
+        # in the correct order, as some types are also other allowed types.
+        # So basestring must be checked before Iterable
+        # and bytes/bytearray before Iterable but after basestring!
+        if isinstance(s, Bits):
+            if length is None:
+                length = s.len - offset
+            self._setbytes_unsafe(s._datastore.rawbytes, length, s._offset + offset)
+            return
+        if isinstance(s, file):
+            if offset is None:
+                offset = 0
+            if length is None:
+                length = os.path.getsize(s.name) * 8 - offset
+            byteoffset, offset = divmod(offset, 8)
+            bytelength = (length + byteoffset * 8 + offset + 7) // 8 - byteoffset
+            m = MmapByteArray(s, bytelength, byteoffset)
+            if length + byteoffset * 8 + offset > m.filelength * 8:
+                raise CreationError("File is not long enough for specified "
+                                    "length and offset.")
+            self._datastore = ConstByteStore(m, length, offset)
+            return
+        if length is not None:
+            raise CreationError("The length keyword isn't applicable to this initialiser.")
+        if offset:
+            raise CreationError("The offset keyword isn't applicable to this initialiser.")
+        if isinstance(s, basestring):
+            bs = self._converttobitstring(s)
+            assert bs._offset == 0
+            self._setbytes_unsafe(bs._datastore.rawbytes, bs.length, 0)
+            return
+        if isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(s), len(s) * 8, 0)
+            return
+        if isinstance(s, numbers.Integral):
+            # Initialise with s zero bits.
+            if s < 0:
+                msg = "Can't create bitstring of negative length {0}."
+                raise CreationError(msg, s)
+            data = bytearray((s + 7) // 8)
+            self._datastore = ByteStore(data, s, 0)
+            return
+        if isinstance(s, collections.Iterable):
+            # Evaluate each item as True or False and set bits to 1 or 0.
+            self._setbin_unsafe(''.join(str(int(bool(x))) for x in s))
+            return
+        raise TypeError("Cannot initialise bitstring from {0}.".format(type(s)))
+
+    def _setfile(self, filename, length, offset):
+        """Use file as source of bits."""
+        source = open(filename, 'rb')
+        if offset is None:
+            offset = 0
+        if length is None:
+            length = os.path.getsize(source.name) * 8 - offset
+        byteoffset, offset = divmod(offset, 8)
+        bytelength = (length + byteoffset * 8 + offset + 7) // 8 - byteoffset
+        m = MmapByteArray(source, bytelength, byteoffset)
+        if length + byteoffset * 8 + offset > m.filelength * 8:
+            raise CreationError("File is not long enough for specified "
+                                "length and offset.")
+        self._datastore = ConstByteStore(m, length, offset)
+
+    def _setbytes_safe(self, data, length=None, offset=0):
+        """Set the data from a string."""
+        data = bytearray(data)
+        if length is None:
+            # Use to the end of the data
+            length = len(data)*8 - offset
+            self._datastore = ByteStore(data, length, offset)
+        else:
+            if length + offset > len(data) * 8:
+                msg = "Not enough data present. Need {0} bits, have {1}."
+                raise CreationError(msg, length + offset, len(data) * 8)
+            if length == 0:
+                self._datastore = ByteStore(bytearray(0))
+            else:
+                self._datastore = ByteStore(data, length, offset)
+
+    def _setbytes_unsafe(self, data, length, offset):
+        """Unchecked version of _setbytes_safe."""
+        self._datastore = ByteStore(data[:], length, offset)
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+
+    def _readbytes(self, length, start):
+        """Read bytes and return them. Note that length is in bits."""
+        assert length % 8 == 0
+        assert start + length <= self.len
+        if not (start + self._offset) % 8:
+            return bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice((start + self._offset) // 8,
+                                                      (start + self._offset + length) // 8))
+        return self._slice(start, start + length).tobytes()
+
+    def _getbytes(self):
+        """Return the data as an ordinary string."""
+        if self.len % 8:
+            raise InterpretError("Cannot interpret as bytes unambiguously - "
+                                 "not multiple of 8 bits.")
+        return self._readbytes(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setuint(self, uint, length=None):
+        """Reset the bitstring to have given unsigned int interpretation."""
+        try:
+            if length is None:
+                # Use the whole length. Deliberately not using .len here.
+                length = self._datastore.bitlength
+        except AttributeError:
+            # bitstring doesn't have a _datastore as it hasn't been created!
+            pass
+        # TODO: All this checking code should be hoisted out of here!
+        if length is None or length == 0:
+            raise CreationError("A non-zero length must be specified with a "
+                                "uint initialiser.")
+        if uint >= (1 << length):
+            msg = "{0} is too large an unsigned integer for a bitstring of length {1}. "\
+                  "The allowed range is [0, {2}]."
+            raise CreationError(msg, uint, length, (1 << length) - 1)
+        if uint < 0:
+            raise CreationError("uint cannot be initialsed by a negative number.")
+        s = hex(uint)[2:]
+        s = s.rstrip('L')
+        if len(s) & 1:
+            s = '0' + s
+        try:
+            data = bytes.fromhex(s)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # the Python 2.x way
+            data = binascii.unhexlify(s)
+        # Now add bytes as needed to get the right length.
+        extrabytes = ((length + 7) // 8) - len(data)
+        if extrabytes > 0:
+            data = b'\x00' * extrabytes + data
+        offset = 8 - (length % 8)
+        if offset == 8:
+            offset = 0
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(data), length, offset)
+
+    def _readuint(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as an unsigned int."""
+        if not length:
+            raise InterpretError("Cannot interpret a zero length bitstring "
+                                           "as an integer.")
+        offset = self._offset
+        startbyte = (start + offset) // 8
+        endbyte = (start + offset + length - 1) // 8
+
+        b = binascii.hexlify(bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, endbyte + 1)))
+        assert b
+        i = int(b, 16)
+        final_bits = 8 - ((start + offset + length) % 8)
+        if final_bits != 8:
+            i >>= final_bits
+        i &= (1 << length) - 1
+        return i
+
+    def _getuint(self):
+        """Return data as an unsigned int."""
+        return self._readuint(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setint(self, int_, length=None):
+        """Reset the bitstring to have given signed int interpretation."""
+        # If no length given, and we've previously been given a length, use it.
+        if length is None and hasattr(self, 'len') and self.len != 0:
+            length = self.len
+        if length is None or length == 0:
+            raise CreationError("A non-zero length must be specified with an int initialiser.")
+        if int_ >= (1 << (length - 1)) or int_ < -(1 << (length - 1)):
+            raise CreationError("{0} is too large a signed integer for a bitstring of length {1}. "
+                                "The allowed range is [{2}, {3}].", int_, length, -(1 << (length - 1)),
+                                (1 << (length - 1)) - 1)
+        if int_ >= 0:
+            self._setuint(int_, length)
+            return
+        # TODO: We should decide whether to just use the _setuint, or to do the bit flipping,
+        # based upon which will be quicker. If the -ive number is less than half the maximum
+        # possible then it's probably quicker to do the bit flipping...
+
+        # Do the 2's complement thing. Add one, set to minus number, then flip bits.
+        int_ += 1
+        self._setuint(-int_, length)
+        self._invert_all()
+
+    def _readint(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a signed int"""
+        ui = self._readuint(length, start)
+        if not ui >> (length - 1):
+            # Top bit not set, number is positive
+            return ui
+        # Top bit is set, so number is negative
+        tmp = (~(ui - 1)) & ((1 << length) - 1)
+        return -tmp
+
+    def _getint(self):
+        """Return data as a two's complement signed int."""
+        return self._readint(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setuintbe(self, uintbe, length=None):
+        """Set the bitstring to a big-endian unsigned int interpretation."""
+        if length is not None and length % 8 != 0:
+            raise CreationError("Big-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        self._setuint(uintbe, length)
+
+    def _readuintbe(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a big-endian unsigned int."""
+        if length % 8:
+            raise InterpretError("Big-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                 "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        return self._readuint(length, start)
+
+    def _getuintbe(self):
+        """Return data as a big-endian two's complement unsigned int."""
+        return self._readuintbe(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setintbe(self, intbe, length=None):
+        """Set bitstring to a big-endian signed int interpretation."""
+        if length is not None and length % 8 != 0:
+            raise CreationError("Big-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        self._setint(intbe, length)
+
+    def _readintbe(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a big-endian signed int."""
+        if length % 8:
+            raise InterpretError("Big-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                 "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        return self._readint(length, start)
+
+    def _getintbe(self):
+        """Return data as a big-endian two's complement signed int."""
+        return self._readintbe(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setuintle(self, uintle, length=None):
+        if length is not None and length % 8 != 0:
+            raise CreationError("Little-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        self._setuint(uintle, length)
+        self._reversebytes(0, self.len)
+
+    def _readuintle(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a little-endian unsigned int."""
+        if length % 8:
+            raise InterpretError("Little-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                 "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        assert start + length <= self.len
+        absolute_pos = start + self._offset
+        startbyte, offset = divmod(absolute_pos, 8)
+        val = 0
+        if not offset:
+            endbyte = (absolute_pos + length - 1) // 8
+            chunksize = 4 # for 'L' format
+            while endbyte - chunksize + 1 >= startbyte:
+                val <<= 8 * chunksize
+                val += struct.unpack('<L', bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice(endbyte + 1 - chunksize, endbyte + 1)))[0]
+                endbyte -= chunksize
+            for b in xrange(endbyte, startbyte - 1, -1):
+                val <<= 8
+                val += self._datastore.getbyte(b)
+        else:
+            data = self._slice(start, start + length)
+            assert data.len % 8 == 0
+            data._reversebytes(0, self.len)
+            for b in bytearray(data.bytes):
+                val <<= 8
+                val += b
+        return val
+
+    def _getuintle(self):
+        return self._readuintle(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setintle(self, intle, length=None):
+        if length is not None and length % 8 != 0:
+            raise CreationError("Little-endian integers must be whole-byte. "
+                                "Length = {0} bits.", length)
+        self._setint(intle, length)
+        self._reversebytes(0, self.len)
+
+    def _readintle(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a little-endian signed int."""
+        ui = self._readuintle(length, start)
+        if not ui >> (length - 1):
+            # Top bit not set, number is positive
+            return ui
+        # Top bit is set, so number is negative
+        tmp = (~(ui - 1)) & ((1 << length) - 1)
+        return -tmp
+
+    def _getintle(self):
+        return self._readintle(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setfloat(self, f, length=None):
+        # If no length given, and we've previously been given a length, use it.
+        if length is None and hasattr(self, 'len') and self.len != 0:
+            length = self.len
+        if length is None or length == 0:
+            raise CreationError("A non-zero length must be specified with a "
+                                "float initialiser.")
+        if length == 32:
+            b = struct.pack('>f', f)
+        elif length == 64:
+            b = struct.pack('>d', f)
+        else:
+            raise CreationError("floats can only be 32 or 64 bits long, "
+                                "not {0} bits", length)
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(b), length, 0)
+
+    def _readfloat(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a float."""
+        if not (start + self._offset) % 8:
+            startbyte = (start + self._offset) // 8
+            if length == 32:
+                f, = struct.unpack('>f', bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, startbyte + 4)))
+            elif length == 64:
+                f, = struct.unpack('>d', bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, startbyte + 8)))
+        else:
+            if length == 32:
+                f, = struct.unpack('>f', self._readbytes(32, start))
+            elif length == 64:
+                f, = struct.unpack('>d', self._readbytes(64, start))
+        try:
+            return f
+        except NameError:
+            raise InterpretError("floats can only be 32 or 64 bits long, not {0} bits", length)
+
+    def _getfloat(self):
+        """Interpret the whole bitstring as a float."""
+        return self._readfloat(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setfloatle(self, f, length=None):
+        # If no length given, and we've previously been given a length, use it.
+        if length is None and hasattr(self, 'len') and self.len != 0:
+            length = self.len
+        if length is None or length == 0:
+            raise CreationError("A non-zero length must be specified with a "
+                                "float initialiser.")
+        if length == 32:
+            b = struct.pack('<f', f)
+        elif length == 64:
+            b = struct.pack('<d', f)
+        else:
+            raise CreationError("floats can only be 32 or 64 bits long, "
+                                "not {0} bits", length)
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(b), length, 0)
+
+    def _readfloatle(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a little-endian float."""
+        startbyte, offset = divmod(start + self._offset, 8)
+        if not offset:
+            if length == 32:
+                f, = struct.unpack('<f', bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, startbyte + 4)))
+            elif length == 64:
+                f, = struct.unpack('<d', bytes(self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, startbyte + 8)))
+        else:
+            if length == 32:
+                f, = struct.unpack('<f', self._readbytes(32, start))
+            elif length == 64:
+                f, = struct.unpack('<d', self._readbytes(64, start))
+        try:
+            return f
+        except NameError:
+            raise InterpretError("floats can only be 32 or 64 bits long, "
+                                 "not {0} bits", length)
+
+    def _getfloatle(self):
+        """Interpret the whole bitstring as a little-endian float."""
+        return self._readfloatle(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setue(self, i):
+        """Initialise bitstring with unsigned exponential-Golomb code for integer i.
+
+        Raises CreationError if i < 0.
+
+        """
+        if i < 0:
+            raise CreationError("Cannot use negative initialiser for unsigned "
+                                "exponential-Golomb.")
+        if not i:
+            self._setbin_unsafe('1')
+            return
+        tmp = i + 1
+        leadingzeros = -1
+        while tmp > 0:
+            tmp >>= 1
+            leadingzeros += 1
+        remainingpart = i + 1 - (1 << leadingzeros)
+        binstring = '0' * leadingzeros + '1' + Bits(uint=remainingpart,
+                                                             length=leadingzeros).bin
+        self._setbin_unsafe(binstring)
+
+    def _readue(self, pos):
+        """Return interpretation of next bits as unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Raises ReadError if the end of the bitstring is encountered while
+        reading the code.
+
+        """
+        oldpos = pos
+        try:
+            while not self[pos]:
+                pos += 1
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ReadError("Read off end of bitstring trying to read code.")
+        leadingzeros = pos - oldpos
+        codenum = (1 << leadingzeros) - 1
+        if leadingzeros > 0:
+            if pos + leadingzeros + 1 > self.len:
+                raise ReadError("Read off end of bitstring trying to read code.")
+            codenum += self._readuint(leadingzeros, pos + 1)
+            pos += leadingzeros + 1
+        else:
+            assert codenum == 0
+            pos += 1
+        return codenum, pos
+
+    def _getue(self):
+        """Return data as unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Raises InterpretError if bitstring is not a single exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            value, newpos = self._readue(0)
+            if value is None or newpos != self.len:
+                raise ReadError
+        except ReadError:
+            raise InterpretError("Bitstring is not a single exponential-Golomb code.")
+        return value
+
+    def _setse(self, i):
+        """Initialise bitstring with signed exponential-Golomb code for integer i."""
+        if i > 0:
+            u = (i * 2) - 1
+        else:
+            u = -2 * i
+        self._setue(u)
+
+    def _getse(self):
+        """Return data as signed exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Raises InterpretError if bitstring is not a single exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            value, newpos = self._readse(0)
+            if value is None or newpos != self.len:
+                raise ReadError
+        except ReadError:
+            raise InterpretError("Bitstring is not a single exponential-Golomb code.")
+        return value
+
+    def _readse(self, pos):
+        """Return interpretation of next bits as a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Advances position to after the read code.
+
+        Raises ReadError if the end of the bitstring is encountered while
+        reading the code.
+
+        """
+        codenum, pos = self._readue(pos)
+        m = (codenum + 1) // 2
+        if not codenum % 2:
+            return -m, pos
+        else:
+            return m, pos
+
+    def _setuie(self, i):
+        """Initialise bitstring with unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code for integer i.
+
+        Raises CreationError if i < 0.
+
+        """
+        if i < 0:
+            raise CreationError("Cannot use negative initialiser for unsigned "
+                                "interleaved exponential-Golomb.")
+        self._setbin_unsafe('1' if i == 0 else '0' + '0'.join(bin(i + 1)[3:]) + '1')
+
+    def _readuie(self, pos):
+        """Return interpretation of next bits as unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Raises ReadError if the end of the bitstring is encountered while
+        reading the code.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            codenum = 1
+            while not self[pos]:
+                pos += 1
+                codenum <<= 1
+                codenum += self[pos]
+                pos += 1
+            pos += 1
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ReadError("Read off end of bitstring trying to read code.")
+        codenum -= 1
+        return codenum, pos
+
+    def _getuie(self):
+        """Return data as unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Raises InterpretError if bitstring is not a single exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            value, newpos = self._readuie(0)
+            if value is None or newpos != self.len:
+                raise ReadError
+        except ReadError:
+            raise InterpretError("Bitstring is not a single interleaved exponential-Golomb code.")
+        return value
+
+    def _setsie(self, i):
+        """Initialise bitstring with signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code for integer i."""
+        if not i:
+            self._setbin_unsafe('1')
+        else:
+            self._setuie(abs(i))
+            self._append(Bits([i < 0]))
+
+    def _getsie(self):
+        """Return data as signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Raises InterpretError if bitstring is not a single exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            value, newpos = self._readsie(0)
+            if value is None or newpos != self.len:
+                raise ReadError
+        except ReadError:
+            raise InterpretError("Bitstring is not a single interleaved exponential-Golomb code.")
+        return value
+
+    def _readsie(self, pos):
+        """Return interpretation of next bits as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+
+        Advances position to after the read code.
+
+        Raises ReadError if the end of the bitstring is encountered while
+        reading the code.
+
+        """
+        codenum, pos = self._readuie(pos)
+        if not codenum:
+            return 0, pos
+        try:
+            if self[pos]:
+                return -codenum, pos + 1
+            else:
+                return codenum, pos + 1
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ReadError("Read off end of bitstring trying to read code.")
+
+    def _setbool(self, value):
+        # We deliberately don't want to have implicit conversions to bool here.
+        # If we did then it would be difficult to deal with the 'False' string.
+        if value in (1, 'True'):
+            self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(b'\x80'), 1, 0)
+        elif value in (0, 'False'):
+            self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(b'\x00'), 1, 0)
+        else:
+            raise CreationError('Cannot initialise boolean with {0}.', value)
+
+    def _getbool(self):
+        if self.length != 1:
+            msg = "For a bool interpretation a bitstring must be 1 bit long, not {0} bits."
+            raise InterpretError(msg, self.length)
+        return self[0]
+
+    def _readbool(self, pos):
+        return self[pos], pos + 1
+
+    def _setbin_safe(self, binstring):
+        """Reset the bitstring to the value given in binstring."""
+        binstring = tidy_input_string(binstring)
+        # remove any 0b if present
+        binstring = binstring.replace('0b', '')
+        self._setbin_unsafe(binstring)
+
+    def _setbin_unsafe(self, binstring):
+        """Same as _setbin_safe, but input isn't sanity checked. binstring mustn't start with '0b'."""
+        length = len(binstring)
+        # pad with zeros up to byte boundary if needed
+        boundary = ((length + 7) // 8) * 8
+        padded_binstring = binstring + '0' * (boundary - length)\
+                           if len(binstring) < boundary else binstring
+        try:
+            bytelist = [int(padded_binstring[x:x + 8], 2)
+                        for x in xrange(0, len(padded_binstring), 8)]
+        except ValueError:
+            raise CreationError("Invalid character in bin initialiser {0}.", binstring)
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray(bytelist), length, 0)
+
+    def _readbin(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a binary string."""
+        if not length:
+            return ''
+        # Get the byte slice containing our bit slice
+        startbyte, startoffset = divmod(start + self._offset, 8)
+        endbyte = (start + self._offset + length - 1) // 8
+        b = self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, endbyte + 1)
+        # Convert to a string of '0' and '1's (via a hex string an and int!)
+        try:
+            c = "{:0{}b}".format(int(binascii.hexlify(b), 16), 8*len(b))
+        except TypeError:
+            # Hack to get Python 2.6 working
+            c = "{0:0{1}b}".format(int(binascii.hexlify(str(b)), 16), 8*len(b))
+        # Finally chop off any extra bits.
+        return c[startoffset:startoffset + length]
+
+    def _getbin(self):
+        """Return interpretation as a binary string."""
+        return self._readbin(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _setoct(self, octstring):
+        """Reset the bitstring to have the value given in octstring."""
+        octstring = tidy_input_string(octstring)
+        # remove any 0o if present
+        octstring = octstring.replace('0o', '')
+        binlist = []
+        for i in octstring:
+            try:
+                if not 0 <= int(i) < 8:
+                    raise ValueError
+                binlist.append(OCT_TO_BITS[int(i)])
+            except ValueError:
+                raise CreationError("Invalid symbol '{0}' in oct initialiser.", i)
+        self._setbin_unsafe(''.join(binlist))
+
+    def _readoct(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as an octal string."""
+        if length % 3:
+            raise InterpretError("Cannot convert to octal unambiguously - "
+                                 "not multiple of 3 bits.")
+        if not length:
+            return ''
+        # Get main octal bit by converting from int.
+        # Strip starting 0 or 0o depending on Python version.
+        end = oct(self._readuint(length, start))[LEADING_OCT_CHARS:]
+        if end.endswith('L'):
+            end = end[:-1]
+        middle = '0' * (length // 3 - len(end))
+        return middle + end
+
+    def _getoct(self):
+        """Return interpretation as an octal string."""
+        return self._readoct(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _sethex(self, hexstring):
+        """Reset the bitstring to have the value given in hexstring."""
+        hexstring = tidy_input_string(hexstring)
+        # remove any 0x if present
+        hexstring = hexstring.replace('0x', '')
+        length = len(hexstring)
+        if length % 2:
+            hexstring += '0'
+        try:
+            try:
+                data = bytearray.fromhex(hexstring)
+            except TypeError:
+                # Python 2.6 needs a unicode string (a bug). 2.7 and 3.x work fine.
+                data = bytearray.fromhex(unicode(hexstring))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise CreationError("Invalid symbol in hex initialiser.")
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(data, length * 4, 0)
+
+    def _readhex(self, length, start):
+        """Read bits and interpret as a hex string."""
+        if length % 4:
+            raise InterpretError("Cannot convert to hex unambiguously - "
+                                           "not multiple of 4 bits.")
+        if not length:
+            return ''
+        # This monstrosity is the only thing I could get to work for both 2.6 and 3.1.
+        # TODO: Is utf-8 really what we mean here?
+        s = str(binascii.hexlify(self._slice(start, start + length).tobytes()).decode('utf-8'))
+        # If there's one nibble too many then cut it off
+        return s[:-1] if (length // 4) % 2 else s
+
+    def _gethex(self):
+        """Return the hexadecimal representation as a string prefixed with '0x'.
+
+        Raises an InterpretError if the bitstring's length is not a multiple of 4.
+
+        """
+        return self._readhex(self.len, 0)
+
+    def _getoffset(self):
+        return self._datastore.offset
+
+    def _getlength(self):
+        """Return the length of the bitstring in bits."""
+        return self._datastore.bitlength
+
+    def _ensureinmemory(self):
+        """Ensure the data is held in memory, not in a file."""
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(self._datastore.getbyteslice(0, self._datastore.bytelength),
+                              self.len, self._offset)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _converttobitstring(cls, bs, offset=0, cache={}):
+        """Convert bs to a bitstring and return it.
+
+        offset gives the suggested bit offset of first significant
+        bit, to optimise append etc.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(bs, Bits):
+            return bs
+        try:
+            return cache[(bs, offset)]
+        except KeyError:
+            if isinstance(bs, basestring):
+                b = cls()
+                try:
+                    _, tokens = tokenparser(bs)
+                except ValueError as e:
+                    raise CreationError(*e.args)
+                if tokens:
+                    b._append(Bits._init_with_token(*tokens[0]))
+                    b._datastore = offsetcopy(b._datastore, offset)
+                    for token in tokens[1:]:
+                        b._append(Bits._init_with_token(*token))
+                assert b._assertsanity()
+                assert b.len == 0 or b._offset == offset
+                if len(cache) < CACHE_SIZE:
+                    cache[(bs, offset)] = b
+                return b
+        except TypeError:
+            # Unhashable type
+            pass
+        return cls(bs)
+
+    def _copy(self):
+        """Create and return a new copy of the Bits (always in memory)."""
+        s_copy = self.__class__()
+        s_copy._setbytes_unsafe(self._datastore.getbyteslice(0, self._datastore.bytelength),
+                                self.len, self._offset)
+        return s_copy
+
+    def _slice(self, start, end):
+        """Used internally to get a slice, without error checking."""
+        if end == start:
+            return self.__class__()
+        offset = self._offset
+        startbyte, newoffset = divmod(start + offset, 8)
+        endbyte = (end + offset - 1) // 8
+        bs = self.__class__()
+        bs._setbytes_unsafe(self._datastore.getbyteslice(startbyte, endbyte + 1), end - start, newoffset)
+        return bs
+
+    def _readtoken(self, name, pos, length):
+        """Reads a token from the bitstring and returns the result."""
+        if length is not None and int(length) > self.length - pos:
+            raise ReadError("Reading off the end of the data. "
+                            "Tried to read {0} bits when only {1} available.".format(int(length), self.length - pos))
+        try:
+            val = name_to_read[name](self, length, pos)
+            return val, pos + length
+        except KeyError:
+            if name == 'pad':
+                return None, pos + length
+            raise ValueError("Can't parse token {0}:{1}".format(name, length))
+        except TypeError:
+            # This is for the 'ue', 'se' and 'bool' tokens. They will also return the new pos.
+            return name_to_read[name](self, pos)
+
+    def _append(self, bs):
+        """Append a bitstring to the current bitstring."""
+        self._datastore._appendstore(bs._datastore)
+
+    def _prepend(self, bs):
+        """Prepend a bitstring to the current bitstring."""
+        self._datastore._prependstore(bs._datastore)
+
+    def _reverse(self):
+        """Reverse all bits in-place."""
+        # Reverse the contents of each byte
+        n = [BYTE_REVERSAL_DICT[b] for b in self._datastore.rawbytes]
+        # Then reverse the order of the bytes
+        n.reverse()
+        # The new offset is the number of bits that were unused at the end.
+        newoffset = 8 - (self._offset + self.len) % 8
+        if newoffset == 8:
+            newoffset = 0
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(bytearray().join(n), self.length, newoffset)
+
+    def _truncatestart(self, bits):
+        """Truncate bits from the start of the bitstring."""
+        assert 0 <= bits <= self.len
+        if not bits:
+            return
+        if bits == self.len:
+            self._clear()
+            return
+        bytepos, offset = divmod(self._offset + bits, 8)
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(self._datastore.getbyteslice(bytepos, self._datastore.bytelength), self.len - bits,
+                              offset)
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+
+    def _truncateend(self, bits):
+        """Truncate bits from the end of the bitstring."""
+        assert 0 <= bits <= self.len
+        if not bits:
+            return
+        if bits == self.len:
+            self._clear()
+            return
+        newlength_in_bytes = (self._offset + self.len - bits + 7) // 8
+        self._setbytes_unsafe(self._datastore.getbyteslice(0, newlength_in_bytes), self.len - bits,
+                              self._offset)
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+
+    def _insert(self, bs, pos):
+        """Insert bs at pos."""
+        assert 0 <= pos <= self.len
+        if pos > self.len // 2:
+            # Inserting nearer end, so cut off end.
+            end = self._slice(pos, self.len)
+            self._truncateend(self.len - pos)
+            self._append(bs)
+            self._append(end)
+        else:
+            # Inserting nearer start, so cut off start.
+            start = self._slice(0, pos)
+            self._truncatestart(pos)
+            self._prepend(bs)
+            self._prepend(start)
+        try:
+            self._pos = pos + bs.len
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+
+    def _overwrite(self, bs, pos):
+        """Overwrite with bs at pos."""
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.len
+        if bs is self:
+            # Just overwriting with self, so do nothing.
+            assert pos == 0
+            return
+        firstbytepos = (self._offset + pos) // 8
+        lastbytepos = (self._offset + pos + bs.len - 1) // 8
+        bytepos, bitoffset = divmod(self._offset + pos, 8)
+        if firstbytepos == lastbytepos:
+            mask = ((1 << bs.len) - 1) << (8 - bs.len - bitoffset)
+            self._datastore.setbyte(bytepos, self._datastore.getbyte(bytepos) & (~mask))
+            d = offsetcopy(bs._datastore, bitoffset)
+            self._datastore.setbyte(bytepos, self._datastore.getbyte(bytepos) | (d.getbyte(0) & mask))
+        else:
+            # Do first byte
+            mask = (1 << (8 - bitoffset)) - 1
+            self._datastore.setbyte(bytepos, self._datastore.getbyte(bytepos) & (~mask))
+            d = offsetcopy(bs._datastore, bitoffset)
+            self._datastore.setbyte(bytepos, self._datastore.getbyte(bytepos) | (d.getbyte(0) & mask))
+            # Now do all the full bytes
+            self._datastore.setbyteslice(firstbytepos + 1, lastbytepos, d.getbyteslice(1, lastbytepos - firstbytepos))
+            # and finally the last byte
+            bitsleft = (self._offset + pos + bs.len) % 8
+            if not bitsleft:
+                bitsleft = 8
+            mask = (1 << (8 - bitsleft)) - 1
+            self._datastore.setbyte(lastbytepos, self._datastore.getbyte(lastbytepos) & mask)
+            self._datastore.setbyte(lastbytepos,
+                                    self._datastore.getbyte(lastbytepos) | (d.getbyte(d.bytelength - 1) & ~mask))
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+
+    def _delete(self, bits, pos):
+        """Delete bits at pos."""
+        assert 0 <= pos <= self.len
+        assert pos + bits <= self.len
+        if not pos:
+            # Cutting bits off at the start.
+            self._truncatestart(bits)
+            return
+        if pos + bits == self.len:
+            # Cutting bits off at the end.
+            self._truncateend(bits)
+            return
+        if pos > self.len - pos - bits:
+            # More bits before cut point than after it, so do bit shifting
+            # on the final bits.
+            end = self._slice(pos + bits, self.len)
+            assert self.len - pos > 0
+            self._truncateend(self.len - pos)
+            self._append(end)
+            return
+        # More bits after the cut point than before it.
+        start = self._slice(0, pos)
+        self._truncatestart(pos + bits)
+        self._prepend(start)
+        return
+
+    def _reversebytes(self, start, end):
+        """Reverse bytes in-place."""
+        # Make the start occur on a byte boundary
+        # TODO: We could be cleverer here to avoid changing the offset.
+        newoffset = 8 - (start % 8)
+        if newoffset == 8:
+            newoffset = 0
+        self._datastore = offsetcopy(self._datastore, newoffset)
+        # Now just reverse the byte data
+        toreverse = bytearray(self._datastore.getbyteslice((newoffset + start) // 8, (newoffset + end) // 8))
+        toreverse.reverse()
+        self._datastore.setbyteslice((newoffset + start) // 8, (newoffset + end) // 8, toreverse)
+
+    def _set(self, pos):
+        """Set bit at pos to 1."""
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.len
+        self._datastore.setbit(pos)
+
+    def _unset(self, pos):
+        """Set bit at pos to 0."""
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.len
+        self._datastore.unsetbit(pos)
+
+    def _invert(self, pos):
+        """Flip bit at pos 1<->0."""
+        assert 0 <= pos < self.len
+        self._datastore.invertbit(pos)
+
+    def _invert_all(self):
+        """Invert every bit."""
+        set = self._datastore.setbyte
+        get = self._datastore.getbyte
+        for p in xrange(self._datastore.byteoffset, self._datastore.byteoffset + self._datastore.bytelength):
+            set(p, 256 + ~get(p))
+
+    def _ilshift(self, n):
+        """Shift bits by n to the left in place. Return self."""
+        assert 0 < n <= self.len
+        self._append(Bits(n))
+        self._truncatestart(n)
+        return self
+
+    def _irshift(self, n):
+        """Shift bits by n to the right in place. Return self."""
+        assert 0 < n <= self.len
+        self._prepend(Bits(n))
+        self._truncateend(n)
+        return self
+
+    def _imul(self, n):
+        """Concatenate n copies of self in place. Return self."""
+        assert n >= 0
+        if not n:
+            self._clear()
+            return self
+        m = 1
+        old_len = self.len
+        while m * 2 < n:
+            self._append(self)
+            m *= 2
+        self._append(self[0:(n - m) * old_len])
+        return self
+
+    def _inplace_logical_helper(self, bs, f):
+        """Helper function containing most of the __ior__, __iand__, __ixor__ code."""
+        # Give the two bitstrings the same offset (modulo 8)
+        self_byteoffset, self_bitoffset = divmod(self._offset, 8)
+        bs_byteoffset, bs_bitoffset = divmod(bs._offset, 8)
+        if bs_bitoffset != self_bitoffset:
+            if not self_bitoffset:
+                bs._datastore = offsetcopy(bs._datastore, 0)
+            else:
+                self._datastore = offsetcopy(self._datastore, bs_bitoffset)
+        a = self._datastore.rawbytes
+        b = bs._datastore.rawbytes
+        for i in xrange(len(a)):
+            a[i] = f(a[i + self_byteoffset], b[i + bs_byteoffset])
+        return self
+
+    def _ior(self, bs):
+        return self._inplace_logical_helper(bs, operator.ior)
+
+    def _iand(self, bs):
+        return self._inplace_logical_helper(bs, operator.iand)
+
+    def _ixor(self, bs):
+        return self._inplace_logical_helper(bs, operator.xor)
+
+    def _readbits(self, length, start):
+        """Read some bits from the bitstring and return newly constructed bitstring."""
+        return self._slice(start, start + length)
+
+    def _validate_slice(self, start, end):
+        """Validate start and end and return them as positive bit positions."""
+        if start is None:
+            start = 0
+        elif start < 0:
+            start += self.len
+        if end is None:
+            end = self.len
+        elif end < 0:
+            end += self.len
+        if not 0 <= end <= self.len:
+            raise ValueError("end is not a valid position in the bitstring.")
+        if not 0 <= start <= self.len:
+            raise ValueError("start is not a valid position in the bitstring.")
+        if end < start:
+            raise ValueError("end must not be less than start.")
+        return start, end
+
+    def unpack(self, fmt, **kwargs):
+        """Interpret the whole bitstring using fmt and return list.
+
+        fmt -- A single string or a list of strings with comma separated tokens
+               describing how to interpret the bits in the bitstring. Items
+               can also be integers, for reading new bitstring of the given length.
+        kwargs -- A dictionary or keyword-value pairs - the keywords used in the
+                  format string will be replaced with their given value.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the format is not understood. If not enough bits
+        are available then all bits to the end of the bitstring will be used.
+
+        See the docstring for 'read' for token examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._readlist(fmt, 0, **kwargs)[0]
+
+    def _readlist(self, fmt, pos, **kwargs):
+        tokens = []
+        stretchy_token = None
+        if isinstance(fmt, basestring):
+            fmt = [fmt]
+        # Not very optimal this, but replace integers with 'bits' tokens
+        # TODO: optimise
+        for i, f in enumerate(fmt):
+            if isinstance(f, numbers.Integral):
+                fmt[i] = "bits:{0}".format(f)
+        for f_item in fmt:
+            stretchy, tkns = tokenparser(f_item, tuple(sorted(kwargs.keys())))
+            if stretchy:
+                if stretchy_token:
+                    raise Error("It's not possible to have more than one 'filler' token.")
+                stretchy_token = stretchy
+            tokens.extend(tkns)
+        if not stretchy_token:
+            lst = []
+            for name, length, _ in tokens:
+                if length in kwargs:
+                    length = kwargs[length]
+                    if name == 'bytes':
+                        length *= 8
+                if name in kwargs and length is None:
+                    # Using default 'uint' - the name is really the length.
+                    value, pos = self._readtoken('uint', pos, kwargs[name])
+                    lst.append(value)
+                    continue
+                value, pos = self._readtoken(name, pos, length)
+                if value is not None: # Don't append pad tokens
+                    lst.append(value)
+            return lst, pos
+        stretchy_token = False
+        bits_after_stretchy_token = 0
+        for token in tokens:
+            name, length, _ = token
+            if length in kwargs:
+                length = kwargs[length]
+                if name == 'bytes':
+                    length *= 8
+            if name in kwargs and length is None:
+                # Default 'uint'.
+                length = kwargs[name]
+            if stretchy_token:
+                if name in ('se', 'ue', 'sie', 'uie'):
+                    raise Error("It's not possible to parse a variable"
+                                "length token after a 'filler' token.")
+                else:
+                    if length is None:
+                        raise Error("It's not possible to have more than "
+                                    "one 'filler' token.")
+                    bits_after_stretchy_token += length
+            if length is None and name not in ('se', 'ue', 'sie', 'uie'):
+                assert not stretchy_token
+                stretchy_token = token
+        bits_left = self.len - pos
+        return_values = []
+        for token in tokens:
+            name, length, _ = token
+            if token is stretchy_token:
+                # Set length to the remaining bits
+                length = max(bits_left - bits_after_stretchy_token, 0)
+            if length in kwargs:
+                length = kwargs[length]
+                if name == 'bytes':
+                    length *= 8
+            if name in kwargs and length is None:
+                # Default 'uint'
+                length = kwargs[name]
+            if length is not None:
+                bits_left -= length
+            value, pos = self._readtoken(name, pos, length)
+            if value is not None:
+                return_values.append(value)
+        return return_values, pos
+
+    def _findbytes(self, bytes_, start, end, bytealigned):
+        """Quicker version of find when everything's whole byte
+        and byte aligned.
+
+        """
+        assert self._datastore.offset == 0
+        assert bytealigned is True
+        # Extract data bytes from bitstring to be found.
+        bytepos = (start + 7) // 8
+        found = False
+        p = bytepos
+        finalpos = end // 8
+        increment = max(1024, len(bytes_) * 10)
+        buffersize = increment + len(bytes_)
+        while p < finalpos:
+            # Read in file or from memory in overlapping chunks and search the chunks.
+            buf = bytearray(self._datastore.getbyteslice(p, min(p + buffersize, finalpos)))
+            pos = buf.find(bytes_)
+            if pos != -1:
+                found = True
+                p += pos
+                break
+            p += increment
+        if not found:
+            return ()
+        return (p * 8,)
+
+    def _findregex(self, reg_ex, start, end, bytealigned):
+        """Find first occurrence of a compiled regular expression.
+
+        Note that this doesn't support arbitrary regexes, in particular they
+        must match a known length.
+
+        """
+        p = start
+        length = len(reg_ex.pattern)
+        # We grab overlapping chunks of the binary representation and
+        # do an ordinary string search within that.
+        increment = max(4096, length * 10)
+        buffersize = increment + length
+        while p < end:
+            buf = self._readbin(min(buffersize, end - p), p)
+            # Test using regular expressions...
+            m = reg_ex.search(buf)
+            if m:
+                pos = m.start()
+            # pos = buf.find(targetbin)
+            # if pos != -1:
+                # if bytealigned then we only accept byte aligned positions.
+                if not bytealigned or (p + pos) % 8 == 0:
+                    return (p + pos,)
+                if bytealigned:
+                    # Advance to just beyond the non-byte-aligned match and try again...
+                    p += pos + 1
+                    continue
+            p += increment
+            # Not found, return empty tuple
+        return ()
+
+    def find(self, bs, start=None, end=None, bytealigned=None):
+        """Find first occurrence of substring bs.
+
+        Returns a single item tuple with the bit position if found, or an
+        empty tuple if not found. The bit position (pos property) will
+        also be set to the start of the substring if it is found.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to find.
+        start -- The bit position to start the search. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position one past the last bit to search.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+        bytealigned -- If True the bitstring will only be
+                       found on byte boundaries.
+
+        Raises ValueError if bs is empty, if start < 0, if end > self.len or
+        if end < start.
+
+        >>> BitArray('0xc3e').find('0b1111')
+        (6,)
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if not bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot find an empty bitstring.")
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if bytealigned is None:
+            bytealigned = globals()['bytealigned']
+        if bytealigned and not bs.len % 8 and not self._datastore.offset:
+            p = self._findbytes(bs.bytes, start, end, bytealigned)
+        else:
+            p = self._findregex(re.compile(bs._getbin()), start, end, bytealigned)
+        # If called from a class that has a pos, set it
+        try:
+            self._pos = p[0]
+        except (AttributeError, IndexError):
+            pass
+        return p
+
+    def findall(self, bs, start=None, end=None, count=None, bytealigned=None):
+        """Find all occurrences of bs. Return generator of bit positions.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to find.
+        start -- The bit position to start the search. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position one past the last bit to search.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+        count -- The maximum number of occurrences to find.
+        bytealigned -- If True the bitstring will only be found on
+                       byte boundaries.
+
+        Raises ValueError if bs is empty, if start < 0, if end > self.len or
+        if end < start.
+
+        Note that all occurrences of bs are found, even if they overlap.
+
+        """
+        if count is not None and count < 0:
+            raise ValueError("In findall, count must be >= 0.")
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if bytealigned is None:
+            bytealigned = globals()['bytealigned']
+        c = 0
+        if bytealigned and not bs.len % 8 and not self._datastore.offset:
+            # Use the quick find method
+            f = self._findbytes
+            x = bs._getbytes()
+        else:
+            f = self._findregex
+            x = re.compile(bs._getbin())
+        while True:
+
+            p = f(x, start, end, bytealigned)
+            if not p:
+                break
+            if count is not None and c >= count:
+                return
+            c += 1
+            try:
+                self._pos = p[0]
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            yield p[0]
+            if bytealigned:
+                start = p[0] + 8
+            else:
+                start = p[0] + 1
+            if start >= end:
+                break
+        return
+
+    def rfind(self, bs, start=None, end=None, bytealigned=None):
+        """Find final occurrence of substring bs.
+
+        Returns a single item tuple with the bit position if found, or an
+        empty tuple if not found. The bit position (pos property) will
+        also be set to the start of the substring if it is found.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to find.
+        start -- The bit position to end the reverse search. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position one past the first bit to reverse search.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+        bytealigned -- If True the bitstring will only be found on byte
+                       boundaries.
+
+        Raises ValueError if bs is empty, if start < 0, if end > self.len or
+        if end < start.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if bytealigned is None:
+            bytealigned = globals()['bytealigned']
+        if not bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot find an empty bitstring.")
+        # Search chunks starting near the end and then moving back
+        # until we find bs.
+        increment = max(8192, bs.len * 80)
+        buffersize = min(increment + bs.len, end - start)
+        pos = max(start, end - buffersize)
+        while True:
+            found = list(self.findall(bs, start=pos, end=pos + buffersize,
+                                      bytealigned=bytealigned))
+            if not found:
+                if pos == start:
+                    return ()
+                pos = max(start, pos - increment)
+                continue
+            return (found[-1],)
+
+    def cut(self, bits, start=None, end=None, count=None):
+        """Return bitstring generator by cutting into bits sized chunks.
+
+        bits -- The size in bits of the bitstring chunks to generate.
+        start -- The bit position to start the first cut. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position one past the last bit to use in the cut.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+        count -- If specified then at most count items are generated.
+                 Default is to cut as many times as possible.
+
+        """
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if count is not None and count < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot cut - count must be >= 0.")
+        if bits <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot cut - bits must be >= 0.")
+        c = 0
+        while count is None or c < count:
+            c += 1
+            nextchunk = self._slice(start, min(start + bits, end))
+            if nextchunk.len != bits:
+                return
+            assert nextchunk._assertsanity()
+            yield nextchunk
+            start += bits
+        return
+
+    def split(self, delimiter, start=None, end=None, count=None,
+              bytealigned=None):
+        """Return bitstring generator by splittling using a delimiter.
+
+        The first item returned is the initial bitstring before the delimiter,
+        which may be an empty bitstring.
+
+        delimiter -- The bitstring used as the divider.
+        start -- The bit position to start the split. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position one past the last bit to use in the split.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+        count -- If specified then at most count items are generated.
+                 Default is to split as many times as possible.
+        bytealigned -- If True splits will only occur on byte boundaries.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the delimiter is empty.
+
+        """
+        delimiter = Bits(delimiter)
+        if not delimiter.len:
+            raise ValueError("split delimiter cannot be empty.")
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if bytealigned is None:
+            bytealigned = globals()['bytealigned']
+        if count is not None and count < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot split - count must be >= 0.")
+        if count == 0:
+            return
+        if bytealigned and not delimiter.len % 8 and not self._datastore.offset:
+            # Use the quick find method
+            f = self._findbytes
+            x = delimiter._getbytes()
+        else:
+            f = self._findregex
+            x = re.compile(delimiter._getbin())
+        found = f(x, start, end, bytealigned)
+        if not found:
+            # Initial bits are the whole bitstring being searched
+            yield self._slice(start, end)
+            return
+        # yield the bytes before the first occurrence of the delimiter, even if empty
+        yield self._slice(start, found[0])
+        startpos = pos = found[0]
+        c = 1
+        while count is None or c < count:
+            pos += delimiter.len
+            found = f(x, pos, end, bytealigned)
+            if not found:
+                # No more occurrences, so return the rest of the bitstring
+                yield self._slice(startpos, end)
+                return
+            c += 1
+            yield self._slice(startpos, found[0])
+            startpos = pos = found[0]
+        # Have generated count bitstrings, so time to quit.
+        return
+
+    def join(self, sequence):
+        """Return concatenation of bitstrings joined by self.
+
+        sequence -- A sequence of bitstrings.
+
+        """
+        s = self.__class__()
+        i = iter(sequence)
+        try:
+            s._append(Bits(next(i)))
+            while True:
+                n = next(i)
+                s._append(self)
+                s._append(Bits(n))
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        return s
+
+    def tobytes(self):
+        """Return the bitstring as bytes, padding with zero bits if needed.
+
+        Up to seven zero bits will be added at the end to byte align.
+
+        """
+        d = offsetcopy(self._datastore, 0).rawbytes
+        # Need to ensure that unused bits at end are set to zero
+        unusedbits = 8 - self.len % 8
+        if unusedbits != 8:
+            d[-1] &= (0xff << unusedbits)
+        return bytes(d)
+
+    def tofile(self, f):
+        """Write the bitstring to a file object, padding with zero bits if needed.
+
+        Up to seven zero bits will be added at the end to byte align.
+
+        """
+        # If the bitstring is file based then we don't want to read it all
+        # in to memory.
+        chunksize = 1024 * 1024 # 1 MB chunks
+        if not self._offset:
+            a = 0
+            bytelen = self._datastore.bytelength
+            p = self._datastore.getbyteslice(a, min(a + chunksize, bytelen - 1))
+            while len(p) == chunksize:
+                f.write(p)
+                a += chunksize
+                p = self._datastore.getbyteslice(a, min(a + chunksize, bytelen - 1))
+            f.write(p)
+            # Now the final byte, ensuring that unused bits at end are set to 0.
+            bits_in_final_byte = self.len % 8
+            if not bits_in_final_byte:
+                bits_in_final_byte = 8
+            f.write(self[-bits_in_final_byte:].tobytes())
+        else:
+            # Really quite inefficient...
+            a = 0
+            b = a + chunksize * 8
+            while b <= self.len:
+                f.write(self._slice(a, b)._getbytes())
+                a += chunksize * 8
+                b += chunksize * 8
+            if a != self.len:
+                f.write(self._slice(a, self.len).tobytes())
+
+    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
+        """Return whether the current bitstring starts with prefix.
+
+        prefix -- The bitstring to search for.
+        start -- The bit position to start from. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position to end at. Defaults to self.len.
+
+        """
+        prefix = Bits(prefix)
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if end < start + prefix.len:
+            return False
+        end = start + prefix.len
+        return self._slice(start, end) == prefix
+
+    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
+        """Return whether the current bitstring ends with suffix.
+
+        suffix -- The bitstring to search for.
+        start -- The bit position to start from. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- The bit position to end at. Defaults to self.len.
+
+        """
+        suffix = Bits(suffix)
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if start + suffix.len > end:
+            return False
+        start = end - suffix.len
+        return self._slice(start, end) == suffix
+
+    def all(self, value, pos=None):
+        """Return True if one or many bits are all set to value.
+
+        value -- If value is True then checks for bits set to 1, otherwise
+                 checks for bits set to 0.
+        pos -- An iterable of bit positions. Negative numbers are treated in
+               the same way as slice indices. Defaults to the whole bitstring.
+
+        """
+        value = bool(value)
+        length = self.len
+        if pos is None:
+            pos = xrange(self.len)
+        for p in pos:
+            if p < 0:
+                p += length
+            if not 0 <= p < length:
+                raise IndexError("Bit position {0} out of range.".format(p))
+            if not self._datastore.getbit(p) is value:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def any(self, value, pos=None):
+        """Return True if any of one or many bits are set to value.
+
+        value -- If value is True then checks for bits set to 1, otherwise
+                 checks for bits set to 0.
+        pos -- An iterable of bit positions. Negative numbers are treated in
+               the same way as slice indices. Defaults to the whole bitstring.
+
+        """
+        value = bool(value)
+        length = self.len
+        if pos is None:
+            pos = xrange(self.len)
+        for p in pos:
+            if p < 0:
+                p += length
+            if not 0 <= p < length:
+                raise IndexError("Bit position {0} out of range.".format(p))
+            if self._datastore.getbit(p) is value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def count(self, value):
+        """Return count of total number of either zero or one bits.
+
+        value -- If True then bits set to 1 are counted, otherwise bits set
+                 to 0 are counted.
+
+        >>> Bits('0xef').count(1)
+        7
+
+        """
+        if not self.len:
+            return 0
+        # count the number of 1s (from which it's easy to work out the 0s).
+        # Don't count the final byte yet.
+        count = sum(BIT_COUNT[self._datastore.getbyte(i)] for i in xrange(self._datastore.bytelength - 1))
+        # adjust for bits at start that aren't part of the bitstring
+        if self._offset:
+            count -= BIT_COUNT[self._datastore.getbyte(0) >> (8 - self._offset)]
+        # and count the last 1 - 8 bits at the end.
+        endbits = self._datastore.bytelength * 8 - (self._offset + self.len)
+        count += BIT_COUNT[self._datastore.getbyte(self._datastore.bytelength - 1) >> endbits]
+        return count if value else self.len - count
+
+    # Create native-endian functions as aliases depending on the byteorder
+    if byteorder == 'little':
+        _setfloatne = _setfloatle
+        _readfloatne = _readfloatle
+        _getfloatne = _getfloatle
+        _setuintne = _setuintle
+        _readuintne = _readuintle
+        _getuintne = _getuintle
+        _setintne = _setintle
+        _readintne = _readintle
+        _getintne = _getintle
+    else:
+        _setfloatne = _setfloat
+        _readfloatne = _readfloat
+        _getfloatne = _getfloat
+        _setuintne = _setuintbe
+        _readuintne = _readuintbe
+        _getuintne = _getuintbe
+        _setintne = _setintbe
+        _readintne = _readintbe
+        _getintne = _getintbe
+
+    _offset = property(_getoffset)
+
+    len = property(_getlength,
+                   doc="""The length of the bitstring in bits. Read only.
+                      """)
+    length = property(_getlength,
+                      doc="""The length of the bitstring in bits. Read only.
+                      """)
+    bool = property(_getbool,
+                    doc="""The bitstring as a bool (True or False). Read only.
+                    """)
+    hex = property(_gethex,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a hexadecimal string. Read only.
+                   """)
+    bin = property(_getbin,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a binary string. Read only.
+                   """)
+    oct = property(_getoct,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as an octal string. Read only.
+                   """)
+    bytes = property(_getbytes,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a bytes object. Read only.
+                      """)
+    int = property(_getint,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement signed int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    uint = property(_getuint,
+                    doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement unsigned int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    float = property(_getfloat,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a floating point number. Read only.
+                      """)
+    intbe = property(_getintbe,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement big-endian signed int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    uintbe = property(_getuintbe,
+                      doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement big-endian unsigned int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    floatbe = property(_getfloat,
+                       doc="""The bitstring as a big-endian floating point number. Read only.
+                      """)
+    intle = property(_getintle,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement little-endian signed int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    uintle = property(_getuintle,
+                      doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement little-endian unsigned int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    floatle = property(_getfloatle,
+                       doc="""The bitstring as a little-endian floating point number. Read only.
+                      """)
+    intne = property(_getintne,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement native-endian signed int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    uintne = property(_getuintne,
+                      doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement native-endian unsigned int. Read only.
+                      """)
+    floatne = property(_getfloatne,
+                       doc="""The bitstring as a native-endian floating point number. Read only.
+                      """)
+    ue = property(_getue,
+                  doc="""The bitstring as an unsigned exponential-Golomb code. Read only.
+                      """)
+    se = property(_getse,
+                  doc="""The bitstring as a signed exponential-Golomb code. Read only.
+                      """)
+    uie = property(_getuie,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code. Read only.
+                      """)
+    sie = property(_getsie,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code. Read only.
+                      """)
+
+
+# Dictionary that maps token names to the function that reads them.
+name_to_read = {'uint': Bits._readuint,
+                'uintle': Bits._readuintle,
+                'uintbe': Bits._readuintbe,
+                'uintne': Bits._readuintne,
+                'int': Bits._readint,
+                'intle': Bits._readintle,
+                'intbe': Bits._readintbe,
+                'intne': Bits._readintne,
+                'float': Bits._readfloat,
+                'floatbe': Bits._readfloat, # floatbe is a synonym for float
+                'floatle': Bits._readfloatle,
+                'floatne': Bits._readfloatne,
+                'hex': Bits._readhex,
+                'oct': Bits._readoct,
+                'bin': Bits._readbin,
+                'bits': Bits._readbits,
+                'bytes': Bits._readbytes,
+                'ue': Bits._readue,
+                'se': Bits._readse,
+                'uie': Bits._readuie,
+                'sie': Bits._readsie,
+                'bool': Bits._readbool,
+                }
+
+# Dictionaries for mapping init keywords with init functions.
+init_with_length_and_offset = {'bytes': Bits._setbytes_safe,
+                               'filename': Bits._setfile,
+                               }
+
+init_with_length_only = {'uint': Bits._setuint,
+                         'int': Bits._setint,
+                         'float': Bits._setfloat,
+                         'uintbe': Bits._setuintbe,
+                         'intbe': Bits._setintbe,
+                         'floatbe': Bits._setfloat,
+                         'uintle': Bits._setuintle,
+                         'intle': Bits._setintle,
+                         'floatle': Bits._setfloatle,
+                         'uintne': Bits._setuintne,
+                         'intne': Bits._setintne,
+                         'floatne': Bits._setfloatne,
+                         }
+
+init_without_length_or_offset = {'bin': Bits._setbin_safe,
+                                 'hex': Bits._sethex,
+                                 'oct': Bits._setoct,
+                                 'ue': Bits._setue,
+                                 'se': Bits._setse,
+                                 'uie': Bits._setuie,
+                                 'sie': Bits._setsie,
+                                 'bool': Bits._setbool,
+                                 }
+
+
+class BitArray(Bits):
+    """A container holding a mutable sequence of bits.
+
+    Subclass of the immutable Bits class. Inherits all of its
+    methods (except __hash__) and adds mutating methods.
+
+    Mutating methods:
+
+    append() -- Append a bitstring.
+    byteswap() -- Change byte endianness in-place.
+    insert() -- Insert a bitstring.
+    invert() -- Flip bit(s) between one and zero.
+    overwrite() -- Overwrite a section with a new bitstring.
+    prepend() -- Prepend a bitstring.
+    replace() -- Replace occurrences of one bitstring with another.
+    reverse() -- Reverse bits in-place.
+    rol() -- Rotate bits to the left.
+    ror() -- Rotate bits to the right.
+    set() -- Set bit(s) to 1 or 0.
+
+    Methods inherited from Bits:
+
+    all() -- Check if all specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    any() -- Check if any of specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    count() -- Count the number of bits set to 1 or 0.
+    cut() -- Create generator of constant sized chunks.
+    endswith() -- Return whether the bitstring ends with a sub-string.
+    find() -- Find a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    findall() -- Find all occurrences of a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    join() -- Join bitstrings together using current bitstring.
+    rfind() -- Seek backwards to find a sub-bitstring.
+    split() -- Create generator of chunks split by a delimiter.
+    startswith() -- Return whether the bitstring starts with a sub-bitstring.
+    tobytes() -- Return bitstring as bytes, padding if needed.
+    tofile() -- Write bitstring to file, padding if needed.
+    unpack() -- Interpret bits using format string.
+
+    Special methods:
+
+    Mutating operators are available: [], <<=, >>=, +=, *=, &=, |= and ^=
+    in addition to the inherited [], ==, !=, +, *, ~, <<, >>, &, | and ^.
+
+    Properties:
+
+    bin -- The bitstring as a binary string.
+    bool -- For single bit bitstrings, interpret as True or False.
+    bytepos -- The current byte position in the bitstring.
+    bytes -- The bitstring as a bytes object.
+    float -- Interpret as a floating point number.
+    floatbe -- Interpret as a big-endian floating point number.
+    floatle -- Interpret as a little-endian floating point number.
+    floatne -- Interpret as a native-endian floating point number.
+    hex -- The bitstring as a hexadecimal string.
+    int -- Interpret as a two's complement signed integer.
+    intbe -- Interpret as a big-endian signed integer.
+    intle -- Interpret as a little-endian signed integer.
+    intne -- Interpret as a native-endian signed integer.
+    len -- Length of the bitstring in bits.
+    oct -- The bitstring as an octal string.
+    pos -- The current bit position in the bitstring.
+    se -- Interpret as a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+    ue -- Interpret as an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+    sie -- Interpret as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uie -- Interpret as an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uint -- Interpret as a two's complement unsigned integer.
+    uintbe -- Interpret as a big-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintle -- Interpret as a little-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintne -- Interpret as a native-endian unsigned integer.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # As BitArray objects are mutable, we shouldn't allow them to be hashed.
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __init__(self, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        """Either specify an 'auto' initialiser:
+        auto -- a string of comma separated tokens, an integer, a file object,
+                a bytearray, a boolean iterable or another bitstring.
+
+        Or initialise via **kwargs with one (and only one) of:
+        bytes -- raw data as a string, for example read from a binary file.
+        bin -- binary string representation, e.g. '0b001010'.
+        hex -- hexadecimal string representation, e.g. '0x2ef'
+        oct -- octal string representation, e.g. '0o777'.
+        uint -- an unsigned integer.
+        int -- a signed integer.
+        float -- a floating point number.
+        uintbe -- an unsigned big-endian whole byte integer.
+        intbe -- a signed big-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatbe - a big-endian floating point number.
+        uintle -- an unsigned little-endian whole byte integer.
+        intle -- a signed little-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatle -- a little-endian floating point number.
+        uintne -- an unsigned native-endian whole byte integer.
+        intne -- a signed native-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatne -- a native-endian floating point number.
+        se -- a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+        ue -- an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+        sie -- a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        uie -- an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        bool -- a boolean (True or False).
+        filename -- a file which will be opened in binary read-only mode.
+
+        Other keyword arguments:
+        length -- length of the bitstring in bits, if needed and appropriate.
+                  It must be supplied for all integer and float initialisers.
+        offset -- bit offset to the data. These offset bits are
+                  ignored and this is intended for use when
+                  initialising using 'bytes' or 'filename'.
+
+        """
+        # For mutable BitArrays we always read in files to memory:
+        if not isinstance(self._datastore, ByteStore):
+            self._ensureinmemory()
+
+    def __new__(cls, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        x = super(BitArray, cls).__new__(cls)
+        y = Bits.__new__(BitArray, auto, length, offset, **kwargs)
+        x._datastore = y._datastore
+        return x
+
+    def __iadd__(self, bs):
+        """Append bs to current bitstring. Return self.
+
+        bs -- the bitstring to append.
+
+        """
+        self.append(bs)
+        return self
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """Return a new copy of the BitArray."""
+        s_copy = BitArray()
+        if not isinstance(self._datastore, ByteStore):
+            # Let them both point to the same (invariant) array.
+            # If either gets modified then at that point they'll be read into memory.
+            s_copy._datastore = self._datastore
+        else:
+            s_copy._datastore = copy.copy(self._datastore)
+        return s_copy
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Set item or range to new value.
+
+        Indices are in units of the step parameter (default 1 bit).
+        Stepping is used to specify the number of bits in each item.
+
+        If the length of the bitstring is changed then pos will be moved
+        to after the inserted section, otherwise it will remain unchanged.
+
+        >>> s = BitArray('0xff')
+        >>> s[0:1:4] = '0xe'
+        >>> print s
+        '0xef'
+        >>> s[4:4] = '0x00'
+        >>> print s
+        '0xe00f'
+
+        """
+        try:
+            # A slice
+            start, step = 0, 1
+            if key.step is not None:
+                step = key.step
+        except AttributeError:
+            # single element
+            if key < 0:
+                key += self.len
+            if not 0 <= key < self.len:
+                raise IndexError("Slice index out of range.")
+            if isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
+                if not value:
+                    self._unset(key)
+                    return
+                if value in (1, -1):
+                    self._set(key)
+                    return
+                raise ValueError("Cannot set a single bit with integer {0}.".format(value))
+            value = Bits(value)
+            if value.len == 1:
+                # TODO: this can't be optimal
+                if value[0]:
+                    self._set(key)
+                else:
+                    self._unset(key)
+            else:
+                self._delete(1, key)
+                self._insert(value, key)
+            return
+        else:
+            if step != 1:
+                # convert to binary string and use string slicing
+                # TODO: Horribly inefficent
+                temp = list(self._getbin())
+                v = list(Bits(value)._getbin())
+                temp.__setitem__(key, v)
+                self._setbin_unsafe(''.join(temp))
+                return
+
+            # If value is an integer then we want to set the slice to that
+            # value rather than initialise a new bitstring of that length.
+            if not isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
+                try:
+                    # TODO: Better way than calling constructor here?
+                    value = Bits(value)
+                except TypeError:
+                    raise TypeError("Bitstring, integer or string expected. "
+                                    "Got {0}.".format(type(value)))
+            if key.start is not None:
+                start = key.start
+                if key.start < 0:
+                    start += self.len
+                if start < 0:
+                    start = 0
+            stop = self.len
+            if key.stop is not None:
+                stop = key.stop
+                if key.stop < 0:
+                    stop += self.len
+            if start > stop:
+                # The standard behaviour for lists is to just insert at the
+                # start position if stop < start and step == 1.
+                stop = start
+            if isinstance(value, numbers.Integral):
+                if value >= 0:
+                    value = self.__class__(uint=value, length=stop - start)
+                else:
+                    value = self.__class__(int=value, length=stop - start)
+            stop = min(stop, self.len)
+            start = max(start, 0)
+            start = min(start, stop)
+            if (stop - start) == value.len:
+                if not value.len:
+                    return
+                if step >= 0:
+                    self._overwrite(value, start)
+                else:
+                    self._overwrite(value.__getitem__(slice(None, None, 1)), start)
+            else:
+                # TODO: A delete then insert is wasteful - it could do unneeded shifts.
+                # Could be either overwrite + insert or overwrite + delete.
+                self._delete(stop - start, start)
+                if step >= 0:
+                    self._insert(value, start)
+                else:
+                    self._insert(value.__getitem__(slice(None, None, 1)), start)
+                # pos is now after the inserted piece.
+            return
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """Delete item or range.
+
+        Indices are in units of the step parameter (default 1 bit).
+        Stepping is used to specify the number of bits in each item.
+
+        >>> a = BitArray('0x001122')
+        >>> del a[1:2:8]
+        >>> print a
+        0x0022
+
+        """
+        try:
+            # A slice
+            start = 0
+            step = key.step if key.step is not None else 1
+        except AttributeError:
+            # single element
+            if key < 0:
+                key += self.len
+            if not 0 <= key < self.len:
+                raise IndexError("Slice index out of range.")
+            self._delete(1, key)
+            return
+        else:
+            if step != 1:
+                # convert to binary string and use string slicing
+                # TODO: Horribly inefficent
+                temp = list(self._getbin())
+                temp.__delitem__(key)
+                self._setbin_unsafe(''.join(temp))
+                return
+            stop = key.stop
+            if key.start is not None:
+                start = key.start
+                if key.start < 0 and stop is None:
+                    start += self.len
+                if start < 0:
+                    start = 0
+            if stop is None:
+                stop = self.len
+            if start > stop:
+                return
+            stop = min(stop, self.len)
+            start = max(start, 0)
+            start = min(start, stop)
+            self._delete(stop - start, start)
+            return
+
+    def __ilshift__(self, n):
+        """Shift bits by n to the left in place. Return self.
+
+        n -- the number of bits to shift. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift by a negative amount.")
+        if not self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift an empty bitstring.")
+        if not n:
+            return self
+        n = min(n, self.len)
+        return self._ilshift(n)
+
+    def __irshift__(self, n):
+        """Shift bits by n to the right in place. Return self.
+
+        n -- the number of bits to shift. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift by a negative amount.")
+        if not self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shift an empty bitstring.")
+        if not n:
+            return self
+        n = min(n, self.len)
+        return self._irshift(n)
+
+    def __imul__(self, n):
+        """Concatenate n copies of self in place. Return self.
+
+        Called for expressions of the form 'a *= 3'.
+        n -- The number of concatenations. Must be >= 0.
+
+        """
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot multiply by a negative integer.")
+        return self._imul(n)
+
+    def __ior__(self, bs):
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if self.len != bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Bitstrings must have the same length "
+                             "for |= operator.")
+        return self._ior(bs)
+
+    def __iand__(self, bs):
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if self.len != bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Bitstrings must have the same length "
+                             "for &= operator.")
+        return self._iand(bs)
+
+    def __ixor__(self, bs):
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if self.len != bs.len:
+            raise ValueError("Bitstrings must have the same length "
+                             "for ^= operator.")
+        return self._ixor(bs)
+
+    def replace(self, old, new, start=None, end=None, count=None,
+                bytealigned=None):
+        """Replace all occurrences of old with new in place.
+
+        Returns number of replacements made.
+
+        old -- The bitstring to replace.
+        new -- The replacement bitstring.
+        start -- Any occurrences that start before this will not be replaced.
+                 Defaults to 0.
+        end -- Any occurrences that finish after this will not be replaced.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+        count -- The maximum number of replacements to make. Defaults to
+                 replace all occurrences.
+        bytealigned -- If True replacements will only be made on byte
+                       boundaries.
+
+        Raises ValueError if old is empty or if start or end are
+        out of range.
+
+        """
+        old = Bits(old)
+        new = Bits(new)
+        if not old.len:
+            raise ValueError("Empty bitstring cannot be replaced.")
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if bytealigned is None:
+            bytealigned = globals()['bytealigned']
+        # Adjust count for use in split()
+        if count is not None:
+            count += 1
+        sections = self.split(old, start, end, count, bytealigned)
+        lengths = [s.len for s in sections]
+        if len(lengths) == 1:
+            # Didn't find anything to replace.
+            return 0 # no replacements done
+        if new is self:
+            # Prevent self assignment woes
+            new = copy.copy(self)
+        positions = [lengths[0] + start]
+        for l in lengths[1:-1]:
+            # Next position is the previous one plus the length of the next section.
+            positions.append(positions[-1] + l)
+        # We have all the positions that need replacements. We do them
+        # in reverse order so that they won't move around as we replace.
+        positions.reverse()
+        try:
+            # Need to calculate new pos, if this is a bitstream
+            newpos = self._pos
+            for p in positions:
+                self[p:p + old.len] = new
+            if old.len != new.len:
+                diff = new.len - old.len
+                for p in positions:
+                    if p >= newpos:
+                        continue
+                    if p + old.len <= newpos:
+                        newpos += diff
+                    else:
+                        newpos = p
+            self._pos = newpos
+        except AttributeError:
+            for p in positions:
+                self[p:p + old.len] = new
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+        return len(lengths) - 1
+
+    def insert(self, bs, pos=None):
+        """Insert bs at bit position pos.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to insert.
+        pos -- The bit position to insert at.
+
+        Raises ValueError if pos < 0 or pos > self.len.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if not bs.len:
+            return self
+        if bs is self:
+            bs = self.__copy__()
+        if pos is None:
+            try:
+                pos = self._pos
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError("insert require a bit position for this type.")
+        if pos < 0:
+            pos += self.len
+        if not 0 <= pos <= self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid insert position.")
+        self._insert(bs, pos)
+
+    def overwrite(self, bs, pos=None):
+        """Overwrite with bs at bit position pos.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to overwrite with.
+        pos -- The bit position to begin overwriting from.
+
+        Raises ValueError if pos < 0 or pos + bs.len > self.len
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        if not bs.len:
+            return
+        if pos is None:
+            try:
+                pos = self._pos
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError("overwrite require a bit position for this type.")
+        if pos < 0:
+            pos += self.len
+        if pos < 0 or pos + bs.len > self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Overwrite exceeds boundary of bitstring.")
+        self._overwrite(bs, pos)
+        try:
+            self._pos = pos + bs.len
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+    def append(self, bs):
+        """Append a bitstring to the current bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to append.
+
+        """
+        # The offset is a hint to make bs easily appendable.
+        bs = self._converttobitstring(bs, offset=(self.len + self._offset) % 8)
+        self._append(bs)
+
+    def prepend(self, bs):
+        """Prepend a bitstring to the current bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to prepend.
+
+        """
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        self._prepend(bs)
+
+    def reverse(self, start=None, end=None):
+        """Reverse bits in-place.
+
+        start -- Position of first bit to reverse. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- One past the position of the last bit to reverse.
+               Defaults to self.len.
+
+        Using on an empty bitstring will have no effect.
+
+        Raises ValueError if start < 0, end > self.len or end < start.
+
+        """
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if start == 0 and end == self.len:
+            self._reverse()
+            return
+        s = self._slice(start, end)
+        s._reverse()
+        self[start:end] = s
+
+    def set(self, value, pos=None):
+        """Set one or many bits to 1 or 0.
+
+        value -- If True bits are set to 1, otherwise they are set to 0.
+        pos -- Either a single bit position or an iterable of bit positions.
+               Negative numbers are treated in the same way as slice indices.
+               Defaults to the entire bitstring.
+
+        Raises IndexError if pos < -self.len or pos >= self.len.
+
+        """
+        f = self._set if value else self._unset
+        if pos is None:
+            pos = xrange(self.len)
+        try:
+            length = self.len
+            for p in pos:
+                if p < 0:
+                    p += length
+                if not 0 <= p < length:
+                    raise IndexError("Bit position {0} out of range.".format(p))
+                f(p)
+        except TypeError:
+            # Single pos
+            if pos < 0:
+                pos += self.len
+            if not 0 <= pos < length:
+                raise IndexError("Bit position {0} out of range.".format(pos))
+            f(pos)
+
+    def invert(self, pos=None):
+        """Invert one or many bits from 0 to 1 or vice versa.
+
+        pos -- Either a single bit position or an iterable of bit positions.
+               Negative numbers are treated in the same way as slice indices.
+
+        Raises IndexError if pos < -self.len or pos >= self.len.
+
+        """
+        if pos is None:
+            self._invert_all()
+            return
+        if not isinstance(pos, collections.Iterable):
+            pos = (pos,)
+        length = self.len
+
+        for p in pos:
+            if p < 0:
+                p += length
+            if not 0 <= p < length:
+                raise IndexError("Bit position {0} out of range.".format(p))
+            self._invert(p)
+
+    def ror(self, bits, start=None, end=None):
+        """Rotate bits to the right in-place.
+
+        bits -- The number of bits to rotate by.
+        start -- Start of slice to rotate. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- End of slice to rotate. Defaults to self.len.
+
+        Raises ValueError if bits < 0.
+
+        """
+        if not self.len:
+            raise Error("Cannot rotate an empty bitstring.")
+        if bits < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot rotate right by negative amount.")
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        bits %= (end - start)
+        if not bits:
+            return
+        rhs = self._slice(end - bits, end)
+        self._delete(bits, end - bits)
+        self._insert(rhs, start)
+
+    def rol(self, bits, start=None, end=None):
+        """Rotate bits to the left in-place.
+
+        bits -- The number of bits to rotate by.
+        start -- Start of slice to rotate. Defaults to 0.
+        end -- End of slice to rotate. Defaults to self.len.
+
+        Raises ValueError if bits < 0.
+
+        """
+        if not self.len:
+            raise Error("Cannot rotate an empty bitstring.")
+        if bits < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot rotate left by negative amount.")
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        bits %= (end - start)
+        if not bits:
+            return
+        lhs = self._slice(start, start + bits)
+        self._delete(bits, start)
+        self._insert(lhs, end - bits)
+
+    def byteswap(self, fmt=None, start=None, end=None, repeat=True):
+        """Change the endianness in-place. Return number of repeats of fmt done.
+
+        fmt -- A compact structure string, an integer number of bytes or
+               an iterable of integers. Defaults to 0, which byte reverses the
+               whole bitstring.
+        start -- Start bit position, defaults to 0.
+        end -- End bit position, defaults to self.len.
+        repeat -- If True (the default) the byte swapping pattern is repeated
+                  as much as possible.
+
+        """
+        start, end = self._validate_slice(start, end)
+        if fmt is None or fmt == 0:
+            # reverse all of the whole bytes.
+            bytesizes = [(end - start) // 8]
+        elif isinstance(fmt, numbers.Integral):
+            if fmt < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Improper byte length {0}.".format(fmt))
+            bytesizes = [fmt]
+        elif isinstance(fmt, basestring):
+            m = STRUCT_PACK_RE.match(fmt)
+            if not m:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot parse format string {0}.".format(fmt))
+            # Split the format string into a list of 'q', '4h' etc.
+            formatlist = re.findall(STRUCT_SPLIT_RE, m.group('fmt'))
+            # Now deal with multiplicative factors, 4h -> hhhh etc.
+            bytesizes = []
+            for f in formatlist:
+                if len(f) == 1:
+                    bytesizes.append(PACK_CODE_SIZE[f])
+                else:
+                    bytesizes.extend([PACK_CODE_SIZE[f[-1]]] * int(f[:-1]))
+        elif isinstance(fmt, collections.Iterable):
+            bytesizes = fmt
+            for bytesize in bytesizes:
+                if not isinstance(bytesize, numbers.Integral) or bytesize < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("Improper byte length {0}.".format(bytesize))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Format must be an integer, string or iterable.")
+
+        repeats = 0
+        totalbitsize = 8 * sum(bytesizes)
+        if not totalbitsize:
+            return 0
+        if repeat:
+            # Try to repeat up to the end of the bitstring.
+            finalbit = end
+        else:
+            # Just try one (set of) byteswap(s).
+            finalbit = start + totalbitsize
+        for patternend in xrange(start + totalbitsize, finalbit + 1, totalbitsize):
+            bytestart = patternend - totalbitsize
+            for bytesize in bytesizes:
+                byteend = bytestart + bytesize * 8
+                self._reversebytes(bytestart, byteend)
+                bytestart += bytesize * 8
+            repeats += 1
+        return repeats
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Remove all bits, reset to zero length."""
+        self._clear()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a copy of the bitstring."""
+        return self._copy()
+
+    int = property(Bits._getint, Bits._setint,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement signed int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    uint = property(Bits._getuint, Bits._setuint,
+                    doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement unsigned int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    float = property(Bits._getfloat, Bits._setfloat,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a floating point number. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    intbe = property(Bits._getintbe, Bits._setintbe,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement big-endian signed int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    uintbe = property(Bits._getuintbe, Bits._setuintbe,
+                      doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement big-endian unsigned int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    floatbe = property(Bits._getfloat, Bits._setfloat,
+                       doc="""The bitstring as a big-endian floating point number. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    intle = property(Bits._getintle, Bits._setintle,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement little-endian signed int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    uintle = property(Bits._getuintle, Bits._setuintle,
+                      doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement little-endian unsigned int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    floatle = property(Bits._getfloatle, Bits._setfloatle,
+                       doc="""The bitstring as a little-endian floating point number. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    intne = property(Bits._getintne, Bits._setintne,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement native-endian signed int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    uintne = property(Bits._getuintne, Bits._setuintne,
+                      doc="""The bitstring as a two's complement native-endian unsigned int. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    floatne = property(Bits._getfloatne, Bits._setfloatne,
+                       doc="""The bitstring as a native-endian floating point number. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    ue = property(Bits._getue, Bits._setue,
+                  doc="""The bitstring as an unsigned exponential-Golomb code. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    se = property(Bits._getse, Bits._setse,
+                  doc="""The bitstring as a signed exponential-Golomb code. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    uie = property(Bits._getuie, Bits._setuie,
+                  doc="""The bitstring as an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    sie = property(Bits._getsie, Bits._setsie,
+                  doc="""The bitstring as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    hex = property(Bits._gethex, Bits._sethex,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a hexadecimal string. Read and write.
+                       """)
+    bin = property(Bits._getbin, Bits._setbin_safe,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as a binary string. Read and write.
+                       """)
+    oct = property(Bits._getoct, Bits._setoct,
+                   doc="""The bitstring as an octal string. Read and write.
+                       """)
+    bool = property(Bits._getbool, Bits._setbool,
+                    doc="""The bitstring as a bool (True or False). Read and write.
+                    """)
+    bytes = property(Bits._getbytes, Bits._setbytes_safe,
+                     doc="""The bitstring as a ordinary string. Read and write.
+                      """)
+
+
+
+class ConstBitStream(Bits):
+    """A container or stream holding an immutable sequence of bits.
+
+    For a mutable container use the BitStream class instead.
+
+    Methods inherited from Bits:
+
+    all() -- Check if all specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    any() -- Check if any of specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    count() -- Count the number of bits set to 1 or 0.
+    cut() -- Create generator of constant sized chunks.
+    endswith() -- Return whether the bitstring ends with a sub-string.
+    find() -- Find a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    findall() -- Find all occurrences of a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    join() -- Join bitstrings together using current bitstring.
+    rfind() -- Seek backwards to find a sub-bitstring.
+    split() -- Create generator of chunks split by a delimiter.
+    startswith() -- Return whether the bitstring starts with a sub-bitstring.
+    tobytes() -- Return bitstring as bytes, padding if needed.
+    tofile() -- Write bitstring to file, padding if needed.
+    unpack() -- Interpret bits using format string.
+
+    Other methods:
+
+    bytealign() -- Align to next byte boundary.
+    peek() -- Peek at and interpret next bits as a single item.
+    peeklist() -- Peek at and interpret next bits as a list of items.
+    read() -- Read and interpret next bits as a single item.
+    readlist() -- Read and interpret next bits as a list of items.
+
+    Special methods:
+
+    Also available are the operators [], ==, !=, +, *, ~, <<, >>, &, |, ^.
+
+    Properties:
+
+    bin -- The bitstring as a binary string.
+    bool -- For single bit bitstrings, interpret as True or False.
+    bytepos -- The current byte position in the bitstring.
+    bytes -- The bitstring as a bytes object.
+    float -- Interpret as a floating point number.
+    floatbe -- Interpret as a big-endian floating point number.
+    floatle -- Interpret as a little-endian floating point number.
+    floatne -- Interpret as a native-endian floating point number.
+    hex -- The bitstring as a hexadecimal string.
+    int -- Interpret as a two's complement signed integer.
+    intbe -- Interpret as a big-endian signed integer.
+    intle -- Interpret as a little-endian signed integer.
+    intne -- Interpret as a native-endian signed integer.
+    len -- Length of the bitstring in bits.
+    oct -- The bitstring as an octal string.
+    pos -- The current bit position in the bitstring.
+    se -- Interpret as a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+    ue -- Interpret as an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+    sie -- Interpret as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uie -- Interpret as an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uint -- Interpret as a two's complement unsigned integer.
+    uintbe -- Interpret as a big-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintle -- Interpret as a little-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintne -- Interpret as a native-endian unsigned integer.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_pos')
+
+    def __init__(self, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        """Either specify an 'auto' initialiser:
+        auto -- a string of comma separated tokens, an integer, a file object,
+                a bytearray, a boolean iterable or another bitstring.
+
+        Or initialise via **kwargs with one (and only one) of:
+        bytes -- raw data as a string, for example read from a binary file.
+        bin -- binary string representation, e.g. '0b001010'.
+        hex -- hexadecimal string representation, e.g. '0x2ef'
+        oct -- octal string representation, e.g. '0o777'.
+        uint -- an unsigned integer.
+        int -- a signed integer.
+        float -- a floating point number.
+        uintbe -- an unsigned big-endian whole byte integer.
+        intbe -- a signed big-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatbe - a big-endian floating point number.
+        uintle -- an unsigned little-endian whole byte integer.
+        intle -- a signed little-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatle -- a little-endian floating point number.
+        uintne -- an unsigned native-endian whole byte integer.
+        intne -- a signed native-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatne -- a native-endian floating point number.
+        se -- a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+        ue -- an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+        sie -- a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        uie -- an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        bool -- a boolean (True or False).
+        filename -- a file which will be opened in binary read-only mode.
+
+        Other keyword arguments:
+        length -- length of the bitstring in bits, if needed and appropriate.
+                  It must be supplied for all integer and float initialisers.
+        offset -- bit offset to the data. These offset bits are
+                  ignored and this is intended for use when
+                  initialising using 'bytes' or 'filename'.
+
+        """
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def __new__(cls, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        x = super(ConstBitStream, cls).__new__(cls)
+        x._initialise(auto, length, offset, **kwargs)
+        return x
+
+    def _setbytepos(self, bytepos):
+        """Move to absolute byte-aligned position in stream."""
+        self._setbitpos(bytepos * 8)
+
+    def _getbytepos(self):
+        """Return the current position in the stream in bytes. Must be byte aligned."""
+        if self._pos % 8:
+            raise ByteAlignError("Not byte aligned in _getbytepos().")
+        return self._pos // 8
+
+    def _setbitpos(self, pos):
+        """Move to absolute postion bit in bitstream."""
+        if pos < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Bit position cannot be negative.")
+        if pos > self.len:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot seek past the end of the data.")
+        self._pos = pos
+
+    def _getbitpos(self):
+        """Return the current position in the stream in bits."""
+        return self._pos
+
+    def _clear(self):
+        Bits._clear(self)
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """Return a new copy of the ConstBitStream for the copy module."""
+        # Note that if you want a new copy (different ID), use _copy instead.
+        # The copy can use the same datastore as it's immutable.
+        s = ConstBitStream()
+        s._datastore = self._datastore
+        # Reset the bit position, don't copy it.
+        s._pos = 0
+        return s
+
+    def __add__(self, bs):
+        """Concatenate bitstrings and return new bitstring.
+
+        bs -- the bitstring to append.
+
+        """
+        s = Bits.__add__(self, bs)
+        s._pos = 0
+        return s
+
+    def read(self, fmt):
+        """Interpret next bits according to the format string and return result.
+
+        fmt -- Token string describing how to interpret the next bits.
+
+        Token examples: 'int:12'    : 12 bits as a signed integer
+                        'uint:8'    : 8 bits as an unsigned integer
+                        'float:64'  : 8 bytes as a big-endian float
+                        'intbe:16'  : 2 bytes as a big-endian signed integer
+                        'uintbe:16' : 2 bytes as a big-endian unsigned integer
+                        'intle:32'  : 4 bytes as a little-endian signed integer
+                        'uintle:32' : 4 bytes as a little-endian unsigned integer
+                        'floatle:64': 8 bytes as a little-endian float
+                        'intne:24'  : 3 bytes as a native-endian signed integer
+                        'uintne:24' : 3 bytes as a native-endian unsigned integer
+                        'floatne:32': 4 bytes as a native-endian float
+                        'hex:80'    : 80 bits as a hex string
+                        'oct:9'     : 9 bits as an octal string
+                        'bin:1'     : single bit binary string
+                        'ue'        : next bits as unsigned exp-Golomb code
+                        'se'        : next bits as signed exp-Golomb code
+                        'uie'       : next bits as unsigned interleaved exp-Golomb code
+                        'sie'       : next bits as signed interleaved exp-Golomb code
+                        'bits:5'    : 5 bits as a bitstring
+                        'bytes:10'  : 10 bytes as a bytes object
+                        'bool'      : 1 bit as a bool
+                        'pad:3'     : 3 bits of padding to ignore - returns None
+
+        fmt may also be an integer, which will be treated like the 'bits' token.
+
+        The position in the bitstring is advanced to after the read items.
+
+        Raises ReadError if not enough bits are available.
+        Raises ValueError if the format is not understood.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(fmt, numbers.Integral):
+            if fmt < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot read negative amount.")
+            if fmt > self.len - self._pos:
+                raise ReadError("Cannot read {0} bits, only {1} available.",
+                                fmt, self.len - self._pos)
+            bs = self._slice(self._pos, self._pos + fmt)
+            self._pos += fmt
+            return bs
+        p = self._pos
+        _, token = tokenparser(fmt)
+        if len(token) != 1:
+            self._pos = p
+            raise ValueError("Format string should be a single token, not {0} "
+                             "tokens - use readlist() instead.".format(len(token)))
+        name, length, _ = token[0]
+        if length is None:
+            length = self.len - self._pos
+        value, self._pos = self._readtoken(name, self._pos, length)
+        return value
+
+    def readlist(self, fmt, **kwargs):
+        """Interpret next bits according to format string(s) and return list.
+
+        fmt -- A single string or list of strings with comma separated tokens
+               describing how to interpret the next bits in the bitstring. Items
+               can also be integers, for reading new bitstring of the given length.
+        kwargs -- A dictionary or keyword-value pairs - the keywords used in the
+                  format string will be replaced with their given value.
+
+        The position in the bitstring is advanced to after the read items.
+
+        Raises ReadError is not enough bits are available.
+        Raises ValueError if the format is not understood.
+
+        See the docstring for 'read' for token examples. 'pad' tokens are skipped
+        and not added to the returned list.
+
+        >>> h, b1, b2 = s.readlist('hex:20, bin:5, bin:3')
+        >>> i, bs1, bs2 = s.readlist(['uint:12', 10, 10])
+
+        """
+        value, self._pos = self._readlist(fmt, self._pos, **kwargs)
+        return value
+
+    def readto(self, bs, bytealigned=None):
+        """Read up to and including next occurrence of bs and return result.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to find. An integer is not permitted.
+        bytealigned -- If True the bitstring will only be
+                       found on byte boundaries.
+
+        Raises ValueError if bs is empty.
+        Raises ReadError if bs is not found.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(bs, numbers.Integral):
+            raise ValueError("Integers cannot be searched for")
+        bs = Bits(bs)
+        oldpos = self._pos
+        p = self.find(bs, self._pos, bytealigned=bytealigned)
+        if not p:
+            raise ReadError("Substring not found")
+        self._pos += bs.len
+        return self._slice(oldpos, self._pos)
+
+    def peek(self, fmt):
+        """Interpret next bits according to format string and return result.
+
+        fmt -- Token string describing how to interpret the next bits.
+
+        The position in the bitstring is not changed. If not enough bits are
+        available then all bits to the end of the bitstring will be used.
+
+        Raises ReadError if not enough bits are available.
+        Raises ValueError if the format is not understood.
+
+        See the docstring for 'read' for token examples.
+
+        """
+        pos_before = self._pos
+        value = self.read(fmt)
+        self._pos = pos_before
+        return value
+
+    def peeklist(self, fmt, **kwargs):
+        """Interpret next bits according to format string(s) and return list.
+
+        fmt -- One or more strings with comma separated tokens describing
+               how to interpret the next bits in the bitstring.
+        kwargs -- A dictionary or keyword-value pairs - the keywords used in the
+                  format string will be replaced with their given value.
+
+        The position in the bitstring is not changed. If not enough bits are
+        available then all bits to the end of the bitstring will be used.
+
+        Raises ReadError if not enough bits are available.
+        Raises ValueError if the format is not understood.
+
+        See the docstring for 'read' for token examples.
+
+        """
+        pos = self._pos
+        return_values = self.readlist(fmt, **kwargs)
+        self._pos = pos
+        return return_values
+
+    def bytealign(self):
+        """Align to next byte and return number of skipped bits.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the end of the bitstring is reached before
+        aligning to the next byte.
+
+        """
+        skipped = (8 - (self._pos % 8)) % 8
+        self.pos += self._offset + skipped
+        assert self._assertsanity()
+        return skipped
+
+    pos = property(_getbitpos, _setbitpos,
+                   doc="""The position in the bitstring in bits. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    bitpos = property(_getbitpos, _setbitpos,
+                      doc="""The position in the bitstring in bits. Read and write.
+                      """)
+    bytepos = property(_getbytepos, _setbytepos,
+                       doc="""The position in the bitstring in bytes. Read and write.
+                      """)
+
+
+
+
+
+class BitStream(ConstBitStream, BitArray):
+    """A container or stream holding a mutable sequence of bits
+
+    Subclass of the ConstBitStream and BitArray classes. Inherits all of
+    their methods.
+
+    Methods:
+
+    all() -- Check if all specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    any() -- Check if any of specified bits are set to 1 or 0.
+    append() -- Append a bitstring.
+    bytealign() -- Align to next byte boundary.
+    byteswap() -- Change byte endianness in-place.
+    count() -- Count the number of bits set to 1 or 0.
+    cut() -- Create generator of constant sized chunks.
+    endswith() -- Return whether the bitstring ends with a sub-string.
+    find() -- Find a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    findall() -- Find all occurrences of a sub-bitstring in the current bitstring.
+    insert() -- Insert a bitstring.
+    invert() -- Flip bit(s) between one and zero.
+    join() -- Join bitstrings together using current bitstring.
+    overwrite() -- Overwrite a section with a new bitstring.
+    peek() -- Peek at and interpret next bits as a single item.
+    peeklist() -- Peek at and interpret next bits as a list of items.
+    prepend() -- Prepend a bitstring.
+    read() -- Read and interpret next bits as a single item.
+    readlist() -- Read and interpret next bits as a list of items.
+    replace() -- Replace occurrences of one bitstring with another.
+    reverse() -- Reverse bits in-place.
+    rfind() -- Seek backwards to find a sub-bitstring.
+    rol() -- Rotate bits to the left.
+    ror() -- Rotate bits to the right.
+    set() -- Set bit(s) to 1 or 0.
+    split() -- Create generator of chunks split by a delimiter.
+    startswith() -- Return whether the bitstring starts with a sub-bitstring.
+    tobytes() -- Return bitstring as bytes, padding if needed.
+    tofile() -- Write bitstring to file, padding if needed.
+    unpack() -- Interpret bits using format string.
+
+    Special methods:
+
+    Mutating operators are available: [], <<=, >>=, +=, *=, &=, |= and ^=
+    in addition to [], ==, !=, +, *, ~, <<, >>, &, | and ^.
+
+    Properties:
+
+    bin -- The bitstring as a binary string.
+    bool -- For single bit bitstrings, interpret as True or False.
+    bytepos -- The current byte position in the bitstring.
+    bytes -- The bitstring as a bytes object.
+    float -- Interpret as a floating point number.
+    floatbe -- Interpret as a big-endian floating point number.
+    floatle -- Interpret as a little-endian floating point number.
+    floatne -- Interpret as a native-endian floating point number.
+    hex -- The bitstring as a hexadecimal string.
+    int -- Interpret as a two's complement signed integer.
+    intbe -- Interpret as a big-endian signed integer.
+    intle -- Interpret as a little-endian signed integer.
+    intne -- Interpret as a native-endian signed integer.
+    len -- Length of the bitstring in bits.
+    oct -- The bitstring as an octal string.
+    pos -- The current bit position in the bitstring.
+    se -- Interpret as a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+    ue -- Interpret as an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+    sie -- Interpret as a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uie -- Interpret as an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+    uint -- Interpret as a two's complement unsigned integer.
+    uintbe -- Interpret as a big-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintle -- Interpret as a little-endian unsigned integer.
+    uintne -- Interpret as a native-endian unsigned integer.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # As BitStream objects are mutable, we shouldn't allow them to be hashed.
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def __init__(self, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        """Either specify an 'auto' initialiser:
+        auto -- a string of comma separated tokens, an integer, a file object,
+                a bytearray, a boolean iterable or another bitstring.
+
+        Or initialise via **kwargs with one (and only one) of:
+        bytes -- raw data as a string, for example read from a binary file.
+        bin -- binary string representation, e.g. '0b001010'.
+        hex -- hexadecimal string representation, e.g. '0x2ef'
+        oct -- octal string representation, e.g. '0o777'.
+        uint -- an unsigned integer.
+        int -- a signed integer.
+        float -- a floating point number.
+        uintbe -- an unsigned big-endian whole byte integer.
+        intbe -- a signed big-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatbe - a big-endian floating point number.
+        uintle -- an unsigned little-endian whole byte integer.
+        intle -- a signed little-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatle -- a little-endian floating point number.
+        uintne -- an unsigned native-endian whole byte integer.
+        intne -- a signed native-endian whole byte integer.
+        floatne -- a native-endian floating point number.
+        se -- a signed exponential-Golomb code.
+        ue -- an unsigned exponential-Golomb code.
+        sie -- a signed interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        uie -- an unsigned interleaved exponential-Golomb code.
+        bool -- a boolean (True or False).
+        filename -- a file which will be opened in binary read-only mode.
+
+        Other keyword arguments:
+        length -- length of the bitstring in bits, if needed and appropriate.
+                  It must be supplied for all integer and float initialisers.
+        offset -- bit offset to the data. These offset bits are
+                  ignored and this is intended for use when
+                  initialising using 'bytes' or 'filename'.
+
+        """
+        self._pos = 0
+        # For mutable BitStreams we always read in files to memory:
+        if not isinstance(self._datastore, ByteStore):
+            self._ensureinmemory()
+
+    def __new__(cls, auto=None, length=None, offset=None, **kwargs):
+        x = super(BitStream, cls).__new__(cls)
+        x._initialise(auto, length, offset, **kwargs)
+        return x
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """Return a new copy of the BitStream."""
+        s_copy = BitStream()
+        s_copy._pos = 0
+        if not isinstance(self._datastore, ByteStore):
+            # Let them both point to the same (invariant) array.
+            # If either gets modified then at that point they'll be read into memory.
+            s_copy._datastore = self._datastore
+        else:
+            s_copy._datastore = ByteStore(self._datastore._rawarray[:],
+                                          self._datastore.bitlength,
+                                          self._datastore.offset)
+        return s_copy
+
+    def prepend(self, bs):
+        """Prepend a bitstring to the current bitstring.
+
+        bs -- The bitstring to prepend.
+
+        """
+        bs = self._converttobitstring(bs)
+        self._prepend(bs)
+        self._pos += bs.len
+
+
+def pack(fmt, *values, **kwargs):
+    """Pack the values according to the format string and return a new BitStream.
+
+    fmt -- A single string or a list of strings with comma separated tokens
+           describing how to create the BitStream.
+    values -- Zero or more values to pack according to the format.
+    kwargs -- A dictionary or keyword-value pairs - the keywords used in the
+              format string will be replaced with their given value.
+
+    Token examples: 'int:12'    : 12 bits as a signed integer
+                    'uint:8'    : 8 bits as an unsigned integer
+                    'float:64'  : 8 bytes as a big-endian float
+                    'intbe:16'  : 2 bytes as a big-endian signed integer
+                    'uintbe:16' : 2 bytes as a big-endian unsigned integer
+                    'intle:32'  : 4 bytes as a little-endian signed integer
+                    'uintle:32' : 4 bytes as a little-endian unsigned integer
+                    'floatle:64': 8 bytes as a little-endian float
+                    'intne:24'  : 3 bytes as a native-endian signed integer
+                    'uintne:24' : 3 bytes as a native-endian unsigned integer
+                    'floatne:32': 4 bytes as a native-endian float
+                    'hex:80'    : 80 bits as a hex string
+                    'oct:9'     : 9 bits as an octal string
+                    'bin:1'     : single bit binary string
+                    'ue' / 'uie': next bits as unsigned exp-Golomb code
+                    'se' / 'sie': next bits as signed exp-Golomb code
+                    'bits:5'    : 5 bits as a bitstring object
+                    'bytes:10'  : 10 bytes as a bytes object
+                    'bool'      : 1 bit as a bool
+                    'pad:3'     : 3 zero bits as padding
+
+    >>> s = pack('uint:12, bits', 100, '0xffe')
+    >>> t = pack(['bits', 'bin:3'], s, '111')
+    >>> u = pack('uint:8=a, uint:8=b, uint:55=a', a=6, b=44)
+
+    """
+    tokens = []
+    if isinstance(fmt, basestring):
+        fmt = [fmt]
+    try:
+        for f_item in fmt:
+            _, tkns = tokenparser(f_item, tuple(sorted(kwargs.keys())))
+            tokens.extend(tkns)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise CreationError(*e.args)
+    value_iter = iter(values)
+    s = BitStream()
+    try:
+        for name, length, value in tokens:
+            # If the value is in the kwd dictionary then it takes precedence.
+            if value in kwargs:
+                value = kwargs[value]
+            # If the length is in the kwd dictionary then use that too.
+            if length in kwargs:
+                length = kwargs[length]
+            # Also if we just have a dictionary name then we want to use it
+            if name in kwargs and length is None and value is None:
+                s.append(kwargs[name])
+                continue
+            if length is not None:
+                length = int(length)
+            if value is None and name != 'pad':
+                # Take the next value from the ones provided
+                value = next(value_iter)
+            s._append(BitStream._init_with_token(name, length, value))
+    except StopIteration:
+        raise CreationError("Not enough parameters present to pack according to the "
+                            "format. {0} values are needed.", len(tokens))
+    try:
+        next(value_iter)
+    except StopIteration:
+        # Good, we've used up all the *values.
+        return s
+    raise CreationError("Too many parameters present to pack according to the format.")
+
+
+# Aliases for backward compatibility
+ConstBitArray = Bits
+BitString = BitStream
+
+__all__ = ['ConstBitArray', 'ConstBitStream', 'BitStream', 'BitArray',
+           'Bits', 'BitString', 'pack', 'Error', 'ReadError',
+           'InterpretError', 'ByteAlignError', 'CreationError', 'bytealigned']
diff --git a/python/bitstring/doc/bitstring_manual.pdf b/python/bitstring/doc/bitstring_manual.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc17385b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/doc/bitstring_manual.pdf
diff --git a/python/bitstring/release_notes.txt b/python/bitstring/release_notes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cad4ca9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/release_notes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1523 @@
+--------------------------------

+bitstring module version history

+--------------------------------

+

+---------------------------------------

+March 4th 2014: version 3.1.3 released

+---------------------------------------

+This is another bug fix release.

+

+* Fix for problem with prepend for bitstrings with byte offsets in their data store.

+

+---------------------------------------

+April 18th 2013: version 3.1.2 released

+---------------------------------------

+This is another bug fix release.

+

+* Fix for problem where unpacking bytes would by eight times too long

+

+---------------------------------------

+March 21st 2013: version 3.1.1 released

+---------------------------------------

+This is a bug fix release.

+

+* Fix for problem where concatenating bitstrings sometimes modified method's arguments

+

+------------------------------------------

+February 26th 2013: version 3.1.0 released

+------------------------------------------

+This is a minor release with a couple of new features and some bug fixes.

+

+New 'pad' token

+---------------

+

+This token can be used in reads and when packing/unpacking to indicate that

+you don't care about the contents of these bits. Any padding bits will just

+be skipped over when reading/unpacking or zero-filled when packing.

+

+    >>> a, b = s.readlist('pad:5, uint:3, pad:1, uint:3')

+

+Here only two items are returned in the list - the padding bits are ignored.

+

+New clear and copy convenience methods

+--------------------------------------

+

+These methods have been introduced in Python 3.3 for lists and bytearrays,

+as more obvious ways of clearing and copying, and we mirror that change here.

+

+t = s.copy() is equivalent to t = s[:], and s.clear() is equivalent to del s[:].

+

+Other changes

+-------------

+

+* Some bug fixes.

+

+-----------------------------------------

+February 7th 2012: version 3.0.2 released

+-----------------------------------------

+This is a minor update that fixes a few bugs.

+

+* Fix for subclasses of bitstring classes behaving strangely (Issue 121).

+* Fix for excessive memory usage in rare cases (Issue 120).

+* Fixes for slicing edge cases.

+

+There has also been a reorganisation of the code to return it to a single

+'bitstring.py' file rather than the package that has been used for the past

+several releases. This change shouldn't affect users directly.

+

+------------------------------------------

+November 21st 2011: version 3.0.1 released

+------------------------------------------

+This release fixed a small but very visible bug in bitstring printing.

+

+------------------------------------------

+November 21st 2011: version 3.0.0 released

+------------------------------------------

+This is a major release which breaks backward compatibility in a few places.

+

+Backwardly incompatible changes

+===============================

+

+Hex, oct and bin properties don't have leading 0x, 0o and 0b

+------------------------------------------------------------

+

+If you ask for the hex, octal or binary representations of a bitstring then

+they will no longer be prefixed with '0x', 0o' or '0b'. This was done as it

+was noticed that the first thing a lot of user code does after getting these

+representations was to cut off the first two characters before further

+processing.

+

+    >>> a = BitArray('0x123')

+    >>> a.hex, a.oct, a.bin

+    ('123', '0443', '000100100011')

+

+Previously this would have returned ('0x123', '0o0443', '0b000100100011')

+

+This change might require some recoding, but it should all be simplifications.

+

+ConstBitArray renamed to Bits

+-----------------------------

+

+Previously Bits was an alias for ConstBitStream (for backward compatibility).

+This has now changed so that Bits and BitArray loosely correspond to the

+built-in types bytes and bytearray.

+

+If you were using streaming/reading methods on a Bits object then you will

+have to change it to a ConstBitStream.

+

+The ConstBitArray name is kept as an alias for Bits.

+

+Stepping in slices has conventional meaning

+-------------------------------------------

+

+The step parameter in __getitem__, __setitem__ and __delitem__ used to act

+as a multiplier for the start and stop parameters. No one seemed to use it

+though and so it has now reverted to the convential meaning for containers.

+

+If you are using step then recoding is simple: s[a:b:c] becomes s[a*c:b*c].

+

+Some examples of the new usage:

+

+    >>> s = BitArray('0x0000')

+    s[::4] = [1, 1, 1, 1]

+    >>> s.hex

+    '8888'

+    >>> del s[8::2]

+    >>> s.hex

+    '880'

+

+

+New features

+============

+

+New readto method

+-----------------

+

+This method is a mix between a find and a read - it searches for a bitstring

+and then reads up to and including it. For example:

+

+    >>> s = ConstBitStream('0x47000102034704050647')

+    >>> s.readto('0x47', bytealigned=True)

+    BitStream('0x47')

+    >>> s.readto('0x47', bytealigned=True)

+    BitStream('0x0001020347')

+    >>> s.readto('0x47', bytealigned=True)

+    BitStream('0x04050647')

+

+pack function accepts an iterable as its format

+-----------------------------------------------

+

+Previously only a string was accepted as the format in the pack function.

+This was an oversight as it broke the symmetry between pack and unpack.

+Now you can use formats like this:

+

+    fmt = ['hex:8', 'bin:3']

+    a = pack(fmt, '47', '001')

+    a.unpack(fmt)

+

+

+--------------------------------------

+June 18th 2011: version 2.2.0 released

+--------------------------------------

+This is a minor upgrade with a couple of new features.

+

+New interleaved exponential-Golomb interpretations

+--------------------------------------------------

+

+New bit interpretations for interleaved exponential-Golomb (as used in the

+Dirac video codec) are supplied via 'uie' and 'sie':

+

+    >>> s = BitArray(uie=41)

+    >>> s.uie

+    41

+    >>> s.bin

+    '0b00010001001'

+

+These are pretty similar to the non-interleaved versions - see the manual

+for more details. Credit goes to Paul Sargent for the patch.

+

+New package-level bytealigned variable

+--------------------------------------

+

+A number of methods take a 'bytealigned' parameter to indicate that they

+should only work on byte boundaries (e.g. find, replace, split). Previously

+this parameter defaulted to 'False'. Instead it now defaults to

+'bitstring.bytealigned', which itself defaults to 'False', but can be changed

+to modify the default behaviour of the methods. For example:

+

+    >>> a = BitArray('0x00 ff 0f ff')

+    >>> a.find('0x0f')

+    (4,)    # found first not on a byte boundary

+    >>> a.find('0x0f', bytealigned=True)

+    (16,)   # forced looking only on byte boundaries

+    >>> bitstring.bytealigned = True  # Change default behaviour

+    >>> a.find('0x0f')

+    (16,)

+    >>> a.find('0x0f', bytealigned=False)

+    (4,)

+

+If you're only working with bytes then this can help avoid some errors and

+save some typing!

+

+Other changes

+-------------

+

+* Fix for Python 3.2, correcting for a change to the binascii module.

+* Fix for bool initialisation from 0 or 1.

+* Efficiency improvements, including interning strategy.

+

+------------------------------------------

+February 23rd 2011: version 2.1.1 released

+------------------------------------------

+This is a release to fix a couple of bugs that were introduced in 2.1.0.

+

+* Bug fix: Reading using the 'bytes' token had been broken (Issue 102).

+* Fixed problem using some methods on ConstBitArrays.

+* Better exception handling for tokens missing values.

+* Some performance improvements.

+

+-----------------------------------------

+January 23rd 2011: version 2.1.0 released

+-----------------------------------------

+

+New class hierarchy introduced with simpler classes

+---------------------------------------------------

+Previously there were just two classes, the immutable Bits which was the base

+class for the mutable BitString class. Both of these classes have the concept

+of a bit position, from which reads etc. take place so that the bitstring could

+be treated as if it were a file or stream.

+

+Two simpler classes have now been added which are purely bit containers and 

+don't have a bit position. These are called ConstBitArray and BitArray. As you

+can guess the former is an immutable version of the latter.

+

+The other classes have also been renamed to better reflect their capabilities.

+Instead of BitString you can use BitStream, and instead of Bits you can use

+ConstBitStream. The old names are kept as aliases for backward compatibility.

+

+The classes hierarchy is:

+

+        ConstBitArray

+           /    \

+          /      \

+    BitArray   ConstBitStream (formerly Bits)

+          \      /

+           \    /

+          BitStream (formerly BitString)

+

+

+Other changes

+-------------

+A lot of internal reorganisation has taken place since the previous version,

+most of which won't be noticed by the end user. Some things you might see are:

+

+* New package structure. Previous versions have been a single file for the

+  module and another for the unit tests. The module is now split into many

+  more files so it can't be used just by copying bitstring.py any more.

+* To run the unit tests there is now a script called runtests.py in the test

+  directory.

+* File based bitstring are now implemented in terms of an mmap. This should

+  be just an implementation detail, but unfortunately for 32-bit versions of

+  Python this creates a limit of 4GB on the files that can be used. The work

+  around is either to get a 64-bit Python, or just stick with version 2.0.

+* The ConstBitArray and ConstBitStream classes no longer copy byte data when

+  a slice or a read takes place, they just take a reference. This is mostly

+  a very nice optimisation, but there are occassions where it could have an

+  adverse effect. For example if a very large bitstring is created, a small

+  slice taken and the original deleted. The byte data from the large

+  bitstring would still be retained in memory.

+* Optimisations. Once again this version should be faster than the last.

+  The module is still pure Python but some of the reorganisation was to make

+  it more feasible to put some of the code into Cython or similar, so

+  hopefully more speed will be on the way.

+

+--------------------------------------

+July 26th 2010: version 2.0.3 released

+--------------------------------------

+* Bug fix: Using peek and read for a single bit now returns a new bitstring

+           as was intended, rather than the old behaviour of returning a bool.

+* Removed HTML docs from source archive - better to use the online version.

+

+--------------------------------------

+July 25th 2010: version 2.0.2 released

+--------------------------------------

+This is a major release, with a number of backwardly incompatible changes.

+The main change is the removal of many methods, all of which have simple

+alternatives. Other changes are quite minor but may need some recoding.

+

+There are a few new features, most of which have been made to help the

+stream-lining of the API. As always there are performance improvements and

+some API changes were made purely with future performance in mind.

+

+The backwardly incompatible changes are:

+-----------------------------------------

+* Methods removed.

+

+About half of the class methods have been removed from the API. They all have

+simple alternatives, so what remains is more powerful and easier to remember.

+The removed methods are listed here on the left, with their equivalent

+replacements on the right:

+

+s.advancebit()              ->   s.pos += 1

+s.advancebits(bits)         ->   s.pos += bits

+s.advancebyte()             ->   s.pos += 8

+s.advancebytes(bytes)       ->   s.pos += 8*bytes

+s.allunset([a, b])          ->   s.all(False, [a, b])

+s.anyunset([a, b])          ->   s.any(False, [a, b])

+s.delete(bits, pos)         ->   del s[pos:pos+bits]

+s.peekbit()                 ->   s.peek(1)

+s.peekbitlist(a, b)         ->   s.peeklist([a, b])

+s.peekbits(bits)            ->   s.peek(bits)

+s.peekbyte()                ->   s.peek(8)

+s.peekbytelist(a, b)        ->   s.peeklist([8*a, 8*b])

+s.peekbytes(bytes)          ->   s.peek(8*bytes)

+s.readbit()                 ->   s.read(1)

+s.readbitlist(a, b)         ->   s.readlist([a, b])

+s.readbits(bits)            ->   s.read(bits)

+s.readbyte()                ->   s.read(8)

+s.readbytelist(a, b)        ->   s.readlist([8*a, 8*b])

+s.readbytes(bytes)          ->   s.read(8*bytes)

+s.retreatbit()              ->   s.pos -= 1

+s.retreatbits(bits)         ->   s.pos -= bits

+s.retreatbyte()             ->   s.pos -= 8

+s.retreatbytes(bytes)       ->   s.pos -= 8*bytes

+s.reversebytes(start, end)  ->   s.byteswap(0, start, end)

+s.seek(pos)                 ->   s.pos = pos

+s.seekbyte(bytepos)         ->   s.bytepos = bytepos

+s.slice(start, end, step)   ->   s[start:end:step]

+s.tell()                    ->   s.pos

+s.tellbyte()                ->   s.bytepos

+s.truncateend(bits)         ->   del s[-bits:]

+s.truncatestart(bits)       ->   del s[:bits]

+s.unset([a, b])             ->   s.set(False, [a, b])

+

+Many of these methods have been deprecated for the last few releases, but

+there are some new removals too. Any recoding needed should be quite

+straightforward, so while I apologise for the hassle, I had to take the

+opportunity to streamline and rationalise what was becoming a bit of an

+overblown API.

+

+* set / unset methods combined.

+

+The set/unset methods have been combined in a single method, which now

+takes a boolean as its first argument:

+

+s.set([a, b])               ->   s.set(1, [a, b])

+s.unset([a, b])             ->   s.set(0, [a, b])

+s.allset([a, b])            ->   s.all(1, [a, b])

+s.allunset([a, b])          ->   s.all(0, [a, b])

+s.anyset([a, b])            ->   s.any(1, [a, b])

+s.anyunset([a, b])          ->   s.any(0, [a, b])

+

+* all / any only accept iterables.

+

+The all and any methods (previously called allset, allunset, anyset and

+anyunset) no longer accept a single bit position. The recommended way of

+testing a single bit is just to index it, for example instead of:

+

+>>> if s.all(True, i):

+

+just use

+

+>>> if s[i]:

+

+If you really want to you can of course use an iterable with a single

+element, such as 's.any(False, [i])', but it's clearer just to write

+'not s[i]'.

+

+* Exception raised on reading off end of bitstring.

+

+If a read or peek goes beyond the end of the bitstring then a ReadError

+will be raised. The previous behaviour was that the rest of the bitstring

+would be returned and no exception raised.

+

+* BitStringError renamed to Error.

+

+The base class for errors in the bitstring module is now just Error, so

+it will likely appears in your code as bitstring.Error instead of

+the rather repetitive bitstring.BitStringError.

+

+* Single bit slices and reads return a bool.

+

+A single index slice (such as s[5]) will now return a bool (i.e. True or

+False) rather than a single bit bitstring. This is partly to reflect the

+style of the bytearray type, which returns an integer for single items, but

+mostly to avoid common errors like:

+

+>>> if s[0]:

+...     do_something()

+

+While the intent of this code snippet is quite clear (i.e. do_something if

+the first bit of s is set) under the old rules s[0] would be true as long

+as s wasn't empty. That's because any one-bit bitstring was true as it was a

+non-empty container. Under the new rule s[0] is True if s starts with a '1'

+bit and False if s starts with a '0' bit.

+

+The change does not affect reads and peeks, so s.peek(1) will still return

+a single bit bitstring, which leads on to the next item...

+

+* Empty bitstrings or bitstrings with only zero bits are considered False.

+

+Previously a bitstring was False if it had no elements, otherwise it was True.

+This is standard behaviour for containers, but wasn't very useful for a container

+of just 0s and 1s. The new behaviour means that the bitstring is False if it

+has no 1 bits. This means that code like this:

+

+>>> if s.peek(1):

+...     do_something()

+

+should work as you'd expect. It also means that Bits(1000), Bits(0x00) and

+Bits('uint:12=0') are all also False. If you need to check for the emptiness of

+a bitstring then instead check the len property:

+

+if s                ->   if s.len

+if not s            ->   if not s.len

+

+* Length and offset disallowed for some initialisers.

+

+Previously you could create bitstring using expressions like:

+

+>>> s = Bits(hex='0xabcde', offset=4, length=13)

+

+This has now been disallowed, and the offset and length parameters may only

+be used when initialising with bytes or a file. To replace the old behaviour

+you could instead use

+

+>>> s = Bits(hex='0xabcde')[4:17]

+

+* Renamed 'format' parameter 'fmt'.

+

+Methods with a 'format' parameter have had it renamed to 'fmt', to prevent

+hiding the built-in 'format'. Affects methods unpack, read, peek, readlist,

+peeklist and byteswap and the pack function. 

+

+* Iterables instead of *format accepted for some methods.

+

+This means that for the affected methods (unpack, readlist and peeklist) you

+will need to use an iterable to specify multiple items. This is easier to

+show than to describe, so instead of

+

+>>> a, b, c, d = s.readlist('uint:12', 'hex:4', 'bin:7')

+

+you would instead write

+

+>>> a, b, c, d = s.readlist(['uint:12', 'hex:4', 'bin:7'])

+

+Note that you could still use the single string 'uint:12, hex:4, bin:7' if

+you preferred.

+

+* Bool auto-initialisation removed.

+

+You can no longer use True and False to initialise single bit bitstrings.

+The reasoning behind this is that as bool is a subclass of int, it really is

+bad practice to have Bits(False) be different to Bits(0) and to have Bits(True)

+different to Bits(1).

+

+If you have used bool auto-initialisation then you will have to be careful to

+replace it as the bools will now be interpreted as ints, so Bits(False) will

+be empty (a bitstring of length 0), and Bits(True) will be a single zero bit

+(a bitstring of length 1). Sorry for the confusion, but I think this will

+prevent bigger problems in the future.

+

+There are a few alternatives for creating a single bit bitstring. My favourite

+it to use a list with a single item:

+

+Bits(False)            ->   Bits([0])

+Bits(True)             ->   Bits([1])

+

+* New creation from file strategy

+

+Previously if you created a bitstring from a file, either by auto-initialising

+with a file object or using the filename parameter, the file would not be read

+into memory unless you tried to modify it, at which point the whole file would

+be read.

+

+The new behaviour depends on whether you create a Bits or a BitString from the

+file. If you create a Bits (which is immutable) then the file will never be

+read into memory. This allows very large files to be opened for examination

+even if they could never fit in memory.

+

+If however you create a BitString, the whole of the referenced file will be read

+to store in memory. If the file is very big this could take a long time, or fail,

+but the idea is that in saying you want the mutable BitString you are implicitly

+saying that you want to make changes and so (for now) we need to load it into

+memory.

+

+The new strategy is a bit more predictable in terms of performance than the old.

+The main point to remember is that if you want to open a file and don't plan to

+alter the bitstring then use the Bits class rather than BitString.

+

+Just to be clear, in neither case will the contents of the file ever be changed -

+if you want to output the modified BitString then use the tofile method, for

+example.

+

+* find and rfind return a tuple instead of a bool.

+

+If a find is unsuccessful then an empty tuple is returned (which is False in a

+boolean sense) otherwise a single item tuple with the bit position is returned

+(which is True in a boolean sense). You shouldn't need to recode unless you

+explicitly compared the result of a find to True or False, for example this

+snippet doesn't need to be altered:

+

+>>> if s.find('0x23'):

+...     print(s.bitpos)

+        

+but you could now instead use

+

+>>> found = s.find('0x23')

+>>> if found:

+...     print(found[0])

+

+The reason for returning the bit position in a tuple is so that finding at

+position zero can still be True - it's the tuple (0,) - whereas not found can

+be False - the empty tuple ().

+

+The new features in this release are:

+-------------------------------------

+* New count method.

+

+This method just counts the number of 1 or 0 bits in the bitstring.

+

+>>> s = Bits('0x31fff4')

+>>> s.count(1)

+16

+

+* read and peek methods accept integers.

+

+The read, readlist, peek and peeklist methods now accept integers as parameters

+to mean "read this many bits and return a bitstring". This has allowed a number

+of methods to be removed from this release, so for example instead of:

+

+>>> a, b, c = s.readbits(5, 6, 7)

+>>> if s.peekbit():

+...     do_something()

+

+you should write:

+

+>>> a, b, c = s.readlist([5, 6, 7])

+>>> if s.peek(1):

+...     do_something()

+

+* byteswap used to reverse all bytes.

+

+The byteswap method now allows a format specifier of 0 (the default) to signify

+that all of the whole bytes should be reversed. This means that calling just

+byteswap() is almost equivalent to the now removed bytereverse() method (a small

+difference is that byteswap won't raise an exception if the bitstring isn't a

+whole number of bytes long).

+

+* Auto initialise with bytearray or (for Python 3 only) bytes.

+

+So rather than writing:

+

+>>> a = Bits(bytes=some_bytearray)

+

+you can just write

+

+>>> a = Bits(some_bytearray)

+

+This also works for the bytes type, but only if you're using Python 3.

+For Python 2 it's not possible to distinguish between a bytes object and a

+str. For this reason this method should be used with some caution as it will

+make you code behave differently with the different major Python versions.

+

+>>> b = Bits(b'abcd\x23\x00') # Only Python 3! 

+  

+* set, invert, all and any default to whole bitstring.

+

+This means that you can for example write:

+

+>>> a = BitString(100)       # 100 zero bits

+>>> a.set(1)                 # set all bits to 1

+>>> a.all(1)                 # are all bits set to 1?

+True

+>>> a.any(0)                 # are any set to 0?

+False

+>>> a.invert()               # invert every bit

+  

+* New exception types.

+

+As well as renaming BitStringError to just Error 

+there are also new exceptions which use Error as a base class.

+

+These can be caught in preference to Error if you need finer control.

+The new exceptions sometimes also derive from built-in exceptions:

+

+ByteAlignError(Error) - whole byte position or length needed.

+

+ReadError(Error, IndexError) - reading or peeking off the end of

+the bitstring.

+

+CreationError(Error, ValueError) - inappropriate argument during

+bitstring creation.

+

+InterpretError(Error, ValueError) - inappropriate interpretation of

+binary data.

+

+

+--------------------------------------------------------------

+March 18th 2010: version 1.3.0 for Python 2.6 and 3.x released

+--------------------------------------------------------------

+New features:

+

+* byteswap method for changing endianness.

+

+Changes the endianness in-place according to a format string or

+integer(s) giving the byte pattern. See the manual for details.

+

+>>> s = BitString('0x00112233445566')

+>>> s.byteswap(2)

+3

+>>> s

+BitString('0x11003322554466')

+>>> s.byteswap('h')

+3

+>>> s

+BitString('0x00112233445566')

+>>> s.byteswap([2, 5])

+1

+>>> s

+BitString('0x11006655443322')

+

+* Multiplicative factors in bitstring creation and reading.

+

+For example:

+

+>>> s = Bits('100*0x123')

+

+* Token grouping using parenthesis.

+

+For example:

+

+>>> s = Bits('3*(uint:6=3, 0b1)')

+

+* Negative slice indices allowed.

+

+The start and end parameters of many methods may now be negative, with the

+same meaning as for negative slice indices. Affects all methods with these

+parameters.

+

+* Sequence ABCs used.

+

+The Bits class now derives from collections.Sequence, while the BitString

+class derives from collections.MutableSequence.

+

+* Keywords allowed in readlist, peeklist and unpack.

+

+Keywords for token lengths are now permitted when reading. So for example,

+you can write

+

+>>> s = bitstring.pack('4*(uint:n)', 2, 3, 4, 5, n=7)

+>>> s.unpack('4*(uint:n)', n=7)

+[2, 3, 4, 5]

+

+* start and end parameters added to rol and ror.

+

+* join function accepts other iterables.

+

+Also its parameter has changed from 'bitstringlist' to 'sequence'. This is

+technically a backward incompatibility in the unlikely event that you are

+referring to the parameter by name.

+

+* __init__ method accepts keywords.

+

+Rather than a long list of initialisers the __init__ methods now use a

+**kwargs dictionary for all initialisers except 'auto'. This should have no

+effect, except that this is a small backward incompatibility if you use

+positional arguments when initialising with anything other than auto

+(which would be rather unusual).

+

+* More optimisations.

+

+* Bug fixed in replace method (it could fail if start != 0).

+

+----------------------------------------------------------------

+January 19th 2010: version 1.2.0 for Python 2.6 and 3.x released

+----------------------------------------------------------------

+

+* New 'Bits' class.

+

+Introducing a brand new class, Bits, representing an immutable sequence of

+bits.

+

+The Bits class is the base class for the mutable BitString. The differences

+between Bits and BitStrings are:

+

+1) Bits are immutable, so once they have been created their value cannot change.

+This of course means that mutating methods (append, replace, del etc.) are not

+available for Bits.

+

+2) Bits are hashable, so they can be used in sets and as keys in dictionaries.

+

+3) Bits are potentially more efficient than BitStrings, both in terms of

+computation and memory. The current implementation is only marginally

+more efficient though - this should improve in future versions.

+

+You can switch from Bits to a BitString or vice versa by constructing a new

+object from the old.

+

+>>> s = Bits('0xabcd')

+>>> t = BitString(s)

+>>> t.append('0xe')

+>>> u = Bits(t)

+

+The relationship between Bits and BitString is supposed to loosely mirror that

+between bytes and bytearray in Python 3.

+

+* Deprecation messages turned on.

+

+A number of methods have been flagged for removal in version 2. Deprecation

+warnings will now be given, which include an alternative way to do the same

+thing. All of the deprecated methods have simpler equivalent alternatives.

+

+>>> t = s.slice(0, 2)

+__main__:1: DeprecationWarning: Call to deprecated function slice.

+Instead of 's.slice(a, b, c)' use 's[a:b:c]'.

+

+The deprecated methods are: advancebit, advancebits, advancebyte, advancebytes,

+retreatbit, retreatbits, retreatbyte, retreatbytes, tell, seek, slice, delete,

+tellbyte, seekbyte, truncatestart and truncateend.

+

+* Initialise from bool.

+

+Booleans have been added to the list of types that can 'auto'

+initialise a bitstring.

+

+>>> zerobit = BitString(False)

+>>> onebit = BitString(True)

+

+* Improved efficiency.

+

+More methods have been speeded up, in particular some deletions and insertions.

+

+* Bug fixes.

+

+A rare problem with truncating the start of bitstrings was fixed.

+

+A possible problem outputting the final byte in tofile() was fixed.

+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------

+December 22nd 2009: version 1.1.3 for Python 2.6 and 3.x released

+-----------------------------------------------------------------

+

+This version hopefully fixes an installation problem for platforms with

+case-sensitive file systems. There are no new features or other bug fixes.

+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------

+December 18th 2009: version 1.1.2 for Python 2.6 and 3.x released

+-----------------------------------------------------------------

+

+This is a minor update with (almost) no new features.

+

+* Improved efficiency.

+

+The speed of many typical operations has been increased, some substantially.

+

+* Initialise from integer.

+

+A BitString of '0' bits can be created using just an integer to give the length

+in bits. So instead of

+

+>>> s = BitString(length=100)

+

+you can write just

+

+>>> s = BitString(100)

+

+This matches the behaviour of bytearrays and (in Python 3) bytes.

+

+* A defect related to using the set / unset functions on BitStrings initialised

+from a file has been fixed.

+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------

+November 24th 2009: version 1.1.0 for Python 2.6 and 3.x released

+-----------------------------------------------------------------

+Note that this version will not work for Python 2.4 or 2.5. There may be an

+update for these Python versions some time next year, but it's not a priorty

+quite yet. Also note that only one version is now provided, which works for

+Python 2.6 and 3.x (done with the minimum of hackery!)

+

+* Improved efficiency.

+

+A fair number of functions have improved efficiency, some quite dramatically.

+

+* New bit setting and checking functions.

+

+Although these functions don't do anything that couldn't be done before, they

+do make some common use cases much more efficient. If you need to set or check

+single bits then these are the functions you need.

+

+set / unset : Set bit(s) to 1 or 0 respectively.

+allset / allunset : Check if all bits are 1 or all 0.

+anyset / anyunset : Check if any bits are 1 or any 0.

+

+>>> s = BitString(length=1000)

+>>> s.set((10, 100, 44, 12, 1))

+>>> s.allunset((2, 22, 222))

+True

+>>> s.anyset(range(7, 77))

+True

+

+* New rotate functions.

+

+ror / rol : Rotate bits to the right or left respectively.

+

+>>> s = BitString('0b100000000')

+>>> s.ror(2)

+>>> s.bin

+'0b001000000'

+>>> s.rol(5)

+>>> s.bin

+'0b000000100'

+

+* Floating point interpretations.

+

+New float initialisations and interpretations are available. These only work

+for BitStrings of length 32 or 64 bits.

+

+>>> s = BitString(float=0.2, length=64)

+>>> s.float

+0.200000000000000001

+>>> t = bitstring.pack('<3f', -0.4, 1e34, 17.0)

+>>> t.hex

+'0xcdccccbedf84f67700008841'

+

+* 'bytes' token reintroduced.

+

+This token returns a bytes object (equivalent to a str in Python 2.6).

+

+>>> s = BitString('0x010203')

+>>> s.unpack('bytes:2, bytes:1')

+['\x01\x02', '\x03']

+

+* 'uint' is now the default token type.

+

+So for example these are equivalent:

+

+a, b = s.readlist('uint:12, uint:12')

+a, b = s.readlist('12, 12')

+

+--------------------------------------------------------

+October 10th 2009: version 1.0.1 for Python 3.x released

+--------------------------------------------------------

+This is a straight port of version 1.0.0 to Python 3.

+

+For changes since the last Python 3 release read all the way down in this

+document to version 0.4.3.

+

+This version will also work for Python 2.6, but there's no advantage to using

+it over the 1.0.0 release. It won't work for anything before 2.6.

+

+-------------------------------------------------------

+October 9th 2009: version 1.0.0 for Python 2.x released

+-------------------------------------------------------

+Version 1 is here!

+

+This is the first release not to carry the 'beta' tag. It contains a couple of

+minor new features but is principally a release to fix the API. If you've been

+using an older version then you almost certainly will have to recode a bit. If

+you're not ready to do that then you may wish to delay updating.

+

+So the bad news is that there are lots of small changes to the API. The good

+news is that all the changes are pretty trivial, the new API is cleaner and

+more 'Pythonic', and that by making it version 1.0 I'm promising not to

+tweak it again for some time.

+

+** API Changes **

+

+* New read / peek functions for returning multiple items.

+

+The functions read, readbits, readbytes, peek, peekbits and peekbytes now only

+ever return a single item, never a list.

+

+The new functions readlist, readbitlist, readbytelist, peeklist, peekbitlist

+and peekbytelist can be used to read multiple items and will always return a

+list.

+

+So a line like:

+

+>>> a, b = s.read('uint:12, hex:32')

+

+becomes

+

+>>> a, b = s.readlist('uint:12, hex:32')

+

+* Renaming / removing functions.

+

+Functions have been renamed as follows:

+

+seekbit -> seek

+tellbit -> tell

+reversebits -> reverse

+deletebits -> delete

+tostring -> tobytes

+

+and a couple have been removed altogether:

+

+deletebytes - use delete instead.

+empty - use 'not s' rather than 's.empty()'.

+

+* Renaming parameters.

+

+The parameters 'startbit' and 'endbit' have been renamed 'start' and 'end'.

+This affects the functions slice, find, findall, rfind, reverse, cut and split.

+

+The parameter 'bitpos' has been renamed to 'pos'. The affects the functions

+seek, tell, insert, overwrite and delete.

+

+* Mutating methods return None rather than self.

+

+This means that you can't chain functions together so

+

+>>> s.append('0x00').prepend('0xff')

+>>> t = s.reverse()

+

+Needs to be rewritten

+

+>>> s.append('0x00')

+>>> s.prepend('0xff)

+>>> s.reverse()

+>>> t = s

+

+Affects truncatestart, truncateend, insert, overwrite, delete, append,

+prepend, reverse and reversebytes.

+

+* Properties renamed.

+

+The 'data' property has been renamed to 'bytes'. Also if the BitString is not a

+whole number of bytes then a ValueError exception will be raised when using

+'bytes' as a 'getter'.

+

+Properties 'len' and 'pos' have been added to replace 'length' and 'bitpos',

+although the longer names have not been removed so you can continue to use them

+if you prefer.

+

+* Other changes.

+

+The unpack function now always returns a list, never a single item.

+

+BitStrings are now 'unhashable', so calling hash on one or making a set will

+fail.

+

+The colon separating the token name from its length is now mandatory. So for

+example BitString('uint12=100') becomes BitString('uint:12=100').

+

+Removed support for the 'bytes' token in format strings. Instead of

+s.read('bytes:4') use s.read('bits:32').

+

+** New features **

+

+* Added endswith and startswith functions.

+

+These do much as you'd expect; they return True or False depending on whether

+the BitString starts or ends with the parameter.

+

+>>> BitString('0xef342').startswith('0b11101')

+True

+

+----------------------------------------------------------

+September 11th 2009: version 0.5.2 for Python 2.x released

+----------------------------------------------------------

+Finally some tools for dealing with endianness!

+

+* New interpretations are now available for whole-byte BitStrings that treat

+them as big, little, or native-endian.

+

+>>> big = BitString(intbe=1, length=16) # or BitString('intbe:16=1') if you prefer.

+>>> little = BitString(intle=1, length=16)

+>>> print big.hex, little.hex

+0x0001 0x0100

+>>> print big.intbe, little.intle

+1 1

+

+* 'Struct'-like compact format codes

+

+To save some typing when using pack, unpack, read and peek, compact format

+codes based on those used in the struct and array modules have been added.

+These must start with a character indicating the endianness (>, < or @ for

+big, little and native-endian), followed by characters giving the format:

+

+b 	1-byte signed int

+B 	1-byte unsigned int

+h 	2-byte signed int

+H 	2-byte unsigned int

+l 	4-byte signed int

+L 	4-byte unsigned int

+q 	8-byte signed int

+Q 	8-byte unsigned int

+

+For example:

+

+>>> s = bitstring.pack('<4h', 0, 1, 2, 3)

+

+creates a BitString with four little-endian 2-byte integers. While

+

+>>> x, y, z = s.read('>hhl')

+

+reads them back as two big-endian two-byte integers and one four-byte big

+endian integer.

+

+Of course you can combine this new format with the old ones however you like:

+

+>>> s.unpack('<h, intle:24, uint:5, bin')

+[0, 131073, 0, '0b0000000001100000000']

+

+-------------------------------------------------------

+August 26th 2009: version 0.5.1 for Python 2.x released

+-------------------------------------------------------

+

+This update introduces pack and unpack functions for creating and dissembling

+BitStrings.

+

+* New pack() and unpack() functions.

+

+The module level pack function provides a flexible new method for creating

+BitStrings. Tokens for BitString 'literals' can be used in the same way as in

+the constructor.

+

+>>> from bitstring import BitString, pack

+>>> a = pack('0b11, 0xff, 0o77, int:5=-1, se=33')

+

+You can also leave placeholders in the format, which will be filled in by

+the values provided.

+

+>>> b = pack('uint:10, hex:4', 33, 'f')

+

+Finally you can use a dictionary or keywords.

+

+>>> c = pack('bin=a, hex=b, bin=a', a='010', b='ef')

+

+The unpack function is similar to the read function except that it always

+unpacks from the start of the BitString.

+

+>>> x, y = b.unpack('uint:10, hex')

+

+If a token is given without a length (as above) then it will expand to fill the

+remaining bits in the BitString. This also now works with read() and peek().

+

+* New tostring() and tofile() functions.

+

+The tostring() function just returns the data as a string, with up to seven

+zero bits appended to byte align. The tofile() function does the same except

+writes to a file object.

+

+>>> f = open('myfile', 'wb')

+>>> BitString('0x1234ff').tofile(f)

+

+* Other changes.

+

+The use of '=' is now mandatory in 'auto' initialisers. Tokens like 'uint12 100' will

+no longer work. Also the use of a ':' before the length is encouraged, but not yet

+mandated. So the previous example should be written as 'uint:12=100'.

+

+The 'auto' initialiser will now take a file object.

+

+>>> f = open('myfile', 'rb')

+>>> s = BitString(f)

+

+-----------------------------------------------------

+July 19th 2009: version 0.5.0 for Python 2.x released

+-----------------------------------------------------

+

+This update breaks backward compatibility in a couple of areas. The only one

+you probably need to be concerned about is the change to the default for

+bytealigned in find, replace, split, etc.

+

+See the user manual for more details on each of these items.

+

+* Expanded abilities of 'auto' initialiser.

+

+More types can be initialised through the 'auto' initialiser. For example

+instead of

+

+>>> a = BitString(uint=44, length=16)

+

+you can write

+

+>>> a = BitString('uint16=44')

+

+Also, different comma-separated tokens will be joined together, e.g.

+

+>>> b = BitString('0xff') + 'int8=-5'

+

+can be written

+

+>>> b = BitString('0xff, int8=-5')

+

+* New formatted read() and peek() functions.

+

+These takes a format string similar to that used in the auto initialiser.

+If only one token is provided then a single value is returned, otherwise a

+list of values is returned.

+

+>>> start_code, width, height = s.read('hex32, uint12, uint12')

+

+is equivalent to

+

+>>> start_code = s.readbits(32).hex

+>>> width = s.readbits(12).uint

+>>> height = s.readbits(12).uint

+

+The tokens are:

+

+  int n   : n bits as an unsigned integer.

+  uint n  : n bits as a signed integer.

+  hex n   : n bits as a hexadecimal string.

+  oct n   : n bits as an octal string.

+  bin n   : n bits as a binary string.

+  ue      : next bits as an unsigned exp-Golomb.

+  se      : next bits as a signed exp-Golomb.

+  bits n  : n bits as a new BitString.

+  bytes n : n bytes as a new BitString.

+

+See the user manual for more details.

+

+* hex() and oct() functions removed.

+

+The special functions for hex() and oct() have been removed. Please use the

+hex and oct properties instead.

+

+>>> hex(s)

+

+becomes

+

+>>> s.hex

+

+* join made a member function.

+

+The join function must now be called on a BitString object, which will be

+used to join the list together. You may need to recode slightly:

+

+>>> s = bitstring.join('0x34', '0b1001', '0b1')

+

+becomes

+

+>>> s = BitString().join('0x34', '0b1001', '0b1')

+

+* More than one value allowed in readbits, readbytes, peekbits and peekbytes

+

+If you specify more than one bit or byte length then a list of BitStrings will

+be returned.

+

+>>> a, b, c = s.readbits(10, 5, 5)

+

+is equivalent to

+

+>>> a = readbits(10)

+>>> b = readbits(5)

+>>> c = readbits(5)

+

+* bytealigned defaults to False, and is at the end of the parameter list

+

+Functions that have a bytealigned paramater have changed so that it now

+defaults to False rather than True. Also its position in the parameter list

+has changed to be at the end. You may need to recode slightly (sorry!)

+

+* readue and readse functions have been removed

+

+Instead you should use the new read function with a 'ue' or 'se' token:

+

+>>> i = s.readue()

+

+becomes

+

+>>> i = s.read('ue')

+

+This is more flexible as you can read multiple items in one go, plus you can

+now also use the peek function with ue and se.

+

+* Minor bugs fixed.

+

+See the issue tracker for more details.

+

+-----------------------------------------------------

+June 15th 2009: version 0.4.3 for Python 2.x released

+-----------------------------------------------------

+

+This is a minor update. This release is the first to bundle the bitstring

+manual. This is a PDF and you can find it in the docs directory.

+

+Changes in version 0.4.3

+

+* New 'cut' function

+

+This function returns a generator for constant sized chunks of a BitString.

+

+>>> for byte in s.cut(8):

+...     do_something_with(byte)

+

+You can also specify a startbit and endbit, as well as a count, which limits

+the number of items generated:

+

+>>> first100TSPackets = list(s.cut(188*8, count=100))

+

+* 'slice' function now equivalent to __getitem__.

+

+This means that a step can also be given to the slice function so that the

+following are now the same thing, and it's just a personal preference which

+to use:

+

+>>> s1 = s[a:b:c]

+>>> s2 = s.slice(a, b, c)

+

+* findall gets a 'count' parameter.

+

+So now

+

+>>> list(a.findall(s, count=n))

+

+is equivalent to

+

+>>> list(a.findall(s))[:n]

+

+except that it won't need to generate the whole list and so is much more

+efficient.

+

+* Changes to 'split'.

+

+The split function now has a 'count' parameter rather than 'maxsplit'. This

+makes the interface closer to that for cut, replace and findall. The final item

+generated is now no longer the whole of the rest of the BitString.

+

+* A couple of minor bugs were fixed. See the issue tracker for details.

+

+----------------------------------------------------

+May 25th 2009: version 0.4.2 for Python 2.x released

+----------------------------------------------------

+

+This is a minor update, and almost doesn't break compatibility with version

+0.4.0, but with the slight exception of findall() returning a generator,

+detailed below.

+

+Changes in version 0.4.2

+

+* Stepping in slices

+

+The use of the step parameter (also known as the stride) in slices has been

+added. Its use is a little non-standard as it effectively gives a multiplicative

+factor to apply to the start and stop parameters, rather than skipping over

+bits.

+

+For example this makes it much more convenient if you want to give slices in

+terms of bytes instead of bits. Instead of writing s[a*8:b*8] you can use

+s[a:b:8].

+

+When using a step the BitString is effectively truncated to a multiple of the

+step, so s[::8] is equal to s if s is an integer number of bytes, otherwise it

+is truncated by up to 7 bits. So the final seven complete 16-bit words could be

+written as s[-7::16]

+

+Negative slices are also allowed, and should do what you'd expect. So for

+example s[::-1] returns a bit-reversed copy of s (which is similar to

+s.reversebits(), which does the same operation on s in-place). As another

+example, to get the first 10 bytes in reverse byte order you could use

+s_bytereversed = s[0:10:-8].

+

+* Removed restrictions on offset

+

+You can now specify an offset of greater than 7 bits when creating a BitString,

+and the use of offset is also now permitted when using the filename initialiser.

+This is useful when you want to create a BitString from the middle of a file

+without having to read the file into memory.

+

+>>> f = BitString(filename='reallybigfile', offset=8000000, length=32)

+

+* Integers can be assigned to slices

+

+You can now assign an integer to a slice of a BitString. If the integer doesn't

+fit in the size of slice given then a ValueError exception is raised. So this

+is now allowed and works as expected:

+

+>>> s[8:16] = 106

+

+and is equivalent to

+

+>>> s[8:16] = BitString(uint=106, length=8)

+

+* Less exceptions raised

+

+Some changes have been made to slicing so that less exceptions are raised,

+bringing the interface closer to that for lists. So for example trying to delete

+past the end of the BitString will now just delete to the end, rather than

+raising a ValueError.

+

+* Initialisation from lists and tuples

+

+A new option for the auto initialiser is to pass it a list or tuple. The items

+in the list or tuple are evaluated as booleans and the bits in the BitString are

+set to 1 for True items and 0 for False items. This can be used anywhere the

+auto initialiser can currently be used. For example:

+

+>>> a = BitString([True, 7, False, 0, ()])     # 0b11000

+>>> b = a + ['Yes', '']                        # Adds '0b10'

+>>> (True, True, False) in a

+True

+

+* Miscellany

+

+reversebits() now has optional startbit and endbit parameters.

+

+As an optimisation findall() will return a generator, rather than a list. If you

+still want the whole list then of course you can just call list() on the

+generator.

+

+Improved efficiency of rfind().

+

+A couple of minor bugs were fixed. See the issue tracker for details.

+

+-----------------------------------------------------

+April 23rd 2009: Python 3 only version 0.4.1 released

+-----------------------------------------------------

+

+This version is just a port of version 0.4.0 to Python 3. All the unit tests

+pass, but beyond that only limited ad hoc testing has been done and so it

+should be considered an experimental release. That said, the unit test

+coverage is very good - I'm just not sure if anyone even wants a Python 3

+version!

+

+---------------------------------------

+April 11th 2009: version 0.4.0 released

+---------------------------------------

+Changes in version 0.4.0

+

+* New functions

+

+Added rfind(), findall(), replace(). These do pretty much what you'd expect -

+see the docstrings or the wiki for more information.

+

+* More special functions

+

+Some missing functions were added: __repr__, __contains__, __rand__,

+__ror__, _rxor__ and __delitem__.

+

+* Miscellany

+

+A couple of small bugs were fixed (see the issue tracker).

+

+----

+

+There are some small backward incompatibilities relative to version 0.3.2:

+

+* Combined find() and findbytealigned()

+

+findbytealigned() has been removed, and becomes part of find(). The default

+start position has changed on both find() and split() to be the start of the

+BitString. You may need to recode:

+

+>>> s1.find(bs)

+>>> s2.findbytealigned(bs)

+>>> s2.split(bs)

+

+becomes

+

+>>> s1.find(bs, bytealigned=False, startbit=s1.bitpos)

+>>> s2.find(bs, startbit=s1.bitpos)  # bytealigned defaults to True

+>>> s2.split(bs, startbit=s2.bitpos)

+

+* Reading off end of BitString no longer raises exception.

+

+Previously a read or peek function that encountered the end of the BitString

+would raise a ValueError. It will now instead return the remainder of the

+BitString, which could be an empty BitString. This is closer to the file

+object interface.

+

+* Removed visibility of offset.

+

+The offset property was previously read-only, and has now been removed from

+public view altogether. As it is used internally for efficiency reasons you

+shouldn't really have needed to use it. If you do then use the _offset parameter

+instead (with caution).

+

+---------------------------------------

+March 11th 2009: version 0.3.2 released

+---------------------------------------

+Changes in version 0.3.2

+

+* Better performance

+

+A number of functions (especially find() and findbytealigned()) have been sped

+up considerably.

+

+* Bit-wise operations

+

+Added support for bit-wise AND (&), OR (|) and XOR (^). For example:

+

+>>> a = BitString('0b00111')

+>>> print a & '0b10101'

+0b00101

+

+* Miscellany

+

+Added seekbit() and seekbyte() functions. These complement the 'advance' and

+'retreat' functions, although you can still just use bitpos and bytepos

+properties directly.

+

+>>> a.seekbit(100)                   # Equivalent to a.bitpos = 100

+

+Allowed comparisons between BitString objects and strings. For example this

+will now work:

+

+>>> a = BitString('0b00001111')

+>>> a == '0x0f'

+True

+

+------------------------------------------

+February 26th 2009: version 0.3.1 released

+------------------------------------------

+Changes in version 0.3.1

+

+This version only adds features and fixes bugs relative to 0.3.0, and doesn't

+break backwards compatibility.

+

+* Octal interpretation and initialisation

+

+The oct property now joins bin and hex. Just prefix octal numbers with '0o'.

+

+>>> a = BitString('0o755')

+>>> print a.bin

+0b111101101

+

+* Simpler copying

+

+Rather than using b = copy.copy(a) to create a copy of a BitString, now you

+can just use b = BitString(a).

+

+* More special methods

+

+Lots of new special methods added, for example bit-shifting via << and >>,

+equality testing via == and !=, bit inversion (~) and concatenation using *.

+

+Also __setitem__ is now supported so BitString objects can be modified using

+standard index notation.

+

+* Proper installer

+

+Finally got round to writing the distutils script. To install just

+python setup.py install.

+

+------------------------------------------

+February 15th 2009: version 0.3.0 released

+------------------------------------------

+Changes in version 0.3.0

+

+* Simpler initialisation from binary and hexadecimal

+

+The first argument in the BitString constructor is now called auto and will

+attempt to interpret the type of a string. Prefix binary numbers with '0b'

+and hexadecimals with '0x'.

+

+>>> a = BitString('0b0')         # single zero bit

+>>> b = BitString('0xffff')      # two bytes

+

+Previously the first argument was data, so if you relied on this then you

+will need to recode:

+

+>>> a = BitString('\x00\x00\x01\xb3')   # Don't do this any more!

+

+becomes

+

+>>> a = BitString(data='\x00\x00\x01\xb3')

+

+or just

+

+>>> a = BitString('0x000001b3')

+

+This new notation can also be used in functions that take a BitString as an

+argument. For example:

+

+>>> a = BitString('0x0011') + '0xff'

+>>> a.insert('0b001', 6)

+>>> a.find('0b1111')

+

+* BitString made more mutable

+

+The functions append, deletebits, insert, overwrite, truncatestart and

+truncateend now modify the BitString that they act upon. This allows for

+cleaner and more efficient code, but you may need to rewrite slightly if you

+depended upon the old behaviour:

+

+>>> a = BitString(hex='0xffff')

+>>> a = a.append(BitString(hex='0x00'))

+>>> b = a.deletebits(10, 10)

+

+becomes:

+

+>>> a = BitString('0xffff')

+>>> a.append('0x00')

+>>> b = copy.copy(a)

+>>> b.deletebits(10, 10)

+

+Thanks to Frank Aune for suggestions in this and other areas.

+

+* Changes to printing

+

+The binary interpretation of a BitString is now prepended with '0b'. This is

+in keeping with the Python 2.6 (and 3.0) bin function. The prefix is optional

+when initialising using 'bin='.

+

+Also, if you just print a BitString with no interpretation it will pick

+something appropriate - hex if it is an integer number of bytes, otherwise

+binary. If the BitString representation is very long it will be truncated

+by '...' so it is only an approximate interpretation.

+

+>>> a = BitString('0b0011111')

+>>> print a

+0b0011111

+>>> a += '0b0'

+>>> print a

+0x3e

+

+* More convenience functions

+

+Some missing functions such as advancebit and deletebytes have been added. Also

+a number of peek functions make an appearance as have prepend and reversebits.

+See the Tutorial for more details.

+

+-----------------------------------------

+January 13th 2009: version 0.2.0 released

+-----------------------------------------

+Some fairly minor updates, not really deserving of a whole version point update.

+------------------------------------------

+December 29th 2008: version 0.1.0 released

+------------------------------------------

+First release!

diff --git a/python/bitstring/setup.py b/python/bitstring/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f088dda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from distutils.core import setup
+# from distutils.extension import Extension
+# from Cython.Distutils import build_ext
+import sys
+
+kwds = {'long_description': open('README.txt').read()}
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 6):
+    raise Exception('This version of bitstring needs Python 2.6 or later. '
+                    'For Python 2.4 / 2.5 please use bitstring version 1.0 instead.')
+
+# macros = [('PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS', None)]
+# ext_modules = [Extension('bitstring', ["bitstring.pyx"], define_macros=macros)]
+
+setup(name='bitstring',
+      version='3.1.3',
+      description='Simple construction, analysis and modification of binary data.',
+      author='Scott Griffiths',
+      author_email='scott@griffiths.name',
+      url='http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com',
+      download_url='http://python-bitstring.googlecode.com',
+      license='The MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php',
+      # cmdclass = {'build_ext': build_ext},
+      # ext_modules = ext_modules,
+      py_modules=['bitstring'],
+      platforms='all',
+      classifiers = [
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+      ],
+      **kwds
+      )
+
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/smalltestfile b/python/bitstring/test/smalltestfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be687ec35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/smalltestfile
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
#Eg‰«Íï
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test.m1v b/python/bitstring/test/test.m1v
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2da3ece11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test.m1v
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test_bitarray.py b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitarray.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b80f90617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitarray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Unit tests for the bitarray module.
+"""
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+import bitstring
+from bitstring import BitArray
+
+class All(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testCreationFromUint(self):
+        s = BitArray(uint=15, length=6)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '001111')
+        s = BitArray(uint=0, length=1)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0')
+        s.uint = 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 1)
+        s = BitArray(length=8)
+        s.uint = 0
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 0)
+        s.uint = 255
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 255)
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 8)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, s._setuint, 256)
+
+    def testCreationFromOct(self):
+        s = BitArray(oct='7')
+        self.assertEqual(s.oct, '7')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '111')
+        s.append('0o1')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '111001')
+        s.oct = '12345670'
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '001010011100101110111000')
+        s = BitArray('0o123')
+        self.assertEqual(s.oct, '123')
+
+
+class NoPosAttribute(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testReplace(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b01')
+        s.replace('0b1', '0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b011')
+
+    def testDelete(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b000000001')
+        del s[-1:]
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b00000000')
+
+    def testInsert(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b00')
+        s.insert('0xf', 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b011110')
+
+    def testInsertParameters(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b111')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, s.insert, '0x4')
+
+    def testOverwrite(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b01110')
+        s.overwrite('0b000', 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b00000')
+
+    def testOverwriteParameters(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b0000')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, s.overwrite, '0b111')
+
+    def testPrepend(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b0')
+        s.prepend([1])
+        self.assertEqual(s, [1, 0])
+
+    def testRol(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b0001')
+        s.rol(1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b0010')
+
+    def testRor(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b1000')
+        s.ror(1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b0100')
+
+    def testSetItem(self):
+        s = BitArray('0b000100')
+        s[4:5] = '0xf'
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b000111110')
+        s[0:1] = [1]
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b100111110')
+
+
+class Bugs(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testAddingNonsense(self):
+        a = BitArray([0])
+        a += '0' # a uint of length 0 - so nothing gets added.
+        self.assertEqual(a, [0])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__iadd__, '3')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__iadd__, 'se')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__iadd__, 'float:32')
+
+    def testPrependAfterCreationFromDataWithOffset(self):
+        s1 = BitArray(bytes=b'\x00\x00\x07\xff\xf0\x00', offset=21, length=15)
+        self.assertFalse(s1.any(0))
+        s1.prepend('0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '0111111111111111')
+        s1.prepend('0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '00111111111111111')
+
+
+class ByteAligned(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testDefault(self, defaultbytealigned=bitstring.bytealigned):
+        self.assertFalse(defaultbytealigned)
+
+    def testChangingIt(self):
+        bitstring.bytealigned = True
+        self.assertTrue(bitstring.bytealigned)
+        bitstring.bytealigned = False
+
+    def testNotByteAligned(self):
+        bitstring.bytealigned = False
+        a = BitArray('0x00 ff 0f f')
+        l = list(a.findall('0xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(l, [8, 20])
+        p = a.find('0x0f')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(p, 4)
+        p = a.rfind('0xff')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(p, 20)
+        s = list(a.split('0xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(s, ['0x00', '0xff0', '0xff'])
+        a.replace('0xff', '')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x000')
+
+    def testByteAligned(self):
+        bitstring.bytealigned = True
+        a = BitArray('0x00 ff 0f f')
+        l = list(a.findall('0xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(l, [8])
+        p = a.find('0x0f')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(p, 16)
+        p = a.rfind('0xff')[0]
+        self.assertEqual(p, 8)
+        s = list(a.split('0xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(s, ['0x00', '0xff0ff'])
+        a.replace('0xff', '')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x000ff')
+
+
+class SliceAssignment(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testSliceAssignmentSingleBit(self):
+        a = BitArray('0b000')
+        a[2] = '0b1'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '001')
+        a[0] = BitArray(bin='1')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '101')
+        a[-1] = '0b0'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '100')
+        a[-3] = '0b0'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '000')
+
+    def testSliceAssignmentSingleBitErrors(self):
+        a = BitArray('0b000')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, -4, '0b1')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, 3, '0b1')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__setitem__, 1, 1.3)
+
+    def testSliceAssignmentMulipleBits(self):
+        a = BitArray('0b0')
+        a[0] = '0b110'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '110')
+        a[0] = '0b000'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '00010')
+        a[0:3] = '0b111'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '11110')
+        a[-2:] = '0b011'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '111011')
+        a[:] = '0x12345'
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '12345')
+        a[:] = ''
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+
+    def testSliceAssignmentMultipleBitsErrors(self):
+        a = BitArray()
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.__setitem__, 0, '0b00')
+        a += '0b1'
+        a[0:2] = '0b11'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11')
+
+    def testDelSliceStep(self):
+        a = BitArray(bin='100111101001001110110100101')
+        del a[::2]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '0110010101100')
+        del a[3:9:3]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '01101101100')
+        del a[2:7:1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '011100')
+        del a[::99]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '11100')
+        del a[::1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '')
+
+    def testDelSliceNegativeStep(self):
+        a = BitArray('0b0001011101101100100110000001')
+        del a[5:23:-3]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '0001011101101100100110000001')
+        del a[25:3:-3]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '00011101010000100001')
+        del a[:6:-7]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '000111010100010000')
+        del a[15::-2]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '0010000000')
+        del a[::-1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '')
+
+    def testDelSliceErrors(self):
+        a = BitArray(10)
+        del a[5:3]
+        self.assertEqual(a, 10)
+        del a[3:5:-1]
+        self.assertEqual(a, 10)
+
+    def testDelSingleElement(self):
+        a = BitArray('0b0010011')
+        del a[-1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '001001')
+        del a[2]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '00001')
+        try:
+            del a[5]
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except IndexError:
+            pass
+
+    def testSetSliceStep(self):
+        a = BitArray(bin='0000000000')
+        a[::2] = '0b11111'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1010101010')
+        a[4:9:3] = [0, 0]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1010001010')
+        a[7:3:-1] = [1, 1, 1, 0]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1010011110')
+        a[7:1:-2] = [0, 0, 1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1011001010')
+        a[::-5] = [1, 1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1011101011')
+        a[::-1] = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1000000000')
+
+    def testSetSliceErrors(self):
+        a = BitArray(8)
+        try:
+            a[::3] = [1]
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        class A(object): pass
+        try:
+            a[1:2] = A()
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a[1:4:-1] = [1, 2]
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+
+class Subclassing(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testIsInstance(self):
+        class SubBits(BitArray): pass
+        a = SubBits()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, SubBits))
+
+    def testClassType(self):
+        class SubBits(BitArray): pass
+        self.assertEqual(SubBits().__class__, SubBits)
+
+
+class Clear(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testClear(self):
+        s = BitArray('0xfff')
+        s.clear()
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 0)
+
+
+class Copy(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testCopyMethod(self):
+        s = BitArray(9)
+        t = s.copy()
+        self.assertEqual(s, t)
+        t[0] = True
+        self.assertEqual(t.bin, '100000000')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '000000000')
+
+
+class ModifiedByAddingBug(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testAdding(self):
+        a = BitArray('0b0')
+        b = BitArray('0b11')
+        c = a + b
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0b011')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b11')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test_bits.py b/python/bitstring/test/test_bits.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..402c03899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test_bits.py
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+import bitstring
+from bitstring import MmapByteArray
+from bitstring import Bits, BitArray, ConstByteStore, ByteStore
+
+class Creation(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testCreationFromBytes(self):
+        s = Bits(bytes=b'\xa0\xff')
+        self.assertEqual((s.len, s.hex), (16, 'a0ff'))
+        s = Bits(bytes=b'abc', length=0)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '')
+
+    def testCreationFromBytesErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, bytes=b'abc', length=25)
+
+    def testCreationFromDataWithOffset(self):
+        s1 = Bits(bytes=b'\x0b\x1c\x2f', offset=0, length=20)
+        s2 = Bits(bytes=b'\xa0\xb1\xC2', offset=4)
+        self.assertEqual((s2.len, s2.hex), (20, '0b1c2'))
+        self.assertEqual((s1.len, s1.hex), (20, '0b1c2'))
+        self.assertTrue(s1 == s2)
+
+    def testCreationFromHex(self):
+        s = Bits(hex='0xA0ff')
+        self.assertEqual((s.len, s.hex), (16, 'a0ff'))
+        s = Bits(hex='0x0x0X')
+        self.assertEqual((s.length, s.hex), (0, ''))
+
+    def testCreationFromHexWithWhitespace(self):
+        s = Bits(hex='  \n0 X a  4e       \r3  \n')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'a4e3')
+
+    def testCreationFromHexErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, hex='0xx0')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, hex='0xX0')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, hex='0Xx0')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, hex='-2e')
+        # These really should fail, but it's awkward and not a big deal...
+#        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, '0x2', length=2)
+#        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, '0x3', offset=1)
+
+    def testCreationFromBin(self):
+        s = Bits(bin='1010000011111111')
+        self.assertEqual((s.length, s.hex), (16, 'a0ff'))
+        s = Bits(bin='00')[:1]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0')
+        s = Bits(bin=' 0000 \n 0001\r ')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00000001')
+
+    def testCreationFromBinWithWhitespace(self):
+        s = Bits(bin='  \r\r\n0   B    00   1 1 \t0 ')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00110')
+
+    def testCreationFromOctErrors(self):
+        s = Bits('0b00011')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getoct)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, s._setoct, '8')
+
+    def testCreationFromUintWithOffset(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, Bits, uint=12, length=8, offset=1)
+
+    def testCreationFromUintErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, uint=-1, length=10)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, uint=12)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, uint=4, length=2)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, uint=0, length=0)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, uint=12, length=-12)
+
+    def testCreationFromInt(self):
+        s = Bits(int=0, length=4)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0000')
+        s = Bits(int=1, length=2)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '01')
+        s = Bits(int=-1, length=11)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '11111111111')
+        s = Bits(int=12, length=7)
+        self.assertEqual(s.int, 12)
+        s = Bits(int=-243, length=108)
+        self.assertEqual((s.int, s.length), (-243, 108))
+        for length in range(6, 10):
+            for value in range(-17, 17):
+                s = Bits(int=value, length=length)
+                self.assertEqual((s.int, s.length), (value, length))
+        s = Bits(int=10, length=8)
+
+    def testCreationFromIntErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, int=-1, length=0)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, int=12)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, int=4, length=3)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, int=-5, length=3)
+
+    def testCreationFromSe(self):
+        for i in range(-100, 10):
+            s = Bits(se=i)
+            self.assertEqual(s.se, i)
+
+    def testCreationFromSeWithOffset(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, se=-13, offset=1)
+
+    def testCreationFromSeErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, se=-5, length=33)
+        s = Bits(bin='001000')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getse)
+
+    def testCreationFromUe(self):
+        [self.assertEqual(Bits(ue=i).ue, i) for i in range(0, 20)]
+
+    def testCreationFromUeWithOffset(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, ue=104, offset=2)
+
+    def testCreationFromUeErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, ue=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, ue=1, length=12)
+        s = Bits(bin='10')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getue)
+
+    def testCreationFromBool(self):
+        a = Bits('bool=1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, 'bool=1')
+        b = Bits('bool=0')
+        self.assertEqual(b, [0])
+        c = bitstring.pack('2*bool', 0, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0b01')
+
+    def testCreationKeywordError(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, Bits, squirrel=5)
+
+    def testDataStoreType(self):
+        a = Bits('0xf')
+        self.assertEqual(type(a._datastore), bitstring.ConstByteStore)
+
+
+class Initialisation(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testEmptyInit(self):
+        a = Bits()
+        self.assertEqual(a, '')
+
+    def testNoPos(self):
+        a = Bits('0xabcdef')
+        try:
+            a.pos
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+    def testFind(self):
+        a = Bits('0xabcd')
+        r = a.find('0xbc')
+        self.assertEqual(r[0], 4)
+        r = a.find('0x23462346246', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertFalse(r)
+
+    def testRfind(self):
+        a = Bits('0b11101010010010')
+        b = a.rfind('0b010')
+        self.assertEqual(b[0], 11)
+
+    def testFindAll(self):
+        a = Bits('0b0010011')
+        b = list(a.findall([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(b, [2, 5, 6])
+
+
+class Cut(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testCut(self):
+        s = Bits(30)
+        for t in s.cut(3):
+            self.assertEqual(t, [0] * 3)
+
+
+class InterleavedExpGolomb(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testCreation(self):
+        s1 = Bits(uie=0)
+        s2 = Bits(uie=1)
+        self.assertEqual(s1, [1])
+        self.assertEqual(s2, [0, 0, 1])
+        s1 = Bits(sie=0)
+        s2 = Bits(sie=-1)
+        s3 = Bits(sie=1)
+        self.assertEqual(s1, [1])
+        self.assertEqual(s2, [0, 0, 1, 1])
+        self.assertEqual(s3, [0, 0, 1, 0])
+
+    def testCreationFromProperty(self):
+        s = BitArray()
+        s.uie = 45
+        self.assertEqual(s.uie, 45)
+        s.sie = -45
+        self.assertEqual(s.sie, -45)
+
+    def testInterpretation(self):
+        for x in range(101):
+            self.assertEqual(Bits(uie=x).uie, x)
+        for x in range(-100, 100):
+            self.assertEqual(Bits(sie=x).sie, x)
+
+    def testErrors(self):
+        for f in ['sie=100, 0b1001', '0b00', 'uie=100, 0b1001']:
+            s = Bits(f)
+            self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getsie)
+            self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getuie)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Bits, 'uie=-10')
+
+
+class FileBased(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.a = Bits(filename='smalltestfile')
+        self.b = Bits(filename='smalltestfile', offset=16)
+        self.c = Bits(filename='smalltestfile', offset=20, length=16)
+        self.d = Bits(filename='smalltestfile', offset=20, length=4)
+
+    def testCreationWithOffset(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.a, '0x0123456789abcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(self.b, '0x456789abcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(self.c, '0x5678')
+
+    def testBitOperators(self):
+        x = self.b[4:20]
+        self.assertEqual(x, '0x5678')
+        self.assertEqual((x & self.c).hex, self.c.hex)
+        self.assertEqual(self.c ^ self.b[4:20], 16)
+        self.assertEqual(self.a[23:36] | self.c[3:], self.c[3:])
+
+    def testAddition(self):
+        h = self.d + '0x1'
+        x = self.a[20:24] + self.c[-4:] + self.c[8:12]
+        self.assertEqual(x, '0x587')
+        x = self.b + x
+        self.assertEqual(x.hex, '456789abcdef587')
+        x = BitArray(x)
+        del x[12:24]
+        self.assertEqual(x, '0x456abcdef587')
+        
+class Mmap(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.f = open('smalltestfile', 'rb')
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.f.close()
+
+    def testByteArrayEquivalence(self):
+        a = MmapByteArray(self.f)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytelength, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(a), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0], 0x01)
+        self.assertEqual(a[1], 0x23)
+        self.assertEqual(a[7], 0xef)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:1], bytearray([1]))
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], bytearray([0x01, 0x23, 0x45, 0x67, 0x89, 0xab, 0xcd, 0xef]))
+        self.assertEqual(a[2:4], bytearray([0x45, 0x67]))
+
+    def testWithLength(self):
+        a = MmapByteArray(self.f, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0], 0x01)
+        self.assertEqual(len(a), 3)
+
+    def testWithOffset(self):
+        a = MmapByteArray(self.f, None, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(len(a), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0], 0xab)
+
+    def testWithLengthAndOffset(self):
+        a = MmapByteArray(self.f, 3, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(a), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0], 0x67)
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], bytearray([0x67, 0x89, 0xab]))
+
+
+class Comparisons(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testUnorderable(self):
+        a = Bits(5)
+        b = Bits(5)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__lt__, b)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__gt__, b)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__le__, b)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__ge__, b)
+
+
+class Subclassing(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testIsInstance(self):
+        class SubBits(bitstring.Bits): pass
+        a = SubBits()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, SubBits))
+
+    def testClassType(self):
+        class SubBits(bitstring.Bits): pass
+        self.assertEqual(SubBits().__class__, SubBits)
+
+
+class LongBoolConversion(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testLongBool(self):
+        a = Bits(1000)
+        b = bool(a)
+        self.assertTrue(b is False)
+
+
+# Some basic tests for the private ByteStore classes
+
+class ConstByteStoreCreation(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testProperties(self):
+        a = ConstByteStore(bytearray(b'abc'))
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytelength, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a.offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitlength, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(a._rawarray, b'abc')
+
+    def testGetBit(self):
+        a = ConstByteStore(bytearray([0x0f]))
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbit(0), False)
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbit(3), False)
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbit(4), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbit(7), True)
+
+        b = ConstByteStore(bytearray([0x0f]), 7, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(b.getbit(2), False)
+        self.assertEqual(b.getbit(3), True)
+
+    def testGetByte(self):
+        a = ConstByteStore(bytearray(b'abcde'), 1, 13)
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbyte(0), 97)
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbyte(1), 98)
+        self.assertEqual(a.getbyte(4), 101)
+
+
+class PadToken(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testCreation(self):
+        a = Bits('pad:10')
+        self.assertEqual(a, Bits(10))
+        b = Bits('pad:0')
+        self.assertEqual(b, Bits())
+        c = Bits('0b11, pad:1, 0b111')
+        self.assertEqual(c, Bits('0b110111'))
+
+    def testPack(self):
+        s = bitstring.pack('0b11, pad:3=5, 0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '110001')
+        d = bitstring.pack('pad:c', c=12)
+        self.assertEqual(d, Bits(12))
+        e = bitstring.pack('0xf, uint:12, pad:1, bin, pad:4, 0b10', 0, '111')
+        self.assertEqual(e.bin, '11110000000000000111000010')
+
+    def testUnpack(self):
+        s = Bits('0b111000111')
+        x, y = s.unpack('3, pad:3, 3')
+        self.assertEqual((x, y), (7, 7))
+        x, y = s.unpack('2, pad:2, bin')
+        self.assertEqual((x, y), (3, '00111'))
+        x = s.unpack('pad:1, pad:2, pad:3')
+        self.assertEqual(x, [])
+
+
+class ModifiedByAddingBug(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testAdding(self):
+        a = Bits('0b0')
+        b = Bits('0b11')
+        c = a + b
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0b011')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b11')
+
+    def testAdding2(self):
+        a = Bits(100)
+        b = Bits(101)
+        c = a + b
+        self.assertEqual(a, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(b, 101)
+        self.assertEqual(c, 201)
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstore.py b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f5c9036e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+from bitstring import ByteStore, ConstByteStore, equal, offsetcopy
+
+
+class OffsetCopy(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testStraightCopy(self):
+        s = ByteStore(bytearray([10, 5, 1]), 24, 0)
+        t = offsetcopy(s, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t._rawarray, bytearray([10, 5, 1]))
+
+    def testOffsetIncrease(self):
+        s = ByteStore(bytearray([1, 1, 1]), 24, 0)
+        t = offsetcopy(s, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.bitlength, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(t.offset, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t._rawarray, bytearray([0, 16, 16, 16]))
+
+
+class Equals(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testBothSingleByte(self):
+        s = ByteStore(bytearray([128]), 3, 0)
+        t = ByteStore(bytearray([64]), 3, 1)
+        u = ByteStore(bytearray([32]), 3, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(equal(s, t))
+        self.assertTrue(equal(s, u))
+        self.assertTrue(equal(u, t))
+
+    def testOneSingleByte(self):
+        s = ByteStore(bytearray([1, 0]), 2, 7)
+        t = ByteStore(bytearray([64]), 2, 1)
+        self.assertTrue(equal(s, t))
+        self.assertTrue(equal(t, s))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstream.py b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstream.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f94193d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3940 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+import bitstring
+import copy
+import os
+import collections
+from bitstring import BitStream, ConstBitStream, pack
+from bitstring import ByteStore, offsetcopy
+
+
+class FlexibleInitialisation(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testFlexibleInitialisation(self):
+        a = BitStream('uint:8=12')
+        c = BitStream(' uint : 8 =  12')
+        self.assertTrue(a == c == BitStream(uint=12, length=8))
+        self.assertEqual(a.uint, 12)
+        a = BitStream('     int:2=  -1')
+        b = BitStream('int :2   = -1')
+        c = BitStream(' int:  2  =-1  ')
+        self.assertTrue(a == b == c == BitStream(int=-1, length=2))
+
+    def testFlexibleInitialisation2(self):
+        h = BitStream('hex=12')
+        o = BitStream('oct=33')
+        b = BitStream('bin=10')
+        self.assertEqual(h, '0x12')
+        self.assertEqual(o, '0o33')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b10')
+
+    def testFlexibleInitialisation3(self):
+        for s in ['se=-1', ' se = -1 ', 'se = -1']:
+            a = BitStream(s)
+            self.assertEqual(a.se, -1)
+        for s in ['ue=23', 'ue =23', 'ue = 23']:
+            a = BitStream(s)
+            self.assertEqual(a.ue, 23)
+
+    def testMultipleStringInitialisation(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1 , 0x1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10001')
+        a = BitStream('ue=5, ue=1, se=-2')
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('ue'), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('ue'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('se'), -2)
+        b = BitStream('uint:32 = 12, 0b11') + 'int:100=-100, 0o44'
+        self.assertEqual(b.read(32).uint, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(b.read(2).bin, '11')
+        self.assertEqual(b.read(100).int, -100)
+
+
+class Reading(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testReadBits(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x4d\x55')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(4).hex, '4')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).hex, 'd5')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(1), [0])
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(3).bin, '101')
+        self.assertFalse(s.read(0))
+
+    def testReadByte(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='4d55')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).hex, '4d')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).hex, '55')
+
+    def testReadBytes(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x112233448811')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(3 * 8).hex, '112233')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.read, -2 * 8)
+        s.bitpos += 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(2 * 8).bin, '1000100100010000')
+
+    def testReadUE(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, BitStream('')._getue)
+        # The numbers 0 to 8 as unsigned Exponential-Golomb codes
+        s = BitStream(bin='1 010 011 00100 00101 00110 00111 0001000 0001001')
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        for i in range(9):
+            self.assertEqual(s.read('ue'), i)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.read, 'ue')
+
+    def testReadSE(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='010 00110 0001010 0001000 00111')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('se'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('se'), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(s.readlist(3 * ['se']), [5, 4, -3])
+
+
+class Find(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testFind1(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(bin='0b0000110110000')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find(BitStream(bin='11011'), False))
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(5).bin, '11011')
+        s.bitpos = 0
+        self.assertFalse(s.find('0b11001', False))
+
+    def testFind2(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='0')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find(s, False))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(s.find('0b00', False))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.find, BitStream(), False)
+
+    def testFindWithOffset(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x112233')[4:]
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0x23', False))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 8)
+
+    def testFindCornerCases(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='000111000111')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b000'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b000'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b0111000111'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b000', start=2))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 6)
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b111', start=6))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 9)
+        s.pos += 2
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b1', start=s.pos))
+
+    def testFindBytes(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x010203040102ff')
+        self.assertFalse(s.find('0x05', bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0x02', bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(16).hex, '0203')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0x02', start=s.bitpos, bytealigned=True))
+        s.read(1)
+        self.assertFalse(s.find('0x02', start=s.bitpos, bytealigned=True))
+
+    def testFindBytesAlignedCornerCases(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xff')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find(s))
+        self.assertFalse(s.find(BitStream(hex='0x12')))
+        self.assertFalse(s.find(BitStream(hex='0xffff')))
+
+    def testFindBytesBitpos(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x1122334455')
+        s.pos = 2
+        s.find('0x66', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 2)
+        s.pos = 38
+        s.find('0x66', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 38)
+
+    def testFindByteAligned(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x12345678')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find(BitStream(hex='0x56'), bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 2)
+        s.pos = 0
+        self.assertFalse(s.find(BitStream(hex='0x45'), bytealigned=True))
+        s = BitStream('0x1234')
+        s.find('0x1234')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0x1234'))
+        s += '0b111'
+        s.pos = 3
+        s.find('0b1', start=17, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertFalse(s.find('0b1', start=17, bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 3)
+
+    def testFindByteAlignedWithOffset(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x112233')[4:]
+        self.assertTrue(s.find(BitStream(hex='0x23')))
+
+    def testFindByteAlignedErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0xffff')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.find, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.find, BitStream())
+
+
+class Rfind(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testRfind(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b001001001')
+        b = a.rfind('0b001')
+        self.assertEqual(b, (6,))
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 6)
+        big = BitStream(length=100000) + '0x12' + BitStream(length=10000)
+        found = big.rfind('0x12', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(found, (100000,))
+        self.assertEqual(big.pos, 100000)
+
+    def testRfindByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x8888')
+        b = a.rfind('0b1', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(b, (8,))
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 8)
+
+    def testRfindStartbit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x0000ffffff')
+        b = a.rfind('0x0000', start=1, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(b, ())
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        b = a.rfind('0x00', start=1, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(b, (8,))
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 8)
+
+    def testRfindEndbit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x000fff')
+        b = a.rfind('0b011', bytealigned=False, start=0, end=14)
+        self.assertEqual(bool(b), True)
+        b = a.rfind('0b011', False, 0, 13)
+        self.assertEqual(b, ())
+
+    def testRfindErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x43234234')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.rfind, '', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.rfind, '0b1', start=-99, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.rfind, '0b1', end=33, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.rfind, '0b1', start=10, end=9, bytealigned=True)
+
+
+class Shift(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShiftLeft(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1010')
+        t = s << 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '1010')
+        self.assertEqual(t.bin, '0100')
+        t = t << 0
+        self.assertEqual(t, '0b0100')
+        t = t << 100
+        self.assertEqual(t.bin, '0000')
+
+    def testShiftLeftErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__lshift__, 1)
+        s = BitStream('0xf')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__lshift__, -1)
+
+    def testShiftRight(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1010')
+        t = s >> 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '1010')
+        self.assertEqual(t.bin, '0101')
+        q = s >> 0
+        self.assertEqual(q, '0b1010')
+        q.replace('0b1010', '')
+        s = s >> 100
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0000')
+
+    def testShiftRightErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__rshift__, 1)
+        s = BitStream('0xf')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__rshift__, -1)
+
+    def testShiftRightInPlace(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xffff')[4:12]
+        s >>= 1
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b01111111')
+        s = BitStream('0b11011')
+        s >>= 2
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00110')
+        s >>= 100000000000000
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00000')
+        s = BitStream('0xff')
+        s >>= 1
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x7f')
+        s >>= 0
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x7f')
+
+    def testShiftRightInPlaceErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__irshift__, 1)
+        s += '0b11'
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__irshift__, -1)
+
+    def testShiftLeftInPlace(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xffff')
+        t = s[4:12]
+        t <<= 2
+        self.assertEqual(t, '0b11111100')
+        s = BitStream('0b11011')
+        s <<= 2
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '01100')
+        s <<= 100000000000000000000
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00000')
+        s = BitStream('0xff')
+        s <<= 1
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xfe')
+        s <<= 0
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xfe')
+
+    def testShiftLeftInPlaceErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__ilshift__, 1)
+        s += '0b11'
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.__ilshift__, -1)
+
+
+class Replace(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testReplace1(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        n = a.replace('0b1', '0b0', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '0')
+        self.assertEqual(n, 1)
+        n = a.replace('0b1', '0b0', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 0)
+
+    def testReplace2(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b00001111111')
+        n = a.replace('0b1', '0b0', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '00001111011')
+        self.assertEqual(n, 1)
+        n = a.replace('0b1', '0b0', bytealigned=False)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '00000000000')
+        self.assertEqual(n, 6)
+
+    def testReplace3(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0')
+        n = a.replace('0b0', '0b110011111', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '110011111')
+        n = a.replace('0b11', '', bytealigned=False)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '001')
+
+    def testReplace4(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x00114723ef4732344700')
+        n = a.replace('0x47', '0x00', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '00110023ef0032340000')
+        a.replace('0x00', '', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '1123ef3234')
+        a.replace('0x11', '', start=1, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '1123ef3234')
+        a.replace('0x11', '0xfff', end=7, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '1123ef3234')
+        a.replace('0x11', '0xfff', end=8, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, 'fff23ef3234')
+
+    def testReplace5(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xab')
+        b = BitStream('0xcd')
+        c = BitStream('0xabef')
+        c.replace(a, b)
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0xcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xab')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xcd')
+        a = BitStream('0x0011223344')
+        a.pos = 12
+        a.replace('0x11', '0xfff', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x00fff223344')
+
+    def testReplaceWithSelf(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11')
+        a.replace('0b1', a)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xf')
+        a.replace(a, a)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xf')
+
+    def testReplaceCount(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x223344223344223344')
+        n = a.replace('0x2', '0x0', count=0, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '223344223344223344')
+        n = a.replace('0x2', '0x0', count=1, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '023344223344223344')
+        n = a.replace('0x33', '', count=2, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '02442244223344')
+        n = a.replace('0x44', '0x4444', count=1435, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(n, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, '02444422444422334444')
+
+    def testReplaceBitpos(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff')
+        a.bitpos = 8
+        a.replace('0xff', '', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 0)
+        a = BitStream('0b0011110001')
+        a.bitpos = 4
+        a.replace('0b1', '0b000')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 8)
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        a.bitpos = 1
+        a.replace('0b1', '0b11111', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 5)
+        a.replace('0b11', '0b0', False)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 3)
+        a.append('0b00')
+        a.replace('0b00', '0xffff')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 17)
+
+    def testReplaceErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0o123415')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.replace, '', '0o7', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.replace, '0b1', '0b1', start=-100, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.replace, '0b1', '0b1', end=19, bytealigned=True)
+
+
+class SliceAssignment(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # TODO: Move this to another class
+    def testSetSlice(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        a[0:0] = '0xabcdef'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 3)
+        a[4:16] = ''
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xaef')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 4)
+        a[8:] = '0x00'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xae00')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 2)
+        a += '0xf'
+        a[8:] = '0xe'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xaee')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 12)
+        b = BitStream()
+        b[0:800] = '0xffee'
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xffee')
+        b[4:48] = '0xeed123'
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xfeed123')
+        b[-800:8] = '0x0000'
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x0000ed123')
+        a = BitStream('0xabcde')
+        self.assertEqual(a[-100:-90], '')
+        self.assertEqual(a[-100:-16], '0xa')
+        a[-100:-16] = '0x0'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x0bcde')
+
+    def testInsertingUsingSetItem(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        a[0:0] = '0xdeadbeef'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xdeadbeef')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 4)
+        a[16:16] = '0xfeed'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xdeadfeedbeef')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 4)
+        a[0:0] = '0xa'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xadeadfeedbeef')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 4)
+        a.bytepos = 6
+        a[0:0] = '0xff'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 1)
+        a[8:0] = '0x00000'
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0xff00000adead'))
+
+    def testSliceAssignmentBitPos(self):
+        a = BitStream('int:64=-1')
+        a.pos = 64
+        a[0:8] = ''
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        a.pos = 52
+        a[48:56] = '0x0000'
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 64)
+        a[10:10] = '0x0'
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 14)
+        a[56:68] = '0x000'
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 14)
+
+
+class Pack(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testPack1(self):
+        s = bitstring.pack('uint:6, bin, hex, int:6, se, ue, oct', 10, '0b110', 'ff', -1, -6, 6, '54')
+        t = BitStream('uint:6=10, 0b110, 0xff, int:6=-1, se=-6, ue=6, oct=54')
+        self.assertEqual(s, t)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'tomato', '0')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'uint', 12)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'hex', 'penguin')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'hex12', '0x12')
+
+    def testPackWithLiterals(self):
+        s = bitstring.pack('0xf')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xf')
+        self.assertTrue(type(s), BitStream)
+        s = pack('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1')
+        s = pack('0o7')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0o7')
+        s = pack('int:10=-1')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1111111111')
+        s = pack('uint:10=1')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b0000000001')
+        s = pack('ue=12')
+        self.assertEqual(s.ue, 12)
+        s = pack('se=-12')
+        self.assertEqual(s.se, -12)
+        s = pack('bin=01')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '01')
+        s = pack('hex=01')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '01')
+        s = pack('oct=01')
+        self.assertEqual(s.oct, '01')
+
+    def testPackWithDict(self):
+        a = pack('uint:6=width, se=height', height=100, width=12)
+        w, h = a.unpack('uint:6, se')
+        self.assertEqual(w, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(h, 100)
+        d = {}
+        d['w'] = '0xf'
+        d['300'] = 423
+        d['e'] = '0b1101'
+        a = pack('int:100=300, bin=e, uint:12=300', **d)
+        x, y, z = a.unpack('int:100, bin, uint:12')
+        self.assertEqual(x, 423)
+        self.assertEqual(y, '1101')
+        self.assertEqual(z, 423)
+
+    def testPackWithDict2(self):
+        a = pack('int:5, bin:3=b, 0x3, bin=c, se=12', 10, b='0b111', c='0b1')
+        b = BitStream('int:5=10, 0b111, 0x3, 0b1, se=12')
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+        a = pack('bits:3=b', b=BitStream('0b101'))
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b101')
+        a = pack('bits:24=b', b=BitStream('0x001122'))
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x001122')
+
+    def testPackWithDict3(self):
+        s = pack('hex:4=e, hex:4=0xe, hex:4=e', e='f')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xfef')
+        s = pack('sep', sep='0b00')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b00')
+
+    def testPackWithDict4(self):
+        s = pack('hello', hello='0xf')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xf')
+        s = pack('x, y, x, y, x', x='0b10', y='uint:12=100')
+        t = BitStream('0b10, uint:12=100, 0b10, uint:12=100, 0b10')
+        self.assertEqual(s, t)
+        a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        s = pack('int:8, div,' * 5, *a, **{'div': '0b1'})
+        t = BitStream('int:8=1, 0b1, int:8=2, 0b1, int:8=3, 0b1, int:8=4, 0b1, int:8=5, 0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(s, t)
+
+    def testPackWithLocals(self):
+        width = 352
+        height = 288
+        s = pack('uint:12=width, uint:12=height', **locals())
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x160120')
+
+    def testPackWithLengthRestriction(self):
+        s = pack('bin:3', '0b000')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bin:3', '0b0011')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bin:3', '0b11')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bin:3=0b0011')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bin:3=0b11')
+
+        s = pack('hex:4', '0xf')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'hex:4', '0b111')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'hex:4', '0b11111')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'hex:8=0xf')
+
+        s = pack('oct:6', '0o77')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'oct:6', '0o1')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'oct:6', '0o111')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'oct:3', '0b1')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'oct:3=hello', hello='0o12')
+
+        s = pack('bits:3', BitStream('0b111'))
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bits:3', BitStream('0b11'))
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bits:3', BitStream('0b1111'))
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bits:12=b', b=BitStream('0b11'))
+
+    def testPackNull(self):
+        s = pack('')
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        s = pack(',')
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        s = pack(',,,,,0b1,,,,,,,,,,,,,0b1,,,,,,,,,,')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b11')
+        s = pack(',,uint:12,,bin:3,', 100, '100')
+        a, b = s.unpack(',,,uint:12,,,,bin:3,,,')
+        self.assertEqual(a, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '100')
+
+    def testPackDefaultUint(self):
+        s = pack('10, 5', 1, 2)
+        a, b = s.unpack('10, 5')
+        self.assertEqual((a, b), (1, 2))
+        s = pack('10=150, 12=qee', qee=3)
+        self.assertEqual(s, 'uint:10=150, uint:12=3')
+        t = BitStream('100=5')
+        self.assertEqual(t, 'uint:100=5')
+
+    def testPackDefualtUintErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, '5=-1')
+
+    def testPackingLongKeywordBitstring(self):
+        s = pack('bits=b', b=BitStream(128000))
+        self.assertEqual(s, BitStream(128000))
+
+    def testPackingWithListFormat(self):
+        f = ['bin', 'hex', 'uint:10']
+        a = pack(','.join(f), '00', '234', 100)
+        b = pack(f, '00', '234', 100)
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+
+
+class Unpack(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testUnpack1(self):
+        s = BitStream('uint:13=23, hex=e, bin=010, int:41=-554, 0o44332, se=-12, ue=4')
+        s.pos = 11
+        a, b, c, d, e, f, g = s.unpack('uint:13, hex:4, bin:3, int:41, oct:15, se, ue')
+        self.assertEqual(a, 23)
+        self.assertEqual(b, 'e')
+        self.assertEqual(c, '010')
+        self.assertEqual(d, -554)
+        self.assertEqual(e, '44332')
+        self.assertEqual(f, -12)
+        self.assertEqual(g, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 11)
+
+    def testUnpack2(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xff, 0b000, uint:12=100')
+        a, b, c = s.unpack('bits:8, bits, uint:12')
+        self.assertEqual(type(s), BitStream)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xff')
+        self.assertEqual(type(s), BitStream)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b000')
+        self.assertEqual(c, 100)
+        a, b = s.unpack(['bits:11', 'uint'])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xff, 0b000')
+        self.assertEqual(b, 100)
+
+    def testUnpackNull(self):
+        s = pack('0b1, , , 0xf,')
+        a, b = s.unpack('bin:1,,,hex:4,')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '1')
+        self.assertEqual(b, 'f')
+
+
+class FromFile(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testCreationFromFileOperations(self):
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        s.append('0xff')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '0123456789abcdefff')
+
+        s = ConstBitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        t = BitStream('0xff') + s
+        self.assertEqual(t.hex, 'ff0123456789abcdef')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        del s[:1]
+        self.assertEqual((BitStream('0b0') + s).hex, '0123456789abcdef')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        del s[:7 * 8]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'ef')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        s.insert('0xc', 4)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '0c123456789abcdef')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        s.prepend('0xf')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'f0123456789abcdef')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        s.overwrite('0xaaa', 12)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '012aaa6789abcdef')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        s.reverse()
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'f7b3d591e6a2c480')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        del s[-60:]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '0')
+
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        del s[:60]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'f')
+
+    def testFileProperties(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '0123456789abcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 81985529216486895)
+        self.assertEqual(s.int, 81985529216486895)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0000000100100011010001010110011110001001101010111100110111101111')
+        self.assertEqual(s[:-1].oct, '002215053170465363367')
+        s.bitpos = 0
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('se'), -72)
+        s.bitpos = 0
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('ue'), 144)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytes, b'\x01\x23\x45\x67\x89\xab\xcd\xef')
+        self.assertEqual(s.tobytes(), b'\x01\x23\x45\x67\x89\xab\xcd\xef')
+
+    def testCreationFromFileWithLength(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(filename='test.m1v', length=32)
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 32)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '000001b3')
+        s = ConstBitStream(filename='test.m1v', length=0)
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, filename='smalltestfile', length=65)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, ConstBitStream, filename='smalltestfile', length=64, offset=1)
+        #        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, ConstBitStream, filename='smalltestfile', offset=65)
+        f = open('smalltestfile', 'rb')
+        #        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, ConstBitStream, auto=f, offset=65)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, ConstBitStream, auto=f, length=65)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, ConstBitStream, auto=f, offset=60, length=5)
+
+    def testCreationFromFileWithOffset(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v', offset=4)
+        self.assertEqual(a.peek(4 * 8).hex, '00001b31')
+        b = BitStream(filename='test.m1v', offset=28)
+        self.assertEqual(b.peek(8).hex, '31')
+
+    def testFileSlices(self):
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-16:].hex, 'cdef')
+
+    def testCreataionFromFileErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(IOError, BitStream, filename='Idonotexist')
+
+    def testFindInFile(self):
+        s = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0x160120'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 4)
+        s3 = s.read(3 * 8)
+        self.assertEqual(s3.hex, '160120')
+        s.bytepos = 0
+        self.assertTrue(s._pos == 0)
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0x0001b2'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 13)
+
+    def testHexFromFile(self):
+        s = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertEqual(s[0:32].hex, '000001b3')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-32:].hex, '000001b7')
+        s.hex = '0x11'
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '11')
+
+    def testFileOperations(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        s2 = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertEqual(s1.read(32).hex, '000001b3')
+        self.assertEqual(s2.read(32).hex, '000001b3')
+        s1.bytepos += 4
+        self.assertEqual(s1.read(8).hex, '02')
+        self.assertEqual(s2.read(5 * 8).hex, '1601208302')
+        s1.pos = s1.len
+        try:
+            s1.pos += 1
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def testFileBitGetting(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(filename='smalltestfile', offset=16, length=8) # 0x45
+        b = s[1]
+        self.assertTrue(b)
+        b = s.any(0, [-1, -2, -3])
+        self.assertTrue(b)
+        b = s.all(0, [0, 1, 2])
+        self.assertFalse(b)
+
+    def testVeryLargeFiles(self):
+        # This uses an 11GB file which isn't distributed for obvious reasons
+        # and so this test won't work for anyone except me!
+        try:
+            s = ConstBitStream(filename='11GB.mkv')
+        except IOError:
+            return
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 11743020505 * 8)
+        self.assertEqual(s[1000000000:1000000100].hex, 'bdef7335d4545f680d669ce24')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-4::8].hex, 'bbebf7a1')
+
+
+class CreationErrors(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testIncorrectBinAssignment(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, s._setbin_safe, '0010020')
+
+    def testIncorrectHexAssignment(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, s._sethex, '0xabcdefg')
+
+
+class Length(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testLengthZero(self):
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream('').len, 0)
+
+    def testLength(self):
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream('0x80').len, 8)
+
+    def testLengthErrors(self):
+        #TODO: Lots of new checks, for various inits which now disallow length and offset
+        pass
+        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, BitStream, bin='111', length=-1)
+        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, BitStream, bin='111', length=4)
+
+    def testOffsetLengthError(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, hex='0xffff', offset=-1)
+
+
+class SimpleConversions(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testConvertToUint(self):
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream('0x10').uint, 16)
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream('0b000111').uint, 7)
+
+    def testConvertToInt(self):
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream('0x10').int, 16)
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream('0b11110').int, -2)
+
+    def testConvertToHex(self):
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x12\x23\xff').hex, '001223ff')
+        s = BitStream('0b11111')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._gethex)
+
+
+class Empty(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testEmptyBitstring(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.read, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getint)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getuint)
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+
+    def testNonEmptyBitStream(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='0')
+        self.assertFalse(not s.len)
+
+
+class Position(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testBitPosition(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 0)
+        s.read(5)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 5)
+        s.pos = s.len
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.read, 1)
+
+    def testBytePosition(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x00\x00')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 0)
+        s.read(10)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ByteAlignError, s._getbytepos)
+        s.read(6)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 2)
+
+    def testSeekToBit(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
+        s.bitpos = 0
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s._setbitpos, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s._setbitpos, 6 * 8 + 1)
+        s.bitpos = 6 * 8
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 6 * 8)
+
+    def testSeekToByte(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xab')
+        s.bytepos = 5
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).hex, 'ab')
+
+    def testAdvanceBitsAndBytes(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
+        s.pos += 5
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 5)
+        s.bitpos += 16
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 2 * 8 + 5)
+        s.pos -= 8
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 8 + 5)
+
+    def testRetreatBitsAndBytes(self):
+        a = BitStream(length=100)
+        a.pos = 80
+        a.bytepos -= 5
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 5)
+        a.pos -= 5
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 35)
+
+
+class Offset(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testOffset1(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\x1b\x3f', offset=4)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).bin, '00000001')
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 20)
+
+    def testOffset2(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(bytes=b'\xf1\x02\x04')
+        s2 = BitStream(bytes=b'\xf1\x02\x04', length=23)
+        for i in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 3, 5, 1, 4]:
+            s1._datastore = offsetcopy(s1._datastore, i)
+            self.assertEqual(s1.hex, 'f10204')
+            s2._datastore = offsetcopy(s2._datastore, i)
+            self.assertEqual(s2.bin, '11110001000000100000010')
+
+
+class Append(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testAppend(self):
+        s1 = BitStream('0b00000')
+        s1.append(BitStream(bool=True))
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '000001')
+        self.assertEqual((BitStream('0x0102') + BitStream('0x0304')).hex, '01020304')
+
+    def testAppendSameBitstring(self):
+        s1 = BitStream('0xf0')[:6]
+        s1.append(s1)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '111100111100')
+
+    def testAppendWithOffset(self):
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x28\x28', offset=1)
+        s.append('0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '5050')
+
+
+class ByteAlign(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testByteAlign(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0001ff23')
+        s.bytealign()
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 0)
+        s.pos += 11
+        s.bytealign()
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 2)
+        s.pos -= 10
+        s.bytealign()
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 1)
+
+    def testByteAlignWithOffset(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0112233')
+        s._datastore = offsetcopy(s._datastore, 3)
+        bitstoalign = s.bytealign()
+        self.assertEqual(bitstoalign, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(5).bin, '00001')
+
+    def testInsertByteAligned(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0011')
+        s.insert(BitStream('0x22'), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '002211')
+        s = BitStream(0)
+        s.insert(BitStream(bin='101'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '101')
+
+
+class Truncate(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testTruncateStart(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1')
+        del s[:1]
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        s = BitStream(hex='1234')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '1234')
+        del s[:4]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '234')
+        del s[:9]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '100')
+        del s[:2]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0')
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 1)
+        del s[:1]
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+
+    def testTruncateEnd(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1')
+        del s[-1:]
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x12\x34')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '1234')
+        del s[-4:]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '123')
+        del s[-9:]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '000')
+        del s[-3:]
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        s = BitStream('0b001')
+        del s[:2]
+        del s[-1:]
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+
+
+class Slice(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testByteAlignedSlice(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x123456')
+        self.assertEqual(s[8:16].hex, '34')
+        s = s[8:24]
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 16)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '3456')
+        s = s[0:8]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '34')
+        s.hex = '0x123456'
+        self.assertEqual(s[8:24][0:8].hex, '34')
+
+    def testSlice(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='000001111100000')
+        s1 = s[0:5]
+        s2 = s[5:10]
+        s3 = s[10:15]
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '00000')
+        self.assertEqual(s2.bin, '11111')
+        self.assertEqual(s3.bin, '00000')
+
+
+class Insert(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testInsert(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(hex='0x123456')
+        s2 = BitStream(hex='0xff')
+        s1.bytepos = 1
+        s1.insert(s2)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bytepos, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.hex, '12ff3456')
+        s1.insert('0xee', 24)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.hex, '12ff34ee56')
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bitpos, 32)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s1.insert, '0b1', -1000)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s1.insert, '0b1', 1000)
+
+    def testInsertNull(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x123').insert(BitStream(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '123')
+
+    def testInsertBits(self):
+        one = BitStream(bin='1')
+        zero = BitStream(bin='0')
+        s = BitStream(bin='00')
+        s.insert(one, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '100')
+        s.insert(zero, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0100')
+        s.insert(one, s.len)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '01001')
+        s.insert(s, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0101001001')
+
+
+class Resetting(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testSetHex(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        s.hex = '0'
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '0')
+        s.hex = '0x010203045'
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '010203045')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, s._sethex, '0x002g')
+
+    def testSetBin(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin="000101101")
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '000101101')
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 9)
+        s.bin = '0'
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0')
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 1)
+
+    def testSetEmptyBin(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x000001b3')
+        s.bin = ''
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '')
+
+    def testSetInvalidBin(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, s._setbin_safe, '00102')
+
+
+class Overwriting(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testOverwriteBit(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='0')
+        s.overwrite(BitStream(bin='1'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '1')
+
+    def testOverwriteLimits(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='0b11111')
+        s.overwrite(BitStream(bin='000'), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00011')
+        s.overwrite('0b000', 2)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00000')
+
+    def testOverwriteNull(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='342563fedec')
+        s2 = BitStream(s)
+        s.overwrite(BitStream(bin=''), 23)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, s2.bin)
+
+    def testOverwritePosition(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(hex='0123456')
+        s2 = BitStream(hex='ff')
+        s1.bytepos = 1
+        s1.overwrite(s2)
+        self.assertEqual((s1.hex, s1.bytepos), ('01ff456', 2))
+        s1.overwrite('0xff', 0)
+        self.assertEqual((s1.hex, s1.bytepos), ('ffff456', 1))
+
+    def testOverwriteWithSelf(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x123')
+        s.overwrite(s)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x123')
+
+
+class Split(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testSplitByteAlignedCornerCases(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        bsl = s.split(BitStream(hex='0xff'))
+        self.assertEqual(next(bsl).hex, '')
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, bsl)
+        s = BitStream(hex='aabbcceeddff')
+        delimiter = BitStream()
+        bsl = s.split(delimiter)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, bsl)
+        delimiter = BitStream(hex='11')
+        bsl = s.split(delimiter)
+        self.assertEqual(next(bsl).hex, s.hex)
+
+    def testSplitByteAligned(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x1234aa1234bbcc1234ffff')
+        delimiter = BitStream(hex='1234')
+        bsl = s.split(delimiter)
+        self.assertEqual([b.hex for b in bsl], ['', '1234aa', '1234bbcc', '1234ffff'])
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+
+    def testSplitByteAlignedWithIntialBytes(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='aa471234fedc43 47112233 47 4723 472314')
+        delimiter = BitStream(hex='47')
+        s.find(delimiter)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 1)
+        bsl = s.split(delimiter, start=0)
+        self.assertEqual([b.hex for b in bsl], ['aa', '471234fedc43', '47112233',
+                                                '47', '4723', '472314'])
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 1)
+
+    def testSplitByteAlignedWithOverlappingDelimiter(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='aaffaaffaaffaaffaaff')
+        bsl = s.split(BitStream(hex='aaffaa'))
+        self.assertEqual([b.hex for b in bsl], ['', 'aaffaaff', 'aaffaaffaaff'])
+
+
+class Adding(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testAdding(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(hex='0x0102')
+        s2 = BitStream(hex='0x0304')
+        s3 = s1 + s2
+        self.assertEqual(s1.hex, '0102')
+        self.assertEqual(s2.hex, '0304')
+        self.assertEqual(s3.hex, '01020304')
+        s3 += s1
+        self.assertEqual(s3.hex, '010203040102')
+        self.assertEqual(s2[9:16].bin, '0000100')
+        self.assertEqual(s1[0:9].bin, '000000010')
+        s4 = BitStream(bin='000000010') +\
+             BitStream(bin='0000100')
+        self.assertEqual(s4.bin, '0000000100000100')
+        s2p = s2[9:16]
+        s1p = s1[0:9]
+        s5p = s1p + s2p
+        s5 = s1[0:9] + s2[9:16]
+        self.assertEqual(s5.bin, '0000000100000100')
+
+    def testMoreAdding(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='00') + BitStream(bin='') + BitStream(bin='11')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0011')
+        s = '0b01'
+        s += BitStream('0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0111')
+        s = BitStream('0x00')
+        t = BitStream('0x11')
+        s += t
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '0011')
+        self.assertEqual(t.hex, '11')
+        s += s
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '00110011')
+
+    def testRadd(self):
+        s = '0xff' + BitStream('0xee')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'ffee')
+
+
+    def testTruncateAsserts(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x001122')
+        s.bytepos = 2
+        del s[-s.len:]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 0)
+        s.append('0x00')
+        s.append('0x1122')
+        s.bytepos = 2
+        del s[:s.len]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 0)
+        s.append('0x00')
+
+    def testOverwriteErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='11111')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.overwrite, BitStream(bin='1'), -10)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.overwrite, BitStream(bin='1'), 6)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.overwrite, BitStream(bin='11111'), 1)
+
+    def testDeleteBits(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='000111100000')
+        s.bitpos = 4
+        del s[4:8]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00010000')
+        del s[4:1004]
+        self.assertTrue(s.bin, '0001')
+
+    def testDeleteBitsWithPosition(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='000111100000')
+        del s[4:8]
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00010000')
+
+    def testDeleteBytes(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x00112233')
+        del s[8:8]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '00112233')
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        del s[8:16]
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '002233')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 0)
+        del s[:24]
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+
+    def testGetItemWithPositivePosition(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='0b1011')
+        self.assertEqual(s[0], True)
+        self.assertEqual(s[1], False)
+        self.assertEqual(s[2], True)
+        self.assertEqual(s[3], True)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, s.__getitem__, 4)
+
+    def testGetItemWithNegativePosition(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='1011')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-1], True)
+        self.assertEqual(s[-2], True)
+        self.assertEqual(s[-3], False)
+        self.assertEqual(s[-4], True)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, s.__getitem__, -5)
+
+    def testSlicing(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(hex='0123456789')
+        self.assertEqual(s[0:8].hex, '01')
+        self.assertFalse(s[0:0])
+        self.assertFalse(s[23:20])
+        self.assertEqual(s[8:12].bin, '0010')
+        self.assertEqual(s[32:80], '0x89')
+
+    def testNegativeSlicing(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(hex='012345678')
+        self.assertEqual(s[:-8].hex, '0123456')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-16:-8].hex, '56')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-24:].hex, '345678')
+        self.assertEqual(s[-1000:-24], '0x012')
+
+    def testLen(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 0)
+        s.append(BitStream(bin='001'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 3)
+
+    def testJoin(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(bin='0')
+        s2 = BitStream(bin='1')
+        s3 = BitStream(bin='000')
+        s4 = BitStream(bin='111')
+        strings = [s1, s2, s1, s3, s4]
+        s = BitStream().join(strings)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '010000111')
+
+    def testJoin2(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(hex='00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff')
+        s2 = BitStream(bin='0b000011')
+        bsl = [s1[0:32], s1[4:12], s2, s2, s2, s2]
+        s = ConstBitStream().join(bsl)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '00112233010c30c3')
+
+        bsl = [BitStream(uint=j, length=12) for j in range(10) for i in range(10)]
+        s = BitStream().join(bsl)
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 1200)
+
+
+    def testPos(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='1')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 0)
+        s.read(1)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 1)
+
+    def testWritingData(self):
+        strings = [BitStream(bin=x) for x in ['0', '001', '0011010010', '010010', '1011']]
+        s = BitStream().join(strings)
+        s2 = BitStream(bytes=s.bytes)
+        self.assertEqual(s2.bin, '000100110100100100101011')
+        s2.append(BitStream(bin='1'))
+        s3 = BitStream(bytes=s2.tobytes())
+        self.assertEqual(s3.bin, '00010011010010010010101110000000')
+
+    def testWritingDataWithOffsets(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(bytes=b'\x10')
+        s2 = BitStream(bytes=b'\x08\x00', length=8, offset=1)
+        s3 = BitStream(bytes=b'\x04\x00', length=8, offset=2)
+        self.assertTrue(s1 == s2)
+        self.assertTrue(s2 == s3)
+        self.assertTrue(s1.bytes == s2.bytes)
+        self.assertTrue(s2.bytes == s3.bytes)
+
+    def testVariousThings1(self):
+        hexes = ['12345678', '87654321', 'ffffffffff', 'ed', '12ec']
+        bins = ['001010', '1101011', '0010000100101110110110', '11', '011']
+        bsl = []
+        for (hex, bin) in list(zip(hexes, bins)) * 5:
+            bsl.append(BitStream(hex=hex))
+            bsl.append(BitStream(bin=bin))
+        s = BitStream().join(bsl)
+        for (hex, bin) in list(zip(hexes, bins)) * 5:
+            h = s.read(4 * len(hex))
+            b = s.read(len(bin))
+            self.assertEqual(h.hex, hex)
+            self.assertEqual(b.bin, bin)
+
+    def testVariousThings2(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(hex="0x1f08")[:13]
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '0001111100001')
+        s2 = BitStream(bin='0101')
+        self.assertEqual(s2.bin, '0101')
+        s1.append(s2)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.length, 17)
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '00011111000010101')
+        s1 = s1[3:8]
+        self.assertEqual(s1.bin, '11111')
+
+    def testVariousThings3(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(hex='0x012480ff')[2:27]
+        s2 = s1 + s1
+        self.assertEqual(s2.length, 50)
+        s3 = s2[0:25]
+        s4 = s2[25:50]
+        self.assertEqual(s3.bin, s4.bin)
+
+    def testPeekBit(self):
+        s = BitStream(bin='01')
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(1), [0])
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(1), [0])
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(1), [0])
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(1), [1])
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(1), [1])
+
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\x1f', offset=3)
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(5).bin, '11111')
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(5).bin, '11111')
+        s.pos += 1
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.peek, 5)
+
+        s = BitStream(hex='001122334455')
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(8).hex, '00')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).hex, '00')
+        s.pos += 33
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.peek, 8)
+
+        s = BitStream(hex='001122334455')
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(8 * 2).hex, '0011')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8 * 3).hex, '001122')
+        self.assertEqual(s.peek(8 * 3).hex, '334455')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.peek, 25)
+
+    def testAdvanceBit(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0xff')
+        s.bitpos = 6
+        s.pos += 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.bitpos, 7)
+        s.bitpos += 1
+        try:
+            s.pos += 1
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def testAdvanceByte(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x010203')
+        s.bytepos += 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 1)
+        s.bytepos += 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 2)
+        s.bytepos += 1
+        try:
+            s.bytepos += 1
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def testRetreatBit(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0xff')
+        try:
+            s.pos -= 1
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        s.pos = 5
+        s.pos -= 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 4)
+
+    def testRetreatByte(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x010203')
+        try:
+            s.bytepos -= 1
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        s.bytepos = 3
+        s.bytepos -= 1
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8).hex, '03')
+
+    def testCreationByAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xff')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'ff')
+        s = BitStream('0b00011')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '00011')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, 'hello')
+        s1 = BitStream(bytes=b'\xf5', length=3, offset=5)
+        s2 = BitStream(s1, length=1, offset=1)
+        self.assertEqual(s2, '0b0')
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\xff', offset=2)
+        t = BitStream(s, offset=2)
+        self.assertEqual(t, '0b1111')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, BitStream, auto=1.2)
+
+    def testCreationByAuto2(self):
+        s = BitStream('bin=001')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '001')
+        s = BitStream('oct=0o007')
+        self.assertEqual(s.oct, '007')
+        s = BitStream('hex=123abc')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x123abc')
+
+        s = BitStream('bin:2=01')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b01')
+        for s in ['bin:1=01', 'bits:4=0b1', 'oct:3=000', 'hex:4=0x1234']:
+            self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, s)
+
+    def testInsertUsingAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xff')
+        s.insert('0x00', 4)
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'f00f')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.insert, 'ff')
+
+    def testOverwriteUsingAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0110')
+        s.overwrite('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '8110')
+        s.overwrite('')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, '8110')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.overwrite, '0bf')
+
+    def testFindUsingAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b000000010100011000')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b101'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 7)
+
+    def testFindbytealignedUsingAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x00004700')
+        self.assertTrue(s.find('0b01000111', bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytepos, 2)
+
+    def testAppendUsingAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b000')
+        s.append('0b111')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '000111')
+        s.append('0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0001110')
+
+    def testSplitByteAlignedUsingAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x000143563200015533000123')
+        sections = s.split('0x0001')
+        self.assertEqual(next(sections).hex, '')
+        self.assertEqual(next(sections).hex, '0001435632')
+        self.assertEqual(next(sections).hex, '00015533')
+        self.assertEqual(next(sections).hex, '000123')
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, sections)
+
+    def testSplitByteAlignedWithSelf(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x1234')
+        sections = s.split(s)
+        self.assertEqual(next(sections).hex, '')
+        self.assertEqual(next(sections).hex, '1234')
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, sections)
+
+    def testPrepend(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b000')
+        s.prepend('0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '11000')
+        s.prepend(s)
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '1100011000')
+        s.prepend('')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '1100011000')
+
+    def testNullSlice(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x111')
+        t = s[1:1]
+        self.assertEqual(t._datastore.bytelength, 0)
+
+    def testMultipleAutos(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xa')
+        s.prepend('0xf')
+        s.append('0xb')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xfab')
+        s.prepend(s)
+        s.append('0x100')
+        s.overwrite('0x5', 4)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xf5bfab100')
+
+    def testReverse(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b0011')
+        s.reverse()
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '1100')
+        s = BitStream('0b10')
+        s.reverse()
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '01')
+        s = BitStream()
+        s.reverse()
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '')
+
+    def testInitWithConcatenatedStrings(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xff 0Xee 0xd 0xcc')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'ffeedcc')
+        s = BitStream('0b0 0B111 0b001')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0111001')
+        s += '0b1' + '0B1'
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '011100111')
+        s = BitStream(hex='ff0xee')
+        self.assertEqual(s.hex, 'ffee')
+        s = BitStream(bin='000b0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bin, '0011')
+        s = BitStream('  0o123 0O 7 0   o1')
+        self.assertEqual(s.oct, '12371')
+        s += '  0 o 332'
+        self.assertEqual(s.oct, '12371332')
+
+    def testEquals(self):
+        s1 = BitStream('0b01010101')
+        s2 = BitStream('0b01010101')
+        self.assertTrue(s1 == s2)
+        s3 = BitStream()
+        s4 = BitStream()
+        self.assertTrue(s3 == s4)
+        self.assertFalse(s3 != s4)
+        s5 = BitStream(bytes=b'\xff', offset=2, length=3)
+        s6 = BitStream('0b111')
+        self.assertTrue(s5 == s6)
+        class A(object):
+            pass
+        self.assertFalse(s5 == A())
+
+    def testLargeEquals(self):
+        s1 = BitStream(1000000)
+        s2 = BitStream(1000000)
+        s1.set(True, [-1, 55, 53214, 534211, 999999])
+        s2.set(True, [-1, 55, 53214, 534211, 999999])
+        self.assertEqual(s1, s2)
+        s1.set(True, 800000)
+        self.assertNotEqual(s1, s2)
+
+    def testNotEquals(self):
+        s1 = BitStream('0b0')
+        s2 = BitStream('0b1')
+        self.assertTrue(s1 != s2)
+        self.assertFalse(s1 != BitStream('0b0'))
+
+    def testEqualityWithAutoInitialised(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b00110111')
+        self.assertTrue(a == '0b00110111')
+        self.assertTrue(a == '0x37')
+        self.assertTrue('0b0011 0111' == a)
+        self.assertTrue('0x3 0x7' == a)
+        self.assertFalse(a == '0b11001000')
+        self.assertFalse('0x3737' == a)
+
+    def testInvertSpecialMethod(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b00011001')
+        self.assertEqual((~s).bin, '11100110')
+        self.assertEqual((~BitStream('0b0')).bin, '1')
+        self.assertEqual((~BitStream('0b1')).bin, '0')
+        self.assertTrue(~~s == s)
+
+    def testInvertBitPosition(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream('0xefef')
+        s.pos = 8
+        t = ~s
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(t.pos, 0)
+
+    def testInvertSpecialMethodErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, s.__invert__)
+
+    def testJoinWithAuto(self):
+        s = BitStream().join(['0xf', '0b00', BitStream(bin='11')])
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b11110011')
+
+    def testAutoBitStringCopy(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xabcdef')
+        t = BitStream(s)
+        self.assertEqual(t.hex, 'abcdef')
+        del s[-8:]
+        self.assertEqual(t.hex, 'abcdef')
+
+class Multiplication(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testMultiplication(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff')
+        b = a * 8
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xffffffffffffffff')
+        b = 4 * a
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xffffffff')
+        self.assertTrue(1 * a == a * 1 == a)
+        c = a * 0
+        self.assertFalse(c)
+        a *= 3
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xffffff')
+        a *= 0
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+        one = BitStream('0b1')
+        zero = BitStream('0b0')
+        mix = one * 2 + 3 * zero + 2 * one * 2
+        self.assertEqual(mix, '0b110001111')
+        q = BitStream()
+        q *= 143
+        self.assertFalse(q)
+        q += [True, True, False]
+        q.pos += 2
+        q *= 0
+        self.assertFalse(q)
+        self.assertEqual(q.bitpos, 0)
+
+    def testMultiplicationWithFiles(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        b = a.len
+        a *= 3
+        self.assertEqual(a.len, 3 * b)
+
+    def testMultiplicationErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        b = BitStream('0b0')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__mul__, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__imul__, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__rmul__, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__mul__, 1.2)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__rmul__, b)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.__imul__, b)
+
+    def testFileAndMemEquivalence(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        b = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a._datastore._rawarray, bitstring.MmapByteArray))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(b._datastore._rawarray, bytearray))
+        self.assertEqual(a._datastore.getbyte(0), b._datastore.getbyte(0))
+        self.assertEqual(a._datastore.getbyteslice(1, 5), bytearray(b._datastore.getbyteslice(1, 5)))
+
+
+class BitWise(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testBitwiseAnd(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b01101')
+        b = BitStream('0b00110')
+        self.assertEqual((a & b).bin, '00100')
+        self.assertEqual((a & '0b11111'), a)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__and__, '0b1')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.__and__, '0b110111111')
+        c = BitStream('0b0011011')
+        c.pos = 4
+        d = c & '0b1111000'
+        self.assertEqual(d.pos, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(d.bin, '0011000')
+        d = '0b1111000' & c
+        self.assertEqual(d.bin, '0011000')
+
+    def testBitwiseOr(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b111001001')
+        b = BitStream('0b011100011')
+        self.assertEqual((a | b).bin, '111101011')
+        self.assertEqual((a | '0b000000000'), a)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__or__, '0b0000')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.__or__, a + '0b1')
+        a = '0xff00' | BitStream('0x00f0')
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, 'fff0')
+
+    def testBitwiseXor(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b111001001')
+        b = BitStream('0b011100011')
+        self.assertEqual((a ^ b).bin, '100101010')
+        self.assertEqual((a ^ '0b111100000').bin, '000101001')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__xor__, '0b0000')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.__xor__, a + '0b1')
+        a = '0o707' ^ BitStream('0o777')
+        self.assertEqual(a.oct, '070')
+
+class Split(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testSplit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0 010100111 010100 0101 010')
+        a.pos = 20
+        subs = [i.bin for i in a.split('0b010')]
+        self.assertEqual(subs, ['0', '010100111', '010100', '0101', '010'])
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 20)
+
+    def testSplitCornerCases(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b000000')
+        bsl = a.split('0b1', False)
+        self.assertEqual(next(bsl), a)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, bsl)
+        b = BitStream()
+        bsl = b.split('0b001', False)
+        self.assertFalse(next(bsl))
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, bsl)
+
+    def testSplitErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0')
+        b = a.split('', False)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+
+    def testSliceWithOffset(self):
+        a = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\xff\x00', offset=7)
+        b = a[7:12]
+        self.assertEqual(b.bin, '11000')
+
+    def testSplitWithMaxsplit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xaabbccbbccddbbccddee')
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(a.split('0xbb', bytealigned=True))), 4)
+        bsl = list(a.split('0xbb', count=1, bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual((len(bsl), bsl[0]), (1, '0xaa'))
+        bsl = list(a.split('0xbb', count=2, bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual(len(bsl), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(bsl[0], '0xaa')
+        self.assertEqual(bsl[1], '0xbbcc')
+
+    def testSplitMore(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1100011001110110')
+        for i in range(10):
+            a = list(s.split('0b11', False, count=i))
+            b = list(s.split('0b11', False))[:i]
+            self.assertEqual(a, b)
+        b = s.split('0b11', count=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+
+    def testSplitStartbit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0010101001000000001111')
+        bsl = a.split('0b001', bytealigned=False, start=1)
+        self.assertEqual([x.bin for x in bsl], ['010101', '001000000', '001111'])
+        b = a.split('0b001', start=-100)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+        b = a.split('0b001', start=23)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+        b = a.split('0b1', start=10, end=9)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+
+    def testSplitStartbitByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x00ffffee')
+        bsl = list(a.split('0b111', start=9, bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual([x.bin for x in bsl], ['1111111', '11111111', '11101110'])
+
+    def testSplitEndbit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b000010001001011')
+        bsl = list(a.split('0b1', bytealigned=False, end=14))
+        self.assertEqual([x.bin for x in bsl], ['0000', '1000', '100', '10', '1'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(a[4:12].split('0b0', False)), list(a.split('0b0', start=4, end=12)))
+        # Shouldn't raise ValueError
+        bsl = list(a.split('0xffee', end=15))
+        # Whereas this one will when we call next()
+        bsl = a.split('0xffee', end=16)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, bsl)
+
+    def testSplitEndbitByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff00ff')[:22]
+        bsl = list(a.split('0b 0000 0000 111', end=19))
+        self.assertEqual([x.bin for x in bsl], ['11111111', '00000000111'])
+        bsl = list(a.split('0b 0000 0000 111', end=18))
+        self.assertEqual([x.bin for x in bsl], ['111111110000000011'])
+
+    def testSplitMaxSplit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1' * 20)
+        for i in range(10):
+            bsl = list(a.split('0b1', count=i))
+            self.assertEqual(len(bsl), i)
+
+    #######################
+
+    def testPositionInSlice(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x00ffff00')
+        a.bytepos = 2
+        b = a[8:24]
+        self.assertEqual(b.bytepos, 0)
+
+    def testFindByteAlignedWithBits(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x00112233445566778899')
+        a.find('0b0001', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 8)
+
+    def testFindStartbitNotByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0010000100')
+        found = a.find('0b1', start=4)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bitpos), ((7,), 7))
+        found = a.find('0b1', start=2)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bitpos), ((2,), 2))
+        found = a.find('0b1', bytealigned=False, start=8)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bitpos), ((), 2))
+
+    def testFindEndbitNotByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0010010000')
+        found = a.find('0b1', bytealigned=False, end=2)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bitpos), ((), 0))
+        found = a.find('0b1', end=3)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bitpos), ((2,), 2))
+        found = a.find('0b1', bytealigned=False, start=3, end=5)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bitpos), ((), 2))
+        found = a.find('0b1', start=3, end=6)
+        self.assertEqual((found[0], a.bitpos), (5, 5))
+
+    def testFindStartbitByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff001122ff0011ff')
+        a.pos = 40
+        found = a.find('0x22', start=23, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bytepos), ((24,), 3))
+        a.bytepos = 4
+        found = a.find('0x22', start=24, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.bytepos), ((24,), 3))
+        found = a.find('0x22', start=25, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.pos), ((), 24))
+        found = a.find('0b111', start=40, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual((found, a.pos), ((56,), 56))
+
+    def testFindEndbitByteAligned(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff001122ff0011ff')
+        found = a.find('0x22', end=31, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertFalse(found)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        found = a.find('0x22', end=32, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertTrue(found)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(found[0], 24)
+
+    def testFindStartEndbitErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b00100')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.find, '0b1', bytealigned=False, start=-100)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.find, '0b1', end=6)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.find, '0b1', start=4, end=3)
+        b = BitStream('0x0011223344')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.find, '0x22', bytealigned=True, start=-100)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.find, '0x22', end=41, bytealigned=True)
+
+    def testPrependAndAppendAgain(self):
+        c = BitStream('0x1122334455667788')
+        c.bitpos = 40
+        c.prepend('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(c.bitpos, 41)
+        c = BitStream()
+        c.prepend('0x1234')
+        self.assertEqual(c.bytepos, 2)
+        c = BitStream()
+        c.append('0x1234')
+        self.assertEqual(c.bytepos, 0)
+        s = BitStream(bytes=b'\xff\xff', offset=2)
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 14)
+        t = BitStream(bytes=b'\x80', offset=1, length=2)
+        s.prepend(t)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x3fff')
+
+    def testFindAll(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11111')
+        p = a.findall('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(list(p), [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+        p = a.findall('0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(list(p), [0, 1, 2, 3])
+        p = a.findall('0b10')
+        self.assertEqual(list(p), [])
+        a = BitStream('0x4733eeff66554747335832434547')
+        p = a.findall('0x47', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(list(p), [0, 6 * 8, 7 * 8, 13 * 8])
+        p = a.findall('0x4733', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(list(p), [0, 7 * 8])
+        a = BitStream('0b1001001001001001001')
+        p = a.findall('0b1001', bytealigned=False)
+        self.assertEqual(list(p), [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15])
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 15)
+
+    def testFindAllGenerator(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff1234512345ff1234ff12ff')
+        p = a.findall('0xff', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(next(p), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(next(p), 6 * 8)
+        self.assertEqual(next(p), 9 * 8)
+        self.assertEqual(next(p), 11 * 8)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, p)
+
+    def testFindAllCount(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1') * 100
+        for i in [0, 1, 23]:
+            self.assertEqual(len(list(s.findall('0b1', count=i))), i)
+        b = s.findall('0b1', bytealigned=True, count=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+
+    def testContains(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1') + '0x0001dead0001'
+        self.assertTrue('0xdead' in a)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        self.assertFalse('0xfeed' in a)
+
+    def testRepr(self):
+        max = bitstring.MAX_CHARS
+        bls = ['', '0b1', '0o5', '0x43412424f41', '0b00101001010101']
+        for bs in bls:
+            a = BitStream(bs)
+            b = eval(a.__repr__())
+            self.assertTrue(a == b)
+        for f in [ConstBitStream(filename='test.m1v'),
+                  ConstBitStream(filename='test.m1v', length=17),
+                  ConstBitStream(filename='test.m1v', length=23, offset=23102)]:
+            f2 = eval(f.__repr__())
+            self.assertEqual(f._datastore._rawarray.source.name, f2._datastore._rawarray.source.name)
+            self.assertTrue(f2.tobytes() == f.tobytes())
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a), "BitStream('0b1')")
+        a += '0b11'
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a), "BitStream('0b111')")
+        a += '0b1'
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a), "BitStream('0xf')")
+        a *= max
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a), "BitStream('0x" + "f" * max + "')")
+        a += '0xf'
+        self.assertEqual(repr(a), "BitStream('0x" + "f" * max + "...') # length=%d" % (max * 4 + 4))
+
+    def testPrint(self):
+        s = BitStream(hex='0x00')
+        self.assertEqual('0x' + s.hex, s.__str__())
+        s = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertEqual('0x' + s[0:bitstring.MAX_CHARS * 4].hex + '...', s.__str__())
+        self.assertEqual(BitStream().__str__(), '')
+        s = BitStream('0b11010')
+        self.assertEqual('0b' + s.bin, s.__str__())
+        s = BitStream('0x12345678901234567890,0b1')
+        self.assertEqual('0x12345678901234567890, 0b1', s.__str__())
+
+    def testIter(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b001010')
+        b = BitStream()
+        for bit in a:
+            b.append(ConstBitStream(bool=bit))
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+
+    def testDelitem(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xffee')
+        del a[0:8]
+        self.assertEqual(a.hex, 'ee')
+        del a[0:8]
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+        del a[10:12]
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+
+    def testNonZeroBitsAtStart(self):
+        a = BitStream(bytes=b'\xff', offset=2)
+        b = BitStream('0b00')
+        b += a
+        self.assertTrue(b == '0b0011 1111')
+        #self.assertEqual(a._datastore.rawbytes, b'\xff')
+        self.assertEqual(a.tobytes(), b'\xfc')
+
+    def testNonZeroBitsAtEnd(self):
+        a = BitStream(bytes=b'\xff', length=5)
+        #self.assertEqual(a._datastore.rawbytes, b'\xff')
+        b = BitStream('0b00')
+        a += b
+        self.assertTrue(a == '0b1111100')
+        self.assertEqual(a.tobytes(), b'\xf8')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a._getbytes)
+
+    def testNewOffsetErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, hex='ff', offset=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, '0xffffffff', offset=33)
+
+    def testSliceStep(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x3')
+        b = a[::1]
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+        self.assertEqual(a[2:4:1], '0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:2:1], '0b00')
+        self.assertEqual(a[:3], '0o1')
+
+        a = BitStream('0x0011223344556677')
+        self.assertEqual(a[-8:], '0x77')
+        self.assertEqual(a[:-24], '0x0011223344')
+        self.assertEqual(a[-1000:-24], '0x0011223344')
+
+    def testInterestingSliceStep(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0011000111')
+        self.assertEqual(a[7:3:-1], '0b1000')
+        self.assertEqual(a[9:2:-1], '0b1110001')
+        self.assertEqual(a[8:2:-2], '0b100')
+        self.assertEqual(a[100:-20:-3], '0b1010')
+        self.assertEqual(a[100:-20:-1], '0b1110001100')
+        self.assertEqual(a[10:2:-1], '0b1110001')
+        self.assertEqual(a[100:2:-1], '0b1110001')
+
+    def testInsertionOrderAndBitpos(self):
+        b = BitStream()
+        b[0:0] = '0b0'
+        b[0:0] = '0b1'
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b10')
+        self.assertEqual(b.bitpos, 1)
+        a = BitStream()
+        a.insert('0b0')
+        a.insert('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b01')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 2)
+
+    def testOverwriteOrderAndBitpos(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff')
+        a.overwrite('0xa')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xaf')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 4)
+        a.overwrite('0xb')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xab')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 8)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.overwrite, '0b1')
+        a.overwrite('0xa', 4)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xaa')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bitpos, 8)
+        a.overwrite(a, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xaa')
+
+    def testInitSliceWithInt(self):
+        a = BitStream(length=8)
+        a[:] = 100
+        self.assertEqual(a.uint, 100)
+        a[0] = 1
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '11100100')
+        a[1] = 0
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '10100100')
+        a[-1] = -1
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '10100101')
+        a[-3:] = -2
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '10100110')
+
+    def testInitSliceWithIntErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0000')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, slice(0, 4), 16)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, slice(0, 4), -9)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, 0, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__setitem__, 0, -2)
+
+    def testReverseWithSlice(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x0012ff')
+        a.reverse()
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xff4800')
+        a.reverse(8, 16)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xff1200')
+        b = a[8:16]
+        b.reverse()
+        a[8:16] = b
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xff4800')
+
+    def testReverseWithSliceErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x123')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.reverse, -1, 4)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.reverse, 10, 9)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.reverse, 1, 10000)
+
+    def testInitialiseFromList(self):
+        a = BitStream([])
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+        a = BitStream([True, False, [], [0], 'hello'])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10011')
+        a += []
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10011')
+        a += [True, False, True]
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10011101')
+        a.find([12, 23])
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 3)
+        self.assertEqual([1, 0, False, True], BitStream('0b1001'))
+        a = [True] + BitStream('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11')
+
+    def testInitialiseFromTuple(self):
+        a = BitStream(())
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+        a = BitStream((0, 1, '0', '1'))
+        self.assertEqual('0b0111', a)
+        a.replace((True, True), [])
+        self.assertEqual(a, (False, True))
+
+    def testCut(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x00112233445')
+        b = list(a.cut(8))
+        self.assertEqual(b, ['0x00', '0x11', '0x22', '0x33', '0x44'])
+        b = list(a.cut(4, 8, 16))
+        self.assertEqual(b, ['0x1', '0x1'])
+        b = list(a.cut(4, 0, 44, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(b, ['0x0', '0x0', '0x1', '0x1'])
+        a = BitStream()
+        b = list(a.cut(10))
+        self.assertTrue(not b)
+
+    def testCutErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        b = a.cut(1, 1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+        b = a.cut(1, -2, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+        b = a.cut(0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+        b = a.cut(1, count=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, next, b)
+
+    def testCutProblem(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x1234')
+        for n in list(s.cut(4)):
+            s.prepend(n)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x43211234')
+
+    def testJoinFunctions(self):
+        a = BitStream().join(['0xa', '0xb', '0b1111'])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xabf')
+        a = BitStream('0b1').join(['0b0' for i in range(10)])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b0101010101010101010')
+        a = BitStream('0xff').join([])
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+
+    def testAddingBitpos(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff')
+        b = BitStream('0x00')
+        a.bitpos = b.bitpos = 8
+        c = a + b
+        self.assertEqual(c.bitpos, 0)
+
+    def testIntelligentRead1(self):
+        a = BitStream(uint=123, length=23)
+        u = a.read('uint:23')
+        self.assertEqual(u, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, a.len)
+        b = BitStream(int=-12, length=44)
+        i = b.read('int:44')
+        self.assertEqual(i, -12)
+        self.assertEqual(b.pos, b.len)
+        u2, i2 = (a + b).readlist('uint:23, int:44')
+        self.assertEqual((u2, i2), (123, -12))
+
+    def testIntelligentRead2(self):
+        a = BitStream(ue=822)
+        u = a.read('ue')
+        self.assertEqual(u, 822)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, a.len)
+        b = BitStream(se=-1001)
+        s = b.read('se')
+        self.assertEqual(s, -1001)
+        self.assertEqual(b.pos, b.len)
+        s, u1, u2 = (b + 2 * a).readlist('se, ue, ue')
+        self.assertEqual((s, u1, u2), (-1001, 822, 822))
+
+    def testIntelligentRead3(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x123') + '0b11101'
+        h = a.read('hex:12')
+        self.assertEqual(h, '123')
+        b = a.read('bin: 5')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '11101')
+        c = '0b' + b + a
+        b, h = c.readlist('bin:5, hex:12')
+        self.assertEqual((b, h), ('11101', '123'))
+
+    def testIntelligentRead4(self):
+        a = BitStream('0o007')
+        o = a.read('oct:9')
+        self.assertEqual(o, '007')
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, a.len)
+
+    def testIntelligentRead5(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x00112233')
+        c0, c1, c2 = a.readlist('bits:8, bits:8, bits:16')
+        self.assertEqual((c0, c1, c2), (BitStream('0x00'), BitStream('0x11'), BitStream('0x2233')))
+        a.pos = 0
+        c = a.read('bits:16')
+        self.assertEqual(c, BitStream('0x0011'))
+
+    def testIntelligentRead6(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b000111000')
+        b1, b2, b3 = a.readlist('bin :3, int: 3, int:3')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '000')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, -1)
+        self.assertEqual(b3, 0)
+
+    def testIntelligentRead7(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x1234')
+        a1, a2, a3, a4 = a.readlist('bin:0, oct:0, hex:0, bits:0')
+        self.assertTrue(a1 == a2 == a3 == '')
+        self.assertFalse(a4)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, 'int:0')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, 'uint:0')
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+
+    def testIntelligentRead8(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x123456')
+        for t in ['hex:1', 'oct:1', 'hex4', '-5', 'fred', 'bin:-2',
+                  'uint:p', 'uint:-2', 'int:u', 'int:-3', 'ses', 'uee', '-14']:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, t)
+
+    def testIntelligentRead9(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xff')
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('intle'), -1)
+
+    def testFillerReads1(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x012345')
+        t = s.read('bits')
+        self.assertEqual(s, t)
+        s.pos = 0
+        a, b = s.readlist('hex:8, hex')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '01')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '2345')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(b, str))
+        s.bytepos = 0
+        a, b = s.readlist('bin, hex:20')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0000')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '12345')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, str))
+
+    def testFillerReads2(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xabcdef')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, s.readlist, 'bits, se')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, s.readlist, 'hex:4, bits, ue, bin:4')
+        s.pos = 0
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, s.readlist, 'bin, bin')
+
+    def testIntelligentPeek(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b01, 0x43, 0o4, uint:23=2, se=5, ue=3')
+        b, c, e = a.peeklist('bin:2, hex:8, oct:3')
+        self.assertEqual((b, c, e), ('01', '43', '4'))
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        a.pos = 13
+        f, g, h = a.peeklist('uint:23, se, ue')
+        self.assertEqual((f, g, h), (2, 5, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 13)
+
+    def testReadMultipleBits(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x123456789abcdef')
+        a, b = s.readlist([4, 4])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x1')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x2')
+        c, d, e = s.readlist([8, 16, 8])
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0x34')
+        self.assertEqual(d, '0x5678')
+        self.assertEqual(e, '0x9a')
+
+    def testPeekMultipleBits(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1101, 0o721, 0x2234567')
+        a, b, c, d = s.peeklist([2, 1, 1, 9])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(bool(b), False)
+        self.assertEqual(bool(c), True)
+        self.assertEqual(d, '0o721')
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        a, b = s.peeklist([4, 9])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1101')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0o721')
+        s.pos = 13
+        a, b = s.peeklist([16, 8])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x2234')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x56')
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 13)
+
+    def testDifficultPrepends(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1101011')
+        b = BitStream()
+        for i in range(10):
+            b.prepend(a)
+        self.assertEqual(b, a * 10)
+
+    def testPackingWrongNumberOfThings(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bin:1')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, '', 100)
+
+    def testPackWithVariousKeys(self):
+        a = pack('uint10', uint10='0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1')
+        b = pack('0b110', **{'0b110': '0xfff'})
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xfff')
+
+    def testPackWithVariableLength(self):
+        for i in range(1, 11):
+            a = pack('uint:n', 0, n=i)
+            self.assertEqual(a.bin, '0' * i)
+
+    def testToBytes(self):
+        a = BitStream(bytes=b'\xab\x00')
+        b = a.tobytes()
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytes, b)
+        for i in range(7):
+            del a[-1:]
+            self.assertEqual(a.tobytes(), b'\xab\x00')
+        del a[-1:]
+        self.assertEqual(a.tobytes(), b'\xab')
+
+    def testToFile(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x0000ff')[:17]
+        f = open('temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file', 'wb')
+        a.tofile(f)
+        f.close()
+        b = BitStream(filename='temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x000080')
+
+        a = BitStream('0x911111')
+        del a[:1]
+        self.assertEqual(a + '0b0', '0x222222')
+        f = open('temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file', 'wb')
+        a.tofile(f)
+        f.close()
+        b = BitStream(filename='temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x222222')
+        os.remove('temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file')
+
+    #def testToFileWithLargerFile(self):
+    #    a = BitStream(length=16000000)
+    #    a[1] = '0b1'
+    #    a[-2] = '0b1'
+    #    f = open('temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file' ,'wb')
+    #    a.tofile(f)
+    #    f.close()
+    #    b = BitStream(filename='temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file')
+    #    self.assertEqual(b.len, 16000000)
+    #    self.assertEqual(b[1], True)
+    #
+    #    f = open('temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file' ,'wb')
+    #    a[1:].tofile(f)
+    #    f.close()
+    #    b = BitStream(filename='temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file')
+    #    self.assertEqual(b.len, 16000000)
+    #    self.assertEqual(b[0], True)
+    #    os.remove('temp_bitstring_unit_testing_file')
+
+    def testTokenParser(self):
+        tp = bitstring.tokenparser
+        self.assertEqual(tp('hex'), (True, [('hex', None, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('hex=14'), (True, [('hex', None, '14')]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('se'), (False, [('se', None, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('ue=12'), (False, [('ue', None, '12')]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('0xef'), (False, [('0x', None, 'ef')]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('uint:12'), (False, [('uint', 12, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('int:30=-1'), (False, [('int', 30, '-1')]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('bits:10'), (False, [('bits', 10, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('bits:10'), (False, [('bits', 10, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('123'), (False, [('uint', 123, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('123'), (False, [('uint', 123, None)]))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, tp, 'hex12')
+        self.assertEqual(tp('hex12', ('hex12',)), (False, [('hex12', None, None)]))
+        self.assertEqual(tp('2*bits:6'), (False, [('bits', 6, None), ('bits', 6, None)]))
+
+    def testAutoFromFileObject(self):
+        with open('test.m1v', 'rb') as f:
+            s = ConstBitStream(f, offset=32, length=12)
+            self.assertEqual(s.uint, 352)
+            t = ConstBitStream('0xf') + f
+            self.assertTrue(t.startswith('0xf000001b3160'))
+            s2 = ConstBitStream(f)
+            t2 = BitStream('0xc')
+            t2.prepend(s2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2.startswith('0x000001b3'))
+            self.assertTrue(t2.endswith('0xc'))
+            with open('test.m1v', 'rb') as b:
+                u = BitStream(bytes=b.read())
+                # TODO: u == s2 is much slower than u.bytes == s2.bytes
+                self.assertEqual(u.bytes, s2.bytes)
+
+    def testFileBasedCopy(self):
+        with open('smalltestfile', 'rb') as f:
+            s = BitStream(f)
+            t = BitStream(s)
+            s.prepend('0b1')
+            self.assertEqual(s[1:], t)
+            s = BitStream(f)
+            t = copy.copy(s)
+            t.append('0b1')
+            self.assertEqual(s, t[:-1])
+
+    def testBigEndianSynonyms(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x12318276ef')
+        self.assertEqual(s.int, s.intbe)
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, s.uintbe)
+        s = BitStream(intbe=-100, length=16)
+        self.assertEqual(s, 'int:16=-100')
+        s = BitStream(uintbe=13, length=24)
+        self.assertEqual(s, 'int:24=13')
+        s = BitStream('uintbe:32=1000')
+        self.assertEqual(s, 'uint:32=1000')
+        s = BitStream('intbe:8=2')
+        self.assertEqual(s, 'int:8=2')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('intbe'), 2)
+        s.pos = 0
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('uintbe'), 2)
+
+    def testBigEndianSynonymErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, uintbe=100, length=15)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, intbe=100, length=15)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, 'uintbe:17=100')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, 'intbe:7=2')
+        s = BitStream('0b1')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getintbe)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getuintbe)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.read, 'uintbe')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.read, 'intbe')
+
+    def testLittleEndianUint(self):
+        s = BitStream(uint=100, length=16)
+        self.assertEqual(s.uintle, 25600)
+        s = BitStream(uintle=100, length=16)
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 25600)
+        self.assertEqual(s.uintle, 100)
+        s.uintle += 5
+        self.assertEqual(s.uintle, 105)
+        s = BitStream('uintle:32=999')
+        self.assertEqual(s.uintle, 999)
+        s.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 999)
+        s = pack('uintle:24', 1001)
+        self.assertEqual(s.uintle, 1001)
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('uintle'), 1001)
+
+    def testLittleEndianInt(self):
+        s = BitStream(int=100, length=16)
+        self.assertEqual(s.intle, 25600)
+        s = BitStream(intle=100, length=16)
+        self.assertEqual(s.int, 25600)
+        self.assertEqual(s.intle, 100)
+        s.intle += 5
+        self.assertEqual(s.intle, 105)
+        s = BitStream('intle:32=999')
+        self.assertEqual(s.intle, 999)
+        s.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual(s.int, 999)
+        s = pack('intle:24', 1001)
+        self.assertEqual(s.intle, 1001)
+        self.assertEqual(s.length, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(s.read('intle'), 1001)
+
+    def testLittleEndianErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, 'uintle:15=10')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, 'intle:31=-999')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, uintle=100, length=15)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, intle=100, length=15)
+        s = BitStream('0xfff')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getintle)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, s._getuintle)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.read, 'uintle')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.read, 'intle')
+
+    def testStructTokens1(self):
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<b', 23), BitStream('intle:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<B', 23), BitStream('uintle:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<h', 23), BitStream('intle:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<H', 23), BitStream('uintle:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<l', 23), BitStream('intle:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<L', 23), BitStream('uintle:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<q', 23), BitStream('intle:64=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('<Q', 23), BitStream('uintle:64=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>b', 23), BitStream('intbe:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>B', 23), BitStream('uintbe:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>h', 23), BitStream('intbe:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>H', 23), BitStream('uintbe:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>l', 23), BitStream('intbe:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>L', 23), BitStream('uintbe:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>q', 23), BitStream('intbe:64=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('>Q', 23), BitStream('uintbe:64=23'))
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, '<B', -1)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, '<H', -1)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, '<L', -1)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, '<Q', -1)
+
+    def testStructTokens2(self):
+        endianness = sys.byteorder
+        sys.byteorder = 'little'
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@b', 23), BitStream('intle:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@B', 23), BitStream('uintle:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@h', 23), BitStream('intle:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@H', 23), BitStream('uintle:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@l', 23), BitStream('intle:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@L', 23), BitStream('uintle:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@q', 23), BitStream('intle:64=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@Q', 23), BitStream('uintle:64=23'))
+        sys.byteorder = 'big'
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@b', 23), BitStream('intbe:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@B', 23), BitStream('uintbe:8=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@h', 23), BitStream('intbe:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@H', 23), BitStream('uintbe:16=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@l', 23), BitStream('intbe:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@L', 23), BitStream('uintbe:32=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@q', 23), BitStream('intbe:64=23'))
+        self.assertEqual(pack('@Q', 23), BitStream('uintbe:64=23'))
+        sys.byteorder = endianness
+
+    def testNativeEndianness(self):
+        s = pack('@2L', 40, 40)
+        if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+            self.assertEqual(s, pack('<2L', 40, 40))
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(sys.byteorder, 'big')
+            self.assertEqual(s, pack('>2L', 40, 40))
+
+    def testStructTokens2(self):
+        s = pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
+        a, b, c = s.unpack('>hhl')
+        self.assertEqual((a, b, c), (1, 2, 3))
+        s = pack('<QL, >Q \tL', 1001, 43, 21, 9999)
+        self.assertEqual(s.unpack('<QL, >QL'), [1001, 43, 21, 9999])
+
+    def testStructTokensMultiplicativeFactors(self):
+        s = pack('<2h', 1, 2)
+        a, b = s.unpack('<2h')
+        self.assertEqual((a, b), (1, 2))
+        s = pack('<100q', *range(100))
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 100 * 64)
+        self.assertEqual(s[44*64:45*64].uintle, 44)
+        s = pack('@L0B2h', 5, 5, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(s.unpack('@Lhh'), [5, 5, 5])
+
+    def testStructTokensErrors(self):
+        for f in ['>>q', '<>q', 'q>', '2q', 'q', '>-2q', '@a', '>int:8', '>q2']:
+            self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, f, 100)
+
+    def testImmutableBitStreams(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0x012345')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x012345')
+        b = BitStream('0xf') + a
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xf012345')
+        try:
+            a.append(b)
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.prepend(b)
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a[0] = '0b1'
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            del a[5]
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.replace('0b1', '0b0')
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.insert('0b11', 4)
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.reverse()
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.reversebytes()
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x012345')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, ConstBitStream))
+
+    def testReverseBytes(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x123456')
+        a.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x563412')
+        b = a + '0b1'
+        b.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual('0x123456, 0b1', b)
+        a = BitStream('0x54')
+        a.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x54')
+        a = BitStream()
+        a.byteswap()
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+
+    def testReverseBytes2(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        a.byteswap()
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+        a = BitStream('0x00112233')
+        a.byteswap(0, 0, 16)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x11002233')
+        a.byteswap(0, 4, 28)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x12302103')
+        a.byteswap(start=0, end=18)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x30122103')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.byteswap, 0, 10, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.byteswap, 0, -4, 4)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.byteswap, 0, 24, 48)
+        a.byteswap(0, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x30122103')
+        a.byteswap(0, 11, 11)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x30122103')
+
+    def testCapitalsInPack(self):
+        a = pack('A', A='0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1')
+        format = 'bits:4=BL_OFFT, uint:12=width, uint:12=height'
+        d = {'BL_OFFT': '0b1011', 'width': 352, 'height': 288}
+        s = bitstring.pack(format, **d)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1011, uint:12=352, uint:12=288')
+        a = pack('0X0, uint:8, hex', 45, '0XABcD')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0x0, uint:8=45, 0xabCD')
+
+    def testOtherCapitals(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0XABC, 0O0, 0B11')
+        self.assertEqual(a, 'hex=0Xabc, oct=0, bin=0B11')
+
+    def testEfficientOverwrite(self):
+        a = BitStream(1000000000)
+        a.overwrite([1], 123456)
+        self.assertEqual(a[123456], True)
+        a.overwrite('0xff', 1)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:32:1], '0x7f800000')
+        b = BitStream('0xffff')
+        b.overwrite('0x0000')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x0000')
+        self.assertEqual(b.pos, 16)
+        c = BitStream(length=1000)
+        c.overwrite('0xaaaaaaaaaaaa', 81)
+        self.assertEqual(c[81:81 + 6 * 8], '0xaaaaaaaaaaaa')
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(c.findall('0b1'))), 24)
+        s = BitStream(length=1000)
+        s = s[5:]
+        s.overwrite('0xffffff', 500)
+        s.pos = 500
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(4 * 8), '0xffffff00')
+        s.overwrite('0xff', 502)
+        self.assertEqual(s[502:518], '0xffff')
+
+    def testPeekAndReadListErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x123456')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, 'hex:8, hex:8')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.peek, 'hex:8, hex:8')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.read, 10, 12)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.peek, 12, 14)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.read, 8, 8)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, a.peek, 80, 80)
+
+    def testStartswith(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith(BitStream()))
+        self.assertFalse(a.startswith('0b0'))
+        a = BitStream('0x12ff')
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0x1'))
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0b0001001'))
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0x12ff'))
+        self.assertFalse(a.startswith('0x12ff, 0b1'))
+        self.assertFalse(a.startswith('0x2'))
+
+    def testStartswithStartEnd(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x123456')
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('0x234', 4))
+        self.assertFalse(s.startswith('0x123', end=11))
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('0x123', end=12))
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('0x34', 8, 16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.startswith('0x34', 7, 16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.startswith('0x34', 9, 16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.startswith('0x34', 8, 15))
+
+    def testEndswith(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        self.assertTrue(a.endswith(''))
+        self.assertFalse(a.endswith(BitStream('0b1')))
+        a = BitStream('0xf2341')
+        self.assertTrue(a.endswith('0x41'))
+        self.assertTrue(a.endswith('0b001'))
+        self.assertTrue(a.endswith('0xf2341'))
+        self.assertFalse(a.endswith('0x1f2341'))
+        self.assertFalse(a.endswith('0o34'))
+
+    def testEndswithStartEnd(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x123456')
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('0x234', end=16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.endswith('0x456', start=13))
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('0x456', start=12))
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('0x34', 8, 16))
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('0x34', 7, 16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.endswith('0x34', 9, 16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.endswith('0x34', 8, 15))
+
+    def testUnhashability(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xf')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, set, [s])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, [s])
+
+    def testConstBitStreamSetCreation(self):
+        sl = [ConstBitStream(uint=i, length=7) for i in range(15)]
+        s = set(sl)
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 15)
+        s.add(ConstBitStream('0b0000011'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 15)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, s.add, BitStream('0b0000011'))
+
+    def testConstBitStreamFunctions(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream('0xf, 0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(type(s), ConstBitStream)
+        t = copy.copy(s)
+        self.assertEqual(type(t), ConstBitStream)
+        a = s + '0o3'
+        self.assertEqual(type(a), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a[0:4]
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a[4:3]
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a[5:2:-1]
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = ~a
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a << 2
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a >> 2
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a * 2
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a * 0
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a & ~a
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a | ~a
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a ^ ~a
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a._slice(4, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+        b = a.read(4)
+        self.assertEqual(type(b), ConstBitStream)
+
+    def testConstBitStreamProperties(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0x123123')
+        try:
+            a.hex = '0x234'
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.oct = '0o234'
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.bin = '0b101'
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.ue = 3453
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.se = -123
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.int = 432
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.uint = 4412
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.intle = 123
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.uintle = 4412
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.intbe = 123
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.uintbe = 4412
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.intne = 123
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.uintne = 4412
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            a.bytes = b'hello'
+            self.assertTrue(False)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+    def testConstBitStreamMisc(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xf')
+        b = a
+        a += '0xe'
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xf')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0xfe')
+        c = BitStream(a)
+        self.assertEqual(a, c)
+        a = ConstBitStream('0b1')
+        a._append(a)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11')
+        self.assertEqual(type(a), ConstBitStream)
+        a._prepend(a)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1111')
+        self.assertEqual(type(a), ConstBitStream)
+
+    def testConstBitStreamHashibility(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0x1')
+        b = ConstBitStream('0x2')
+        c = ConstBitStream('0x1')
+        c.pos = 3
+        s = set((a, b, c))
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(a), hash(c))
+
+    def testConstBitStreamCopy(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        a.pos = 11
+        b = copy.copy(a)
+        b.pos = 4
+        self.assertEqual(id(a._datastore), id(b._datastore))
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 11)
+        self.assertEqual(b.pos, 4)
+
+    def testPython26stuff(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xff')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(s.tobytes(), bytes))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(s.bytes, bytes))
+
+    def testReadFromBits(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xaabbccdd')
+        b = a.read(8)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xaa')
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:8], '0xaa')
+        self.assertEqual(a[-1], True)
+        a.pos = 0
+        self.assertEqual(a.read(4).uint, 10)
+
+
+class Set(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testSet(self):
+        a = BitStream(length=16)
+        a.set(True, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10000000 00000000')
+        a.set(1, 15)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10000000 00000001')
+        b = a[4:12]
+        b.set(True, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b01000000')
+        b.set(True, -1)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b01000001')
+        b.set(1, -8)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b11000001')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, b.set, True, -9)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, b.set, True, 8)
+
+    def testSetNegativeIndex(self):
+        a = BitStream(10)
+        a.set(1, -1)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '0000000001')
+        a.set(1, [-1, -10])
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '1000000001')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.set, 1, [-11])
+
+    def testFileBasedSetUnset(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        a.set(True, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0:32], '0xf80001b3')
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        a.set(False, (28, 29, 30, 31))
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0x000001b0'))
+
+    def testSetList(self):
+        a = BitStream(length=18)
+        a.set(True, range(18))
+        self.assertEqual(a.int, -1)
+        a.set(False, range(18))
+        self.assertEqual(a.int, 0)
+
+    def testUnset(self):
+        a = BitStream(length=16, int=-1)
+        a.set(False, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(~a, '0b10000000 00000000')
+        a.set(0, 15)
+        self.assertEqual(~a, '0b10000000 00000001')
+        b = a[4:12]
+        b.set(False, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(~b, '0b01000000')
+        b.set(False, -1)
+        self.assertEqual(~b, '0b01000001')
+        b.set(False, -8)
+        self.assertEqual(~b, '0b11000001')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, b.set, False, -9)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, b.set, False, 8)
+
+    def testSetWholeBitStream(self):
+        a = BitStream(14)
+        a.set(1)
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(1))
+        a.set(0)
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(0))
+
+
+class Invert(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testInvertBits(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b111000')
+        a.invert(range(a.len))
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b000111')
+        a.invert([0, 1, -1])
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b110110')
+
+    def testInvertWholeBitStream(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11011')
+        a.invert()
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b00100')
+
+    def testInvertSingleBit(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b000001')
+        a.invert(0)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '100001')
+        a.invert(-1)
+        self.assertEqual(a.bin, '100000')
+
+    def testInvertErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream(10)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.invert, 10)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.invert, -11)
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.invert, [1, 2, 10])
+
+
+    #######################
+
+    def testIor(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b1101001')
+        a |= '0b1110000'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1111001')
+        b = a[2:]
+        c = a[1:-1]
+        b |= c
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0b11100')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b11101')
+
+    def testIand(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0101010101000')
+        a &= '0b1111110000000'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b0101010000000')
+        s = BitStream(filename='test.m1v', offset=26, length=24)
+        s &= '0xff00ff'
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xcc0004')
+
+    def testIxor(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11001100110011')
+        a ^= '0b11111100000010'
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b00110000110001')
+
+    def testLogicalInplaceErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream(4)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__ior__, '0b111')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__iand__, '0b111')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__ixor__, '0b111')
+
+
+class AllAndAny(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testAll(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0111')
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(True, (1, 3)))
+        self.assertFalse(a.all(True, (0, 1, 2)))
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(True, [-1]))
+        self.assertFalse(a.all(True, [0]))
+
+    def testFileBasedAll(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(True, [31]))
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(False, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)))
+
+    def testFileBasedAny(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertTrue(a.any(True, (31, 12)))
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertTrue(a.any(False, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)))
+
+    def testAny(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b10011011')
+        self.assertTrue(a.any(True, (1, 2, 3, 5)))
+        self.assertFalse(a.any(True, (1, 2, 5)))
+        self.assertTrue(a.any(True, (-1,)))
+        self.assertFalse(a.any(True, (1,)))
+
+    def testAllFalse(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b0010011101')
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(False, (0, 1, 3, 4)))
+        self.assertFalse(a.all(False, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)))
+
+    def testAnyFalse(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b01001110110111111111111111111')
+        self.assertTrue(a.any(False, (4, 5, 6, 2)))
+        self.assertFalse(a.any(False, (1, 15, 20)))
+
+    def testAnyEmptyBitstring(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream()
+        self.assertFalse(a.any(True))
+        self.assertFalse(a.any(False))
+
+    def testAllEmptyBitStream(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream()
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(True))
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(False))
+
+    def testAnyWholeBitstring(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xfff')
+        self.assertTrue(a.any(True))
+        self.assertFalse(a.any(False))
+
+    def testAllWholeBitstring(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xfff')
+        self.assertTrue(a.all(True))
+        self.assertFalse(a.all(False))
+
+    def testErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0xf')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.all, True, [5])
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.all, True, [-5])
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.any, True, [5])
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.any, True, [-5])
+
+    ###################
+
+    def testFloatInitialisation(self):
+        for f in (0.0000001, -1.0, 1.0, 0.2, -3.1415265, 1.331e32):
+            a = BitStream(float=f, length=64)
+            a.pos = 6
+            self.assertEqual(a.float, f)
+            a = BitStream('float:64=%s' % str(f))
+            a.pos = 6
+            self.assertEqual(a.float, f)
+            a = BitStream('floatbe:64=%s' % str(f))
+            a.pos = 6
+            self.assertEqual(a.floatbe, f)
+            a = BitStream('floatle:64=%s' % str(f))
+            a.pos = 6
+            self.assertEqual(a.floatle, f)
+            a = BitStream('floatne:64=%s' % str(f))
+            a.pos = 6
+            self.assertEqual(a.floatne, f)
+            b = BitStream(float=f, length=32)
+            b.pos = 6
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(b.float / f, 1.0)
+            b = BitStream('float:32=%s' % str(f))
+            b.pos = 6
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(b.float / f, 1.0)
+            b = BitStream('floatbe:32=%s' % str(f))
+            b.pos = 6
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(b.floatbe / f, 1.0)
+            b = BitStream('floatle:32=%s' % str(f))
+            b.pos = 6
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(b.floatle / f, 1.0)
+            b = BitStream('floatne:32=%s' % str(f))
+            b.pos = 6
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(b.floatne / f, 1.0)
+        a = BitStream('0x12345678')
+        a.pos = 6
+        a.float = 23
+        self.assertEqual(a.float, 23.0)
+
+    def testFloatInitStrings(self):
+        for s in ('5', '+0.0001', '-1e101', '4.', '.2', '-.65', '43.21E+32'):
+            a = BitStream('float:64=%s' % s)
+            self.assertEqual(a.float, float(s))
+
+    def testFloatPacking(self):
+        a = pack('>d', 0.01)
+        self.assertEqual(a.float, 0.01)
+        self.assertEqual(a.floatbe, 0.01)
+        a.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual(a.floatle, 0.01)
+        b = pack('>f', 1e10)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(b.float / 1e10, 1.0)
+        c = pack('<f', 10.3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(c.floatle / 10.3, 1.0)
+        d = pack('>5d', 10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.1)
+        self.assertEqual(d.unpack('>5d'), [10.0, 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.1])
+
+    def testFloatReading(self):
+        a = BitStream('floatle:64=12, floatbe:64=-0.01, floatne:64=3e33')
+        x, y, z = a.readlist('floatle:64, floatbe:64, floatne:64')
+        self.assertEqual(x, 12.0)
+        self.assertEqual(y, -0.01)
+        self.assertEqual(z, 3e33)
+        a = BitStream('floatle:32=12, floatbe:32=-0.01, floatne:32=3e33')
+        x, y, z = a.readlist('floatle:32, floatbe:32, floatne:32')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(x / 12.0, 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(y / -0.01, 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(z / 3e33, 1.0)
+        a = BitStream('0b11, floatle:64=12, 0xfffff')
+        a.pos = 2
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('floatle:64'), 12.0)
+        b = BitStream(floatle=20, length=32)
+        b.floatle = 10.0
+        b = [0] + b
+        self.assertEqual(b[1:].floatle, 10.0)
+
+    def testNonAlignedFloatReading(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1, float:32 = 10.0')
+        x, y = s.readlist('1, float:32')
+        self.assertEqual(y, 10.0)
+        s[1:] = 'floatle:32=20.0'
+        x, y = s.unpack('1, floatle:32')
+        self.assertEqual(y, 20.0)
+
+    def testFloatErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x3')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, a._getfloat)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, a._setfloat, -0.2)
+        for l in (8, 10, 12, 16, 30, 128, 200):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, BitStream, float=1.0, length=l)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, floatle=0.3, length=0)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, floatle=0.3, length=1)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, float=2)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, a.read, 'floatle:2')
+
+    def testReadErrorChangesPos(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x123123')
+        try:
+            a.read('10, 5')
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+
+    def testRor(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11001')
+        a.ror(0)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11001')
+        a.ror(1)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11100')
+        a.ror(5)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11100')
+        a.ror(101)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b01110')
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        a.ror(1000000)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1')
+
+    def testRorErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, a.ror, 0)
+        a += '0b001'
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.ror, -1)
+
+    def testRol(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11001')
+        a.rol(0)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b11001')
+        a.rol(1)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10011')
+        a.rol(5)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b10011')
+        a.rol(101)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b00111')
+        a = BitStream('0b1')
+        a.rol(1000000)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1')
+
+    def testRolFromFile(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        l = a.len
+        a.rol(1)
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0x000003'))
+        self.assertEqual(a.len, l)
+        self.assertTrue(a.endswith('0x0036e'))
+
+    def testRorFromFile(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='test.m1v')
+        l = a.len
+        a.ror(1)
+        self.assertTrue(a.startswith('0x800000'))
+        self.assertEqual(a.len, l)
+        self.assertTrue(a.endswith('0x000db'))
+
+    def testRolErrors(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.Error, a.rol, 0)
+        a += '0b001'
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.rol, -1)
+
+    def testBytesToken(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x010203')
+        b = a.read('bytes:1')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(b, bytes))
+        self.assertEqual(b, b'\x01')
+        x, y, z = a.unpack('4, bytes:2, uint')
+        self.assertEqual(x, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(y, b'\x10\x20')
+        self.assertEqual(z, 3)
+        s = pack('bytes:4', b'abcd')
+        self.assertEqual(s.bytes, b'abcd')
+
+    def testBytesTokenMoreThoroughly(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x0123456789abcdef')
+        a.pos += 16
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('bytes:1'), b'\x45')
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('bytes:3'), b'\x67\x89\xab')
+        x, y, z = a.unpack('bits:28, bytes, bits:12')
+        self.assertEqual(y, b'\x78\x9a\xbc')
+
+    def testDedicatedReadFunctions(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b11, uint:43=98798798172, 0b11111')
+        x = a._readuint(43, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(x, 98798798172)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        x = a._readint(43, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(x, 98798798172)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+
+        a = BitStream('0b11, uintbe:48=98798798172, 0b11111')
+        x = a._readuintbe(48, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(x, 98798798172)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+        x = a._readintbe(48, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(x, 98798798172)
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 0)
+
+        a = BitStream('0b111, uintle:40=123516, 0b111')
+        self.assertEqual(a._readuintle(40, 3), 123516)
+        b = BitStream('0xff, uintle:800=999, 0xffff')
+        self.assertEqual(b._readuintle(800, 8), 999)
+
+        a = BitStream('0b111, intle:48=999999999, 0b111111111111')
+        self.assertEqual(a._readintle(48, 3), 999999999)
+        b = BitStream('0xff, intle:200=918019283740918263512351235, 0xfffffff')
+        self.assertEqual(b._readintle(200, 8), 918019283740918263512351235)
+
+        a = BitStream('0b111, floatbe:64=-5.32, 0xffffffff')
+        self.assertEqual(a._readfloat(64, 3), -5.32)
+
+        a = BitStream('0b111, floatle:64=9.9998, 0b111')
+        self.assertEqual(a._readfloatle(64, 3), 9.9998)
+
+    def testAutoInitWithInt(self):
+        a = BitStream(0)
+        self.assertFalse(a)
+        a = BitStream(1)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b0')
+        a = BitStream(1007)
+        self.assertEqual(a, BitStream(length=1007))
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, BitStream, -1)
+
+        a = 6 + ConstBitStream('0b1') + 3
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b0000001000')
+        a += 1
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b00000010000')
+        self.assertEqual(ConstBitStream(13), 13)
+
+    def testReadingProblems(self):
+        a = BitStream('0x000001')
+        b = a.read('uint:24')
+        self.assertEqual(b, 1)
+        a.pos = 0
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, a.read, 'bytes:4')
+
+    def testAddVersesInPlaceAdd(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 += '0xdef'
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0xabcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 + '0x0'
+        a2 += '0xdef'
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0xabcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0xabcdef')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0xabc0')
+
+    def testAndVersesInPlaceAnd(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 &= '0xf0f'
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0xa0c')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 & '0x00f'
+        a2 &= '0xf0f'
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0xa0c')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0xa0c')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0x00c')
+
+    def testOrVersesInPlaceOr(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 |= '0xf0f'
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0xfbf')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 | '0x00f'
+        a2 |= '0xf0f'
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0xfbf')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0xfbf')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0xabf')
+
+    def testXorVersesInPlaceXor(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 ^= '0xf0f'
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0x5b3')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 ^ '0x00f'
+        a2 ^= '0xf0f'
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0x5b3')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0x5b3')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0xab3')
+
+    def testMulVersesInPlaceMul(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 *= 3
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0xabcabcabc')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 * 2
+        a2 *= 3
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0xabcabcabc')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0xabcabcabc')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0xabcabc')
+
+    def testLshiftVersesInPlaceLshift(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 <<= 4
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0xbc0')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 << 8
+        a2 <<= 4
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0xbc0')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0xbc0')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0xc00')
+
+    def testRshiftVersesInPlaceRshift(self):
+        a1 = ConstBitStream('0xabc')
+        b1 = a1
+        a1 >>= 4
+        self.assertEqual(a1, '0x0ab')
+        self.assertEqual(b1, '0xabc')
+
+        a2 = BitStream('0xabc')
+        b2 = a2
+        c2 = a2 >> 8
+        a2 >>= 4
+        self.assertEqual(a2, '0x0ab')
+        self.assertEqual(b2, '0x0ab')
+        self.assertEqual(c2, '0x00a')
+
+    def testAutoFromBool(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream() + True + False + True
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b00')
+        #    self.assertEqual(a, '0b101')
+        #    b = ConstBitStream(False)
+        #    self.assertEqual(b, '0b0')
+        #    c = ConstBitStream(True)
+        #    self.assertEqual(c, '0b1')
+        #    self.assertEqual(b, False)
+        #    self.assertEqual(c, True)
+        #    self.assertEqual(b & True, False)
+
+
+class Bugs(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testBugInReplace(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x00112233')
+        l = list(s.split('0x22', start=8, bytealigned=True))
+        self.assertEqual(l, ['0x11', '0x2233'])
+        s = BitStream('0x00112233')
+        s.replace('0x22', '0xffff', start=8, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0011ffff33')
+        s = BitStream('0x0123412341234')
+        s.replace('0x23', '0xf', start=9, bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x012341f41f4')
+
+    def testTruncateStartBug(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b000000111')[2:]
+        a._truncatestart(6)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b1')
+
+    def testNullBits(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream(bin='')
+        t = ConstBitStream(oct='')
+        u = ConstBitStream(hex='')
+        v = ConstBitStream(bytes=b'')
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+        self.assertFalse(t)
+        self.assertFalse(u)
+        self.assertFalse(v)
+
+    def testMultiplicativeFactorsCreation(self):
+        s = BitStream('1*0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1')
+        s = BitStream('4*0xc')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xcccc')
+        s = BitStream('0b1, 0*0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1')
+        s = BitStream('0b1, 3*uint:8=34, 2*0o755')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1, uint:8=34, uint:8=34, uint:8=34, 0o755755')
+        s = BitStream('0*0b1001010')
+        self.assertFalse(s)
+
+    def testMultiplicativeFactorsReading(self):
+        s = BitStream('0xc') * 5
+        a, b, c, d, e = s.readlist('5*4')
+        self.assertTrue(a == b == c == d == e == 12)
+        s = ConstBitStream('2*0b101, 4*uint:7=3')
+        a, b, c, d, e = s.readlist('2*bin:3, 3*uint:7')
+        self.assertTrue(a == b == '101')
+        self.assertTrue(c == d == e == 3)
+
+    def testMultiplicativeFactorsPacking(self):
+        s = pack('3*bin', '1', '001', '101')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1001101')
+        s = pack('hex, 2*se=-56, 3*uint:37', '34', 1, 2, 3)
+        a, b, c, d, e, f = s.unpack('hex:8, 2*se, 3*uint:37')
+        self.assertEqual(a, '34')
+        self.assertEqual(b, -56)
+        self.assertEqual(c, -56)
+        self.assertEqual((d, e, f), (1, 2, 3))
+        # This isn't allowed yet. See comment in tokenparser.
+        #s = pack('fluffy*uint:8', *range(3), fluffy=3)
+        #a, b, c = s.readlist('2*uint:8, 1*uint:8, 0*uint:8')
+        #self.assertEqual((a, b, c), (0, 1, 2))
+
+    def testMultiplicativeFactorsUnpacking(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream('0b10111')
+        a, b, c, d = s.unpack('3*bool, bin')
+        self.assertEqual((a, b, c), (True, False, True))
+        self.assertEqual(d, '11')
+
+
+    def testPackingDefaultIntWithKeyword(self):
+        s = pack('12', 100)
+        self.assertEqual(s.unpack('12')[0], 100)
+        s = pack('oh_no_not_the_eyes=33', oh_no_not_the_eyes=17)
+        self.assertEqual(s.uint, 33)
+        self.assertEqual(s.len, 17)
+
+    def testInitFromIterable(self):
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(range(10), collections.Iterable))
+        s = ConstBitStream(range(12))
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x7ff')
+
+    def testFunctionNegativeIndices(self):
+        # insert
+        s = BitStream('0b0111')
+        s.insert('0b0', -1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b01101')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.insert, '0b0', -1000)
+
+        # reverse
+        s.reverse(-2)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b01110')
+        t = BitStream('0x778899abcdef')
+        t.reverse(-12, -4)
+        self.assertEqual(t, '0x778899abc7bf')
+
+        # reversebytes
+        t.byteswap(0, -40, -16)
+        self.assertEqual(t, '0x77ab9988c7bf')
+
+        # overwrite
+        t.overwrite('0x666', -20)
+        self.assertEqual(t, '0x77ab998666bf')
+
+        # find
+        found = t.find('0x998', bytealigned=True, start=-31)
+        self.assertFalse(found)
+        found = t.find('0x998', bytealigned=True, start=-32)
+        self.assertTrue(found)
+        self.assertEqual(t.pos, 16)
+        t.pos = 0
+        found = t.find('0x988', bytealigned=True, end=-21)
+        self.assertFalse(found)
+        found = t.find('0x998', bytealigned=True, end=-20)
+        self.assertTrue(found)
+        self.assertEqual(t.pos, 16)
+
+        #findall
+        s = BitStream('0x1234151f')
+        l = list(s.findall('0x1', bytealigned=True, start=-15))
+        self.assertEqual(l, [24])
+        l = list(s.findall('0x1', bytealigned=True, start=-16))
+        self.assertEqual(l, [16, 24])
+        l = list(s.findall('0x1', bytealigned=True, end=-5))
+        self.assertEqual(l, [0, 16])
+        l = list(s.findall('0x1', bytealigned=True, end=-4))
+        self.assertEqual(l, [0, 16, 24])
+
+        # rfind
+        found = s.rfind('0x1f', end=-1)
+        self.assertFalse(found)
+        found = s.rfind('0x12', start=-31)
+        self.assertFalse(found)
+
+        # cut
+        s = BitStream('0x12345')
+        l = list(s.cut(4, start=-12, end=-4))
+        self.assertEqual(l, ['0x3', '0x4'])
+
+        # split
+        s = BitStream('0xfe0012fe1200fe')
+        l = list(s.split('0xfe', bytealigned=True, end=-1))
+        self.assertEqual(l, ['', '0xfe0012', '0xfe1200f, 0b111'])
+        l = list(s.split('0xfe', bytealigned=True, start=-8))
+        self.assertEqual(l, ['', '0xfe'])
+
+        # startswith
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('0x00f', start=-16))
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('0xfe00', end=-40))
+        self.assertFalse(s.startswith('0xfe00', end=-41))
+
+        # endswith
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('0x00fe', start=-16))
+        self.assertFalse(s.endswith('0x00fe', start=-15))
+        self.assertFalse(s.endswith('0x00fe', end=-1))
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('0x00f', end=-4))
+
+        # replace
+        s.replace('0xfe', '', end=-1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x00121200fe')
+        s.replace('0x00', '', start=-24)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x001212fe')
+
+    def testRotateStartAndEnd(self):
+        a = BitStream('0b110100001')
+        a.rol(1, 3, 6)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b110001001')
+        a.ror(1, start=-4)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b110001100')
+        a.rol(202, end=-5)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b001101100')
+        a.ror(3, end=4)
+        self.assertEqual(a, '0b011001100')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.rol, 5, start=-4, end=-6)
+
+    def testByteSwapInt(self):
+        s = pack('5*uintle:16', *range(10, 15))
+        self.assertEqual(list(range(10, 15)), s.unpack('5*uintle:16'))
+        swaps = s.byteswap(2)
+        self.assertEqual(list(range(10, 15)), s.unpack('5*uintbe:16'))
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 5)
+        s = BitStream('0xf234567f')
+        swaps = s.byteswap(1, start=4)
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xf234567f')
+        s.byteswap(2, start=4)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xf452367f')
+        s.byteswap(2, start=4, end=-4)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0xf234567f')
+        s.byteswap(3)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x5634f27f')
+        s.byteswap(2, repeat=False)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x3456f27f')
+        swaps = s.byteswap(5)
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 0)
+        swaps = s.byteswap(4, repeat=False)
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x7ff25634')
+
+    def testByteSwapPackCode(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0011223344556677')
+        swaps = s.byteswap('b')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0011223344556677')
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 8)
+        swaps = s.byteswap('>3h', repeat=False)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x1100332255446677')
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 1)
+
+    def testByteSwapIterable(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0011223344556677')
+        swaps = s.byteswap(range(1, 4), repeat=False)
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0022115544336677')
+        swaps = s.byteswap([2], start=8)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0011224455663377')
+        self.assertEqual(3, swaps)
+        swaps = s.byteswap([2, 3], start=4)
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0120156452463377')
+
+    def testByteSwapErrors(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0011223344556677')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.byteswap, 'z')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.byteswap, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.byteswap, [-1])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.byteswap, [1, 'e'])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.byteswap, '!h')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.byteswap, 2, start=-1000)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, s.byteswap, 5.4)
+
+    def testByteSwapFromFile(self):
+        s = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        swaps = s.byteswap('2bh')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0123674589abefcd')
+        self.assertEqual(swaps, 2)
+
+    def testBracketExpander(self):
+        be = bitstring.expand_brackets
+        self.assertEqual(be('hello'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual(be('(hello)'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual(be('1*(hello)'), 'hello')
+        self.assertEqual(be('2*(hello)'), 'hello,hello')
+        self.assertEqual(be('1*(a, b)'), 'a,b')
+        self.assertEqual(be('2*(a, b)'), 'a,b,a,b')
+        self.assertEqual(be('2*(a), 3*(b)'), 'a,a,b,b,b')
+        self.assertEqual(be('2*(a, b, 3*(c, d), e)'), 'a,b,c,d,c,d,c,d,e,a,b,c,d,c,d,c,d,e')
+
+    def testBracketTokens(self):
+        s = BitStream('3*(0x0, 0b1)')
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0x0, 0b1, 0x0, 0b1, 0x0, 0b1')
+        s = pack('2*(uint:12, 3*(7, 6))', *range(3, 17))
+        a = s.unpack('12, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 12, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6')
+        self.assertEqual(a, list(range(3, 17)))
+        b = s.unpack('2*(12,3*(7,6))')
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+
+    def testPackCodeDicts(self):
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(bitstring.REPLACEMENTS_BE.keys()),
+                         sorted(bitstring.REPLACEMENTS_LE.keys()))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(bitstring.REPLACEMENTS_BE.keys()),
+                         sorted(bitstring.PACK_CODE_SIZE.keys()))
+        for key in bitstring.PACK_CODE_SIZE:
+            be = pack(bitstring.REPLACEMENTS_BE[key], 0)
+            le = pack(bitstring.REPLACEMENTS_LE[key], 0)
+            self.assertEqual(be.len, bitstring.PACK_CODE_SIZE[key] * 8)
+            self.assertEqual(le.len, be.len)
+
+            # These tests don't compile for Python 3, so they're commented out to save me stress.
+            #def testUnicode(self):
+            #a = ConstBitStream(u'uint:12=34')
+            #self.assertEqual(a.uint, 34)
+            #a += u'0xfe'
+            #self.assertEqual(a[12:], '0xfe')
+            #a = BitStream('0x1122')
+            #c = a.byteswap(u'h')
+            #self.assertEqual(c, 1)
+            #self.assertEqual(a, u'0x2211')
+
+            #def testLongInt(self):
+            #a = BitStream(4L)
+            #self.assertEqual(a, '0b0000')
+            #a[1:3] = -1L
+            #self.assertEqual(a, '0b0110')
+            #a[0] = 1L
+            #self.assertEqual(a, '0b1110')
+            #a *= 4L
+            #self.assertEqual(a, '0xeeee')
+            #c = a.byteswap(2L)
+            #self.assertEqual(c, 1)
+            #a = BitStream('0x11223344')
+            #a.byteswap([1, 2L])
+            #self.assertEqual(a, '0x11332244')
+            #b = a*2L
+            #self.assertEqual(b, '0x1133224411332244')
+            #s = pack('uint:12', 46L)
+            #self.assertEqual(s.uint, 46)
+
+
+class UnpackWithDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testLengthKeywords(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('2*13=100, 0b111')
+        x, y, z = a.unpack('n, uint:m, bin:q', n=13, m=13, q=3)
+        self.assertEqual(x, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(y, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(z, '111')
+
+    def testLengthKeywordsWithStretch(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xff, 0b000, 0xf')
+        x, y, z = a.unpack('hex:a, bin, hex:b', a=8, b=4)
+        self.assertEqual(y, '000')
+
+    def testUnusedKeyword(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0b110')
+        x, = a.unpack('bin:3', notused=33)
+        self.assertEqual(x, '110')
+
+    def testLengthKeywordErrors(self):
+        a = pack('uint:p=33', p=12)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.unpack, 'uint:p')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.unpack, 'uint:p', p='a_string')
+
+
+class ReadWithDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testLengthKeywords(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0102')
+        x, y = s.readlist('a, hex:b', a=8, b=4)
+        self.assertEqual((x, y), (1, '0'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 12)
+
+    def testBytesKeywordProblem(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x01')
+        x, = s.unpack('bytes:a', a=1)
+        self.assertEqual(x, b'\x01')
+
+        s = BitStream('0x000ff00a')
+        x, y, z = s.unpack('12, bytes:x, bits', x=2)
+        self.assertEqual((x, y, z), (0, b'\xff\x00', '0xa'))
+
+
+
+class PeekWithDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testLengthKeywords(self):
+        s = BitStream('0x0102')
+        x, y = s.peeklist('a, hex:b', a=8, b=4)
+        self.assertEqual((x, y), (1, '0'))
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+
+##class Miscellany(unittest.TestCase):
+##
+##    def testNumpyInt(self):
+##        try:
+##            import numpy
+##            a = ConstBitStream(uint=numpy.uint8(5), length=3)
+##            self.assertEqual(a.uint, 5)
+##        except ImportError:
+##            # Not to worry
+##            pass
+
+class BoolToken(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testInterpretation(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0b1')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.read('bool'), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.unpack('bool')[0], True)
+        b = ConstBitStream('0b0')
+        self.assertEqual(b.bool, False)
+        self.assertEqual(b.peek('bool'), False)
+        self.assertEqual(b.unpack('bool')[0], False)
+
+    def testPack(self):
+        a = pack('bool=True')
+        b = pack('bool=False')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, True)
+        self.assertEqual(b.bool, False)
+        c = pack('4*bool', False, True, 'False', 'True')
+        self.assertEqual(c, '0b0101')
+
+    def testAssignment(self):
+        a = BitStream()
+        a.bool = True
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, True)
+        a.hex = 'ee'
+        a.bool = False
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, False)
+        a.bool = 'False'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, False)
+        a.bool = 'True'
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, True)
+        a.bool = 0
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, False)
+        a.bool = 1
+        self.assertEqual(a.bool, True)
+
+    def testErrors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bool', 'hello')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bool=true')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'True')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, pack, 'bool', 2)
+        a = BitStream('0b11')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, a._getbool)
+        b = BitStream()
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, a._getbool)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.CreationError, a._setbool, 'false')
+
+    def testLengthWithBoolRead(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xf')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, 'bool:0')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, 'bool:1')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.read, 'bool:2')
+
+
+class ReadWithIntegers(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testReadInt(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xffeedd')
+        b = a.read(8)
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'ff')
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 8)
+        b = a.peek(8)
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'ee')
+        self.assertEqual(a.pos, 8)
+        b = a.peek(1)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b1')
+        b = a.read(1)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0b1')
+
+    def testReadIntList(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xab, 0b110')
+        b, c = a.readlist([8, 3])
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'ab')
+        self.assertEqual(c.bin, '110')
+
+
+class FileReadingStrategy(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testBitStreamIsAlwaysRead(self):
+        a = BitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a._datastore, bitstring.ByteStore))
+        f = open('smalltestfile', 'rb')
+        b = BitStream(f)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(b._datastore, bitstring.ByteStore))
+
+    def testBitsIsNeverRead(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream(filename='smalltestfile')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a._datastore._rawarray, bitstring.MmapByteArray))
+        f = open('smalltestfile', 'rb')
+        b = ConstBitStream(f)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(b._datastore._rawarray, bitstring.MmapByteArray))
+
+
+class Count(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testCount(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xf0f')
+        self.assertEqual(a.count(True), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(a.count(False), 4)
+
+        b = BitStream()
+        self.assertEqual(b.count(True), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(b.count(False), 0)
+
+    def testCountWithOffsetData(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0xff0120ff')
+        b = a[1:-1]
+        self.assertEqual(b.count(1), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(b.count(0), 14)
+
+
+class ZeroBitReads(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testInteger(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream('0x123456')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, a.read, 'uint:0')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.InterpretError, a.read, 'float:0')
+
+#class EfficientBitsCopies(unittest.TestCase):
+#
+#    def testBitsCopy(self):
+#        a = ConstBitStream('0xff')
+#        b = ConstBitStream(a)
+#        c = a[:]
+#        d = copy.copy(a)
+#        self.assertTrue(a._datastore is b._datastore)
+#        self.assertTrue(a._datastore is c._datastore)
+#        self.assertTrue(a._datastore is d._datastore)
+
+class InitialiseFromBytes(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testBytesBehaviour(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream(b'uint:5=2')
+        b = ConstBitStream(b'')
+        c = ConstBitStream(bytes=b'uint:5=2')
+        if b'' == '':
+            # Python 2
+            self.assertEqual(a, 'uint:5=2')
+            self.assertFalse(b)
+            self.assertEqual(c.bytes, b'uint:5=2')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(a.bytes, b'uint:5=2')
+            self.assertFalse(b)
+            self.assertEqual(c, b'uint:5=2')
+
+    def testBytearrayBehaviour(self):
+        a = ConstBitStream(bytearray(b'uint:5=2'))
+        b = ConstBitStream(bytearray(4))
+        c = ConstBitStream(bytes=bytearray(b'uint:5=2'))
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytes, b'uint:5=2')
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x00000000')
+        self.assertEqual(c.bytes, b'uint:5=2')
+
+
+class CoverageCompletionTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testUeReadError(self):
+        s = ConstBitStream('0b000000001')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.read, 'ue')
+
+    def testOverwriteWithSelf(self):
+        s = BitStream('0b1101')
+        s.overwrite(s)
+        self.assertEqual(s, '0b1101')
+
+
+class Subclassing(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testIsInstance(self):
+        class SubBits(BitStream): pass
+        a = SubBits()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, SubBits))
+
+    def testClassType(self):
+        class SubBits(BitStream): pass
+        self.assertEqual(SubBits().__class__, SubBits)
+
+
+class BytesProblems(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testOffsetButNoLength(self):
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\xaa', offset=8)
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'aa')
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\xaa', offset=4)
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, '0aa')
+
+    def testInvert(self):
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\xaa', offset=8, length=8)
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'aa')
+        b.invert()
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, '55')
+
+    def testPrepend(self):
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\xaa\xbb', offset=8, length=4)
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'b')
+        b.prepend('0xe')
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'eb')
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\xaa', offset=8, length=8)
+        b.prepend('0xee')
+        self.assertEqual(b.hex, 'eeaa')
+
+    def testByteSwap(self):
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\x01\x02\x03\x04', offset=8)
+        b.byteswap()
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0x040302')
+
+    def testBinProperty(self):
+        b = BitStream(bytes=b'\x00\xaa', offset=8, length=4)
+        self.assertEqual(b.bin, '1010')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstring.py b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstring.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b52b7b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test_bitstring.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Module-level unit tests.
+"""
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+import bitstring
+import copy
+
+
+class ModuleData(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testVersion(self):
+        self.assertEqual(bitstring.__version__, '3.1.3')
+
+    def testAll(self):
+        exported = ['ConstBitArray', 'ConstBitStream', 'BitStream', 'BitArray',
+                    'Bits', 'BitString', 'pack', 'Error', 'ReadError',
+                    'InterpretError', 'ByteAlignError', 'CreationError', 'bytealigned']
+        self.assertEqual(set(bitstring.__all__), set(exported))
+
+    def testReverseDict(self):
+        d = bitstring.BYTE_REVERSAL_DICT
+        for i in range(256):
+            a = bitstring.Bits(uint=i, length=8)
+            b = d[i]
+            self.assertEqual(a.bin[::-1], bitstring.Bits(bytes=b).bin)
+
+    def testAliases(self):
+        self.assertTrue(bitstring.Bits is bitstring.ConstBitArray)
+        self.assertTrue(bitstring.BitStream is bitstring.BitString)
+
+
+class MemoryUsage(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testBaselineMemory(self):
+        try:
+            import pympler.asizeof.asizeof as size
+        except ImportError:
+            return
+        # These values might be platform dependent, so don't fret too much.
+        self.assertEqual(size(bitstring.ConstBitStream([0])), 64)
+        self.assertEqual(size(bitstring.Bits([0])), 64)
+        self.assertEqual(size(bitstring.BitStream([0])), 64)
+        self.assertEqual(size(bitstring.BitArray([0])), 64)
+        from bitstring.bitstore import ByteStore
+        self.assertEqual(size(ByteStore(bytearray())), 100)
+
+
+class Copy(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testConstBitArrayCopy(self):
+        import copy
+        cba = bitstring.Bits(100)
+        cba_copy = copy.copy(cba)
+        self.assertTrue(cba is cba_copy)
+
+    def testBitArrayCopy(self):
+        ba = bitstring.BitArray(100)
+        ba_copy = copy.copy(ba)
+        self.assertFalse(ba is ba_copy)
+        self.assertFalse(ba._datastore is ba_copy._datastore)
+        self.assertTrue(ba == ba_copy)
+
+    def testConstBitStreamCopy(self):
+        cbs = bitstring.ConstBitStream(100)
+        cbs.pos = 50
+        cbs_copy = copy.copy(cbs)
+        self.assertEqual(cbs_copy.pos, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(cbs._datastore is cbs_copy._datastore)
+        self.assertTrue(cbs == cbs_copy)
+
+    def testBitStreamCopy(self):
+        bs = bitstring.BitStream(100)
+        bs.pos = 50
+        bs_copy = copy.copy(bs)
+        self.assertEqual(bs_copy.pos, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(bs._datastore is bs_copy._datastore)
+        self.assertTrue(bs == bs_copy)
+
+
+class Interning(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testBits(self):
+        a = bitstring.Bits('0xf')
+        b = bitstring.Bits('0xf')
+        self.assertTrue(a is b)
+        c = bitstring.Bits('0b1111')
+        self.assertFalse(a is c)
+
+    def testCBS(self):
+        a = bitstring.ConstBitStream('0b11000')
+        b = bitstring.ConstBitStream('0b11000')
+        self.assertFalse(a is b)
+    #        self.assertTrue(a._datastore is b._datastore)
+        
+        
+        
+        
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/bitstring/test/test_constbitstream.py b/python/bitstring/test/test_constbitstream.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1bef743f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/bitstring/test/test_constbitstream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, '..')
+import bitstring
+from bitstring import ConstBitStream as CBS
+
+class All(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testFromFile(self):
+        s = CBS(filename='test.m1v')
+        self.assertEqual(s[0:32].hex, '000001b3')
+        self.assertEqual(s.read(8 * 4).hex, '000001b3')
+        width = s.read(12).uint
+        height = s.read(12).uint
+        self.assertEqual((width, height), (352, 288))
+
+
+class InterleavedExpGolomb(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testReading(self):
+        s = CBS(uie=333)
+        a = s.read('uie')
+        self.assertEqual(a, 333)
+        s = CBS('uie=12, sie=-9, sie=9, uie=1000000')
+        u = s.unpack('uie, 2*sie, uie')
+        self.assertEqual(u, [12, -9, 9, 1000000])
+
+    def testReadingErrors(self):
+        s = CBS(10)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.read, 'uie')
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, s.read, 'sie')
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 0)
+
+
+class ReadTo(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testByteAligned(self):
+        a = CBS('0xaabb00aa00bb')
+        b = a.readto('0x00', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xaabb00')
+        self.assertEqual(a.bytepos, 3)
+        b = a.readto('0xaa', bytealigned=True)
+        self.assertEqual(b, '0xaa')
+        self.assertRaises(bitstring.ReadError, a.readto, '0xcc', bytealigned=True)
+
+    def testNotAligned(self):
+        a = CBS('0b00111001001010011011')
+        a.pos = 1
+        self.assertEqual(a.readto('0b00'), '0b011100')
+        self.assertEqual(a.readto('0b110'), '0b10010100110')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.readto, '')
+
+    def testDisallowIntegers(self):
+        a = CBS('0x0f')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.readto, 4)
+
+    def testReadingLines(self):
+        s = b"This is a test\nof reading lines\nof text\n"
+        b = CBS(bytes=s)
+        n = bitstring.Bits(bytes=b'\n')
+        self.assertEqual(b.readto(n).bytes, b'This is a test\n')
+        self.assertEqual(b.readto(n).bytes, b'of reading lines\n')
+        self.assertEqual(b.readto(n).bytes, b'of text\n')
+
+
+class Subclassing(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testIsInstance(self):
+        class SubBits(CBS): pass
+        a = SubBits()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, SubBits))
+
+    def testClassType(self):
+        class SubBits(CBS): pass
+        self.assertEqual(SubBits().__class__, SubBits)
+
+
+class PadToken(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testRead(self):
+        s = CBS('0b100011110001')
+        a = s.read('pad:1')
+        self.assertEqual(a, None)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 1)
+        a = s.read(3)
+        self.assertEqual(a, CBS('0b000'))
+        a = s.read('pad:0')
+        self.assertEqual(a, None)
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 4)
+
+    def testReadList(self):
+        s = CBS('0b10001111001')
+        t = s.readlist('pad:1, uint:3, pad:4, uint:3')
+        self.assertEqual(t, [0, 1])
+        s.pos = 0
+        t = s.readlist('pad:1, pad:5')
+        self.assertEqual(t, [])
+        self.assertEqual(s.pos, 6)
+        s.pos = 0
+        t = s.readlist('pad:1, bin, pad:4, uint:3')
+        self.assertEqual(t, ['000', 1])
+        s.pos = 0
+        t = s.readlist('pad, bin:3, pad:4, uint:3')
+        self.assertEqual(t, ['000', 1])
+
+class ReadingBytes(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testUnpackingBytes(self):
+        s = CBS(80)
+        t = s.unpack('bytes:1')
+        self.assertEqual(t[0], b'\x00')
+        a, b, c = s.unpack('bytes:1, bytes, bytes:2')
+        self.assertEqual(a, b'\x00')
+        self.assertEqual(b, b'\x00'*7)
+        self.assertEqual(c, b'\x00'*2)
+
+    def testUnpackingBytesWithKeywords(self):
+        s = CBS('0x55'*10)
+        t = s.unpack('pad:a, bytes:b, bytes, pad:a', a=4, b=6)
+        self.assertEqual(t, [b'\x55'*6, b'\x55'*3])
+
diff --git a/python/blessings/LICENSE b/python/blessings/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d3a44e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (c) 2011 Erik Rose
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/python/blessings/MANIFEST.in b/python/blessings/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f4fbd708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+include README.rst
+include LICENSE
+include tox.ini
diff --git a/python/blessings/PKG-INFO b/python/blessings/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c52ca3cf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: blessings
+Version: 1.3
+Summary: A thin, practical wrapper around terminal formatting, positioning, and more
+Home-page: https://github.com/erikrose/blessings
+Author: Erik Rose
+Author-email: erikrose@grinchcentral.com
+License: MIT
+Description: =========
+        Blessings
+        =========
+        
+        Coding with Blessings looks like this... ::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            t = Terminal()
+        
+            print t.bold('Hi there!')
+            print t.bold_red_on_bright_green('It hurts my eyes!')
+        
+            with t.location(0, t.height - 1):
+                print 'This is at the bottom.'
+        
+        Or, for byte-level control, you can drop down and play with raw terminal
+        capabilities::
+        
+            print '{t.bold}All your {t.red}bold and red base{t.normal}'.format(t=t)
+            print t.wingo(2)
+        
+        The Pitch
+        =========
+        
+        Blessings lifts several of curses_' limiting assumptions, and it makes your
+        code pretty, too:
+        
+        * Use styles, color, and maybe a little positioning without clearing the whole
+          screen first.
+        * Leave more than one screenful of scrollback in the buffer after your program
+          exits, like a well-behaved command-line app should.
+        * Get rid of all those noisy, C-like calls to ``tigetstr`` and ``tparm``, so
+          your code doesn't get crowded out by terminal bookkeeping.
+        * Act intelligently when somebody redirects your output to a file, omitting the
+          terminal control codes the user doesn't want to see (optional).
+        
+        .. _curses: http://docs.python.org/library/curses.html
+        
+        Before And After
+        ----------------
+        
+        Without Blessings, this is how you'd print some underlined text at the bottom
+        of the screen::
+        
+            from curses import tigetstr, setupterm, tparm
+            from fcntl import ioctl
+            from os import isatty
+            import struct
+            import sys
+            from termios import TIOCGWINSZ
+        
+            # If we want to tolerate having our output piped to other commands or
+            # files without crashing, we need to do all this branching:
+            if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'fileno') and isatty(sys.stdout.fileno()):
+                setupterm()
+                sc = tigetstr('sc')
+                cup = tigetstr('cup')
+                rc = tigetstr('rc')
+                underline = tigetstr('smul')
+                normal = tigetstr('sgr0')
+            else:
+                sc = cup = rc = underline = normal = ''
+            print sc  # Save cursor position.
+            if cup:
+                # tigetnum('lines') doesn't always update promptly, hence this:
+                height = struct.unpack('hhhh', ioctl(0, TIOCGWINSZ, '\000' * 8))[0]
+                print tparm(cup, height - 1, 0)  # Move cursor to bottom.
+            print 'This is {under}underlined{normal}!'.format(under=underline,
+                                                              normal=normal)
+            print rc  # Restore cursor position.
+        
+        Phew! That was long and full of incomprehensible trash! Let's try it again,
+        this time with Blessings::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            with term.location(0, term.height - 1):
+                print 'This is', term.underline('pretty!')
+        
+        Much better.
+        
+        What It Provides
+        ================
+        
+        Blessings provides just one top-level object: ``Terminal``. Instantiating a
+        ``Terminal`` figures out whether you're on a terminal at all and, if so, does
+        any necessary terminal setup. After that, you can proceed to ask it all sorts
+        of things about the terminal. Terminal terminal terminal.
+        
+        Simple Formatting
+        -----------------
+        
+        Lots of handy formatting codes ("capabilities" in low-level parlance) are
+        available as attributes on a ``Terminal``. For example::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            print 'I am ' + term.bold + 'bold' + term.normal + '!'
+        
+        You can also use them as wrappers so you don't have to say ``normal``
+        afterward::
+        
+            print 'I am', term.bold('bold') + '!'
+        
+        Or, if you want fine-grained control while maintaining some semblance of
+        brevity, you can combine it with Python's string formatting, which makes
+        attributes easy to access::
+        
+            print 'All your {t.red}base {t.underline}are belong to us{t.normal}'.format(t=term)
+        
+        Simple capabilities of interest include...
+        
+        * ``bold``
+        * ``reverse``
+        * ``underline``
+        * ``no_underline`` (which turns off underlining)
+        * ``blink``
+        * ``normal`` (which turns off everything, even colors)
+        * ``clear_eol`` (clear to the end of the line)
+        * ``clear_bol`` (clear to beginning of line)
+        * ``clear_eos`` (clear to end of screen)
+        
+        Here are a few more which are less likely to work on all terminals:
+        
+        * ``dim``
+        * ``italic`` and ``no_italic``
+        * ``shadow`` and ``no_shadow``
+        * ``standout`` and ``no_standout``
+        * ``subscript`` and ``no_subscript``
+        * ``superscript`` and ``no_superscript``
+        * ``flash`` (which flashes the screen once)
+        
+        Note that, while the inverse of ``underline`` is ``no_underline``, the only way
+        to turn off ``bold`` or ``reverse`` is ``normal``, which also cancels any
+        custom colors. This is because there's no way to tell the terminal to undo
+        certain pieces of formatting, even at the lowest level.
+        
+        You might notice that the above aren't the typical incomprehensible terminfo
+        capability names; we alias a few of the harder-to-remember ones for
+        readability. However, you aren't limited to these: you can reference any
+        string-returning capability listed on the `terminfo man page`_ by the name
+        under the "Cap-name" column: for example, ``term.rum``.
+        
+        .. _`terminfo man page`: http://www.manpagez.com/man/5/terminfo/
+        
+        Color
+        -----
+        
+        16 colors, both foreground and background, are available as easy-to-remember
+        attributes::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            print term.red + term.on_green + 'Red on green? Ick!' + term.normal
+            print term.bright_red + term.on_bright_blue + 'This is even worse!' + term.normal
+        
+        You can also call them as wrappers, which sets everything back to normal at the
+        end::
+        
+            print term.red_on_green('Red on green? Ick!')
+            print term.yellow('I can barely see it.')
+        
+        The available colors are...
+        
+        * ``black``
+        * ``red``
+        * ``green``
+        * ``yellow``
+        * ``blue``
+        * ``magenta``
+        * ``cyan``
+        * ``white``
+        
+        You can set the background color instead of the foreground by prepending
+        ``on_``, as in ``on_blue``. There is also a ``bright`` version of each color:
+        for example, ``on_bright_blue``.
+        
+        There is also a numerical interface to colors, which takes an integer from
+        0-15::
+        
+            term.color(5) + 'Hello' + term.normal
+            term.on_color(3) + 'Hello' + term.normal
+        
+            term.color(5)('Hello')
+            term.on_color(3)('Hello')
+        
+        If some color is unsupported (for instance, if only the normal colors are
+        available, not the bright ones), trying to use it will, on most terminals, have
+        no effect: the foreground and background colors will stay as they were. You can
+        get fancy and do different things depending on the supported colors by checking
+        `number_of_colors`_.
+        
+        .. _`number_of_colors`: http://packages.python.org/blessings/#blessings.Terminal.number_of_colors
+        
+        Compound Formatting
+        -------------------
+        
+        If you want to do lots of crazy formatting all at once, you can just mash it
+        all together::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            print term.bold_underline_green_on_yellow + 'Woo' + term.normal
+        
+        Or you can use your newly coined attribute as a wrapper, which implicitly sets
+        everything back to normal afterward::
+        
+            print term.bold_underline_green_on_yellow('Woo')
+        
+        This compound notation comes in handy if you want to allow users to customize
+        the formatting of your app: just have them pass in a format specifier like
+        "bold_green" on the command line, and do a quick ``getattr(term,
+        that_option)('Your text')`` when you do your formatting.
+        
+        I'd be remiss if I didn't credit couleur_, where I probably got the idea for
+        all this mashing.
+        
+        .. _couleur: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/couleur
+        
+        Parametrized Capabilities
+        -------------------------
+        
+        Some capabilities take parameters. Rather than making you dig up ``tparm()``
+        all the time, we simply make such capabilities into callable strings. You can
+        pass the parameters right in::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            print term.move(10, 1)
+        
+        Here are some of interest:
+        
+        ``move``
+          Position the cursor elsewhere. Parameters are y coordinate, then x
+          coordinate.
+        ``move_x``
+          Move the cursor to the given column.
+        ``move_y``
+          Move the cursor to the given row.
+        
+        You can also reference any other string-returning capability listed on the
+        `terminfo man page`_ by its name under the "Cap-name" column.
+        
+        .. _`terminfo man page`: http://www.manpagez.com/man/5/terminfo/
+        
+        Height and Width
+        ----------------
+        
+        It's simple to get the height and width of the terminal, in characters::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            height = term.height
+            width = term.width
+        
+        These are newly updated each time you ask for them, so they're safe to use from
+        SIGWINCH handlers.
+        
+        Temporary Repositioning
+        -----------------------
+        
+        Sometimes you need to flit to a certain location, print something, and then
+        return: for example, when updating a progress bar at the bottom of the screen.
+        ``Terminal`` provides a context manager for doing this concisely::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            with term.location(0, term.height - 1):
+                print 'Here is the bottom.'
+            print 'This is back where I came from.'
+        
+        Parameters to ``location()`` are ``x`` and then ``y``, but you can also pass
+        just one of them, leaving the other alone. For example... ::
+        
+            with term.location(y=10):
+                print 'We changed just the row.'
+        
+        If you want to reposition permanently, see ``move``, in an example above.
+        
+        Pipe Savvy
+        ----------
+        
+        If your program isn't attached to a terminal, like if it's being piped to
+        another command or redirected to a file, all the capability attributes on
+        ``Terminal`` will return empty strings. You'll get a nice-looking file without
+        any formatting codes gumming up the works.
+        
+        If you want to override this--like if you anticipate your program being piped
+        through ``less -r``, which handles terminal escapes just fine--pass
+        ``force_styling=True`` to the ``Terminal`` constructor.
+        
+        In any case, there is an ``is_a_tty`` attribute on ``Terminal`` that lets you
+        see whether the attached stream seems to be a terminal. If it's false, you
+        might refrain from drawing progress bars and other frippery, since you're
+        apparently headed into a pipe::
+        
+            from blessings import Terminal
+        
+            term = Terminal()
+            if term.is_a_tty:
+                with term.location(0, term.height - 1):
+                    print 'Progress: [=======>   ]'
+            print term.bold('Important stuff')
+        
+        Shopping List
+        =============
+        
+        There are decades of legacy tied up in terminal interaction, so attention to
+        detail and behavior in edge cases make a difference. Here are some ways
+        Blessings has your back:
+        
+        * Uses the terminfo database so it works with any terminal type
+        * Provides up-to-the-moment terminal height and width, so you can respond to
+          terminal size changes (SIGWINCH signals). (Most other libraries query the
+          ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` environment variables or the ``cols`` or ``lines``
+          terminal capabilities, which don't update promptly, if at all.)
+        * Avoids making a mess if the output gets piped to a non-terminal
+        * Works great with standard Python string templating
+        * Provides convenient access to all terminal capabilities, not just a sugared
+          few
+        * Outputs to any file-like object, not just stdout
+        * Keeps a minimum of internal state, so you can feel free to mix and match with
+          calls to curses or whatever other terminal libraries you like
+        
+        Blessings does not provide...
+        
+        * Native color support on the Windows command prompt. However, it should work
+          when used in concert with colorama_.
+        
+        .. _colorama: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/colorama/0.2.4
+        
+        Bugs
+        ====
+        
+        Bugs or suggestions? Visit the `issue tracker`_.
+        
+        .. _`issue tracker`: https://github.com/erikrose/blessings/issues/new
+        
+        License
+        =======
+        
+        Blessings is under the MIT License. See the LICENSE file.
+        
+        Version History
+        ===============
+        
+        1.3
+          * Add ``number_of_colors``, which tells you how many colors the terminal
+            supports.
+          * Made ``color(n)`` and ``on_color(n)`` callable to wrap a string, like the
+            named colors can. Also, make them both fall back to the ``setf`` and
+            ``setb`` capabilities (like the named colors do) if the ANSI ``setaf`` and
+            ``setab`` aren't available.
+          * Allow ``color`` attr to act as an unparametrized string, not just a
+            callable.
+          * Make ``height`` and ``width`` examine any passed-in stream before falling
+            back to stdout. (This rarely if ever affects actual behavior; it's mostly
+            philosophical.)
+          * Make caching simpler and slightly more efficient.
+          * Get rid of a reference cycle between Terminals and FormattingStrings.
+          * Update docs to reflect that terminal addressing (as in ``location()``) is
+            0-based.
+        
+        1.2
+          * Added support for Python 3! We need 3.2.3 or greater, because the curses
+            library couldn't decide whether to accept strs or bytes before that
+            (http://bugs.python.org/issue10570).
+          * Everything that comes out of the library is now unicode. This lets us
+            support Python 3 without making a mess of the code, and Python 2 should
+            continue to work unless you were testing types (and badly). Please file a
+            bug if this causes trouble for you.
+          * Changed to the MIT License for better world domination.
+          * Added Sphinx docs.
+        
+        1.1
+          * Added nicely named attributes for colors.
+          * Introduced compound formatting.
+          * Added wrapper behavior for styling and colors.
+          * Let you force capabilities to be non-empty, even if the output stream is
+            not a terminal.
+          * Added the ``is_a_tty`` attribute for telling whether the output stream is a
+            terminal.
+          * Sugared the remaining interesting string capabilities.
+          * Let ``location()`` operate on just an x *or* y coordinate.
+        
+        1.0
+          * Extracted Blessings from nose-progressive, my `progress-bar-having,
+            traceback-shortcutting, rootin', tootin' testrunner`_. It provided the
+            tootin' functionality.
+        
+        .. _`progress-bar-having, traceback-shortcutting, rootin', tootin' testrunner`: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/nose-progressive/
+        
+Keywords: terminal,tty,curses,ncurses,formatting,style,color,console
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Environment :: Console :: Curses
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: User Interfaces
+Classifier: Topic :: Terminals
diff --git a/python/blessings/README.rst b/python/blessings/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59983de86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+=========
+Blessings
+=========
+
+Coding with Blessings looks like this... ::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    t = Terminal()
+
+    print t.bold('Hi there!')
+    print t.bold_red_on_bright_green('It hurts my eyes!')
+
+    with t.location(0, t.height - 1):
+        print 'This is at the bottom.'
+
+Or, for byte-level control, you can drop down and play with raw terminal
+capabilities::
+
+    print '{t.bold}All your {t.red}bold and red base{t.normal}'.format(t=t)
+    print t.wingo(2)
+
+The Pitch
+=========
+
+Blessings lifts several of curses_' limiting assumptions, and it makes your
+code pretty, too:
+
+* Use styles, color, and maybe a little positioning without clearing the whole
+  screen first.
+* Leave more than one screenful of scrollback in the buffer after your program
+  exits, like a well-behaved command-line app should.
+* Get rid of all those noisy, C-like calls to ``tigetstr`` and ``tparm``, so
+  your code doesn't get crowded out by terminal bookkeeping.
+* Act intelligently when somebody redirects your output to a file, omitting the
+  terminal control codes the user doesn't want to see (optional).
+
+.. _curses: http://docs.python.org/library/curses.html
+
+Before And After
+----------------
+
+Without Blessings, this is how you'd print some underlined text at the bottom
+of the screen::
+
+    from curses import tigetstr, setupterm, tparm
+    from fcntl import ioctl
+    from os import isatty
+    import struct
+    import sys
+    from termios import TIOCGWINSZ
+
+    # If we want to tolerate having our output piped to other commands or
+    # files without crashing, we need to do all this branching:
+    if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'fileno') and isatty(sys.stdout.fileno()):
+        setupterm()
+        sc = tigetstr('sc')
+        cup = tigetstr('cup')
+        rc = tigetstr('rc')
+        underline = tigetstr('smul')
+        normal = tigetstr('sgr0')
+    else:
+        sc = cup = rc = underline = normal = ''
+    print sc  # Save cursor position.
+    if cup:
+        # tigetnum('lines') doesn't always update promptly, hence this:
+        height = struct.unpack('hhhh', ioctl(0, TIOCGWINSZ, '\000' * 8))[0]
+        print tparm(cup, height - 1, 0)  # Move cursor to bottom.
+    print 'This is {under}underlined{normal}!'.format(under=underline,
+                                                      normal=normal)
+    print rc  # Restore cursor position.
+
+Phew! That was long and full of incomprehensible trash! Let's try it again,
+this time with Blessings::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    with term.location(0, term.height - 1):
+        print 'This is', term.underline('pretty!')
+
+Much better.
+
+What It Provides
+================
+
+Blessings provides just one top-level object: ``Terminal``. Instantiating a
+``Terminal`` figures out whether you're on a terminal at all and, if so, does
+any necessary terminal setup. After that, you can proceed to ask it all sorts
+of things about the terminal. Terminal terminal terminal.
+
+Simple Formatting
+-----------------
+
+Lots of handy formatting codes ("capabilities" in low-level parlance) are
+available as attributes on a ``Terminal``. For example::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    print 'I am ' + term.bold + 'bold' + term.normal + '!'
+
+You can also use them as wrappers so you don't have to say ``normal``
+afterward::
+
+    print 'I am', term.bold('bold') + '!'
+
+Or, if you want fine-grained control while maintaining some semblance of
+brevity, you can combine it with Python's string formatting, which makes
+attributes easy to access::
+
+    print 'All your {t.red}base {t.underline}are belong to us{t.normal}'.format(t=term)
+
+Simple capabilities of interest include...
+
+* ``bold``
+* ``reverse``
+* ``underline``
+* ``no_underline`` (which turns off underlining)
+* ``blink``
+* ``normal`` (which turns off everything, even colors)
+* ``clear_eol`` (clear to the end of the line)
+* ``clear_bol`` (clear to beginning of line)
+* ``clear_eos`` (clear to end of screen)
+
+Here are a few more which are less likely to work on all terminals:
+
+* ``dim``
+* ``italic`` and ``no_italic``
+* ``shadow`` and ``no_shadow``
+* ``standout`` and ``no_standout``
+* ``subscript`` and ``no_subscript``
+* ``superscript`` and ``no_superscript``
+* ``flash`` (which flashes the screen once)
+
+Note that, while the inverse of ``underline`` is ``no_underline``, the only way
+to turn off ``bold`` or ``reverse`` is ``normal``, which also cancels any
+custom colors. This is because there's no way to tell the terminal to undo
+certain pieces of formatting, even at the lowest level.
+
+You might notice that the above aren't the typical incomprehensible terminfo
+capability names; we alias a few of the harder-to-remember ones for
+readability. However, you aren't limited to these: you can reference any
+string-returning capability listed on the `terminfo man page`_ by the name
+under the "Cap-name" column: for example, ``term.rum``.
+
+.. _`terminfo man page`: http://www.manpagez.com/man/5/terminfo/
+
+Color
+-----
+
+16 colors, both foreground and background, are available as easy-to-remember
+attributes::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    print term.red + term.on_green + 'Red on green? Ick!' + term.normal
+    print term.bright_red + term.on_bright_blue + 'This is even worse!' + term.normal
+
+You can also call them as wrappers, which sets everything back to normal at the
+end::
+
+    print term.red_on_green('Red on green? Ick!')
+    print term.yellow('I can barely see it.')
+
+The available colors are...
+
+* ``black``
+* ``red``
+* ``green``
+* ``yellow``
+* ``blue``
+* ``magenta``
+* ``cyan``
+* ``white``
+
+You can set the background color instead of the foreground by prepending
+``on_``, as in ``on_blue``. There is also a ``bright`` version of each color:
+for example, ``on_bright_blue``.
+
+There is also a numerical interface to colors, which takes an integer from
+0-15::
+
+    term.color(5) + 'Hello' + term.normal
+    term.on_color(3) + 'Hello' + term.normal
+
+    term.color(5)('Hello')
+    term.on_color(3)('Hello')
+
+If some color is unsupported (for instance, if only the normal colors are
+available, not the bright ones), trying to use it will, on most terminals, have
+no effect: the foreground and background colors will stay as they were. You can
+get fancy and do different things depending on the supported colors by checking
+`number_of_colors`_.
+
+.. _`number_of_colors`: http://packages.python.org/blessings/#blessings.Terminal.number_of_colors
+
+Compound Formatting
+-------------------
+
+If you want to do lots of crazy formatting all at once, you can just mash it
+all together::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    print term.bold_underline_green_on_yellow + 'Woo' + term.normal
+
+Or you can use your newly coined attribute as a wrapper, which implicitly sets
+everything back to normal afterward::
+
+    print term.bold_underline_green_on_yellow('Woo')
+
+This compound notation comes in handy if you want to allow users to customize
+the formatting of your app: just have them pass in a format specifier like
+"bold_green" on the command line, and do a quick ``getattr(term,
+that_option)('Your text')`` when you do your formatting.
+
+I'd be remiss if I didn't credit couleur_, where I probably got the idea for
+all this mashing.
+
+.. _couleur: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/couleur
+
+Parametrized Capabilities
+-------------------------
+
+Some capabilities take parameters. Rather than making you dig up ``tparm()``
+all the time, we simply make such capabilities into callable strings. You can
+pass the parameters right in::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    print term.move(10, 1)
+
+Here are some of interest:
+
+``move``
+  Position the cursor elsewhere. Parameters are y coordinate, then x
+  coordinate.
+``move_x``
+  Move the cursor to the given column.
+``move_y``
+  Move the cursor to the given row.
+
+You can also reference any other string-returning capability listed on the
+`terminfo man page`_ by its name under the "Cap-name" column.
+
+.. _`terminfo man page`: http://www.manpagez.com/man/5/terminfo/
+
+Height and Width
+----------------
+
+It's simple to get the height and width of the terminal, in characters::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    height = term.height
+    width = term.width
+
+These are newly updated each time you ask for them, so they're safe to use from
+SIGWINCH handlers.
+
+Temporary Repositioning
+-----------------------
+
+Sometimes you need to flit to a certain location, print something, and then
+return: for example, when updating a progress bar at the bottom of the screen.
+``Terminal`` provides a context manager for doing this concisely::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    with term.location(0, term.height - 1):
+        print 'Here is the bottom.'
+    print 'This is back where I came from.'
+
+Parameters to ``location()`` are ``x`` and then ``y``, but you can also pass
+just one of them, leaving the other alone. For example... ::
+
+    with term.location(y=10):
+        print 'We changed just the row.'
+
+If you want to reposition permanently, see ``move``, in an example above.
+
+Pipe Savvy
+----------
+
+If your program isn't attached to a terminal, like if it's being piped to
+another command or redirected to a file, all the capability attributes on
+``Terminal`` will return empty strings. You'll get a nice-looking file without
+any formatting codes gumming up the works.
+
+If you want to override this--like if you anticipate your program being piped
+through ``less -r``, which handles terminal escapes just fine--pass
+``force_styling=True`` to the ``Terminal`` constructor.
+
+In any case, there is an ``is_a_tty`` attribute on ``Terminal`` that lets you
+see whether the attached stream seems to be a terminal. If it's false, you
+might refrain from drawing progress bars and other frippery, since you're
+apparently headed into a pipe::
+
+    from blessings import Terminal
+
+    term = Terminal()
+    if term.is_a_tty:
+        with term.location(0, term.height - 1):
+            print 'Progress: [=======>   ]'
+    print term.bold('Important stuff')
+
+Shopping List
+=============
+
+There are decades of legacy tied up in terminal interaction, so attention to
+detail and behavior in edge cases make a difference. Here are some ways
+Blessings has your back:
+
+* Uses the terminfo database so it works with any terminal type
+* Provides up-to-the-moment terminal height and width, so you can respond to
+  terminal size changes (SIGWINCH signals). (Most other libraries query the
+  ``COLUMNS`` and ``LINES`` environment variables or the ``cols`` or ``lines``
+  terminal capabilities, which don't update promptly, if at all.)
+* Avoids making a mess if the output gets piped to a non-terminal
+* Works great with standard Python string templating
+* Provides convenient access to all terminal capabilities, not just a sugared
+  few
+* Outputs to any file-like object, not just stdout
+* Keeps a minimum of internal state, so you can feel free to mix and match with
+  calls to curses or whatever other terminal libraries you like
+
+Blessings does not provide...
+
+* Native color support on the Windows command prompt. However, it should work
+  when used in concert with colorama_.
+
+.. _colorama: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/colorama/0.2.4
+
+Bugs
+====
+
+Bugs or suggestions? Visit the `issue tracker`_.
+
+.. _`issue tracker`: https://github.com/erikrose/blessings/issues/new
+
+License
+=======
+
+Blessings is under the MIT License. See the LICENSE file.
+
+Version History
+===============
+
+1.3
+  * Add ``number_of_colors``, which tells you how many colors the terminal
+    supports.
+  * Made ``color(n)`` and ``on_color(n)`` callable to wrap a string, like the
+    named colors can. Also, make them both fall back to the ``setf`` and
+    ``setb`` capabilities (like the named colors do) if the ANSI ``setaf`` and
+    ``setab`` aren't available.
+  * Allow ``color`` attr to act as an unparametrized string, not just a
+    callable.
+  * Make ``height`` and ``width`` examine any passed-in stream before falling
+    back to stdout. (This rarely if ever affects actual behavior; it's mostly
+    philosophical.)
+  * Make caching simpler and slightly more efficient.
+  * Get rid of a reference cycle between Terminals and FormattingStrings.
+  * Update docs to reflect that terminal addressing (as in ``location()``) is
+    0-based.
+
+1.2
+  * Added support for Python 3! We need 3.2.3 or greater, because the curses
+    library couldn't decide whether to accept strs or bytes before that
+    (http://bugs.python.org/issue10570).
+  * Everything that comes out of the library is now unicode. This lets us
+    support Python 3 without making a mess of the code, and Python 2 should
+    continue to work unless you were testing types (and badly). Please file a
+    bug if this causes trouble for you.
+  * Changed to the MIT License for better world domination.
+  * Added Sphinx docs.
+
+1.1
+  * Added nicely named attributes for colors.
+  * Introduced compound formatting.
+  * Added wrapper behavior for styling and colors.
+  * Let you force capabilities to be non-empty, even if the output stream is
+    not a terminal.
+  * Added the ``is_a_tty`` attribute for telling whether the output stream is a
+    terminal.
+  * Sugared the remaining interesting string capabilities.
+  * Let ``location()`` operate on just an x *or* y coordinate.
+
+1.0
+  * Extracted Blessings from nose-progressive, my `progress-bar-having,
+    traceback-shortcutting, rootin', tootin' testrunner`_. It provided the
+    tootin' functionality.
+
+.. _`progress-bar-having, traceback-shortcutting, rootin', tootin' testrunner`: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/nose-progressive/
diff --git a/python/blessings/blessings/__init__.py b/python/blessings/blessings/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081288ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/blessings/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+from collections import defaultdict
+import curses
+from curses import tigetstr, tigetnum, setupterm, tparm
+from fcntl import ioctl
+try:
+    from io import UnsupportedOperation as IOUnsupportedOperation
+except ImportError:
+    class IOUnsupportedOperation(Exception):
+        """A dummy exception to take the place of Python 3's ``io.UnsupportedOperation`` in Python 2"""
+        pass
+import os
+from os import isatty, environ
+from platform import python_version_tuple
+import struct
+import sys
+from termios import TIOCGWINSZ
+
+
+if ('3', '0', '0') <= python_version_tuple() < ('3', '2', '2+'):  # Good till 3.2.10
+    # Python 3.x < 3.2.3 has a bug in which tparm() erroneously takes a string.
+    raise ImportError('Blessings needs Python 3.2.3 or greater for Python 3 '
+                      'support due to http://bugs.python.org/issue10570.')
+
+
+__all__ = ['Terminal']
+
+
+class Terminal(object):
+    """An abstraction around terminal capabilities
+
+    Unlike curses, this doesn't require clearing the screen before doing
+    anything, and it's friendlier to use. It keeps the endless calls to
+    ``tigetstr()`` and ``tparm()`` out of your code, and it acts intelligently
+    when somebody pipes your output to a non-terminal.
+
+    Instance attributes:
+
+      ``stream``
+        The stream the terminal outputs to. It's convenient to pass the stream
+        around with the terminal; it's almost always needed when the terminal
+        is and saves sticking lots of extra args on client functions in
+        practice.
+      ``is_a_tty``
+        Whether ``stream`` appears to be a terminal. You can examine this value
+        to decide whether to draw progress bars or other frippery.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, kind=None, stream=None, force_styling=False):
+        """Initialize the terminal.
+
+        If ``stream`` is not a tty, I will default to returning an empty
+        Unicode string for all capability values, so things like piping your
+        output to a file won't strew escape sequences all over the place. The
+        ``ls`` command sets a precedent for this: it defaults to columnar
+        output when being sent to a tty and one-item-per-line when not.
+
+        :arg kind: A terminal string as taken by ``setupterm()``. Defaults to
+            the value of the ``TERM`` environment variable.
+        :arg stream: A file-like object representing the terminal. Defaults to
+            the original value of stdout, like ``curses.initscr()`` does.
+        :arg force_styling: Whether to force the emission of capabilities, even
+            if we don't seem to be in a terminal. This comes in handy if users
+            are trying to pipe your output through something like ``less -r``,
+            which supports terminal codes just fine but doesn't appear itself
+            to be a terminal. Just expose a command-line option, and set
+            ``force_styling`` based on it. Terminal initialization sequences
+            will be sent to ``stream`` if it has a file descriptor and to
+            ``sys.__stdout__`` otherwise. (``setupterm()`` demands to send them
+            somewhere, and stdout is probably where the output is ultimately
+            headed. If not, stderr is probably bound to the same terminal.)
+
+        """
+        if stream is None:
+            stream = sys.__stdout__
+        try:
+            stream_descriptor = (stream.fileno() if hasattr(stream, 'fileno')
+                                                 and callable(stream.fileno)
+                                 else None)
+        except IOUnsupportedOperation:
+            stream_descriptor = None
+
+        self.is_a_tty = stream_descriptor is not None and isatty(stream_descriptor)
+        self._does_styling = self.is_a_tty or force_styling
+
+        # The desciptor to direct terminal initialization sequences to.
+        # sys.__stdout__ seems to always have a descriptor of 1, even if output
+        # is redirected.
+        self._init_descriptor = (sys.__stdout__.fileno()
+                                 if stream_descriptor is None
+                                 else stream_descriptor)
+        if self._does_styling:
+            # Make things like tigetstr() work. Explicit args make setupterm()
+            # work even when -s is passed to nosetests. Lean toward sending
+            # init sequences to the stream if it has a file descriptor, and
+            # send them to stdout as a fallback, since they have to go
+            # somewhere.
+            setupterm(kind or environ.get('TERM', 'unknown'),
+                      self._init_descriptor)
+
+        self.stream = stream
+
+    # Sugary names for commonly-used capabilities, intended to help avoid trips
+    # to the terminfo man page and comments in your code:
+    _sugar = dict(
+        # Don't use "on" or "bright" as an underscore-separated chunk in any of
+        # these (e.g. on_cology or rock_on) so we don't interfere with
+        # __getattr__.
+        save='sc',
+        restore='rc',
+
+        clear_eol='el',
+        clear_bol='el1',
+        clear_eos='ed',
+        position='cup',  # deprecated
+        move='cup',
+        move_x='hpa',
+        move_y='vpa',
+
+        reset_colors='op',  # oc doesn't work on my OS X terminal.
+
+        normal='sgr0',
+        reverse='rev',
+        # 'bold' is just 'bold'. Similarly...
+        # blink
+        # dim
+        # flash
+        italic='sitm',
+        no_italic='ritm',
+        shadow='sshm',
+        no_shadow='rshm',
+        standout='smso',
+        no_standout='rmso',
+        subscript='ssubm',
+        no_subscript='rsubm',
+        superscript='ssupm',
+        no_superscript='rsupm',
+        underline='smul',
+        no_underline='rmul')
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Return parametrized terminal capabilities, like bold.
+
+        For example, you can say ``term.bold`` to get the string that turns on
+        bold formatting and ``term.normal`` to get the string that turns it off
+        again. Or you can take a shortcut: ``term.bold('hi')`` bolds its
+        argument and sets everything to normal afterward. You can even combine
+        things: ``term.bold_underline_red_on_bright_green('yowzers!')``.
+
+        For a parametrized capability like ``cup``, pass the parameters too:
+        ``some_term.cup(line, column)``.
+
+        ``man terminfo`` for a complete list of capabilities.
+
+        Return values are always Unicode.
+
+        """
+        resolution = self._resolve_formatter(attr) if self._does_styling else NullCallableString()
+        setattr(self, attr, resolution)  # Cache capability codes.
+        return resolution
+
+    @property
+    def height(self):
+        """The height of the terminal in characters
+
+        If no stream or a stream not representing a terminal was passed in at
+        construction, return the dimension of the controlling terminal so
+        piping to things that eventually display on the terminal (like ``less
+        -R``) work. If a stream representing a terminal was passed in, return
+        the dimensions of that terminal. If there somehow is no controlling
+        terminal, return ``None``. (Thus, you should check that ``is_a_tty`` is
+        true before doing any math on the result.)
+
+        """
+        return self._height_and_width()[0]
+
+    @property
+    def width(self):
+        """The width of the terminal in characters
+
+        See ``height()`` for some corner cases.
+
+        """
+        return self._height_and_width()[1]
+
+    def _height_and_width(self):
+        """Return a tuple of (terminal height, terminal width)."""
+        # tigetnum('lines') and tigetnum('cols') update only if we call
+        # setupterm() again.
+        for descriptor in self._init_descriptor, sys.__stdout__:
+            try:
+                return struct.unpack('hhhh', ioctl(descriptor, TIOCGWINSZ, '\000' * 8))[0:2]
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+        return None, None  # Should never get here
+
+    def location(self, x=None, y=None):
+        """Return a context manager for temporarily moving the cursor.
+
+        Move the cursor to a certain position on entry, let you print stuff
+        there, then return the cursor to its original position::
+
+            term = Terminal()
+            with term.location(2, 5):
+                print 'Hello, world!'
+                for x in xrange(10):
+                    print 'I can do it %i times!' % x
+
+        Specify ``x`` to move to a certain column, ``y`` to move to a certain
+        row, or both.
+
+        """
+        return Location(self, x, y)
+
+    @property
+    def color(self):
+        """Return a capability that sets the foreground color.
+
+        The capability is unparametrized until called and passed a number
+        (0-15), at which point it returns another string which represents a
+        specific color change. This second string can further be called to
+        color a piece of text and set everything back to normal afterward.
+
+        :arg num: The number, 0-15, of the color
+
+        """
+        return ParametrizingString(self._foreground_color, self.normal)
+
+    @property
+    def on_color(self):
+        """Return a capability that sets the background color.
+
+        See ``color()``.
+
+        """
+        return ParametrizingString(self._background_color, self.normal)
+
+    @property
+    def number_of_colors(self):
+        """Return the number of colors the terminal supports.
+
+        Common values are 0, 8, 16, 88, and 256.
+
+        Though the underlying capability returns -1 when there is no color
+        support, we return 0. This lets you test more Pythonically::
+
+            if term.number_of_colors:
+                ...
+
+        We also return 0 if the terminal won't tell us how many colors it
+        supports, which I think is rare.
+
+        """
+        # This is actually the only remotely useful numeric capability. We
+        # don't name it after the underlying capability, because we deviate
+        # slightly from its behavior, and we might someday wish to give direct
+        # access to it.
+        colors = tigetnum('colors')  # Returns -1 if no color support, -2 if no such cap.
+        #self.__dict__['colors'] = ret  # Cache it. It's not changing. (Doesn't work.)
+        return colors if colors >= 0 else 0
+
+    def _resolve_formatter(self, attr):
+        """Resolve a sugary or plain capability name, color, or compound formatting function name into a callable capability."""
+        if attr in COLORS:
+            return self._resolve_color(attr)
+        elif attr in COMPOUNDABLES:
+            # Bold, underline, or something that takes no parameters
+            return self._formatting_string(self._resolve_capability(attr))
+        else:
+            formatters = split_into_formatters(attr)
+            if all(f in COMPOUNDABLES for f in formatters):
+                # It's a compound formatter, like "bold_green_on_red". Future
+                # optimization: combine all formatting into a single escape
+                # sequence.
+                return self._formatting_string(
+                    u''.join(self._resolve_formatter(s) for s in formatters))
+            else:
+                return ParametrizingString(self._resolve_capability(attr))
+
+    def _resolve_capability(self, atom):
+        """Return a terminal code for a capname or a sugary name, or an empty Unicode.
+
+        The return value is always Unicode, because otherwise it is clumsy
+        (especially in Python 3) to concatenate with real (Unicode) strings.
+
+        """
+        code = tigetstr(self._sugar.get(atom, atom))
+        if code:
+            # We can encode escape sequences as UTF-8 because they never
+            # contain chars > 127, and UTF-8 never changes anything within that
+            # range..
+            return code.decode('utf-8')
+        return u''
+
+    def _resolve_color(self, color):
+        """Resolve a color like red or on_bright_green into a callable capability."""
+        # TODO: Does curses automatically exchange red and blue and cyan and
+        # yellow when a terminal supports setf/setb rather than setaf/setab?
+        # I'll be blasted if I can find any documentation. The following
+        # assumes it does.
+        color_cap = (self._background_color if 'on_' in color else
+                     self._foreground_color)
+        # curses constants go up to only 7, so add an offset to get at the
+        # bright colors at 8-15:
+        offset = 8 if 'bright_' in color else 0
+        base_color = color.rsplit('_', 1)[-1]
+        return self._formatting_string(
+            color_cap(getattr(curses, 'COLOR_' + base_color.upper()) + offset))
+
+    @property
+    def _foreground_color(self):
+        return self.setaf or self.setf
+
+    @property
+    def _background_color(self):
+        return self.setab or self.setb
+
+    def _formatting_string(self, formatting):
+        """Return a new ``FormattingString`` which implicitly receives my notion of "normal"."""
+        return FormattingString(formatting, self.normal)
+
+
+def derivative_colors(colors):
+    """Return the names of valid color variants, given the base colors."""
+    return set([('on_' + c) for c in colors] +
+               [('bright_' + c) for c in colors] +
+               [('on_bright_' + c) for c in colors])
+
+
+COLORS = set(['black', 'red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white'])
+COLORS.update(derivative_colors(COLORS))
+COMPOUNDABLES = (COLORS |
+                 set(['bold', 'underline', 'reverse', 'blink', 'dim', 'italic',
+                      'shadow', 'standout', 'subscript', 'superscript']))
+
+
+class ParametrizingString(unicode):
+    """A Unicode string which can be called to parametrize it as a terminal capability"""
+    def __new__(cls, formatting, normal=None):
+        """Instantiate.
+
+        :arg normal: If non-None, indicates that, once parametrized, this can
+            be used as a ``FormattingString``. The value is used as the
+            "normal" capability.
+
+        """
+        new = unicode.__new__(cls, formatting)
+        new._normal = normal
+        return new
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        try:
+            # Re-encode the cap, because tparm() takes a bytestring in Python
+            # 3. However, appear to be a plain Unicode string otherwise so
+            # concats work.
+            parametrized = tparm(self.encode('utf-8'), *args).decode('utf-8')
+            return (parametrized if self._normal is None else
+                    FormattingString(parametrized, self._normal))
+        except curses.error:
+            # Catch "must call (at least) setupterm() first" errors, as when
+            # running simply `nosetests` (without progressive) on nose-
+            # progressive. Perhaps the terminal has gone away between calling
+            # tigetstr and calling tparm.
+            return u''
+        except TypeError:
+            # If the first non-int (i.e. incorrect) arg was a string, suggest
+            # something intelligent:
+            if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], basestring):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'A native or nonexistent capability template received '
+                    '%r when it was expecting ints. You probably misspelled a '
+                    'formatting call like bright_red_on_white(...).' % args)
+            else:
+                # Somebody passed a non-string; I don't feel confident
+                # guessing what they were trying to do.
+                raise
+
+
+class FormattingString(unicode):
+    """A Unicode string which can be called upon a piece of text to wrap it in formatting"""
+    def __new__(cls, formatting, normal):
+        new = unicode.__new__(cls, formatting)
+        new._normal = normal
+        return new
+
+    def __call__(self, text):
+        """Return a new string that is ``text`` formatted with my contents.
+
+        At the beginning of the string, I prepend the formatting that is my
+        contents. At the end, I append the "normal" sequence to set everything
+        back to defaults. The return value is always a Unicode.
+
+        """
+        return self + text + self._normal
+
+
+class NullCallableString(unicode):
+    """A dummy class to stand in for ``FormattingString`` and ``ParametrizingString``
+
+    A callable bytestring that returns an empty Unicode when called with an int
+    and the arg otherwise. We use this when there is no tty and so all
+    capabilities are blank.
+
+    """
+    def __new__(cls):
+        new = unicode.__new__(cls, u'')
+        return new
+
+    def __call__(self, arg):
+        if isinstance(arg, int):
+            return u''
+        return arg  # TODO: Force even strs in Python 2.x to be unicodes? Nah. How would I know what encoding to use to convert it?
+
+
+def split_into_formatters(compound):
+    """Split a possibly compound format string into segments.
+
+    >>> split_into_formatters('bold_underline_bright_blue_on_red')
+    ['bold', 'underline', 'bright_blue', 'on_red']
+
+    """
+    merged_segs = []
+    # These occur only as prefixes, so they can always be merged:
+    mergeable_prefixes = ['on', 'bright', 'on_bright']
+    for s in compound.split('_'):
+        if merged_segs and merged_segs[-1] in mergeable_prefixes:
+            merged_segs[-1] += '_' + s
+        else:
+            merged_segs.append(s)
+    return merged_segs
+
+
+class Location(object):
+    """Context manager for temporarily moving the cursor"""
+    def __init__(self, term, x=None, y=None):
+        self.x, self.y = x, y
+        self.term = term
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """Save position and move to the requested column, row, or both."""
+        self.term.stream.write(self.term.save)  # save position
+        if self.x and self.y:
+            self.term.stream.write(self.term.move(self.y, self.x))
+        elif self.x:
+            self.term.stream.write(self.term.move_x(self.x))
+        elif self.y:
+            self.term.stream.write(self.term.move_y(self.y))
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
+        """Restore original cursor position."""
+        self.term.stream.write(self.term.restore)
diff --git a/python/blessings/blessings/tests.py b/python/blessings/blessings/tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a02a3924a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/blessings/tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Automated tests (as opposed to human-verified test patterns)
+
+It was tempting to mock out curses to get predictable output from ``tigetstr``,
+but there are concrete integration-testing benefits in not doing so. For
+instance, ``tigetstr`` changed its return type in Python 3.2.3. So instead, we
+simply create all our test ``Terminal`` instances with a known terminal type.
+All we require from the host machine is that a standard terminfo definition of
+xterm-256color exists.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import with_statement  # Make 2.5-compatible
+from curses import tigetstr, tparm
+from functools import partial
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import sys
+
+from nose import SkipTest
+from nose.tools import eq_
+
+# This tests that __all__ is correct, since we use below everything that should
+# be imported:
+from blessings import *
+
+
+TestTerminal = partial(Terminal, kind='xterm-256color')
+
+
+def unicode_cap(cap):
+    """Return the result of ``tigetstr`` except as Unicode."""
+    return tigetstr(cap).decode('utf-8')
+
+
+def unicode_parm(cap, *parms):
+    """Return the result of ``tparm(tigetstr())`` except as Unicode."""
+    return tparm(tigetstr(cap), *parms).decode('utf-8')
+
+
+def test_capability():
+    """Check that a capability lookup works.
+
+    Also test that Terminal grabs a reasonable default stream. This test
+    assumes it will be run from a tty.
+
+    """
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    sc = unicode_cap('sc')
+    eq_(t.save, sc)
+    eq_(t.save, sc)  # Make sure caching doesn't screw it up.
+
+
+def test_capability_without_tty():
+    """Assert capability templates are '' when stream is not a tty."""
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO())
+    eq_(t.save, u'')
+    eq_(t.red, u'')
+
+
+def test_capability_with_forced_tty():
+    """If we force styling, capabilities had better not (generally) be empty."""
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO(), force_styling=True)
+    eq_(t.save, unicode_cap('sc'))
+
+
+def test_parametrization():
+    """Test parametrizing a capability."""
+    eq_(TestTerminal().cup(3, 4), unicode_parm('cup', 3, 4))
+
+
+def height_and_width():
+    """Assert that ``height_and_width()`` returns ints."""
+    t = TestTerminal()  # kind shouldn't matter.
+    assert isinstance(int, t.height)
+    assert isinstance(int, t.width)
+
+
+def test_stream_attr():
+    """Make sure Terminal exposes a ``stream`` attribute that defaults to something sane."""
+    eq_(Terminal().stream, sys.__stdout__)
+
+
+def test_location():
+    """Make sure ``location()`` does what it claims."""
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO(), force_styling=True)
+
+    with t.location(3, 4):
+        t.stream.write(u'hi')
+
+    eq_(t.stream.getvalue(), unicode_cap('sc') +
+                             unicode_parm('cup', 4, 3) +
+                             u'hi' +
+                             unicode_cap('rc'))
+
+
+def test_horizontal_location():
+    """Make sure we can move the cursor horizontally without changing rows."""
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO(), force_styling=True)
+    with t.location(x=5):
+        pass
+    eq_(t.stream.getvalue(), unicode_cap('sc') +
+                             unicode_parm('hpa', 5) +
+                             unicode_cap('rc'))
+
+
+def test_null_fileno():
+    """Make sure ``Terminal`` works when ``fileno`` is ``None``.
+
+    This simulates piping output to another program.
+
+    """
+    out = StringIO()
+    out.fileno = None
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=out)
+    eq_(t.save, u'')
+
+
+def test_mnemonic_colors():
+    """Make sure color shortcuts work."""
+    def color(num):
+        return unicode_parm('setaf', num)
+
+    def on_color(num):
+        return unicode_parm('setab', num)
+
+    # Avoid testing red, blue, yellow, and cyan, since they might someday
+    # change depending on terminal type.
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    eq_(t.white, color(7))
+    eq_(t.green, color(2))  # Make sure it's different than white.
+    eq_(t.on_black, on_color(0))
+    eq_(t.on_green, on_color(2))
+    eq_(t.bright_black, color(8))
+    eq_(t.bright_green, color(10))
+    eq_(t.on_bright_black, on_color(8))
+    eq_(t.on_bright_green, on_color(10))
+
+
+def test_callable_numeric_colors():
+    """``color(n)`` should return a formatting wrapper."""
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    eq_(t.color(5)('smoo'), t.magenta + 'smoo' + t.normal)
+    eq_(t.color(5)('smoo'), t.color(5) + 'smoo' + t.normal)
+    eq_(t.on_color(2)('smoo'), t.on_green + 'smoo' + t.normal)
+    eq_(t.on_color(2)('smoo'), t.on_color(2) + 'smoo' + t.normal)
+
+
+def test_null_callable_numeric_colors():
+    """``color(n)`` should be a no-op on null terminals."""
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO())
+    eq_(t.color(5)('smoo'), 'smoo')
+    eq_(t.on_color(6)('smoo'), 'smoo')
+
+
+def test_naked_color_cap():
+    """``term.color`` should return a stringlike capability."""
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    eq_(t.color + '', t.setaf + '')
+
+
+def test_number_of_colors_without_tty():
+    """``number_of_colors`` should return 0 when there's no tty."""
+    # Hypothesis: once setupterm() has run and decided the tty supports 256
+    # colors, it never changes its mind.
+    raise SkipTest
+
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO())
+    eq_(t.number_of_colors, 0)
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO(), force_styling=True)
+    eq_(t.number_of_colors, 0)
+
+
+def test_number_of_colors_with_tty():
+    """``number_of_colors`` should work."""
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    eq_(t.number_of_colors, 256)
+
+
+def test_formatting_functions():
+    """Test crazy-ass formatting wrappers, both simple and compound."""
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    # By now, it should be safe to use sugared attributes. Other tests test those.
+    eq_(t.bold(u'hi'), t.bold + u'hi' + t.normal)
+    eq_(t.green('hi'), t.green + u'hi' + t.normal)  # Plain strs for Python 2.x
+    # Test some non-ASCII chars, probably not necessary:
+    eq_(t.bold_green(u'boö'), t.bold + t.green + u'boö' + t.normal)
+    eq_(t.bold_underline_green_on_red('boo'),
+        t.bold + t.underline + t.green + t.on_red + u'boo' + t.normal)
+    # Don't spell things like this:
+    eq_(t.on_bright_red_bold_bright_green_underline('meh'),
+        t.on_bright_red + t.bold + t.bright_green + t.underline + u'meh' + t.normal)
+
+
+def test_formatting_functions_without_tty():
+    """Test crazy-ass formatting wrappers when there's no tty."""
+    t = TestTerminal(stream=StringIO())
+    eq_(t.bold(u'hi'), u'hi')
+    eq_(t.green('hi'), u'hi')
+    # Test non-ASCII chars, no longer really necessary:
+    eq_(t.bold_green(u'boö'), u'boö')
+    eq_(t.bold_underline_green_on_red('loo'), u'loo')
+    eq_(t.on_bright_red_bold_bright_green_underline('meh'), u'meh')
+
+
+def test_nice_formatting_errors():
+    """Make sure you get nice hints if you misspell a formatting wrapper."""
+    t = TestTerminal()
+    try:
+        t.bold_misspelled('hey')
+    except TypeError, e:
+        assert 'probably misspelled' in e.args[0]
+
+    try:
+        t.bold_misspelled(u'hey')  # unicode
+    except TypeError, e:
+        assert 'probably misspelled' in e.args[0]
+
+    try:
+        t.bold_misspelled(None)  # an arbitrary non-string
+    except TypeError, e:
+        assert 'probably misspelled' not in e.args[0]
+
+    try:
+        t.bold_misspelled('a', 'b')  # >1 string arg
+    except TypeError, e:
+        assert 'probably misspelled' not in e.args[0]
+
+
+def test_init_descriptor_always_initted():
+    """We should be able to get a height and width even on no-tty Terminals."""
+    t = Terminal(stream=StringIO())
+    eq_(type(t.height), int)
diff --git a/python/blessings/setup.cfg b/python/blessings/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..861a9f554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/blessings/setup.py b/python/blessings/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6af55452d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import sys
+
+from setuptools import setup, find_packages
+
+
+extra_setup = {}
+if sys.version_info >= (3,):
+    extra_setup['use_2to3'] = True
+
+setup(
+    name='blessings',
+    version='1.3',
+    description='A thin, practical wrapper around terminal formatting, positioning, and more',
+    long_description=open('README.rst').read(),
+    author='Erik Rose',
+    author_email='erikrose@grinchcentral.com',
+    license='MIT',
+    packages=find_packages(exclude=['ez_setup']),
+    tests_require=['Nose'],
+    url='https://github.com/erikrose/blessings',
+    include_package_data=True,
+    classifiers=[
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'Natural Language :: English',
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Environment :: Console',
+        'Environment :: Console :: Curses',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+        'Operating System :: POSIX',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: User Interfaces',
+        'Topic :: Terminals'
+        ],
+    keywords=['terminal', 'tty', 'curses', 'ncurses', 'formatting', 'style', 'color', 'console'],
+    **extra_setup
+)
diff --git a/python/blessings/tox.ini b/python/blessings/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1753f261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/blessings/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[tox]
+envlist = py25, py26, py27, py32
+
+[testenv]
+commands = nosetests blessings
+deps = nose
+changedir = .tox  # So Python 3 runs don't pick up incompatible, un-2to3'd source from the cwd
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/__init__.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bad265e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+version = "1.1"
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/checks.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/checks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee3bef03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/checks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import re
+from difflib import SequenceMatcher
+from xml import sax
+try:
+    from cStringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+
+from compare_locales.parser import DTDParser, PropertiesParser
+
+
+class Checker(object):
+    '''Abstract class to implement checks per file type.
+    '''
+    pattern = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def use(cls, file):
+        return cls.pattern.match(file.file)
+
+    def check(self, refEnt, l10nEnt):
+        '''Given the reference and localized Entities, performs checks.
+
+        This is a generator yielding tuples of
+        - "warning" or "error", depending on what should be reported,
+        - tuple of line, column info for the error within the string
+        - description string to be shown in the report
+        '''
+        if True:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Need to subclass")
+        yield ("error", (0, 0), "This is an example error", "example")
+
+
+class PrintfException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, msg, pos):
+        self.pos = pos
+        self.msg = msg
+
+
+class PropertiesChecker(Checker):
+    '''Tests to run on .properties files.
+    '''
+    pattern = re.compile('.*\.properties$')
+    printf = re.compile(r'%(?P<good>%|'
+                        r'(?:(?P<number>[1-9][0-9]*)\$)?'
+                        r'(?P<width>\*|[0-9]+)?'
+                        r'(?P<prec>\.(?:\*|[0-9]+)?)?'
+                        r'(?P<spec>[duxXosScpfg]))?')
+
+    def check(self, refEnt, l10nEnt):
+        '''Test for the different variable formats.
+        '''
+        refValue, l10nValue = refEnt.val, l10nEnt.val
+        refSpecs = None
+        # check for PluralForm.jsm stuff, should have the docs in the
+        # comment
+        if 'Localization_and_Plurals' in refEnt.pre_comment:
+            # For plurals, common variable pattern is #1. Try that.
+            pats = set(int(m.group(1)) for m in re.finditer('#([0-9]+)',
+                                                            refValue))
+            if len(pats) == 0:
+                return
+            lpats = set(int(m.group(1)) for m in re.finditer('#([0-9]+)',
+                                                             l10nValue))
+            if pats - lpats:
+                yield ('warning', 0, 'not all variables used in l10n',
+                       'plural')
+                return
+            if lpats - pats:
+                yield ('error', 0, 'unreplaced variables in l10n',
+                       'plural')
+                return
+            return
+        # check for lost escapes
+        raw_val = l10nEnt.raw_val
+        for m in PropertiesParser.escape.finditer(raw_val):
+            if m.group('single') and \
+               m.group('single') not in PropertiesParser.known_escapes:
+                yield ('warning', m.start(),
+                       'unknown escape sequence, \\' + m.group('single'),
+                       'escape')
+        try:
+            refSpecs = self.getPrintfSpecs(refValue)
+        except PrintfException:
+            refSpecs = []
+        if refSpecs:
+            for t in self.checkPrintf(refSpecs, l10nValue):
+                yield t
+            return
+
+    def checkPrintf(self, refSpecs, l10nValue):
+        try:
+            l10nSpecs = self.getPrintfSpecs(l10nValue)
+        except PrintfException, e:
+            yield ('error', e.pos, e.msg, 'printf')
+            return
+        if refSpecs != l10nSpecs:
+            sm = SequenceMatcher()
+            sm.set_seqs(refSpecs, l10nSpecs)
+            msgs = []
+            warn = None
+            for action, i1, i2, j1, j2 in sm.get_opcodes():
+                if action == 'equal':
+                    continue
+                if action == 'delete':
+                    # missing argument in l10n
+                    if i2 == len(refSpecs):
+                        # trailing specs missing, that's just a warning
+                        warn = ', '.join('trailing argument %d `%s` missing' %
+                                         (i+1, refSpecs[i])
+                                         for i in xrange(i1, i2))
+                    else:
+                        for i in xrange(i1, i2):
+                            msgs.append('argument %d `%s` missing' %
+                                        (i+1, refSpecs[i]))
+                    continue
+                if action == 'insert':
+                    # obsolete argument in l10n
+                    for i in xrange(j1, j2):
+                        msgs.append('argument %d `%s` obsolete' %
+                                    (i+1, l10nSpecs[i]))
+                    continue
+                if action == 'replace':
+                    for i, j in zip(xrange(i1, i2), xrange(j1, j2)):
+                        msgs.append('argument %d `%s` should be `%s`' %
+                                    (j+1, l10nSpecs[j], refSpecs[i]))
+            if msgs:
+                yield ('error', 0, ', '.join(msgs), 'printf')
+            if warn is not None:
+                yield ('warning', 0, warn, 'printf')
+
+    def getPrintfSpecs(self, val):
+        hasNumber = False
+        specs = []
+        for m in self.printf.finditer(val):
+            if m.group("good") is None:
+                # found just a '%', signal an error
+                raise PrintfException('Found single %', m.start())
+            if m.group("good") == '%':
+                # escaped %
+                continue
+            if ((hasNumber and m.group('number') is None) or
+                    (not hasNumber and specs and
+                     m.group('number') is not None)):
+                # mixed style, numbered and not
+                raise PrintfException('Mixed ordered and non-ordered args',
+                                      m.start())
+            hasNumber = m.group('number') is not None
+            if hasNumber:
+                pos = int(m.group('number')) - 1
+                ls = len(specs)
+                if pos >= ls:
+                    # pad specs
+                    nones = pos - ls
+                    specs[ls:pos] = nones*[None]
+                    specs.append(m.group('spec'))
+                else:
+                    if specs[pos] is not None:
+                        raise PrintfException('Double ordered argument %d' %
+                                              (pos+1),
+                                              m.start())
+                    specs[pos] = m.group('spec')
+            else:
+                specs.append(m.group('spec'))
+        # check for missing args
+        if hasNumber and not all(specs):
+            raise PrintfException('Ordered argument missing', 0)
+        return specs
+
+
+class DTDChecker(Checker):
+    """Tests to run on DTD files.
+
+    Uses xml.sax for the heavy lifting of xml parsing.
+
+    The code tries to parse until it doesn't find any unresolved entities
+    anymore. If it finds one, it tries to grab the key, and adds an empty
+    <!ENTITY key ""> definition to the header.
+
+    Also checks for some CSS and number heuristics in the values.
+    """
+    pattern = re.compile('.*\.dtd$')
+
+    eref = re.compile('&(%s);' % DTDParser.Name)
+    tmpl = '''<!DOCTYPE elem [%s]>
+<elem>%s</elem>
+'''
+    xmllist = set(('amp', 'lt', 'gt', 'apos', 'quot'))
+
+    def __init__(self, reference):
+        self.reference = reference
+        self.__known_entities = None
+
+    def known_entities(self, refValue):
+        if self.__known_entities is None and self.reference is not None:
+            self.__known_entities = set()
+            for ent in self.reference:
+                self.__known_entities.update(self.entities_for_value(ent.val))
+        return self.__known_entities if self.__known_entities is not None \
+            else self.entities_for_value(refValue)
+
+    def entities_for_value(self, value):
+        reflist = set(m.group(1).encode('utf-8')
+                      for m in self.eref.finditer(value))
+        reflist -= self.xmllist
+        return reflist
+
+    # Setup for XML parser, with default and text-only content handler
+    class TextContent(sax.handler.ContentHandler):
+        textcontent = ''
+
+        def characters(self, content):
+            self.textcontent += content
+
+    defaulthandler = sax.handler.ContentHandler()
+    texthandler = TextContent()
+
+    numPattern = r'([0-9]+|[0-9]*\.[0-9]+)'
+    num = re.compile('^%s$' % numPattern)
+    lengthPattern = '%s(em|px|ch|cm|in)' % numPattern
+    length = re.compile('^%s$' % lengthPattern)
+    spec = re.compile(r'((?:min\-)?(?:width|height))\s*:\s*%s' %
+                      lengthPattern)
+    style = re.compile(r'^%(spec)s\s*(;\s*%(spec)s\s*)*;?$' %
+                       {'spec': spec.pattern})
+
+    processContent = None
+
+    def check(self, refEnt, l10nEnt):
+        """Try to parse the refvalue inside a dummy element, and keep
+        track of entities that we need to define to make that work.
+
+        Return a checker that offers just those entities.
+        """
+        refValue, l10nValue = refEnt.val, l10nEnt.val
+        # find entities the refValue references,
+        # reusing markup from DTDParser.
+        reflist = self.known_entities(refValue)
+        inContext = self.entities_for_value(refValue)
+        entities = ''.join('<!ENTITY %s "">' % s for s in sorted(reflist))
+        parser = sax.make_parser()
+        parser.setFeature(sax.handler.feature_external_ges, False)
+
+        parser.setContentHandler(self.defaulthandler)
+        try:
+            parser.parse(StringIO(self.tmpl %
+                                  (entities, refValue.encode('utf-8'))))
+            # also catch stray %
+            parser.parse(StringIO(self.tmpl %
+                                  (refEnt.all.encode('utf-8') + entities,
+                                   '&%s;' % refEnt.key.encode('utf-8'))))
+        except sax.SAXParseException, e:
+            yield ('warning',
+                   (0, 0),
+                   "can't parse en-US value", 'xmlparse')
+
+        # find entities the l10nValue references,
+        # reusing markup from DTDParser.
+        l10nlist = self.entities_for_value(l10nValue)
+        missing = sorted(l10nlist - reflist)
+        _entities = entities + ''.join('<!ENTITY %s "">' % s for s in missing)
+        if self.processContent is not None:
+            self.texthandler.textcontent = ''
+            parser.setContentHandler(self.texthandler)
+        try:
+            parser.parse(StringIO(self.tmpl % (_entities,
+                         l10nValue.encode('utf-8'))))
+            # also catch stray %
+            # if this fails, we need to substract the entity definition
+            parser.setContentHandler(self.defaulthandler)
+            parser.parse(StringIO(self.tmpl % (
+                l10nEnt.all.encode('utf-8') + _entities,
+                '&%s;' % l10nEnt.key.encode('utf-8'))))
+        except sax.SAXParseException, e:
+            # xml parse error, yield error
+            # sometimes, the error is reported on our fake closing
+            # element, make that the end of the last line
+            lnr = e.getLineNumber() - 1
+            lines = l10nValue.splitlines()
+            if lnr > len(lines):
+                lnr = len(lines)
+                col = len(lines[lnr-1])
+            else:
+                col = e.getColumnNumber()
+                if lnr == 1:
+                    # first line starts with <elem>, substract
+                    col -= len("<elem>")
+                elif lnr == 0:
+                    col -= len("<!DOCTYPE elem [")  # first line is DOCTYPE
+            yield ('error', (lnr, col), ' '.join(e.args), 'xmlparse')
+
+        warntmpl = u'Referencing unknown entity `%s`'
+        if reflist:
+            if inContext:
+                elsewhere = reflist - inContext
+                warntmpl += ' (%s used in context' % \
+                    ', '.join(sorted(inContext))
+                if elsewhere:
+                    warntmpl += ', %s known)' % ', '.join(sorted(elsewhere))
+                else:
+                    warntmpl += ')'
+            else:
+                warntmpl += ' (%s known)' % ', '.join(sorted(reflist))
+        for key in missing:
+            yield ('warning', (0, 0), warntmpl % key.decode('utf-8'),
+                   'xmlparse')
+        if inContext and l10nlist and l10nlist - inContext - set(missing):
+            mismatch = sorted(l10nlist - inContext - set(missing))
+            for key in mismatch:
+                yield ('warning', (0, 0),
+                       'Entity %s referenced, but %s used in context' % (
+                           key.decode('utf-8'),
+                           ', '.join(sorted(inContext))
+                ), 'xmlparse')
+
+        # Number check
+        if self.num.match(refValue) and not self.num.match(l10nValue):
+            yield ('warning', 0, 'reference is a number', 'number')
+        # CSS checks
+        # just a length, width="100em"
+        if self.length.match(refValue) and not self.length.match(l10nValue):
+            yield ('error', 0, 'reference is a CSS length', 'css')
+        # real CSS spec, style="width:100px;"
+        if self.style.match(refValue):
+            if not self.style.match(l10nValue):
+                yield ('error', 0, 'reference is a CSS spec', 'css')
+            else:
+                # warn if different properties or units
+                refMap = dict((s, u) for s, _, u in
+                              self.spec.findall(refValue))
+                msgs = []
+                for s, _, u in self.spec.findall(l10nValue):
+                    if s not in refMap:
+                        msgs.insert(0, '%s only in l10n' % s)
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        ru = refMap.pop(s)
+                        if u != ru:
+                            msgs.append("units for %s don't match "
+                                        "(%s != %s)" % (s, u, ru))
+                for s in refMap.iterkeys():
+                    msgs.insert(0, '%s only in reference' % s)
+                if msgs:
+                    yield ('warning', 0, ', '.join(msgs), 'css')
+
+        if self.processContent is not None:
+            for t in self.processContent(self.texthandler.textcontent):
+                yield t
+
+
+class PrincessAndroid(DTDChecker):
+    """Checker for the string values that Android puts into an XML container.
+
+    http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/string-resource.html#FormattingAndStyling  # noqa
+    has more info. Check for unescaped apostrophes and bad unicode escapes.
+    """
+    quoted = re.compile("(?P<q>[\"']).*(?P=q)$")
+
+    def unicode_escape(self, str):
+        """Helper method to try to decode all unicode escapes in a string.
+
+        This code uses the standard python decode for unicode-escape, but
+        that's somewhat tricky, as its input needs to be ascii. To get to
+        ascii, the unicode string gets converted to ascii with
+        backslashreplace, i.e., all non-ascii unicode chars get unicode
+        escaped. And then we try to roll all of that back.
+        Now, when that hits an error, that's from the original string, and we
+        need to search for the actual error position in the original string,
+        as the backslashreplace code changes string positions quite badly.
+        See also the last check in TestAndroid.test_android_dtd, with a
+        lengthy chinese string.
+        """
+        val = str.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+        try:
+            val.decode('unicode-escape')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError, e:
+            args = list(e.args)
+            badstring = args[1][args[2]:args[3]]
+            i = len(args[1][:args[2]].decode('unicode-escape'))
+            args[2] = i
+            args[3] = i + len(badstring)
+            raise UnicodeDecodeError(*args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def use(cls, file):
+        """Use this Checker only for DTD files in embedding/android."""
+        return (file.module in ("embedding/android",
+                                "mobile/android/base") and
+                cls.pattern.match(file.file))
+
+    def processContent(self, val):
+        """Actual check code.
+        Check for unicode escapes and unescaped quotes and apostrophes,
+        if string's not quoted.
+        """
+        # first, try to decode unicode escapes
+        try:
+            self.unicode_escape(val)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError, e:
+            yield ('error', e.args[2], e.args[4], 'android')
+        # check for unescaped single or double quotes.
+        # first, see if the complete string is single or double quoted,
+        # that changes the rules
+        m = self.quoted.match(val)
+        if m:
+            q = m.group('q')
+            offset = 0
+            val = val[1:-1]  # strip quotes
+        else:
+            q = "[\"']"
+            offset = -1
+        stray_quot = re.compile(r"[\\\\]*(%s)" % q)
+
+        for m in stray_quot.finditer(val):
+            if len(m.group(0)) % 2:
+                # found an unescaped single or double quote, which message?
+                if m.group(1) == '"':
+                    msg = u"Quotes in Android DTDs need escaping with \\\" "\
+                          u"or \\u0022, or put string in apostrophes."
+                else:
+                    msg = u"Apostrophes in Android DTDs need escaping with "\
+                          u"\\' or \\u0027, or use \u2019, or put string in "\
+                          u"quotes."
+                yield ('error', m.end(0)+offset, msg, 'android')
+
+
+def getChecker(file, reference=None):
+    if PropertiesChecker.use(file):
+        return PropertiesChecker()
+    if PrincessAndroid.use(file):
+        return PrincessAndroid(reference)
+    if DTDChecker.use(file):
+        return DTDChecker(reference)
+    return None
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/commands.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61b58ec4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'Commands exposed to commandlines'
+
+import logging
+from optparse import OptionParser, make_option
+
+from compare_locales.paths import EnumerateApp
+from compare_locales.compare import compareApp, compareDirs
+from compare_locales.webapps import compare_web_app
+
+
+class BaseCommand(object):
+    """Base class for compare-locales commands.
+    This handles command line parsing, and general sugar for setuptools
+    entry_points.
+    """
+    options = [
+        make_option('-v', '--verbose', action='count', dest='v', default=0,
+                    help='Make more noise'),
+        make_option('-q', '--quiet', action='count', dest='q', default=0,
+                    help='Make less noise'),
+        make_option('-m', '--merge',
+                    help='''Use this directory to stage merged files,
+use {ab_CD} to specify a different directory for each locale'''),
+    ]
+    data_option = make_option('--data', choices=['text', 'exhibit', 'json'],
+                              default='text',
+                              help='''Choose data and format (one of text,
+exhibit, json); text: (default) Show which files miss which strings, together
+with warnings and errors. Also prints a summary; json: Serialize the internal
+tree, useful for tools. Also always succeeds; exhibit: Serialize the summary
+data in a json useful for Exhibit
+''')
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.parser = None
+
+    def get_parser(self):
+        """Get an OptionParser, with class docstring as usage, and
+        self.options.
+        """
+        parser = OptionParser()
+        parser.set_usage(self.__doc__)
+        for option in self.options:
+            parser.add_option(option)
+        return parser
+
+    @classmethod
+    def call(cls):
+        """Entry_point for setuptools.
+        The actual command handling is done in the handle() method of the
+        subclasses.
+        """
+        cmd = cls()
+        cmd.handle_()
+
+    def handle_(self):
+        """The instance part of the classmethod call."""
+        self.parser = self.get_parser()
+        (options, args) = self.parser.parse_args()
+        # log as verbose or quiet as we want, warn by default
+        logging.basicConfig()
+        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.WARNING -
+                                     (options.v - options.q)*10)
+        observer = self.handle(args, options)
+        print observer.serialize(type=options.data).encode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+    def handle(self, args, options):
+        """Subclasses need to implement this method for the actual
+        command handling.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class CompareLocales(BaseCommand):
+    """usage: %prog [options] l10n.ini l10n_base_dir [locale ...]
+
+Check the localization status of a gecko application.
+The first argument is a path to the l10n.ini file for the application,
+followed by the base directory of the localization repositories.
+Then you pass in the list of locale codes you want to compare. If there are
+not locales given, the list of locales will be taken from the all-locales file
+of the application\'s l10n.ini."""
+
+    options = BaseCommand.options + [
+        make_option('--clobber-merge', action="store_true", default=False,
+                    dest='clobber',
+                    help="""WARNING: DATALOSS.
+Use this option with care. If specified, the merge directory will
+be clobbered for each module. That means, the subdirectory will
+be completely removed, any files that were there are lost.
+Be careful to specify the right merge directory when using this option."""),
+        make_option('-r', '--reference', default='en-US', dest='reference',
+                    help='Explicitly set the reference '
+                    'localization. [default: en-US]'),
+        BaseCommand.data_option
+    ]
+
+    def handle(self, args, options):
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            self.parser.error('Need to pass in list of languages')
+        inipath, l10nbase = args[:2]
+        locales = args[2:]
+        app = EnumerateApp(inipath, l10nbase, locales)
+        app.reference = options.reference
+        try:
+            observer = compareApp(app, merge_stage=options.merge,
+                                  clobber=options.clobber)
+        except (OSError, IOError), exc:
+            print "FAIL: " + str(exc)
+            self.parser.exit(2)
+        return observer
+
+
+class CompareDirs(BaseCommand):
+    """usage: %prog [options] reference localization
+
+Check the localization status of a directory tree.
+The first argument is a path to the reference data,the second is the
+localization to be tested."""
+
+    options = BaseCommand.options + [
+        BaseCommand.data_option
+    ]
+
+    def handle(self, args, options):
+        if len(args) != 2:
+            self.parser.error('Reference and localizatino required')
+        reference, locale = args
+        observer = compareDirs(reference, locale, merge_stage=options.merge)
+        return observer
+
+
+class CompareWebApp(BaseCommand):
+    """usage: %prog [options] webapp [locale locale]
+
+Check the localization status of a gaia-style web app.
+The first argument is the directory of the web app.
+Following arguments explicitly state the locales to test.
+If none are given, test all locales in manifest.webapp or files."""
+
+    options = BaseCommand.options[:-1] + [
+        BaseCommand.data_option]
+
+    def handle(self, args, options):
+        if len(args) < 1:
+            self.parser.error('Webapp directory required')
+        basedir = args[0]
+        locales = args[1:]
+        observer = compare_web_app(basedir, locales)
+        return observer
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/compare.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/compare.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f71c46f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/compare.py
@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'Mozilla l10n compare locales tool'
+
+import codecs
+import os
+import os.path
+import shutil
+import re
+from difflib import SequenceMatcher
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+try:
+    from json import dumps
+except:
+    from simplejson import dumps
+
+from compare_locales import parser
+from compare_locales import paths
+from compare_locales.checks import getChecker
+
+
+class Tree(object):
+    def __init__(self, valuetype):
+        self.branches = dict()
+        self.valuetype = valuetype
+        self.value = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, leaf):
+        parts = []
+        if isinstance(leaf, paths.File):
+            parts = [p for p in [leaf.locale, leaf.module] if p] + \
+                leaf.file.split('/')
+        else:
+            parts = leaf.split('/')
+        return self.__get(parts)
+
+    def __get(self, parts):
+        common = None
+        old = None
+        new = tuple(parts)
+        t = self
+        for k, v in self.branches.iteritems():
+            for i, part in enumerate(zip(k, parts)):
+                if part[0] != part[1]:
+                    i -= 1
+                    break
+            if i < 0:
+                continue
+            i += 1
+            common = tuple(k[:i])
+            old = tuple(k[i:])
+            new = tuple(parts[i:])
+            break
+        if old:
+            self.branches.pop(k)
+            t = Tree(self.valuetype)
+            t.branches[old] = v
+            self.branches[common] = t
+        elif common:
+            t = self.branches[common]
+        if new:
+            if common:
+                return t.__get(new)
+            t2 = t
+            t = Tree(self.valuetype)
+            t2.branches[new] = t
+        if t.value is None:
+            t.value = t.valuetype()
+        return t.value
+
+    indent = '  '
+
+    def getContent(self, depth=0):
+        '''
+        Returns iterator of (depth, flag, key_or_value) tuples.
+        If flag is 'value', key_or_value is a value object, otherwise
+        (flag is 'key') it's a key string.
+        '''
+        keys = self.branches.keys()
+        keys.sort()
+        if self.value is not None:
+            yield (depth, 'value', self.value)
+        for key in keys:
+            yield (depth, 'key', key)
+            for child in self.branches[key].getContent(depth + 1):
+                yield child
+
+    def toJSON(self):
+        '''
+        Returns this Tree as a JSON-able tree of hashes.
+        Only the values need to take care that they're JSON-able.
+        '''
+        json = {}
+        keys = self.branches.keys()
+        keys.sort()
+        if self.value is not None:
+            json['value'] = self.value
+        children = [('/'.join(key), self.branches[key].toJSON())
+                    for key in keys]
+        if children:
+            json['children'] = children
+        return json
+
+    def getStrRows(self):
+        def tostr(t):
+            if t[1] == 'key':
+                return self.indent * t[0] + '/'.join(t[2])
+            return self.indent * (t[0] + 1) + str(t[2])
+
+        return map(tostr, self.getContent())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '\n'.join(self.getStrRows())
+
+
+class AddRemove(SequenceMatcher):
+    def __init__(self):
+        SequenceMatcher.__init__(self, None, None, None)
+
+    def set_left(self, left):
+        if not isinstance(left, list):
+            left = [l for l in left]
+        self.set_seq1(left)
+
+    def set_right(self, right):
+        if not isinstance(right, list):
+            right = [l for l in right]
+        self.set_seq2(right)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in self.get_opcodes():
+            if tag == 'equal':
+                for pair in zip(self.a[i1:i2], self.b[j1:j2]):
+                    yield ('equal', pair)
+            elif tag == 'delete':
+                for item in self.a[i1:i2]:
+                    yield ('delete', item)
+            elif tag == 'insert':
+                for item in self.b[j1:j2]:
+                    yield ('add', item)
+            else:
+                # tag == 'replace'
+                for item in self.a[i1:i2]:
+                    yield ('delete', item)
+                for item in self.b[j1:j2]:
+                    yield ('add', item)
+
+
+class DirectoryCompare(SequenceMatcher):
+    def __init__(self, reference):
+        SequenceMatcher.__init__(self, None, [i for i in reference],
+                                 [])
+        self.watcher = None
+
+    def setWatcher(self, watcher):
+        self.watcher = watcher
+
+    def compareWith(self, other):
+        if not self.watcher:
+            return
+        self.set_seq2([i for i in other])
+        for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in self.get_opcodes():
+            if tag == 'equal':
+                for i, j in zip(xrange(i1, i2), xrange(j1, j2)):
+                    self.watcher.compare(self.a[i], self.b[j])
+            elif tag == 'delete':
+                for i in xrange(i1, i2):
+                    self.watcher.add(self.a[i], other.cloneFile(self.a[i]))
+            elif tag == 'insert':
+                for j in xrange(j1, j2):
+                    self.watcher.remove(self.b[j])
+            else:
+                for j in xrange(j1, j2):
+                    self.watcher.remove(self.b[j])
+                for i in xrange(i1, i2):
+                    self.watcher.add(self.a[i], other.cloneFile(self.a[i]))
+
+
+class Observer(object):
+    stat_cats = ['missing', 'obsolete', 'missingInFiles', 'report',
+                 'changed', 'unchanged', 'keys']
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        class intdict(defaultdict):
+            def __init__(self):
+                defaultdict.__init__(self, int)
+
+        self.summary = defaultdict(intdict)
+        self.details = Tree(dict)
+        self.filter = None
+
+    # support pickling
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(summary=self.getSummary(), details=self.details)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        class intdict(defaultdict):
+            def __init__(self):
+                defaultdict.__init__(self, int)
+
+        self.summary = defaultdict(intdict)
+        if 'summary' in state:
+            for loc, stats in state['summary'].iteritems():
+                self.summary[loc].update(stats)
+        self.details = state['details']
+        self.filter = None
+
+    def getSummary(self):
+        plaindict = {}
+        for k, v in self.summary.iteritems():
+            plaindict[k] = dict(v)
+        return plaindict
+
+    def toJSON(self):
+        return dict(summary=self.getSummary(), details=self.details.toJSON())
+
+    def notify(self, category, file, data):
+        rv = "error"
+        if category in self.stat_cats:
+            # these get called post reporting just for stats
+            # return "error" to forward them to other other_observers
+            self.summary[file.locale][category] += data
+            # keep track of how many strings are in a missing file
+            # we got the {'missingFile': 'error'} from the first pass
+            if category == 'missingInFiles':
+                self.details[file]['strings'] = data
+            return "error"
+        if category in ['missingFile', 'obsoleteFile']:
+            if self.filter is not None:
+                rv = self.filter(file)
+            if rv != "ignore":
+                self.details[file][category] = rv
+            return rv
+        if category in ['missingEntity', 'obsoleteEntity']:
+            if self.filter is not None:
+                rv = self.filter(file, data)
+            if rv == "ignore":
+                return rv
+            v = self.details[file]
+            try:
+                v[category].append(data)
+            except KeyError:
+                v[category] = [data]
+            return rv
+        if category == 'error':
+            try:
+                self.details[file][category].append(data)
+            except KeyError:
+                self.details[file][category] = [data]
+            self.summary[file.locale]['errors'] += 1
+        elif category == 'warning':
+            try:
+                self.details[file][category].append(data)
+            except KeyError:
+                self.details[file][category] = [data]
+            self.summary[file.locale]['warnings'] += 1
+        return rv
+
+    def toExhibit(self):
+        items = []
+        for locale in sorted(self.summary.iterkeys()):
+            summary = self.summary[locale]
+            if locale is not None:
+                item = {'id': 'xxx/' + locale,
+                        'label': locale,
+                        'locale': locale}
+            else:
+                item = {'id': 'xxx',
+                        'label': 'xxx',
+                        'locale': 'xxx'}
+            item['type'] = 'Build'
+            total = sum([summary[k]
+                         for k in ('changed', 'unchanged', 'report', 'missing',
+                                   'missingInFiles')
+                         if k in summary])
+            rate = (('changed' in summary and summary['changed'] * 100) or
+                    0) / total
+            item.update((k, summary.get(k, 0))
+                        for k in ('changed', 'unchanged'))
+            item.update((k, summary[k])
+                        for k in ('report', 'errors', 'warnings')
+                        if k in summary)
+            item['missing'] = summary.get('missing', 0) + \
+                summary.get('missingInFiles', 0)
+            item['completion'] = rate
+            item['total'] = total
+            result = 'success'
+            if item.get('warnings', 0):
+                result = 'warning'
+            if item.get('errors', 0) or item.get('missing', 0):
+                result = 'failure'
+            item['result'] = result
+            items.append(item)
+        data = {
+            "properties": dict.fromkeys(
+                ("completion", "errors", "warnings", "missing", "report",
+                 "unchanged", "changed", "obsolete"),
+                {"valueType": "number"}),
+            "types": {
+                "Build": {"pluralLabel": "Builds"}
+            }}
+        data['items'] = items
+        return dumps(data, indent=2)
+
+    def serialize(self, type="text"):
+        if type == "exhibit":
+            return self.toExhibit()
+        if type == "json":
+            return dumps(self.toJSON())
+
+        def tostr(t):
+            if t[1] == 'key':
+                return '  ' * t[0] + '/'.join(t[2])
+            o = []
+            indent = '  ' * (t[0] + 1)
+            if 'error' in t[2]:
+                o += [indent + 'ERROR: ' + e for e in t[2]['error']]
+            if 'warning' in t[2]:
+                o += [indent + 'WARNING: ' + e for e in t[2]['warning']]
+            if 'missingEntity' in t[2] or 'obsoleteEntity' in t[2]:
+                missingEntities = ('missingEntity' in t[2] and
+                                   t[2]['missingEntity']) or []
+                obsoleteEntities = ('obsoleteEntity' in t[2] and
+                                    t[2]['obsoleteEntity']) or []
+                entities = missingEntities + obsoleteEntities
+                entities.sort()
+                for entity in entities:
+                    op = '+'
+                    if entity in obsoleteEntities:
+                        op = '-'
+                    o.append(indent + op + entity)
+            elif 'missingFile' in t[2]:
+                o.append(indent + '// add and localize this file')
+            elif 'obsoleteFile' in t[2]:
+                o.append(indent + '// remove this file')
+            return '\n'.join(o)
+
+        out = []
+        for locale, summary in sorted(self.summary.iteritems()):
+            if locale is not None:
+                out.append(locale + ':')
+            out += [k + ': ' + str(v) for k, v in sorted(summary.iteritems())]
+            total = sum([summary[k]
+                         for k in ['changed', 'unchanged', 'report', 'missing',
+                                   'missingInFiles']
+                         if k in summary])
+            rate = 0
+            if total:
+                rate = (('changed' in summary and summary['changed'] * 100) or
+                        0) / total
+            out.append('%d%% of entries changed' % rate)
+        return '\n'.join(map(tostr, self.details.getContent()) + out)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return 'observer'
+
+
+class ContentComparer:
+    keyRE = re.compile('[kK]ey')
+    nl = re.compile('\n', re.M)
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        '''Create a ContentComparer.
+        observer is usually a instance of Observer. The return values
+        of the notify method are used to control the handling of missing
+        entities.
+        '''
+        self.reference = dict()
+        self.observer = Observer()
+        self.other_observers = []
+        self.merge_stage = None
+
+    def add_observer(self, obs):
+        '''Add a non-filtering observer.
+        Results from the notify calls are ignored.
+        '''
+        self.other_observers.append(obs)
+
+    def set_merge_stage(self, merge_stage):
+        self.merge_stage = merge_stage
+
+    def merge(self, ref_entities, ref_map, ref_file, l10n_file, missing,
+              skips, p):
+        outfile = os.path.join(self.merge_stage, l10n_file.module,
+                               l10n_file.file)
+        outdir = os.path.dirname(outfile)
+        if not os.path.isdir(outdir):
+            os.makedirs(outdir)
+        if not p.canMerge:
+            shutil.copyfile(ref_file.fullpath, outfile)
+            print "copied reference to " + outfile
+            return
+        if skips:
+            # skips come in ordered by key name, we need them in file order
+            skips.sort(key=lambda s: s.span[0])
+        trailing = (['\n'] +
+                    [ref_entities[ref_map[key]].all for key in missing] +
+                    [ref_entities[ref_map[skip.key]].all for skip in skips
+                     if not isinstance(skip, parser.Junk)])
+        if skips:
+            # we need to skip a few errornous blocks in the input, copy by hand
+            f = codecs.open(outfile, 'wb', p.encoding)
+            offset = 0
+            for skip in skips:
+                chunk = skip.span
+                f.write(p.contents[offset:chunk[0]])
+                offset = chunk[1]
+            f.write(p.contents[offset:])
+        else:
+            shutil.copyfile(l10n_file.fullpath, outfile)
+            f = codecs.open(outfile, 'ab', p.encoding)
+        print "adding to " + outfile
+
+        def ensureNewline(s):
+            if not s.endswith('\n'):
+                return s + '\n'
+            return s
+
+        f.write(''.join(map(ensureNewline, trailing)))
+        f.close()
+
+    def notify(self, category, file, data):
+        """Check observer for the found data, and if it's
+        not to ignore, notify other_observers.
+        """
+        rv = self.observer.notify(category, file, data)
+        if rv == 'ignore':
+            return rv
+        for obs in self.other_observers:
+            # non-filtering other_observers, ignore results
+            obs.notify(category, file, data)
+        return rv
+
+    def remove(self, obsolete):
+        self.notify('obsoleteFile', obsolete, None)
+        pass
+
+    def compare(self, ref_file, l10n):
+        try:
+            p = parser.getParser(ref_file.file)
+        except UserWarning:
+            # no comparison, XXX report?
+            return
+        if ref_file not in self.reference:
+            # we didn't parse this before
+            try:
+                p.readContents(ref_file.getContents())
+            except Exception, e:
+                self.notify('error', ref_file, str(e))
+                return
+            self.reference[ref_file] = p.parse()
+        ref = self.reference[ref_file]
+        ref_list = ref[1].keys()
+        ref_list.sort()
+        try:
+            p.readContents(l10n.getContents())
+            l10n_entities, l10n_map = p.parse()
+        except Exception, e:
+            self.notify('error', l10n, str(e))
+            return
+        lines = []
+
+        def _getLine(offset):
+            if not lines:
+                lines.append(0)
+                for m in self.nl.finditer(p.contents):
+                    lines.append(m.end())
+            for i in xrange(len(lines), 0, -1):
+                if offset >= lines[i - 1]:
+                    return (i, offset - lines[i - 1])
+            return (1, offset)
+
+        l10n_list = l10n_map.keys()
+        l10n_list.sort()
+        ar = AddRemove()
+        ar.set_left(ref_list)
+        ar.set_right(l10n_list)
+        report = missing = obsolete = changed = unchanged = keys = 0
+        missings = []
+        skips = []
+        checker = getChecker(l10n, reference=ref[0])
+        for action, item_or_pair in ar:
+            if action == 'delete':
+                # missing entity
+                _rv = self.notify('missingEntity', l10n, item_or_pair)
+                if _rv == "ignore":
+                    continue
+                if _rv == "error":
+                    # only add to missing entities for l10n-merge on error,
+                    # not report
+                    missings.append(item_or_pair)
+                    missing += 1
+                else:
+                    # just report
+                    report += 1
+            elif action == 'add':
+                # obsolete entity or junk
+                if isinstance(l10n_entities[l10n_map[item_or_pair]],
+                              parser.Junk):
+                    junk = l10n_entities[l10n_map[item_or_pair]]
+                    params = (junk.val,) + junk.span
+                    self.notify('error', l10n,
+                                'Unparsed content "%s" at %d-%d' % params)
+                    if self.merge_stage is not None:
+                        skips.append(junk)
+                elif self.notify('obsoleteEntity', l10n,
+                                 item_or_pair) != 'ignore':
+                    obsolete += 1
+            else:
+                # entity found in both ref and l10n, check for changed
+                entity = item_or_pair[0]
+                refent = ref[0][ref[1][entity]]
+                l10nent = l10n_entities[l10n_map[entity]]
+                if self.keyRE.search(entity):
+                    keys += 1
+                else:
+                    if refent.val == l10nent.val:
+                        self.doUnchanged(l10nent)
+                        unchanged += 1
+                    else:
+                        self.doChanged(ref_file, refent, l10nent)
+                        changed += 1
+                        # run checks:
+                if checker:
+                    for tp, pos, msg, cat in checker.check(refent, l10nent):
+                        # compute real src position, if first line,
+                        # col needs adjustment
+                        _l, _offset = _getLine(l10nent.val_span[0])
+                        if isinstance(pos, tuple):
+                            # line, column
+                            if pos[0] == 1:
+                                col = pos[1] + _offset
+                            else:
+                                col = pos[1]
+                            _l += pos[0] - 1
+                        else:
+                            _l, col = _getLine(l10nent.val_span[0] + pos)
+                            # skip error entities when merging
+                        if tp == 'error' and self.merge_stage is not None:
+                            skips.append(l10nent)
+                        self.notify(tp, l10n,
+                                    u"%s at line %d, column %d for %s" %
+                                    (msg, _l, col, refent.key))
+                pass
+        if missing:
+            self.notify('missing', l10n, missing)
+        if self.merge_stage is not None and (missings or skips):
+            self.merge(ref[0], ref[1], ref_file, l10n, missings, skips, p)
+        if report:
+            self.notify('report', l10n, report)
+        if obsolete:
+            self.notify('obsolete', l10n, obsolete)
+        if changed:
+            self.notify('changed', l10n, changed)
+        if unchanged:
+            self.notify('unchanged', l10n, unchanged)
+        if keys:
+            self.notify('keys', l10n, keys)
+        pass
+
+    def add(self, orig, missing):
+        if self.notify('missingFile', missing, None) == "ignore":
+            # filter said that we don't need this file, don't count it
+            return
+        f = orig
+        try:
+            p = parser.getParser(f.file)
+        except UserWarning:
+            return
+        try:
+            p.readContents(f.getContents())
+            entities, map = p.parse()
+        except Exception, e:
+            self.notify('error', f, str(e))
+            return
+        self.notify('missingInFiles', missing, len(map))
+
+    def doUnchanged(self, entity):
+        # overload this if needed
+        pass
+
+    def doChanged(self, file, ref_entity, l10n_entity):
+        # overload this if needed
+        pass
+
+
+def compareApp(app, other_observer=None, merge_stage=None, clobber=False):
+    '''Compare locales set in app.
+
+    Optional arguments are:
+    - other_observer. A object implementing
+        notify(category, _file, data)
+      The return values of that callback are ignored.
+    - merge_stage. A directory to be used for staging the output of
+      l10n-merge.
+    - clobber. Clobber the module subdirectories of the merge dir as we go.
+      Use wisely, as it might cause data loss.
+    '''
+    comparer = ContentComparer()
+    if other_observer is not None:
+        comparer.add_observer(other_observer)
+    comparer.observer.filter = app.filter
+    for module, reference, locales in app:
+        dir_comp = DirectoryCompare(reference)
+        dir_comp.setWatcher(comparer)
+        for _, localization in locales:
+            if merge_stage is not None:
+                locale_merge = merge_stage.format(ab_CD=localization.locale)
+                comparer.set_merge_stage(locale_merge)
+                if clobber:
+                    # if clobber, remove the stage for the module if it exists
+                    clobberdir = os.path.join(locale_merge, module)
+                    if os.path.exists(clobberdir):
+                        shutil.rmtree(clobberdir)
+                        print "clobbered " + clobberdir
+            dir_comp.compareWith(localization)
+    return comparer.observer
+
+
+def compareDirs(reference, locale, other_observer=None, merge_stage=None):
+    '''Compare reference and locale dir.
+
+    Optional arguments are:
+    - other_observer. A object implementing
+        notify(category, _file, data)
+      The return values of that callback are ignored.
+    '''
+    comparer = ContentComparer()
+    if other_observer is not None:
+        comparer.add_observer(other_observer)
+    comparer.set_merge_stage(merge_stage)
+    dir_comp = DirectoryCompare(paths.EnumerateDir(reference))
+    dir_comp.setWatcher(comparer)
+    dir_comp.compareWith(paths.EnumerateDir(locale))
+    return comparer.observer
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/parser.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a97cf201b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import re
+import codecs
+import logging
+from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
+
+__constructors = []
+
+
+class Entity(object):
+    '''
+    Abstraction layer for a localizable entity.
+    Currently supported are grammars of the form:
+
+    1: pre white space
+    2: pre comments
+    3: entity definition
+    4: entity key (name)
+    5: entity value
+    6: post comment (and white space) in the same line (dtd only)
+                                                 <--[1]
+    <!-- pre comments -->                        <--[2]
+    <!ENTITY key "value"> <!-- comment -->
+
+    <-------[3]---------><------[6]------>
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, contents, pp,
+                 span, pre_ws_span, pre_comment_span, def_span,
+                 key_span, val_span, post_span):
+        self.contents = contents
+        self.span = span
+        self.pre_ws_span = pre_ws_span
+        self.pre_comment_span = pre_comment_span
+        self.def_span = def_span
+        self.key_span = key_span
+        self.val_span = val_span
+        self.post_span = post_span
+        self.pp = pp
+        pass
+
+    # getter helpers
+
+    def get_all(self):
+        return self.contents[self.span[0]:self.span[1]]
+
+    def get_pre_ws(self):
+        return self.contents[self.pre_ws_span[0]:self.pre_ws_span[1]]
+
+    def get_pre_comment(self):
+        return self.contents[self.pre_comment_span[0]:
+                             self.pre_comment_span[1]]
+
+    def get_def(self):
+        return self.contents[self.def_span[0]:self.def_span[1]]
+
+    def get_key(self):
+        return self.contents[self.key_span[0]:self.key_span[1]]
+
+    def get_val(self):
+        return self.pp(self.contents[self.val_span[0]:self.val_span[1]])
+
+    def get_raw_val(self):
+        return self.contents[self.val_span[0]:self.val_span[1]]
+
+    def get_post(self):
+        return self.contents[self.post_span[0]:self.post_span[1]]
+
+    # getters
+
+    all = property(get_all)
+    pre_ws = property(get_pre_ws)
+    pre_comment = property(get_pre_comment)
+    definition = property(get_def)
+    key = property(get_key)
+    val = property(get_val)
+    raw_val = property(get_raw_val)
+    post = property(get_post)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.key
+
+
+class Junk(object):
+    '''
+    An almost-Entity, representing junk data that we didn't parse.
+    This way, we can signal bad content as stuff we don't understand.
+    And the either fix that, or report real bugs in localizations.
+    '''
+    junkid = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, contents, span):
+        self.contents = contents
+        self.span = span
+        self.pre_ws = self.pre_comment = self.definition = self.post = ''
+        self.__class__.junkid += 1
+        self.key = '_junk_%d_%d-%d' % (self.__class__.junkid, span[0], span[1])
+
+    # getter helpers
+    def get_all(self):
+        return self.contents[self.span[0]:self.span[1]]
+
+    # getters
+    all = property(get_all)
+    val = property(get_all)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.key
+
+
+class Parser:
+    canMerge = True
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, 'encoding'):
+            self.encoding = 'utf-8'
+        pass
+
+    def readFile(self, file):
+        f = codecs.open(file, 'r', self.encoding)
+        try:
+            self.contents = f.read()
+        except UnicodeDecodeError, e:
+            (logging.getLogger('locales')
+                    .error("Can't read file: " + file + '; ' + str(e)))
+            self.contents = u''
+        f.close()
+
+    def readContents(self, contents):
+        (self.contents, length) = codecs.getdecoder(self.encoding)(contents)
+
+    def parse(self):
+        l = []
+        m = {}
+        for e in self:
+            m[e.key] = len(l)
+            l.append(e)
+        return (l, m)
+
+    def postProcessValue(self, val):
+        return val
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        contents = self.contents
+        offset = 0
+        self.header, offset = self.getHeader(contents, offset)
+        self.footer = ''
+        entity, offset = self.getEntity(contents, offset)
+        while entity:
+            yield entity
+            entity, offset = self.getEntity(contents, offset)
+        f = self.reFooter.match(contents, offset)
+        if f:
+            self.footer = f.group()
+            offset = f.end()
+        if len(contents) > offset:
+            yield Junk(contents, (offset, len(contents)))
+        pass
+
+    def getHeader(self, contents, offset):
+        header = ''
+        h = self.reHeader.match(contents)
+        if h:
+            header = h.group()
+            offset = h.end()
+        return (header, offset)
+
+    def getEntity(self, contents, offset):
+        m = self.reKey.match(contents, offset)
+        if m:
+            offset = m.end()
+            entity = self.createEntity(contents, m)
+            return (entity, offset)
+        # first check if footer has a non-empty match,
+        # 'cause then we don't find junk
+        m = self.reFooter.match(contents, offset)
+        if m and m.end() > offset:
+            return (None, offset)
+        m = self.reKey.search(contents, offset)
+        if m:
+            # we didn't match, but search, so there's junk between offset
+            # and start. We'll match() on the next turn
+            junkend = m.start()
+            return (Junk(contents, (offset, junkend)), junkend)
+        return (None, offset)
+
+    def createEntity(self, contents, m):
+        return Entity(contents, self.postProcessValue,
+                      *[m.span(i) for i in xrange(7)])
+
+
+def getParser(path):
+    for item in __constructors:
+        if re.search(item[0], path):
+            return item[1]
+    raise UserWarning("Cannot find Parser")
+
+
+# Subgroups of the match will:
+# 1: pre white space
+# 2: pre comments
+# 3: entity definition
+# 4: entity key (name)
+# 5: entity value
+# 6: post comment (and white space) in the same line (dtd only)
+#                                            <--[1]
+# <!-- pre comments -->                      <--[2]
+# <!ENTITY key "value"> <!-- comment -->
+#
+# <-------[3]---------><------[6]------>
+
+
+class DTDParser(Parser):
+    # http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-NameStartChar
+    # ":" | [A-Z] | "_" | [a-z] |
+    # [#xC0-#xD6] | [#xD8-#xF6] | [#xF8-#x2FF] | [#x370-#x37D] | [#x37F-#x1FFF]
+    # | [#x200C-#x200D] | [#x2070-#x218F] | [#x2C00-#x2FEF] |
+    # [#x3001-#xD7FF] | [#xF900-#xFDCF] | [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] |
+    # [#x10000-#xEFFFF]
+    CharMinusDash = u'\x09\x0A\x0D\u0020-\u002C\u002E-\uD7FF\uE000-\uFFFD'
+    XmlComment = '<!--(?:-?[%s])*?-->' % CharMinusDash
+    NameStartChar = u':A-Z_a-z\xC0-\xD6\xD8-\xF6\xF8-\u02FF' + \
+        u'\u0370-\u037D\u037F-\u1FFF\u200C-\u200D\u2070-\u218F' + \
+        u'\u2C00-\u2FEF\u3001-\uD7FF\uF900-\uFDCF\uFDF0-\uFFFD'
+    # + \U00010000-\U000EFFFF seems to be unsupported in python
+
+    # NameChar ::= NameStartChar | "-" | "." | [0-9] | #xB7 |
+    #     [#x0300-#x036F] | [#x203F-#x2040]
+    NameChar = NameStartChar + ur'\-\.0-9' + u'\xB7\u0300-\u036F\u203F-\u2040'
+    Name = '[' + NameStartChar + '][' + NameChar + ']*'
+    reKey = re.compile('(?:(?P<pre>\s*)(?P<precomment>(?:' + XmlComment +
+                       '\s*)*)(?P<entity><!ENTITY\s+(?P<key>' + Name +
+                       ')\s+(?P<val>\"[^\"]*\"|\'[^\']*\'?)\s*>)'
+                       '(?P<post>[ \t]*(?:' + XmlComment + '\s*)*\n?)?)',
+                       re.DOTALL)
+    # add BOM to DTDs, details in bug 435002
+    reHeader = re.compile(u'^\ufeff?'
+                          u'(\s*<!--.*(http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/|'
+                          u'LICENSE BLOCK)([^-]+-)*[^-]+-->)?', re.S)
+    reFooter = re.compile('\s*(<!--([^-]+-)*[^-]+-->\s*)*$')
+    rePE = re.compile('(?:(\s*)((?:' + XmlComment + '\s*)*)'
+                      '(<!ENTITY\s+%\s+(' + Name +
+                      ')\s+SYSTEM\s+(\"[^\"]*\"|\'[^\']*\')\s*>\s*%' + Name +
+                      ';)([ \t]*(?:' + XmlComment + '\s*)*\n?)?)')
+
+    def getEntity(self, contents, offset):
+        '''
+        Overload Parser.getEntity to special-case ParsedEntities.
+        Just check for a parsed entity if that method claims junk.
+
+        <!ENTITY % foo SYSTEM "url">
+        %foo;
+        '''
+        entity, inneroffset = Parser.getEntity(self, contents, offset)
+        if (entity and isinstance(entity, Junk)) or entity is None:
+            m = self.rePE.match(contents, offset)
+            if m:
+                inneroffset = m.end()
+                entity = Entity(contents, self.postProcessValue,
+                                *[m.span(i) for i in xrange(7)])
+        return (entity, inneroffset)
+
+    def createEntity(self, contents, m):
+        valspan = m.span('val')
+        valspan = (valspan[0]+1, valspan[1]-1)
+        return Entity(contents, self.postProcessValue, m.span(),
+                      m.span('pre'), m.span('precomment'),
+                      m.span('entity'), m.span('key'), valspan,
+                      m.span('post'))
+
+
+class PropertiesParser(Parser):
+    escape = re.compile(r'\\((?P<uni>u[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4})|'
+                        '(?P<nl>\n\s*)|(?P<single>.))', re.M)
+    known_escapes = {'n': '\n', 'r': '\r', 't': '\t', '\\': '\\'}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reKey = re.compile('^(\s*)'
+                                '((?:[#!].*?\n\s*)*)'
+                                '([^#!\s\n][^=:\n]*?)\s*[:=][ \t]*', re.M)
+        self.reHeader = re.compile('^\s*([#!].*\s*)+')
+        self.reFooter = re.compile('\s*([#!].*\s*)*$')
+        self._escapedEnd = re.compile(r'\\+$')
+        self._trailingWS = re.compile(r'[ \t]*$')
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+
+    def getHeader(self, contents, offset):
+        header = ''
+        h = self.reHeader.match(contents, offset)
+        if h:
+            candidate = h.group()
+            if 'http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/' in candidate or \
+                    'LICENSE BLOCK' in candidate:
+                header = candidate
+                offset = h.end()
+        return (header, offset)
+
+    def getEntity(self, contents, offset):
+        # overwritten to parse values line by line
+        m = self.reKey.match(contents, offset)
+        if m:
+            offset = m.end()
+            while True:
+                endval = nextline = contents.find('\n', offset)
+                if nextline == -1:
+                    endval = offset = len(contents)
+                    break
+                # is newline escaped?
+                _e = self._escapedEnd.search(contents, offset, nextline)
+                offset = nextline + 1
+                if _e is None:
+                    break
+                # backslashes at end of line, if 2*n, not escaped
+                if len(_e.group()) % 2 == 0:
+                    break
+            # strip trailing whitespace
+            ws = self._trailingWS.search(contents, m.end(), offset)
+            if ws:
+                endval -= ws.end() - ws.start()
+            entity = Entity(contents, self.postProcessValue,
+                            (m.start(), offset),   # full span
+                            m.span(1),  # leading whitespan
+                            m.span(2),  # leading comment span
+                            (m.start(3), offset),   # entity def span
+                            m.span(3),   # key span
+                            (m.end(), endval),   # value span
+                            (offset, offset))  # post comment span, empty
+            return (entity, offset)
+        m = self.reKey.search(contents, offset)
+        if m:
+            # we didn't match, but search, so there's junk between offset
+            # and start. We'll match() on the next turn
+            junkend = m.start()
+            return (Junk(contents, (offset, junkend)), junkend)
+        return (None, offset)
+
+    def postProcessValue(self, val):
+
+        def unescape(m):
+            found = m.groupdict()
+            if found['uni']:
+                return unichr(int(found['uni'][1:], 16))
+            if found['nl']:
+                return ''
+            return self.known_escapes.get(found['single'], found['single'])
+        val = self.escape.sub(unescape, val)
+        return val
+
+
+class DefinesParser(Parser):
+    # can't merge, #unfilter needs to be the last item, which we don't support
+    canMerge = False
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reKey = re.compile('^(\s*)((?:^#(?!define\s).*\s*)*)'
+                                '(#define[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]+(.*?))([ \t]*$\n?)',
+                                re.M)
+        self.reHeader = re.compile('^\s*(#(?!define\s).*\s*)*')
+        self.reFooter = re.compile('\s*(#(?!define\s).*\s*)*$', re.M)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+
+
+class IniParser(Parser):
+    '''
+    Parse files of the form:
+    # initial comment
+    [cat]
+    whitespace*
+    #comment
+    string=value
+    ...
+    '''
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reHeader = re.compile('^((?:\s*|[;#].*)\n)*\[.+?\]\n', re.M)
+        self.reKey = re.compile('(\s*)((?:[;#].*\n\s*)*)((.+?)=(.*))(\n?)')
+        self.reFooter = re.compile('\s*([;#].*\s*)*$')
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+
+
+DECL, COMMENT, START, END, CONTENT = range(5)
+
+
+class BookmarksParserInner(HTMLParser):
+
+    class Token(object):
+        _type = None
+        content = ''
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.content
+
+    class DeclToken(Token):
+        _type = DECL
+
+        def __init__(self, decl):
+            self.content = decl
+            pass
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '<!%s>' % self.content
+        pass
+
+    class CommentToken(Token):
+        _type = COMMENT
+
+        def __init__(self, comment):
+            self.content = comment
+            pass
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '<!--%s-->' % self.content
+        pass
+
+    class StartToken(Token):
+        _type = START
+
+        def __init__(self, tag, attrs, content):
+            self.tag = tag
+            self.attrs = dict(attrs)
+            self.content = content
+            pass
+        pass
+
+    class EndToken(Token):
+        _type = END
+
+        def __init__(self, tag):
+            self.tag = tag
+            pass
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '</%s>' % self.tag.upper()
+        pass
+
+    class ContentToken(Token):
+        _type = CONTENT
+
+        def __init__(self, content):
+            self.content = content
+            pass
+        pass
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        HTMLParser.__init__(self)
+        self.tokens = []
+
+    def parse(self, contents):
+        self.tokens = []
+        self.feed(contents)
+        self.close()
+        return self.tokens
+
+    # Called when we hit an end DL tag to reset the folder selections
+    def handle_decl(self, decl):
+        self.tokens.append(self.DeclToken(decl))
+
+    # Called when we hit an end DL tag to reset the folder selections
+    def handle_comment(self, comment):
+        self.tokens.append(self.CommentToken(comment))
+
+    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
+        self.tokens.append(self.StartToken(tag, attrs,
+                                           self.get_starttag_text()))
+
+    # Called when text data is encountered
+    def handle_data(self, data):
+        if self.tokens[-1]._type == CONTENT:
+            self.tokens[-1].content += data
+        else:
+            self.tokens.append(self.ContentToken(data))
+
+    def handle_charref(self, data):
+        self.handle_data('&#%s;' % data)
+
+    def handle_entityref(self, data):
+        self.handle_data('&%s;' % data)
+
+    # Called when we hit an end DL tag to reset the folder selections
+    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
+        self.tokens.append(self.EndToken(tag))
+
+
+class BookmarksParser(Parser):
+    canMerge = False
+
+    class BMEntity(object):
+        def __init__(self, key, val):
+            self.key = key
+            self.val = val
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        p = BookmarksParserInner()
+        tks = p.parse(self.contents)
+        i = 0
+        k = []
+        for i in xrange(len(tks)):
+            t = tks[i]
+            if t._type == START:
+                k.append(t.tag)
+                keys = t.attrs.keys()
+                keys.sort()
+                for attrname in keys:
+                    yield self.BMEntity('.'.join(k) + '.@' + attrname,
+                                        t.attrs[attrname])
+                if i + 1 < len(tks) and tks[i+1]._type == CONTENT:
+                    i += 1
+                    t = tks[i]
+                    v = t.content.strip()
+                    if v:
+                        yield self.BMEntity('.'.join(k), v)
+            elif t._type == END:
+                k.pop()
+
+
+__constructors = [('\\.dtd$', DTDParser()),
+                  ('\\.properties$', PropertiesParser()),
+                  ('\\.ini$', IniParser()),
+                  ('\\.inc$', DefinesParser()),
+                  ('bookmarks\\.html$', BookmarksParser())]
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/paths.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f72b3a2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os.path
+import os
+from ConfigParser import ConfigParser, NoSectionError, NoOptionError
+from urlparse import urlparse, urljoin
+from urllib import pathname2url, url2pathname
+from urllib2 import urlopen
+from collections import defaultdict
+from compare_locales import util
+
+
+class L10nConfigParser(object):
+    '''Helper class to gather application information from ini files.
+
+    This class is working on synchronous open to read files or web data.
+    Subclass this and overwrite loadConfigs and addChild if you need async.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, inipath, **kwargs):
+        """Constructor for L10nConfigParsers
+
+        inipath -- l10n.ini path
+        Optional keyword arguments are fowarded to the inner ConfigParser as
+        defaults.
+        """
+        if os.path.isabs(inipath):
+            self.inipath = 'file:%s' % pathname2url(inipath)
+        else:
+            pwdurl = 'file:%s/' % pathname2url(os.getcwd())
+            self.inipath = urljoin(pwdurl, inipath)
+        # l10n.ini files can import other l10n.ini files, store the
+        # corresponding L10nConfigParsers
+        self.children = []
+        # we really only care about the l10n directories described in l10n.ini
+        self.dirs = []
+        # optional defaults to be passed to the inner ConfigParser (unused?)
+        self.defaults = kwargs
+
+    def getDepth(self, cp):
+        '''Get the depth for the comparison from the parsed l10n.ini.
+
+        Overloadable to get the source depth for fennec and friends.
+        '''
+        try:
+            depth = cp.get('general', 'depth')
+        except:
+            depth = '.'
+        return depth
+
+    def getFilters(self):
+        '''Get the test functions from this ConfigParser and all children.
+
+        Only works with synchronous loads, used by compare-locales, which
+        is local anyway.
+        '''
+        filterurl = urljoin(self.inipath, 'filter.py')
+        try:
+            l = {}
+            execfile(url2pathname(urlparse(filterurl).path), {}, l)
+            if 'test' in l and callable(l['test']):
+                filters = [l['test']]
+            else:
+                filters = []
+        except:
+            filters = []
+
+        for c in self.children:
+            filters += c.getFilters()
+
+        return filters
+
+    def loadConfigs(self):
+        """Entry point to load the l10n.ini file this Parser refers to.
+
+        This implementation uses synchronous loads, subclasses might overload
+        this behaviour. If you do, make sure to pass a file-like object
+        to onLoadConfig.
+        """
+        self.onLoadConfig(urlopen(self.inipath))
+
+    def onLoadConfig(self, inifile):
+        """Parse a file-like object for the loaded l10n.ini file."""
+        cp = ConfigParser(self.defaults)
+        cp.readfp(inifile)
+        depth = self.getDepth(cp)
+        self.baseurl = urljoin(self.inipath, depth)
+        # create child loaders for any other l10n.ini files to be included
+        try:
+            for title, path in cp.items('includes'):
+                # skip default items
+                if title in self.defaults:
+                    continue
+                # add child config parser
+                self.addChild(title, path, cp)
+        except NoSectionError:
+            pass
+        # try to load the "dirs" defined in the "compare" section
+        try:
+            self.dirs.extend(cp.get('compare', 'dirs').split())
+        except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+            pass
+        # try getting a top level compare dir, as used for fennec
+        try:
+            self.tld = cp.get('compare', 'tld')
+            # remove tld from comparison dirs
+            if self.tld in self.dirs:
+                self.dirs.remove(self.tld)
+        except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+            self.tld = None
+        # try to set "all_path" and "all_url"
+        try:
+            self.all_path = cp.get('general', 'all')
+            self.all_url = urljoin(self.baseurl, self.all_path)
+        except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+            self.all_path = None
+            self.all_url = None
+        return cp
+
+    def addChild(self, title, path, orig_cp):
+        """Create a child L10nConfigParser and load it.
+
+        title -- indicates the module's name
+        path -- indicates the path to the module's l10n.ini file
+        orig_cp -- the configuration parser of this l10n.ini
+        """
+        cp = L10nConfigParser(urljoin(self.baseurl, path), **self.defaults)
+        cp.loadConfigs()
+        self.children.append(cp)
+
+    def getTLDPathsTuple(self, basepath):
+        """Given the basepath, return the path fragments to be used for
+        self.tld. For build runs, this is (basepath, self.tld), for
+        source runs, just (basepath,).
+
+        @see overwritten method in SourceTreeConfigParser.
+        """
+        return (basepath, self.tld)
+
+    def dirsIter(self):
+        """Iterate over all dirs and our base path for this l10n.ini"""
+        url = urlparse(self.baseurl)
+        basepath = url2pathname(url.path)
+        if self.tld is not None:
+            yield self.tld, self.getTLDPathsTuple(basepath)
+        for dir in self.dirs:
+            yield dir, (basepath, dir)
+
+    def directories(self):
+        """Iterate over all dirs and base paths for this l10n.ini as well
+        as the included ones.
+        """
+        for t in self.dirsIter():
+            yield t
+        for child in self.children:
+            for t in child.directories():
+                yield t
+
+    def allLocales(self):
+        """Return a list of all the locales of this project"""
+        return util.parseLocales(urlopen(self.all_url).read())
+
+
+class SourceTreeConfigParser(L10nConfigParser):
+    '''Subclassing L10nConfigParser to work with just the repos
+    checked out next to each other instead of intermingled like
+    we do for real builds.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, inipath, basepath):
+        '''Add additional arguments basepath.
+
+        basepath is used to resolve local paths via branchnames.
+        '''
+        L10nConfigParser.__init__(self, inipath)
+        self.basepath = basepath
+        self.tld = None
+
+    def getDepth(self, cp):
+        '''Get the depth for the comparison from the parsed l10n.ini.
+
+        Overloaded to get the source depth for fennec and friends.
+        '''
+        try:
+            depth = cp.get('general', 'source-depth')
+        except:
+            try:
+                depth = cp.get('general', 'depth')
+            except:
+                depth = '.'
+        return depth
+
+    def addChild(self, title, path, orig_cp):
+        # check if there's a section with details for this include
+        # we might have to check a different repo, or even VCS
+        # for example, projects like "mail" indicate in
+        # an "include_" section where to find the l10n.ini for "toolkit"
+        details = 'include_' + title
+        if orig_cp.has_section(details):
+            branch = orig_cp.get(details, 'mozilla')
+            inipath = orig_cp.get(details, 'l10n.ini')
+            path = self.basepath + '/' + branch + '/' + inipath
+        else:
+            path = urljoin(self.baseurl, path)
+        cp = SourceTreeConfigParser(path, self.basepath, **self.defaults)
+        cp.loadConfigs()
+        self.children.append(cp)
+
+    def getTLDPathsTuple(self, basepath):
+        """Overwrite L10nConfigParser's getTLDPathsTuple to just return
+        the basepath.
+        """
+        return (basepath, )
+
+
+class File(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, fullpath, file, module=None, locale=None):
+        self.fullpath = fullpath
+        self.file = file
+        self.module = module
+        self.locale = locale
+        pass
+
+    def getContents(self):
+        # open with universal line ending support and read
+        return open(self.fullpath, 'rU').read()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        f = self.file
+        if self.module:
+            f = self.module + '/' + f
+        return hash(f)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.fullpath
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, File):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        rv = cmp(self.module, other.module)
+        if rv != 0:
+            return rv
+        return cmp(self.file, other.file)
+
+
+class EnumerateDir(object):
+    ignore_dirs = ['CVS', '.svn', '.hg', '.git']
+
+    def __init__(self, basepath, module='', locale=None, ignore_subdirs=[]):
+        self.basepath = basepath
+        self.module = module
+        self.locale = locale
+        self.ignore_subdirs = ignore_subdirs
+        pass
+
+    def cloneFile(self, other):
+        '''
+        Return a File object that this enumerator would return, if it had it.
+        '''
+        return File(os.path.join(self.basepath, other.file), other.file,
+                    self.module, self.locale)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # our local dirs are given as a tuple of path segments, starting off
+        # with an empty sequence for the basepath.
+        dirs = [()]
+        while dirs:
+            dir = dirs.pop(0)
+            fulldir = os.path.join(self.basepath, *dir)
+            try:
+                entries = os.listdir(fulldir)
+            except OSError:
+                # we probably just started off in a non-existing dir, ignore
+                continue
+            entries.sort()
+            for entry in entries:
+                leaf = os.path.join(fulldir, entry)
+                if os.path.isdir(leaf):
+                    if entry not in self.ignore_dirs and \
+                        leaf not in [os.path.join(self.basepath, d)
+                                     for d in self.ignore_subdirs]:
+                        dirs.append(dir + (entry,))
+                    continue
+                yield File(leaf, '/'.join(dir + (entry,)),
+                           self.module, self.locale)
+
+
+class LocalesWrap(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, base, module, locales, ignore_subdirs=[]):
+        self.base = base
+        self.module = module
+        self.locales = locales
+        self.ignore_subdirs = ignore_subdirs
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for locale in self.locales:
+            path = os.path.join(self.base, locale, self.module)
+            yield (locale, EnumerateDir(path, self.module, locale,
+                                        self.ignore_subdirs))
+
+
+class EnumerateApp(object):
+    reference = 'en-US'
+
+    def __init__(self, inipath, l10nbase, locales=None):
+        self.setupConfigParser(inipath)
+        self.modules = defaultdict(dict)
+        self.l10nbase = os.path.abspath(l10nbase)
+        self.filters = []
+        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(inipath)
+        self.addFilters(*self.config.getFilters())
+        self.locales = locales or self.config.allLocales()
+        self.locales.sort()
+
+    def setupConfigParser(self, inipath):
+        self.config = L10nConfigParser(inipath)
+        self.config.loadConfigs()
+
+    def addFilters(self, *args):
+        self.filters += args
+
+    value_map = {None: None, 'error': 0, 'ignore': 1, 'report': 2}
+
+    def filter(self, l10n_file, entity=None):
+        '''Go through all added filters, and,
+        - map "error" -> 0, "ignore" -> 1, "report" -> 2
+        - if filter.test returns a bool, map that to
+            False -> "ignore" (1), True -> "error" (0)
+        - take the max of all reported
+        '''
+        rv = 0
+        for f in reversed(self.filters):
+            try:
+                _r = f(l10n_file.module, l10n_file.file, entity)
+            except:
+                # XXX error handling
+                continue
+            if isinstance(_r, bool):
+                _r = [1, 0][_r]
+            else:
+                # map string return value to int, default to 'error',
+                # None is None
+                _r = self.value_map.get(_r, 0)
+            if _r is not None:
+                rv = max(rv, _r)
+        return ['error', 'ignore', 'report'][rv]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Iterate over all modules, return en-US directory enumerator, and an
+        iterator over all locales in each iteration. Per locale, the locale
+        code and an directory enumerator will be given.
+        '''
+        dirmap = dict(self.config.directories())
+        mods = dirmap.keys()
+        mods.sort()
+        for mod in mods:
+            if self.reference == 'en-US':
+                base = os.path.join(*(dirmap[mod] + ('locales', 'en-US')))
+            else:
+                base = os.path.join(self.l10nbase, self.reference, mod)
+            yield (mod, EnumerateDir(base, mod, self.reference),
+                   LocalesWrap(self.l10nbase, mod, self.locales,
+                   [m[len(mod)+1:] for m in mods if m.startswith(mod+'/')]))
+
+
+class EnumerateSourceTreeApp(EnumerateApp):
+    '''Subclass EnumerateApp to work on side-by-side checked out
+    repos, and to no pay attention to how the source would actually
+    be checked out for building.
+
+    It's supporting applications like Fennec, too, which have
+    'locales/en-US/...' in their root dir, but claim to be 'mobile'.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, inipath, basepath, l10nbase, locales=None):
+        self.basepath = basepath
+        EnumerateApp.__init__(self, inipath, l10nbase, locales)
+
+    def setupConfigParser(self, inipath):
+        self.config = SourceTreeConfigParser(inipath, self.basepath)
+        self.config.loadConfigs()
+
+
+def get_base_path(mod, loc):
+    'statics for path patterns and conversion'
+    __l10n = 'l10n/%(loc)s/%(mod)s'
+    __en_US = 'mozilla/%(mod)s/locales/en-US'
+    if loc == 'en-US':
+        return __en_US % {'mod': mod}
+    return __l10n % {'mod': mod, 'loc': loc}
+
+
+def get_path(mod, loc, leaf):
+    return get_base_path(mod, loc) + '/' + leaf
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/__init__.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8808d78f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''Mixins for parser tests.
+'''
+
+from itertools import izip_longest
+from pkg_resources import resource_string
+import re
+
+from compare_locales.parser import getParser
+
+
+class ParserTestMixin():
+    '''Utility methods used by the parser tests.
+    '''
+    filename = None
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        '''Create a parser for this test.
+        '''
+        self.parser = getParser(self.filename)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        'tear down this test'
+        del self.parser
+
+    def resource(self, name):
+        testcontent = resource_string(__name__, 'data/' + name)
+        # fake universal line endings
+        testcontent = re.sub('\r\n?', lambda m: '\n', testcontent)
+        return testcontent
+
+    def _test(self, content, refs):
+        '''Helper to test the parser.
+        Compares the result of parsing content with the given list
+        of reference keys and values.
+        '''
+        self.parser.readContents(content)
+        entities = [entity for entity in self.parser]
+        for entity, ref in izip_longest(entities, refs):
+            self.assertTrue(entity, 'excess reference entity')
+            self.assertTrue(ref, 'excess parsed entity')
+            self.assertEqual(entity.val, ref[1])
+            if ref[0].startswith('_junk'):
+                self.assertTrue(re.match(ref[0], entity.key))
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(entity.key, ref[0])
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/bug121341.properties b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/bug121341.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b45fc9698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/bug121341.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# simple check
+1=abc
+# test whitespace trimming in key and value
+  2	=   xy	
+# test parsing of escaped values
+3 = \u1234\t\r\n\uAB\
+\u1\n
+# test multiline properties
+4 = this is \
+multiline property
+5 = this is \
+	   another multiline property
+# property with DOS EOL

+6 = test\u0036

+# test multiline property with with DOS EOL
+7 = yet another multi\

+    line propery

+# trimming should not trim escaped whitespaces
+8 =	\ttest5\u0020	
+# another variant of #8
+9 =     \ test6\t	    
+# test UTF-8 encoded property/value
+10aሴb = c췯d
+# next property should test unicode escaping at the boundary of parsing buffer
+# buffer size is expected to be 4096 so add comments to get to this offset
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+################################################################################
+###############################################################################
+11 = \uABCD
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/test.properties b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/test.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19cae9702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/test.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+1=1
+ 2=2
+3 =3
+ 4 =4
+5=5
+6= 6
+7=7 
+8= 8 
+# this is a comment
+9=this is the first part of a continued line \
+ and here is the 2nd part
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/triple-license.dtd b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/triple-license.dtd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a28b17a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/data/triple-license.dtd
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!-- ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+#if 0
+   - Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1
+   -
+   - The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+   - 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+   - the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+   - http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+   -
+   - Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+   - WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+   - for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+   - License.
+   -
+   - The Original Code is mozilla.org Code.
+   -
+   - The Initial Developer of the Original Code is dummy.
+   - Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+   - the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+   -
+   - Contributor(s):
+   -
+   - Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
+   - either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or
+   - the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"),
+   - in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead
+   - of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only
+   - under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to
+   - use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your
+   - decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice
+   - and other provisions required by the LGPL or the GPL. If you do not delete
+   - the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under
+   - the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL.
+   -
+#endif
+   - ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** -->
+
+<!ENTITY foo "value">
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_checks.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_checks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b995d43f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_checks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from compare_locales.checks import getChecker
+from compare_locales.parser import getParser, Entity
+from compare_locales.paths import File
+
+
+class BaseHelper(unittest.TestCase):
+    file = None
+    refContent = None
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        p = getParser(self.file.file)
+        p.readContents(self.refContent)
+        self.refList, self.refMap = p.parse()
+
+    def _test(self, content, refWarnOrErrors, with_ref_file=False):
+        p = getParser(self.file.file)
+        p.readContents(content)
+        l10n = [e for e in p]
+        assert len(l10n) == 1
+        l10n = l10n[0]
+        if with_ref_file:
+            kwargs = {
+                'reference': self.refList
+            }
+        else:
+            kwargs = {}
+        checker = getChecker(self.file, **kwargs)
+        ref = self.refList[self.refMap[l10n.key]]
+        found = tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n))
+        self.assertEqual(found, refWarnOrErrors)
+
+
+class TestProperties(BaseHelper):
+    file = File('foo.properties', 'foo.properties')
+    refContent = '''some = value
+'''
+
+    def testGood(self):
+        self._test('''some = localized''',
+                   tuple())
+
+    def testMissedEscape(self):
+        self._test(r'''some = \u67ood escape, bad \escape''',
+                   (('warning', 20, r'unknown escape sequence, \e',
+                     'escape'),))
+
+
+class TestPlurals(BaseHelper):
+    file = File('foo.properties', 'foo.properties')
+    refContent = '''\
+# LOCALIZATION NOTE (downloadsTitleFiles): Semi-colon list of plural forms.
+# See: http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Localization_and_Plurals
+# #1 number of files
+# example: 111 files - Downloads
+downloadsTitleFiles=#1 file - Downloads;#1 files - #2
+'''
+
+    def testGood(self):
+        self._test('''\
+# LOCALIZATION NOTE (downloadsTitleFiles): Semi-colon list of plural forms.
+# See: http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Localization_and_Plurals
+# #1 number of files
+# example: 111 files - Downloads
+downloadsTitleFiles=#1 file - Downloads;#1 files - #2;#1 filers
+''',
+                   tuple())
+
+    def testNotUsed(self):
+        self._test('''\
+# LOCALIZATION NOTE (downloadsTitleFiles): Semi-colon list of plural forms.
+# See: http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Localization_and_Plurals
+# #1 number of files
+# example: 111 files - Downloads
+downloadsTitleFiles=#1 file - Downloads;#1 files - Downloads;#1 filers
+''',
+                   (('warning', 0, 'not all variables used in l10n',
+                     'plural'),))
+
+    def testNotDefined(self):
+        self._test('''\
+# LOCALIZATION NOTE (downloadsTitleFiles): Semi-colon list of plural forms.
+# See: http://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Localization_and_Plurals
+# #1 number of files
+# example: 111 files - Downloads
+downloadsTitleFiles=#1 file - Downloads;#1 files - #2;#1 #3
+''',
+                   (('error', 0, 'unreplaced variables in l10n', 'plural'),))
+
+
+class TestDTDs(BaseHelper):
+    file = File('foo.dtd', 'foo.dtd')
+    refContent = '''<!ENTITY foo "This is &apos;good&apos;">
+<!ENTITY width "10ch">
+<!ENTITY style "width: 20ch; height: 280px;">
+<!ENTITY minStyle "min-height: 50em;">
+<!ENTITY ftd "0">
+<!ENTITY formatPercent "This is 100&#037; correct">
+<!ENTITY some.key "K">
+'''
+
+    def testWarning(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY foo "This is &not; good">
+''',
+                   (('warning', (0, 0), 'Referencing unknown entity `not`',
+                     'xmlparse'),))
+        # make sure we only handle translated entity references
+        self._test(u'''<!ENTITY foo "This is &ƞǿŧ; good">
+'''.encode('utf-8'),
+            (('warning', (0, 0), u'Referencing unknown entity `ƞǿŧ`',
+              'xmlparse'),))
+
+    def testErrorFirstLine(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY foo "This is </bad> stuff">
+''',
+                   (('error', (1, 10), 'mismatched tag', 'xmlparse'),))
+
+    def testErrorSecondLine(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY foo "This is
+  </bad>
+stuff">
+''',
+                   (('error', (2, 4), 'mismatched tag', 'xmlparse'),))
+
+    def testKeyErrorSingleAmpersand(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY some.key "&">
+''',
+                   (('error', (1, 1), 'not well-formed (invalid token)',
+                     'xmlparse'),))
+
+    def testXMLEntity(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY foo "This is &quot;good&quot;">
+''',
+                   tuple())
+
+    def testPercentEntity(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY formatPercent "Another 100&#037;">
+''',
+                   tuple())
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY formatPercent "Bad 100% should fail">
+''',
+                   (('error', (0, 32), 'not well-formed (invalid token)',
+                     'xmlparse'),))
+
+    def testNoNumber(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ftd "foo">''',
+                   (('warning', 0, 'reference is a number', 'number'),))
+
+    def testNoLength(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY width "15miles">''',
+                   (('error', 0, 'reference is a CSS length', 'css'),))
+
+    def testNoStyle(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY style "15ch">''',
+                   (('error', 0, 'reference is a CSS spec', 'css'),))
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY style "junk">''',
+                   (('error', 0, 'reference is a CSS spec', 'css'),))
+
+    def testStyleWarnings(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY style "width:15ch">''',
+                   (('warning', 0, 'height only in reference', 'css'),))
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY style "width:15em;height:200px;">''',
+                   (('warning', 0, "units for width don't match (em != ch)",
+                     'css'),))
+
+    def testNoWarning(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY width "12em">''', tuple())
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY style "width:12ch;height:200px;">''', tuple())
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ftd "0">''', tuple())
+
+
+class TestEntitiesInDTDs(BaseHelper):
+    file = File('foo.dtd', 'foo.dtd')
+    refContent = '''<!ENTITY short "This is &brandShortName;">
+<!ENTITY shorter "This is &brandShorterName;">
+<!ENTITY ent.start "Using &brandShorterName; start to">
+<!ENTITY ent.end " end">
+'''
+
+    def testOK(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ent.start "Mit &brandShorterName;">''', tuple(),
+                   with_ref_file=True)
+
+    def testMismatch(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ent.start "Mit &brandShortName;">''',
+                   (('warning', (0, 0),
+                     'Entity brandShortName referenced, '
+                     'but brandShorterName used in context',
+                     'xmlparse'),),
+                   with_ref_file=True)
+
+    def testAcross(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ent.end "Mit &brandShorterName;">''',
+                   tuple(),
+                   with_ref_file=True)
+
+    def testAcrossWithMismatch(self):
+        '''If we could tell that ent.start and ent.end are one string,
+        we should warn. Sadly, we can't, so this goes without warning.'''
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ent.end "Mit &brandShortName;">''',
+                   tuple(),
+                   with_ref_file=True)
+
+    def testUnknownWithRef(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ent.start "Mit &foopy;">''',
+                   (('warning',
+                     (0, 0),
+                     'Referencing unknown entity `foopy` '
+                     '(brandShorterName used in context, '
+                     'brandShortName known)',
+                     'xmlparse'),),
+                   with_ref_file=True)
+
+    def testUnknown(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY ent.end "Mit &foopy;">''',
+                   (('warning',
+                     (0, 0),
+                     'Referencing unknown entity `foopy`'
+                     ' (brandShortName, brandShorterName known)',
+                     'xmlparse'),),
+                   with_ref_file=True)
+
+
+class TestAndroid(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test Android checker
+
+    Make sure we're hitting our extra rules only if
+    we're passing in a DTD file in the embedding/android module.
+    """
+    apos_msg = u"Apostrophes in Android DTDs need escaping with \\' or " + \
+               u"\\u0027, or use \u2019, or put string in quotes."
+    quot_msg = u"Quotes in Android DTDs need escaping with \\\" or " + \
+               u"\\u0022, or put string in apostrophes."
+
+    def getEntity(self, v):
+        return Entity(v, lambda s: s, (0, len(v)), (), (0, 0), (), (),
+                      (0, len(v)), ())
+
+    def getDTDEntity(self, v):
+        v = v.replace('"', '&quot;')
+        return Entity('<!ENTITY foo "%s">' % v,
+                      lambda s: s,
+                      (0, len(v) + 16), (), (0, 0), (), (9, 12),
+                      (14, len(v) + 14), ())
+
+    def test_android_dtd(self):
+        """Testing the actual android checks. The logic is involved,
+        so this is a lot of nitty gritty detail tests.
+        """
+        f = File("embedding/android/strings.dtd", "strings.dtd",
+                 "embedding/android")
+        checker = getChecker(f)
+        # good string
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+        # dtd warning
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string &ref;")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('warning', (0, 0),
+                           'Referencing unknown entity `ref`', 'xmlparse'),))
+        # no report on stray ampersand or quote, if not completely quoted
+        for i in xrange(3):
+            # make sure we're catching unescaped apostrophes,
+            # try 0..5 backticks
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity("\\"*(2*i) + "'")
+            self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                             (('error', 2*i, self.apos_msg, 'android'),))
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity("\\"*(2*i + 1) + "'")
+            self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                             ())
+            # make sure we don't report if apos string is quoted
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity('"' + "\\"*(2*i) + "'\"")
+            tpl = tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n))
+            self.assertEqual(tpl, (),
+                             "`%s` shouldn't fail but got %s"
+                             % (l10n.val, str(tpl)))
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity('"' + "\\"*(2*i+1) + "'\"")
+            tpl = tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n))
+            self.assertEqual(tpl, (),
+                             "`%s` shouldn't fail but got %s"
+                             % (l10n.val, str(tpl)))
+            # make sure we're catching unescaped quotes, try 0..5 backticks
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity("\\"*(2*i) + "\"")
+            self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                             (('error', 2*i, self.quot_msg, 'android'),))
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity("\\"*(2*i + 1) + "'")
+            self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                             ())
+            # make sure we don't report if quote string is single quoted
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity("'" + "\\"*(2*i) + "\"'")
+            tpl = tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n))
+            self.assertEqual(tpl, (),
+                             "`%s` shouldn't fail but got %s" %
+                             (l10n.val, str(tpl)))
+            l10n = self.getDTDEntity('"' + "\\"*(2*i+1) + "'\"")
+            tpl = tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n))
+            self.assertEqual(tpl, (),
+                             "`%s` shouldn't fail but got %s" %
+                             (l10n.val, str(tpl)))
+        # check for mixed quotes and ampersands
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("'\"")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('error', 0, self.apos_msg, 'android'),
+                          ('error', 1, self.quot_msg, 'android')))
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("''\"'")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('error', 1, self.apos_msg, 'android'),))
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity('"\'""')
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('error', 2, self.quot_msg, 'android'),))
+
+        # broken unicode escape
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("Some broken \u098 unicode")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('error', 12, 'truncated \\uXXXX escape',
+                           'android'),))
+        # broken unicode escape, try to set the error off
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity(u"\u9690"*14+"\u006"+"  "+"\u0064")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('error', 14, 'truncated \\uXXXX escape',
+                           'android'),))
+
+    def test_android_prop(self):
+        f = File("embedding/android/strings.properties", "strings.properties",
+                 "embedding/android")
+        checker = getChecker(f)
+        # good plain string
+        ref = self.getEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getEntity("plain localized string")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+        # no dtd warning
+        ref = self.getEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getEntity("plain localized string &ref;")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+        # no report on stray ampersand
+        ref = self.getEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getEntity("plain localized string with apos: '")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+        # report on bad printf
+        ref = self.getEntity("string with %s")
+        l10n = self.getEntity("string with %S")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('error', 0, 'argument 1 `S` should be `s`',
+                           'printf'),))
+
+    def test_non_android_dtd(self):
+        f = File("browser/strings.dtd", "strings.dtd", "browser")
+        checker = getChecker(f)
+        # good string
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+        # dtd warning
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string &ref;")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('warning', (0, 0),
+                          'Referencing unknown entity `ref`', 'xmlparse'),))
+        # no report on stray ampersand
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string with apos: '")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+
+    def test_entities_across_dtd(self):
+        f = File("browser/strings.dtd", "strings.dtd", "browser")
+        p = getParser(f.file)
+        p.readContents('<!ENTITY other "some &good.ref;">')
+        ref = p.parse()
+        checker = getChecker(f, reference=ref[0])
+        # good string
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+        # dtd warning
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string &ref;")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         (('warning', (0, 0),
+                           'Referencing unknown entity `ref` (good.ref known)',
+                           'xmlparse'),))
+        # no report on stray ampersand
+        ref = self.getDTDEntity("plain string")
+        l10n = self.getDTDEntity("plain localized string with &good.ref;")
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(checker.check(ref, l10n)),
+                         ())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_compare.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_compare.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51ba7cd8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_compare.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from compare_locales import compare
+
+
+class TestTree(unittest.TestCase):
+    '''Test the Tree utility class
+
+    Tree value classes need to be in-place editable
+    '''
+
+    def test_empty_dict(self):
+        tree = compare.Tree(dict)
+        self.assertEqual(list(tree.getContent()), [])
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            tree.toJSON(),
+            {}
+        )
+
+    def test_disjoint_dict(self):
+        tree = compare.Tree(dict)
+        tree['one/entry']['leaf'] = 1
+        tree['two/other']['leaf'] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(tree.getContent()),
+            [
+                (0, 'key', ('one', 'entry')),
+                (1, 'value', {'leaf': 1}),
+                (0, 'key', ('two', 'other')),
+                (1, 'value', {'leaf': 2})
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            tree.toJSON(),
+            {
+                'children': [
+                    ('one/entry',
+                     {'value': {'leaf': 1}}
+                     ),
+                    ('two/other',
+                     {'value': {'leaf': 2}}
+                     )
+                ]
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertMultiLineEqual(
+            str(tree),
+            '''\
+one/entry
+    {'leaf': 1}
+two/other
+    {'leaf': 2}\
+'''
+        )
+
+    def test_overlapping_dict(self):
+        tree = compare.Tree(dict)
+        tree['one/entry']['leaf'] = 1
+        tree['one/other']['leaf'] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(tree.getContent()),
+            [
+                (0, 'key', ('one',)),
+                (1, 'key', ('entry',)),
+                (2, 'value', {'leaf': 1}),
+                (1, 'key', ('other',)),
+                (2, 'value', {'leaf': 2})
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            tree.toJSON(),
+            {
+                'children': [
+                    ('one', {
+                        'children': [
+                            ('entry',
+                             {'value': {'leaf': 1}}
+                             ),
+                            ('other',
+                             {'value': {'leaf': 2}}
+                             )
+                        ]
+                    })
+                ]
+            }
+        )
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_dtd.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_dtd.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87ddcde30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_dtd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''Tests for the DTD parser.
+'''
+
+import unittest
+import re
+
+from compare_locales.parser import getParser
+from compare_locales.tests import ParserTestMixin
+
+
+class TestDTD(ParserTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+    '''Tests for the DTD Parser.'''
+    filename = 'foo.dtd'
+
+    def test_one_entity(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY foo.label "stuff">''',
+                   (('foo.label', 'stuff'),))
+
+    quoteContent = '''<!ENTITY good.one "one">
+<!ENTITY bad.one "bad " quote">
+<!ENTITY good.two "two">
+<!ENTITY bad.two "bad "quoted" word">
+<!ENTITY good.three "three">
+<!ENTITY good.four "good ' quote">
+<!ENTITY good.five "good 'quoted' word">
+'''
+    quoteRef = (
+        ('good.one', 'one'),
+        ('_junk_\\d_25-56$', '<!ENTITY bad.one "bad " quote">'),
+        ('good.two', 'two'),
+        ('_junk_\\d_82-119$', '<!ENTITY bad.two "bad "quoted" word">'),
+        ('good.three', 'three'),
+        ('good.four', 'good \' quote'),
+        ('good.five', 'good \'quoted\' word'),)
+
+    def test_quotes(self):
+        self._test(self.quoteContent, self.quoteRef)
+
+    def test_apos(self):
+        qr = re.compile('[\'"]', re.M)
+
+        def quot2apos(s):
+            return qr.sub(lambda m: m.group(0) == '"' and "'" or '"', s)
+
+        self._test(quot2apos(self.quoteContent),
+                   map(lambda t: (t[0], quot2apos(t[1])), self.quoteRef))
+
+    def test_parsed_ref(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY % fooDTD SYSTEM "chrome://brand.dtd">
+  %fooDTD;
+''',
+                   (('fooDTD', '"chrome://brand.dtd"'),))
+
+    def test_trailing_comment(self):
+        self._test('''<!ENTITY first "string">
+<!ENTITY second "string">
+<!--
+<!ENTITY commented "out">
+-->
+''',
+                   (('first', 'string'), ('second', 'string')))
+
+    def test_license_header(self):
+        p = getParser('foo.dtd')
+        p.readContents(self.resource('triple-license.dtd'))
+        for e in p:
+            self.assertEqual(e.key, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(e.val, 'value')
+        self.assert_('MPL' in p.header)
+        p.readContents('''\
+<!-- This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+   - License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+   - You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.  -->
+<!ENTITY foo "value">
+''')
+        for e in p:
+            self.assertEqual(e.key, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(e.val, 'value')
+        self.assert_('MPL' in p.header)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_ini.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_ini.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c8cc03e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_ini.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from compare_locales.tests import ParserTestMixin
+
+
+mpl2 = '''\
+; This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+; License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+; You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+'''
+
+
+class TestIniParser(ParserTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    filename = 'foo.ini'
+
+    def testSimpleHeader(self):
+        self._test('''; This file is in the UTF-8 encoding
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'),))
+        self.assert_('UTF-8' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def testMPL2_Space_UTF(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''
+; This file is in the UTF-8 encoding
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'),))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def testMPL2_Space(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'),))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def testMPL2_MultiSpace(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''\
+
+; more comments
+
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'),))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def testMPL2_JunkBeforeCategory(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''\
+Junk
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+''', (('_junk_\\d+_0-213$', mpl2 + '''\
+Junk
+[Strings]'''), ('TitleText', 'Some Title')))
+        self.assert_('MPL' not in self.parser.header)
+
+    def test_TrailingComment(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+;Stray trailing comment
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'),))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def test_SpacedTrailingComments(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+
+;Stray trailing comment
+;Second stray comment
+
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'),))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def test_TrailingCommentsAndJunk(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+
+;Stray trailing comment
+Junk
+;Second stray comment
+
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'), ('_junk_\\d+_231-284$', '''\
+
+;Stray trailing comment
+Junk
+;Second stray comment
+
+''')))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def test_JunkInbetweenEntries(self):
+        self._test(mpl2 + '''
+[Strings]
+TitleText=Some Title
+
+Junk
+
+Good=other string
+''', (('TitleText', 'Some Title'), ('_junk_\\d+_231-236$', '''\
+
+Junk'''), ('Good', 'other string')))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_merge.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_merge.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c006edbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_merge.py
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+import os
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+import shutil
+
+from compare_locales.parser import getParser
+from compare_locales.paths import File
+from compare_locales.compare import ContentComparer
+
+
+class ContentMixin(object):
+    maxDiff = None  # we got big dictionaries to compare
+    extension = None  # OVERLOAD
+
+    def reference(self, content):
+        self.ref = os.path.join(self.tmp, "en-reference" + self.extension)
+        open(self.ref, "w").write(content)
+
+    def localized(self, content):
+        self.l10n = os.path.join(self.tmp, "l10n" + self.extension)
+        open(self.l10n, "w").write(content)
+
+
+class TestProperties(unittest.TestCase, ContentMixin):
+    extension = '.properties'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = mkdtemp()
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        shutil.rmtree(self.tmp)
+        del self.tmp
+
+    def testGood(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""foo = fooVal
+bar = barVal
+eff = effVal""")
+        self.localized("""foo = lFoo
+bar = lBar
+eff = lEff
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.properties", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.properties", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'changed': 3
+                }},
+             'details': {}
+             }
+        )
+        self.assert_(not os.path.exists(os.path.join(cc.merge_stage,
+                                                     'l10n.properties')))
+
+    def testMissing(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""foo = fooVal
+bar = barVal
+eff = effVal""")
+        self.localized("""bar = lBar
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.properties", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.properties", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'changed': 1, 'missing': 2
+                }},
+             'details': {
+                 'children': [
+                     ('l10n.properties',
+                         {'value': {'missingEntity': [u'eff', u'foo']}}
+                      )
+                 ]}
+             }
+        )
+        mergefile = os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge", "l10n.properties")
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mergefile))
+        p = getParser(mergefile)
+        p.readFile(mergefile)
+        [m, n] = p.parse()
+        self.assertEqual(map(lambda e: e.key,  m), ["bar", "eff", "foo"])
+
+    def testError(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""foo = fooVal
+bar = %d barVal
+eff = effVal""")
+        self.localized("""bar = %S lBar
+eff = leffVal
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.properties", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.properties", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'changed': 2, 'errors': 1, 'missing': 1
+                }},
+             'details': {
+                 'children': [
+                     ('l10n.properties',
+                         {'value': {
+                          'error': [u'argument 1 `S` should be `d` '
+                                    u'at line 1, column 6 for bar'],
+                          'missingEntity': [u'foo']}}
+                      )
+                 ]}
+             }
+        )
+        mergefile = os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge", "l10n.properties")
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mergefile))
+        p = getParser(mergefile)
+        p.readFile(mergefile)
+        [m, n] = p.parse()
+        self.assertEqual([e.key for e in m], ["eff", "foo", "bar"])
+        self.assertEqual(m[n['bar']].val, '%d barVal')
+
+    def testObsolete(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""foo = fooVal
+eff = effVal""")
+        self.localized("""foo = fooVal
+other = obsolete
+eff = leffVal
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.properties", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.properties", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'changed': 1, 'obsolete': 1, 'unchanged': 1
+                }},
+             'details': {
+                 'children': [
+                     ('l10n.properties',
+                         {'value': {'obsoleteEntity': [u'other']}})]},
+             }
+        )
+
+
+class TestDTD(unittest.TestCase, ContentMixin):
+    extension = '.dtd'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmp = mkdtemp()
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        shutil.rmtree(self.tmp)
+        del self.tmp
+
+    def testGood(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""<!ENTITY foo 'fooVal'>
+<!ENTITY bar 'barVal'>
+<!ENTITY eff 'effVal'>""")
+        self.localized("""<!ENTITY foo 'lFoo'>
+<!ENTITY bar 'lBar'>
+<!ENTITY eff 'lEff'>
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.dtd", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.dtd", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'changed': 3
+                }},
+             'details': {}
+             }
+        )
+        self.assert_(
+            not os.path.exists(os.path.join(cc.merge_stage, 'l10n.dtd')))
+
+    def testMissing(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""<!ENTITY foo 'fooVal'>
+<!ENTITY bar 'barVal'>
+<!ENTITY eff 'effVal'>""")
+        self.localized("""<!ENTITY bar 'lBar'>
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.dtd", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.dtd", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'changed': 1, 'missing': 2
+                }},
+             'details': {
+                 'children': [
+                     ('l10n.dtd',
+                         {'value': {'missingEntity': [u'eff', u'foo']}}
+                      )
+                 ]}
+             }
+        )
+        mergefile = os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge", "l10n.dtd")
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mergefile))
+        p = getParser(mergefile)
+        p.readFile(mergefile)
+        [m, n] = p.parse()
+        self.assertEqual(map(lambda e: e.key,  m), ["bar", "eff", "foo"])
+
+    def testJunk(self):
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.tmp))
+        self.reference("""<!ENTITY foo 'fooVal'>
+<!ENTITY bar 'barVal'>
+<!ENTITY eff 'effVal'>""")
+        self.localized("""<!ENTITY foo 'fooVal'>
+<!ENTY bar 'gimmick'>
+<!ENTITY eff 'effVal'>
+""")
+        cc = ContentComparer()
+        cc.set_merge_stage(os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge"))
+        cc.compare(File(self.ref, "en-reference.dtd", ""),
+                   File(self.l10n, "l10n.dtd", ""))
+        self.assertDictEqual(
+            cc.observer.toJSON(),
+            {'summary':
+                {None: {
+                    'errors': 1, 'missing': 1, 'unchanged': 2
+                }},
+             'details': {
+                 'children': [
+                     ('l10n.dtd',
+                         {'value': {
+                             'error': [u'Unparsed content "<!ENTY bar '
+                                       u'\'gimmick\'>" at 23-44'],
+                             'missingEntity': [u'bar']}}
+                      )
+                 ]}
+             }
+        )
+        mergefile = os.path.join(self.tmp, "merge", "l10n.dtd")
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mergefile))
+        p = getParser(mergefile)
+        p.readFile(mergefile)
+        [m, n] = p.parse()
+        self.assertEqual(map(lambda e: e.key,  m), ["foo", "eff", "bar"])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_properties.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_properties.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..331a1a57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_properties.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from compare_locales.tests import ParserTestMixin
+
+
+class TestPropertiesParser(ParserTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    filename = 'foo.properties'
+
+    def testBackslashes(self):
+        self._test(r'''one_line = This is one line
+two_line = This is the first \
+of two lines
+one_line_trailing = This line ends in \\
+and has junk
+two_lines_triple = This line is one of two and ends in \\\
+and still has another line coming
+''', (
+            ('one_line', 'This is one line'),
+            ('two_line', u'This is the first of two lines'),
+            ('one_line_trailing', u'This line ends in \\'),
+            ('_junk_\\d+_113-126$', 'and has junk\n'),
+            ('two_lines_triple', 'This line is one of two and ends in \\'
+             'and still has another line coming')))
+
+    def testProperties(self):
+        # port of netwerk/test/PropertiesTest.cpp
+        self.parser.readContents(self.resource('test.properties'))
+        ref = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8',
+               'this is the first part of a continued line '
+               'and here is the 2nd part']
+        i = iter(self.parser)
+        for r, e in zip(ref, i):
+            self.assertEqual(e.val, r)
+
+    def test_bug121341(self):
+        # port of xpcom/tests/unit/test_bug121341.js
+        self.parser.readContents(self.resource('bug121341.properties'))
+        ref = ['abc', 'xy', u"\u1234\t\r\n\u00AB\u0001\n",
+               "this is multiline property",
+               "this is another multiline property", u"test\u0036",
+               "yet another multiline propery", u"\ttest5\u0020", " test6\t",
+               u"c\uCDEFd", u"\uABCD"]
+        i = iter(self.parser)
+        for r, e in zip(ref, i):
+            self.assertEqual(e.val, r)
+
+    def test_comment_in_multi(self):
+        self._test(r'''bar=one line with a \
+# part that looks like a comment \
+and an end''', (('bar', 'one line with a # part that looks like a comment '
+                'and an end'),))
+
+    def test_license_header(self):
+        self._test('''\
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+foo=value
+''', (('foo', 'value'),))
+        self.assert_('MPL' in self.parser.header)
+
+    def test_escapes(self):
+        self.parser.readContents(r'''
+# unicode escapes
+zero = some \unicode
+one = \u0
+two = \u41
+three = \u042
+four = \u0043
+five = \u0044a
+six = \a
+seven = \n\r\t\\
+''')
+        ref = ['some unicode', chr(0), 'A', 'B', 'C', 'Da', 'a', '\n\r\t\\']
+        for r, e in zip(ref, self.parser):
+            self.assertEqual(e.val, r)
+
+    def test_trailing_comment(self):
+        self._test('''first = string
+second = string
+
+#
+#commented out
+''', (('first', 'string'), ('second', 'string')))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_util.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd2d2c92b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from compare_locales import util
+
+
+class ParseLocalesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_empty(self):
+        self.assertEquals(util.parseLocales(''), [])
+
+    def test_all(self):
+        self.assertEquals(util.parseLocales('''af
+de'''), ['af', 'de'])
+
+    def test_shipped(self):
+        self.assertEquals(util.parseLocales('''af
+ja win mac
+de'''), ['af', 'de', 'ja'])
+
+    def test_sparse(self):
+        self.assertEquals(util.parseLocales('''
+af
+
+de
+
+'''), ['af', 'de'])
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_webapps.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_webapps.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f1223649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/tests/test_webapps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from compare_locales import webapps
+
+
+class TestFileComparison(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def mock_FileComparison(self, mock_listdir):
+        class Target(webapps.FileComparison):
+            def _listdir(self):
+                return mock_listdir()
+        return Target('.', 'en-US')
+
+    def test_just_reference(self):
+        def _listdir():
+            return ['my_app.en-US.properties']
+        filecomp = self.mock_FileComparison(_listdir)
+        filecomp.files()
+        self.assertEqual(filecomp.locales(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(filecomp._reference.keys(), ['my_app'])
+        file_ = filecomp._reference['my_app']
+        self.assertEqual(file_.file, 'locales/my_app.en-US.properties')
+
+    def test_just_locales(self):
+        def _listdir():
+            return ['my_app.ar.properties',
+                    'my_app.sr-Latn.properties',
+                    'my_app.sv-SE.properties',
+                    'my_app.po_SI.properties']
+        filecomp = self.mock_FileComparison(_listdir)
+        filecomp.files()
+        self.assertEqual(filecomp.locales(),
+                         ['ar', 'sr-Latn', 'sv-SE'])
+        self.assertEqual(filecomp._files['ar'].keys(), ['my_app'])
+        file_ = filecomp._files['ar']['my_app']
+        self.assertEqual(file_.file, 'locales/my_app.ar.properties')
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/util.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71eadd874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file is shared between compare-locales and locale-inspector
+# test_util is in compare-locales only, for the sake of easy
+# development.
+
+
+def parseLocales(content):
+    return sorted(l.split()[0] for l in content.splitlines() if l)
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/webapps.py b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/webapps.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42f5b5657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/compare_locales/webapps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''gaia-style web apps support
+
+This variant supports manifest.webapp localization as well as
+.properties files with a naming scheme of locales/foo.*.properties.
+'''
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import json
+import os
+import os.path
+import re
+
+from compare_locales.paths import File, EnumerateDir
+from compare_locales.compare import AddRemove, ContentComparer
+
+
+class WebAppCompare(object):
+    '''For a given directory, analyze
+    /manifest.webapp
+    /locales/*.*.properties
+
+    Deduce the present locale codes.
+    '''
+    ignore_dirs = EnumerateDir.ignore_dirs
+    reference_locale = 'en-US'
+
+    def __init__(self, basedir):
+        '''Constructor
+        :param basedir: Directory of the web app to inspect
+        '''
+        self.basedir = basedir
+        self.manifest = Manifest(basedir, self.reference_locale)
+        self.files = FileComparison(basedir, self.reference_locale)
+        self.watcher = None
+
+    def compare(self, locales):
+        '''Compare the manifest.webapp and the locales/*.*.properties
+        '''
+        if not locales:
+            locales = self.locales()
+        self.manifest.compare(locales)
+        self.files.compare(locales)
+
+    def setWatcher(self, watcher):
+        self.watcher = watcher
+        self.manifest.watcher = watcher
+        self.files.watcher = watcher
+
+    def locales(self):
+        '''Inspect files on disk to find present languages.
+        :rtype: List of locales, sorted, including reference.
+        '''
+        locales = set(self.manifest.strings.keys())
+        locales.update(self.files.locales())
+        locales = list(sorted(locales))
+        return locales
+
+
+class Manifest(object):
+    '''Class that helps with parsing and inspection of manifest.webapp.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, basedir, reference_locale):
+        self.file = File(os.path.join(basedir, 'manifest.webapp'),
+                         'manifest.webapp')
+        self.reference_locale = reference_locale
+        self._strings = None
+        self.watcher = None
+
+    @property
+    def strings(self):
+        if self._strings is None:
+            self._strings = self.load_and_parse()
+        return self._strings
+
+    def load_and_parse(self):
+        try:
+            manifest = json.load(open(self.file.fullpath))
+        except (ValueError, IOError), e:
+            if self.watcher:
+                self.watcher.notify('error', self.file, str(e))
+            return False
+        return self.extract_manifest_strings(manifest)
+
+    def extract_manifest_strings(self, manifest_fragment):
+        '''Extract localizable strings from a manifest dict.
+        This method is recursive, and returns a two-level dict,
+        first level being locale codes, second level being generated
+        key and localized value. Keys are generated by concatenating
+        each level in the json with a ".".
+        '''
+        rv = defaultdict(dict)
+        localizable = manifest_fragment.pop('locales', {})
+        if localizable:
+            for locale, keyvalue in localizable.iteritems():
+                for key, value in keyvalue.iteritems():
+                    key = '.'.join(['locales', 'AB_CD', key])
+                    rv[locale][key] = value
+        for key, sub_manifest in manifest_fragment.iteritems():
+            if not isinstance(sub_manifest, dict):
+                continue
+            subdict = self.extract_manifest_strings(sub_manifest)
+            if subdict:
+                for locale, keyvalue in subdict:
+                    rv[locale].update((key + '.' + subkey, value)
+                                      for subkey, value
+                                      in keyvalue.iteritems())
+        return rv
+
+    def compare(self, locales):
+        strings = self.strings
+        if not strings:
+            return
+        # create a copy so that we can mock around with it
+        strings = strings.copy()
+        reference = strings.pop(self.reference_locale)
+        for locale in locales:
+            if locale == self.reference_locale:
+                continue
+            self.compare_strings(reference,
+                                 strings.get(locale, {}),
+                                 locale)
+
+    def compare_strings(self, reference, l10n, locale):
+        add_remove = AddRemove()
+        add_remove.set_left(sorted(reference.keys()))
+        add_remove.set_right(sorted(l10n.keys()))
+        missing = obsolete = changed = unchanged = 0
+        for op, item_or_pair in add_remove:
+            if op == 'equal':
+                if reference[item_or_pair[0]] == l10n[item_or_pair[1]]:
+                    unchanged += 1
+                else:
+                    changed += 1
+            else:
+                key = item_or_pair.replace('.AB_CD.',
+                                           '.%s.' % locale)
+                if op == 'add':
+                    # obsolete entry
+                    obsolete += 1
+                    self.watcher.notify('obsoleteEntity', self.file, key)
+                else:
+                    # missing entry
+                    missing += 1
+                    self.watcher.notify('missingEntity', self.file, key)
+
+
+class FileComparison(object):
+    '''Compare the locales/*.*.properties files inside a webapp.
+    '''
+    prop = re.compile('(?P<base>.*)\\.'
+                      '(?P<locale>[a-zA-Z]+(?:-[a-zA-Z]+)*)'
+                      '\\.properties$')
+
+    def __init__(self, basedir, reference_locale):
+        self.basedir = basedir
+        self.reference_locale = reference_locale
+        self.watcher = None
+        self._reference = self._files = None
+
+    def locales(self):
+        '''Get the locales present in the webapp
+        '''
+        self.files()
+        locales = self._files.keys()
+        locales.sort()
+        return locales
+
+    def compare(self, locales):
+        self.files()
+        for locale in locales:
+            l10n = self._files[locale]
+            filecmp = AddRemove()
+            filecmp.set_left(sorted(self._reference.keys()))
+            filecmp.set_right(sorted(l10n.keys()))
+            for op, item_or_pair in filecmp:
+                if op == 'equal':
+                    self.watcher.compare(self._reference[item_or_pair[0]],
+                                         l10n[item_or_pair[1]])
+                elif op == 'add':
+                    # obsolete file
+                    self.watcher.remove(l10n[item_or_pair])
+                else:
+                    # missing file
+                    _path = '.'.join([item_or_pair, locale, 'properties'])
+                    missingFile = File(
+                        os.path.join(self.basedir, 'locales', _path),
+                        'locales/' + _path)
+                    self.watcher.add(self._reference[item_or_pair],
+                                     missingFile)
+
+    def files(self):
+        '''Read the list of locales from disk.
+        '''
+        if self._reference:
+            return
+        self._reference = {}
+        self._files = defaultdict(dict)
+        path_list = self._listdir()
+        for path in path_list:
+            match = self.prop.match(path)
+            if match is None:
+                continue
+            locale = match.group('locale')
+            if locale == self.reference_locale:
+                target = self._reference
+            else:
+                target = self._files[locale]
+            fullpath = os.path.join(self.basedir, 'locales', path)
+            target[match.group('base')] = File(fullpath, 'locales/' + path)
+
+    def _listdir(self):
+        'Monkey-patch this for testing.'
+        return os.listdir(os.path.join(self.basedir, 'locales'))
+
+
+def compare_web_app(basedir, locales, other_observer=None):
+    '''Compare gaia-style web app.
+
+    Optional arguments are:
+    - other_observer. A object implementing
+        notify(category, _file, data)
+      The return values of that callback are ignored.
+    '''
+    comparer = ContentComparer()
+    if other_observer is not None:
+        comparer.add_observer(other_observer)
+    webapp_comp = WebAppCompare(basedir)
+    webapp_comp.setWatcher(comparer)
+    webapp_comp.compare(locales)
+    return comparer.observer
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/docs/glossary.rst b/python/compare-locales/docs/glossary.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e89839b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/docs/glossary.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+========
+Glossary
+========
+
+.. glossary::
+    :sorted:
+
+    Localization
+        The process of creating content in a native language, including
+        translation, but also customizations like Search.
+
+    Localizability
+        Enabling a piece of software to be localized. This is mostly
+        externalizing English strings, and writing build support to 
+        pick up localized search engines etc.
+
+    L10n
+        *Numeronym* for Localization, *L*, 10 chars, *n*
+
+    L12y
+        Numeronym for Localizability
+
+    l10n-merge
+        nick-name for the process of merging ``en-US`` and a particular
+        localization into one joint artifact without any missing strings, and
+        without technical errors, as far as possible.
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/docs/index.rst b/python/compare-locales/docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..925ca0f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+============
+Localization
+============
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   glossary
+
+The documentation here is targeted at developers, writing localizable code
+for Firefox and Firefox for Android, as well as Thunderbird and SeaMonkey.
+
+If you haven't dealt with localization in gecko code before, it's a good
+idea to check the :doc:`./glossary` for what localization is, and which terms
+we use for what.
+
+Exposing strings
+----------------
+
+Localizers only handle a few file formats in well-known locations in the
+source tree.
+
+The locations are in directories like
+
+    :file:`browser/`\ ``locales/en-US/``\ :file:`subdir/file.ext`
+
+The first thing to note is that only files beneath :file:`locales/en-US` are
+exposed to localizers. The second thing to note is that only a few directories
+are exposed. Which directories are exposed is defined in files called
+``l10n.ini``, which are at a
+`few places <https://dxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/search?q=path%3Al10n.ini&redirect=true>`_
+in the source code.
+
+An example looks like this
+
+.. code-block:: ini
+
+    [general]
+    depth = ../..
+
+    [compare]
+    dirs = browser
+        browser/branding/official
+
+    [includes]
+    toolkit = toolkit/locales/l10n.ini
+
+This tells the l10n infrastructure three things: Resolve the paths against the
+directory two levels up, include files in :file:`browser/locales/en-US` and
+:file:`browser/branding/official/locales/en-US`, and load more data from
+:file:`toolkit/locales/l10n.ini`.
+
+For projects like Thunderbird and SeaMonkey in ``comm-central``, additional
+data needs to be provided when including an ``l10n.ini`` from a different
+repository:
+
+.. code-block:: ini
+
+    [include_toolkit]
+    type = hg
+    mozilla = mozilla-central
+    repo = http://hg.mozilla.org/
+    l10n.ini = toolkit/locales/l10n.ini
+
+This tells the l10n pieces where to find the repository, and where inside
+that repository the ``l10n.ini`` file is. This is needed because for local
+builds, :file:`mail/locales/l10n.ini` references
+:file:`mozilla/toolkit/locales/l10n.ini`, which is where the comm-central
+build setup expects toolkit to be.
+
+Now that the directories exposed to l10n are known, we can talk about the
+supported file formats.
+
+File formats
+------------
+
+This is just a quick overview, please check the
+`XUL Tutorial <https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Mozilla/Tech/XUL/Tutorial/Localization>`_
+for an in-depth tour.
+
+The following file formats are known to the l10n tool chains:
+
+DTD
+    Used in XUL and XHTML. Also for Android native strings.
+Properties
+    Used from JavaScript and C++. When used from js, also comes with
+    `plural support <https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Mozilla/Localization/Localization_and_Plurals>`_.
+ini
+    Used by the crashreporter and updater, avoid if possible.
+foo.defines
+    Used during builds, for example to create file:`install.rdf` for
+    language packs.
+
+Adding new formats involves changing various different tools, and is strongly
+discouraged.
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+Generally, anything that exists in ``en-US`` needs a one-to-one mapping in
+all localizations. There are a few cases where that's not wanted, notably
+around search settings and spell-checking dictionaries.
+
+To enable tools to adjust to those exceptions, there's a python-coded
+:py:mod:`filter.py`, implementing :py:func:`test`, with the following
+signature
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def test(mod, path, entity = None):
+        if does_not_matter:
+            return "ignore"
+        if show_but_do_not_merge:
+            return "report"
+        # default behavior, localizer or build need to do something
+        return "error"
+
+For any missing file, this function is called with ``mod`` being
+the *module*, and ``path`` being the relative path inside
+:file:`locales/en-US`. The module is the top-level dir as referenced in
+:file:`l10n.ini`.
+
+For missing strings, the :py:data:`entity` parameter is the key of the string
+in the en-US file.
+
+l10n-merge
+----------
+
+Gecko doesn't support fallback from a localization to ``en-US`` at runtime.
+Thus, the build needs to ensure that the localization as it's built into
+the package has all required strings, and that the strings don't contain
+errors. To ensure that, we're *merging* the localization and ``en-US``
+at build time, nick-named :term:`l10n-merge`.
+
+The process is usually triggered via
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $obj-dir/browser/locales> make merge-de LOCALE_MERGEDIR=$PWD/merge-de
+
+It creates another directory in the object dir, :file:`merge-ab-CD`, in
+which the modified files are stored. The actual repackaging process looks for
+the localized files in the merge dir first, then the localized file, and then
+in ``en-US``. Thus, for the ``de`` localization of
+:file:`browser/locales/en-US/chrome/browser/browser.dtd`, it checks
+
+1. :file:`$objdir/browser/locales/merge-de/browser/chrome/browser/browser.dtd`
+2. :file:`$(LOCALE_BASEDIR)/de/browser/chrome/browser/browser.dtd`
+3. :file:`browser/locales/en-US/chrome/browser/browser.dtd`
+
+and will include the first of those files it finds.
+
+l10n-merge modifies a file if it supports the particular file type, and there
+are missing strings which are not filtered out, or if an existing string
+shows an error. See the Checks section below for details.
+
+Checks
+------
+
+As part of the build and other localization tool chains, we run a variety
+of source-based checks. Think of them as linters.
+
+The suite of checks is usually determined by file type, i.e., there's a
+suite of checks for DTD files and one for properties files, etc. An exception
+are Android-specific checks.
+
+Android
+^^^^^^^
+
+For Android, we need to localize :file:`strings.xml`. We're doing so via DTD
+files, which is mostly OK. But the strings inside the XML file have to
+satisfy additional constraints about quotes etc, that are not part of XML.
+There's probably some historic background on why things are the way they are.
+
+The Android-specific checks are enabled for DTD files that are in
+:file:`mobile/android/base/locales/en-US/`.
+
+Localizations
+-------------
+
+Now that we talked in-depth about how to expose content to localizers,
+where are the localizations?
+
+We host a mercurial repository per locale and per branch. Most of our
+localizations only work starting with aurora, so the bulk of the localizations
+is found on https://hg.mozilla.org/releases/l10n/mozilla-aurora/. We have
+several localizations continuously working with mozilla-central, those
+repositories are on https://hg.mozilla.org/l10n-central/.
+
+You can search inside our localized files on
+`Transvision <https://transvision.mozfr.org/>`_ and
+http://dxr.mozilla.org/l10n-mozilla-aurora/.
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/mach_commands.py b/python/compare-locales/mach_commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7be6a50e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/mach_commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this,
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    MachCommandBase,
+)
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+MERGE_HELP = '''Directory to merge to. Will be removed to before running
+the comparison. Default: $(OBJDIR)/($MOZ_BUILD_APP)/locales/merge-$(AB_CD)
+'''.lstrip()
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class CompareLocales(MachCommandBase):
+    """Run compare-locales."""
+
+    @Command('compare-locales', category='testing',
+             description='Run source checks on a localization.')
+    @CommandArgument('--l10n-ini',
+                     help='l10n.ini describing the app. ' +
+                     'Default: $(MOZ_BUILD_APP)/locales/l10n.ini')
+    @CommandArgument('--l10n-base',
+                     help='Directory with the localizations. ' +
+                     'Default: $(L10NBASEDIR)')
+    @CommandArgument('--merge-dir',
+                     help=MERGE_HELP)
+    @CommandArgument('locales', nargs='+', metavar='ab_CD',
+                     help='Locale codes to compare')
+    def compare(self, l10n_ini=None, l10n_base=None, merge_dir=None,
+                locales=None):
+        from compare_locales.paths import EnumerateApp
+        from compare_locales.compare import compareApp
+
+        # check if we're configured and use defaults from there
+        # otherwise, error early
+        try:
+            self.substs  # explicitly check
+            if not l10n_ini:
+                l10n_ini = mozpath.join(
+                    self.topsrcdir,
+                    self.substs['MOZ_BUILD_APP'],
+                    'locales', 'l10n.ini'
+                )
+            if not l10n_base:
+                l10n_base = mozpath.join(
+                    self.topsrcdir,
+                    self.substs['L10NBASEDIR']
+                )
+        except Exception:
+            if not l10n_ini or not l10n_base:
+                print('Specify --l10n-ini and --l10n-base or run configure.')
+                return 1
+
+        if not merge_dir:
+            try:
+                # self.substs is raising an Exception if we're not configured
+                # don't merge if we're not
+                merge_dir = mozpath.join(
+                    self.topobjdir,
+                    self.substs['MOZ_BUILD_APP'],
+                    'locales', 'merge-dir-{ab_CD}'
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        app = EnumerateApp(l10n_ini, l10n_base, locales)
+        observer = compareApp(app, merge_stage=merge_dir,
+                              clobber=True)
+        print(observer.serialize())
diff --git a/python/compare-locales/moz.build b/python/compare-locales/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f772ab620
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/compare-locales/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+with Files('compare_locales/**'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Localization Infrastructure and Tools', 'compare-locales')
+with Files('docs/**'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Mozilla Localizations', 'Documentation')
+
+# SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS += [
+#     'compare_locales',
+# ]
+
+SPHINX_TREES['.'] = 'docs'
diff --git a/python/configobj/PKG-INFO b/python/configobj/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71c47b907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/configobj/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: configobj
+Version: 4.7.2
+Summary: Config file reading, writing and validation.
+Home-page: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/configobj.html
+Author: Michael Foord & Nicola Larosa
+Author-email: fuzzyman@voidspace.org.uk
+License: UNKNOWN
+Download-URL: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/configobj-4.7.2.zip
+Description: **ConfigObj** is a simple but powerful config file reader and writer: an *ini
+        file round tripper*. Its main feature is that it is very easy to use, with a
+        straightforward programmer's interface and a simple syntax for config files.
+        It has lots of other features though :
+        
+        * Nested sections (subsections), to any level
+        * List values
+        * Multiple line values
+        * Full Unicode support
+        * String interpolation (substitution)
+        * Integrated with a powerful validation system
+        
+        - including automatic type checking/conversion
+        - and allowing default values
+        - repeated sections
+        
+        * All comments in the file are preserved
+        * The order of keys/sections is preserved
+        * Powerful ``unrepr`` mode for storing/retrieving Python data-types
+        
+        | Release 4.7.2 fixes several bugs in 4.7.1
+        | Release 4.7.1 fixes a bug with the deprecated options keyword in
+        | 4.7.0.
+        | Release 4.7.0 improves performance adds features for validation and
+        | fixes some bugs.
+Keywords: config,ini,dictionary,application,admin,sysadmin,configuration,validation
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 6 - Mature
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
diff --git a/python/configobj/configobj.py b/python/configobj/configobj.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1f6e6df8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/configobj/configobj.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2468 @@
+# configobj.py
+# A config file reader/writer that supports nested sections in config files.
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2010 Michael Foord, Nicola Larosa
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+#         nico AT tekNico DOT net
+
+# ConfigObj 4
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/configobj.html
+
+# Released subject to the BSD License
+# Please see http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+
+# Scripts maintained at http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/index.shtml
+# For information about bugfixes, updates and support, please join the
+# ConfigObj mailing list:
+# http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/configobj-develop
+# Comments, suggestions and bug reports welcome.
+
+from __future__ import generators
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from codecs import BOM_UTF8, BOM_UTF16, BOM_UTF16_BE, BOM_UTF16_LE
+
+
+# imported lazily to avoid startup performance hit if it isn't used
+compiler = None
+
+# A dictionary mapping BOM to
+# the encoding to decode with, and what to set the
+# encoding attribute to.
+BOMS = {
+    BOM_UTF8: ('utf_8', None),
+    BOM_UTF16_BE: ('utf16_be', 'utf_16'),
+    BOM_UTF16_LE: ('utf16_le', 'utf_16'),
+    BOM_UTF16: ('utf_16', 'utf_16'),
+    }
+# All legal variants of the BOM codecs.
+# TODO: the list of aliases is not meant to be exhaustive, is there a
+#   better way ?
+BOM_LIST = {
+    'utf_16': 'utf_16',
+    'u16': 'utf_16',
+    'utf16': 'utf_16',
+    'utf-16': 'utf_16',
+    'utf16_be': 'utf16_be',
+    'utf_16_be': 'utf16_be',
+    'utf-16be': 'utf16_be',
+    'utf16_le': 'utf16_le',
+    'utf_16_le': 'utf16_le',
+    'utf-16le': 'utf16_le',
+    'utf_8': 'utf_8',
+    'u8': 'utf_8',
+    'utf': 'utf_8',
+    'utf8': 'utf_8',
+    'utf-8': 'utf_8',
+    }
+
+# Map of encodings to the BOM to write.
+BOM_SET = {
+    'utf_8': BOM_UTF8,
+    'utf_16': BOM_UTF16,
+    'utf16_be': BOM_UTF16_BE,
+    'utf16_le': BOM_UTF16_LE,
+    None: BOM_UTF8
+    }
+
+
+def match_utf8(encoding):
+    return BOM_LIST.get(encoding.lower()) == 'utf_8'
+
+
+# Quote strings used for writing values
+squot = "'%s'"
+dquot = '"%s"'
+noquot = "%s"
+wspace_plus = ' \r\n\v\t\'"'
+tsquot = '"""%s"""'
+tdquot = "'''%s'''"
+
+# Sentinel for use in getattr calls to replace hasattr
+MISSING = object()
+
+__version__ = '4.7.2'
+
+try:
+    any
+except NameError:
+    def any(iterable):
+        for entry in iterable:
+            if entry:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    '__version__',
+    'DEFAULT_INDENT_TYPE',
+    'DEFAULT_INTERPOLATION',
+    'ConfigObjError',
+    'NestingError',
+    'ParseError',
+    'DuplicateError',
+    'ConfigspecError',
+    'ConfigObj',
+    'SimpleVal',
+    'InterpolationError',
+    'InterpolationLoopError',
+    'MissingInterpolationOption',
+    'RepeatSectionError',
+    'ReloadError',
+    'UnreprError',
+    'UnknownType',
+    'flatten_errors',
+    'get_extra_values'
+)
+
+DEFAULT_INTERPOLATION = 'configparser'
+DEFAULT_INDENT_TYPE = '    '
+MAX_INTERPOL_DEPTH = 10
+
+OPTION_DEFAULTS = {
+    'interpolation': True,
+    'raise_errors': False,
+    'list_values': True,
+    'create_empty': False,
+    'file_error': False,
+    'configspec': None,
+    'stringify': True,
+    # option may be set to one of ('', ' ', '\t')
+    'indent_type': None,
+    'encoding': None,
+    'default_encoding': None,
+    'unrepr': False,
+    'write_empty_values': False,
+}
+
+
+
+def getObj(s):
+    global compiler
+    if compiler is None:
+        import compiler
+    s = "a=" + s
+    p = compiler.parse(s)
+    return p.getChildren()[1].getChildren()[0].getChildren()[1]
+
+
+class UnknownType(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class Builder(object):
+    
+    def build(self, o):
+        m = getattr(self, 'build_' + o.__class__.__name__, None)
+        if m is None:
+            raise UnknownType(o.__class__.__name__)
+        return m(o)
+    
+    def build_List(self, o):
+        return map(self.build, o.getChildren())
+    
+    def build_Const(self, o):
+        return o.value
+    
+    def build_Dict(self, o):
+        d = {}
+        i = iter(map(self.build, o.getChildren()))
+        for el in i:
+            d[el] = i.next()
+        return d
+    
+    def build_Tuple(self, o):
+        return tuple(self.build_List(o))
+    
+    def build_Name(self, o):
+        if o.name == 'None':
+            return None
+        if o.name == 'True':
+            return True
+        if o.name == 'False':
+            return False
+        
+        # An undefined Name
+        raise UnknownType('Undefined Name')
+    
+    def build_Add(self, o):
+        real, imag = map(self.build_Const, o.getChildren())
+        try:
+            real = float(real)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise UnknownType('Add')
+        if not isinstance(imag, complex) or imag.real != 0.0:
+            raise UnknownType('Add')
+        return real+imag
+    
+    def build_Getattr(self, o):
+        parent = self.build(o.expr)
+        return getattr(parent, o.attrname)
+    
+    def build_UnarySub(self, o):
+        return -self.build_Const(o.getChildren()[0])
+    
+    def build_UnaryAdd(self, o):
+        return self.build_Const(o.getChildren()[0])
+
+
+_builder = Builder()
+
+
+def unrepr(s):
+    if not s:
+        return s
+    return _builder.build(getObj(s))
+
+
+
+class ConfigObjError(SyntaxError):
+    """
+    This is the base class for all errors that ConfigObj raises.
+    It is a subclass of SyntaxError.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message='', line_number=None, line=''):
+        self.line = line
+        self.line_number = line_number
+        SyntaxError.__init__(self, message)
+
+
+class NestingError(ConfigObjError):
+    """
+    This error indicates a level of nesting that doesn't match.
+    """
+
+
+class ParseError(ConfigObjError):
+    """
+    This error indicates that a line is badly written.
+    It is neither a valid ``key = value`` line,
+    nor a valid section marker line.
+    """
+
+
+class ReloadError(IOError):
+    """
+    A 'reload' operation failed.
+    This exception is a subclass of ``IOError``.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        IOError.__init__(self, 'reload failed, filename is not set.')
+
+
+class DuplicateError(ConfigObjError):
+    """
+    The keyword or section specified already exists.
+    """
+
+
+class ConfigspecError(ConfigObjError):
+    """
+    An error occured whilst parsing a configspec.
+    """
+
+
+class InterpolationError(ConfigObjError):
+    """Base class for the two interpolation errors."""
+
+
+class InterpolationLoopError(InterpolationError):
+    """Maximum interpolation depth exceeded in string interpolation."""
+
+    def __init__(self, option):
+        InterpolationError.__init__(
+            self,
+            'interpolation loop detected in value "%s".' % option)
+
+
+class RepeatSectionError(ConfigObjError):
+    """
+    This error indicates additional sections in a section with a
+    ``__many__`` (repeated) section.
+    """
+
+
+class MissingInterpolationOption(InterpolationError):
+    """A value specified for interpolation was missing."""
+    def __init__(self, option):
+        msg = 'missing option "%s" in interpolation.' % option
+        InterpolationError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+
+class UnreprError(ConfigObjError):
+    """An error parsing in unrepr mode."""
+
+
+
+class InterpolationEngine(object):
+    """
+    A helper class to help perform string interpolation.
+
+    This class is an abstract base class; its descendants perform
+    the actual work.
+    """
+
+    # compiled regexp to use in self.interpolate()
+    _KEYCRE = re.compile(r"%\(([^)]*)\)s")
+    _cookie = '%'
+
+    def __init__(self, section):
+        # the Section instance that "owns" this engine
+        self.section = section
+
+
+    def interpolate(self, key, value):
+        # short-cut
+        if not self._cookie in value:
+            return value
+        
+        def recursive_interpolate(key, value, section, backtrail):
+            """The function that does the actual work.
+
+            ``value``: the string we're trying to interpolate.
+            ``section``: the section in which that string was found
+            ``backtrail``: a dict to keep track of where we've been,
+            to detect and prevent infinite recursion loops
+
+            This is similar to a depth-first-search algorithm.
+            """
+            # Have we been here already?
+            if (key, section.name) in backtrail:
+                # Yes - infinite loop detected
+                raise InterpolationLoopError(key)
+            # Place a marker on our backtrail so we won't come back here again
+            backtrail[(key, section.name)] = 1
+
+            # Now start the actual work
+            match = self._KEYCRE.search(value)
+            while match:
+                # The actual parsing of the match is implementation-dependent,
+                # so delegate to our helper function
+                k, v, s = self._parse_match(match)
+                if k is None:
+                    # That's the signal that no further interpolation is needed
+                    replacement = v
+                else:
+                    # Further interpolation may be needed to obtain final value
+                    replacement = recursive_interpolate(k, v, s, backtrail)
+                # Replace the matched string with its final value
+                start, end = match.span()
+                value = ''.join((value[:start], replacement, value[end:]))
+                new_search_start = start + len(replacement)
+                # Pick up the next interpolation key, if any, for next time
+                # through the while loop
+                match = self._KEYCRE.search(value, new_search_start)
+
+            # Now safe to come back here again; remove marker from backtrail
+            del backtrail[(key, section.name)]
+
+            return value
+
+        # Back in interpolate(), all we have to do is kick off the recursive
+        # function with appropriate starting values
+        value = recursive_interpolate(key, value, self.section, {})
+        return value
+
+
+    def _fetch(self, key):
+        """Helper function to fetch values from owning section.
+
+        Returns a 2-tuple: the value, and the section where it was found.
+        """
+        # switch off interpolation before we try and fetch anything !
+        save_interp = self.section.main.interpolation
+        self.section.main.interpolation = False
+
+        # Start at section that "owns" this InterpolationEngine
+        current_section = self.section
+        while True:
+            # try the current section first
+            val = current_section.get(key)
+            if val is not None and not isinstance(val, Section):
+                break
+            # try "DEFAULT" next
+            val = current_section.get('DEFAULT', {}).get(key)
+            if val is not None and not isinstance(val, Section):
+                break
+            # move up to parent and try again
+            # top-level's parent is itself
+            if current_section.parent is current_section:
+                # reached top level, time to give up
+                break
+            current_section = current_section.parent
+
+        # restore interpolation to previous value before returning
+        self.section.main.interpolation = save_interp
+        if val is None:
+            raise MissingInterpolationOption(key)
+        return val, current_section
+
+
+    def _parse_match(self, match):
+        """Implementation-dependent helper function.
+
+        Will be passed a match object corresponding to the interpolation
+        key we just found (e.g., "%(foo)s" or "$foo"). Should look up that
+        key in the appropriate config file section (using the ``_fetch()``
+        helper function) and return a 3-tuple: (key, value, section)
+
+        ``key`` is the name of the key we're looking for
+        ``value`` is the value found for that key
+        ``section`` is a reference to the section where it was found
+
+        ``key`` and ``section`` should be None if no further
+        interpolation should be performed on the resulting value
+        (e.g., if we interpolated "$$" and returned "$").
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+    
+
+
+class ConfigParserInterpolation(InterpolationEngine):
+    """Behaves like ConfigParser."""
+    _cookie = '%'
+    _KEYCRE = re.compile(r"%\(([^)]*)\)s")
+
+    def _parse_match(self, match):
+        key = match.group(1)
+        value, section = self._fetch(key)
+        return key, value, section
+
+
+
+class TemplateInterpolation(InterpolationEngine):
+    """Behaves like string.Template."""
+    _cookie = '$'
+    _delimiter = '$'
+    _KEYCRE = re.compile(r"""
+        \$(?:
+          (?P<escaped>\$)              |   # Two $ signs
+          (?P<named>[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*)  |   # $name format
+          {(?P<braced>[^}]*)}              # ${name} format
+        )
+        """, re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+    def _parse_match(self, match):
+        # Valid name (in or out of braces): fetch value from section
+        key = match.group('named') or match.group('braced')
+        if key is not None:
+            value, section = self._fetch(key)
+            return key, value, section
+        # Escaped delimiter (e.g., $$): return single delimiter
+        if match.group('escaped') is not None:
+            # Return None for key and section to indicate it's time to stop
+            return None, self._delimiter, None
+        # Anything else: ignore completely, just return it unchanged
+        return None, match.group(), None
+
+
+interpolation_engines = {
+    'configparser': ConfigParserInterpolation,
+    'template': TemplateInterpolation,
+}
+
+
+def __newobj__(cls, *args):
+    # Hack for pickle
+    return cls.__new__(cls, *args) 
+
+class Section(dict):
+    """
+    A dictionary-like object that represents a section in a config file.
+    
+    It does string interpolation if the 'interpolation' attribute
+    of the 'main' object is set to True.
+    
+    Interpolation is tried first from this object, then from the 'DEFAULT'
+    section of this object, next from the parent and its 'DEFAULT' section,
+    and so on until the main object is reached.
+    
+    A Section will behave like an ordered dictionary - following the
+    order of the ``scalars`` and ``sections`` attributes.
+    You can use this to change the order of members.
+    
+    Iteration follows the order: scalars, then sections.
+    """
+
+    
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        dict.update(self, state[0])
+        self.__dict__.update(state[1])
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        state = (dict(self), self.__dict__)
+        return (__newobj__, (self.__class__,), state)
+    
+    
+    def __init__(self, parent, depth, main, indict=None, name=None):
+        """
+        * parent is the section above
+        * depth is the depth level of this section
+        * main is the main ConfigObj
+        * indict is a dictionary to initialise the section with
+        """
+        if indict is None:
+            indict = {}
+        dict.__init__(self)
+        # used for nesting level *and* interpolation
+        self.parent = parent
+        # used for the interpolation attribute
+        self.main = main
+        # level of nesting depth of this Section
+        self.depth = depth
+        # purely for information
+        self.name = name
+        #
+        self._initialise()
+        # we do this explicitly so that __setitem__ is used properly
+        # (rather than just passing to ``dict.__init__``)
+        for entry, value in indict.iteritems():
+            self[entry] = value
+            
+            
+    def _initialise(self):
+        # the sequence of scalar values in this Section
+        self.scalars = []
+        # the sequence of sections in this Section
+        self.sections = []
+        # for comments :-)
+        self.comments = {}
+        self.inline_comments = {}
+        # the configspec
+        self.configspec = None
+        # for defaults
+        self.defaults = []
+        self.default_values = {}
+        self.extra_values = []
+        self._created = False
+
+
+    def _interpolate(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            # do we already have an interpolation engine?
+            engine = self._interpolation_engine
+        except AttributeError:
+            # not yet: first time running _interpolate(), so pick the engine
+            name = self.main.interpolation
+            if name == True:  # note that "if name:" would be incorrect here
+                # backwards-compatibility: interpolation=True means use default
+                name = DEFAULT_INTERPOLATION
+            name = name.lower()  # so that "Template", "template", etc. all work
+            class_ = interpolation_engines.get(name, None)
+            if class_ is None:
+                # invalid value for self.main.interpolation
+                self.main.interpolation = False
+                return value
+            else:
+                # save reference to engine so we don't have to do this again
+                engine = self._interpolation_engine = class_(self)
+        # let the engine do the actual work
+        return engine.interpolate(key, value)
+
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Fetch the item and do string interpolation."""
+        val = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        if self.main.interpolation: 
+            if isinstance(val, basestring):
+                return self._interpolate(key, val)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                def _check(entry):
+                    if isinstance(entry, basestring):
+                        return self._interpolate(key, entry)
+                    return entry
+                new = [_check(entry) for entry in val]
+                if new != val:
+                    return new
+        return val
+
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value, unrepr=False):
+        """
+        Correctly set a value.
+        
+        Making dictionary values Section instances.
+        (We have to special case 'Section' instances - which are also dicts)
+        
+        Keys must be strings.
+        Values need only be strings (or lists of strings) if
+        ``main.stringify`` is set.
+        
+        ``unrepr`` must be set when setting a value to a dictionary, without
+        creating a new sub-section.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(key, basestring):
+            raise ValueError('The key "%s" is not a string.' % key)
+        
+        # add the comment
+        if key not in self.comments:
+            self.comments[key] = []
+            self.inline_comments[key] = ''
+        # remove the entry from defaults
+        if key in self.defaults:
+            self.defaults.remove(key)
+        #
+        if isinstance(value, Section):
+            if key not in self:
+                self.sections.append(key)
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, dict) and not unrepr:
+            # First create the new depth level,
+            # then create the section
+            if key not in self:
+                self.sections.append(key)
+            new_depth = self.depth + 1
+            dict.__setitem__(
+                self,
+                key,
+                Section(
+                    self,
+                    new_depth,
+                    self.main,
+                    indict=value,
+                    name=key))
+        else:
+            if key not in self:
+                self.scalars.append(key)
+            if not self.main.stringify:
+                if isinstance(value, basestring):
+                    pass
+                elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+                    for entry in value:
+                        if not isinstance(entry, basestring):
+                            raise TypeError('Value is not a string "%s".' % entry)
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError('Value is not a string "%s".' % value)
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """Remove items from the sequence when deleting."""
+        dict. __delitem__(self, key)
+        if key in self.scalars:
+            self.scalars.remove(key)
+        else:
+            self.sections.remove(key)
+        del self.comments[key]
+        del self.inline_comments[key]
+
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """A version of ``get`` that doesn't bypass string interpolation."""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+
+    def update(self, indict):
+        """
+        A version of update that uses our ``__setitem__``.
+        """
+        for entry in indict:
+            self[entry] = indict[entry]
+
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=MISSING):
+        """
+        'D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised'
+        """
+        try:
+            val = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is MISSING:
+                raise
+            val = default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+        return val
+
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        """Pops the first (key,val)"""
+        sequence = (self.scalars + self.sections)
+        if not sequence:
+            raise KeyError(": 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'")
+        key = sequence[0]
+        val =  self[key]
+        del self[key]
+        return key, val
+
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        A version of clear that also affects scalars/sections
+        Also clears comments and configspec.
+        
+        Leaves other attributes alone :
+            depth/main/parent are not affected
+        """
+        dict.clear(self)
+        self.scalars = []
+        self.sections = []
+        self.comments = {}
+        self.inline_comments = {}
+        self.configspec = None
+        self.defaults = []
+        self.extra_values = []
+
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        """A version of setdefault that sets sequence if appropriate."""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            self[key] = default
+            return self[key]
+
+
+    def items(self):
+        """D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples"""
+        return zip((self.scalars + self.sections), self.values())
+
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """D.keys() -> list of D's keys"""
+        return (self.scalars + self.sections)
+
+
+    def values(self):
+        """D.values() -> list of D's values"""
+        return [self[key] for key in (self.scalars + self.sections)]
+
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D"""
+        return iter(self.items())
+
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D"""
+        return iter((self.scalars + self.sections))
+
+    __iter__ = iterkeys
+
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D"""
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)"""
+        def _getval(key):
+            try:
+                return self[key]
+            except MissingInterpolationOption:
+                return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        return '{%s}' % ', '.join([('%s: %s' % (repr(key), repr(_getval(key))))
+            for key in (self.scalars + self.sections)])
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+    __str__.__doc__ = "x.__str__() <==> str(x)"
+
+
+    # Extra methods - not in a normal dictionary
+
+    def dict(self):
+        """
+        Return a deepcopy of self as a dictionary.
+        
+        All members that are ``Section`` instances are recursively turned to
+        ordinary dictionaries - by calling their ``dict`` method.
+        
+        >>> n = a.dict()
+        >>> n == a
+        1
+        >>> n is a
+        0
+        """
+        newdict = {}
+        for entry in self:
+            this_entry = self[entry]
+            if isinstance(this_entry, Section):
+                this_entry = this_entry.dict()
+            elif isinstance(this_entry, list):
+                # create a copy rather than a reference
+                this_entry = list(this_entry)
+            elif isinstance(this_entry, tuple):
+                # create a copy rather than a reference
+                this_entry = tuple(this_entry)
+            newdict[entry] = this_entry
+        return newdict
+
+
+    def merge(self, indict):
+        """
+        A recursive update - useful for merging config files.
+        
+        >>> a = '''[section1]
+        ...     option1 = True
+        ...     [[subsection]]
+        ...     more_options = False
+        ...     # end of file'''.splitlines()
+        >>> b = '''# File is user.ini
+        ...     [section1]
+        ...     option1 = False
+        ...     # end of file'''.splitlines()
+        >>> c1 = ConfigObj(b)
+        >>> c2 = ConfigObj(a)
+        >>> c2.merge(c1)
+        >>> c2
+        ConfigObj({'section1': {'option1': 'False', 'subsection': {'more_options': 'False'}}})
+        """
+        for key, val in indict.items():
+            if (key in self and isinstance(self[key], dict) and
+                                isinstance(val, dict)):
+                self[key].merge(val)
+            else:   
+                self[key] = val
+
+
+    def rename(self, oldkey, newkey):
+        """
+        Change a keyname to another, without changing position in sequence.
+        
+        Implemented so that transformations can be made on keys,
+        as well as on values. (used by encode and decode)
+        
+        Also renames comments.
+        """
+        if oldkey in self.scalars:
+            the_list = self.scalars
+        elif oldkey in self.sections:
+            the_list = self.sections
+        else:
+            raise KeyError('Key "%s" not found.' % oldkey)
+        pos = the_list.index(oldkey)
+        #
+        val = self[oldkey]
+        dict.__delitem__(self, oldkey)
+        dict.__setitem__(self, newkey, val)
+        the_list.remove(oldkey)
+        the_list.insert(pos, newkey)
+        comm = self.comments[oldkey]
+        inline_comment = self.inline_comments[oldkey]
+        del self.comments[oldkey]
+        del self.inline_comments[oldkey]
+        self.comments[newkey] = comm
+        self.inline_comments[newkey] = inline_comment
+
+
+    def walk(self, function, raise_errors=True,
+            call_on_sections=False, **keywargs):
+        """
+        Walk every member and call a function on the keyword and value.
+        
+        Return a dictionary of the return values
+        
+        If the function raises an exception, raise the errror
+        unless ``raise_errors=False``, in which case set the return value to
+        ``False``.
+        
+        Any unrecognised keyword arguments you pass to walk, will be pased on
+        to the function you pass in.
+        
+        Note: if ``call_on_sections`` is ``True`` then - on encountering a
+        subsection, *first* the function is called for the *whole* subsection,
+        and then recurses into it's members. This means your function must be
+        able to handle strings, dictionaries and lists. This allows you
+        to change the key of subsections as well as for ordinary members. The
+        return value when called on the whole subsection has to be discarded.
+        
+        See  the encode and decode methods for examples, including functions.
+        
+        .. admonition:: caution
+        
+            You can use ``walk`` to transform the names of members of a section
+            but you mustn't add or delete members.
+        
+        >>> config = '''[XXXXsection]
+        ... XXXXkey = XXXXvalue'''.splitlines()
+        >>> cfg = ConfigObj(config)
+        >>> cfg
+        ConfigObj({'XXXXsection': {'XXXXkey': 'XXXXvalue'}})
+        >>> def transform(section, key):
+        ...     val = section[key]
+        ...     newkey = key.replace('XXXX', 'CLIENT1')
+        ...     section.rename(key, newkey)
+        ...     if isinstance(val, (tuple, list, dict)):
+        ...         pass
+        ...     else:
+        ...         val = val.replace('XXXX', 'CLIENT1')
+        ...         section[newkey] = val
+        >>> cfg.walk(transform, call_on_sections=True)
+        {'CLIENT1section': {'CLIENT1key': None}}
+        >>> cfg
+        ConfigObj({'CLIENT1section': {'CLIENT1key': 'CLIENT1value'}})
+        """
+        out = {}
+        # scalars first
+        for i in range(len(self.scalars)):
+            entry = self.scalars[i]
+            try:
+                val = function(self, entry, **keywargs)
+                # bound again in case name has changed
+                entry = self.scalars[i]
+                out[entry] = val
+            except Exception:
+                if raise_errors:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    entry = self.scalars[i]
+                    out[entry] = False
+        # then sections
+        for i in range(len(self.sections)):
+            entry = self.sections[i]
+            if call_on_sections:
+                try:
+                    function(self, entry, **keywargs)
+                except Exception:
+                    if raise_errors:
+                        raise
+                    else:
+                        entry = self.sections[i]
+                        out[entry] = False
+                # bound again in case name has changed
+                entry = self.sections[i]
+            # previous result is discarded
+            out[entry] = self[entry].walk(
+                function,
+                raise_errors=raise_errors,
+                call_on_sections=call_on_sections,
+                **keywargs)
+        return out
+
+
+    def as_bool(self, key):
+        """
+        Accepts a key as input. The corresponding value must be a string or
+        the objects (``True`` or 1) or (``False`` or 0). We allow 0 and 1 to
+        retain compatibility with Python 2.2.
+        
+        If the string is one of  ``True``, ``On``, ``Yes``, or ``1`` it returns 
+        ``True``.
+        
+        If the string is one of  ``False``, ``Off``, ``No``, or ``0`` it returns 
+        ``False``.
+        
+        ``as_bool`` is not case sensitive.
+        
+        Any other input will raise a ``ValueError``.
+        
+        >>> a = ConfigObj()
+        >>> a['a'] = 'fish'
+        >>> a.as_bool('a')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ValueError: Value "fish" is neither True nor False
+        >>> a['b'] = 'True'
+        >>> a.as_bool('b')
+        1
+        >>> a['b'] = 'off'
+        >>> a.as_bool('b')
+        0
+        """
+        val = self[key]
+        if val == True:
+            return True
+        elif val == False:
+            return False
+        else:
+            try:
+                if not isinstance(val, basestring):
+                    # TODO: Why do we raise a KeyError here?
+                    raise KeyError()
+                else:
+                    return self.main._bools[val.lower()]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError('Value "%s" is neither True nor False' % val)
+
+
+    def as_int(self, key):
+        """
+        A convenience method which coerces the specified value to an integer.
+        
+        If the value is an invalid literal for ``int``, a ``ValueError`` will
+        be raised.
+        
+        >>> a = ConfigObj()
+        >>> a['a'] = 'fish'
+        >>> a.as_int('a')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'fish'
+        >>> a['b'] = '1'
+        >>> a.as_int('b')
+        1
+        >>> a['b'] = '3.2'
+        >>> a.as_int('b')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '3.2'
+        """
+        return int(self[key])
+
+
+    def as_float(self, key):
+        """
+        A convenience method which coerces the specified value to a float.
+        
+        If the value is an invalid literal for ``float``, a ``ValueError`` will
+        be raised.
+        
+        >>> a = ConfigObj()
+        >>> a['a'] = 'fish'
+        >>> a.as_float('a')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ValueError: invalid literal for float(): fish
+        >>> a['b'] = '1'
+        >>> a.as_float('b')
+        1.0
+        >>> a['b'] = '3.2'
+        >>> a.as_float('b')
+        3.2000000000000002
+        """
+        return float(self[key])
+    
+    
+    def as_list(self, key):
+        """
+        A convenience method which fetches the specified value, guaranteeing
+        that it is a list.
+        
+        >>> a = ConfigObj()
+        >>> a['a'] = 1
+        >>> a.as_list('a')
+        [1]
+        >>> a['a'] = (1,)
+        >>> a.as_list('a')
+        [1]
+        >>> a['a'] = [1]
+        >>> a.as_list('a')
+        [1]
+        """
+        result = self[key]
+        if isinstance(result, (tuple, list)):
+            return list(result)
+        return [result]
+        
+
+    def restore_default(self, key):
+        """
+        Restore (and return) default value for the specified key.
+        
+        This method will only work for a ConfigObj that was created
+        with a configspec and has been validated.
+        
+        If there is no default value for this key, ``KeyError`` is raised.
+        """
+        default = self.default_values[key]
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, default)
+        if key not in self.defaults:
+            self.defaults.append(key)
+        return default
+
+    
+    def restore_defaults(self):
+        """
+        Recursively restore default values to all members
+        that have them.
+        
+        This method will only work for a ConfigObj that was created
+        with a configspec and has been validated.
+        
+        It doesn't delete or modify entries without default values.
+        """
+        for key in self.default_values:
+            self.restore_default(key)
+            
+        for section in self.sections:
+            self[section].restore_defaults()
+
+
+class ConfigObj(Section):
+    """An object to read, create, and write config files."""
+
+    _keyword = re.compile(r'''^ # line start
+        (\s*)                   # indentation
+        (                       # keyword
+            (?:".*?")|          # double quotes
+            (?:'.*?')|          # single quotes
+            (?:[^'"=].*?)       # no quotes
+        )
+        \s*=\s*                 # divider
+        (.*)                    # value (including list values and comments)
+        $   # line end
+        ''',
+        re.VERBOSE)
+
+    _sectionmarker = re.compile(r'''^
+        (\s*)                     # 1: indentation
+        ((?:\[\s*)+)              # 2: section marker open
+        (                         # 3: section name open
+            (?:"\s*\S.*?\s*")|    # at least one non-space with double quotes
+            (?:'\s*\S.*?\s*')|    # at least one non-space with single quotes
+            (?:[^'"\s].*?)        # at least one non-space unquoted
+        )                         # section name close
+        ((?:\s*\])+)              # 4: section marker close
+        \s*(\#.*)?                # 5: optional comment
+        $''',
+        re.VERBOSE)
+
+    # this regexp pulls list values out as a single string
+    # or single values and comments
+    # FIXME: this regex adds a '' to the end of comma terminated lists
+    #   workaround in ``_handle_value``
+    _valueexp = re.compile(r'''^
+        (?:
+            (?:
+                (
+                    (?:
+                        (?:
+                            (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                            (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                            (?:[^'",\#][^,\#]*?)    # unquoted
+                        )
+                        \s*,\s*                     # comma
+                    )*      # match all list items ending in a comma (if any)
+                )
+                (
+                    (?:".*?")|                      # double quotes
+                    (?:'.*?')|                      # single quotes
+                    (?:[^'",\#\s][^,]*?)|           # unquoted
+                    (?:(?<!,))                      # Empty value
+                )?          # last item in a list - or string value
+            )|
+            (,)             # alternatively a single comma - empty list
+        )
+        \s*(\#.*)?          # optional comment
+        $''',
+        re.VERBOSE)
+
+    # use findall to get the members of a list value
+    _listvalueexp = re.compile(r'''
+        (
+            (?:".*?")|          # double quotes
+            (?:'.*?')|          # single quotes
+            (?:[^'",\#]?.*?)       # unquoted
+        )
+        \s*,\s*                 # comma
+        ''',
+        re.VERBOSE)
+
+    # this regexp is used for the value
+    # when lists are switched off
+    _nolistvalue = re.compile(r'''^
+        (
+            (?:".*?")|          # double quotes
+            (?:'.*?')|          # single quotes
+            (?:[^'"\#].*?)|     # unquoted
+            (?:)                # Empty value
+        )
+        \s*(\#.*)?              # optional comment
+        $''',
+        re.VERBOSE)
+
+    # regexes for finding triple quoted values on one line
+    _single_line_single = re.compile(r"^'''(.*?)'''\s*(#.*)?$")
+    _single_line_double = re.compile(r'^"""(.*?)"""\s*(#.*)?$')
+    _multi_line_single = re.compile(r"^(.*?)'''\s*(#.*)?$")
+    _multi_line_double = re.compile(r'^(.*?)"""\s*(#.*)?$')
+
+    _triple_quote = {
+        "'''": (_single_line_single, _multi_line_single),
+        '"""': (_single_line_double, _multi_line_double),
+    }
+
+    # Used by the ``istrue`` Section method
+    _bools = {
+        'yes': True, 'no': False,
+        'on': True, 'off': False,
+        '1': True, '0': False,
+        'true': True, 'false': False,
+        }
+
+
+    def __init__(self, infile=None, options=None, configspec=None, encoding=None,
+                 interpolation=True, raise_errors=False, list_values=True,
+                 create_empty=False, file_error=False, stringify=True,
+                 indent_type=None, default_encoding=None, unrepr=False,
+                 write_empty_values=False, _inspec=False):
+        """
+        Parse a config file or create a config file object.
+        
+        ``ConfigObj(infile=None, configspec=None, encoding=None,
+                    interpolation=True, raise_errors=False, list_values=True,
+                    create_empty=False, file_error=False, stringify=True,
+                    indent_type=None, default_encoding=None, unrepr=False,
+                    write_empty_values=False, _inspec=False)``
+        """
+        self._inspec = _inspec
+        # init the superclass
+        Section.__init__(self, self, 0, self)
+        
+        infile = infile or []
+        
+        _options = {'configspec': configspec,
+                    'encoding': encoding, 'interpolation': interpolation,
+                    'raise_errors': raise_errors, 'list_values': list_values,
+                    'create_empty': create_empty, 'file_error': file_error,
+                    'stringify': stringify, 'indent_type': indent_type,
+                    'default_encoding': default_encoding, 'unrepr': unrepr,
+                    'write_empty_values': write_empty_values}
+
+        if options is None:
+            options = _options
+        else:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn('Passing in an options dictionary to ConfigObj() is '
+                          'deprecated. Use **options instead.',
+                          DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            
+            # TODO: check the values too.
+            for entry in options:
+                if entry not in OPTION_DEFAULTS:
+                    raise TypeError('Unrecognised option "%s".' % entry)
+            for entry, value in OPTION_DEFAULTS.items():
+                if entry not in options:
+                    options[entry] = value
+                keyword_value = _options[entry]
+                if value != keyword_value:
+                    options[entry] = keyword_value
+        
+        # XXXX this ignores an explicit list_values = True in combination
+        # with _inspec. The user should *never* do that anyway, but still...
+        if _inspec:
+            options['list_values'] = False
+        
+        self._initialise(options)
+        configspec = options['configspec']
+        self._original_configspec = configspec
+        self._load(infile, configspec)
+        
+        
+    def _load(self, infile, configspec):
+        if isinstance(infile, basestring):
+            self.filename = infile
+            if os.path.isfile(infile):
+                h = open(infile, 'rb')
+                infile = h.read() or []
+                h.close()
+            elif self.file_error:
+                # raise an error if the file doesn't exist
+                raise IOError('Config file not found: "%s".' % self.filename)
+            else:
+                # file doesn't already exist
+                if self.create_empty:
+                    # this is a good test that the filename specified
+                    # isn't impossible - like on a non-existent device
+                    h = open(infile, 'w')
+                    h.write('')
+                    h.close()
+                infile = []
+                
+        elif isinstance(infile, (list, tuple)):
+            infile = list(infile)
+            
+        elif isinstance(infile, dict):
+            # initialise self
+            # the Section class handles creating subsections
+            if isinstance(infile, ConfigObj):
+                # get a copy of our ConfigObj
+                def set_section(in_section, this_section):
+                    for entry in in_section.scalars:
+                        this_section[entry] = in_section[entry]
+                    for section in in_section.sections:
+                        this_section[section] = {}
+                        set_section(in_section[section], this_section[section])
+                set_section(infile, self)
+                
+            else:
+                for entry in infile:
+                    self[entry] = infile[entry]
+            del self._errors
+            
+            if configspec is not None:
+                self._handle_configspec(configspec)
+            else:
+                self.configspec = None
+            return
+        
+        elif getattr(infile, 'read', MISSING) is not MISSING:
+            # This supports file like objects
+            infile = infile.read() or []
+            # needs splitting into lines - but needs doing *after* decoding
+            # in case it's not an 8 bit encoding
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('infile must be a filename, file like object, or list of lines.')
+        
+        if infile:
+            # don't do it for the empty ConfigObj
+            infile = self._handle_bom(infile)
+            # infile is now *always* a list
+            #
+            # Set the newlines attribute (first line ending it finds)
+            # and strip trailing '\n' or '\r' from lines
+            for line in infile:
+                if (not line) or (line[-1] not in ('\r', '\n', '\r\n')):
+                    continue
+                for end in ('\r\n', '\n', '\r'):
+                    if line.endswith(end):
+                        self.newlines = end
+                        break
+                break
+
+            infile = [line.rstrip('\r\n') for line in infile]
+            
+        self._parse(infile)
+        # if we had any errors, now is the time to raise them
+        if self._errors:
+            info = "at line %s." % self._errors[0].line_number
+            if len(self._errors) > 1:
+                msg = "Parsing failed with several errors.\nFirst error %s" % info
+                error = ConfigObjError(msg)
+            else:
+                error = self._errors[0]
+            # set the errors attribute; it's a list of tuples:
+            # (error_type, message, line_number)
+            error.errors = self._errors
+            # set the config attribute
+            error.config = self
+            raise error
+        # delete private attributes
+        del self._errors
+        
+        if configspec is None:
+            self.configspec = None
+        else:
+            self._handle_configspec(configspec)
+    
+    
+    def _initialise(self, options=None):
+        if options is None:
+            options = OPTION_DEFAULTS
+            
+        # initialise a few variables
+        self.filename = None
+        self._errors = []
+        self.raise_errors = options['raise_errors']
+        self.interpolation = options['interpolation']
+        self.list_values = options['list_values']
+        self.create_empty = options['create_empty']
+        self.file_error = options['file_error']
+        self.stringify = options['stringify']
+        self.indent_type = options['indent_type']
+        self.encoding = options['encoding']
+        self.default_encoding = options['default_encoding']
+        self.BOM = False
+        self.newlines = None
+        self.write_empty_values = options['write_empty_values']
+        self.unrepr = options['unrepr']
+        
+        self.initial_comment = []
+        self.final_comment = []
+        self.configspec = None
+        
+        if self._inspec:
+            self.list_values = False
+        
+        # Clear section attributes as well
+        Section._initialise(self)
+        
+        
+    def __repr__(self):
+        def _getval(key):
+            try:
+                return self[key]
+            except MissingInterpolationOption:
+                return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        return ('ConfigObj({%s})' % 
+                ', '.join([('%s: %s' % (repr(key), repr(_getval(key)))) 
+                for key in (self.scalars + self.sections)]))
+    
+    
+    def _handle_bom(self, infile):
+        """
+        Handle any BOM, and decode if necessary.
+        
+        If an encoding is specified, that *must* be used - but the BOM should
+        still be removed (and the BOM attribute set).
+        
+        (If the encoding is wrongly specified, then a BOM for an alternative
+        encoding won't be discovered or removed.)
+        
+        If an encoding is not specified, UTF8 or UTF16 BOM will be detected and
+        removed. The BOM attribute will be set. UTF16 will be decoded to
+        unicode.
+        
+        NOTE: This method must not be called with an empty ``infile``.
+        
+        Specifying the *wrong* encoding is likely to cause a
+        ``UnicodeDecodeError``.
+        
+        ``infile`` must always be returned as a list of lines, but may be
+        passed in as a single string.
+        """
+        if ((self.encoding is not None) and
+            (self.encoding.lower() not in BOM_LIST)):
+            # No need to check for a BOM
+            # the encoding specified doesn't have one
+            # just decode
+            return self._decode(infile, self.encoding)
+        
+        if isinstance(infile, (list, tuple)):
+            line = infile[0]
+        else:
+            line = infile
+        if self.encoding is not None:
+            # encoding explicitly supplied
+            # And it could have an associated BOM
+            # TODO: if encoding is just UTF16 - we ought to check for both
+            # TODO: big endian and little endian versions.
+            enc = BOM_LIST[self.encoding.lower()]
+            if enc == 'utf_16':
+                # For UTF16 we try big endian and little endian
+                for BOM, (encoding, final_encoding) in BOMS.items():
+                    if not final_encoding:
+                        # skip UTF8
+                        continue
+                    if infile.startswith(BOM):
+                        ### BOM discovered
+                        ##self.BOM = True
+                        # Don't need to remove BOM
+                        return self._decode(infile, encoding)
+                    
+                # If we get this far, will *probably* raise a DecodeError
+                # As it doesn't appear to start with a BOM
+                return self._decode(infile, self.encoding)
+            
+            # Must be UTF8
+            BOM = BOM_SET[enc]
+            if not line.startswith(BOM):
+                return self._decode(infile, self.encoding)
+            
+            newline = line[len(BOM):]
+            
+            # BOM removed
+            if isinstance(infile, (list, tuple)):
+                infile[0] = newline
+            else:
+                infile = newline
+            self.BOM = True
+            return self._decode(infile, self.encoding)
+        
+        # No encoding specified - so we need to check for UTF8/UTF16
+        for BOM, (encoding, final_encoding) in BOMS.items():
+            if not line.startswith(BOM):
+                continue
+            else:
+                # BOM discovered
+                self.encoding = final_encoding
+                if not final_encoding:
+                    self.BOM = True
+                    # UTF8
+                    # remove BOM
+                    newline = line[len(BOM):]
+                    if isinstance(infile, (list, tuple)):
+                        infile[0] = newline
+                    else:
+                        infile = newline
+                    # UTF8 - don't decode
+                    if isinstance(infile, basestring):
+                        return infile.splitlines(True)
+                    else:
+                        return infile
+                # UTF16 - have to decode
+                return self._decode(infile, encoding)
+            
+        # No BOM discovered and no encoding specified, just return
+        if isinstance(infile, basestring):
+            # infile read from a file will be a single string
+            return infile.splitlines(True)
+        return infile
+
+
+    def _a_to_u(self, aString):
+        """Decode ASCII strings to unicode if a self.encoding is specified."""
+        if self.encoding:
+            return aString.decode('ascii')
+        else:
+            return aString
+
+
+    def _decode(self, infile, encoding):
+        """
+        Decode infile to unicode. Using the specified encoding.
+        
+        if is a string, it also needs converting to a list.
+        """
+        if isinstance(infile, basestring):
+            # can't be unicode
+            # NOTE: Could raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError``
+            return infile.decode(encoding).splitlines(True)
+        for i, line in enumerate(infile):
+            if not isinstance(line, unicode):
+                # NOTE: The isinstance test here handles mixed lists of unicode/string
+                # NOTE: But the decode will break on any non-string values
+                # NOTE: Or could raise a ``UnicodeDecodeError``
+                infile[i] = line.decode(encoding)
+        return infile
+
+
+    def _decode_element(self, line):
+        """Decode element to unicode if necessary."""
+        if not self.encoding:
+            return line
+        if isinstance(line, str) and self.default_encoding:
+            return line.decode(self.default_encoding)
+        return line
+
+
+    def _str(self, value):
+        """
+        Used by ``stringify`` within validate, to turn non-string values
+        into strings.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(value, basestring):
+            return str(value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+
+    def _parse(self, infile):
+        """Actually parse the config file."""
+        temp_list_values = self.list_values
+        if self.unrepr:
+            self.list_values = False
+            
+        comment_list = []
+        done_start = False
+        this_section = self
+        maxline = len(infile) - 1
+        cur_index = -1
+        reset_comment = False
+        
+        while cur_index < maxline:
+            if reset_comment:
+                comment_list = []
+            cur_index += 1
+            line = infile[cur_index]
+            sline = line.strip()
+            # do we have anything on the line ?
+            if not sline or sline.startswith('#'):
+                reset_comment = False
+                comment_list.append(line)
+                continue
+            
+            if not done_start:
+                # preserve initial comment
+                self.initial_comment = comment_list
+                comment_list = []
+                done_start = True
+                
+            reset_comment = True
+            # first we check if it's a section marker
+            mat = self._sectionmarker.match(line)
+            if mat is not None:
+                # is a section line
+                (indent, sect_open, sect_name, sect_close, comment) = mat.groups()
+                if indent and (self.indent_type is None):
+                    self.indent_type = indent
+                cur_depth = sect_open.count('[')
+                if cur_depth != sect_close.count(']'):
+                    self._handle_error("Cannot compute the section depth at line %s.",
+                                       NestingError, infile, cur_index)
+                    continue
+                
+                if cur_depth < this_section.depth:
+                    # the new section is dropping back to a previous level
+                    try:
+                        parent = self._match_depth(this_section,
+                                                   cur_depth).parent
+                    except SyntaxError:
+                        self._handle_error("Cannot compute nesting level at line %s.",
+                                           NestingError, infile, cur_index)
+                        continue
+                elif cur_depth == this_section.depth:
+                    # the new section is a sibling of the current section
+                    parent = this_section.parent
+                elif cur_depth == this_section.depth + 1:
+                    # the new section is a child the current section
+                    parent = this_section
+                else:
+                    self._handle_error("Section too nested at line %s.",
+                                       NestingError, infile, cur_index)
+                    
+                sect_name = self._unquote(sect_name)
+                if sect_name in parent:
+                    self._handle_error('Duplicate section name at line %s.',
+                                       DuplicateError, infile, cur_index)
+                    continue
+                
+                # create the new section
+                this_section = Section(
+                    parent,
+                    cur_depth,
+                    self,
+                    name=sect_name)
+                parent[sect_name] = this_section
+                parent.inline_comments[sect_name] = comment
+                parent.comments[sect_name] = comment_list
+                continue
+            #
+            # it's not a section marker,
+            # so it should be a valid ``key = value`` line
+            mat = self._keyword.match(line)
+            if mat is None:
+                # it neither matched as a keyword
+                # or a section marker
+                self._handle_error(
+                    'Invalid line at line "%s".',
+                    ParseError, infile, cur_index)
+            else:
+                # is a keyword value
+                # value will include any inline comment
+                (indent, key, value) = mat.groups()
+                if indent and (self.indent_type is None):
+                    self.indent_type = indent
+                # check for a multiline value
+                if value[:3] in ['"""', "'''"]:
+                    try:
+                        value, comment, cur_index = self._multiline(
+                            value, infile, cur_index, maxline)
+                    except SyntaxError:
+                        self._handle_error(
+                            'Parse error in value at line %s.',
+                            ParseError, infile, cur_index)
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        if self.unrepr:
+                            comment = ''
+                            try:
+                                value = unrepr(value)
+                            except Exception, e:
+                                if type(e) == UnknownType:
+                                    msg = 'Unknown name or type in value at line %s.'
+                                else:
+                                    msg = 'Parse error in value at line %s.'
+                                self._handle_error(msg, UnreprError, infile,
+                                    cur_index)
+                                continue
+                else:
+                    if self.unrepr:
+                        comment = ''
+                        try:
+                            value = unrepr(value)
+                        except Exception, e:
+                            if isinstance(e, UnknownType):
+                                msg = 'Unknown name or type in value at line %s.'
+                            else:
+                                msg = 'Parse error in value at line %s.'
+                            self._handle_error(msg, UnreprError, infile,
+                                cur_index)
+                            continue
+                    else:
+                        # extract comment and lists
+                        try:
+                            (value, comment) = self._handle_value(value)
+                        except SyntaxError:
+                            self._handle_error(
+                                'Parse error in value at line %s.',
+                                ParseError, infile, cur_index)
+                            continue
+                #
+                key = self._unquote(key)
+                if key in this_section:
+                    self._handle_error(
+                        'Duplicate keyword name at line %s.',
+                        DuplicateError, infile, cur_index)
+                    continue
+                # add the key.
+                # we set unrepr because if we have got this far we will never
+                # be creating a new section
+                this_section.__setitem__(key, value, unrepr=True)
+                this_section.inline_comments[key] = comment
+                this_section.comments[key] = comment_list
+                continue
+        #
+        if self.indent_type is None:
+            # no indentation used, set the type accordingly
+            self.indent_type = ''
+
+        # preserve the final comment
+        if not self and not self.initial_comment:
+            self.initial_comment = comment_list
+        elif not reset_comment:
+            self.final_comment = comment_list
+        self.list_values = temp_list_values
+
+
+    def _match_depth(self, sect, depth):
+        """
+        Given a section and a depth level, walk back through the sections
+        parents to see if the depth level matches a previous section.
+        
+        Return a reference to the right section,
+        or raise a SyntaxError.
+        """
+        while depth < sect.depth:
+            if sect is sect.parent:
+                # we've reached the top level already
+                raise SyntaxError()
+            sect = sect.parent
+        if sect.depth == depth:
+            return sect
+        # shouldn't get here
+        raise SyntaxError()
+
+
+    def _handle_error(self, text, ErrorClass, infile, cur_index):
+        """
+        Handle an error according to the error settings.
+        
+        Either raise the error or store it.
+        The error will have occured at ``cur_index``
+        """
+        line = infile[cur_index]
+        cur_index += 1
+        message = text % cur_index
+        error = ErrorClass(message, cur_index, line)
+        if self.raise_errors:
+            # raise the error - parsing stops here
+            raise error
+        # store the error
+        # reraise when parsing has finished
+        self._errors.append(error)
+
+
+    def _unquote(self, value):
+        """Return an unquoted version of a value"""
+        if not value:
+            # should only happen during parsing of lists
+            raise SyntaxError
+        if (value[0] == value[-1]) and (value[0] in ('"', "'")):
+            value = value[1:-1]
+        return value
+
+
+    def _quote(self, value, multiline=True):
+        """
+        Return a safely quoted version of a value.
+        
+        Raise a ConfigObjError if the value cannot be safely quoted.
+        If multiline is ``True`` (default) then use triple quotes
+        if necessary.
+        
+        * Don't quote values that don't need it.
+        * Recursively quote members of a list and return a comma joined list.
+        * Multiline is ``False`` for lists.
+        * Obey list syntax for empty and single member lists.
+        
+        If ``list_values=False`` then the value is only quoted if it contains
+        a ``\\n`` (is multiline) or '#'.
+        
+        If ``write_empty_values`` is set, and the value is an empty string, it
+        won't be quoted.
+        """
+        if multiline and self.write_empty_values and value == '':
+            # Only if multiline is set, so that it is used for values not
+            # keys, and not values that are part of a list
+            return ''
+        
+        if multiline and isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            if not value:
+                return ','
+            elif len(value) == 1:
+                return self._quote(value[0], multiline=False) + ','
+            return ', '.join([self._quote(val, multiline=False)
+                for val in value])
+        if not isinstance(value, basestring):
+            if self.stringify:
+                value = str(value)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError('Value "%s" is not a string.' % value)
+
+        if not value:
+            return '""'
+        
+        no_lists_no_quotes = not self.list_values and '\n' not in value and '#' not in value
+        need_triple = multiline and ((("'" in value) and ('"' in value)) or ('\n' in value ))
+        hash_triple_quote = multiline and not need_triple and ("'" in value) and ('"' in value) and ('#' in value)
+        check_for_single = (no_lists_no_quotes or not need_triple) and not hash_triple_quote
+        
+        if check_for_single:
+            if not self.list_values:
+                # we don't quote if ``list_values=False``
+                quot = noquot
+            # for normal values either single or double quotes will do
+            elif '\n' in value:
+                # will only happen if multiline is off - e.g. '\n' in key
+                raise ConfigObjError('Value "%s" cannot be safely quoted.' % value)
+            elif ((value[0] not in wspace_plus) and
+                    (value[-1] not in wspace_plus) and
+                    (',' not in value)):
+                quot = noquot
+            else:
+                quot = self._get_single_quote(value)
+        else:
+            # if value has '\n' or "'" *and* '"', it will need triple quotes
+            quot = self._get_triple_quote(value)
+        
+        if quot == noquot and '#' in value and self.list_values:
+            quot = self._get_single_quote(value)
+                
+        return quot % value
+    
+    
+    def _get_single_quote(self, value):
+        if ("'" in value) and ('"' in value):
+            raise ConfigObjError('Value "%s" cannot be safely quoted.' % value)
+        elif '"' in value:
+            quot = squot
+        else:
+            quot = dquot
+        return quot
+    
+    
+    def _get_triple_quote(self, value):
+        if (value.find('"""') != -1) and (value.find("'''") != -1):
+            raise ConfigObjError('Value "%s" cannot be safely quoted.' % value)
+        if value.find('"""') == -1:
+            quot = tdquot
+        else:
+            quot = tsquot 
+        return quot
+
+
+    def _handle_value(self, value):
+        """
+        Given a value string, unquote, remove comment,
+        handle lists. (including empty and single member lists)
+        """
+        if self._inspec:
+            # Parsing a configspec so don't handle comments
+            return (value, '')
+        # do we look for lists in values ?
+        if not self.list_values:
+            mat = self._nolistvalue.match(value)
+            if mat is None:
+                raise SyntaxError()
+            # NOTE: we don't unquote here
+            return mat.groups()
+        #
+        mat = self._valueexp.match(value)
+        if mat is None:
+            # the value is badly constructed, probably badly quoted,
+            # or an invalid list
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        (list_values, single, empty_list, comment) = mat.groups()
+        if (list_values == '') and (single is None):
+            # change this if you want to accept empty values
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        # NOTE: note there is no error handling from here if the regex
+        # is wrong: then incorrect values will slip through
+        if empty_list is not None:
+            # the single comma - meaning an empty list
+            return ([], comment)
+        if single is not None:
+            # handle empty values
+            if list_values and not single:
+                # FIXME: the '' is a workaround because our regex now matches
+                #   '' at the end of a list if it has a trailing comma
+                single = None
+            else:
+                single = single or '""'
+                single = self._unquote(single)
+        if list_values == '':
+            # not a list value
+            return (single, comment)
+        the_list = self._listvalueexp.findall(list_values)
+        the_list = [self._unquote(val) for val in the_list]
+        if single is not None:
+            the_list += [single]
+        return (the_list, comment)
+
+
+    def _multiline(self, value, infile, cur_index, maxline):
+        """Extract the value, where we are in a multiline situation."""
+        quot = value[:3]
+        newvalue = value[3:]
+        single_line = self._triple_quote[quot][0]
+        multi_line = self._triple_quote[quot][1]
+        mat = single_line.match(value)
+        if mat is not None:
+            retval = list(mat.groups())
+            retval.append(cur_index)
+            return retval
+        elif newvalue.find(quot) != -1:
+            # somehow the triple quote is missing
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        #
+        while cur_index < maxline:
+            cur_index += 1
+            newvalue += '\n'
+            line = infile[cur_index]
+            if line.find(quot) == -1:
+                newvalue += line
+            else:
+                # end of multiline, process it
+                break
+        else:
+            # we've got to the end of the config, oops...
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        mat = multi_line.match(line)
+        if mat is None:
+            # a badly formed line
+            raise SyntaxError()
+        (value, comment) = mat.groups()
+        return (newvalue + value, comment, cur_index)
+
+
+    def _handle_configspec(self, configspec):
+        """Parse the configspec."""
+        # FIXME: Should we check that the configspec was created with the 
+        #        correct settings ? (i.e. ``list_values=False``)
+        if not isinstance(configspec, ConfigObj):
+            try:
+                configspec = ConfigObj(configspec,
+                                       raise_errors=True,
+                                       file_error=True,
+                                       _inspec=True)
+            except ConfigObjError, e:
+                # FIXME: Should these errors have a reference
+                #        to the already parsed ConfigObj ?
+                raise ConfigspecError('Parsing configspec failed: %s' % e)
+            except IOError, e:
+                raise IOError('Reading configspec failed: %s' % e)
+        
+        self.configspec = configspec
+            
+
+        
+    def _set_configspec(self, section, copy):
+        """
+        Called by validate. Handles setting the configspec on subsections
+        including sections to be validated by __many__
+        """
+        configspec = section.configspec
+        many = configspec.get('__many__')
+        if isinstance(many, dict):
+            for entry in section.sections:
+                if entry not in configspec:
+                    section[entry].configspec = many
+                    
+        for entry in configspec.sections:
+            if entry == '__many__':
+                continue
+            if entry not in section:
+                section[entry] = {}
+                section[entry]._created = True
+                if copy:
+                    # copy comments
+                    section.comments[entry] = configspec.comments.get(entry, [])
+                    section.inline_comments[entry] = configspec.inline_comments.get(entry, '')
+                
+            # Could be a scalar when we expect a section
+            if isinstance(section[entry], Section):
+                section[entry].configspec = configspec[entry]
+                        
+
+    def _write_line(self, indent_string, entry, this_entry, comment):
+        """Write an individual line, for the write method"""
+        # NOTE: the calls to self._quote here handles non-StringType values.
+        if not self.unrepr:
+            val = self._decode_element(self._quote(this_entry))
+        else:
+            val = repr(this_entry)
+        return '%s%s%s%s%s' % (indent_string,
+                               self._decode_element(self._quote(entry, multiline=False)),
+                               self._a_to_u(' = '),
+                               val,
+                               self._decode_element(comment))
+
+
+    def _write_marker(self, indent_string, depth, entry, comment):
+        """Write a section marker line"""
+        return '%s%s%s%s%s' % (indent_string,
+                               self._a_to_u('[' * depth),
+                               self._quote(self._decode_element(entry), multiline=False),
+                               self._a_to_u(']' * depth),
+                               self._decode_element(comment))
+
+
+    def _handle_comment(self, comment):
+        """Deal with a comment."""
+        if not comment:
+            return ''
+        start = self.indent_type
+        if not comment.startswith('#'):
+            start += self._a_to_u(' # ')
+        return (start + comment)
+
+
+    # Public methods
+
+    def write(self, outfile=None, section=None):
+        """
+        Write the current ConfigObj as a file
+        
+        tekNico: FIXME: use StringIO instead of real files
+        
+        >>> filename = a.filename
+        >>> a.filename = 'test.ini'
+        >>> a.write()
+        >>> a.filename = filename
+        >>> a == ConfigObj('test.ini', raise_errors=True)
+        1
+        >>> import os
+        >>> os.remove('test.ini')
+        """
+        if self.indent_type is None:
+            # this can be true if initialised from a dictionary
+            self.indent_type = DEFAULT_INDENT_TYPE
+            
+        out = []
+        cs = self._a_to_u('#')
+        csp = self._a_to_u('# ')
+        if section is None:
+            int_val = self.interpolation
+            self.interpolation = False
+            section = self
+            for line in self.initial_comment:
+                line = self._decode_element(line)
+                stripped_line = line.strip()
+                if stripped_line and not stripped_line.startswith(cs):
+                    line = csp + line
+                out.append(line)
+                
+        indent_string = self.indent_type * section.depth
+        for entry in (section.scalars + section.sections):
+            if entry in section.defaults:
+                # don't write out default values
+                continue
+            for comment_line in section.comments[entry]:
+                comment_line = self._decode_element(comment_line.lstrip())
+                if comment_line and not comment_line.startswith(cs):
+                    comment_line = csp + comment_line
+                out.append(indent_string + comment_line)
+            this_entry = section[entry]
+            comment = self._handle_comment(section.inline_comments[entry])
+            
+            if isinstance(this_entry, dict):
+                # a section
+                out.append(self._write_marker(
+                    indent_string,
+                    this_entry.depth,
+                    entry,
+                    comment))
+                out.extend(self.write(section=this_entry))
+            else:
+                out.append(self._write_line(
+                    indent_string,
+                    entry,
+                    this_entry,
+                    comment))
+                
+        if section is self:
+            for line in self.final_comment:
+                line = self._decode_element(line)
+                stripped_line = line.strip()
+                if stripped_line and not stripped_line.startswith(cs):
+                    line = csp + line
+                out.append(line)
+            self.interpolation = int_val
+            
+        if section is not self:
+            return out
+        
+        if (self.filename is None) and (outfile is None):
+            # output a list of lines
+            # might need to encode
+            # NOTE: This will *screw* UTF16, each line will start with the BOM
+            if self.encoding:
+                out = [l.encode(self.encoding) for l in out]
+            if (self.BOM and ((self.encoding is None) or
+                (BOM_LIST.get(self.encoding.lower()) == 'utf_8'))):
+                # Add the UTF8 BOM
+                if not out:
+                    out.append('')
+                out[0] = BOM_UTF8 + out[0]
+            return out
+        
+        # Turn the list to a string, joined with correct newlines
+        newline = self.newlines or os.linesep
+        if (getattr(outfile, 'mode', None) is not None and outfile.mode == 'w'
+            and sys.platform == 'win32' and newline == '\r\n'):
+            # Windows specific hack to avoid writing '\r\r\n'
+            newline = '\n'
+        output = self._a_to_u(newline).join(out)
+        if self.encoding:
+            output = output.encode(self.encoding)
+        if self.BOM and ((self.encoding is None) or match_utf8(self.encoding)):
+            # Add the UTF8 BOM
+            output = BOM_UTF8 + output
+            
+        if not output.endswith(newline):
+            output += newline
+        if outfile is not None:
+            outfile.write(output)
+        else:
+            h = open(self.filename, 'wb')
+            h.write(output)
+            h.close()
+
+
+    def validate(self, validator, preserve_errors=False, copy=False,
+                 section=None):
+        """
+        Test the ConfigObj against a configspec.
+        
+        It uses the ``validator`` object from *validate.py*.
+        
+        To run ``validate`` on the current ConfigObj, call: ::
+        
+            test = config.validate(validator)
+        
+        (Normally having previously passed in the configspec when the ConfigObj
+        was created - you can dynamically assign a dictionary of checks to the
+        ``configspec`` attribute of a section though).
+        
+        It returns ``True`` if everything passes, or a dictionary of
+        pass/fails (True/False). If every member of a subsection passes, it
+        will just have the value ``True``. (It also returns ``False`` if all
+        members fail).
+        
+        In addition, it converts the values from strings to their native
+        types if their checks pass (and ``stringify`` is set).
+        
+        If ``preserve_errors`` is ``True`` (``False`` is default) then instead
+        of a marking a fail with a ``False``, it will preserve the actual
+        exception object. This can contain info about the reason for failure.
+        For example the ``VdtValueTooSmallError`` indicates that the value
+        supplied was too small. If a value (or section) is missing it will
+        still be marked as ``False``.
+        
+        You must have the validate module to use ``preserve_errors=True``.
+        
+        You can then use the ``flatten_errors`` function to turn your nested
+        results dictionary into a flattened list of failures - useful for
+        displaying meaningful error messages.
+        """
+        if section is None:
+            if self.configspec is None:
+                raise ValueError('No configspec supplied.')
+            if preserve_errors:
+                # We do this once to remove a top level dependency on the validate module
+                # Which makes importing configobj faster
+                from validate import VdtMissingValue
+                self._vdtMissingValue = VdtMissingValue
+                
+            section = self
+
+            if copy:
+                section.initial_comment = section.configspec.initial_comment
+                section.final_comment = section.configspec.final_comment
+                section.encoding = section.configspec.encoding
+                section.BOM = section.configspec.BOM
+                section.newlines = section.configspec.newlines
+                section.indent_type = section.configspec.indent_type
+            
+        #
+        # section.default_values.clear() #??
+        configspec = section.configspec
+        self._set_configspec(section, copy)
+
+        
+        def validate_entry(entry, spec, val, missing, ret_true, ret_false):
+            section.default_values.pop(entry, None)
+                
+            try:
+                section.default_values[entry] = validator.get_default_value(configspec[entry])
+            except (KeyError, AttributeError, validator.baseErrorClass):
+                # No default, bad default or validator has no 'get_default_value'
+                # (e.g. SimpleVal)
+                pass
+            
+            try:
+                check = validator.check(spec,
+                                        val,
+                                        missing=missing
+                                        )
+            except validator.baseErrorClass, e:
+                if not preserve_errors or isinstance(e, self._vdtMissingValue):
+                    out[entry] = False
+                else:
+                    # preserve the error
+                    out[entry] = e
+                    ret_false = False
+                ret_true = False
+            else:
+                ret_false = False
+                out[entry] = True
+                if self.stringify or missing:
+                    # if we are doing type conversion
+                    # or the value is a supplied default
+                    if not self.stringify:
+                        if isinstance(check, (list, tuple)):
+                            # preserve lists
+                            check = [self._str(item) for item in check]
+                        elif missing and check is None:
+                            # convert the None from a default to a ''
+                            check = ''
+                        else:
+                            check = self._str(check)
+                    if (check != val) or missing:
+                        section[entry] = check
+                if not copy and missing and entry not in section.defaults:
+                    section.defaults.append(entry)
+            return ret_true, ret_false
+        
+        #
+        out = {}
+        ret_true = True
+        ret_false = True
+        
+        unvalidated = [k for k in section.scalars if k not in configspec]
+        incorrect_sections = [k for k in configspec.sections if k in section.scalars]        
+        incorrect_scalars = [k for k in configspec.scalars if k in section.sections]
+        
+        for entry in configspec.scalars:
+            if entry in ('__many__', '___many___'):
+                # reserved names
+                continue
+            if (not entry in section.scalars) or (entry in section.defaults):
+                # missing entries
+                # or entries from defaults
+                missing = True
+                val = None
+                if copy and entry not in section.scalars:
+                    # copy comments
+                    section.comments[entry] = (
+                        configspec.comments.get(entry, []))
+                    section.inline_comments[entry] = (
+                        configspec.inline_comments.get(entry, ''))
+                #
+            else:
+                missing = False
+                val = section[entry]
+            
+            ret_true, ret_false = validate_entry(entry, configspec[entry], val, 
+                                                 missing, ret_true, ret_false)
+        
+        many = None
+        if '__many__' in configspec.scalars:
+            many = configspec['__many__']
+        elif '___many___' in configspec.scalars:
+            many = configspec['___many___']
+        
+        if many is not None:
+            for entry in unvalidated:
+                val = section[entry]
+                ret_true, ret_false = validate_entry(entry, many, val, False,
+                                                     ret_true, ret_false)
+            unvalidated = []
+
+        for entry in incorrect_scalars:
+            ret_true = False
+            if not preserve_errors:
+                out[entry] = False
+            else:
+                ret_false = False
+                msg = 'Value %r was provided as a section' % entry
+                out[entry] = validator.baseErrorClass(msg)
+        for entry in incorrect_sections:
+            ret_true = False
+            if not preserve_errors:
+                out[entry] = False
+            else:
+                ret_false = False
+                msg = 'Section %r was provided as a single value' % entry
+                out[entry] = validator.baseErrorClass(msg)
+                
+        # Missing sections will have been created as empty ones when the
+        # configspec was read.
+        for entry in section.sections:
+            # FIXME: this means DEFAULT is not copied in copy mode
+            if section is self and entry == 'DEFAULT':
+                continue
+            if section[entry].configspec is None:
+                unvalidated.append(entry)
+                continue
+            if copy:
+                section.comments[entry] = configspec.comments.get(entry, [])
+                section.inline_comments[entry] = configspec.inline_comments.get(entry, '')
+            check = self.validate(validator, preserve_errors=preserve_errors, copy=copy, section=section[entry])
+            out[entry] = check
+            if check == False:
+                ret_true = False
+            elif check == True:
+                ret_false = False
+            else:
+                ret_true = False
+        
+        section.extra_values = unvalidated
+        if preserve_errors and not section._created:
+            # If the section wasn't created (i.e. it wasn't missing)
+            # then we can't return False, we need to preserve errors
+            ret_false = False
+        #
+        if ret_false and preserve_errors and out:
+            # If we are preserving errors, but all
+            # the failures are from missing sections / values
+            # then we can return False. Otherwise there is a
+            # real failure that we need to preserve.
+            ret_false = not any(out.values())
+        if ret_true:
+            return True
+        elif ret_false:
+            return False
+        return out
+
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Clear ConfigObj instance and restore to 'freshly created' state."""
+        self.clear()
+        self._initialise()
+        # FIXME: Should be done by '_initialise', but ConfigObj constructor (and reload)
+        #        requires an empty dictionary
+        self.configspec = None
+        # Just to be sure ;-)
+        self._original_configspec = None
+        
+        
+    def reload(self):
+        """
+        Reload a ConfigObj from file.
+        
+        This method raises a ``ReloadError`` if the ConfigObj doesn't have
+        a filename attribute pointing to a file.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self.filename, basestring):
+            raise ReloadError()
+
+        filename = self.filename
+        current_options = {}
+        for entry in OPTION_DEFAULTS:
+            if entry == 'configspec':
+                continue
+            current_options[entry] = getattr(self, entry)
+            
+        configspec = self._original_configspec
+        current_options['configspec'] = configspec
+            
+        self.clear()
+        self._initialise(current_options)
+        self._load(filename, configspec)
+        
+
+
+class SimpleVal(object):
+    """
+    A simple validator.
+    Can be used to check that all members expected are present.
+    
+    To use it, provide a configspec with all your members in (the value given
+    will be ignored). Pass an instance of ``SimpleVal`` to the ``validate``
+    method of your ``ConfigObj``. ``validate`` will return ``True`` if all
+    members are present, or a dictionary with True/False meaning
+    present/missing. (Whole missing sections will be replaced with ``False``)
+    """
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.baseErrorClass = ConfigObjError
+    
+    def check(self, check, member, missing=False):
+        """A dummy check method, always returns the value unchanged."""
+        if missing:
+            raise self.baseErrorClass()
+        return member
+
+
+def flatten_errors(cfg, res, levels=None, results=None):
+    """
+    An example function that will turn a nested dictionary of results
+    (as returned by ``ConfigObj.validate``) into a flat list.
+    
+    ``cfg`` is the ConfigObj instance being checked, ``res`` is the results
+    dictionary returned by ``validate``.
+    
+    (This is a recursive function, so you shouldn't use the ``levels`` or
+    ``results`` arguments - they are used by the function.)
+    
+    Returns a list of keys that failed. Each member of the list is a tuple::
+    
+        ([list of sections...], key, result)
+    
+    If ``validate`` was called with ``preserve_errors=False`` (the default)
+    then ``result`` will always be ``False``.
+
+    *list of sections* is a flattened list of sections that the key was found
+    in.
+    
+    If the section was missing (or a section was expected and a scalar provided
+    - or vice-versa) then key will be ``None``.
+    
+    If the value (or section) was missing then ``result`` will be ``False``.
+    
+    If ``validate`` was called with ``preserve_errors=True`` and a value
+    was present, but failed the check, then ``result`` will be the exception
+    object returned. You can use this as a string that describes the failure.
+    
+    For example *The value "3" is of the wrong type*.
+    """
+    if levels is None:
+        # first time called
+        levels = []
+        results = []
+    if res == True:
+        return results
+    if res == False or isinstance(res, Exception):
+        results.append((levels[:], None, res))
+        if levels:
+            levels.pop()
+        return results
+    for (key, val) in res.items():
+        if val == True:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(cfg.get(key), dict):
+            # Go down one level
+            levels.append(key)
+            flatten_errors(cfg[key], val, levels, results)
+            continue
+        results.append((levels[:], key, val))
+    #
+    # Go up one level
+    if levels:
+        levels.pop()
+    #
+    return results
+
+
+def get_extra_values(conf, _prepend=()):
+    """
+    Find all the values and sections not in the configspec from a validated
+    ConfigObj.
+    
+    ``get_extra_values`` returns a list of tuples where each tuple represents
+    either an extra section, or an extra value.
+    
+    The tuples contain two values, a tuple representing the section the value 
+    is in and the name of the extra values. For extra values in the top level
+    section the first member will be an empty tuple. For values in the 'foo'
+    section the first member will be ``('foo',)``. For members in the 'bar'
+    subsection of the 'foo' section the first member will be ``('foo', 'bar')``.
+    
+    NOTE: If you call ``get_extra_values`` on a ConfigObj instance that hasn't
+    been validated it will return an empty list.
+    """
+    out = []
+    
+    out.extend([(_prepend, name) for name in conf.extra_values])
+    for name in conf.sections:
+        if name not in conf.extra_values:
+            out.extend(get_extra_values(conf[name], _prepend + (name,)))
+    return out
+
+
+"""*A programming language is a medium of expression.* - Paul Graham"""
diff --git a/python/configobj/setup.py b/python/configobj/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63d70cc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/configobj/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# setup.py
+# Install script for ConfigObj
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2010 Michael Foord, Mark Andrews, Nicola Larosa
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+#         mark AT la-la DOT com
+#         nico AT tekNico DOT net
+
+# This software is licensed under the terms of the BSD license.
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+
+import sys
+from distutils.core import setup
+from configobj import __version__ as VERSION
+
+NAME = 'configobj'
+
+MODULES = 'configobj', 'validate'
+
+DESCRIPTION = 'Config file reading, writing and validation.'
+
+URL = 'http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/configobj.html'
+
+DOWNLOAD_URL = "http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/configobj-%s.zip" % VERSION
+
+LONG_DESCRIPTION = """**ConfigObj** is a simple but powerful config file reader and writer: an *ini
+file round tripper*. Its main feature is that it is very easy to use, with a
+straightforward programmer's interface and a simple syntax for config files.
+It has lots of other features though :
+
+* Nested sections (subsections), to any level
+* List values
+* Multiple line values
+* Full Unicode support
+* String interpolation (substitution)
+* Integrated with a powerful validation system
+
+    - including automatic type checking/conversion
+    - and allowing default values
+    - repeated sections
+
+* All comments in the file are preserved
+* The order of keys/sections is preserved
+* Powerful ``unrepr`` mode for storing/retrieving Python data-types
+
+| Release 4.7.2 fixes several bugs in 4.7.1
+| Release 4.7.1 fixes a bug with the deprecated options keyword in
+| 4.7.0.
+| Release 4.7.0 improves performance adds features for validation and
+| fixes some bugs."""
+
+CLASSIFIERS = [
+    'Development Status :: 6 - Mature',
+    'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+    'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
+    'Programming Language :: Python',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.3',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+    'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+]
+
+AUTHOR = 'Michael Foord & Nicola Larosa'
+
+AUTHOR_EMAIL = 'fuzzyman@voidspace.org.uk'
+
+KEYWORDS = "config, ini, dictionary, application, admin, sysadmin, configuration, validation".split(', ')
+
+
+setup(name=NAME,
+      version=VERSION,
+      description=DESCRIPTION,
+      long_description=LONG_DESCRIPTION,
+      download_url=DOWNLOAD_URL,
+      author=AUTHOR,
+      author_email=AUTHOR_EMAIL,
+      url=URL,
+      py_modules=MODULES,
+      classifiers=CLASSIFIERS,
+      keywords=KEYWORDS
+     )
diff --git a/python/configobj/validate.py b/python/configobj/validate.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73dbdb891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/configobj/validate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1450 @@
+# validate.py
+# A Validator object
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2010 Michael Foord, Mark Andrews, Nicola Larosa
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+#         mark AT la-la DOT com
+#         nico AT tekNico DOT net
+
+# This software is licensed under the terms of the BSD license.
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+# Basically you're free to copy, modify, distribute and relicense it,
+# So long as you keep a copy of the license with it.
+
+# Scripts maintained at http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/index.shtml
+# For information about bugfixes, updates and support, please join the
+# ConfigObj mailing list:
+# http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/configobj-develop
+# Comments, suggestions and bug reports welcome.
+
+"""
+    The Validator object is used to check that supplied values 
+    conform to a specification.
+    
+    The value can be supplied as a string - e.g. from a config file.
+    In this case the check will also *convert* the value to
+    the required type. This allows you to add validation
+    as a transparent layer to access data stored as strings.
+    The validation checks that the data is correct *and*
+    converts it to the expected type.
+    
+    Some standard checks are provided for basic data types.
+    Additional checks are easy to write. They can be
+    provided when the ``Validator`` is instantiated or
+    added afterwards.
+    
+    The standard functions work with the following basic data types :
+    
+    * integers
+    * floats
+    * booleans
+    * strings
+    * ip_addr
+    
+    plus lists of these datatypes
+    
+    Adding additional checks is done through coding simple functions.
+    
+    The full set of standard checks are : 
+    
+    * 'integer': matches integer values (including negative)
+                 Takes optional 'min' and 'max' arguments : ::
+    
+                   integer()
+                   integer(3, 9)  # any value from 3 to 9
+                   integer(min=0) # any positive value
+                   integer(max=9)
+    
+    * 'float': matches float values
+               Has the same parameters as the integer check.
+    
+    * 'boolean': matches boolean values - ``True`` or ``False``
+                 Acceptable string values for True are :
+                   true, on, yes, 1
+                 Acceptable string values for False are :
+                   false, off, no, 0
+    
+                 Any other value raises an error.
+    
+    * 'ip_addr': matches an Internet Protocol address, v.4, represented
+                 by a dotted-quad string, i.e. '1.2.3.4'.
+    
+    * 'string': matches any string.
+                Takes optional keyword args 'min' and 'max'
+                to specify min and max lengths of the string.
+    
+    * 'list': matches any list.
+              Takes optional keyword args 'min', and 'max' to specify min and
+              max sizes of the list. (Always returns a list.)
+    
+    * 'tuple': matches any tuple.
+              Takes optional keyword args 'min', and 'max' to specify min and
+              max sizes of the tuple. (Always returns a tuple.)
+    
+    * 'int_list': Matches a list of integers.
+                  Takes the same arguments as list.
+    
+    * 'float_list': Matches a list of floats.
+                    Takes the same arguments as list.
+    
+    * 'bool_list': Matches a list of boolean values.
+                   Takes the same arguments as list.
+    
+    * 'ip_addr_list': Matches a list of IP addresses.
+                     Takes the same arguments as list.
+    
+    * 'string_list': Matches a list of strings.
+                     Takes the same arguments as list.
+    
+    * 'mixed_list': Matches a list with different types in 
+                    specific positions. List size must match
+                    the number of arguments.
+    
+                    Each position can be one of :
+                    'integer', 'float', 'ip_addr', 'string', 'boolean'
+    
+                    So to specify a list with two strings followed
+                    by two integers, you write the check as : ::
+    
+                      mixed_list('string', 'string', 'integer', 'integer')
+    
+    * 'pass': This check matches everything ! It never fails
+              and the value is unchanged.
+    
+              It is also the default if no check is specified.
+    
+    * 'option': This check matches any from a list of options.
+                You specify this check with : ::
+    
+                  option('option 1', 'option 2', 'option 3')
+    
+    You can supply a default value (returned if no value is supplied)
+    using the default keyword argument.
+    
+    You specify a list argument for default using a list constructor syntax in
+    the check : ::
+    
+        checkname(arg1, arg2, default=list('val 1', 'val 2', 'val 3'))
+    
+    A badly formatted set of arguments will raise a ``VdtParamError``.
+"""
+
+__version__ = '1.0.1'
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    '__version__',
+    'dottedQuadToNum',
+    'numToDottedQuad',
+    'ValidateError',
+    'VdtUnknownCheckError',
+    'VdtParamError',
+    'VdtTypeError',
+    'VdtValueError',
+    'VdtValueTooSmallError',
+    'VdtValueTooBigError',
+    'VdtValueTooShortError',
+    'VdtValueTooLongError',
+    'VdtMissingValue',
+    'Validator',
+    'is_integer',
+    'is_float',
+    'is_boolean',
+    'is_list',
+    'is_tuple',
+    'is_ip_addr',
+    'is_string',
+    'is_int_list',
+    'is_bool_list',
+    'is_float_list',
+    'is_string_list',
+    'is_ip_addr_list',
+    'is_mixed_list',
+    'is_option',
+    '__docformat__',
+)
+
+
+import re
+
+
+_list_arg = re.compile(r'''
+    (?:
+        ([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)\s*=\s*list\(
+            (
+                (?:
+                    \s*
+                    (?:
+                        (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                        (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                        (?:[^'",\s\)][^,\)]*?)  # unquoted
+                    )
+                    \s*,\s*
+                )*
+                (?:
+                    (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                    (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                    (?:[^'",\s\)][^,\)]*?)  # unquoted
+                )?                          # last one
+            )
+        \)
+    )
+''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)    # two groups
+
+_list_members = re.compile(r'''
+    (
+        (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+        (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+        (?:[^'",\s=][^,=]*?)       # unquoted
+    )
+    (?:
+    (?:\s*,\s*)|(?:\s*$)            # comma
+    )
+''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)    # one group
+
+_paramstring = r'''
+    (?:
+        (
+            (?:
+                [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*\s*=\s*list\(
+                    (?:
+                        \s*
+                        (?:
+                            (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                            (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                            (?:[^'",\s\)][^,\)]*?)       # unquoted
+                        )
+                        \s*,\s*
+                    )*
+                    (?:
+                        (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                        (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                        (?:[^'",\s\)][^,\)]*?)       # unquoted
+                    )?                              # last one
+                \)
+            )|
+            (?:
+                (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                (?:[^'",\s=][^,=]*?)|       # unquoted
+                (?:                         # keyword argument
+                    [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*\s*=\s*
+                    (?:
+                        (?:".*?")|              # double quotes
+                        (?:'.*?')|              # single quotes
+                        (?:[^'",\s=][^,=]*?)       # unquoted
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        (?:
+            (?:\s*,\s*)|(?:\s*$)            # comma
+        )
+    )
+    '''
+
+_matchstring = '^%s*' % _paramstring
+
+# Python pre 2.2.1 doesn't have bool
+try:
+    bool
+except NameError:
+    def bool(val):
+        """Simple boolean equivalent function. """
+        if val:
+            return 1
+        else:
+            return 0
+
+
+def dottedQuadToNum(ip):
+    """
+    Convert decimal dotted quad string to long integer
+    
+    >>> int(dottedQuadToNum('1 '))
+    1
+    >>> int(dottedQuadToNum(' 1.2'))
+    16777218
+    >>> int(dottedQuadToNum(' 1.2.3 '))
+    16908291
+    >>> int(dottedQuadToNum('1.2.3.4'))
+    16909060
+    >>> dottedQuadToNum('255.255.255.255')
+    4294967295L
+    >>> dottedQuadToNum('255.255.255.256')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ValueError: Not a good dotted-quad IP: 255.255.255.256
+    """
+    
+    # import here to avoid it when ip_addr values are not used
+    import socket, struct
+    
+    try:
+        return struct.unpack('!L',
+            socket.inet_aton(ip.strip()))[0]
+    except socket.error:
+        # bug in inet_aton, corrected in Python 2.4
+        if ip.strip() == '255.255.255.255':
+            return 0xFFFFFFFFL
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Not a good dotted-quad IP: %s' % ip)
+    return
+
+
+def numToDottedQuad(num):
+    """
+    Convert long int to dotted quad string
+    
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(-1L)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ValueError: Not a good numeric IP: -1
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(1L)
+    '0.0.0.1'
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(16777218L)
+    '1.0.0.2'
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(16908291L)
+    '1.2.0.3'
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(16909060L)
+    '1.2.3.4'
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(4294967295L)
+    '255.255.255.255'
+    >>> numToDottedQuad(4294967296L)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ValueError: Not a good numeric IP: 4294967296
+    """
+    
+    # import here to avoid it when ip_addr values are not used
+    import socket, struct
+    
+    # no need to intercept here, 4294967295L is fine
+    if num > 4294967295L or num < 0:
+        raise ValueError('Not a good numeric IP: %s' % num)
+    try:
+        return socket.inet_ntoa(
+            struct.pack('!L', long(num)))
+    except (socket.error, struct.error, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError('Not a good numeric IP: %s' % num)
+
+
+class ValidateError(Exception):
+    """
+    This error indicates that the check failed.
+    It can be the base class for more specific errors.
+    
+    Any check function that fails ought to raise this error.
+    (or a subclass)
+    
+    >>> raise ValidateError
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ValidateError
+    """
+
+
+class VdtMissingValue(ValidateError):
+    """No value was supplied to a check that needed one."""
+
+
+class VdtUnknownCheckError(ValidateError):
+    """An unknown check function was requested"""
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtUnknownCheckError('yoda')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtUnknownCheckError: the check "yoda" is unknown.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(self, 'the check "%s" is unknown.' % (value,))
+
+
+class VdtParamError(SyntaxError):
+    """An incorrect parameter was passed"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtParamError('yoda', 'jedi')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtParamError: passed an incorrect value "jedi" for parameter "yoda".
+        """
+        SyntaxError.__init__(self, 'passed an incorrect value "%s" for parameter "%s".' % (value, name))
+
+
+class VdtTypeError(ValidateError):
+    """The value supplied was of the wrong type"""
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtTypeError('jedi')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtTypeError: the value "jedi" is of the wrong type.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(self, 'the value "%s" is of the wrong type.' % (value,))
+
+
+class VdtValueError(ValidateError):
+    """The value supplied was of the correct type, but was not an allowed value."""
+    
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtValueError('jedi')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtValueError: the value "jedi" is unacceptable.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(self, 'the value "%s" is unacceptable.' % (value,))
+
+
+class VdtValueTooSmallError(VdtValueError):
+    """The value supplied was of the correct type, but was too small."""
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtValueTooSmallError('0')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtValueTooSmallError: the value "0" is too small.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(self, 'the value "%s" is too small.' % (value,))
+
+
+class VdtValueTooBigError(VdtValueError):
+    """The value supplied was of the correct type, but was too big."""
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtValueTooBigError('1')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtValueTooBigError: the value "1" is too big.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(self, 'the value "%s" is too big.' % (value,))
+
+
+class VdtValueTooShortError(VdtValueError):
+    """The value supplied was of the correct type, but was too short."""
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtValueTooShortError('jed')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtValueTooShortError: the value "jed" is too short.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(
+            self,
+            'the value "%s" is too short.' % (value,))
+
+
+class VdtValueTooLongError(VdtValueError):
+    """The value supplied was of the correct type, but was too long."""
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        """
+        >>> raise VdtValueTooLongError('jedie')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtValueTooLongError: the value "jedie" is too long.
+        """
+        ValidateError.__init__(self, 'the value "%s" is too long.' % (value,))
+
+
+class Validator(object):
+    """
+    Validator is an object that allows you to register a set of 'checks'.
+    These checks take input and test that it conforms to the check.
+    
+    This can also involve converting the value from a string into
+    the correct datatype.
+    
+    The ``check`` method takes an input string which configures which
+    check is to be used and applies that check to a supplied value.
+    
+    An example input string would be:
+    'int_range(param1, param2)'
+    
+    You would then provide something like:
+    
+    >>> def int_range_check(value, min, max):
+    ...     # turn min and max from strings to integers
+    ...     min = int(min)
+    ...     max = int(max)
+    ...     # check that value is of the correct type.
+    ...     # possible valid inputs are integers or strings
+    ...     # that represent integers
+    ...     if not isinstance(value, (int, long, basestring)):
+    ...         raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    ...     elif isinstance(value, basestring):
+    ...         # if we are given a string
+    ...         # attempt to convert to an integer
+    ...         try:
+    ...             value = int(value)
+    ...         except ValueError:
+    ...             raise VdtValueError(value)
+    ...     # check the value is between our constraints
+    ...     if not min <= value:
+    ...          raise VdtValueTooSmallError(value)
+    ...     if not value <= max:
+    ...          raise VdtValueTooBigError(value)
+    ...     return value
+    
+    >>> fdict = {'int_range': int_range_check}
+    >>> vtr1 = Validator(fdict)
+    >>> vtr1.check('int_range(20, 40)', '30')
+    30
+    >>> vtr1.check('int_range(20, 40)', '60')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooBigError: the value "60" is too big.
+    
+    New functions can be added with : ::
+    
+    >>> vtr2 = Validator()       
+    >>> vtr2.functions['int_range'] = int_range_check
+    
+    Or by passing in a dictionary of functions when Validator 
+    is instantiated.
+    
+    Your functions *can* use keyword arguments,
+    but the first argument should always be 'value'.
+    
+    If the function doesn't take additional arguments,
+    the parentheses are optional in the check.
+    It can be written with either of : ::
+    
+        keyword = function_name
+        keyword = function_name()
+    
+    The first program to utilise Validator() was Michael Foord's
+    ConfigObj, an alternative to ConfigParser which supports lists and
+    can validate a config file using a config schema.
+    For more details on using Validator with ConfigObj see:
+    http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/configobj.html
+    """
+
+    # this regex does the initial parsing of the checks
+    _func_re = re.compile(r'(.+?)\((.*)\)', re.DOTALL)
+
+    # this regex takes apart keyword arguments
+    _key_arg = re.compile(r'^([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)\s*=\s*(.*)$',  re.DOTALL)
+
+
+    # this regex finds keyword=list(....) type values
+    _list_arg = _list_arg
+
+    # this regex takes individual values out of lists - in one pass
+    _list_members = _list_members
+
+    # These regexes check a set of arguments for validity
+    # and then pull the members out
+    _paramfinder = re.compile(_paramstring, re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
+    _matchfinder = re.compile(_matchstring, re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
+
+
+    def __init__(self, functions=None):
+        """
+        >>> vtri = Validator()
+        """
+        self.functions = {
+            '': self._pass,
+            'integer': is_integer,
+            'float': is_float,
+            'boolean': is_boolean,
+            'ip_addr': is_ip_addr,
+            'string': is_string,
+            'list': is_list,
+            'tuple': is_tuple,
+            'int_list': is_int_list,
+            'float_list': is_float_list,
+            'bool_list': is_bool_list,
+            'ip_addr_list': is_ip_addr_list,
+            'string_list': is_string_list,
+            'mixed_list': is_mixed_list,
+            'pass': self._pass,
+            'option': is_option,
+            'force_list': force_list,
+        }
+        if functions is not None:
+            self.functions.update(functions)
+        # tekNico: for use by ConfigObj
+        self.baseErrorClass = ValidateError
+        self._cache = {}
+
+
+    def check(self, check, value, missing=False):
+        """
+        Usage: check(check, value)
+        
+        Arguments:
+            check: string representing check to apply (including arguments)
+            value: object to be checked
+        Returns value, converted to correct type if necessary
+        
+        If the check fails, raises a ``ValidateError`` subclass.
+        
+        >>> vtor.check('yoda', '')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtUnknownCheckError: the check "yoda" is unknown.
+        >>> vtor.check('yoda()', '')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        VdtUnknownCheckError: the check "yoda" is unknown.
+        
+        >>> vtor.check('string(default="")', '', missing=True)
+        ''
+        """
+        fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs, default = self._parse_with_caching(check)
+            
+        if missing:
+            if default is None:
+                # no information needed here - to be handled by caller
+                raise VdtMissingValue()
+            value = self._handle_none(default)
+        
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        
+        return self._check_value(value, fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs)
+
+
+    def _handle_none(self, value):
+        if value == 'None':
+            return None
+        elif value in ("'None'", '"None"'):
+            # Special case a quoted None
+            value = self._unquote(value)
+        return value
+
+
+    def _parse_with_caching(self, check):
+        if check in self._cache:
+            fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs, default = self._cache[check]
+            # We call list and dict below to work with *copies* of the data
+            # rather than the original (which are mutable of course)
+            fun_args = list(fun_args)
+            fun_kwargs = dict(fun_kwargs)
+        else:
+            fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs, default = self._parse_check(check)
+            fun_kwargs = dict([(str(key), value) for (key, value) in fun_kwargs.items()])
+            self._cache[check] = fun_name, list(fun_args), dict(fun_kwargs), default
+        return fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs, default
+        
+        
+    def _check_value(self, value, fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs):
+        try:
+            fun = self.functions[fun_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise VdtUnknownCheckError(fun_name)
+        else:
+            return fun(value, *fun_args, **fun_kwargs)
+
+
+    def _parse_check(self, check):
+        fun_match = self._func_re.match(check)
+        if fun_match:
+            fun_name = fun_match.group(1)
+            arg_string = fun_match.group(2)
+            arg_match = self._matchfinder.match(arg_string)
+            if arg_match is None:
+                # Bad syntax
+                raise VdtParamError('Bad syntax in check "%s".' % check)
+            fun_args = []
+            fun_kwargs = {}
+            # pull out args of group 2
+            for arg in self._paramfinder.findall(arg_string):
+                # args may need whitespace removing (before removing quotes)
+                arg = arg.strip()
+                listmatch = self._list_arg.match(arg)
+                if listmatch:
+                    key, val = self._list_handle(listmatch)
+                    fun_kwargs[key] = val
+                    continue
+                keymatch = self._key_arg.match(arg)
+                if keymatch:
+                    val = keymatch.group(2)
+                    if not val in ("'None'", '"None"'):
+                        # Special case a quoted None
+                        val = self._unquote(val)
+                    fun_kwargs[keymatch.group(1)] = val
+                    continue
+                
+                fun_args.append(self._unquote(arg))
+        else:
+            # allows for function names without (args)
+            return check, (), {}, None
+
+        # Default must be deleted if the value is specified too,
+        # otherwise the check function will get a spurious "default" keyword arg
+        default = fun_kwargs.pop('default', None)
+        return fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs, default
+
+
+    def _unquote(self, val):
+        """Unquote a value if necessary."""
+        if (len(val) >= 2) and (val[0] in ("'", '"')) and (val[0] == val[-1]):
+            val = val[1:-1]
+        return val
+
+
+    def _list_handle(self, listmatch):
+        """Take apart a ``keyword=list('val, 'val')`` type string."""
+        out = []
+        name = listmatch.group(1)
+        args = listmatch.group(2)
+        for arg in self._list_members.findall(args):
+            out.append(self._unquote(arg))
+        return name, out
+
+
+    def _pass(self, value):
+        """
+        Dummy check that always passes
+        
+        >>> vtor.check('', 0)
+        0
+        >>> vtor.check('', '0')
+        '0'
+        """
+        return value
+    
+    
+    def get_default_value(self, check):
+        """
+        Given a check, return the default value for the check
+        (converted to the right type).
+        
+        If the check doesn't specify a default value then a
+        ``KeyError`` will be raised.
+        """
+        fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs, default = self._parse_with_caching(check)
+        if default is None:
+            raise KeyError('Check "%s" has no default value.' % check)
+        value = self._handle_none(default)
+        if value is None:
+            return value
+        return self._check_value(value, fun_name, fun_args, fun_kwargs)
+
+
+def _is_num_param(names, values, to_float=False):
+    """
+    Return numbers from inputs or raise VdtParamError.
+    
+    Lets ``None`` pass through.
+    Pass in keyword argument ``to_float=True`` to
+    use float for the conversion rather than int.
+    
+    >>> _is_num_param(('', ''), (0, 1.0))
+    [0, 1]
+    >>> _is_num_param(('', ''), (0, 1.0), to_float=True)
+    [0.0, 1.0]
+    >>> _is_num_param(('a'), ('a'))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtParamError: passed an incorrect value "a" for parameter "a".
+    """
+    fun = to_float and float or int
+    out_params = []
+    for (name, val) in zip(names, values):
+        if val is None:
+            out_params.append(val)
+        elif isinstance(val, (int, long, float, basestring)):
+            try:
+                out_params.append(fun(val))
+            except ValueError, e:
+                raise VdtParamError(name, val)
+        else:
+            raise VdtParamError(name, val)
+    return out_params
+
+
+# built in checks
+# you can override these by setting the appropriate name
+# in Validator.functions
+# note: if the params are specified wrongly in your input string,
+#       you will also raise errors.
+
+def is_integer(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    A check that tests that a given value is an integer (int, or long)
+    and optionally, between bounds. A negative value is accepted, while
+    a float will fail.
+    
+    If the value is a string, then the conversion is done - if possible.
+    Otherwise a VdtError is raised.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('integer', '-1')
+    -1
+    >>> vtor.check('integer', '0')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('integer', 9)
+    9
+    >>> vtor.check('integer', 'a')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "a" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('integer', '2.2')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "2.2" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(10)', '20')
+    20
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(max=20)', '15')
+    15
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(10)', '9')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooSmallError: the value "9" is too small.
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(10)', 9)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooSmallError: the value "9" is too small.
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(max=20)', '35')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooBigError: the value "35" is too big.
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(max=20)', 35)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooBigError: the value "35" is too big.
+    >>> vtor.check('integer(0, 9)', False)
+    0
+    """
+    (min_val, max_val) = _is_num_param(('min', 'max'), (min, max))
+    if not isinstance(value, (int, long, basestring)):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if isinstance(value, basestring):
+        # if it's a string - does it represent an integer ?
+        try:
+            value = int(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if (min_val is not None) and (value < min_val):
+        raise VdtValueTooSmallError(value)
+    if (max_val is not None) and (value > max_val):
+        raise VdtValueTooBigError(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def is_float(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    A check that tests that a given value is a float
+    (an integer will be accepted), and optionally - that it is between bounds.
+    
+    If the value is a string, then the conversion is done - if possible.
+    Otherwise a VdtError is raised.
+    
+    This can accept negative values.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('float', '2')
+    2.0
+    
+    From now on we multiply the value to avoid comparing decimals
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('float', '-6.8') * 10
+    -68.0
+    >>> vtor.check('float', '12.2') * 10
+    122.0
+    >>> vtor.check('float', 8.4) * 10
+    84.0
+    >>> vtor.check('float', 'a')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "a" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('float(10.1)', '10.2') * 10
+    102.0
+    >>> vtor.check('float(max=20.2)', '15.1') * 10
+    151.0
+    >>> vtor.check('float(10.0)', '9.0')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooSmallError: the value "9.0" is too small.
+    >>> vtor.check('float(max=20.0)', '35.0')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooBigError: the value "35.0" is too big.
+    """
+    (min_val, max_val) = _is_num_param(
+        ('min', 'max'), (min, max), to_float=True)
+    if not isinstance(value, (int, long, float, basestring)):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if not isinstance(value, float):
+        # if it's a string - does it represent a float ?
+        try:
+            value = float(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if (min_val is not None) and (value < min_val):
+        raise VdtValueTooSmallError(value)
+    if (max_val is not None) and (value > max_val):
+        raise VdtValueTooBigError(value)
+    return value
+
+
+bool_dict = {
+    True: True, 'on': True, '1': True, 'true': True, 'yes': True, 
+    False: False, 'off': False, '0': False, 'false': False, 'no': False,
+}
+
+
+def is_boolean(value):
+    """
+    Check if the value represents a boolean.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 0)
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', False)
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', '0')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'off')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'false')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'no')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'nO')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'NO')
+    0
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 1)
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', True)
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', '1')
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'on')
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'true')
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'yes')
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'Yes')
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'YES')
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', '')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('boolean', 'up')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "up" is of the wrong type.
+    
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, basestring):
+        try:
+            return bool_dict[value.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    # we do an equality test rather than an identity test
+    # this ensures Python 2.2 compatibilty
+    # and allows 0 and 1 to represent True and False
+    if value == False:
+        return False
+    elif value == True:
+        return True
+    else:
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+
+
+def is_ip_addr(value):
+    """
+    Check that the supplied value is an Internet Protocol address, v.4,
+    represented by a dotted-quad string, i.e. '1.2.3.4'.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', '1 ')
+    '1'
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', ' 1.2')
+    '1.2'
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', ' 1.2.3 ')
+    '1.2.3'
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', '1.2.3.4')
+    '1.2.3.4'
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', '0.0.0.0')
+    '0.0.0.0'
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', '255.255.255.255')
+    '255.255.255.255'
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', '255.255.255.256')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueError: the value "255.255.255.256" is unacceptable.
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', '1.2.3.4.5')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueError: the value "1.2.3.4.5" is unacceptable.
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr', 0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "0" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(value, basestring):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    value = value.strip()
+    try:
+        dottedQuadToNum(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise VdtValueError(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def is_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list of values.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    It does no check on list members.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('list', [])
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('list', (1, 2))
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> vtor.check('list', [1, 2])
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> vtor.check('list(3)', (1, 2))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooShortError: the value "(1, 2)" is too short.
+    >>> vtor.check('list(max=5)', (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooLongError: the value "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)" is too long.
+    >>> vtor.check('list(min=3, max=5)', (1, 2, 3, 4))
+    [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    >>> vtor.check('list', 0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "0" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('list', '12')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "12" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    (min_len, max_len) = _is_num_param(('min', 'max'), (min, max))
+    if isinstance(value, basestring):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    try:
+        num_members = len(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if min_len is not None and num_members < min_len:
+        raise VdtValueTooShortError(value)
+    if max_len is not None and num_members > max_len:
+        raise VdtValueTooLongError(value)
+    return list(value)
+
+
+def is_tuple(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a tuple of values.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    It does no check on members.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple', ())
+    ()
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple', [])
+    ()
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple', (1, 2))
+    (1, 2)
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple', [1, 2])
+    (1, 2)
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple(3)', (1, 2))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooShortError: the value "(1, 2)" is too short.
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple(max=5)', (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooLongError: the value "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)" is too long.
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple(min=3, max=5)', (1, 2, 3, 4))
+    (1, 2, 3, 4)
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple', 0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "0" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('tuple', '12')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "12" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    return tuple(is_list(value, min, max))
+
+
+def is_string(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the supplied value is a string.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('string', '0')
+    '0'
+    >>> vtor.check('string', 0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "0" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('string(2)', '12')
+    '12'
+    >>> vtor.check('string(2)', '1')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooShortError: the value "1" is too short.
+    >>> vtor.check('string(min=2, max=3)', '123')
+    '123'
+    >>> vtor.check('string(min=2, max=3)', '1234')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooLongError: the value "1234" is too long.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(value, basestring):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    (min_len, max_len) = _is_num_param(('min', 'max'), (min, max))
+    try:
+        num_members = len(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if min_len is not None and num_members < min_len:
+        raise VdtValueTooShortError(value)
+    if max_len is not None and num_members > max_len:
+        raise VdtValueTooLongError(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def is_int_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list of integers.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    Each list member is checked that it is an integer.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('int_list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('int_list', [])
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('int_list', (1, 2))
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> vtor.check('int_list', [1, 2])
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> vtor.check('int_list', [1, 'a'])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "a" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    return [is_integer(mem) for mem in is_list(value, min, max)]
+
+
+def is_bool_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list of booleans.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    Each list member is checked that it is a boolean.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('bool_list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('bool_list', [])
+    []
+    >>> check_res = vtor.check('bool_list', (True, False))
+    >>> check_res == [True, False]
+    1
+    >>> check_res = vtor.check('bool_list', [True, False])
+    >>> check_res == [True, False]
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check('bool_list', [True, 'a'])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "a" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    return [is_boolean(mem) for mem in is_list(value, min, max)]
+
+
+def is_float_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list of floats.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    Each list member is checked that it is a float.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('float_list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('float_list', [])
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('float_list', (1, 2.0))
+    [1.0, 2.0]
+    >>> vtor.check('float_list', [1, 2.0])
+    [1.0, 2.0]
+    >>> vtor.check('float_list', [1, 'a'])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "a" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    return [is_float(mem) for mem in is_list(value, min, max)]
+
+
+def is_string_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list of strings.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    Each list member is checked that it is a string.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('string_list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('string_list', [])
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('string_list', ('a', 'b'))
+    ['a', 'b']
+    >>> vtor.check('string_list', ['a', 1])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "1" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check('string_list', 'hello')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "hello" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, basestring):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    return [is_string(mem) for mem in is_list(value, min, max)]
+
+
+def is_ip_addr_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list of IP addresses.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    
+    Each list member is checked that it is an IP address.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr_list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr_list', [])
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr_list', ('1.2.3.4', '5.6.7.8'))
+    ['1.2.3.4', '5.6.7.8']
+    >>> vtor.check('ip_addr_list', ['a'])
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueError: the value "a" is unacceptable.
+    """
+    return [is_ip_addr(mem) for mem in is_list(value, min, max)]
+
+
+def force_list(value, min=None, max=None):
+    """
+    Check that a value is a list, coercing strings into
+    a list with one member. Useful where users forget the
+    trailing comma that turns a single value into a list.
+    
+    You can optionally specify the minimum and maximum number of members.
+    A minumum of greater than one will fail if the user only supplies a
+    string.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('force_list', ())
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('force_list', [])
+    []
+    >>> vtor.check('force_list', 'hello')
+    ['hello']
+    """
+    if not isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        value = [value]
+    return is_list(value, min, max)
+    
+    
+
+fun_dict = {
+    'integer': is_integer,
+    'float': is_float,
+    'ip_addr': is_ip_addr,
+    'string': is_string,
+    'boolean': is_boolean,
+}
+
+
+def is_mixed_list(value, *args):
+    """
+    Check that the value is a list.
+    Allow specifying the type of each member.
+    Work on lists of specific lengths.
+    
+    You specify each member as a positional argument specifying type
+    
+    Each type should be one of the following strings :
+      'integer', 'float', 'ip_addr', 'string', 'boolean'
+    
+    So you can specify a list of two strings, followed by
+    two integers as :
+    
+      mixed_list('string', 'string', 'integer', 'integer')
+    
+    The length of the list must match the number of positional
+    arguments you supply.
+    
+    >>> mix_str = "mixed_list('integer', 'float', 'ip_addr', 'string', 'boolean')"
+    >>> check_res = vtor.check(mix_str, (1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a', True))
+    >>> check_res == [1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a', True]
+    1
+    >>> check_res = vtor.check(mix_str, ('1', '2.0', '1.2.3.4', 'a', 'True'))
+    >>> check_res == [1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a', True]
+    1
+    >>> vtor.check(mix_str, ('b', 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a', True))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "b" is of the wrong type.
+    >>> vtor.check(mix_str, (1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a'))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooShortError: the value "(1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a')" is too short.
+    >>> vtor.check(mix_str, (1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a', 1, 'b'))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueTooLongError: the value "(1, 2.0, '1.2.3.4', 'a', 1, 'b')" is too long.
+    >>> vtor.check(mix_str, 0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "0" is of the wrong type.
+    
+    This test requires an elaborate setup, because of a change in error string
+    output from the interpreter between Python 2.2 and 2.3 .
+    
+    >>> res_seq = (
+    ...     'passed an incorrect value "',
+    ...     'yoda',
+    ...     '" for parameter "mixed_list".',
+    ... )
+    >>> res_str = "'".join(res_seq)
+    >>> try:
+    ...     vtor.check('mixed_list("yoda")', ('a'))
+    ... except VdtParamError, err:
+    ...     str(err) == res_str
+    1
+    """
+    try:
+        length = len(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if length < len(args):
+        raise VdtValueTooShortError(value)
+    elif length > len(args):
+        raise VdtValueTooLongError(value)
+    try:
+        return [fun_dict[arg](val) for arg, val in zip(args, value)]
+    except KeyError, e:
+        raise VdtParamError('mixed_list', e)
+
+
+def is_option(value, *options):
+    """
+    This check matches the value to any of a set of options.
+    
+    >>> vtor.check('option("yoda", "jedi")', 'yoda')
+    'yoda'
+    >>> vtor.check('option("yoda", "jedi")', 'jed')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtValueError: the value "jed" is unacceptable.
+    >>> vtor.check('option("yoda", "jedi")', 0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    VdtTypeError: the value "0" is of the wrong type.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(value, basestring):
+        raise VdtTypeError(value)
+    if not value in options:
+        raise VdtValueError(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def _test(value, *args, **keywargs):
+    """
+    A function that exists for test purposes.
+    
+    >>> checks = [
+    ...     '3, 6, min=1, max=3, test=list(a, b, c)',
+    ...     '3',
+    ...     '3, 6',
+    ...     '3,',
+    ...     'min=1, test="a b c"',
+    ...     'min=5, test="a, b, c"',
+    ...     'min=1, max=3, test="a, b, c"',
+    ...     'min=-100, test=-99',
+    ...     'min=1, max=3',
+    ...     '3, 6, test="36"',
+    ...     '3, 6, test="a, b, c"',
+    ...     '3, max=3, test=list("a", "b", "c")',
+    ...     '''3, max=3, test=list("'a'", 'b', "x=(c)")''',
+    ...     "test='x=fish(3)'",
+    ...    ]
+    >>> v = Validator({'test': _test})
+    >>> for entry in checks:
+    ...     print v.check(('test(%s)' % entry), 3)
+    (3, ('3', '6'), {'test': ['a', 'b', 'c'], 'max': '3', 'min': '1'})
+    (3, ('3',), {})
+    (3, ('3', '6'), {})
+    (3, ('3',), {})
+    (3, (), {'test': 'a b c', 'min': '1'})
+    (3, (), {'test': 'a, b, c', 'min': '5'})
+    (3, (), {'test': 'a, b, c', 'max': '3', 'min': '1'})
+    (3, (), {'test': '-99', 'min': '-100'})
+    (3, (), {'max': '3', 'min': '1'})
+    (3, ('3', '6'), {'test': '36'})
+    (3, ('3', '6'), {'test': 'a, b, c'})
+    (3, ('3',), {'test': ['a', 'b', 'c'], 'max': '3'})
+    (3, ('3',), {'test': ["'a'", 'b', 'x=(c)'], 'max': '3'})
+    (3, (), {'test': 'x=fish(3)'})
+    
+    >>> v = Validator()
+    >>> v.check('integer(default=6)', '3')
+    3
+    >>> v.check('integer(default=6)', None, True)
+    6
+    >>> v.get_default_value('integer(default=6)')
+    6
+    >>> v.get_default_value('float(default=6)')
+    6.0
+    >>> v.get_default_value('pass(default=None)')
+    >>> v.get_default_value("string(default='None')")
+    'None'
+    >>> v.get_default_value('pass')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    KeyError: 'Check "pass" has no default value.'
+    >>> v.get_default_value('pass(default=list(1, 2, 3, 4))')
+    ['1', '2', '3', '4']
+    
+    >>> v = Validator()
+    >>> v.check("pass(default=None)", None, True)
+    >>> v.check("pass(default='None')", None, True)
+    'None'
+    >>> v.check('pass(default="None")', None, True)
+    'None'
+    >>> v.check('pass(default=list(1, 2, 3, 4))', None, True)
+    ['1', '2', '3', '4']
+    
+    Bug test for unicode arguments
+    >>> v = Validator()
+    >>> v.check(u'string(min=4)', u'test')
+    u'test'
+    
+    >>> v = Validator()
+    >>> v.get_default_value(u'string(min=4, default="1234")')
+    u'1234'
+    >>> v.check(u'string(min=4, default="1234")', u'test')
+    u'test'
+    
+    >>> v = Validator()
+    >>> default = v.get_default_value('string(default=None)')
+    >>> default == None
+    1
+    """
+    return (value, args, keywargs)
+
+
+def _test2():
+    """
+    >>> 
+    >>> v = Validator()
+    >>> v.get_default_value('string(default="#ff00dd")')
+    '#ff00dd'
+    >>> v.get_default_value('integer(default=3) # comment')
+    3
+    """
+
+def _test3():
+    r"""
+    >>> vtor.check('string(default="")', '', missing=True)
+    ''
+    >>> vtor.check('string(default="\n")', '', missing=True)
+    '\n'
+    >>> print vtor.check('string(default="\n")', '', missing=True),
+    <BLANKLINE>
+    >>> vtor.check('string()', '\n')
+    '\n'
+    >>> vtor.check('string(default="\n\n\n")', '', missing=True)
+    '\n\n\n'
+    >>> vtor.check('string()', 'random \n text goes here\n\n')
+    'random \n text goes here\n\n'
+    >>> vtor.check('string(default=" \nrandom text\ngoes \n here\n\n ")',
+    ... '', missing=True)
+    ' \nrandom text\ngoes \n here\n\n '
+    >>> vtor.check("string(default='\n\n\n')", '', missing=True)
+    '\n\n\n'
+    >>> vtor.check("option('\n','a','b',default='\n')", '', missing=True)
+    '\n'
+    >>> vtor.check("string_list()", ['foo', '\n', 'bar'])
+    ['foo', '\n', 'bar']
+    >>> vtor.check("string_list(default=list('\n'))", '', missing=True)
+    ['\n']
+    """
+    
+    
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # run the code tests in doctest format
+    import sys
+    import doctest
+    m = sys.modules.get('__main__')
+    globs = m.__dict__.copy()
+    globs.update({
+        'vtor': Validator(),
+    })
+    doctest.testmod(m, globs=globs)
diff --git a/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/README.rst b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70f5a6303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+devtools-l10n-migration script

+==============================

+

+For devtools.html, devtools will no longer rely on DTD files. This migration

+script is aimed at localizers to automate the migration of strings from DTD to

+properties files.

+

+How to run this script?

+

+To migrate all configuration files:

+  python migrate/main.py path/to/your/l10n/repo/ -c migrate/conf/

+

+To migrate only one configuration file:

+  python migrate/main.py path/to/your/l10n/repo/ -c migrate/conf/bug1294186

+

+All configuration files should be named after the bug where specific devtools strings were migrated.

diff --git a/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/__init__.py b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/conf/bug1294186 b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/conf/bug1294186
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b91b4d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/conf/bug1294186
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+font-inspector.properties:fontinspector.seeAll.tooltip = font-inspector.dtd:showAllFonts

+font-inspector.properties:fontinspector.seeAll = font-inspector.dtd:showAllFontsUsed

+font-inspector.properties:fontinspector.usedAs = font-inspector.dtd:usedAs

+font-inspector.properties:fontinspector.system = font-inspector.dtd:system

+font-inspector.properties:fontinspector.remote = font-inspector.dtd:remote

+font-inspector.properties:fontinspector.previewText = font-inspector.dtd:previewHint

+

+inspector.properties:inspector.eyedropper.label = inspector.dtd:inspectorEyeDropper.label

+inspector.properties:inspector.breadcrumbs.label = inspector.dtd:inspectorBreadcrumbsGroup

+

+boxmodel.properties:boxmodel.title = layoutview.dtd:layoutViewTitle

+boxmodel.properties:boxmodel.margin = layoutview.dtd:margin.tooltip

+boxmodel.properties:boxmodel.padding = layoutview.dtd:padding.tooltip

+boxmodel.properties:boxmodel.border = layoutview.dtd:border.tooltip

+boxmodel.properties:boxmodel.content = layoutview.dtd:content.tooltip

+boxmodel.properties:boxmodel.geometryButton.tooltip = layoutview.dtd:geometry.button.tooltip

+

+inspector.properties:inspector.browserStyles.label = styleinspector.dtd:browserStylesLabel

+inspector.properties:inspector.filterStyles.placeholder = styleinspector.dtd:filterStylesPlaceholder

+inspector.properties:inspector.addRule.tooltip = styleinspector.dtd:addRuleButtonTooltip

+inspector.properties:inspector.togglePseudo.tooltip = styleinspector.dtd:togglePseudoClassPanel

+inspector.properties:inspector.noProperties = styleinspector.dtd:noPropertiesFound

diff --git a/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/conf/bug1308500_1309191 b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/conf/bug1308500_1309191
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..177236b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/conf/bug1308500_1309191
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.perfNotice1 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.perfNotice1
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.perfNotice2 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.perfNotice2
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.perfNotice3 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.perfNotice3
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.reloadNotice1 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.reloadNotice1
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.reloadNotice2 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.reloadNotice2
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.reloadNotice3 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.reloadNotice3
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.status3 = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.status3
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.method = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.method
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.file = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.file
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.domain = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.domain
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.cause = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.cause
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.type = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.type
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.transferred = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.transferred
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.size = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.size
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.waterfall = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.toolbar.waterfall
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.headers = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.headers
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.cookies = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.cookies
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.params = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.params
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.response = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.response
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.timings = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.timings
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.preview = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.preview
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.tab.security = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.tab.security
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.all = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterAll
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.html = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterHTML
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.css = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterCSS
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.js = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterJS
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.xhr = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterXHR
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.fonts = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterFonts
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.images = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterImages
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.media = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterMedia
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.flash = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterFlash
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.ws = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterWS
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filter.other = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterOther
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.filterFreetext.label = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.filterFreetext.label
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.clear = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.clear
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.toolbar.perf = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.footer.perf
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.panesButton.tooltip = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.panesButton.tooltip
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.url = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.url
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.method = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.method
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.address = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.address
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.status = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.status
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.version = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.version
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.editAndResend = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.editAndResend
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.rawHeaders = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.rawHeaders
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.rawHeaders.requestHeaders = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.rawHeaders.requestHeaders
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.rawHeaders.responseHeaders = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.rawHeaders.responseHeaders
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.summary.size = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.size
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.response.name = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.response.name
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.response.dimensions = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.response.dimensions
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.response.mime = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.response.mime
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.timings.blocked = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.timings.blocked
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.timings.dns = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.timings.dns
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.timings.connect = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.timings.connect
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.timings.send = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.timings.send
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.timings.wait = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.timings.wait
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.timings.receive = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.timings.receive
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.warning.cipher = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.warning.cipher
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.error = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.error
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.protocolVersion = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.protocolVersion
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.cipherSuite = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.cipherSuite
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.hsts = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.hsts
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.hpkp = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.hpkp
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.connection = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.connection
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.security.certificate = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.security.certificate
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyUrl = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyUrl
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyUrl.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyUrl.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyUrlParams = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyUrlParams
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyUrlParams.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyUrlParams.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyPostData = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyPostData
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyPostData.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyPostData.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyAsCurl = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyAsCurl
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyAsCurl.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyAsCurl.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyRequestHeaders = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyRequestHeaders
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyRequestHeaders.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyRequestHeaders.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyResponseHeaders = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyResponseHeaders
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyResponseHeaders.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyResponseHeaders.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyResponse = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyResponse
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyResponse.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyResponse.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyImageAsDataUri = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyImageAsDataUri
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyImageAsDataUri.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyImageAsDataUri.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyAllAsHar = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyAllAsHar
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.copyAllAsHar.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.copyAllAsHar.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.saveAllAsHar = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.saveAllAsHar
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.saveAllAsHar.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.saveAllAsHar.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.editAndResend = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.editAndResend
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.editAndResend.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.summary.editAndResend.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.newTab = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.newTab
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.newTab.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.newTab.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.perfTools = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.perfTools
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.context.perfTools.accesskey = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.context.perfTools.accesskey
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.custom.newRequest = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.custom.newRequest
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.custom.query = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.custom.query
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.custom.headers = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.custom.headers
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.custom.postData = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.custom.postData
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.custom.send = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.custom.send
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.custom.cancel = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.custom.cancel
+netmonitor.properties:netmonitor.backButton = netmonitor.dtd:netmonitorUI.backButton
diff --git a/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/main.py b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a1d468a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+import argparse

+import glob

+import HTMLParser

+import logging

+import os

+import re

+import sys

+import urllib2

+

+

+# Import compare-locales parser from parent folder.

+script_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))

+compare_locales_path = os.path.join(script_path, '../../../compare-locales')

+sys.path.insert(0, compare_locales_path)

+from compare_locales import parser

+

+

+# Configure logging format and level

+logging.basicConfig(format='  [%(levelname)s] %(message)s', level=logging.INFO)

+

+

+# License header to use when creating new properties files.

+DEFAULT_HEADER = ('# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the '

+                  'Mozilla Public\n# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL '

+                  'was not distributed with this\n# file, You can obtain '

+                  'one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.\n')

+

+

+# Base url to retrieve properties files on central, that will be parsed for

+# localization notes.

+CENTRAL_BASE_URL = ('https://hg.mozilla.org/'

+                    'mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/'

+                    'devtools/client/locales/en-US/')

+

+

+# HTML parser to translate HTML entities in dtd files.

+HTML_PARSER = HTMLParser.HTMLParser()

+

+# Cache to store properties files retrieved over the network.

+central_prop_cache = {}

+

+# Cache the parsed entities from the existing DTD files.

+dtd_entities_cache = {}

+

+

+# Retrieve the content of the current version of a properties file for the

+# provided filename, from devtools/client on mozilla central. Will return an

+# empty array if the file can't be retrieved or read.

+def get_central_prop_content(prop_filename):

+    if prop_filename in central_prop_cache:

+        return central_prop_cache[prop_filename]

+

+    url = CENTRAL_BASE_URL + prop_filename

+    logging.info('loading localization file from central: {%s}' % url)

+

+    try:

+        central_prop_cache[prop_filename] = urllib2.urlopen(url).readlines()

+    except:

+        logging.error('failed to load properties file from central: {%s}'

+                      % url)

+        central_prop_cache[prop_filename] = []

+

+    return central_prop_cache[prop_filename]

+

+

+# Retrieve the current en-US localization notes for the provided prop_name.

+def get_localization_note(prop_name, prop_filename):

+    prop_content = get_central_prop_content(prop_filename)

+

+    comment_buffer = []

+    for i, line in enumerate(prop_content):

+        # Remove line breaks.

+        line = line.strip('\n').strip('\r')

+

+        if line.startswith('#'):

+            # Comment line, add to the current comment buffer.

+            comment_buffer.append(line)

+        elif re.search('(^|\n)' + re.escape(prop_name) + '\s*=', line):

+            # Property found, the current comment buffer is the localization

+            # note.

+            break;

+        else:

+            # No match, not a comment, reinitialize the comment buffer.

+            comment_buffer = []

+

+    return '\n'.join(comment_buffer)

+

+

+# Retrieve the parsed DTD entities for a provided path. Results are cached by

+# dtd path.

+def get_dtd_entities(dtd_path):

+    if dtd_path in dtd_entities_cache:

+        return dtd_entities_cache[dtd_path]

+

+    dtd_parser = parser.getParser('.dtd')

+    dtd_parser.readFile(dtd_path)

+    dtd_entities_cache[dtd_path] = dtd_parser.parse()

+    return dtd_entities_cache[dtd_path]

+

+

+# Extract the value of an entity in a dtd file.

+def get_translation_from_dtd(dtd_path, entity_name):

+    entities, map = get_dtd_entities(dtd_path)

+    if entity_name not in map:

+        # Bail out if translation is missing.

+        return

+

+    key = map[entity_name]

+    entity = entities[key]

+    translation = HTML_PARSER.unescape(entity.val)

+    return translation.encode('utf-8')

+

+

+# Extract the header and file wide comments for the provided properties file

+# filename.

+def get_properties_header(prop_filename):

+    prop_content = get_central_prop_content(prop_filename)

+

+    # if the file content is empty, return the default license header.

+    if len(prop_content) == 0:

+        return DEFAULT_HEADER

+

+    header_buffer = []

+    for i, line in enumerate(prop_content):

+        # remove line breaks.

+        line = line.strip('\n').strip('\r')

+

+        # regexp matching keys extracted form parser.py.

+        is_entity_line = re.search('^(\s*)'

+                                   '((?:[#!].*?\n\s*)*)'

+                                   '([^#!\s\n][^=:\n]*?)\s*[:=][ \t]*', line)

+        is_loc_note = re.search('^(\s*)'

+                                '\#\s*LOCALIZATION NOTE\s*\([^)]+\)', line)

+        if is_entity_line or is_loc_note:

+            # header finished, break the loop.

+            break

+        else:

+            # header line, add to the current buffer.

+            header_buffer.append(line)

+

+    # concatenate the current buffer and return.

+    return '\n'.join(header_buffer)

+

+

+# Create a new properties file at the provided path.

+def create_properties_file(prop_path):

+    logging.info('creating new *.properties file: {%s}' % prop_path)

+

+    prop_filename = os.path.basename(prop_path)

+    header = get_properties_header(prop_filename)

+

+    prop_file = open(prop_path, 'w+')

+    prop_file.write(header)

+    prop_file.close()

+

+

+# Migrate a single string entry for a dtd to a properties file.

+def migrate_string(dtd_path, prop_path, dtd_name, prop_name):

+    if not os.path.isfile(dtd_path):

+        logging.error('dtd file can not be found at: {%s}' % dtd_path)

+        return

+

+    translation = get_translation_from_dtd(dtd_path, dtd_name)

+    if not translation:

+        logging.error('translation could not be found for: {%s} in {%s}'

+                      % (dtd_name, dtd_path))

+        return

+

+    # Create properties file if missing.

+    if not os.path.isfile(prop_path):

+        create_properties_file(prop_path)

+

+    if not os.path.isfile(prop_path):

+        logging.error('could not create new properties file at: {%s}'

+                      % prop_path)

+        return

+

+    prop_line = prop_name + '=' + translation + '\n'

+

+    # Skip the string if it already exists in the destination file.

+    prop_file_content = open(prop_path, 'r').read()

+    if prop_line in prop_file_content:

+        logging.warning('string already migrated, skipping: {%s}' % prop_name)

+        return

+

+    # Skip the string and log an error if an existing entry is found, but with

+    # a different value.

+    if re.search('(^|\n)' + re.escape(prop_name) + '\s*=', prop_file_content):

+        logging.error('existing string found, skipping: {%s}' % prop_name)

+        return

+

+    prop_filename = os.path.basename(prop_path)

+    logging.info('migrating {%s} in {%s}' % (prop_name, prop_filename))

+    with open(prop_path, 'a') as prop_file:

+        localization_note = get_localization_note(prop_name, prop_filename)

+        if len(localization_note):

+            prop_file.write('\n' + localization_note)

+        else:

+            logging.warning('localization notes could not be found for: {%s}'

+                            % prop_name)

+        prop_file.write('\n' + prop_line)

+

+

+# Apply the migration instructions in the provided configuration file.

+def migrate_conf(conf_path, l10n_path):

+    f = open(conf_path, 'r')

+    lines = f.readlines()

+    f.close()

+

+    for i, line in enumerate(lines):

+        # Remove line breaks.

+        line = line.strip('\n').strip('\r')

+

+        # Skip invalid lines.

+        if ' = ' not in line:

+            continue

+

+        # Expected syntax: ${prop_path}:${prop_name} = ${dtd_path}:${dtd_name}.

+        prop_info, dtd_info = line.split(' = ')

+        prop_path, prop_name = prop_info.split(':')

+        dtd_path, dtd_name = dtd_info.split(':')

+

+        dtd_path = os.path.join(l10n_path, dtd_path)

+        prop_path = os.path.join(l10n_path, prop_path)

+

+        migrate_string(dtd_path, prop_path, dtd_name, prop_name)

+

+

+def main():

+    # Read command line arguments.

+    arg_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(

+            description='Migrate devtools localized strings.')

+    arg_parser.add_argument('path', type=str, help='path to l10n repository')

+    arg_parser.add_argument('-c', '--config', type=str,

+                            help='path to configuration file or folder')

+    args = arg_parser.parse_args()

+

+    # Retrieve path to devtools localization files in l10n repository.

+    devtools_l10n_path = os.path.join(args.path, 'devtools/client/')

+    if not os.path.exists(devtools_l10n_path):

+        logging.error('l10n path is invalid: {%s}' % devtools_l10n_path)

+        exit()

+    logging.info('l10n path is valid: {%s}' % devtools_l10n_path)

+

+    # Retrieve configuration files to apply.

+    if os.path.isdir(args.config):

+        conf_files = glob.glob(args.config + '*')

+    elif os.path.isfile(args.config):

+        conf_files = [args.config]

+    else:

+        logging.error('config path is invalid: {%s}' % args.config)

+        exit()

+

+    # Perform migration for each configuration file.

+    for conf_file in conf_files:

+        logging.info('performing migration for config file: {%s}' % conf_file)

+        migrate_conf(conf_file, devtools_l10n_path)

+

+

+if __name__ == '__main__':

+    main()

diff --git a/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/tests/__init__.py b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/devtools/migrate-l10n/migrate/tests/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/eme/gen-eme-voucher.py b/python/eme/gen-eme-voucher.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..299bc7146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/eme/gen-eme-voucher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python2.7
+#
+# Copyright 2014 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Adobe permits you to use, modify, and distribute this file in accordance
+# with the terms of the Mozilla Public License, v 2.0 accompanying it.  If
+# a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain one
+# at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+#
+# Creates an Adobe Access signed voucher for x32/x64 windows executables
+#   Notes: This is currently python2.7 due to mozilla build system requirements
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import argparse, bitstring, pprint, hashlib, os, subprocess, sys, tempfile, macholib, macholib.MachO
+from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder as der_encoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, constraint
+
+
+# Defined in WinNT.h from the Windows SDK
+IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE = 0x20000000
+IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW = 3
+IMAGE_REL_BASED_DIR64 = 10
+
+
+# CodeSectionDigest ::= SEQUENCE {
+#   offset				INTEGER --  section's file offset in the signed binary
+#   digestAlgorithm		OBJECT IDENTIFIER -- algorithm identifier for the hash value below. For now only supports SHA256.
+#   digestValue			OCTET STRING -- hash value of the TEXT segment.
+# }
+class CodeSectionDigest(univ.Sequence):
+	componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+		namedtype.NamedType('offset', univ.Integer()),
+		namedtype.NamedType('digestAlgorithm', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+		namedtype.NamedType('digest', univ.OctetString()))
+
+
+# CodeSegmentDigest ::= SEQUENCE {
+#    offset				INTEGER -- TEXT segment's file offset in the signed binary
+#    codeSectionDigests			SET OF CodeSectionDigests
+# }
+
+class SetOfCodeSectionDigest(univ.SetOf):
+	componentType = CodeSectionDigest()
+
+
+class CodeSegmentDigest(univ.Sequence):
+	componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+		namedtype.NamedType('offset', univ.Integer()),
+		namedtype.NamedType('codeSectionDigests', SetOfCodeSectionDigest()))
+
+
+# ArchitectureDigest ::= SEQUENCE {
+# 	cpuType                ENUMERATED CpuType
+# 	cpuSubType				ENUMERATED CpuSubType
+# 	CodeSegmentDigests		SET OF CodeSegmentDigests
+# }
+class SetOfCodeSegmentDigest(univ.SetOf):
+	componentType = CodeSegmentDigest()
+
+
+class CPUType(univ.Enumerated):
+	namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+		('IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386', 0x14c),
+		('IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64',0x8664 ),
+		('MACHO_CPU_TYPE_I386',0x7 ),
+		('MACHO_CPU_TYPE_X86_64',0x1000007 ),
+	)
+	subtypeSpec = univ.Enumerated.subtypeSpec + \
+				  constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0x14c, 0x8664, 0x7, 0x1000007)
+
+
+class CPUSubType(univ.Enumerated):
+	namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+		('IMAGE_UNUSED', 0x0),
+		('CPU_SUBTYPE_X86_ALL', 0x3),
+		('CPU_SUBTYPE_X86_64_ALL', 0x80000003)
+	)
+	subtypeSpec = univ.Enumerated.subtypeSpec + \
+				  constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0, 0x3, 0x80000003)
+
+
+class ArchitectureDigest(univ.Sequence):
+	componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+		namedtype.NamedType('cpuType', CPUType()),
+		namedtype.NamedType('cpuSubType', CPUSubType()),
+		namedtype.NamedType('CodeSegmentDigests', SetOfCodeSegmentDigest())
+	)
+
+
+# ApplicationDigest ::= SEQUENCE {
+#   version    INTEGER
+#   digests    SET OF ArchitectureDigest
+# }
+class SetOfArchitectureDigest(univ.SetOf):
+	componentType = ArchitectureDigest()
+
+
+class ApplicationDigest(univ.Sequence):
+	componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+		namedtype.NamedType('version', univ.Integer()),
+		namedtype.NamedType('digests', SetOfArchitectureDigest())
+	)
+
+
+def meets_requirements(items, requirements):
+	for r in requirements:
+		for n, v in r.items():
+			if n not in items or items[n] != v: return False
+	return True
+
+
+# return total number of bytes read from items_in excluding leaves
+# TODO: research replacing this with the python built-in struct module
+def parse_items(stream, items_in, items_out):
+	bits_read = 0
+	total_bits_read = 0
+
+	for item in items_in:
+		name = item[0]
+		t = item[1]
+		bits = 1 if ":" not in t else int(t[t.index(":") + 1:])
+
+		if ":" in t and t.find("bytes") >= 0:
+			bits = bits * 8
+
+		if len(item) == 2:
+			items_out[name] = stream.read(t)
+			bits_read += bits
+			total_bits_read += bits
+		elif len(item) == 3 or len(item) == 4:
+			requirements = list(filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, dict), item[2]))
+			sub_items = list(filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, tuple), item[2]))
+
+			if not meets_requirements(items_out, requirements): continue
+
+			# has sub-items based on length
+			items_out[name] = stream.read(t)
+			bits_read += bits
+			total_bits_read += bits
+
+			if len(item) == 4:
+				bit_length = items_out[name] * 8
+
+				if bit_length > 0:
+					sub_read, sub_total_read = parse_items(stream, sub_items, items_out)
+					bit_length -= sub_read
+					total_bits_read += sub_total_read
+
+					if bit_length > 0:
+						items_out[item[3]] = stream.read('bits:' + str(bit_length))
+						bits_read += bit_length
+						total_bits_read += bit_length
+		else:
+			raise Exception("unrecognized item" + pprint.pformat(item))
+
+	return bits_read, total_bits_read
+
+
+# macho stuff
+# Constant for the magic field of the mach_header (32-bit architectures)
+MH_MAGIC =0xfeedface	# the mach magic number
+MH_CIGAM =0xcefaedfe	# NXSwapInt(MH_MAGIC)
+
+MH_MAGIC_64 =0xfeedfacf	# the the 64-bit mach magic number
+MH_CIGAM_64 =0xcffaedfe	# NXSwapInt(MH_MAGIC_64)
+
+FAT_CIGAM = 0xbebafeca
+FAT_MAGIC =	0xcafebabe
+
+LC_SEGMENT = 0x1
+LC_SEGMENT_64	= 0x19	# 64-bit segment of this file to be
+
+
+
+# TODO: perhaps switch to pefile module when it officially supports python3
+class SectionHeader:
+	def __init__(self, stream):
+		items = [
+			('Name', 'bytes:8'),
+			('VirtualSize', 'uintle:32'),
+			('VirtualAddress', 'uintle:32'),
+			('SizeOfRawData', 'uintle:32'),
+			('PointerToRawData', 'uintle:32'),
+			('PointerToRelocations', 'uintle:32'),
+			('PointerToLineNumber', 'uintle:32'),
+			('NumberOfRelocations', 'uintle:16'),
+			('NumberOfLineNumbers', 'uintle:16'),
+			('Characteristics', 'uintle:32')
+		]
+		self.items = dict()
+		self.relocs = dict()
+
+		_, self.bits_read = parse_items(stream, items, self.items)
+
+		self.sectionName = self.items['Name'].decode('utf-8')
+		self.offset = self.items['PointerToRawData']
+
+COFF_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPES = [
+	"Export Table",
+	"Import Table",
+	"Resource Table",
+	"Exception Table",
+	"Certificate Tble",
+	"Base Relocation Table",
+	"Debug",
+	"Architecture",
+	"Global Ptr",
+	"TLS Table",
+	"Load Config Table",
+	"Bound Import",
+	"IAT",
+	"Delay Import Descriptor",
+	"CLR Runtime Header",
+	"Reserved",
+]
+
+
+def chained_safe_get(obj, names, default=None):
+	if obj is None: return default
+
+	for n in names:
+		if n in obj:
+			obj = obj[n]
+		else:
+			return default
+
+	return obj
+
+
+class OptionalHeader:
+	def __init__(self, stream, size):
+		self.items = {}
+		items = []
+
+		if size:
+			items += [
+				('Magic', 'uintle:16'),
+				('MajorLinkerVersion', 'uintle:8'),
+				('MinorLinkerVersion', 'uintle:8'),
+				('SizeOfCode', 'uintle:32'),
+				('SizeOfInitializedData', 'uintle:32'),
+				('SizeOfUninitializedData', 'uintle:32'),
+				('AddressOfEntryPoint', 'uintle:32'),
+				('BaseOfCode', 'uintle:32'),
+			]
+
+			_, self.bits_read = parse_items(stream, items, self.items)
+
+			items = []
+			if self.items['Magic'] == 0x10b:  # PE32
+				items += [('BaseOfData', 'uintle:32')]
+
+			address_size = 'uintle:64' if self.items['Magic'] == 0x20b else 'uintle:32'
+
+			items += [
+				('ImageBase', address_size),
+				('SectionAlignment', 'uintle:32'),
+				('FileAlignment', 'uintle:32'),
+				('MajorOperatingSystemVersion', 'uintle:16'),
+				('MinorOperatingSystemVersion', 'uintle:16'),
+				('MajorImageVersion', 'uintle:16'),
+				('MinorImageVersion', 'uintle:16'),
+				('MajorSubsystemVersion', 'uintle:16'),
+				('MinorSubsystemVersion', 'uintle:16'),
+				('Win32VersionValue', 'uintle:32'),
+				('SizeOfImage', 'uintle:32'),
+				('SizeOfHeaders', 'uintle:32'),
+				('CheckSum', 'uintle:32'),
+				('Subsystem', 'uintle:16'),
+				('DllCharacteristics', 'uintle:16'),
+				('SizeOfStackReserve', address_size),
+				('SizeOfStackCommit', address_size),
+				('SizeOfHeapReserve', address_size),
+				('SizeOfHeapCommit', address_size),
+				('LoaderFlags', 'uintle:32'),
+				('NumberOfRvaAndSizes', 'uintle:32'),
+			]
+
+		if size > 28:
+			_, bits_read = parse_items(stream, items, self.items)
+			self.bits_read += bits_read
+
+		if 'NumberOfRvaAndSizes' in self.items:
+			index = 0
+			self.items['Data Directories'] = dict()
+			while self.bits_read / 8 < size:
+				d = self.items['Data Directories'][COFF_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPES[index]] = dict()
+
+				_, bits_read = parse_items(stream, [('VirtualAddress', 'uintle:32'), ('Size', 'uintle:32')], d)
+				self.bits_read += bits_read
+				index += 1
+
+
+class COFFFileHeader:
+	def __init__(self, stream):
+		self.items = {}
+		self.section_headers = []
+
+		items = [
+			('Machine', 'uintle:16'),
+			('NumberOfSections', 'uintle:16'),
+			('TimeDateStamp', 'uintle:32'),
+			('PointerToSymbolTable', 'uintle:32'),
+			('NumberOfSymbols', 'uintle:32'),
+			('SizeOfOptionalHeader', 'uintle:16'),
+			('Characteristics', 'uintle:16')
+		]
+		_, self.bits_read = parse_items(stream, items, self.items)
+
+		self.OptionalHeader = OptionalHeader(stream, self.items['SizeOfOptionalHeader'])
+		self.bits_read += self.OptionalHeader.bits_read
+
+		# start reading section headers
+		num_sections = self.items['NumberOfSections']
+
+		while num_sections > 0 :
+			section_header = SectionHeader(stream)
+			self.bits_read += section_header.bits_read
+			self.section_headers.append(section_header)
+			num_sections -= 1
+
+		self.section_headers.sort(key=lambda header: header.offset)
+
+		# Read Relocations
+		self.process_relocs(stream)
+
+	def process_relocs(self, stream):
+		reloc_table = chained_safe_get(self.OptionalHeader.items, ['Data Directories', 'Base Relocation Table'])
+		if reloc_table is None: return
+
+		orig_pos = stream.bitpos
+		_, stream.bytepos = self.get_rva_section(reloc_table['VirtualAddress'])
+		end_pos = stream.bitpos + reloc_table['Size'] * 8
+
+		while stream.bitpos < end_pos:
+			page_rva = stream.read('uintle:32')
+			block_size = stream.read('uintle:32')
+
+			for i in range(0, int((block_size - 8) / 2)):
+				data = stream.read('uintle:16')
+				typ = data >> 12
+				offset = data & 0xFFF
+
+				if offset == 0 and i > 0: continue
+
+				assert(typ == IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW or typ == IMAGE_REL_BASED_DIR64)
+
+				cur_pos = stream.bitpos
+				sh, value_bytepos = self.get_rva_section(page_rva + offset)
+				stream.bytepos = value_bytepos
+				value = stream.read('uintle:32' if typ == IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW else 'uintle:64')
+
+				# remove BaseAddress
+				value -= self.OptionalHeader.items['ImageBase']
+
+				bit_size = (4 if typ == IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW else 8) * 8
+				stream.overwrite(bitstring.BitArray(uint=value, length=bit_size), pos=value_bytepos * 8)
+				stream.pos = cur_pos
+
+		stream.bitpos = orig_pos
+
+	def get_rva_section(self, rva):
+		for sh in self.section_headers:
+			if rva < sh.items['VirtualAddress'] or rva >= sh.items['VirtualAddress'] + sh.items['VirtualSize']:
+				continue
+
+			file_pointer = rva - sh.items['VirtualAddress'] + sh.items['PointerToRawData']
+			return sh, file_pointer
+
+		raise Exception('Could not match RVA to section')
+
+
+def create_temp_file(suffix=""):
+	fd, path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=suffix)
+	os.close(fd)
+	return path
+
+
+class ExpandPath(argparse.Action):
+	def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+		setattr(namespace, self.dest, os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(values)))
+
+
+# this does a naming trick since windows doesn't allow multiple usernames for the same server
+def get_password(service_name, user_name):
+	try:
+		import keyring
+
+		# windows doesn't allow multiple usernames for the same server, argh
+		if sys.platform == "win32":
+			password = keyring.get_password(service_name + "-" + user_name, user_name)
+		else:
+			password = keyring.get_password(service_name, user_name)
+
+		return password
+	except:
+	    # This allows for manual testing where you do not wish to cache the password on the system
+		print("Missing keyring module...getting password manually")
+
+	return None
+
+
+def openssl_cmd(app_args, args, password_in, password_out):
+	password = get_password(app_args.password_service, app_args.password_user) if (password_in or password_out) else None
+	env = None
+	args = [app_args.openssl_path] + args
+
+	if password is not None:
+		env = os.environ.copy()
+		env["COFF_PW"] = password
+
+		if password_in: args += ["-passin", "env:COFF_PW"]
+		if password_out: args += ["-passout", "env:COFF_PW", "-password", "env:COFF_PW"]
+
+	subprocess.check_call(args, env=env)
+
+
+def processMachoBinary(filename):
+
+	outDict = dict()
+	outDict['result'] = False
+
+	setOfArchDigests = SetOfArchitectureDigest()
+	archDigestIdx = 0
+
+	parsedMacho = macholib.MachO.MachO(filename)
+
+	for header in parsedMacho.headers :
+		arch_digest = ArchitectureDigest()
+		lc_segment = LC_SEGMENT
+
+		arch_digest.setComponentByName('cpuType', CPUType(header.header.cputype))
+		arch_digest.setComponentByName('cpuSubType', CPUSubType(header.header.cpusubtype))
+
+		if header.header.cputype == 0x1000007:
+			lc_segment = LC_SEGMENT_64
+
+
+
+		segment_commands = list(filter(lambda x: x[0].cmd == lc_segment, header.commands))
+		text_segment_commands = list(filter(lambda x: x[1].segname.decode("utf-8").startswith("__TEXT"), segment_commands))
+
+
+		code_segment_digests = SetOfCodeSegmentDigest()
+		code_segment_idx = 0
+
+		for text_command in text_segment_commands:
+
+			codeSegmentDigest = CodeSegmentDigest()
+			codeSegmentDigest.setComponentByName('offset', text_command[1].fileoff)
+
+			sectionDigestIdx = 0
+			set_of_digest = SetOfCodeSectionDigest()
+			for section in text_command[2]:
+				digester = hashlib.sha256()
+				digester.update(section.section_data)
+				digest = digester.digest()
+
+				code_section_digest = CodeSectionDigest()
+				code_section_digest.setComponentByName('offset', section.offset)
+				code_section_digest.setComponentByName('digestAlgorithm', univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.1'))
+				code_section_digest.setComponentByName('digest', univ.OctetString(digest))
+
+				set_of_digest.setComponentByPosition(sectionDigestIdx, code_section_digest)
+				sectionDigestIdx += 1
+
+
+			codeSegmentDigest.setComponentByName('codeSectionDigests', set_of_digest)
+
+			code_segment_digests.setComponentByPosition(code_segment_idx, codeSegmentDigest)
+
+			code_segment_idx += 1
+
+		arch_digest.setComponentByName('CodeSegmentDigests', code_segment_digests)
+		setOfArchDigests.setComponentByPosition(archDigestIdx, arch_digest)
+		archDigestIdx += 1
+
+		outDict['result'] = True
+
+	if outDict['result']:
+		appDigest = ApplicationDigest()
+		appDigest.setComponentByName('version', 1)
+		appDigest.setComponentByName('digests', setOfArchDigests)
+		outDict['digest'] = appDigest
+
+
+	return outDict
+
+
+
+def processCOFFBinary(stream):
+
+	outDict = dict()
+	outDict['result'] = False
+
+	# find the COFF header.
+	# skip forward past the MSDOS stub header to 0x3c.
+	stream.bytepos = 0x3c
+
+	# read 4 bytes, this is the file offset of the PE signature.
+	pe_sig_offset = stream.read('uintle:32')
+	stream.bytepos = pe_sig_offset
+
+	# read 4 bytes, make sure it's a PE signature.
+	signature = stream.read('uintle:32')
+	if signature != 0x00004550:
+		return outDict
+
+	# after signature is the actual COFF file header.
+	coff_header = COFFFileHeader(stream)
+
+	arch_digest = ArchitectureDigest()
+	if coff_header.items['Machine'] == 0x14c:
+		arch_digest.setComponentByName('cpuType', CPUType('IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386'))
+	elif coff_header.items['Machine'] == 0x8664:
+		arch_digest.setComponentByName('cpuType', CPUType('IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64'))
+
+	arch_digest.setComponentByName('cpuSubType', CPUSubType('IMAGE_UNUSED'))
+
+	text_section_headers = list(filter(lambda x: (x.items['Characteristics'] & IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE) == IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE, coff_header.section_headers))
+
+	code_segment_digests = SetOfCodeSegmentDigest()
+	code_segment_idx = 0
+	for code_sect_header in text_section_headers:
+		stream.bytepos = code_sect_header.offset
+		code_sect_bytes = stream.read('bytes:' + str(code_sect_header.items['VirtualSize']))
+
+		digester = hashlib.sha256()
+		digester.update(code_sect_bytes)
+		digest = digester.digest()
+
+		# with open('segment_' + str(code_sect_header.offset) + ".bin", 'wb') as f:
+		#   f.write(code_sect_bytes)
+
+		code_section_digest = CodeSectionDigest()
+		code_section_digest.setComponentByName('offset', code_sect_header.offset)
+		code_section_digest.setComponentByName('digestAlgorithm', univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.1'))
+		code_section_digest.setComponentByName('digest', univ.OctetString(digest))
+
+		set_of_digest = SetOfCodeSectionDigest()
+		set_of_digest.setComponentByPosition(0, code_section_digest)
+
+		codeSegmentDigest = CodeSegmentDigest()
+		codeSegmentDigest.setComponentByName('offset', code_sect_header.offset)
+		codeSegmentDigest.setComponentByName('codeSectionDigests', set_of_digest)
+
+		code_segment_digests.setComponentByPosition(code_segment_idx, codeSegmentDigest)
+		code_segment_idx += 1
+
+	arch_digest.setComponentByName('CodeSegmentDigests', code_segment_digests)
+
+	setOfArchDigests = SetOfArchitectureDigest()
+	setOfArchDigests.setComponentByPosition(0, arch_digest)
+
+	appDigest = ApplicationDigest()
+
+	appDigest.setComponentByName('version', 1)
+	appDigest.setComponentByName('digests', setOfArchDigests)
+
+	outDict['result'] = True
+	outDict['digest'] = appDigest
+
+	return outDict
+
+def main():
+	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='PE/COFF Signer')
+	parser.add_argument('-input', action=ExpandPath, required=True, help="File to parse.")
+	parser.add_argument('-output', action=ExpandPath, required=True, help="File to write to.")
+	parser.add_argument('-openssl_path', action=ExpandPath, help="Path to OpenSSL to create signed voucher")
+	parser.add_argument('-signer_pfx', action=ExpandPath, help="Path to certificate to use to sign voucher.  Must contain full certificate chain.")
+	parser.add_argument('-password_service', help="Name of Keyring/Wallet service/host")
+	parser.add_argument('-password_user', help="Name of Keyring/Wallet user name")
+	parser.add_argument('-verbose', action='store_true', help="Verbose output.")
+	app_args = parser.parse_args()
+
+	# to simplify relocation handling we use a mutable BitStream so we can remove
+	# the BaseAddress from each relocation
+	stream = bitstring.BitStream(filename=app_args.input)
+
+
+	dict = processCOFFBinary(stream)
+
+	if dict['result'] == False:
+		dict = processMachoBinary(app_args.input)
+
+
+
+	if dict['result'] == False:
+		raise Exception("Invalid File")
+
+	binaryDigest = der_encoder.encode(dict['digest'])
+
+	with open(app_args.output, 'wb') as f:
+		f.write(binaryDigest)
+
+	# sign with openssl if specified
+	if app_args.openssl_path is not None:
+		assert app_args.signer_pfx is not None
+
+		out_base, out_ext = os.path.splitext(app_args.output)
+		signed_path = out_base + ".signed" + out_ext
+
+		# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12507277/how-to-fix-unable-to-write-random-state-in-openssl
+		temp_files = []
+		if sys.platform == "win32" and "RANDFILE" not in os.environ:
+			temp_file = create_temp_file()
+			temp_files += [temp_file]
+			os.environ["RANDFILE"] = temp_file
+
+		try:
+			# create PEM from PFX
+			pfx_pem_path = create_temp_file(".pem")
+			temp_files += [pfx_pem_path]
+			print("Extracting PEM from PFX to:" + pfx_pem_path)
+			openssl_cmd(app_args, ["pkcs12", "-in", app_args.signer_pfx, "-out", pfx_pem_path], True, True)
+
+			# extract CA certs
+			pfx_cert_path = create_temp_file(".cert")
+			temp_files += [pfx_cert_path]
+			print("Extracting cert from PFX to:" + pfx_cert_path)
+			openssl_cmd(app_args, ["pkcs12", "-in", app_args.signer_pfx, "-cacerts", "-nokeys", "-out", pfx_cert_path], True, False)
+
+			# we embed the public keychain for client validation
+			openssl_cmd(app_args, ["cms", "-sign", "-nodetach", "-md", "sha256", "-binary", "-in", app_args.output, "-outform", "der", "-out", signed_path, "-signer", pfx_pem_path, "-certfile", pfx_cert_path], True, False)
+		finally:
+			for t in temp_files:
+				if "RANDFILE" in os.environ and t == os.environ["RANDFILE"]:
+					del os.environ["RANDFILE"]
+				os.unlink(t)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+	main()
diff --git a/python/futures/CHANGES b/python/futures/CHANGES
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09b1ab183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/CHANGES
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+3.0.2
+=====
+
+- Made multiprocessing optional again on implementations other than just Jython
+
+
+3.0.1
+=====
+
+- Made Executor.map() non-greedy
+
+
+3.0.0
+=====
+
+- Dropped Python 2.5 and 3.1 support
+- Removed the deprecated "futures" top level package
+- Applied patch for issue 11777 (Executor.map does not submit futures until
+                                 iter.next() is called)
+- Applied patch for issue 15015 (accessing an non-existing attribute)
+- Applied patch for issue 16284 (memory leak)
+- Applied patch for issue 20367 (behavior of concurrent.futures.as_completed()
+                                 for duplicate arguments)
+
+2.2.0
+=====
+
+- Added the set_exception_info() and exception_info() methods to Future
+  to enable extraction of tracebacks on Python 2.x
+- Added support for Future.set_exception_info() to ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+
+2.1.6
+=====
+
+- Fixed a problem with files missing from the source distribution
+
+
+2.1.5
+=====
+
+- Fixed Jython compatibility
+- Added metadata for wheel support
+
+
+2.1.4
+=====
+
+- Ported the library again from Python 3.2.5 to get the latest bug fixes 
+
+
+2.1.3
+=====
+
+- Fixed race condition in wait(return_when=ALL_COMPLETED)
+  (http://bugs.python.org/issue14406) -- thanks Ralf Schmitt
+- Added missing setUp() methods to several test classes
+
+
+2.1.2
+=====
+
+- Fixed installation problem on Python 3.1
+
+
+2.1.1
+=====
+
+- Fixed missing 'concurrent' package declaration in setup.py
+
+
+2.1
+===
+
+- Moved the code from the 'futures' package to 'concurrent.futures' to provide
+  a drop in backport that matches the code in Python 3.2 standard library
+- Deprecated the old 'futures' package
+
+
+2.0
+===
+
+- Changed implementation to match PEP 3148
+
+
+1.0
+===
+
+Initial release.
diff --git a/python/futures/LICENSE b/python/futures/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c430db0f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Copyright 2009 Brian Quinlan. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY BRIAN QUINLAN "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
+HALL THE FREEBSD PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
+OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/futures/MANIFEST.in b/python/futures/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52860d043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+recursive-include docs *
+include *.py
+include tox.ini
+include CHANGES
+include LICENSE
diff --git a/python/futures/PKG-INFO b/python/futures/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f7e6250c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: futures
+Version: 3.0.2
+Summary: Backport of the concurrent.futures package from Python 3.2
+Home-page: https://github.com/agronholm/pythonfutures
+Author: Alex Gronholm
+Author-email: alex.gronholm+pypi@nextday.fi
+License: BSD
+Description: UNKNOWN
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2 :: Only
diff --git a/python/futures/concurrent/__init__.py b/python/futures/concurrent/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b36383a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/concurrent/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from pkgutil import extend_path
+
+__path__ = extend_path(__path__, __name__)
diff --git a/python/futures/concurrent/futures/__init__.py b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..428b14bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright 2009 Brian Quinlan. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Execute computations asynchronously using threads or processes."""
+
+__author__ = 'Brian Quinlan (brian@sweetapp.com)'
+
+from concurrent.futures._base import (FIRST_COMPLETED,
+                                      FIRST_EXCEPTION,
+                                      ALL_COMPLETED,
+                                      CancelledError,
+                                      TimeoutError,
+                                      Future,
+                                      Executor,
+                                      wait,
+                                      as_completed)
+from concurrent.futures.thread import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+try:
+    from concurrent.futures.process import ProcessPoolExecutor
+except ImportError:
+    # some platforms don't have multiprocessing
+    pass
diff --git a/python/futures/concurrent/futures/_base.py b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbf027512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+# Copyright 2009 Brian Quinlan. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+import collections
+import logging
+import threading
+import itertools
+import time
+
+__author__ = 'Brian Quinlan (brian@sweetapp.com)'
+
+FIRST_COMPLETED = 'FIRST_COMPLETED'
+FIRST_EXCEPTION = 'FIRST_EXCEPTION'
+ALL_COMPLETED = 'ALL_COMPLETED'
+_AS_COMPLETED = '_AS_COMPLETED'
+
+# Possible future states (for internal use by the futures package).
+PENDING = 'PENDING'
+RUNNING = 'RUNNING'
+# The future was cancelled by the user...
+CANCELLED = 'CANCELLED'
+# ...and _Waiter.add_cancelled() was called by a worker.
+CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED = 'CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED'
+FINISHED = 'FINISHED'
+
+_FUTURE_STATES = [
+    PENDING,
+    RUNNING,
+    CANCELLED,
+    CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED,
+    FINISHED
+]
+
+_STATE_TO_DESCRIPTION_MAP = {
+    PENDING: "pending",
+    RUNNING: "running",
+    CANCELLED: "cancelled",
+    CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED: "cancelled",
+    FINISHED: "finished"
+}
+
+# Logger for internal use by the futures package.
+LOGGER = logging.getLogger("concurrent.futures")
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Base class for all future-related exceptions."""
+    pass
+
+class CancelledError(Error):
+    """The Future was cancelled."""
+    pass
+
+class TimeoutError(Error):
+    """The operation exceeded the given deadline."""
+    pass
+
+class _Waiter(object):
+    """Provides the event that wait() and as_completed() block on."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.event = threading.Event()
+        self.finished_futures = []
+
+    def add_result(self, future):
+        self.finished_futures.append(future)
+
+    def add_exception(self, future):
+        self.finished_futures.append(future)
+
+    def add_cancelled(self, future):
+        self.finished_futures.append(future)
+
+class _AsCompletedWaiter(_Waiter):
+    """Used by as_completed()."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(_AsCompletedWaiter, self).__init__()
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def add_result(self, future):
+        with self.lock:
+            super(_AsCompletedWaiter, self).add_result(future)
+            self.event.set()
+
+    def add_exception(self, future):
+        with self.lock:
+            super(_AsCompletedWaiter, self).add_exception(future)
+            self.event.set()
+
+    def add_cancelled(self, future):
+        with self.lock:
+            super(_AsCompletedWaiter, self).add_cancelled(future)
+            self.event.set()
+
+class _FirstCompletedWaiter(_Waiter):
+    """Used by wait(return_when=FIRST_COMPLETED)."""
+
+    def add_result(self, future):
+        super(_FirstCompletedWaiter, self).add_result(future)
+        self.event.set()
+
+    def add_exception(self, future):
+        super(_FirstCompletedWaiter, self).add_exception(future)
+        self.event.set()
+
+    def add_cancelled(self, future):
+        super(_FirstCompletedWaiter, self).add_cancelled(future)
+        self.event.set()
+
+class _AllCompletedWaiter(_Waiter):
+    """Used by wait(return_when=FIRST_EXCEPTION and ALL_COMPLETED)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, num_pending_calls, stop_on_exception):
+        self.num_pending_calls = num_pending_calls
+        self.stop_on_exception = stop_on_exception
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+        super(_AllCompletedWaiter, self).__init__()
+
+    def _decrement_pending_calls(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            self.num_pending_calls -= 1
+            if not self.num_pending_calls:
+                self.event.set()
+
+    def add_result(self, future):
+        super(_AllCompletedWaiter, self).add_result(future)
+        self._decrement_pending_calls()
+
+    def add_exception(self, future):
+        super(_AllCompletedWaiter, self).add_exception(future)
+        if self.stop_on_exception:
+            self.event.set()
+        else:
+            self._decrement_pending_calls()
+
+    def add_cancelled(self, future):
+        super(_AllCompletedWaiter, self).add_cancelled(future)
+        self._decrement_pending_calls()
+
+class _AcquireFutures(object):
+    """A context manager that does an ordered acquire of Future conditions."""
+
+    def __init__(self, futures):
+        self.futures = sorted(futures, key=id)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        for future in self.futures:
+            future._condition.acquire()
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        for future in self.futures:
+            future._condition.release()
+
+def _create_and_install_waiters(fs, return_when):
+    if return_when == _AS_COMPLETED:
+        waiter = _AsCompletedWaiter()
+    elif return_when == FIRST_COMPLETED:
+        waiter = _FirstCompletedWaiter()
+    else:
+        pending_count = sum(
+                f._state not in [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED, FINISHED] for f in fs)
+
+        if return_when == FIRST_EXCEPTION:
+            waiter = _AllCompletedWaiter(pending_count, stop_on_exception=True)
+        elif return_when == ALL_COMPLETED:
+            waiter = _AllCompletedWaiter(pending_count, stop_on_exception=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid return condition: %r" % return_when)
+
+    for f in fs:
+        f._waiters.append(waiter)
+
+    return waiter
+
+def as_completed(fs, timeout=None):
+    """An iterator over the given futures that yields each as it completes.
+
+    Args:
+        fs: The sequence of Futures (possibly created by different Executors) to
+            iterate over.
+        timeout: The maximum number of seconds to wait. If None, then there
+            is no limit on the wait time.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterator that yields the given Futures as they complete (finished or
+        cancelled). If any given Futures are duplicated, they will be returned
+        once.
+
+    Raises:
+        TimeoutError: If the entire result iterator could not be generated
+            before the given timeout.
+    """
+    if timeout is not None:
+        end_time = timeout + time.time()
+
+    fs = set(fs)
+    with _AcquireFutures(fs):
+        finished = set(
+                f for f in fs
+                if f._state in [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED, FINISHED])
+        pending = fs - finished
+        waiter = _create_and_install_waiters(fs, _AS_COMPLETED)
+
+    try:
+        for future in finished:
+            yield future
+
+        while pending:
+            if timeout is None:
+                wait_timeout = None
+            else:
+                wait_timeout = end_time - time.time()
+                if wait_timeout < 0:
+                    raise TimeoutError(
+                            '%d (of %d) futures unfinished' % (
+                            len(pending), len(fs)))
+
+            waiter.event.wait(wait_timeout)
+
+            with waiter.lock:
+                finished = waiter.finished_futures
+                waiter.finished_futures = []
+                waiter.event.clear()
+
+            for future in finished:
+                yield future
+                pending.remove(future)
+
+    finally:
+        for f in fs:
+            f._waiters.remove(waiter)
+
+DoneAndNotDoneFutures = collections.namedtuple(
+        'DoneAndNotDoneFutures', 'done not_done')
+def wait(fs, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED):
+    """Wait for the futures in the given sequence to complete.
+
+    Args:
+        fs: The sequence of Futures (possibly created by different Executors) to
+            wait upon.
+        timeout: The maximum number of seconds to wait. If None, then there
+            is no limit on the wait time.
+        return_when: Indicates when this function should return. The options
+            are:
+
+            FIRST_COMPLETED - Return when any future finishes or is
+                              cancelled.
+            FIRST_EXCEPTION - Return when any future finishes by raising an
+                              exception. If no future raises an exception
+                              then it is equivalent to ALL_COMPLETED.
+            ALL_COMPLETED -   Return when all futures finish or are cancelled.
+
+    Returns:
+        A named 2-tuple of sets. The first set, named 'done', contains the
+        futures that completed (is finished or cancelled) before the wait
+        completed. The second set, named 'not_done', contains uncompleted
+        futures.
+    """
+    with _AcquireFutures(fs):
+        done = set(f for f in fs
+                   if f._state in [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED, FINISHED])
+        not_done = set(fs) - done
+
+        if (return_when == FIRST_COMPLETED) and done:
+            return DoneAndNotDoneFutures(done, not_done)
+        elif (return_when == FIRST_EXCEPTION) and done:
+            if any(f for f in done
+                   if not f.cancelled() and f.exception() is not None):
+                return DoneAndNotDoneFutures(done, not_done)
+
+        if len(done) == len(fs):
+            return DoneAndNotDoneFutures(done, not_done)
+
+        waiter = _create_and_install_waiters(fs, return_when)
+
+    waiter.event.wait(timeout)
+    for f in fs:
+        f._waiters.remove(waiter)
+
+    done.update(waiter.finished_futures)
+    return DoneAndNotDoneFutures(done, set(fs) - done)
+
+class Future(object):
+    """Represents the result of an asynchronous computation."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Initializes the future. Should not be called by clients."""
+        self._condition = threading.Condition()
+        self._state = PENDING
+        self._result = None
+        self._exception = None
+        self._traceback = None
+        self._waiters = []
+        self._done_callbacks = []
+
+    def _invoke_callbacks(self):
+        for callback in self._done_callbacks:
+            try:
+                callback(self)
+            except Exception:
+                LOGGER.exception('exception calling callback for %r', self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        with self._condition:
+            if self._state == FINISHED:
+                if self._exception:
+                    return '<Future at %s state=%s raised %s>' % (
+                        hex(id(self)),
+                        _STATE_TO_DESCRIPTION_MAP[self._state],
+                        self._exception.__class__.__name__)
+                else:
+                    return '<Future at %s state=%s returned %s>' % (
+                        hex(id(self)),
+                        _STATE_TO_DESCRIPTION_MAP[self._state],
+                        self._result.__class__.__name__)
+            return '<Future at %s state=%s>' % (
+                    hex(id(self)),
+                   _STATE_TO_DESCRIPTION_MAP[self._state])
+
+    def cancel(self):
+        """Cancel the future if possible.
+
+        Returns True if the future was cancelled, False otherwise. A future
+        cannot be cancelled if it is running or has already completed.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            if self._state in [RUNNING, FINISHED]:
+                return False
+
+            if self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:
+                return True
+
+            self._state = CANCELLED
+            self._condition.notify_all()
+
+        self._invoke_callbacks()
+        return True
+
+    def cancelled(self):
+        """Return True if the future has cancelled."""
+        with self._condition:
+            return self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]
+
+    def running(self):
+        """Return True if the future is currently executing."""
+        with self._condition:
+            return self._state == RUNNING
+
+    def done(self):
+        """Return True of the future was cancelled or finished executing."""
+        with self._condition:
+            return self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED, FINISHED]
+
+    def __get_result(self):
+        if self._exception:
+            raise type(self._exception), self._exception, self._traceback
+        else:
+            return self._result
+
+    def add_done_callback(self, fn):
+        """Attaches a callable that will be called when the future finishes.
+
+        Args:
+            fn: A callable that will be called with this future as its only
+                argument when the future completes or is cancelled. The callable
+                will always be called by a thread in the same process in which
+                it was added. If the future has already completed or been
+                cancelled then the callable will be called immediately. These
+                callables are called in the order that they were added.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            if self._state not in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED, FINISHED]:
+                self._done_callbacks.append(fn)
+                return
+        fn(self)
+
+    def result(self, timeout=None):
+        """Return the result of the call that the future represents.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: The number of seconds to wait for the result if the future
+                isn't done. If None, then there is no limit on the wait time.
+
+        Returns:
+            The result of the call that the future represents.
+
+        Raises:
+            CancelledError: If the future was cancelled.
+            TimeoutError: If the future didn't finish executing before the given
+                timeout.
+            Exception: If the call raised then that exception will be raised.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            if self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:
+                raise CancelledError()
+            elif self._state == FINISHED:
+                return self.__get_result()
+
+            self._condition.wait(timeout)
+
+            if self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:
+                raise CancelledError()
+            elif self._state == FINISHED:
+                return self.__get_result()
+            else:
+                raise TimeoutError()
+
+    def exception_info(self, timeout=None):
+        """Return a tuple of (exception, traceback) raised by the call that the
+        future represents.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: The number of seconds to wait for the exception if the
+                future isn't done. If None, then there is no limit on the wait
+                time.
+
+        Returns:
+            The exception raised by the call that the future represents or None
+            if the call completed without raising.
+
+        Raises:
+            CancelledError: If the future was cancelled.
+            TimeoutError: If the future didn't finish executing before the given
+                timeout.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            if self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:
+                raise CancelledError()
+            elif self._state == FINISHED:
+                return self._exception, self._traceback
+
+            self._condition.wait(timeout)
+
+            if self._state in [CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED]:
+                raise CancelledError()
+            elif self._state == FINISHED:
+                return self._exception, self._traceback
+            else:
+                raise TimeoutError()
+
+    def exception(self, timeout=None):
+        """Return the exception raised by the call that the future represents.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: The number of seconds to wait for the exception if the
+                future isn't done. If None, then there is no limit on the wait
+                time.
+
+        Returns:
+            The exception raised by the call that the future represents or None
+            if the call completed without raising.
+
+        Raises:
+            CancelledError: If the future was cancelled.
+            TimeoutError: If the future didn't finish executing before the given
+                timeout.
+        """
+        return self.exception_info(timeout)[0]
+
+    # The following methods should only be used by Executors and in tests.
+    def set_running_or_notify_cancel(self):
+        """Mark the future as running or process any cancel notifications.
+
+        Should only be used by Executor implementations and unit tests.
+
+        If the future has been cancelled (cancel() was called and returned
+        True) then any threads waiting on the future completing (though calls
+        to as_completed() or wait()) are notified and False is returned.
+
+        If the future was not cancelled then it is put in the running state
+        (future calls to running() will return True) and True is returned.
+
+        This method should be called by Executor implementations before
+        executing the work associated with this future. If this method returns
+        False then the work should not be executed.
+
+        Returns:
+            False if the Future was cancelled, True otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: if this method was already called or if set_result()
+                or set_exception() was called.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            if self._state == CANCELLED:
+                self._state = CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED
+                for waiter in self._waiters:
+                    waiter.add_cancelled(self)
+                # self._condition.notify_all() is not necessary because
+                # self.cancel() triggers a notification.
+                return False
+            elif self._state == PENDING:
+                self._state = RUNNING
+                return True
+            else:
+                LOGGER.critical('Future %s in unexpected state: %s',
+                                id(self),
+                                self._state)
+                raise RuntimeError('Future in unexpected state')
+
+    def set_result(self, result):
+        """Sets the return value of work associated with the future.
+
+        Should only be used by Executor implementations and unit tests.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            self._result = result
+            self._state = FINISHED
+            for waiter in self._waiters:
+                waiter.add_result(self)
+            self._condition.notify_all()
+        self._invoke_callbacks()
+
+    def set_exception_info(self, exception, traceback):
+        """Sets the result of the future as being the given exception
+        and traceback.
+
+        Should only be used by Executor implementations and unit tests.
+        """
+        with self._condition:
+            self._exception = exception
+            self._traceback = traceback
+            self._state = FINISHED
+            for waiter in self._waiters:
+                waiter.add_exception(self)
+            self._condition.notify_all()
+        self._invoke_callbacks()
+
+    def set_exception(self, exception):
+        """Sets the result of the future as being the given exception.
+
+        Should only be used by Executor implementations and unit tests.
+        """
+        self.set_exception_info(exception, None)
+
+class Executor(object):
+    """This is an abstract base class for concrete asynchronous executors."""
+
+    def submit(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Submits a callable to be executed with the given arguments.
+
+        Schedules the callable to be executed as fn(*args, **kwargs) and returns
+        a Future instance representing the execution of the callable.
+
+        Returns:
+            A Future representing the given call.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def map(self, fn, *iterables, **kwargs):
+        """Returns a iterator equivalent to map(fn, iter).
+
+        Args:
+            fn: A callable that will take as many arguments as there are
+                passed iterables.
+            timeout: The maximum number of seconds to wait. If None, then there
+                is no limit on the wait time.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator equivalent to: map(func, *iterables) but the calls may
+            be evaluated out-of-order.
+
+        Raises:
+            TimeoutError: If the entire result iterator could not be generated
+                before the given timeout.
+            Exception: If fn(*args) raises for any values.
+        """
+        timeout = kwargs.get('timeout')
+        if timeout is not None:
+            end_time = timeout + time.time()
+
+        fs = [self.submit(fn, *args) for args in itertools.izip(*iterables)]
+
+        # Yield must be hidden in closure so that the futures are submitted
+        # before the first iterator value is required.
+        def result_iterator():
+            try:
+                for future in fs:
+                    if timeout is None:
+                        yield future.result()
+                    else:
+                        yield future.result(end_time - time.time())
+            finally:
+                for future in fs:
+                    future.cancel()
+        return result_iterator()
+
+    def shutdown(self, wait=True):
+        """Clean-up the resources associated with the Executor.
+
+        It is safe to call this method several times. Otherwise, no other
+        methods can be called after this one.
+
+        Args:
+            wait: If True then shutdown will not return until all running
+                futures have finished executing and the resources used by the
+                executor have been reclaimed.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.shutdown(wait=True)
+        return False
diff --git a/python/futures/concurrent/futures/process.py b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/process.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee463f181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/process.py
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# Copyright 2009 Brian Quinlan. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Implements ProcessPoolExecutor.
+
+The follow diagram and text describe the data-flow through the system:
+
+|======================= In-process =====================|== Out-of-process ==|
+
++----------+     +----------+       +--------+     +-----------+    +---------+
+|          |  => | Work Ids |    => |        |  => | Call Q    | => |         |
+|          |     +----------+       |        |     +-----------+    |         |
+|          |     | ...      |       |        |     | ...       |    |         |
+|          |     | 6        |       |        |     | 5, call() |    |         |
+|          |     | 7        |       |        |     | ...       |    |         |
+| Process  |     | ...      |       | Local  |     +-----------+    | Process |
+|  Pool    |     +----------+       | Worker |                      |  #1..n  |
+| Executor |                        | Thread |                      |         |
+|          |     +----------- +     |        |     +-----------+    |         |
+|          | <=> | Work Items | <=> |        | <=  | Result Q  | <= |         |
+|          |     +------------+     |        |     +-----------+    |         |
+|          |     | 6: call()  |     |        |     | ...       |    |         |
+|          |     |    future  |     |        |     | 4, result |    |         |
+|          |     | ...        |     |        |     | 3, except |    |         |
++----------+     +------------+     +--------+     +-----------+    +---------+
+
+Executor.submit() called:
+- creates a uniquely numbered _WorkItem and adds it to the "Work Items" dict
+- adds the id of the _WorkItem to the "Work Ids" queue
+
+Local worker thread:
+- reads work ids from the "Work Ids" queue and looks up the corresponding
+  WorkItem from the "Work Items" dict: if the work item has been cancelled then
+  it is simply removed from the dict, otherwise it is repackaged as a
+  _CallItem and put in the "Call Q". New _CallItems are put in the "Call Q"
+  until "Call Q" is full. NOTE: the size of the "Call Q" is kept small because
+  calls placed in the "Call Q" can no longer be cancelled with Future.cancel().
+- reads _ResultItems from "Result Q", updates the future stored in the
+  "Work Items" dict and deletes the dict entry
+
+Process #1..n:
+- reads _CallItems from "Call Q", executes the calls, and puts the resulting
+  _ResultItems in "Request Q"
+"""
+
+import atexit
+from concurrent.futures import _base
+import Queue as queue
+import multiprocessing
+import threading
+import weakref
+import sys
+
+__author__ = 'Brian Quinlan (brian@sweetapp.com)'
+
+# Workers are created as daemon threads and processes. This is done to allow the
+# interpreter to exit when there are still idle processes in a
+# ProcessPoolExecutor's process pool (i.e. shutdown() was not called). However,
+# allowing workers to die with the interpreter has two undesirable properties:
+#   - The workers would still be running during interpretor shutdown,
+#     meaning that they would fail in unpredictable ways.
+#   - The workers could be killed while evaluating a work item, which could
+#     be bad if the callable being evaluated has external side-effects e.g.
+#     writing to a file.
+#
+# To work around this problem, an exit handler is installed which tells the
+# workers to exit when their work queues are empty and then waits until the
+# threads/processes finish.
+
+_threads_queues = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+_shutdown = False
+
+def _python_exit():
+    global _shutdown
+    _shutdown = True
+    items = list(_threads_queues.items())
+    for t, q in items:
+        q.put(None)
+    for t, q in items:
+        t.join()
+
+# Controls how many more calls than processes will be queued in the call queue.
+# A smaller number will mean that processes spend more time idle waiting for
+# work while a larger number will make Future.cancel() succeed less frequently
+# (Futures in the call queue cannot be cancelled).
+EXTRA_QUEUED_CALLS = 1
+
+class _WorkItem(object):
+    def __init__(self, future, fn, args, kwargs):
+        self.future = future
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+class _ResultItem(object):
+    def __init__(self, work_id, exception=None, result=None):
+        self.work_id = work_id
+        self.exception = exception
+        self.result = result
+
+class _CallItem(object):
+    def __init__(self, work_id, fn, args, kwargs):
+        self.work_id = work_id
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+def _process_worker(call_queue, result_queue):
+    """Evaluates calls from call_queue and places the results in result_queue.
+
+    This worker is run in a separate process.
+
+    Args:
+        call_queue: A multiprocessing.Queue of _CallItems that will be read and
+            evaluated by the worker.
+        result_queue: A multiprocessing.Queue of _ResultItems that will written
+            to by the worker.
+        shutdown: A multiprocessing.Event that will be set as a signal to the
+            worker that it should exit when call_queue is empty.
+    """
+    while True:
+        call_item = call_queue.get(block=True)
+        if call_item is None:
+            # Wake up queue management thread
+            result_queue.put(None)
+            return
+        try:
+            r = call_item.fn(*call_item.args, **call_item.kwargs)
+        except BaseException:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            result_queue.put(_ResultItem(call_item.work_id,
+                                         exception=e))
+        else:
+            result_queue.put(_ResultItem(call_item.work_id,
+                                         result=r))
+
+def _add_call_item_to_queue(pending_work_items,
+                            work_ids,
+                            call_queue):
+    """Fills call_queue with _WorkItems from pending_work_items.
+
+    This function never blocks.
+
+    Args:
+        pending_work_items: A dict mapping work ids to _WorkItems e.g.
+            {5: <_WorkItem...>, 6: <_WorkItem...>, ...}
+        work_ids: A queue.Queue of work ids e.g. Queue([5, 6, ...]). Work ids
+            are consumed and the corresponding _WorkItems from
+            pending_work_items are transformed into _CallItems and put in
+            call_queue.
+        call_queue: A multiprocessing.Queue that will be filled with _CallItems
+            derived from _WorkItems.
+    """
+    while True:
+        if call_queue.full():
+            return
+        try:
+            work_id = work_ids.get(block=False)
+        except queue.Empty:
+            return
+        else:
+            work_item = pending_work_items[work_id]
+
+            if work_item.future.set_running_or_notify_cancel():
+                call_queue.put(_CallItem(work_id,
+                                         work_item.fn,
+                                         work_item.args,
+                                         work_item.kwargs),
+                               block=True)
+            else:
+                del pending_work_items[work_id]
+                continue
+
+def _queue_management_worker(executor_reference,
+                             processes,
+                             pending_work_items,
+                             work_ids_queue,
+                             call_queue,
+                             result_queue):
+    """Manages the communication between this process and the worker processes.
+
+    This function is run in a local thread.
+
+    Args:
+        executor_reference: A weakref.ref to the ProcessPoolExecutor that owns
+            this thread. Used to determine if the ProcessPoolExecutor has been
+            garbage collected and that this function can exit.
+        process: A list of the multiprocessing.Process instances used as
+            workers.
+        pending_work_items: A dict mapping work ids to _WorkItems e.g.
+            {5: <_WorkItem...>, 6: <_WorkItem...>, ...}
+        work_ids_queue: A queue.Queue of work ids e.g. Queue([5, 6, ...]).
+        call_queue: A multiprocessing.Queue that will be filled with _CallItems
+            derived from _WorkItems for processing by the process workers.
+        result_queue: A multiprocessing.Queue of _ResultItems generated by the
+            process workers.
+    """
+    nb_shutdown_processes = [0]
+    def shutdown_one_process():
+        """Tell a worker to terminate, which will in turn wake us again"""
+        call_queue.put(None)
+        nb_shutdown_processes[0] += 1
+    while True:
+        _add_call_item_to_queue(pending_work_items,
+                                work_ids_queue,
+                                call_queue)
+
+        result_item = result_queue.get(block=True)
+        if result_item is not None:
+            work_item = pending_work_items[result_item.work_id]
+            del pending_work_items[result_item.work_id]
+
+            if result_item.exception:
+                work_item.future.set_exception(result_item.exception)
+            else:
+                work_item.future.set_result(result_item.result)
+            # Delete references to object. See issue16284
+            del work_item
+        # Check whether we should start shutting down.
+        executor = executor_reference()
+        # No more work items can be added if:
+        #   - The interpreter is shutting down OR
+        #   - The executor that owns this worker has been collected OR
+        #   - The executor that owns this worker has been shutdown.
+        if _shutdown or executor is None or executor._shutdown_thread:
+            # Since no new work items can be added, it is safe to shutdown
+            # this thread if there are no pending work items.
+            if not pending_work_items:
+                while nb_shutdown_processes[0] < len(processes):
+                    shutdown_one_process()
+                # If .join() is not called on the created processes then
+                # some multiprocessing.Queue methods may deadlock on Mac OS
+                # X.
+                for p in processes:
+                    p.join()
+                call_queue.close()
+                return
+        del executor
+
+_system_limits_checked = False
+_system_limited = None
+def _check_system_limits():
+    global _system_limits_checked, _system_limited
+    if _system_limits_checked:
+        if _system_limited:
+            raise NotImplementedError(_system_limited)
+    _system_limits_checked = True
+    try:
+        import os
+        nsems_max = os.sysconf("SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX")
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        # sysconf not available or setting not available
+        return
+    if nsems_max == -1:
+        # indetermine limit, assume that limit is determined
+        # by available memory only
+        return
+    if nsems_max >= 256:
+        # minimum number of semaphores available
+        # according to POSIX
+        return
+    _system_limited = "system provides too few semaphores (%d available, 256 necessary)" % nsems_max
+    raise NotImplementedError(_system_limited)
+
+class ProcessPoolExecutor(_base.Executor):
+    def __init__(self, max_workers=None):
+        """Initializes a new ProcessPoolExecutor instance.
+
+        Args:
+            max_workers: The maximum number of processes that can be used to
+                execute the given calls. If None or not given then as many
+                worker processes will be created as the machine has processors.
+        """
+        _check_system_limits()
+
+        if max_workers is None:
+            self._max_workers = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
+        else:
+            self._max_workers = max_workers
+
+        # Make the call queue slightly larger than the number of processes to
+        # prevent the worker processes from idling. But don't make it too big
+        # because futures in the call queue cannot be cancelled.
+        self._call_queue = multiprocessing.Queue(self._max_workers +
+                                                 EXTRA_QUEUED_CALLS)
+        self._result_queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
+        self._work_ids = queue.Queue()
+        self._queue_management_thread = None
+        self._processes = set()
+
+        # Shutdown is a two-step process.
+        self._shutdown_thread = False
+        self._shutdown_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._queue_count = 0
+        self._pending_work_items = {}
+
+    def _start_queue_management_thread(self):
+        # When the executor gets lost, the weakref callback will wake up
+        # the queue management thread.
+        def weakref_cb(_, q=self._result_queue):
+            q.put(None)
+        if self._queue_management_thread is None:
+            self._queue_management_thread = threading.Thread(
+                    target=_queue_management_worker,
+                    args=(weakref.ref(self, weakref_cb),
+                          self._processes,
+                          self._pending_work_items,
+                          self._work_ids,
+                          self._call_queue,
+                          self._result_queue))
+            self._queue_management_thread.daemon = True
+            self._queue_management_thread.start()
+            _threads_queues[self._queue_management_thread] = self._result_queue
+
+    def _adjust_process_count(self):
+        for _ in range(len(self._processes), self._max_workers):
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(
+                    target=_process_worker,
+                    args=(self._call_queue,
+                          self._result_queue))
+            p.start()
+            self._processes.add(p)
+
+    def submit(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        with self._shutdown_lock:
+            if self._shutdown_thread:
+                raise RuntimeError('cannot schedule new futures after shutdown')
+
+            f = _base.Future()
+            w = _WorkItem(f, fn, args, kwargs)
+
+            self._pending_work_items[self._queue_count] = w
+            self._work_ids.put(self._queue_count)
+            self._queue_count += 1
+            # Wake up queue management thread
+            self._result_queue.put(None)
+
+            self._start_queue_management_thread()
+            self._adjust_process_count()
+            return f
+    submit.__doc__ = _base.Executor.submit.__doc__
+
+    def shutdown(self, wait=True):
+        with self._shutdown_lock:
+            self._shutdown_thread = True
+        if self._queue_management_thread:
+            # Wake up queue management thread
+            self._result_queue.put(None)
+            if wait:
+                self._queue_management_thread.join()
+        # To reduce the risk of openning too many files, remove references to
+        # objects that use file descriptors.
+        self._queue_management_thread = None
+        self._call_queue = None
+        self._result_queue = None
+        self._processes = None
+    shutdown.__doc__ = _base.Executor.shutdown.__doc__
+
+atexit.register(_python_exit)
diff --git a/python/futures/concurrent/futures/thread.py b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa5ed0c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/concurrent/futures/thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# Copyright 2009 Brian Quinlan. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Implements ThreadPoolExecutor."""
+
+import atexit
+from concurrent.futures import _base
+import Queue as queue
+import threading
+import weakref
+import sys
+
+__author__ = 'Brian Quinlan (brian@sweetapp.com)'
+
+# Workers are created as daemon threads. This is done to allow the interpreter
+# to exit when there are still idle threads in a ThreadPoolExecutor's thread
+# pool (i.e. shutdown() was not called). However, allowing workers to die with
+# the interpreter has two undesirable properties:
+#   - The workers would still be running during interpretor shutdown,
+#     meaning that they would fail in unpredictable ways.
+#   - The workers could be killed while evaluating a work item, which could
+#     be bad if the callable being evaluated has external side-effects e.g.
+#     writing to a file.
+#
+# To work around this problem, an exit handler is installed which tells the
+# workers to exit when their work queues are empty and then waits until the
+# threads finish.
+
+_threads_queues = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+_shutdown = False
+
+def _python_exit():
+    global _shutdown
+    _shutdown = True
+    items = list(_threads_queues.items())
+    for t, q in items:
+        q.put(None)
+    for t, q in items:
+        t.join()
+
+atexit.register(_python_exit)
+
+class _WorkItem(object):
+    def __init__(self, future, fn, args, kwargs):
+        self.future = future
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def run(self):
+        if not self.future.set_running_or_notify_cancel():
+            return
+
+        try:
+            result = self.fn(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
+        except BaseException:
+            e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+            self.future.set_exception_info(e, tb)
+        else:
+            self.future.set_result(result)
+
+def _worker(executor_reference, work_queue):
+    try:
+        while True:
+            work_item = work_queue.get(block=True)
+            if work_item is not None:
+                work_item.run()
+                # Delete references to object. See issue16284
+                del work_item
+                continue
+            executor = executor_reference()
+            # Exit if:
+            #   - The interpreter is shutting down OR
+            #   - The executor that owns the worker has been collected OR
+            #   - The executor that owns the worker has been shutdown.
+            if _shutdown or executor is None or executor._shutdown:
+                # Notice other workers
+                work_queue.put(None)
+                return
+            del executor
+    except BaseException:
+        _base.LOGGER.critical('Exception in worker', exc_info=True)
+
+class ThreadPoolExecutor(_base.Executor):
+    def __init__(self, max_workers):
+        """Initializes a new ThreadPoolExecutor instance.
+
+        Args:
+            max_workers: The maximum number of threads that can be used to
+                execute the given calls.
+        """
+        self._max_workers = max_workers
+        self._work_queue = queue.Queue()
+        self._threads = set()
+        self._shutdown = False
+        self._shutdown_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def submit(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        with self._shutdown_lock:
+            if self._shutdown:
+                raise RuntimeError('cannot schedule new futures after shutdown')
+
+            f = _base.Future()
+            w = _WorkItem(f, fn, args, kwargs)
+
+            self._work_queue.put(w)
+            self._adjust_thread_count()
+            return f
+    submit.__doc__ = _base.Executor.submit.__doc__
+
+    def _adjust_thread_count(self):
+        # When the executor gets lost, the weakref callback will wake up
+        # the worker threads.
+        def weakref_cb(_, q=self._work_queue):
+            q.put(None)
+        # TODO(bquinlan): Should avoid creating new threads if there are more
+        # idle threads than items in the work queue.
+        if len(self._threads) < self._max_workers:
+            t = threading.Thread(target=_worker,
+                                 args=(weakref.ref(self, weakref_cb),
+                                       self._work_queue))
+            t.daemon = True
+            t.start()
+            self._threads.add(t)
+            _threads_queues[t] = self._work_queue
+
+    def shutdown(self, wait=True):
+        with self._shutdown_lock:
+            self._shutdown = True
+            self._work_queue.put(None)
+        if wait:
+            for t in self._threads:
+                t.join()
+    shutdown.__doc__ = _base.Executor.shutdown.__doc__
diff --git a/python/futures/crawl.py b/python/futures/crawl.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86e0af7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/crawl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""Compare the speed of downloading URLs sequentially vs. using futures."""
+
+import functools
+import time
+import timeit
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from urllib2 import urlopen
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib.request import urlopen
+
+from concurrent.futures import (as_completed, ThreadPoolExecutor,
+                                ProcessPoolExecutor)
+
+URLS = ['http://www.google.com/',
+        'http://www.apple.com/',
+        'http://www.ibm.com',
+        'http://www.thisurlprobablydoesnotexist.com',
+        'http://www.slashdot.org/',
+        'http://www.python.org/',
+        'http://www.bing.com/',
+        'http://www.facebook.com/',
+        'http://www.yahoo.com/',
+        'http://www.youtube.com/',
+        'http://www.blogger.com/']
+
+def load_url(url, timeout):
+    kwargs = {'timeout': timeout} if sys.version_info >= (2, 6) else {}
+    return urlopen(url, **kwargs).read()
+
+def download_urls_sequential(urls, timeout=60):
+    url_to_content = {}
+    for url in urls:
+        try:
+            url_to_content[url] = load_url(url, timeout=timeout)
+        except:
+            pass
+    return url_to_content
+
+def download_urls_with_executor(urls, executor, timeout=60):
+    try:
+        url_to_content = {}
+        future_to_url = dict((executor.submit(load_url, url, timeout), url)
+                             for url in urls)
+
+        for future in as_completed(future_to_url):
+            try:
+                url_to_content[future_to_url[future]] = future.result()
+            except:
+                pass
+        return url_to_content
+    finally:
+        executor.shutdown()
+
+def main():
+    for name, fn in [('sequential',
+                      functools.partial(download_urls_sequential, URLS)),
+                     ('processes',
+                      functools.partial(download_urls_with_executor,
+                                        URLS,
+                                        ProcessPoolExecutor(10))),
+                     ('threads',
+                      functools.partial(download_urls_with_executor,
+                                        URLS,
+                                        ThreadPoolExecutor(10)))]:
+        sys.stdout.write('%s: ' % name.ljust(12))
+        start = time.time()
+        url_map = fn()
+        sys.stdout.write('%.2f seconds (%d of %d downloaded)\n' %
+                         (time.time() - start, len(url_map), len(URLS)))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/futures/docs/Makefile b/python/futures/docs/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f69d84035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/docs/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d _build/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp latex changes linkcheck doctest
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html      to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml   to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  pickle    to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json      to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp  to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp    to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  latex     to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  changes   to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest   to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+
+clean:
+	-rm -rf _build/*
+
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in _build/html."
+
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in _build/dirhtml."
+
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in _build/htmlhelp."
+
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in _build/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator _build/qthelp/futures.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile _build/qthelp/futures.qhc"
+
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in _build/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make all-pdf' or \`make all-ps' in that directory to" \
+	      "run these through (pdf)latex."
+
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in _build/changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in _build/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in _build/doctest/output.txt."
diff --git a/python/futures/docs/conf.py b/python/futures/docs/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cea44c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/docs/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# futures documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Wed Jun  3 19:35:34 2009.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+import sys, os
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#sys.path.append(os.path.abspath('.'))
+
+# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
+# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
+extensions = []
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+#source_encoding = 'utf-8'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = u'futures'
+copyright = u'2009-2011, Brian Quinlan'
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = '2.1.6'
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = '2.1.6'
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#language = None
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
+#unused_docs = []
+
+# List of directories, relative to source directory, that shouldn't be searched
+# for source files.
+exclude_trees = ['_build']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
+#default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+#modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  Major themes that come with
+# Sphinx are currently 'default' and 'sphinxdoc'.
+html_theme = 'default'
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+#html_theme_path = []
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+#html_title = None
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#html_logo = None
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#html_use_modindex = True
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+#html_show_sourcelink = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# If nonempty, this is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+#html_file_suffix = ''
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'futuresdoc'
+
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+#latex_font_size = '10pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
+latex_documents = [
+  ('index', 'futures.tex', u'futures Documentation',
+   u'Brian Quinlan', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+#latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#latex_use_parts = False
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+#latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#latex_use_modindex = True
diff --git a/python/futures/docs/index.rst b/python/futures/docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4103f014b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+:mod:`concurrent.futures` --- Asynchronous computation
+======================================================
+
+.. module:: concurrent.futures
+   :synopsis: Execute computations asynchronously using threads or processes. 
+
+The :mod:`concurrent.futures` module provides a high-level interface for
+asynchronously executing callables.
+
+The asynchronous execution can be be performed by threads using
+:class:`ThreadPoolExecutor` or seperate processes using
+:class:`ProcessPoolExecutor`. Both implement the same interface, which is
+defined by the abstract :class:`Executor` class.
+
+Executor Objects
+----------------
+
+:class:`Executor` is an abstract class that provides methods to execute calls
+asynchronously. It should not be used directly, but through its two
+subclasses: :class:`ThreadPoolExecutor` and :class:`ProcessPoolExecutor`.
+
+.. method:: Executor.submit(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+   Schedules the callable to be executed as *fn*(*\*args*, *\*\*kwargs*) and
+   returns a :class:`Future` representing the execution of the callable.
+
+::
+
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor:
+        future = executor.submit(pow, 323, 1235)
+        print(future.result())
+
+.. method:: Executor.map(func, *iterables, timeout=None)
+
+   Equivalent to map(*func*, *\*iterables*) but func is executed asynchronously
+   and several calls to *func* may be made concurrently. The returned iterator
+   raises a :exc:`TimeoutError` if :meth:`__next__()` is called and the result
+   isn't available after *timeout* seconds from the original call to
+   :meth:`map()`. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not
+   specified or ``None`` then there is no limit to the wait time. If a call
+   raises an exception then that exception will be raised when its value is
+   retrieved from the iterator.
+
+.. method:: Executor.shutdown(wait=True)
+
+   Signal the executor that it should free any resources that it is using when
+   the currently pending futures are done executing. Calls to
+   :meth:`Executor.submit` and :meth:`Executor.map` made after shutdown will
+   raise :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+
+   If *wait* is `True` then this method will not return until all the pending
+   futures are done executing and the resources associated with the executor
+   have been freed. If *wait* is `False` then this method will return
+   immediately and the resources associated with the executor will be freed
+   when all pending futures are done executing. Regardless of the value of
+   *wait*, the entire Python program will not exit until all pending futures
+   are done executing.
+
+   You can avoid having to call this method explicitly if you use the `with`
+   statement, which will shutdown the `Executor` (waiting as if
+   `Executor.shutdown` were called with *wait* set to `True`):
+
+::
+
+    import shutil
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as e:
+        e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src1.txt', 'dest1.txt')
+        e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src2.txt', 'dest2.txt')
+        e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest3.txt')
+        e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest4.txt')
+
+
+ThreadPoolExecutor Objects
+--------------------------
+
+The :class:`ThreadPoolExecutor` class is an :class:`Executor` subclass that uses
+a pool of threads to execute calls asynchronously.
+
+Deadlock can occur when the callable associated with a :class:`Future` waits on
+the results of another :class:`Future`. For example:
+
+::
+
+    import time
+    def wait_on_b():
+        time.sleep(5)
+        print(b.result())  # b will never complete because it is waiting on a.
+        return 5
+
+    def wait_on_a():
+        time.sleep(5)
+        print(a.result())  # a will never complete because it is waiting on b.
+        return 6
+
+
+    executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
+    a = executor.submit(wait_on_b)
+    b = executor.submit(wait_on_a)
+
+And:
+
+::
+
+    def wait_on_future():
+        f = executor.submit(pow, 5, 2)
+        # This will never complete because there is only one worker thread and
+        # it is executing this function.
+        print(f.result())
+    
+    executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
+    executor.submit(wait_on_future)
+
+.. class:: ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers)
+
+   Executes calls asynchronously using at pool of at most *max_workers* threads.
+
+.. _threadpoolexecutor-example:
+
+ThreadPoolExecutor Example
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+::
+
+    from concurrent import futures
+    import urllib.request
+    
+    URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
+            'http://www.cnn.com/',
+            'http://europe.wsj.com/',
+            'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
+            'http://some-made-up-domain.com/']
+    
+    def load_url(url, timeout):
+        return urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout).read()
+    
+    with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
+        future_to_url = dict((executor.submit(load_url, url, 60), url)
+                             for url in URLS)
+    
+        for future in futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
+            url = future_to_url[future]
+            if future.exception() is not None:
+                print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url,
+                                                         future.exception()))
+            else:
+                print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(future.result())))
+
+ProcessPoolExecutor Objects
+---------------------------
+
+The :class:`ProcessPoolExecutor` class is an :class:`Executor` subclass that
+uses a pool of processes to execute calls asynchronously.
+:class:`ProcessPoolExecutor` uses the :mod:`multiprocessing` module, which
+allows it to side-step the :term:`Global Interpreter Lock` but also means that
+only picklable objects can be executed and returned.
+
+Calling :class:`Executor` or :class:`Future` methods from a callable submitted
+to a :class:`ProcessPoolExecutor` will result in deadlock.
+
+.. class:: ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=None)
+
+   Executes calls asynchronously using a pool of at most *max_workers*
+   processes. If *max_workers* is ``None`` or not given then as many worker
+   processes will be created as the machine has processors.
+
+.. _processpoolexecutor-example:
+
+ProcessPoolExecutor Example
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+::
+
+   import math
+
+   PRIMES = [
+       112272535095293,
+       112582705942171,
+       112272535095293,
+       115280095190773,
+       115797848077099,
+       1099726899285419]
+
+   def is_prime(n):
+       if n % 2 == 0:
+           return False
+
+       sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
+       for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):
+           if n % i == 0:
+               return False
+       return True
+
+   def main():
+       with futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
+           for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)):
+               print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime))
+
+   if __name__ == '__main__':
+       main()
+
+Future Objects
+--------------
+
+The :class:`Future` class encapulates the asynchronous execution of a callable.
+:class:`Future` instances are created by :meth:`Executor.submit`.
+
+.. method:: Future.cancel()
+
+   Attempt to cancel the call. If the call is currently being executed then
+   it cannot be cancelled and the method will return `False`, otherwise the call
+   will be cancelled and the method will return `True`.
+
+.. method:: Future.cancelled()
+
+   Return `True` if the call was successfully cancelled.
+
+.. method:: Future.running()
+
+   Return `True` if the call is currently being executed and cannot be
+   cancelled.
+
+.. method:: Future.done()
+
+   Return `True` if the call was successfully cancelled or finished running.
+
+.. method:: Future.result(timeout=None)
+
+   Return the value returned by the call. If the call hasn't yet completed then
+   this method will wait up to *timeout* seconds. If the call hasn't completed
+   in *timeout* seconds then a :exc:`TimeoutError` will be raised. *timeout* can
+   be an int or float.If *timeout* is not specified or ``None`` then there is no
+   limit to the wait time.
+
+   If the future is cancelled before completing then :exc:`CancelledError` will
+   be raised.
+
+   If the call raised then this method will raise the same exception.
+
+.. method:: Future.exception(timeout=None)
+
+   Return the exception raised by the call. If the call hasn't yet completed
+   then this method will wait up to *timeout* seconds. If the call hasn't
+   completed in *timeout* seconds then a :exc:`TimeoutError` will be raised.
+   *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified or ``None``
+   then there is no limit to the wait time.
+
+   If the future is cancelled before completing then :exc:`CancelledError` will
+   be raised.
+
+   If the call completed without raising then ``None`` is returned.   
+
+.. method:: Future.add_done_callback(fn)
+
+   Attaches the callable *fn* to the future. *fn* will be called, with the
+   future as its only argument, when the future is cancelled or finishes
+   running.
+
+   Added callables are called in the order that they were added and are always
+   called in a thread belonging to the process that added them. If the callable
+   raises an :exc:`Exception` then it will be logged and ignored. If the
+   callable raises another :exc:`BaseException` then the behavior is not
+   defined.
+
+   If the future has already completed or been cancelled then *fn* will be
+   called immediately.
+
+Internal Future Methods
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The following :class:`Future` methods are meant for use in unit tests and
+:class:`Executor` implementations.
+
+.. method:: Future.set_running_or_notify_cancel()
+
+   This method should only be called by :class:`Executor` implementations before
+   executing the work associated with the :class:`Future` and by unit tests.
+
+   If the method returns `False` then the :class:`Future` was cancelled i.e.
+   :meth:`Future.cancel` was called and returned `True`. Any threads waiting
+   on the :class:`Future` completing (i.e. through :func:`as_completed` or
+   :func:`wait`) will be woken up.
+
+   If the method returns `True` then the :class:`Future` was not cancelled
+   and has been put in the running state i.e. calls to
+   :meth:`Future.running` will return `True`.
+
+   This method can only be called once and cannot be called after
+   :meth:`Future.set_result` or :meth:`Future.set_exception` have been
+   called.
+
+.. method:: Future.set_result(result)
+
+   Sets the result of the work associated with the :class:`Future` to *result*.
+
+   This method should only be used by Executor implementations and unit tests.
+
+.. method:: Future.set_exception(exception)
+
+   Sets the result of the work associated with the :class:`Future` to the
+   :class:`Exception` *exception*.
+
+   This method should only be used by Executor implementations and unit tests.
+
+Module Functions
+----------------
+
+.. function:: wait(fs, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED)
+
+   Wait for the :class:`Future` instances (possibly created by different
+   :class:`Executor` instances) given by *fs*  to complete. Returns a named
+   2-tuple of sets. The first set, named "done", contains the futures that
+   completed (finished or were cancelled) before the wait completed. The second
+   set, named "not_done", contains uncompleted futures.
+
+   *timeout* can be used to control the maximum number of seconds to wait before
+   returning. *timeout* can be an int or float. If *timeout* is not specified or
+   ``None`` then there is no limit to the wait time.
+
+   *return_when* indicates when this function should return. It must be one of
+   the following constants:
+
+      +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
+      | Constant                    | Description                            |
+      +=============================+========================================+
+      | :const:`FIRST_COMPLETED`    | The function will return when any      |
+      |                             | future finishes or is cancelled.       |
+      +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
+      | :const:`FIRST_EXCEPTION`    | The function will return when any      |
+      |                             | future finishes by raising an          |
+      |                             | exception. If no future raises an      |
+      |                             | exception then it is equivalent to     |
+      |                             | `ALL_COMPLETED`.                       |
+      +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
+      | :const:`ALL_COMPLETED`      | The function will return when all      |
+      |                             | futures finish or are cancelled.       |
+      +-----------------------------+----------------------------------------+
+
+.. function:: as_completed(fs, timeout=None)
+
+   Returns an iterator over the :class:`Future` instances (possibly created by
+   different :class:`Executor` instances) given by *fs* that yields futures as
+   they complete (finished or were cancelled). Any futures given by *fs* that
+   are duplicated will be returned once. Any futures that completed
+   before :func:`as_completed` is called will be yielded first.  The returned
+   iterator raises a :exc:`TimeoutError` if :meth:`~iterator.__next__` is
+   called and the result isn't available after *timeout* seconds from the
+   original call to :func:`as_completed`.  *timeout* can be an int or float.
+   If *timeout* is not specified or ``None``, there is no limit to the wait
+   time.
diff --git a/python/futures/docs/make.bat b/python/futures/docs/make.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e8021b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/docs/make.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+@ECHO OFF
+
+REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
+
+set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
+set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d _build/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% .
+if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
+	set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
+)
+
+if "%1" == "" goto help
+
+if "%1" == "help" (
+	:help
+	echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
+	echo.  html      to make standalone HTML files
+	echo.  dirhtml   to make HTML files named index.html in directories
+	echo.  pickle    to make pickle files
+	echo.  json      to make JSON files
+	echo.  htmlhelp  to make HTML files and a HTML help project
+	echo.  qthelp    to make HTML files and a qthelp project
+	echo.  latex     to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
+	echo.  changes   to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
+	echo.  linkcheck to check all external links for integrity
+	echo.  doctest   to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "clean" (
+	for /d %%i in (_build\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
+	del /q /s _build\*
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "html" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/html
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in _build/html.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/dirhtml
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in _build/dirhtml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "pickle" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/pickle
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "json" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/json
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/htmlhelp
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
+.hhp project file in _build/htmlhelp.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "qthelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/qthelp
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
+.qhcp project file in _build/qthelp, like this:
+	echo.^> qcollectiongenerator _build\qthelp\futures.qhcp
+	echo.To view the help file:
+	echo.^> assistant -collectionFile _build\qthelp\futures.ghc
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "latex" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/latex
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in _build/latex.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "changes" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/changes
+	echo.
+	echo.The overview file is in _build/changes.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/linkcheck
+	echo.
+	echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
+or in _build/linkcheck/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "doctest" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% _build/doctest
+	echo.
+	echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
+results in _build/doctest/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+:end
diff --git a/python/futures/primes.py b/python/futures/primes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0da2b3e64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/primes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from __future__ import with_statement
+import math
+import time
+import sys
+
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor
+
+PRIMES = [
+    112272535095293,
+    112582705942171,
+    112272535095293,
+    115280095190773,
+    115797848077099,
+    117450548693743,
+    993960000099397]
+
+def is_prime(n):
+    if n % 2 == 0:
+        return False
+
+    sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
+    for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):
+        if n % i == 0:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+def sequential():
+    return list(map(is_prime, PRIMES))
+
+def with_process_pool_executor():
+    with ProcessPoolExecutor(10) as executor:
+        return list(executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES))
+
+def with_thread_pool_executor():
+    with ThreadPoolExecutor(10) as executor:
+        return list(executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES))
+
+def main():
+    for name, fn in [('sequential', sequential),
+                     ('processes', with_process_pool_executor),
+                     ('threads', with_thread_pool_executor)]:
+        sys.stdout.write('%s: ' % name.ljust(12))
+        start = time.time()
+        if fn() != [True] * len(PRIMES):
+            sys.stdout.write('failed\n')
+        else:
+            sys.stdout.write('%.2f seconds\n' % (time.time() - start))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/futures/setup.cfg b/python/futures/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e04dbabe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[build_sphinx]
+build-dir = build/sphinx
+source-dir = docs
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
+[upload_docs]
+upload-dir = build/sphinx/html
+
diff --git a/python/futures/setup.py b/python/futures/setup.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c1d40ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+extras = {}
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+    extras['zip_safe'] = False
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+
+setup(name='futures',
+      version='3.0.2',
+      description='Backport of the concurrent.futures package from Python 3.2',
+      author='Brian Quinlan',
+      author_email='brian@sweetapp.com',
+      maintainer='Alex Gronholm',
+      maintainer_email='alex.gronholm+pypi@nextday.fi',
+      url='https://github.com/agronholm/pythonfutures',
+      packages=['concurrent', 'concurrent.futures'],
+      license='BSD',
+      classifiers=['License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
+                   'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+                   'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+                   'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+                   'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+                   'Programming Language :: Python :: 2 :: Only'],
+      **extras
+      )
diff --git a/python/futures/test_futures.py b/python/futures/test_futures.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ace340cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/test_futures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,724 @@
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import functools
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import re
+import time
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from test import test_support
+
+from concurrent import futures
+from concurrent.futures._base import (
+    PENDING, RUNNING, CANCELLED, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED, FINISHED, Future)
+
+try:
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+except ImportError:
+    import unittest
+
+
+def reap_threads(func):
+    """Use this function when threads are being used.  This will
+    ensure that the threads are cleaned up even when the test fails.
+    If threading is unavailable this function does nothing.
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def decorator(*args): 
+        key = test_support.threading_setup()
+        try:
+            return func(*args)
+        finally:
+            test_support.threading_cleanup(*key)
+    return decorator
+
+
+# Executing the interpreter in a subprocess
+def _assert_python(expected_success, *args, **env_vars):
+    cmd_line = [sys.executable]
+    if not env_vars:
+        cmd_line.append('-E')
+    # Need to preserve the original environment, for in-place testing of
+    # shared library builds.
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    # But a special flag that can be set to override -- in this case, the
+    # caller is responsible to pass the full environment.
+    if env_vars.pop('__cleanenv', None):
+        env = {}
+    env.update(env_vars) 
+    cmd_line.extend(args)
+    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd_line, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                         env=env)
+    try:
+        out, err = p.communicate()
+    finally:
+        subprocess._cleanup()
+        p.stdout.close()
+        p.stderr.close()
+    rc = p.returncode
+    err = strip_python_stderr(err)
+    if (rc and expected_success) or (not rc and not expected_success):
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "Process return code is %d, "
+            "stderr follows:\n%s" % (rc, err.decode('ascii', 'ignore')))
+    return rc, out, err
+
+
+def assert_python_ok(*args, **env_vars):
+    """
+    Assert that running the interpreter with `args` and optional environment
+    variables `env_vars` is ok and return a (return code, stdout, stderr) tuple.
+    """
+    return _assert_python(True, *args, **env_vars)
+
+
+def strip_python_stderr(stderr): 
+    """Strip the stderr of a Python process from potential debug output
+    emitted by the interpreter.
+
+    This will typically be run on the result of the communicate() method
+    of a subprocess.Popen object.
+    """
+    stderr = re.sub(r"\[\d+ refs\]\r?\n?$".encode(), "".encode(), stderr).strip()
+    return stderr
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def captured_stderr():
+    """Return a context manager used by captured_stdout/stdin/stderr
+    that temporarily replaces the sys stream *stream_name* with a StringIO."""
+    logging_stream = StringIO()
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler(logging_stream)
+    logging.root.addHandler(handler)
+
+    try:
+        yield logging_stream
+    finally:
+        logging.root.removeHandler(handler)
+
+
+def create_future(state=PENDING, exception=None, result=None):
+    f = Future()
+    f._state = state
+    f._exception = exception
+    f._result = result
+    return f
+
+
+PENDING_FUTURE = create_future(state=PENDING)
+RUNNING_FUTURE = create_future(state=RUNNING)
+CANCELLED_FUTURE = create_future(state=CANCELLED)
+CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE = create_future(state=CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED)
+EXCEPTION_FUTURE = create_future(state=FINISHED, exception=IOError())
+SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE = create_future(state=FINISHED, result=42)
+
+
+def mul(x, y):
+    return x * y
+
+
+def sleep_and_raise(t):
+    time.sleep(t)
+    raise Exception('this is an exception')
+
+def sleep_and_print(t, msg):
+    time.sleep(t)
+    print(msg)
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+
+class ExecutorMixin:
+    worker_count = 5
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.t1 = time.time()
+        try:
+            self.executor = self.executor_type(max_workers=self.worker_count)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            self.skipTest(str(e))
+        self._prime_executor()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.executor.shutdown(wait=True)
+        dt = time.time() - self.t1
+        if test_support.verbose:
+            print("%.2fs" % dt)
+        self.assertLess(dt, 60, "synchronization issue: test lasted too long")
+
+    def _prime_executor(self):
+        # Make sure that the executor is ready to do work before running the
+        # tests. This should reduce the probability of timeouts in the tests.
+        futures = [self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 0.1)
+                   for _ in range(self.worker_count)]
+
+        for f in futures:
+            f.result()
+
+
+class ThreadPoolMixin(ExecutorMixin):
+    executor_type = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+
+class ProcessPoolMixin(ExecutorMixin):
+    executor_type = futures.ProcessPoolExecutor
+
+
+class ExecutorShutdownTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_run_after_shutdown(self):
+        self.executor.shutdown()
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError,
+                          self.executor.submit,
+                          pow, 2, 5)
+
+    def test_interpreter_shutdown(self):
+        # Test the atexit hook for shutdown of worker threads and processes
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_ok('-c', """if 1:
+            from concurrent.futures import %s
+            from time import sleep
+            from test_futures import sleep_and_print
+            t = %s(5)
+            t.submit(sleep_and_print, 1.0, "apple")
+            """ % (self.executor_type.__name__, self.executor_type.__name__))
+        # Errors in atexit hooks don't change the process exit code, check
+        # stderr manually.
+        self.assertFalse(err)
+        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), "apple".encode())
+
+    def test_hang_issue12364(self):
+        fs = [self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 0.1) for _ in range(50)]
+        self.executor.shutdown()
+        for f in fs:
+            f.result()
+
+
+class ThreadPoolShutdownTest(ThreadPoolMixin, ExecutorShutdownTest):
+    def _prime_executor(self):
+        pass
+
+    def test_threads_terminate(self):
+        self.executor.submit(mul, 21, 2)
+        self.executor.submit(mul, 6, 7)
+        self.executor.submit(mul, 3, 14)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.executor._threads), 3)
+        self.executor.shutdown()
+        for t in self.executor._threads:
+            t.join()
+
+    def test_context_manager_shutdown(self):
+        with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as e:
+            executor = e
+            self.assertEqual(list(e.map(abs, range(-5, 5))),
+                             [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+        for t in executor._threads:
+            t.join()
+
+    def test_del_shutdown(self):
+        executor = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5)
+        executor.map(abs, range(-5, 5))
+        threads = executor._threads
+        del executor
+
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+
+class ProcessPoolShutdownTest(ProcessPoolMixin, ExecutorShutdownTest):
+    def _prime_executor(self):
+        pass
+
+    def test_processes_terminate(self):
+        self.executor.submit(mul, 21, 2)
+        self.executor.submit(mul, 6, 7)
+        self.executor.submit(mul, 3, 14)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.executor._processes), 5)
+        processes = self.executor._processes
+        self.executor.shutdown()
+
+        for p in processes:
+            p.join()
+
+    def test_context_manager_shutdown(self):
+        with futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as e:
+            processes = e._processes
+            self.assertEqual(list(e.map(abs, range(-5, 5))),
+                             [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+        for p in processes:
+            p.join()
+
+    def test_del_shutdown(self):
+        executor = futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=5)
+        list(executor.map(abs, range(-5, 5)))
+        queue_management_thread = executor._queue_management_thread
+        processes = executor._processes
+        del executor
+
+        queue_management_thread.join()
+        for p in processes:
+            p.join()
+
+
+class WaitTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_first_completed(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(mul, 21, 2)
+        future2 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 1.5)
+
+        done, not_done = futures.wait(
+                [CANCELLED_FUTURE, future1, future2],
+                 return_when=futures.FIRST_COMPLETED)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([future1]), done)
+        self.assertEqual(set([CANCELLED_FUTURE, future2]), not_done)
+
+    def test_first_completed_some_already_completed(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 1.5)
+
+        finished, pending = futures.wait(
+                 [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE, SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE, future1],
+                 return_when=futures.FIRST_COMPLETED)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                set([CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE, SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE]),
+                finished)
+        self.assertEqual(set([future1]), pending)
+
+    def test_first_exception(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(mul, 2, 21)
+        future2 = self.executor.submit(sleep_and_raise, 1.5)
+        future3 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 3)
+
+        finished, pending = futures.wait(
+                [future1, future2, future3],
+                return_when=futures.FIRST_EXCEPTION)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([future1, future2]), finished)
+        self.assertEqual(set([future3]), pending)
+
+    def test_first_exception_some_already_complete(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(divmod, 21, 0)
+        future2 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 1.5)
+
+        finished, pending = futures.wait(
+                [SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                 CANCELLED_FUTURE,
+                 CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                 future1, future2],
+                return_when=futures.FIRST_EXCEPTION)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                              CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                              future1]), finished)
+        self.assertEqual(set([CANCELLED_FUTURE, future2]), pending)
+
+    def test_first_exception_one_already_failed(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 2)
+
+        finished, pending = futures.wait(
+                 [EXCEPTION_FUTURE, future1],
+                 return_when=futures.FIRST_EXCEPTION)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([EXCEPTION_FUTURE]), finished)
+        self.assertEqual(set([future1]), pending)
+
+    def test_all_completed(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(divmod, 2, 0)
+        future2 = self.executor.submit(mul, 2, 21)
+
+        finished, pending = futures.wait(
+                [SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                 CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                 EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                 future1,
+                 future2],
+                return_when=futures.ALL_COMPLETED)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                              CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                              EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                              future1,
+                              future2]), finished)
+        self.assertEqual(set(), pending)
+
+    def test_timeout(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(mul, 6, 7)
+        future2 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 3)
+
+        finished, pending = futures.wait(
+                [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                 EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                 SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                 future1, future2],
+                timeout=1.5,
+                return_when=futures.ALL_COMPLETED)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                              EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                              SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                              future1]), finished)
+        self.assertEqual(set([future2]), pending)
+
+
+class ThreadPoolWaitTests(ThreadPoolMixin, WaitTests):
+
+    def test_pending_calls_race(self):
+        # Issue #14406: multi-threaded race condition when waiting on all
+        # futures.
+        event = threading.Event()
+        def future_func():
+            event.wait()
+        oldswitchinterval = sys.getcheckinterval()
+        sys.setcheckinterval(1)
+        try:
+            fs = set(self.executor.submit(future_func) for i in range(100))
+            event.set()
+            futures.wait(fs, return_when=futures.ALL_COMPLETED)
+        finally:
+            sys.setcheckinterval(oldswitchinterval)
+
+
+class ProcessPoolWaitTests(ProcessPoolMixin, WaitTests):
+    pass
+
+
+class AsCompletedTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO(brian@sweetapp.com): Should have a test with a non-zero timeout.
+    def test_no_timeout(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(mul, 2, 21)
+        future2 = self.executor.submit(mul, 7, 6)
+
+        completed = set(futures.as_completed(
+                [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                 EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                 SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                 future1, future2]))
+        self.assertEqual(set(
+                [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                 EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                 SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                 future1, future2]),
+                completed)
+
+    def test_zero_timeout(self):
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 2)
+        completed_futures = set()
+        try:
+            for future in futures.as_completed(
+                    [CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                     EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                     SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE,
+                     future1],
+                    timeout=0):
+                completed_futures.add(future)
+        except futures.TimeoutError:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(set([CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE,
+                              EXCEPTION_FUTURE,
+                              SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE]),
+                         completed_futures)
+
+    def test_duplicate_futures(self):
+        # Issue 20367. Duplicate futures should not raise exceptions or give
+        # duplicate responses.
+        future1 = self.executor.submit(time.sleep, 2)
+        completed = [f for f in futures.as_completed([future1,future1])]
+        self.assertEqual(len(completed), 1)
+
+
+class ThreadPoolAsCompletedTests(ThreadPoolMixin, AsCompletedTests):
+    pass
+
+
+class ProcessPoolAsCompletedTests(ProcessPoolMixin, AsCompletedTests):
+    pass
+
+
+class ExecutorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Executor.shutdown() and context manager usage is tested by
+    # ExecutorShutdownTest.
+    def test_submit(self):
+        future = self.executor.submit(pow, 2, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(256, future.result())
+
+    def test_submit_keyword(self):
+        future = self.executor.submit(mul, 2, y=8)
+        self.assertEqual(16, future.result())
+
+    def test_map(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(self.executor.map(pow, range(10), range(10))),
+                list(map(pow, range(10), range(10))))
+
+    def test_map_exception(self):
+        i = self.executor.map(divmod, [1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 3, 0, 5])
+        self.assertEqual(next(i), (0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(next(i), (0, 1))
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, next, i)
+
+    def test_map_timeout(self):
+        results = []
+        try:
+            for i in self.executor.map(time.sleep,
+                                       [0, 0, 3],
+                                       timeout=1.5):
+                results.append(i)
+        except futures.TimeoutError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('expected TimeoutError')
+
+        self.assertEqual([None, None], results)
+
+
+class ThreadPoolExecutorTest(ThreadPoolMixin, ExecutorTest):
+    def test_map_submits_without_iteration(self):
+        """Tests verifying issue 11777."""
+        finished = []
+        def record_finished(n):
+            finished.append(n)
+
+        self.executor.map(record_finished, range(10))
+        self.executor.shutdown(wait=True)
+        self.assertEqual(len(finished), 10)
+
+
+class ProcessPoolExecutorTest(ProcessPoolMixin, ExecutorTest):
+    pass
+
+
+class FutureTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_done_callback_with_result(self):
+        callback_result = [None]
+        def fn(callback_future):
+            callback_result[0] = callback_future.result()
+
+        f = Future()
+        f.add_done_callback(fn)
+        f.set_result(5)
+        self.assertEqual(5, callback_result[0])
+
+    def test_done_callback_with_exception(self):
+        callback_exception = [None]
+        def fn(callback_future):
+            callback_exception[0] = callback_future.exception()
+
+        f = Future()
+        f.add_done_callback(fn)
+        f.set_exception(Exception('test'))
+        self.assertEqual(('test',), callback_exception[0].args)
+
+    def test_done_callback_with_cancel(self):
+        was_cancelled = [None]
+        def fn(callback_future):
+            was_cancelled[0] = callback_future.cancelled()
+
+        f = Future()
+        f.add_done_callback(fn)
+        self.assertTrue(f.cancel())
+        self.assertTrue(was_cancelled[0])
+
+    def test_done_callback_raises(self):
+        with captured_stderr() as stderr:
+            raising_was_called = [False]
+            fn_was_called = [False]
+
+            def raising_fn(callback_future):
+                raising_was_called[0] = True
+                raise Exception('doh!')
+
+            def fn(callback_future):
+                fn_was_called[0] = True
+
+            f = Future()
+            f.add_done_callback(raising_fn)
+            f.add_done_callback(fn)
+            f.set_result(5)
+            self.assertTrue(raising_was_called)
+            self.assertTrue(fn_was_called)
+            self.assertIn('Exception: doh!', stderr.getvalue())
+
+    def test_done_callback_already_successful(self):
+        callback_result = [None]
+        def fn(callback_future):
+            callback_result[0] = callback_future.result()
+
+        f = Future()
+        f.set_result(5)
+        f.add_done_callback(fn)
+        self.assertEqual(5, callback_result[0])
+
+    def test_done_callback_already_failed(self):
+        callback_exception = [None]
+        def fn(callback_future):
+            callback_exception[0] = callback_future.exception()
+
+        f = Future()
+        f.set_exception(Exception('test'))
+        f.add_done_callback(fn)
+        self.assertEqual(('test',), callback_exception[0].args)
+
+    def test_done_callback_already_cancelled(self):
+        was_cancelled = [None]
+        def fn(callback_future):
+            was_cancelled[0] = callback_future.cancelled()
+
+        f = Future()
+        self.assertTrue(f.cancel())
+        f.add_done_callback(fn)
+        self.assertTrue(was_cancelled[0])
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(repr(PENDING_FUTURE),
+                                 '<Future at 0x[0-9a-f]+ state=pending>')
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(repr(RUNNING_FUTURE),
+                                 '<Future at 0x[0-9a-f]+ state=running>')
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(repr(CANCELLED_FUTURE),
+                                 '<Future at 0x[0-9a-f]+ state=cancelled>')
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(repr(CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE),
+                                 '<Future at 0x[0-9a-f]+ state=cancelled>')
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(
+                repr(EXCEPTION_FUTURE),
+                '<Future at 0x[0-9a-f]+ state=finished raised IOError>')
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(
+                repr(SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE),
+                '<Future at 0x[0-9a-f]+ state=finished returned int>')
+
+    def test_cancel(self):
+        f1 = create_future(state=PENDING)
+        f2 = create_future(state=RUNNING)
+        f3 = create_future(state=CANCELLED)
+        f4 = create_future(state=CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED)
+        f5 = create_future(state=FINISHED, exception=IOError())
+        f6 = create_future(state=FINISHED, result=5)
+
+        self.assertTrue(f1.cancel())
+        self.assertEqual(f1._state, CANCELLED)
+
+        self.assertFalse(f2.cancel())
+        self.assertEqual(f2._state, RUNNING)
+
+        self.assertTrue(f3.cancel())
+        self.assertEqual(f3._state, CANCELLED)
+
+        self.assertTrue(f4.cancel())
+        self.assertEqual(f4._state, CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED)
+
+        self.assertFalse(f5.cancel())
+        self.assertEqual(f5._state, FINISHED)
+
+        self.assertFalse(f6.cancel())
+        self.assertEqual(f6._state, FINISHED)
+
+    def test_cancelled(self):
+        self.assertFalse(PENDING_FUTURE.cancelled())
+        self.assertFalse(RUNNING_FUTURE.cancelled())
+        self.assertTrue(CANCELLED_FUTURE.cancelled())
+        self.assertTrue(CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE.cancelled())
+        self.assertFalse(EXCEPTION_FUTURE.cancelled())
+        self.assertFalse(SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE.cancelled())
+
+    def test_done(self):
+        self.assertFalse(PENDING_FUTURE.done())
+        self.assertFalse(RUNNING_FUTURE.done())
+        self.assertTrue(CANCELLED_FUTURE.done())
+        self.assertTrue(CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE.done())
+        self.assertTrue(EXCEPTION_FUTURE.done())
+        self.assertTrue(SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE.done())
+
+    def test_running(self):
+        self.assertFalse(PENDING_FUTURE.running())
+        self.assertTrue(RUNNING_FUTURE.running())
+        self.assertFalse(CANCELLED_FUTURE.running())
+        self.assertFalse(CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE.running())
+        self.assertFalse(EXCEPTION_FUTURE.running())
+        self.assertFalse(SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE.running())
+
+    def test_result_with_timeout(self):
+        self.assertRaises(futures.TimeoutError,
+                          PENDING_FUTURE.result, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(futures.TimeoutError,
+                          RUNNING_FUTURE.result, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(futures.CancelledError,
+                          CANCELLED_FUTURE.result, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(futures.CancelledError,
+                          CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE.result, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(IOError, EXCEPTION_FUTURE.result, timeout=0)
+        self.assertEqual(SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE.result(timeout=0), 42)
+
+    def test_result_with_success(self):
+        # TODO(brian@sweetapp.com): This test is timing dependant.
+        def notification():
+            # Wait until the main thread is waiting for the result.
+            time.sleep(1)
+            f1.set_result(42)
+
+        f1 = create_future(state=PENDING)
+        t = threading.Thread(target=notification)
+        t.start()
+
+        self.assertEqual(f1.result(timeout=5), 42)
+
+    def test_result_with_cancel(self):
+        # TODO(brian@sweetapp.com): This test is timing dependant.
+        def notification():
+            # Wait until the main thread is waiting for the result.
+            time.sleep(1)
+            f1.cancel()
+
+        f1 = create_future(state=PENDING)
+        t = threading.Thread(target=notification)
+        t.start()
+
+        self.assertRaises(futures.CancelledError, f1.result, timeout=5)
+
+    def test_exception_with_timeout(self):
+        self.assertRaises(futures.TimeoutError,
+                          PENDING_FUTURE.exception, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(futures.TimeoutError,
+                          RUNNING_FUTURE.exception, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(futures.CancelledError,
+                          CANCELLED_FUTURE.exception, timeout=0)
+        self.assertRaises(futures.CancelledError,
+                          CANCELLED_AND_NOTIFIED_FUTURE.exception, timeout=0)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(EXCEPTION_FUTURE.exception(timeout=0),
+                                   IOError))
+        self.assertEqual(SUCCESSFUL_FUTURE.exception(timeout=0), None)
+
+    def test_exception_with_success(self):
+        def notification():
+            # Wait until the main thread is waiting for the exception.
+            time.sleep(1)
+            with f1._condition:
+                f1._state = FINISHED
+                f1._exception = IOError()
+                f1._condition.notify_all()
+
+        f1 = create_future(state=PENDING)
+        t = threading.Thread(target=notification)
+        t.start()
+
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(f1.exception(timeout=5), IOError))
+
+@reap_threads
+def test_main():
+    try:
+        test_support.run_unittest(ProcessPoolExecutorTest,
+                                  ThreadPoolExecutorTest,
+                                  ProcessPoolWaitTests,
+                                  ThreadPoolWaitTests,
+                                  ProcessPoolAsCompletedTests,
+                                  ThreadPoolAsCompletedTests,
+                                  FutureTests,
+                                  ProcessPoolShutdownTest,
+                                  ThreadPoolShutdownTest)
+    finally:
+        test_support.reap_children()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test_main()
diff --git a/python/futures/tox.ini b/python/futures/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4948bd161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/futures/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[tox]
+envlist = py26,py27
+
+[testenv]
+commands={envpython} test_futures.py []
+
+[testenv:py26]
+deps=unittest2
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/__init__.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d20de23a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+import gdb.printing
+
+class GeckoPrettyPrinter(object):
+    pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter('GeckoPrettyPrinters')
+
+    def __init__(self, name, regexp):
+        self.name = name
+        self.regexp = regexp
+
+    def __call__(self, wrapped):
+        GeckoPrettyPrinter.pp.add_printer(self.name, self.regexp, wrapped)
+        return wrapped
+
+import gdbpp.linkedlist
+import gdbpp.owningthread
+import gdbpp.smartptr
+import gdbpp.string
+import gdbpp.tarray
+import gdbpp.thashtable
+
+gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(None, GeckoPrettyPrinter.pp)
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/linkedlist.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/linkedlist.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..966f9b9c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/linkedlist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+import itertools
+from gdbpp import GeckoPrettyPrinter
+
+# mfbt's LinkedList<T> is a doubly-linked list where the items in the list store
+# the next/prev pointers as part of themselves rather than the list structure be
+# its own independent data structure.  This means:
+# - Every item may belong to at most one LinkedList instance.
+# - For our pretty printer, we only want to pretty-print the LinkedList object
+#   itself.  We do not want to start printing every item in the list whenever
+#   we run into a LinkedListElement<T>.
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('mozilla::LinkedList', '^mozilla::LinkedList<.*>$')
+class linkedlist_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+        # mfbt's LinkedList has the elements of the linked list subclass from
+        # LinkedListElement<T>.  We want its pointer type for casting purposes.
+        #
+        # (We want to list pointers since we expect all of these objects to be
+        # complex enough that we don't want to automatically expand them.  The
+        # LinkedListElement type itself isn't small.)
+        self.t_ptr_type = value.type.template_argument(0).pointer()
+
+    def children(self):
+        # Walk mNext until we loop back around to the sentinel.  The sentinel
+        # item always exists and in the zero-length base-case mNext == sentinel,
+        # so extract that immediately and update it throughout the loop.
+        sentinel = self.value['sentinel']
+        pSentinel = sentinel.address
+        pNext = sentinel['mNext']
+        i = 0
+        while pSentinel != pNext:
+            list_elem = pNext.dereference()
+            list_value = pNext.cast(self.t_ptr_type)
+            yield ('%d' % i, list_value)
+            pNext = list_elem['mNext']
+            i += 1
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return str(self.value.type)
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/owningthread.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/owningthread.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d102bef24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/owningthread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+from gdbpp import GeckoPrettyPrinter
+
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsAutoOwningThread', '^nsAutoOwningThread$')
+class owning_thread_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        prthread_type = gdb.lookup_type('PRThread').pointer()
+        prthread = self.value['mThread'].cast(prthread_type)
+        name = prthread['name']
+
+        # if the thread doesn't have a name try to get its thread id (might not
+        # work on !linux)
+        name = prthread['tid']
+
+        return name if name else '(PRThread *) %s' % prthread
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/smartptr.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/smartptr.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c35215426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/smartptr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+from gdbpp import GeckoPrettyPrinter
+
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsWeakPtr', '^nsCOMPtr<nsIWeakReference>$')
+class weak_ptr_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        proxy = self.value['mRawPtr']
+        if not proxy:
+            return '[(%s) 0x0]' % proxy.type
+
+        ref_type = proxy.dynamic_type
+        weak_ptr = proxy.cast(ref_type).dereference()['mReferent']
+        if not weak_ptr:
+            return '[(%s) %s]' % (weak_ptr.type, weak_ptr)
+
+        return '[(%s) %s]' % (weak_ptr.dynamic_type, weak_ptr)
+
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('mozilla::StaticAutoPtr', '^mozilla::StaticAutoPtr<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('mozilla::StaticRefPtr', '^mozilla::StaticRefPtr<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsAutoPtr', '^nsAutoPtr<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsCOMPtr', '^nsCOMPtr<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('RefPtr', '^RefPtr<.*>$')
+class smartptr_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value['mRawPtr']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if not self.value:
+            type_name = str(self.value.type)
+        else:
+            type_name = str(self.value.dereference().dynamic_type.pointer())
+
+        return '[(%s) %s]' % (type_name, str(self.value))
+
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('UniquePtr', '^mozilla::UniquePtr<.*>$')
+class uniqueptr_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value['mTuple']['mFirstA']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if not self.value:
+            type_name = str(self.value.type)
+        else:
+            type_name = str(self.value.dereference().dynamic_type.pointer())
+
+        return '[(%s) %s]' % (type_name, str(self.value))
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/string.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/string.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33d536a02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/string.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+from gdbpp import GeckoPrettyPrinter
+
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsString', '^ns.*String$')
+class string_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return self.value['mData']
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'string'
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/tarray.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/tarray.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66797e4c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/tarray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+import itertools
+from gdbpp import GeckoPrettyPrinter
+
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('InfallibleTArray', '^InfallibleTArray<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('FallibleTArray', '^FallibleTArray<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('AutoTArray', '^AutoTArray<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsTArray', '^nsTArray<.*>$')
+class tarray_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+        self.elem_type = value.type.template_argument(0)
+
+    def children(self):
+        length = self.value['mHdr'].dereference()['mLength']
+        data = self.value['mHdr'] + 1
+        elements = data.cast(self.elem_type.pointer())
+        return (('%d' % i, (elements + i).dereference()) for i in range(0, int(length)))
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return str(self.value.type)
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
diff --git a/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/thashtable.py b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/thashtable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10aee4946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/gdbpp/gdbpp/thashtable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import gdb
+import itertools
+from gdbpp import GeckoPrettyPrinter
+
+def walk_template_to_given_base(value, desired_tag_prefix):
+    '''Given a value of some template subclass, walk up its ancestry until we
+    hit the desired type, then return the appropriate value (which will then
+    have that type).
+    '''
+    # Base case
+    t = value.type
+    # It's possible that we're dealing with an alias template that looks like:
+    #   template<typename Protocol>
+    #   using ManagedContainer = nsTHashtable<nsPtrHashKey<Protocol>>;
+    # In which case we want to strip the indirection, and strip_typedefs()
+    # accomplishes this.  (Disclaimer: I tried it and it worked and it didn't
+    # break my other use cases, if things start exploding, do reconsider.)
+    t = t.strip_typedefs()
+    if t.tag.startswith(desired_tag_prefix):
+        return value
+    for f in t.fields():
+        # we only care about the inheritance hierarchy
+        if not f.is_base_class:
+            continue
+        # This is the answer or something we're going to need to recurse into.
+        fv = value[f]
+        ft = fv.type
+        # slightly optimize by checking the tag rather than in the recursion
+        if ft.tag.startswith(desired_tag_prefix):
+            # found it!
+            return fv
+        return walk_template_to_given_base(fv, desired_tag_prefix)
+    return None
+
+# The templates and their inheritance hierarchy form an onion of types around
+# the nsTHashtable core at the center.  All we care about is that nsTHashtable,
+# but we register for the descendant types in order to avoid the default pretty
+# printers having to unwrap those onion layers, wasting precious lines.
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsClassHashtable', '^nsClassHashtable<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsDataHashtable', '^nsDataHashtable<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsInterfaceHashtable', '^nsInterfaceHashtable<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsRefPtrHashtable', '^nsRefPtrHashtable<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsBaseHashtable', '^nsBaseHashtable<.*>$')
+@GeckoPrettyPrinter('nsTHashtable', '^nsTHashtable<.*>$')
+class thashtable_printer(object):
+    def __init__(self, outer_value):
+        self.outermost_type = outer_value.type
+
+        value = walk_template_to_given_base(outer_value, 'nsTHashtable<')
+        self.value = value
+
+        self.entry_type = value.type.template_argument(0)
+
+        # -- Determine whether we're a hashTABLE or a hashSET
+        # If we're a table, the entry type will be a nsBaseHashtableET template.
+        # If we're a set, it will be something like nsPtrHashKey.
+        #
+        # So, assume we're a set if we're not nsBaseHashtableET<
+        # (It should ideally also be true that the type ends with HashKey, but
+        # since nsBaseHashtableET causes us to assume "mData" exists, let's
+        # pivot based on that.)
+        self.is_table = self.entry_type.tag.startswith('nsBaseHashtableET<')
+
+        # While we know that it has a field `mKeyHash` for the hash-code and
+        # book-keeping, and a DataType field mData for the value (if we're a
+        # table), the key field frustratingly varies by key type.
+        #
+        # So we want to walk its key type to figure out the field name.  And we
+        # do mean field name.  The field object is no good for subscripting the
+        # value unless the field was directly owned by that value's type.  But
+        # by using a string name, we save ourselves all that fanciness.
+
+        if self.is_table:
+            # For nsBaseHashtableET<KeyClass, DataType>, we want the KeyClass
+            key_type = self.entry_type.template_argument(0)
+        else:
+            # If we're a set, our entry type is the key class already!
+            key_type = self.entry_type
+        self.key_field_name = None
+        for f in key_type.fields():
+            # No need to traverse up the type hierarchy...
+            if f.is_base_class:
+                continue
+            # ...just to skip the fields we know exist...
+            if f.name == 'mKeyHash' or f.name == 'mData':
+                continue
+            # ...and assume the first one we find is the key.
+            self.key_field_name = f.name
+            break
+
+    def children(self):
+        table = self.value['mTable']
+
+        # mEntryCount is the number of occupied slots/entries in the table.
+        # We can use this to avoid doing wasted memory reads.
+        entryCount = table['mEntryCount']
+        if entryCount == 0:
+            return
+
+        # The table capacity is tracked "cleverly" in terms of how many bits
+        # the hash needs to be shifted.  CapacityFromHashShift calculates the
+        # actual entry capacity via ((uint32_t)1 << (kHashBits - mHashShift));
+        capacity = 1 << (table['kHashBits'] - table['mHashShift'])
+
+        # Pierce generation-tracking EntryStore class to get at buffer.  The
+        # class instance always exists, but this char* may be null.
+        store = table['mEntryStore']['mEntryStore']
+
+        key_field_name = self.key_field_name
+
+        seenCount = 0
+        pEntry = store.cast(self.entry_type.pointer())
+        for i in range(0, int(capacity)):
+            entry = (pEntry + i).dereference()
+            # An mKeyHash of 0 means empty, 1 means deleted sentinel, so skip
+            # if that's the case.
+            if entry['mKeyHash'] <= 1:
+                continue
+
+            yield ('%d' % i, entry[key_field_name])
+            if self.is_table:
+                yield ('%d' % i, entry['mData'])
+
+            # Stop iterating if we know there are no more occupied slots.
+            seenCount += 1
+            if seenCount >= entryCount:
+                break
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        # The most specific template type is the most interesting.
+        return str(self.outermost_type)
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        if self.is_table:
+            return 'map'
+        else:
+            return 'array'
diff --git a/python/jsmin/jsmin/__init__.py b/python/jsmin/jsmin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..033a08701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/jsmin/jsmin/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# This code is original from jsmin by Douglas Crockford, it was translated to
+# Python by Baruch Even. It was rewritten by Dave St.Germain for speed.
+#
+# The MIT License (MIT)
+# 
+# Copyright (c) 2013 Dave St.Germain
+# 
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+# 
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+# 
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+# THE SOFTWARE.
+
+
+import sys
+is_3 = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)
+if is_3:
+    import io
+else:
+    import StringIO
+    try:
+        import cStringIO
+    except ImportError:
+        cStringIO = None
+
+
+__all__ = ['jsmin', 'JavascriptMinify']
+__version__ = '2.0.11'
+
+
+def jsmin(js, **kwargs):
+    """
+    returns a minified version of the javascript string
+    """
+    if not is_3:        
+        if cStringIO and not isinstance(js, unicode):
+            # strings can use cStringIO for a 3x performance
+            # improvement, but unicode (in python2) cannot
+            klass = cStringIO.StringIO
+        else:
+            klass = StringIO.StringIO
+    else:
+        klass = io.StringIO
+    ins = klass(js)
+    outs = klass()
+    JavascriptMinify(ins, outs, **kwargs).minify()
+    return outs.getvalue()
+
+
+class JavascriptMinify(object):
+    """
+    Minify an input stream of javascript, writing
+    to an output stream
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, instream=None, outstream=None, quote_chars="'\""):
+        self.ins = instream
+        self.outs = outstream
+        self.quote_chars = quote_chars
+
+    def minify(self, instream=None, outstream=None):
+        if instream and outstream:
+            self.ins, self.outs = instream, outstream
+        
+        self.is_return = False
+        self.return_buf = ''
+        
+        def write(char):
+            # all of this is to support literal regular expressions.
+            # sigh
+            if char in 'return':
+                self.return_buf += char
+                self.is_return = self.return_buf == 'return'
+            self.outs.write(char)
+            if self.is_return:
+                self.return_buf = ''
+
+        read = self.ins.read
+
+        space_strings = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"\
+        "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_$\\"
+        starters, enders = '{[(+-', '}])+-' + self.quote_chars
+        newlinestart_strings = starters + space_strings
+        newlineend_strings = enders + space_strings
+        do_newline = False
+        do_space = False
+        escape_slash_count = 0
+        doing_single_comment = False
+        previous_before_comment = ''
+        doing_multi_comment = False
+        in_re = False
+        in_quote = ''
+        quote_buf = []
+        
+        previous = read(1)
+        if previous == '\\':
+            escape_slash_count += 1
+        next1 = read(1)
+        if previous == '/':
+            if next1 == '/':
+                doing_single_comment = True
+            elif next1 == '*':
+                doing_multi_comment = True
+                previous = next1
+                next1 = read(1)
+            else:
+                in_re = True  # literal regex at start of script
+                write(previous)
+        elif not previous:
+            return
+        elif previous >= '!':
+            if previous in self.quote_chars:
+                in_quote = previous
+            write(previous)
+            previous_non_space = previous
+        else:
+            previous_non_space = ' '
+        if not next1:
+            return
+
+        while 1:
+            next2 = read(1)
+            if not next2:
+                last = next1.strip()
+                if not (doing_single_comment or doing_multi_comment)\
+                    and last not in ('', '/'):
+                    if in_quote:
+                        write(''.join(quote_buf))
+                    write(last)
+                break
+            if doing_multi_comment:
+                if next1 == '*' and next2 == '/':
+                    doing_multi_comment = False
+                    if previous_before_comment and previous_before_comment in space_strings:
+                        do_space = True
+                    next2 = read(1)
+            elif doing_single_comment:
+                if next1 in '\r\n':
+                    doing_single_comment = False
+                    while next2 in '\r\n':
+                        next2 = read(1)
+                        if not next2:
+                            break
+                    if previous_before_comment in ')}]':
+                        do_newline = True
+                    elif previous_before_comment in space_strings:
+                        write('\n')
+            elif in_quote:
+                quote_buf.append(next1)
+
+                if next1 == in_quote:
+                    numslashes = 0
+                    for c in reversed(quote_buf[:-1]):
+                        if c != '\\':
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            numslashes += 1
+                    if numslashes % 2 == 0:
+                        in_quote = ''
+                        write(''.join(quote_buf))
+            elif next1 in '\r\n':
+                if previous_non_space in newlineend_strings \
+                    or previous_non_space > '~':
+                    while 1:
+                        if next2 < '!':
+                            next2 = read(1)
+                            if not next2:
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            if next2 in newlinestart_strings \
+                                or next2 > '~' or next2 == '/':
+                                do_newline = True
+                            break
+            elif next1 < '!' and not in_re:
+                if (previous_non_space in space_strings \
+                    or previous_non_space > '~') \
+                    and (next2 in space_strings or next2 > '~'):
+                    do_space = True
+                elif previous_non_space in '-+' and next2 == previous_non_space:
+                    # protect against + ++ or - -- sequences
+                    do_space = True
+                elif self.is_return and next2 == '/':
+                    # returning a regex...
+                    write(' ')
+            elif next1 == '/':
+                if do_space:
+                    write(' ')
+                if in_re:
+                    if previous != '\\' or (not escape_slash_count % 2) or next2 in 'gimy':
+                        in_re = False
+                    write('/')
+                elif next2 == '/':                    
+                    doing_single_comment = True
+                    previous_before_comment = previous_non_space
+                elif next2 == '*':
+                    doing_multi_comment = True
+                    previous_before_comment = previous_non_space
+                    previous = next1
+                    next1 = next2
+                    next2 = read(1)
+                else:
+                    in_re = previous_non_space in '(,=:[?!&|;' or self.is_return  # literal regular expression
+                    write('/')
+            else:
+                if do_space:
+                    do_space = False
+                    write(' ')
+                if do_newline:
+                    write('\n')
+                    do_newline = False
+
+                write(next1)
+                if not in_re and next1 in self.quote_chars:
+                    in_quote = next1
+                    quote_buf = []
+
+            previous = next1
+            next1 = next2
+
+            if previous >= '!':
+                previous_non_space = previous
+
+            if previous == '\\':
+                escape_slash_count += 1
+            else:
+                escape_slash_count = 0
diff --git a/python/jsmin/jsmin/test.py b/python/jsmin/jsmin/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f7f627fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/jsmin/jsmin/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+import unittest
+import jsmin
+import sys
+
+class JsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _minify(self, js):
+        return jsmin.jsmin(js)
+
+    def assertEqual(self, thing1, thing2):
+        if thing1 != thing2:
+            print(repr(thing1), repr(thing2))
+            raise AssertionError
+        return True
+    
+    def assertMinified(self, js_input, expected, **kwargs):
+        minified = jsmin.jsmin(js_input, **kwargs)
+        assert minified == expected, "%r != %r" % (minified, expected)
+        
+    def testQuoted(self):
+        js = r'''
+        Object.extend(String, {
+          interpret: function(value) {
+            return value == null ? '' : String(value);
+          },
+          specialChar: {
+            '\b': '\\b',
+            '\t': '\\t',
+            '\n': '\\n',
+            '\f': '\\f',
+            '\r': '\\r',
+            '\\': '\\\\'
+          }
+        });
+
+        '''
+        expected = r"""Object.extend(String,{interpret:function(value){return value==null?'':String(value);},specialChar:{'\b':'\\b','\t':'\\t','\n':'\\n','\f':'\\f','\r':'\\r','\\':'\\\\'}});"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+
+    def testSingleComment(self):
+        js = r'''// use native browser JS 1.6 implementation if available
+        if (Object.isFunction(Array.prototype.forEach))
+          Array.prototype._each = Array.prototype.forEach;
+
+        if (!Array.prototype.indexOf) Array.prototype.indexOf = function(item, i) {
+
+        // hey there
+        function() {// testing comment
+        foo;
+        //something something
+
+        location = 'http://foo.com;';   // goodbye
+        }
+        //bye
+        '''
+        expected = r""" 
+if(Object.isFunction(Array.prototype.forEach))
+Array.prototype._each=Array.prototype.forEach;if(!Array.prototype.indexOf)Array.prototype.indexOf=function(item,i){ function(){ foo; location='http://foo.com;';}"""
+        # print expected
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+    
+    def testEmpty(self):
+        self.assertMinified('', '')
+        self.assertMinified(' ', '')
+        self.assertMinified('\n', '')
+        self.assertMinified('\r\n', '')
+        self.assertMinified('\t', '')
+        
+        
+    def testMultiComment(self):
+        js = r"""
+        function foo() {
+            print('hey');
+        }
+        /*
+        if(this.options.zindex) {
+          this.originalZ = parseInt(Element.getStyle(this.element,'z-index') || 0);
+          this.element.style.zIndex = this.options.zindex;
+        }
+        */
+        another thing;
+        """
+        expected = r"""function foo(){print('hey');}
+another thing;"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+    
+    def testLeadingComment(self):
+        js = r"""/* here is a comment at the top
+        
+        it ends here */
+        function foo() {
+            alert('crud');
+        }
+        
+        """
+        expected = r"""function foo(){alert('crud');}"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+
+    def testBlockCommentStartingWithSlash(self):
+        self.assertMinified('A; /*/ comment */ B', 'A;B')
+
+    def testBlockCommentEndingWithSlash(self):
+        self.assertMinified('A; /* comment /*/ B', 'A;B')
+
+    def testLeadingBlockCommentStartingWithSlash(self):
+        self.assertMinified('/*/ comment */ A', 'A')
+
+    def testLeadingBlockCommentEndingWithSlash(self):
+        self.assertMinified('/* comment /*/ A', 'A')
+
+    def testEmptyBlockComment(self):
+        self.assertMinified('/**/ A', 'A')
+
+    def testBlockCommentMultipleOpen(self):
+        self.assertMinified('/* A /* B */ C', 'C')
+
+    def testJustAComment(self):
+        self.assertMinified('     // a comment', '')
+
+    def test_issue_10(self):
+        js = '''
+        files = [{name: value.replace(/^.*\\\\/, '')}];
+        // comment
+        A
+        '''
+        expected = '''files=[{name:value.replace(/^.*\\\\/,'')}]; A'''
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+
+    def testRe(self):
+        js = r'''  
+        var str = this.replace(/\\./g, '@').replace(/"[^"\\\n\r]*"/g, '');
+        return (/^[,:{}\[\]0-9.\-+Eaeflnr-u \n\r\t]*$/).test(str);
+        });'''
+        expected = r"""var str=this.replace(/\\./g,'@').replace(/"[^"\\\n\r]*"/g,'');return(/^[,:{}\[\]0-9.\-+Eaeflnr-u \n\r\t]*$/).test(str);});"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+
+    def testIgnoreComment(self):
+        js = r"""
+        var options_for_droppable = {
+          overlap:     options.overlap,
+          containment: options.containment,
+          tree:        options.tree,
+          hoverclass:  options.hoverclass,
+          onHover:     Sortable.onHover
+        }
+
+        var options_for_tree = {
+          onHover:      Sortable.onEmptyHover,
+          overlap:      options.overlap,
+          containment:  options.containment,
+          hoverclass:   options.hoverclass
+        }
+
+        // fix for gecko engine   
+        Element.cleanWhitespace(element); 
+        """
+        expected = r"""var options_for_droppable={overlap:options.overlap,containment:options.containment,tree:options.tree,hoverclass:options.hoverclass,onHover:Sortable.onHover}
+var options_for_tree={onHover:Sortable.onEmptyHover,overlap:options.overlap,containment:options.containment,hoverclass:options.hoverclass} 
+Element.cleanWhitespace(element);"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+
+    def testHairyRe(self):
+        js = r"""
+        inspect: function(useDoubleQuotes) {
+          var escapedString = this.gsub(/[\x00-\x1f\\]/, function(match) {
+            var character = String.specialChar[match[0]];
+            return character ? character : '\\u00' + match[0].charCodeAt().toPaddedString(2, 16);
+          });
+          if (useDoubleQuotes) return '"' + escapedString.replace(/"/g, '\\"') + '"';
+          return "'" + escapedString.replace(/'/g, '\\\'') + "'";
+        },
+
+        toJSON: function() {
+          return this.inspect(true);
+        },
+
+        unfilterJSON: function(filter) {
+          return this.sub(filter || Prototype.JSONFilter, '#{1}');
+        },
+        """
+        expected = r"""inspect:function(useDoubleQuotes){var escapedString=this.gsub(/[\x00-\x1f\\]/,function(match){var character=String.specialChar[match[0]];return character?character:'\\u00'+match[0].charCodeAt().toPaddedString(2,16);});if(useDoubleQuotes)return'"'+escapedString.replace(/"/g,'\\"')+'"';return"'"+escapedString.replace(/'/g,'\\\'')+"'";},toJSON:function(){return this.inspect(true);},unfilterJSON:function(filter){return this.sub(filter||Prototype.JSONFilter,'#{1}');},"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+    
+    def testLiteralRe(self):
+        js = r"""
+        myString.replace(/\\/g, '/');
+        console.log("hi");
+        """
+        expected = r"""myString.replace(/\\/g,'/');console.log("hi");"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+        
+        js = r''' return /^data:image\//i.test(url) || 
+        /^(https?|ftp|file|about|chrome|resource):/.test(url);
+        '''
+        expected = r'''return /^data:image\//i.test(url)||/^(https?|ftp|file|about|chrome|resource):/.test(url);'''
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+        
+    def testNoBracesWithComment(self):
+        js = r"""
+        onSuccess: function(transport) {
+            var js = transport.responseText.strip();
+            if (!/^\[.*\]$/.test(js)) // TODO: improve sanity check
+              throw 'Server returned an invalid collection representation.';
+            this._collection = eval(js);
+            this.checkForExternalText();
+          }.bind(this),
+          onFailure: this.onFailure
+        });
+        """
+        expected = r"""onSuccess:function(transport){var js=transport.responseText.strip();if(!/^\[.*\]$/.test(js)) 
+throw'Server returned an invalid collection representation.';this._collection=eval(js);this.checkForExternalText();}.bind(this),onFailure:this.onFailure});"""
+        self.assertMinified(js, expected)
+    
+    def testSpaceInRe(self):
+        js = r"""
+        num = num.replace(/ /g,'');
+        """
+        self.assertMinified(js, "num=num.replace(/ /g,'');")
+    
+    def testEmptyString(self):
+        js = r'''
+        function foo('') {
+        
+        }
+        '''
+        self.assertMinified(js, "function foo(''){}")
+    
+    def testDoubleSpace(self):
+        js = r'''
+var  foo    =  "hey";
+        '''
+        self.assertMinified(js, 'var foo="hey";')
+    
+    def testLeadingRegex(self):
+        js = r'/[d]+/g    '
+        self.assertMinified(js, js.strip())
+    
+    def testLeadingString(self):
+        js = r"'a string in the middle of nowhere'; // and a comment"
+        self.assertMinified(js, "'a string in the middle of nowhere';")
+    
+    def testSingleCommentEnd(self):
+        js = r'// a comment\n'
+        self.assertMinified(js, '')
+    
+    def testInputStream(self):
+        try:
+            from StringIO import StringIO
+        except ImportError:
+            from io import StringIO
+            
+        ins = StringIO(r'''
+            function foo('') {
+
+            }
+            ''')
+        outs = StringIO()
+        m = jsmin.JavascriptMinify()
+        m.minify(ins, outs)
+        output = outs.getvalue()
+        assert output == "function foo(''){}"
+    
+    def testUnicode(self):
+        instr = u'\u4000 //foo'
+        expected = u'\u4000'
+        output = jsmin.jsmin(instr)
+        self.assertEqual(output, expected)
+
+    def testCommentBeforeEOF(self):
+        self.assertMinified("//test\r\n", "")
+    
+    def testCommentInObj(self):
+        self.assertMinified("""{ 
+            a: 1,//comment
+            }""", "{a:1,}")
+
+    def testCommentInObj2(self):
+        self.assertMinified("{a: 1//comment\r\n}", "{a:1\n}")
+
+    def testImplicitSemicolon(self):
+        # return \n 1  is equivalent with   return; 1
+        # so best make sure jsmin retains the newline
+        self.assertMinified("return;//comment\r\na", "return;a")
+
+    def testImplicitSemicolon2(self):
+        self.assertMinified("return//comment...\r\na", "return\na")
+    
+    def testSingleComment2(self):
+        self.assertMinified('x.replace(/\//, "_")// slash to underscore',
+                'x.replace(/\//,"_")')
+
+    def testSlashesNearComments(self):
+        original = '''
+        { a: n / 2, }
+        // comment
+        '''
+        expected = '''{a:n/2,}'''
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+    
+    def testReturn(self):
+        original = '''
+        return foo;//comment
+        return bar;'''
+        expected = 'return foo; return bar;'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+
+    def test_space_plus(self):
+        original = '"s" + ++e + "s"'
+        expected = '"s"+ ++e+"s"'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+
+    def test_no_final_newline(self):
+        original = '"s"'
+        expected = '"s"'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+
+    def test_space_with_regex_repeats(self):
+        original = '/(NaN| {2}|^$)/.test(a)&&(a="M 0 0");'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original)  # there should be nothing jsmin can do here
+
+    def test_space_with_regex_repeats_not_at_start(self):
+        original = 'aaa;/(NaN| {2}|^$)/.test(a)&&(a="M 0 0");'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original)  # there should be nothing jsmin can do here
+
+    def test_space_in_regex(self):
+        original = '/a (a)/.test("a")'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original)
+
+    def test_angular_1(self):
+        original = '''var /** holds major version number for IE or NaN for real browsers */
+                      msie,
+                      jqLite,           // delay binding since jQuery could be loaded after us.'''
+        minified = jsmin.jsmin(original)
+        self.assertTrue('var msie' in minified)
+
+    def test_angular_2(self):
+        original = 'var/* comment */msie;'
+        expected = 'var msie;'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+
+    def test_angular_3(self):
+        original = 'var /* comment */msie;'
+        expected = 'var msie;'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+
+    def test_angular_4(self):
+        original = 'var /* comment */ msie;'
+        expected = 'var msie;'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected)
+
+    def test_angular_5(self):
+        original = 'a/b'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original)
+
+    def testBackticks(self):
+        original = '`test`'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+        original = '` test with leading whitespace`'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+        original = '`test with trailing whitespace `'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+        original = '''`test
+with a new line`'''
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+        original = '''dumpAvStats: function(stats) {
+        var statsString = "";
+        if (stats.mozAvSyncDelay) {
+          statsString += `A/V sync: ${stats.mozAvSyncDelay} ms `;
+        }
+        if (stats.mozJitterBufferDelay) {
+          statsString += `Jitter-buffer delay: ${stats.mozJitterBufferDelay} ms`;
+        }
+
+        return React.DOM.div(null, statsString);'''
+        expected = 'dumpAvStats:function(stats){var statsString="";if(stats.mozAvSyncDelay){statsString+=`A/V sync: ${stats.mozAvSyncDelay} ms `;}\nif(stats.mozJitterBufferDelay){statsString+=`Jitter-buffer delay: ${stats.mozJitterBufferDelay} ms`;}\nreturn React.DOM.div(null,statsString);'
+        self.assertMinified(original, expected, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+    def testBackticksExpressions(self):
+        original = '`Fifteen is ${a + b} and not ${2 * a + b}.`'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+        original = '''`Fifteen is ${a +
+b} and not ${2 * a + "b"}.`'''
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+    def testBackticksTagged(self):
+        original = 'tag`Hello ${ a + b } world ${ a * b}`;'
+        self.assertMinified(original, original, quote_chars="'\"`")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/jsmin/setup.cfg b/python/jsmin/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..861a9f554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/jsmin/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/jsmin/setup.py b/python/jsmin/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fff56602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/jsmin/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+import os, sys, re
+
+os.environ['COPYFILE_DISABLE'] = 'true'  # this disables including resource forks in tar files on os x
+
+
+extra = {}
+if sys.version_info >= (3,0):
+    extra['use_2to3'] = True
+
+setup(
+    name="jsmin",
+    version=re.search(r'__version__ = ["\']([^"\']+)', open('jsmin/__init__.py').read()).group(1),
+    packages=['jsmin'],
+    description='JavaScript minifier.\nPLEASE UPDATE TO VERSION >= 2.0.6. Older versions have a serious bug related to comments.',
+    long_description=open('README.rst').read(),
+    author='Dave St.Germain',
+    author_email='dave@st.germa.in',
+    maintainer='Tikitu de Jager',
+    maintainer_email='tikitu+jsmin@logophile.org',
+    test_suite='jsmin.test.JsTests',
+    license='MIT License',
+    url='https://bitbucket.org/dcs/jsmin/',
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Environment :: Web Environment',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+        'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: Pre-processors',
+        'Topic :: Text Processing :: Filters',
+    ],
+    **extra
+)
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/README.txt b/python/lldbutils/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8db723f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+lldb debugging functionality for Gecko
+======================================
+
+This directory contains a module, lldbutils, which is imported by the
+in-tree .lldbinit file.  The lldbutil modules define some lldb commands
+that are handy for debugging Gecko.
+
+If you want to add a new command or Python-implemented type summary, either add
+it to one of the existing broad area Python files (such as lldbutils/layout.py
+for layout-related commands) or create a new file if none of the existing files
+is appropriate.  If you add a new file, make sure you add it to __all__ in
+lldbutils/__init__.py.
+
+
+Supported commands
+------------------
+
+Most commands below that can take a pointer to an object also support being
+called with a smart pointer like nsRefPtr or nsCOMPtr.
+
+
+* frametree EXPR, ft EXPR
+  frametreelimited EXPR, ftl EXPR
+
+  Shows information about a frame tree.  EXPR is an expression that
+  is evaluated, and must be an nsIFrame*.  frametree displays the
+  entire frame tree that contains the given frame.  frametreelimited
+  displays a subtree of the frame tree rooted at the given frame.
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsBlockFrame *) $4 = 0x000000011687fcb8
+  (lldb) ftl this
+  Block(div)(-1)@0x11687fcb8 {0,0,7380,690} [state=0002100000d04601] [content=0x11688c0c0] [sc=0x11687f990:-moz-scrolled-content]<
+    line 0x116899130: count=1 state=inline,clean,prevmarginclean,not impacted,not wrapped,before:nobr,after:nobr[0x100] {60,0,0,690} vis-overflow=60,510,0,0 scr-overflow=60,510,0,0 <
+      Text(0)""@0x1168990c0 {60,510,0,0} [state=0001000020404000] [content=0x11687ca10] [sc=0x11687fd88:-moz-non-element,parent=0x11687eb00] [run=0x115115e80][0,0,T]
+    >
+  >
+  (lldb) ft this
+  Viewport(-1)@0x116017430 [view=0x115efe190] {0,0,60,60} [state=000b063000002623] [sc=0x1160170f8:-moz-viewport]<
+    HTMLScroll(html)(-1)@0x1160180d0 {0,0,0,0} [state=000b020000000403] [content=0x115e4d640] [sc=0x116017768:-moz-viewport-scroll]<
+      ...
+      Canvas(html)(-1)@0x116017e08 {0,0,60,60} vis-overflow=0,0,8340,2196 scr-overflow=0,0,8220,2196 [state=000b002000000601] [content=0x115e4d640] [sc=0x11687e0f8:-moz-scrolled-canvas]<
+        Block(html)(-1)@0x11687e578 {0,0,60,2196} vis-overflow=0,0,8340,2196 scr-overflow=0,0,8220,2196 [state=000b100000d00601] [content=0x115e4d640] [sc=0x11687e4b8,parent=0x0]<
+          line 0x11687ec48: count=1 state=block,clean,prevmarginclean,not impacted,not wrapped,before:nobr,after:nobr[0x48] bm=480 {480,480,0,1236} vis-overflow=360,426,7980,1410 scr-overflow=480,480,7740,1236 <
+            Block(body)(1)@0x11687ebb0 {480,480,0,1236} vis-overflow=-120,-54,7980,1410 scr-overflow=0,0,7740,1236 [state=000b120000100601] [content=0x115ed8980] [sc=0x11687e990]<
+              line 0x116899170: count=1 state=inline,clean,prevmarginclean,not impacted,not wrapped,before:nobr,after:nobr[0x0] {0,0,7740,1236} vis-overflow=-120,-54,7980,1410 scr-overflow=0,0,7740,1236 <
+                nsTextControlFrame@0x11687f068 {0,66,7740,1170} vis-overflow=-120,-120,7980,1410 scr-overflow=0,0,7740,1170 [state=0002000000004621] [content=0x115ca2c50] [sc=0x11687ea40]<
+                  HTMLScroll(div)(-1)@0x11687f6b0 {180,240,7380,690} [state=0002000000084409] [content=0x11688c0c0] [sc=0x11687eb00]<
+                    Block(div)(-1)@0x11687fcb8 {0,0,7380,690} [state=0002100000d04601] [content=0x11688c0c0] [sc=0x11687f990:-moz-scrolled-content]<
+                      line 0x116899130: count=1 state=inline,clean,prevmarginclean,not impacted,not wrapped,before:nobr,after:nobr[0x100] {60,0,0,690} vis-overflow=60,510,0,0 scr-overflow=60,510,0,0 <
+                        Text(0)""@0x1168990c0 {60,510,0,0} [state=0001000020404000] [content=0x11687ca10] [sc=0x11687fd88:-moz-non-element,parent=0x11687eb00] [run=0x115115e80][0,0,T]
+ ...
+
+
+* js
+
+  Dumps the current JS stack.
+
+  (lldb) js
+  0 anonymous(aForce = false) ["chrome://browser/content/browser.js":13414]
+      this = [object Object]
+  1 updateAppearance() ["chrome://browser/content/browser.js":13326]
+      this = [object Object]
+  2 handleEvent(aEvent = [object Event]) ["chrome://browser/content/tabbrowser.xml":3811]
+      this = [object XULElement]
+
+
+* prefcnt EXPR
+
+  Shows the refcount of a given object.  EXPR is an expression that is
+  evaluated, and can be either a pointer to or an actual refcounted
+  object.  The object can be a standard nsISupports-like refcounted
+  object, a cycle-collected object or a mozilla::RefCounted<T> object.
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsHTMLDocument *) $1 = 0x0000000116e9d800
+  (lldb) prefcnt this
+  20
+  (lldb) p mDocumentURI
+  (nsCOMPtr<nsIURI>) $3 = {
+    mRawPtr = 0x0000000117163e50
+  }
+  (lldb) prefcnt mDocumentURI
+  11
+
+
+* pstate EXPR
+
+  Shows the frame state bits (using their symbolic names) of a given frame.
+  EXPR is an expression that is evaluated, and must be an nsIFrame*.
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsTextFrame *) $1 = 0x000000011f470b10
+  (lldb) p/x mState
+  (nsFrameState) $2 = 0x0000004080604000
+  (lldb) pstate this
+  TEXT_HAS_NONCOLLAPSED_CHARACTERS | TEXT_END_OF_LINE | TEXT_START_OF_LINE | NS_FRAME_PAINTED_THEBES | NS_FRAME_INDEPENDENT_SELECTION
+
+
+* ptag EXPR
+
+  Shows the DOM tag name of a node.  EXPR is an expression that is
+  evaluated, and can be either an nsINode pointer or a concrete DOM
+  object.
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsHTMLDocument *) $0 = 0x0000000116e9d800
+  (lldb) ptag this
+  (PermanentAtomImpl *) $1 = 0x0000000110133ac0 u"#document"
+  (lldb) p this->GetRootElement()
+  (mozilla::dom::HTMLSharedElement *) $2 = 0x0000000118429780
+  (lldb) ptag $2
+  (PermanentAtomImpl *) $3 = 0x0000000110123b80 u"html"
+
+
+Supported type summaries and synthetic children
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+In lldb terminology, type summaries are rules for how to display a value
+when using the "expression" command (or its familiar-to-gdb-users "p" alias),
+and synthetic children are fake member variables or array elements also
+added by custom rules.
+
+For objects that do have synthetic children defined for them, like nsTArray,
+the "expr -R -- EXPR" command can be used to show its actual member variables.
+
+
+* nsAString, nsACString,
+  nsFixedString, nsFixedCString,
+  nsAutoString, nsAutoCString
+
+  Strings have a type summary that shows the actual string.
+
+  (lldb) frame info
+  frame #0: 0x000000010400cfea XUL`nsCSSParser::ParseProperty(this=0x00007fff5fbf5248, aPropID=eCSSProperty_margin_top, aPropValue=0x00007fff5fbf53f8, aSheetURI=0x0000000115ae8c00, aBaseURI=0x0000000115ae8c00, aSheetPrincipal=0x000000010ff9e040, aDeclaration=0x00000001826fd580, aChanged=0x00007fff5fbf5247, aIsImportant=false, aIsSVGMode=false) + 74 at nsCSSParser.cpp:12851
+  (lldb) p aPropValue
+  (const nsAString_internal) $16 = u"-25px"
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsHTMLDocument *) $18 = 0x0000000115b56000
+  (lldb) p mContentType
+  (nsCString) $19 = {
+    nsACString_internal = "text/html"
+  }
+
+* nscolor
+
+  nscolors (32-bit RGBA colors) have a type summary that shows the color as
+  one of the CSS 2.1 color keywords, a six digit hex color, an rgba() color,
+  or the "transparent" keyword.
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsTextFrame *) $0 = 0x00000001168245e0
+  (lldb) p *this->StyleColor()
+  (const nsStyleColor) $1 = {
+    mColor = lime
+  }
+  (lldb) expr -R -- *this->StyleColor()
+  (const nsStyleColor) $2 = {
+    mColor = 4278255360
+  }
+
+* nsIAtom
+
+  Atoms have a type summary that shows the string value inside the atom.
+
+  (lldb) frame info
+  frame #0: 0x00000001028b8c49 XUL`mozilla::dom::Element::GetBoolAttr(this=0x0000000115ca1c50, aAttr=0x000000011012a640) const + 25 at Element.h:907
+  (lldb) p aAttr
+  (PermanentAtomImpl *) $1 = 0x000000011012a640 u"readonly"
+
+* nsTArray and friends
+
+  nsTArrays and their auto and fallible varieties have synthetic children
+  for their elements.  This means when displaying them with "expr" (or "p"),
+  they will be shown like regular arrays, rather than showing the mHdr and
+  other fields.
+
+  (lldb) frame info
+  frame #0: 0x00000001043eb8a8 XUL`SVGTextFrame::DoGlyphPositioning(this=0x000000012f3f8778) + 248 at SVGTextFrame.cpp:4940
+  (lldb) p charPositions
+  (nsTArray<nsPoint>) $5 = {
+    [0] = {
+      mozilla::gfx::BasePoint<int, nsPoint> = {
+        x = 0
+        y = 816
+      }
+    }
+    [1] = {
+      mozilla::gfx::BasePoint<int, nsPoint> = {
+        x = 426
+        y = 816
+      }
+    }
+    [2] = {
+      mozilla::gfx::BasePoint<int, nsPoint> = {
+        x = 906
+        y = 816
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  (lldb) expr -R -- charPositions
+  (nsTArray<nsPoint>) $4 = {
+    nsTArray_Impl<nsPoint, nsTArrayInfallibleAllocator> = {
+      nsTArray_base<nsTArrayInfallibleAllocator, nsTArray_CopyWithMemutils> = {
+        mHdr = 0x000000012f3f1b80
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+* nsTextNode, nsTextFragment
+
+  Text nodes have a type summary that shows the nsTextFragment in the
+  nsTextNode, which itself has a type summary that shows the text
+  content.
+
+  (lldb) p this
+  (nsTextFrame *) $14 = 0x000000011811bb10
+  (lldb) p mContent
+  (nsTextNode *) $15 = 0x0000000118130110 "Search or enter address"
+
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/__init__.py b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f27fa7297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import lldb
+
+__all__ = ['content', 'general', 'gfx', 'layout', 'utils']
+
+def init():
+    for name in __all__:
+        init = None
+        try:
+            init = __import__('lldbutils.' + name, globals(), locals(), ['init']).init
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        if init:
+            init(lldb.debugger)
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/content.py b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/content.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93199001b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import lldb
+from lldbutils import utils
+
+def summarize_text_fragment(valobj, internal_dict):
+    content_union = valobj.GetChildAtIndex(0)
+    state_union = valobj.GetChildAtIndex(1).GetChildMemberWithName("mState")
+    length = state_union.GetChildMemberWithName("mLength").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    if state_union.GetChildMemberWithName("mIs2b").GetValueAsUnsigned(0):
+        field = "m2b"
+    else:
+        field = "m1b"
+    ptr = content_union.GetChildMemberWithName(field)
+    return utils.format_string(ptr, length)
+
+def ptag(debugger, command, result, dict):
+    """Displays the tag name of a content node."""
+    debugger.HandleCommand("expr (" + command + ")->mNodeInfo.mRawPtr->mInner.mName")
+
+def init(debugger):
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsTextFragment -F lldbutils.content.summarize_text_fragment")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldbutils.content.ptag ptag")
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/general.py b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/general.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27cf19aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/general.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import lldb
+from lldbutils import utils
+
+def summarize_string(valobj, internal_dict):
+    data = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("mData")
+    length = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("mLength").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    return utils.format_string(data, length)
+
+class TArraySyntheticChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, valobj, internal_dict):
+        self.valobj = valobj
+        self.header = self.valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("mHdr")
+        self.element_type = self.valobj.GetType().GetTemplateArgumentType(0)
+        self.element_size = self.element_type.GetByteSize()
+        header_size = self.header.GetType().GetPointeeType().GetByteSize()
+        self.element_base_addr = self.header.GetValueAsUnsigned(0) + header_size
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return self.header.Dereference().GetChildMemberWithName("mLength").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name):
+        try:
+            index = int(name)
+            if index >= self.num_children():
+                return None
+        except:
+            pass
+        return None
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        if index >= self.num_children():
+            return None
+        addr = self.element_base_addr + index * self.element_size
+        return self.valobj.CreateValueFromAddress("[%d]" % index, addr, self.element_type)
+
+def prefcnt(debugger, command, result, dict):
+    """Displays the refcount of an object."""
+    # We handled regular nsISupports-like refcounted objects and cycle collected
+    # objects.
+    target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+    process = target.GetProcess()
+    thread = process.GetSelectedThread()
+    frame = thread.GetSelectedFrame()
+    obj = frame.EvaluateExpression(command)
+    if obj.GetError().Fail():
+        print "could not evaluate expression"
+        return
+    obj = utils.dereference(obj)
+    field = obj.GetChildMemberWithName("mRefCnt")
+    if field.GetError().Fail():
+        field = obj.GetChildMemberWithName("refCnt")
+    if field.GetError().Fail():
+        print "not a refcounted object"
+        return
+    refcnt_type = field.GetType().GetCanonicalType().GetName()
+    if refcnt_type == "nsAutoRefCnt":
+        print field.GetChildMemberWithName("mValue").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    elif refcnt_type == "nsCycleCollectingAutoRefCnt":
+        print field.GetChildMemberWithName("mRefCntAndFlags").GetValueAsUnsigned(0) >> 2
+    elif refcnt_type == "mozilla::ThreadSafeAutoRefCnt":
+        print field.GetChildMemberWithName("mValue").GetChildMemberWithName("mValue").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    elif refcnt_type == "int":  # non-atomic mozilla::RefCounted object
+        print field.GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    elif refcnt_type == "mozilla::Atomic<int>":  # atomic mozilla::RefCounted object
+        print field.GetChildMemberWithName("mValue").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    else:
+        print "unknown mRefCnt type " + refcnt_type
+
+# Used to work around http://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=22211
+def callfunc(debugger, command, result, dict):
+    """Calls a function for which debugger information is unavailable by getting its address from the symbol table.
+       The function is assumed to return void."""
+
+    if '(' not in command:
+        print 'Usage: callfunc your_function(args)'
+        return
+
+    command_parts = command.split('(')
+    funcname = command_parts[0].strip()
+    args = command_parts[1]
+
+    target = debugger.GetSelectedTarget()
+    symbols = target.FindFunctions(funcname).symbols
+    if not symbols:
+        print 'Could not find a function symbol for a function called "%s"' % funcname
+        return
+
+    sym = symbols[0]
+    arg_types = '()'
+    if sym.name and sym.name.startswith(funcname + '('):
+        arg_types = sym.name[len(funcname):]
+    debugger.HandleCommand('print ((void(*)%s)0x%0x)(%s' % (arg_types, sym.addr.GetLoadAddress(target), args))
+
+def init(debugger):
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsAString_internal -F lldbutils.general.summarize_string")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsACString_internal -F lldbutils.general.summarize_string")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsFixedString -F lldbutils.general.summarize_string")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsFixedCString -F lldbutils.general.summarize_string")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsAutoString -F lldbutils.general.summarize_string")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsAutoCString -F lldbutils.general.summarize_string")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type synthetic add -x \"nsTArray<\" -l lldbutils.general.TArraySyntheticChildrenProvider")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type synthetic add -x \"AutoTArray<\" -l lldbutils.general.TArraySyntheticChildrenProvider")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type synthetic add -x \"FallibleTArray<\" -l lldbutils.general.TArraySyntheticChildrenProvider")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldbutils.general.prefcnt -f lldbutils.general.prefcnt prefcnt")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("command script add -f lldbutils.general.callfunc -f lldbutils.general.callfunc callfunc")
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/gfx.py b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/gfx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ad9a37a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/gfx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import lldb
+
+def summarize_nscolor(valobj, internal_dict):
+    colors = {
+        "#800000": "maroon",
+        "#ff0000": "red",
+        "#ffa500": "orange",
+        "#ffff00": "yellow",
+        "#808000": "olive",
+        "#800080": "purple",
+        "#ff00ff": "fuchsia",
+        "#ffffff": "white",
+        "#00ff00": "lime",
+        "#008000": "green",
+        "#000080": "navy",
+        "#0000ff": "blue",
+        "#00ffff": "aqua",
+        "#008080": "teal",
+        "#000000": "black",
+        "#c0c0c0": "silver",
+        "#808080": "gray"
+    }
+    value = valobj.GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    if value == 0:
+        return "transparent"
+    if value & 0xff000000 != 0xff000000:
+        return "rgba(%d, %d, %d, %f)" % (value & 0xff, (value >> 8) & 0xff, (value >> 16) & 0xff, ((value >> 24) & 0xff) / 255.0)
+    color = "#%02x%02x%02x" % (value & 0xff, (value >> 8) & 0xff, (value >> 16) & 0xff)
+    if color in colors:
+        return colors[color]
+    return color
+
+class RegionSyntheticChildrenProvider:
+
+    def __init__(self, valobj, internal_dict, rect_type = "nsRect"):
+        self.rect_type = rect_type
+        self.valobj = valobj
+        self.pixman_region = self.valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("mImpl")
+        self.pixman_data = self.pixman_region.GetChildMemberWithName("data")
+        self.pixman_extents = self.pixman_region.GetChildMemberWithName("extents")
+        self.num_rects = self.pixman_region_num_rects()
+        self.box_type = self.pixman_extents.GetType()
+        self.box_type_size = self.box_type.GetByteSize()
+        self.box_list_base_ptr = self.pixman_data.GetValueAsUnsigned(0) + self.pixman_data.GetType().GetPointeeType().GetByteSize()
+
+    def pixman_region_num_rects(self):
+        if self.pixman_data.GetValueAsUnsigned(0):
+            return self.pixman_data.Dereference().GetChildMemberWithName("numRects").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+        return 1
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return 2 + self.num_rects
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name):
+        if name == "numRects":
+            return 0
+        if name == "bounds":
+            return 1
+        return None
+
+    def convert_pixman_box_to_rect(self, valobj, name):
+        x1 = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("x1").GetValueAsSigned()
+        x2 = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("x2").GetValueAsSigned()
+        y1 = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("y1").GetValueAsSigned()
+        y2 = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("y2").GetValueAsSigned()
+        return valobj.CreateValueFromExpression(name,
+            '%s(%d, %d, %d, %d)' % (self.rect_type, x1, y1, x2 - x1, y2 - y1))
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        if index == 0:
+            return self.pixman_data.CreateValueFromExpression('numRects', '(uint32_t)%d' % self.num_rects)
+        if index == 1:
+            return self.convert_pixman_box_to_rect(self.pixman_extents, 'bounds')
+
+        rect_index = index - 2
+        if rect_index >= self.num_rects:
+            return None
+        if self.num_rects == 1:
+            return self.convert_pixman_box_to_rect(self.pixman_extents, 'bounds')
+        box_address = self.box_list_base_ptr + rect_index * self.box_type_size
+        box = self.pixman_data.CreateValueFromAddress('', box_address, self.box_type)
+        return self.convert_pixman_box_to_rect(box, "[%d]" % rect_index)
+
+class IntRegionSyntheticChildrenProvider:
+    def __init__(self, valobj, internal_dict):
+        wrapped_region = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("mImpl")
+        self.wrapped_provider = RegionSyntheticChildrenProvider(wrapped_region, internal_dict, "nsIntRect")
+
+    def num_children(self):
+        return self.wrapped_provider.num_children()
+
+    def get_child_index(self, name):
+        return self.wrapped_provider.get_child_index(name)
+
+    def get_child_at_index(self, index):
+        return self.wrapped_provider.get_child_at_index(index)
+
+def summarize_rect(valobj, internal_dict):
+    x = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("x").GetValue()
+    y = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("y").GetValue()
+    width = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("width").GetValue()
+    height = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("height").GetValue()
+    return "%s, %s, %s, %s" % (x, y, width, height)
+
+def rect_is_empty(valobj):
+    width = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("width").GetValueAsSigned()
+    height = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("height").GetValueAsSigned()
+    return width <= 0 or height <= 0
+
+def summarize_region(valobj, internal_dict):
+    # This function makes use of the synthetic children generated for ns(Int)Regions.
+    bounds = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("bounds")
+    bounds_summary = summarize_rect(bounds, internal_dict)
+    num_rects = valobj.GetChildMemberWithName("numRects").GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    if num_rects <= 1:
+        if rect_is_empty(bounds):
+            return "empty"
+        if num_rects == 1:
+            return "one rect: " + bounds_summary
+    return str(num_rects) + " rects, bounds: " + bounds_summary
+
+def init(debugger):
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nscolor -v -F lldbutils.gfx.summarize_nscolor")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsRect -v -F lldbutils.gfx.summarize_rect")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsIntRect -v -F lldbutils.gfx.summarize_rect")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add gfxRect -v -F lldbutils.gfx.summarize_rect")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type synthetic add nsRegion -l lldbutils.gfx.RegionSyntheticChildrenProvider")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type synthetic add nsIntRegion -l lldbutils.gfx.IntRegionSyntheticChildrenProvider")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsRegion -v -F lldbutils.gfx.summarize_region")
+    debugger.HandleCommand("type summary add nsIntRegion -v -F lldbutils.gfx.summarize_region")
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/layout.py b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/layout.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4894699c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/layout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import lldb
+
+def frametree(debugger, command, result, dict):
+    """Dumps the frame tree containing the given nsIFrame*."""
+    debugger.HandleCommand('expr (' + command + ')->DumpFrameTree()')
+
+def frametreelimited(debugger, command, result, dict):
+    """Dumps the subtree of a frame tree rooted at the given nsIFrame*."""
+    debugger.HandleCommand('expr (' + command + ')->DumpFrameTreeLimited()')
+
+def pstate(debugger, command, result, dict):
+    """Displays a frame's state bits symbolically."""
+    debugger.HandleCommand('expr mozilla::PrintFrameState(' + command + ')')
+
+def init(debugger):
+    debugger.HandleCommand('command script add -f lldbutils.layout.frametree frametree')
+    debugger.HandleCommand('command script add -f lldbutils.layout.frametreelimited frametreelimited')
+    debugger.HandleCommand('command alias ft frametree')
+    debugger.HandleCommand('command alias ftl frametreelimited')
+    debugger.HandleCommand('command script add -f lldbutils.layout.pstate pstate');
diff --git a/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/utils.py b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e038f630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/lldbutils/lldbutils/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+def format_char(c):
+    if c == 0:
+        return "\\0"
+    elif c == 0x07:
+        return "\\a"
+    elif c == 0x08:
+        return "\\b"
+    elif c == 0x0c:
+        return "\\f"
+    elif c == 0x0a:
+        return "\\n"
+    elif c == 0x0d:
+        return "\\r"
+    elif c == 0x09:
+        return "\\t"
+    elif c == 0x0b:
+        return "\\v"
+    elif c == 0x5c:
+        return "\\"
+    elif c == 0x22:
+        return "\\\""
+    elif c == 0x27:
+        return "\\'"
+    elif c < 0x20 or c >= 0x80 and c <= 0xff:
+        return "\\x%02x" % c
+    elif c >= 0x0100:
+        return "\\u%04x" % c
+    else:
+        return chr(c)
+
+# Take an SBValue that is either a char* or char16_t* and formats it like lldb
+# would when printing it.
+def format_string(lldb_value, length=100):
+    ptr = lldb_value.GetValueAsUnsigned(0)
+    char_type = lldb_value.GetType().GetPointeeType()
+    if char_type.GetByteSize() == 1:
+        s = "\""
+        size = 1
+        mask = 0xff
+    elif char_type.GetByteSize() == 2:
+        s = "u\""
+        size = 2
+        mask = 0xffff
+    else:
+        return "(cannot format string with char type %s)" % char_type.GetName()
+    i = 0
+    terminated = False
+    while i < length:
+        c = lldb_value.CreateValueFromAddress("x", ptr + i * size, char_type).GetValueAsUnsigned(0) & mask
+        if c == 0:
+            terminated = True
+            break
+        s += format_char(c)
+        i = i + 1
+    s += "\""
+    if not terminated and i != length:
+        s += "..."
+    return s
+
+# Dereferences a raw pointer, nsCOMPtr, RefPtr, nsAutoPtr, already_AddRefed or
+# mozilla::RefPtr; otherwise returns the value unchanged.
+def dereference(lldb_value):
+    if lldb_value.TypeIsPointerType():
+        return lldb_value.Dereference()
+    name = lldb_value.GetType().GetUnqualifiedType().GetName()
+    if name.startswith("nsCOMPtr<") or name.startswith("RefPtr<") or name.startswith("nsAutoPtr<") or name.startswith("already_AddRefed<"):
+        return lldb_value.GetChildMemberWithName("mRawPtr")
+    if name.startswith("mozilla::RefPtr<"):
+        return lldb_value.GetChildMemberWithName("ptr")
+    return lldb_value
diff --git a/python/mach/README.rst b/python/mach/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c2e00bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+====
+mach
+====
+
+Mach (German for *do*) is a generic command dispatcher for the command
+line.
+
+To use mach, you install the mach core (a Python package), create an
+executable *driver* script (named whatever you want), and write mach
+commands. When the *driver* is executed, mach dispatches to the
+requested command handler automatically.
+
+To learn more, read the docs in ``docs/``.
diff --git a/python/mach/bash-completion.sh b/python/mach/bash-completion.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4b151f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/bash-completion.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+function _mach()
+{
+  local cur cmds c subcommand
+  COMPREPLY=()
+
+  # Load the list of commands
+  cmds=`"${COMP_WORDS[0]}" mach-commands`
+
+  # Look for the subcommand.
+  cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+  subcommand=""
+  c=1
+  while [ $c -lt $COMP_CWORD ]; do
+    word="${COMP_WORDS[c]}"
+    for cmd in $cmds; do
+      if [ "$cmd" = "$word" ]; then
+        subcommand="$word"
+      fi
+    done
+    c=$((++c))
+  done
+
+  if [[ "$subcommand" == "help" || -z "$subcommand" ]]; then
+      COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "$cmds" -- ${cur}) )
+  fi
+
+  return 0
+}
+complete -o default -F _mach mach
diff --git a/python/mach/docs/commands.rst b/python/mach/docs/commands.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af2973dd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/docs/commands.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+.. _mach_commands:
+
+=====================
+Implementing Commands
+=====================
+
+Mach commands are defined via Python decorators.
+
+All the relevant decorators are defined in the *mach.decorators* module.
+The important decorators are as follows:
+
+:py:func:`CommandProvider <mach.decorators.CommandProvider>`
+  A class decorator that denotes that a class contains mach
+  commands. The decorator takes no arguments.
+
+:py:func:`Command <mach.decorators.Command>`
+  A method decorator that denotes that the method should be called when
+  the specified command is requested. The decorator takes a command name
+  as its first argument and a number of additional arguments to
+  configure the behavior of the command.
+
+:py:func:`CommandArgument <mach.decorators.CommandArgument>`
+  A method decorator that defines an argument to the command. Its
+  arguments are essentially proxied to ArgumentParser.add_argument()
+
+:py:func:`SubCommand <mach.decorators.SubCommand>`
+  A method decorator that denotes that the method should be a
+  sub-command to an existing ``@Command``. The decorator takes the
+  parent command name as its first argument and the sub-command name
+  as its second argument.
+
+  ``@CommandArgument`` can be used on ``@SubCommand`` instances just
+  like they can on ``@Command`` instances.
+
+Classes with the ``@CommandProvider`` decorator **must** have an
+``__init__`` method that accepts 1 or 2 arguments. If it accepts 2
+arguments, the 2nd argument will be a
+:py:class:`mach.base.CommandContext` instance.
+
+Here is a complete example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from mach.decorators import (
+       CommandArgument,
+       CommandProvider,
+       Command,
+   )
+
+   @CommandProvider
+   class MyClass(object):
+       @Command('doit', help='Do ALL OF THE THINGS.')
+       @CommandArgument('--force', '-f', action='store_true',
+           help='Force doing it.')
+       def doit(self, force=False):
+           # Do stuff here.
+
+When the module is loaded, the decorators tell mach about all handlers.
+When mach runs, it takes the assembled metadata from these handlers and
+hooks it up to the command line driver. Under the hood, arguments passed
+to the decorators are being used to help mach parse command arguments,
+formulate arguments to the methods, etc. See the documentation in the
+:py:mod:`mach.base` module for more.
+
+The Python modules defining mach commands do not need to live inside the
+main mach source tree.
+
+Conditionally Filtering Commands
+================================
+
+Sometimes it might only make sense to run a command given a certain
+context. For example, running tests only makes sense if the product
+they are testing has been built, and said build is available. To make
+sure a command is only runnable from within a correct context, you can
+define a series of conditions on the
+:py:func:`Command <mach.decorators.Command>` decorator.
+
+A condition is simply a function that takes an instance of the
+:py:func:`mach.decorators.CommandProvider` class as an argument, and
+returns ``True`` or ``False``. If any of the conditions defined on a
+command return ``False``, the command will not be runnable. The
+docstring of a condition function is used in error messages, to explain
+why the command cannot currently be run.
+
+Here is an example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from mach.decorators import (
+       CommandProvider,
+       Command,
+   )
+
+   def build_available(cls):
+       """The build needs to be available."""
+       return cls.build_path is not None
+
+    @CommandProvider
+   class MyClass(MachCommandBase):
+       def __init__(self, build_path=None):
+           self.build_path = build_path
+
+       @Command('run_tests', conditions=[build_available])
+       def run_tests(self):
+           # Do stuff here.
+
+It is important to make sure that any state needed by the condition is
+available to instances of the command provider.
+
+By default all commands without any conditions applied will be runnable,
+but it is possible to change this behaviour by setting
+``require_conditions`` to ``True``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   m = mach.main.Mach()
+   m.require_conditions = True
+
+Minimizing Code in Commands
+===========================
+
+Mach command modules, classes, and methods work best when they are
+minimal dispatchers. The reason is import bloat. Currently, the mach
+core needs to import every Python file potentially containing mach
+commands for every command invocation. If you have dozens of commands or
+commands in modules that import a lot of Python code, these imports
+could slow mach down and waste memory.
+
+It is thus recommended that mach modules, classes, and methods do as
+little work as possible. Ideally the module should only import from
+the :py:mod:`mach` package. If you need external modules, you should
+import them from within the command method.
+
+To keep code size small, the body of a command method should be limited
+to:
+
+1. Obtaining user input (parsing arguments, prompting, etc)
+2. Calling into some other Python package
+3. Formatting output
+
+Of course, these recommendations can be ignored if you want to risk
+slower performance.
+
+In the future, the mach driver may cache the dispatching information or
+have it intelligently loaded to facilitate lazy loading.
diff --git a/python/mach/docs/driver.rst b/python/mach/docs/driver.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..022ebe657
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/docs/driver.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+.. _mach_driver:
+
+=======
+Drivers
+=======
+
+Entry Points
+============
+
+It is possible to use setuptools' entry points to load commands
+directly from python packages. A mach entry point is a function which
+returns a list of files or directories containing mach command
+providers. e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   def list_providers():
+       providers = []
+       here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+       for p in os.listdir(here):
+           if p.endswith('.py'):
+               providers.append(os.path.join(here, p))
+       return providers
+
+See http://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html#dynamic-discovery-of-services-and-plugins
+for more information on creating an entry point. To search for entry
+point plugins, you can call
+:py:meth:`mach.main.Mach.load_commands_from_entry_point`. e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   mach.load_commands_from_entry_point("mach.external.providers")
+
+Adding Global Arguments
+=======================
+
+Arguments to mach commands are usually command-specific. However,
+mach ships with a handful of global arguments that apply to all
+commands.
+
+It is possible to extend the list of global arguments. In your
+*mach driver*, simply call
+:py:meth:`mach.main.Mach.add_global_argument`. e.g.:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   mach = mach.main.Mach(os.getcwd())
+
+   # Will allow --example to be specified on every mach command.
+   mach.add_global_argument('--example', action='store_true',
+       help='Demonstrate an example global argument.')
diff --git a/python/mach/docs/index.rst b/python/mach/docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd2056333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+====
+mach
+====
+
+Mach (German for *do*) is a generic command dispatcher for the command
+line.
+
+To use mach, you install the mach core (a Python package), create an
+executable *driver* script (named whatever you want), and write mach
+commands. When the *driver* is executed, mach dispatches to the
+requested command handler automatically.
+
+Features
+========
+
+On a high level, mach is similar to using argparse with subparsers (for
+command handling). When you dig deeper, mach offers a number of
+additional features:
+
+Distributed command definitions
+  With optparse/argparse, you have to define your commands on a central
+  parser instance. With mach, you annotate your command methods with
+  decorators and mach finds and dispatches to them automatically.
+
+Command categories
+  Mach commands can be grouped into categories when displayed in help.
+  This is currently not possible with argparse.
+
+Logging management
+  Mach provides a facility for logging (both classical text and
+  structured) that is available to any command handler.
+
+Settings files
+  Mach provides a facility for reading settings from an ini-like file
+  format.
+
+Components
+==========
+
+Mach is conceptually composed of the following components:
+
+core
+  The mach core is the core code powering mach. This is a Python package
+  that contains all the business logic that makes mach work. The mach
+  core is common to all mach deployments.
+
+commands
+  These are what mach dispatches to. Commands are simply Python methods
+  registered as command names. The set of commands is unique to the
+  environment mach is deployed in.
+
+driver
+  The *driver* is the entry-point to mach. It is simply an executable
+  script that loads the mach core, tells it where commands can be found,
+  then asks the mach core to handle the current request. The driver is
+  unique to the deployed environment. But, it's usually based on an
+  example from this source tree.
+
+Project State
+=============
+
+mach was originally written as a command dispatching framework to aid
+Firefox development. While the code is mostly generic, there are still
+some pieces that closely tie it to Mozilla/Firefox. The goal is for
+these to eventually be removed and replaced with generic features so
+mach is suitable for anybody to use. Until then, mach may not be the
+best fit for you.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   commands
+   driver
+   logging
+   settings
diff --git a/python/mach/docs/logging.rst b/python/mach/docs/logging.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff245cf03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/docs/logging.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+.. _mach_logging:
+
+=======
+Logging
+=======
+
+Mach configures a built-in logging facility so commands can easily log
+data.
+
+What sets the logging facility apart from most loggers you've seen is
+that it encourages structured logging. Instead of conventional logging
+where simple strings are logged, the internal logging mechanism logs all
+events with the following pieces of information:
+
+* A string *action*
+* A dict of log message fields
+* A formatting string
+
+Essentially, instead of assembling a human-readable string at
+logging-time, you create an object holding all the pieces of data that
+will constitute your logged event. For each unique type of logged event,
+you assign an *action* name.
+
+Depending on how logging is configured, your logged event could get
+written a couple of different ways.
+
+JSON Logging
+============
+
+Where machines are the intended target of the logging data, a JSON
+logger is configured. The JSON logger assembles an array consisting of
+the following elements:
+
+* Decimal wall clock time in seconds since UNIX epoch
+* String *action* of message
+* Object with structured message data
+
+The JSON-serialized array is written to a configured file handle.
+Consumers of this logging stream can just perform a readline() then feed
+that into a JSON deserializer to reconstruct the original logged
+message. They can key off the *action* element to determine how to
+process individual events. There is no need to invent a parser.
+Convenient, isn't it?
+
+Logging for Humans
+==================
+
+Where humans are the intended consumer of a log message, the structured
+log message are converted to more human-friendly form. This is done by
+utilizing the *formatting* string provided at log time. The logger
+simply calls the *format* method of the formatting string, passing the
+dict containing the message's fields.
+
+When *mach* is used in a terminal that supports it, the logging facility
+also supports terminal features such as colorization. This is done
+automatically in the logging layer - there is no need to control this at
+logging time.
+
+In addition, messages intended for humans typically prepends every line
+with the time passed since the application started.
+
+Logging HOWTO
+=============
+
+Structured logging piggybacks on top of Python's built-in logging
+infrastructure provided by the *logging* package. We accomplish this by
+taking advantage of *logging.Logger.log()*'s *extra* argument. To this
+argument, we pass a dict with the fields *action* and *params*. These
+are the string *action* and dict of message fields, respectively. The
+formatting string is passed as the *msg* argument, like normal.
+
+If you were logging to a logger directly, you would do something like:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   logger.log(logging.INFO, 'My name is {name}',
+       extra={'action': 'my_name', 'params': {'name': 'Gregory'}})
+
+The JSON logging would produce something like::
+
+   [1339985554.306338, "my_name", {"name": "Gregory"}]
+
+Human logging would produce something like::
+
+   0.52 My name is Gregory
+
+Since there is a lot of complexity using logger.log directly, it is
+recommended to go through a wrapping layer that hides part of the
+complexity for you. The easiest way to do this is by utilizing the
+LoggingMixin:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   import logging
+   from mach.mixin.logging import LoggingMixin
+
+   class MyClass(LoggingMixin):
+       def foo(self):
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'foo_start', {'bar': True},
+                'Foo performed. Bar: {bar}')
diff --git a/python/mach/docs/settings.rst b/python/mach/docs/settings.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b51dc54a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/docs/settings.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+.. _mach_settings:
+
+========
+Settings
+========
+
+Mach can read settings in from a set of configuration files. These
+configuration files are either named ``machrc`` or ``.machrc`` and
+are specified by the bootstrap script. In mozilla-central, these files
+can live in ``~/.mozbuild`` and/or ``topsrcdir``.
+
+Settings can be specified anywhere, and used both by mach core or
+individual commands.
+
+
+Core Settings
+=============
+
+These settings are implemented by mach core.
+
+* alias - Create a command alias. This is useful if you want to alias a command to something else, optionally including some defaults. It can either be used to create an entire new command, or provide defaults for an existing one. For example:
+
+.. parsed-literal::
+
+    [alias]
+    mochitest = mochitest -f browser
+    browser-test = mochitest -f browser
+
+
+Defining Settings
+=================
+
+Settings need to be explicitly defined, along with their type,
+otherwise mach will throw when trying to access them.
+
+To define settings, use the :func:`~decorators.SettingsProvider`
+decorator in an existing mach command module. E.g:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from mach.decorators import SettingsProvider
+
+    @SettingsProvider
+    class ArbitraryClassName(object):
+        config_settings = [
+            ('foo.bar', 'string'),
+            ('foo.baz', 'int', 0, set([0,1,2])),
+        ]
+
+``@SettingsProvider``'s must specify a variable called ``config_settings``
+that returns a list of tuples. Alternatively, it can specify a function
+called ``config_settings`` that returns a list of tuples.
+
+Each tuple is of the form:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    ('<section>.<option>', '<type>', default, extra)
+
+``type`` is a string and can be one of:
+string, boolean, int, pos_int, path
+
+``default`` is optional, and provides a default value in case none was
+specified by any of the configuration files.
+
+``extra`` is also optional and is a dict containing additional key/value
+pairs to add to the setting's metadata. The following keys may be specified
+in the ``extra`` dict:
+    * ``choices`` - A set of allowed values for the setting.
+
+Wildcards
+---------
+
+Sometimes a section should allow arbitrarily defined options from the user, such
+as the ``alias`` section mentioned above. To define a section like this, use ``*``
+as the option name. For example:
+
+.. parsed-literal::
+
+    ('foo.*', 'string')
+
+This allows configuration files like this:
+
+.. parsed-literal::
+
+    [foo]
+    arbitrary1 = some string
+    arbitrary2 = some other string
+
+
+Documenting Settings
+====================
+
+All settings must at least be documented in the en_US locale. Otherwise,
+running ``mach settings`` will raise. Mach uses gettext to perform localization.
+
+A handy command exists to generate the localization files:
+
+.. parsed-literal::
+
+    mach settings locale-gen <section>
+
+You'll be prompted to add documentation for all options in section with the
+en_US locale. To add documentation in another locale, pass in ``--locale``.
+
+
+Accessing Settings
+==================
+
+Now that the settings are defined and documented, they're accessible from
+individual mach commands if the command receives a context in its constructor.
+For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from mach.decorators import (
+        Command,
+        CommandProvider,
+        SettingsProvider,
+    )
+
+    @SettingsProvider
+    class ExampleSettings(object):
+        config_settings = [
+            ('a.b', 'string', 'default'),
+            ('foo.bar', 'string'),
+            ('foo.baz', 'int', 0, {'choices': set([0,1,2])}),
+        ]
+
+    @CommandProvider
+    class Commands(object):
+        def __init__(self, context):
+            self.settings = context.settings
+
+        @Command('command', category='misc',
+                 description='Prints a setting')
+        def command(self):
+            print(self.settings.a.b)
+            for option in self.settings.foo:
+                print(self.settings.foo[option])
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/__init__.py b/python/mach/mach/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/base.py b/python/mach/mach/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3556dc6e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+
+class CommandContext(object):
+    """Holds run-time state so it can easily be passed to command providers."""
+    def __init__(self, cwd=None, settings=None, log_manager=None,
+        commands=None, **kwargs):
+        self.cwd = cwd
+        self.settings = settings
+        self.log_manager = log_manager
+        self.commands = commands
+
+        for k,v in kwargs.items():
+            setattr(self, k, v)
+
+
+class MachError(Exception):
+    """Base class for all errors raised by mach itself."""
+
+
+class NoCommandError(MachError):
+    """No command was passed into mach."""
+
+
+class UnknownCommandError(MachError):
+    """Raised when we attempted to execute an unknown command."""
+
+    def __init__(self, command, verb, suggested_commands=None):
+        MachError.__init__(self)
+
+        self.command = command
+        self.verb = verb
+        self.suggested_commands = suggested_commands or []
+
+class UnrecognizedArgumentError(MachError):
+    """Raised when an unknown argument is passed to mach."""
+
+    def __init__(self, command, arguments):
+        MachError.__init__(self)
+
+        self.command = command
+        self.arguments = arguments
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/commands/__init__.py b/python/mach/mach/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/commands/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/commands/commandinfo.py b/python/mach/mach/commands/commandinfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cce85f859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/commands/commandinfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, # You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+    CommandArgument,
+)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class BuiltinCommands(object):
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self.context = context
+
+    @property
+    def command_keys(self):
+        # NOTE 'REMOVED' is a function in testing/mochitest/mach_commands.py
+        return (k for k, v in self.context.commands.command_handlers.items()
+                if not v.conditions or v.conditions[0].__name__ != 'REMOVED')
+
+    @Command('mach-commands', category='misc',
+        description='List all mach commands.')
+    def commands(self):
+        print("\n".join(self.command_keys))
+
+    @Command('mach-debug-commands', category='misc',
+        description='Show info about available mach commands.')
+    @CommandArgument('match', metavar='MATCH', default=None, nargs='?',
+        help='Only display commands containing given substring.')
+    def debug_commands(self, match=None):
+        import inspect
+
+        handlers = self.context.commands.command_handlers
+        for command in sorted(self.command_keys):
+            if match and match not in command:
+                continue
+
+            handler = handlers[command]
+            cls = handler.cls
+            method = getattr(cls, getattr(handler, 'method'))
+
+            print(command)
+            print('=' * len(command))
+            print('')
+            print('File: %s' % inspect.getsourcefile(method))
+            print('Class: %s' % cls.__name__)
+            print('Method: %s' % handler.method)
+            print('')
+
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/commands/settings.py b/python/mach/mach/commands/settings.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5bb807d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/commands/settings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+from textwrap import TextWrapper
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+    SubCommand,
+)
+
+POLIB_NOT_FOUND = """
+Could not detect the 'polib' package on the local system.
+Please run:
+
+    pip install polib
+""".lstrip()
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Settings(object):
+    """Interact with settings for mach.
+
+    Currently, we only provide functionality to view what settings are
+    available. In the future, this module will be used to modify settings, help
+    people create configs via a wizard, etc.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self._settings = context.settings
+
+    @Command('settings', category='devenv',
+             description='Show available config settings.')
+    @CommandArgument('-l', '--list', dest='short', action='store_true',
+                     help='Show settings in a concise list')
+    def settings(self, short=None):
+        """List available settings."""
+        if short:
+            for section in sorted(self._settings):
+                for option in sorted(self._settings[section]._settings):
+                    short, full = self._settings.option_help(section, option)
+                    print('%s.%s -- %s' % (section, option, short))
+            return
+
+        wrapper = TextWrapper(initial_indent='# ', subsequent_indent='# ')
+        for section in sorted(self._settings):
+            print('[%s]' % section)
+
+            for option in sorted(self._settings[section]._settings):
+                short, full = self._settings.option_help(section, option)
+                print(wrapper.fill(full))
+
+                if option != '*':
+                    print(';%s =' % option)
+                    print('')
+
+    @SubCommand('settings', 'locale-gen',
+                description='Generate or update gettext .po and .mo locale files.')
+    @CommandArgument('sections', nargs='*',
+                     help='A list of strings in the form of either <section> or '
+                          '<section>.<option> to translate. By default, prompt to '
+                          'translate all applicable options.')
+    @CommandArgument('--locale', default='en_US',
+                     help='Locale to generate, defaults to en_US.')
+    @CommandArgument('--overwrite', action='store_true', default=False,
+                     help='Overwrite pre-existing entries in .po files.')
+    def locale_gen(self, sections, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            import polib
+        except ImportError:
+            print(POLIB_NOT_FOUND)
+            return 1
+
+        self.was_prompted = False
+
+        sections = sections or self._settings
+        for section in sections:
+            self._gen_section(section, **kwargs)
+
+        if not self.was_prompted:
+            print("All specified options already have an {} translation. "
+                  "To overwrite existing translations, pass --overwrite."
+                  .format(kwargs['locale']))
+
+    def _gen_section(self, section, **kwargs):
+        if '.' in section:
+            section, option = section.split('.')
+            return self._gen_option(section, option, **kwargs)
+
+        for option in sorted(self._settings[section]._settings):
+            self._gen_option(section, option, **kwargs)
+
+    def _gen_option(self, section, option, locale, overwrite):
+        import polib
+
+        meta = self._settings[section]._settings[option]
+
+        localedir = os.path.join(meta['localedir'], locale, 'LC_MESSAGES')
+        if not os.path.isdir(localedir):
+            os.makedirs(localedir)
+
+        path = os.path.join(localedir, '{}.po'.format(section))
+        if os.path.isfile(path):
+            po = polib.pofile(path)
+        else:
+            po = polib.POFile()
+
+        optionid = '{}.{}'.format(section, option)
+        for name in ('short', 'full'):
+            msgid = '{}.{}'.format(optionid, name)
+            entry = po.find(msgid)
+            if not entry:
+                entry = polib.POEntry(msgid=msgid)
+                po.append(entry)
+
+            if entry in po.translated_entries() and not overwrite:
+                continue
+
+            self.was_prompted = True
+
+            msgstr = raw_input("Translate {} to {}:\n"
+                               .format(msgid, locale))
+            entry.msgstr = msgstr
+
+        if self.was_prompted:
+            mopath = os.path.join(localedir, '{}.mo'.format(section))
+            po.save(path)
+            po.save_as_mofile(mopath)
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/config.py b/python/mach/mach/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26c9a4482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+r"""
+This file defines classes for representing config data/settings.
+
+Config data is modeled as key-value pairs. Keys are grouped together into named
+sections. Individual config settings (options) have metadata associated with
+them. This metadata includes type, default value, valid values, etc.
+
+The main interface to config data is the ConfigSettings class. 1 or more
+ConfigProvider classes are associated with ConfigSettings and define what
+settings are available.
+
+Descriptions of individual config options can be translated to multiple
+languages using gettext. Each option has associated with it a domain and locale
+directory. By default, the domain is the section the option is in and the
+locale directory is the "locale" directory beneath the directory containing the
+module that defines it.
+
+People implementing ConfigProvider instances are expected to define a complete
+gettext .po and .mo file for the en_US locale. The |mach settings locale-gen|
+command can be used to populate these files.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import collections
+import gettext
+import os
+import sys
+from functools import wraps
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
+    from configparser import RawConfigParser, NoSectionError
+    str_type = str
+else:
+    from ConfigParser import RawConfigParser, NoSectionError
+    str_type = basestring
+
+
+TRANSLATION_NOT_FOUND = """
+No translation files detected for {section}, there must at least be a
+translation for the 'en_US' locale. To generate these files, run:
+
+    mach settings locale-gen {section}
+""".lstrip()
+
+
+class ConfigException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ConfigType(object):
+    """Abstract base class for config values."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate(value):
+        """Validates a Python value conforms to this type.
+
+        Raises a TypeError or ValueError if it doesn't conform. Does not do
+        anything if the value is valid.
+        """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config, section, option):
+        """Obtain the value of this type from a RawConfigParser.
+
+        Receives a RawConfigParser instance, a str section name, and the str
+        option in that section to retrieve.
+
+        The implementation may assume the option exists in the RawConfigParser
+        instance.
+
+        Implementations are not expected to validate the value. But, they
+        should return the appropriate Python type.
+        """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def to_config(value):
+        return value
+
+
+class StringType(ConfigType):
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate(value):
+        if not isinstance(value, str_type):
+            raise TypeError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config, section, option):
+        return config.get(section, option)
+
+
+class BooleanType(ConfigType):
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate(value):
+        if not isinstance(value, bool):
+            raise TypeError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config, section, option):
+        return config.getboolean(section, option)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def to_config(value):
+        return 'true' if value else 'false'
+
+
+class IntegerType(ConfigType):
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate(value):
+        if not isinstance(value, int):
+            raise TypeError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config, section, option):
+        return config.getint(section, option)
+
+
+class PositiveIntegerType(IntegerType):
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate(value):
+        if not isinstance(value, int):
+            raise TypeError()
+
+        if value < 0:
+            raise ValueError()
+
+
+class PathType(StringType):
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate(value):
+        if not isinstance(value, str_type):
+            raise TypeError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config, section, option):
+        return config.get(section, option)
+
+
+TYPE_CLASSES = {
+    'string': StringType,
+    'boolean': BooleanType,
+    'int': IntegerType,
+    'pos_int': PositiveIntegerType,
+    'path': PathType,
+}
+
+
+class DefaultValue(object):
+    pass
+
+
+def reraise_attribute_error(func):
+    """Used to make sure __getattr__ wrappers around __getitem__
+    raise AttributeError instead of KeyError.
+    """
+    @wraps(func)
+    def _(*args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except KeyError:
+            exc_class, exc, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            raise AttributeError().__class__, exc, tb
+    return _
+
+
+class ConfigSettings(collections.Mapping):
+    """Interface for configuration settings.
+
+    This is the main interface to the configuration.
+
+    A configuration is a collection of sections. Each section contains
+    key-value pairs.
+
+    When an instance is created, the caller first registers ConfigProvider
+    instances with it. This tells the ConfigSettings what individual settings
+    are available and defines extra metadata associated with those settings.
+    This is used for validation, etc.
+
+    Once ConfigProvider instances are registered, a config is populated. It can
+    be loaded from files or populated by hand.
+
+    ConfigSettings instances are accessed like dictionaries or by using
+    attributes. e.g. the section "foo" is accessed through either
+    settings.foo or settings['foo'].
+
+    Sections are modeled by the ConfigSection class which is defined inside
+    this one. They look just like dicts or classes with attributes. To access
+    the "bar" option in the "foo" section:
+
+        value = settings.foo.bar
+        value = settings['foo']['bar']
+        value = settings.foo['bar']
+
+    Assignment is similar:
+
+        settings.foo.bar = value
+        settings['foo']['bar'] = value
+        settings['foo'].bar = value
+
+    You can even delete user-assigned values:
+
+        del settings.foo.bar
+        del settings['foo']['bar']
+
+    If there is a default, it will be returned.
+
+    When settings are mutated, they are validated against the registered
+    providers. Setting unknown settings or setting values to illegal values
+    will result in exceptions being raised.
+    """
+
+    class ConfigSection(collections.MutableMapping, object):
+        """Represents an individual config section."""
+        def __init__(self, config, name, settings):
+            object.__setattr__(self, '_config', config)
+            object.__setattr__(self, '_name', name)
+            object.__setattr__(self, '_settings', settings)
+
+            wildcard = any(s == '*' for s in self._settings)
+            object.__setattr__(self, '_wildcard', wildcard)
+
+        @property
+        def options(self):
+            try:
+                return self._config.options(self._name)
+            except NoSectionError:
+                return []
+
+        def get_meta(self, option):
+            if option in self._settings:
+                return self._settings[option]
+            if self._wildcard:
+                return self._settings['*']
+            raise KeyError('Option not registered with provider: %s' % option)
+
+        def _validate(self, option, value):
+            meta = self.get_meta(option)
+            meta['type_cls'].validate(value)
+
+            if 'choices' in meta and value not in meta['choices']:
+                raise ValueError("Value '%s' must be one of: %s" % (
+                                 value, ', '.join(sorted(meta['choices']))))
+
+        # MutableMapping interface
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(self.options)
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return iter(self.options)
+
+        def __contains__(self, k):
+            return self._config.has_option(self._name, k)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, k):
+            meta = self.get_meta(k)
+
+            if self._config.has_option(self._name, k):
+                v = meta['type_cls'].from_config(self._config, self._name, k)
+            else:
+                v = meta.get('default', DefaultValue)
+
+            if v == DefaultValue:
+                raise KeyError('No default value registered: %s' % k)
+
+            self._validate(k, v)
+            return v
+
+        def __setitem__(self, k, v):
+            self._validate(k, v)
+            meta = self.get_meta(k)
+
+            if not self._config.has_section(self._name):
+                self._config.add_section(self._name)
+
+            self._config.set(self._name, k, meta['type_cls'].to_config(v))
+
+        def __delitem__(self, k):
+            self._config.remove_option(self._name, k)
+
+            # Prune empty sections.
+            if not len(self._config.options(self._name)):
+                self._config.remove_section(self._name)
+
+        @reraise_attribute_error
+        def __getattr__(self, k):
+            return self.__getitem__(k)
+
+        @reraise_attribute_error
+        def __setattr__(self, k, v):
+            self.__setitem__(k, v)
+
+        @reraise_attribute_error
+        def __delattr__(self, k):
+            self.__delitem__(k)
+
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._config = RawConfigParser()
+
+        self._settings = {}
+        self._sections = {}
+        self._finalized = False
+        self.loaded_files = set()
+
+    def load_file(self, filename):
+        self.load_files([filename])
+
+    def load_files(self, filenames):
+        """Load a config from files specified by their paths.
+
+        Files are loaded in the order given. Subsequent files will overwrite
+        values from previous files. If a file does not exist, it will be
+        ignored.
+        """
+        filtered = [f for f in filenames if os.path.exists(f)]
+
+        fps = [open(f, 'rt') for f in filtered]
+        self.load_fps(fps)
+        self.loaded_files.update(set(filtered))
+        for fp in fps:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def load_fps(self, fps):
+        """Load config data by reading file objects."""
+
+        for fp in fps:
+            self._config.readfp(fp)
+
+    def write(self, fh):
+        """Write the config to a file object."""
+        self._config.write(fh)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _format_metadata(cls, provider, section, option, type_cls,
+                         default=DefaultValue, extra=None):
+        """Formats and returns the metadata for a setting.
+
+        Each setting must have:
+
+            section -- str section to which the setting belongs. This is how
+                settings are grouped.
+
+            option -- str id for the setting. This must be unique within the
+                section it appears.
+
+            type -- a ConfigType-derived type defining the type of the setting.
+
+        Each setting has the following optional parameters:
+
+            default -- The default value for the setting. If None (the default)
+                there is no default.
+
+            extra -- A dict of additional key/value pairs to add to the
+                setting metadata.
+        """
+        if isinstance(type_cls, basestring):
+            type_cls = TYPE_CLASSES[type_cls]
+
+        meta = {
+            'short': '%s.short' % option,
+            'full': '%s.full' % option,
+            'type_cls': type_cls,
+            'domain': section,
+            'localedir': provider.config_settings_locale_directory,
+        }
+
+        if default != DefaultValue:
+            meta['default'] = default
+
+        if extra:
+            meta.update(extra)
+
+        return meta
+
+    def register_provider(self, provider):
+        """Register a SettingsProvider with this settings interface."""
+
+        if self._finalized:
+            raise ConfigException('Providers cannot be registered after finalized.')
+
+        settings = provider.config_settings
+        if callable(settings):
+            settings = settings()
+
+        config_settings = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+        for setting in settings:
+            section, option = setting[0].split('.')
+
+            if option in config_settings[section]:
+                raise ConfigException('Setting has already been registered: %s.%s' % (
+                                section, option))
+
+            meta = self._format_metadata(provider, section, option, *setting[1:])
+            config_settings[section][option] = meta
+
+        for section_name, settings in config_settings.items():
+            section = self._settings.get(section_name, {})
+
+            for k, v in settings.items():
+                if k in section:
+                    raise ConfigException('Setting already registered: %s.%s' %
+                                          section_name, k)
+
+                section[k] = v
+
+            self._settings[section_name] = section
+
+    def option_help(self, section, option):
+        """Obtain the translated help messages for an option."""
+
+        meta = self[section].get_meta(option)
+
+        # Providers should always have an en_US translation. If they don't,
+        # they are coded wrong and this will raise.
+        default = gettext.translation(meta['domain'], meta['localedir'],
+                                      ['en_US'])
+
+        t = gettext.translation(meta['domain'], meta['localedir'],
+                                fallback=True)
+        t.add_fallback(default)
+
+        short = t.ugettext('%s.%s.short' % (section, option))
+        full = t.ugettext('%s.%s.full' % (section, option))
+
+        return (short, full)
+
+    def _finalize(self):
+        if self._finalized:
+            return
+
+        for section, settings in self._settings.items():
+            s = ConfigSettings.ConfigSection(self._config, section, settings)
+            self._sections[section] = s
+
+        self._finalized = True
+
+    # Mapping interface.
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._settings)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        self._finalize()
+
+        return iter(self._sections.keys())
+
+    def __contains__(self, k):
+        return k in self._settings
+
+    def __getitem__(self, k):
+        self._finalize()
+
+        return self._sections[k]
+
+    # Allow attribute access because it looks nice.
+    @reraise_attribute_error
+    def __getattr__(self, k):
+        return self.__getitem__(k)
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/decorators.py b/python/mach/mach/decorators.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c1713d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/decorators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+import inspect
+import os
+import types
+
+from .base import MachError
+from .registrar import Registrar
+
+
+class _MachCommand(object):
+    """Container for mach command metadata.
+
+    Mach commands contain lots of attributes. This class exists to capture them
+    in a sane way so tuples, etc aren't used instead.
+    """
+    __slots__ = (
+        # Content from decorator arguments to define the command.
+        'name',
+        'subcommand',
+        'category',
+        'description',
+        'conditions',
+        '_parser',
+        'arguments',
+        'argument_group_names',
+
+        # Describes how dispatch is performed.
+
+        # The Python class providing the command. This is the class type not
+        # an instance of the class. Mach will instantiate a new instance of
+        # the class if the command is executed.
+        'cls',
+
+        # Whether the __init__ method of the class should receive a mach
+        # context instance. This should only affect the mach driver and how
+        # it instantiates classes.
+        'pass_context',
+
+        # The name of the method providing the command. In other words, this
+        # is the str name of the attribute on the class type corresponding to
+        # the name of the function.
+        'method',
+
+        # Dict of string to _MachCommand defining sub-commands for this
+        # command.
+        'subcommand_handlers',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, subcommand=None, category=None,
+                 description=None, conditions=None, parser=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.subcommand = subcommand
+        self.category = category
+        self.description = description
+        self.conditions = conditions or []
+        self._parser = parser
+        self.arguments = []
+        self.argument_group_names = []
+
+        self.cls = None
+        self.pass_context = None
+        self.method = None
+        self.subcommand_handlers = {}
+
+    @property
+    def parser(self):
+        # Creating CLI parsers at command dispatch time can be expensive. Make
+        # it possible to lazy load them by using functions.
+        if callable(self._parser):
+            self._parser = self._parser()
+
+        return self._parser
+
+    @property
+    def docstring(self):
+        return self.cls.__dict__[self.method].__doc__
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _MachCommand):
+            raise ValueError('can only operate on _MachCommand instances')
+
+        for a in self.__slots__:
+            if not getattr(self, a):
+                setattr(self, a, getattr(other, a))
+
+        return self
+
+
+def CommandProvider(cls):
+    """Class decorator to denote that it provides subcommands for Mach.
+
+    When this decorator is present, mach looks for commands being defined by
+    methods inside the class.
+    """
+
+    # The implementation of this decorator relies on the parse-time behavior of
+    # decorators. When the module is imported, the method decorators (like
+    # @Command and @CommandArgument) are called *before* this class decorator.
+    # The side-effect of the method decorators is to store specifically-named
+    # attributes on the function types. We just scan over all functions in the
+    # class looking for the side-effects of the method decorators.
+
+    # Tell mach driver whether to pass context argument to __init__.
+    pass_context = False
+
+    if inspect.ismethod(cls.__init__):
+        spec = inspect.getargspec(cls.__init__)
+
+        if len(spec.args) > 2:
+            msg = 'Mach @CommandProvider class %s implemented incorrectly. ' + \
+                  '__init__() must take 1 or 2 arguments. From %s'
+            msg = msg % (cls.__name__, inspect.getsourcefile(cls))
+            raise MachError(msg)
+
+        if len(spec.args) == 2:
+            pass_context = True
+
+    seen_commands = set()
+
+    # We scan __dict__ because we only care about the classes own attributes,
+    # not inherited ones. If we did inherited attributes, we could potentially
+    # define commands multiple times. We also sort keys so commands defined in
+    # the same class are grouped in a sane order.
+    for attr in sorted(cls.__dict__.keys()):
+        value = cls.__dict__[attr]
+
+        if not isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
+            continue
+
+        command = getattr(value, '_mach_command', None)
+        if not command:
+            continue
+
+        # Ignore subcommands for now: we handle them later.
+        if command.subcommand:
+            continue
+
+        seen_commands.add(command.name)
+
+        if not command.conditions and Registrar.require_conditions:
+            continue
+
+        msg = 'Mach command \'%s\' implemented incorrectly. ' + \
+              'Conditions argument must take a list ' + \
+              'of functions. Found %s instead.'
+
+        if not isinstance(command.conditions, collections.Iterable):
+            msg = msg % (command.name, type(command.conditions))
+            raise MachError(msg)
+
+        for c in command.conditions:
+            if not hasattr(c, '__call__'):
+                msg = msg % (command.name, type(c))
+                raise MachError(msg)
+
+        command.cls = cls
+        command.method = attr
+        command.pass_context = pass_context
+
+        Registrar.register_command_handler(command)
+
+    # Now do another pass to get sub-commands. We do this in two passes so
+    # we can check the parent command existence without having to hold
+    # state and reconcile after traversal.
+    for attr in sorted(cls.__dict__.keys()):
+        value = cls.__dict__[attr]
+
+        if not isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
+            continue
+
+        command = getattr(value, '_mach_command', None)
+        if not command:
+            continue
+
+        # It is a regular command.
+        if not command.subcommand:
+            continue
+
+        if command.name not in seen_commands:
+            raise MachError('Command referenced by sub-command does not '
+                'exist: %s' % command.name)
+
+        if command.name not in Registrar.command_handlers:
+            continue
+
+        command.cls = cls
+        command.method = attr
+        command.pass_context = pass_context
+        parent = Registrar.command_handlers[command.name]
+
+        if parent._parser:
+            raise MachError('cannot declare sub commands against a command '
+                'that has a parser installed: %s' % command)
+        if command.subcommand in parent.subcommand_handlers:
+            raise MachError('sub-command already defined: %s' % command.subcommand)
+
+        parent.subcommand_handlers[command.subcommand] = command
+
+    return cls
+
+
+class Command(object):
+    """Decorator for functions or methods that provide a mach command.
+
+    The decorator accepts arguments that define basic attributes of the
+    command. The following arguments are recognized:
+
+         category -- The string category to which this command belongs. Mach's
+             help will group commands by category.
+
+         description -- A brief description of what the command does.
+
+         parser -- an optional argparse.ArgumentParser instance or callable
+             that returns an argparse.ArgumentParser instance to use as the
+             basis for the command arguments.
+
+    For example:
+
+        @Command('foo', category='misc', description='Run the foo action')
+        def foo(self):
+            pass
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, **kwargs):
+        self._mach_command = _MachCommand(name=name, **kwargs)
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        if not hasattr(func, '_mach_command'):
+            func._mach_command = _MachCommand()
+
+        func._mach_command |= self._mach_command
+
+        return func
+
+class SubCommand(object):
+    """Decorator for functions or methods that provide a sub-command.
+
+    Mach commands can have sub-commands. e.g. ``mach command foo`` or
+    ``mach command bar``. Each sub-command has its own parser and is
+    effectively its own mach command.
+
+    The decorator accepts arguments that define basic attributes of the
+    sub command:
+
+        command -- The string of the command this sub command should be
+        attached to.
+
+        subcommand -- The string name of the sub command to register.
+
+        description -- A textual description for this sub command.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, command, subcommand, description=None):
+        self._mach_command = _MachCommand(name=command, subcommand=subcommand,
+                                          description=description)
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        if not hasattr(func, '_mach_command'):
+            func._mach_command = _MachCommand()
+
+        func._mach_command |= self._mach_command
+
+        return func
+
+class CommandArgument(object):
+    """Decorator for additional arguments to mach subcommands.
+
+    This decorator should be used to add arguments to mach commands. Arguments
+    to the decorator are proxied to ArgumentParser.add_argument().
+
+    For example:
+
+        @Command('foo', help='Run the foo action')
+        @CommandArgument('-b', '--bar', action='store_true', default=False,
+            help='Enable bar mode.')
+        def foo(self):
+            pass
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if kwargs.get('nargs') == argparse.REMAINDER:
+            # These are the assertions we make in dispatcher.py about
+            # those types of CommandArguments.
+            assert len(args) == 1
+            assert all(k in ('default', 'nargs', 'help', 'group') for k in kwargs)
+        self._command_args = (args, kwargs)
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        if not hasattr(func, '_mach_command'):
+            func._mach_command = _MachCommand()
+
+        func._mach_command.arguments.insert(0, self._command_args)
+
+        return func
+
+
+class CommandArgumentGroup(object):
+    """Decorator for additional argument groups to mach commands.
+
+    This decorator should be used to add arguments groups to mach commands.
+    Arguments to the decorator are proxied to
+    ArgumentParser.add_argument_group().
+
+    For example:
+
+        @Command('foo', helps='Run the foo action')
+        @CommandArgumentGroup('group1')
+        @CommandArgument('-b', '--bar', group='group1', action='store_true',
+            default=False, help='Enable bar mode.')
+        def foo(self):
+            pass
+
+    The name should be chosen so that it makes sense as part of the phrase
+    'Command Arguments for <name>' because that's how it will be shown in the
+    help message.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, group_name):
+        self._group_name = group_name
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        if not hasattr(func, '_mach_command'):
+            func._mach_command = _MachCommand()
+
+        func._mach_command.argument_group_names.insert(0, self._group_name)
+
+        return func
+
+
+def SettingsProvider(cls):
+    """Class decorator to denote that this class provides Mach settings.
+
+    When this decorator is encountered, the underlying class will automatically
+    be registered with the Mach registrar and will (likely) be hooked up to the
+    mach driver.
+    """
+    if not hasattr(cls, 'config_settings'):
+        raise MachError('@SettingsProvider must contain a config_settings attribute. It '
+                        'may either be a list of tuples, or a callable that returns a list '
+                        'of tuples. Each tuple must be of the form:\n'
+                        '(<section>.<option>, <type_cls>, <default>, <choices>)\n'
+                        'as specified by ConfigSettings._format_metadata.')
+
+    if not hasattr(cls, 'config_settings_locale_directory'):
+        cls_dir = os.path.dirname(inspect.getfile(cls))
+        cls.config_settings_locale_directory = os.path.join(cls_dir, 'locale')
+
+    Registrar.register_settings_provider(cls)
+    return cls
+
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/dispatcher.py b/python/mach/mach/dispatcher.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5604d981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/dispatcher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import difflib
+import shlex
+import sys
+
+from operator import itemgetter
+
+from .base import (
+    NoCommandError,
+    UnknownCommandError,
+    UnrecognizedArgumentError,
+)
+from .decorators import SettingsProvider
+
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class DispatchSettings():
+    config_settings = [
+        ('alias.*', 'string'),
+    ]
+
+
+class CommandFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
+    """Custom formatter to format just a subcommand."""
+
+    def add_usage(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+
+class CommandAction(argparse.Action):
+    """An argparse action that handles mach commands.
+
+    This class is essentially a reimplementation of argparse's sub-parsers
+    feature. We first tried to use sub-parsers. However, they were missing
+    features like grouping of commands (http://bugs.python.org/issue14037).
+
+    The way this works involves light magic and a partial understanding of how
+    argparse works.
+
+    Arguments registered with an argparse.ArgumentParser have an action
+    associated with them. An action is essentially a class that when called
+    does something with the encountered argument(s). This class is one of those
+    action classes.
+
+    An instance of this class is created doing something like:
+
+        parser.add_argument('command', action=CommandAction, registrar=r)
+
+    Note that a mach.registrar.Registrar instance is passed in. The Registrar
+    holds information on all the mach commands that have been registered.
+
+    When this argument is registered with the ArgumentParser, an instance of
+    this class is instantiated. One of the subtle but important things it does
+    is tell the argument parser that it's interested in *all* of the remaining
+    program arguments. So, when the ArgumentParser calls this action, we will
+    receive the command name plus all of its arguments.
+
+    For more, read the docs in __call__.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, option_strings, dest, required=True, default=None,
+        registrar=None, context=None):
+        # A proper API would have **kwargs here. However, since we are a little
+        # hacky, we intentionally omit it as a way of detecting potentially
+        # breaking changes with argparse's implementation.
+        #
+        # In a similar vein, default is passed in but is not needed, so we drop
+        # it.
+        argparse.Action.__init__(self, option_strings, dest, required=required,
+            help=argparse.SUPPRESS, nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
+
+        self._mach_registrar = registrar
+        self._context = context
+
+    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+        """This is called when the ArgumentParser has reached our arguments.
+
+        Since we always register ourselves with nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
+        values should be a list of remaining arguments to parse. The first
+        argument should be the name of the command to invoke and all remaining
+        arguments are arguments for that command.
+
+        The gist of the flow is that we look at the command being invoked. If
+        it's *help*, we handle that specially (because argparse's default help
+        handler isn't satisfactory). Else, we create a new, independent
+        ArgumentParser instance for just the invoked command (based on the
+        information contained in the command registrar) and feed the arguments
+        into that parser. We then merge the results with the main
+        ArgumentParser.
+        """
+        if namespace.help:
+            # -h or --help is in the global arguments.
+            self._handle_main_help(parser, namespace.verbose)
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif values:
+            command = values[0].lower()
+            args = values[1:]
+            if command == 'help':
+                if args and args[0] not in ['-h', '--help']:
+                    # Make sure args[0] is indeed a command.
+                    self._handle_command_help(parser, args[0])
+                else:
+                    self._handle_main_help(parser, namespace.verbose)
+                sys.exit(0)
+            elif '-h' in args or '--help' in args:
+                # -h or --help is in the command arguments.
+                if '--' in args:
+                    # -- is in command arguments
+                    if '-h' in args[:args.index('--')] or '--help' in args[:args.index('--')]:
+                        # Honor -h or --help only if it appears before --
+                        self._handle_command_help(parser, command)
+                        sys.exit(0)
+                else:
+                    self._handle_command_help(parser, command)
+                    sys.exit(0)
+        else:
+            raise NoCommandError()
+
+        # First see if the this is a user-defined alias
+        if command in self._context.settings.alias:
+            alias = self._context.settings.alias[command]
+            defaults = shlex.split(alias)
+            command = defaults.pop(0)
+            args = defaults + args
+
+        if command not in self._mach_registrar.command_handlers:
+            # Try to find similar commands, may raise UnknownCommandError.
+            command = self._suggest_command(command)
+
+        handler = self._mach_registrar.command_handlers.get(command)
+
+        usage = '%(prog)s [global arguments] ' + command + \
+            ' [command arguments]'
+
+        subcommand = None
+
+        # If there are sub-commands, parse the intent out immediately.
+        if handler.subcommand_handlers and args:
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] in ('help', '--help'):
+                self._handle_subcommand_main_help(parser, handler)
+                sys.exit(0)
+            # mach <command> help <subcommand>
+            elif len(args) == 2 and args[0] == 'help':
+                subcommand = args[1]
+                subhandler = handler.subcommand_handlers[subcommand]
+                self._handle_subcommand_help(parser, command, subcommand, subhandler)
+                sys.exit(0)
+            # We are running a sub command.
+            elif args[0] in handler.subcommand_handlers:
+                subcommand = args[0]
+                handler = handler.subcommand_handlers[subcommand]
+                usage = '%(prog)s [global arguments] ' + command + ' ' + \
+                    subcommand + ' [command arguments]'
+                args.pop(0)
+
+        # We create a new parser, populate it with the command's arguments,
+        # then feed all remaining arguments to it, merging the results
+        # with ourselves. This is essentially what argparse subparsers
+        # do.
+
+        parser_args = {
+            'add_help': False,
+            'usage': usage,
+        }
+
+        remainder = None
+
+        if handler.parser:
+            subparser = handler.parser
+            subparser.context = self._context
+            for arg in subparser._actions[:]:
+                if arg.nargs == argparse.REMAINDER:
+                    subparser._actions.remove(arg)
+                    remainder = (arg.dest,), {'default': arg.default,
+                                              'nargs': arg.nargs,
+                                              'help': arg.help}
+        else:
+            subparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(**parser_args)
+
+        for arg in handler.arguments:
+            # Remove our group keyword; it's not needed here.
+            group_name = arg[1].get('group')
+            if group_name:
+                del arg[1]['group']
+
+            if arg[1].get('nargs') == argparse.REMAINDER:
+                # parse_known_args expects all argparse.REMAINDER ('...')
+                # arguments to be all stuck together. Instead, we want them to
+                # pick any extra argument, wherever they are.
+                # Assume a limited CommandArgument for those arguments.
+                assert len(arg[0]) == 1
+                assert all(k in ('default', 'nargs', 'help') for k in arg[1])
+                remainder = arg
+            else:
+                subparser.add_argument(*arg[0], **arg[1])
+
+        # We define the command information on the main parser result so as to
+        # not interfere with arguments passed to the command.
+        setattr(namespace, 'mach_handler', handler)
+        setattr(namespace, 'command', command)
+        setattr(namespace, 'subcommand', subcommand)
+
+        command_namespace, extra = subparser.parse_known_args(args)
+        setattr(namespace, 'command_args', command_namespace)
+        if remainder:
+            (name,), options = remainder
+            # parse_known_args usefully puts all arguments after '--' in
+            # extra, but also puts '--' there. We don't want to pass it down
+            # to the command handler. Note that if multiple '--' are on the
+            # command line, only the first one is removed, so that subsequent
+            # ones are passed down.
+            if '--' in extra:
+                extra.remove('--')
+
+            # Commands with argparse.REMAINDER arguments used to force the
+            # other arguments to be '+' prefixed. If a user now passes such
+            # an argument, if will silently end up in extra. So, check if any
+            # of the allowed arguments appear in a '+' prefixed form, and error
+            # out if that's the case.
+            for args, _ in handler.arguments:
+                for arg in args:
+                    arg = arg.replace('-', '+', 1)
+                    if arg in extra:
+                        raise UnrecognizedArgumentError(command, [arg])
+
+            if extra:
+                setattr(command_namespace, name, extra)
+            else:
+                setattr(command_namespace, name, options.get('default', []))
+        elif extra and handler.cls.__name__ != 'DeprecatedCommands':
+            raise UnrecognizedArgumentError(command, extra)
+
+    def _handle_main_help(self, parser, verbose):
+        # Since we don't need full sub-parser support for the main help output,
+        # we create groups in the ArgumentParser and populate each group with
+        # arguments corresponding to command names. This has the side-effect
+        # that argparse renders it nicely.
+        r = self._mach_registrar
+        disabled_commands = []
+
+        cats = [(k, v[2]) for k, v in r.categories.items()]
+        sorted_cats = sorted(cats, key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
+        for category, priority in sorted_cats:
+            group = None
+
+            for command in sorted(r.commands_by_category[category]):
+                handler = r.command_handlers[command]
+
+                # Instantiate a handler class to see if it should be filtered
+                # out for the current context or not. Condition functions can be
+                # applied to the command's decorator.
+                if handler.conditions:
+                    if handler.pass_context:
+                        instance = handler.cls(self._context)
+                    else:
+                        instance = handler.cls()
+
+                    is_filtered = False
+                    for c in handler.conditions:
+                        if not c(instance):
+                            is_filtered = True
+                            break
+                    if is_filtered:
+                        description = handler.description
+                        disabled_command = {'command': command, 'description': description}
+                        disabled_commands.append(disabled_command)
+                        continue
+
+                if group is None:
+                    title, description, _priority = r.categories[category]
+                    group = parser.add_argument_group(title, description)
+
+                description = handler.description
+                group.add_argument(command, help=description,
+                    action='store_true')
+
+        if disabled_commands and 'disabled' in r.categories:
+            title, description, _priority = r.categories['disabled']
+            group = parser.add_argument_group(title, description)
+            if verbose:
+                for c in disabled_commands:
+                    group.add_argument(c['command'], help=c['description'],
+                                       action='store_true')
+
+        parser.print_help()
+
+    def _populate_command_group(self, parser, handler, group):
+        extra_groups = {}
+        for group_name in handler.argument_group_names:
+            group_full_name = 'Command Arguments for ' + group_name
+            extra_groups[group_name] = \
+                parser.add_argument_group(group_full_name)
+
+        for arg in handler.arguments:
+            # Apply our group keyword.
+            group_name = arg[1].get('group')
+            if group_name:
+                del arg[1]['group']
+                group = extra_groups[group_name]
+            group.add_argument(*arg[0], **arg[1])
+
+    def _handle_command_help(self, parser, command):
+        handler = self._mach_registrar.command_handlers.get(command)
+
+        if not handler:
+            raise UnknownCommandError(command, 'query')
+
+        if handler.subcommand_handlers:
+            self._handle_subcommand_main_help(parser, handler)
+            return
+
+        # This code is worth explaining. Because we are doing funky things with
+        # argument registration to allow the same option in both global and
+        # command arguments, we can't simply put all arguments on the same
+        # parser instance because argparse would complain. We can't register an
+        # argparse subparser here because it won't properly show help for
+        # global arguments. So, we employ a strategy similar to command
+        # execution where we construct a 2nd, independent ArgumentParser for
+        # just the command data then supplement the main help's output with
+        # this 2nd parser's. We use a custom formatter class to ignore some of
+        # the help output.
+        parser_args = {
+            'formatter_class': CommandFormatter,
+            'add_help': False,
+        }
+
+        if handler.parser:
+            c_parser = handler.parser
+            c_parser.context = self._context
+            c_parser.formatter_class = NoUsageFormatter
+            # Accessing _action_groups is a bit shady. We are highly dependent
+            # on the argparse implementation not changing. We fail fast to
+            # detect upstream changes so we can intelligently react to them.
+            group = c_parser._action_groups[1]
+
+            # By default argparse adds two groups called "positional arguments"
+            # and "optional arguments". We want to rename these to reflect standard
+            # mach terminology.
+            c_parser._action_groups[0].title = 'Command Parameters'
+            c_parser._action_groups[1].title = 'Command Arguments'
+
+            if not handler.description:
+                handler.description = c_parser.description
+                c_parser.description = None
+        else:
+            c_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(**parser_args)
+            group = c_parser.add_argument_group('Command Arguments')
+
+        self._populate_command_group(c_parser, handler, group)
+
+        # Set the long help of the command to the docstring (if present) or
+        # the command decorator description argument (if present).
+        if handler.docstring:
+            parser.description = format_docstring(handler.docstring)
+        elif handler.description:
+            parser.description = handler.description
+
+        parser.usage = '%(prog)s [global arguments] ' + command + \
+            ' [command arguments]'
+
+        # This is needed to preserve line endings in the description field,
+        # which may be populated from a docstring.
+        parser.formatter_class = argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
+        parser.print_help()
+        print('')
+        c_parser.print_help()
+
+    def _handle_subcommand_main_help(self, parser, handler):
+        parser.usage = '%(prog)s [global arguments] ' + handler.name + \
+            ' subcommand [subcommand arguments]'
+        group = parser.add_argument_group('Sub Commands')
+
+        for subcommand, subhandler in sorted(handler.subcommand_handlers.iteritems()):
+            group.add_argument(subcommand, help=subhandler.description,
+                action='store_true')
+
+        if handler.docstring:
+            parser.description = format_docstring(handler.docstring)
+
+        parser.formatter_class = argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
+
+        parser.print_help()
+
+    def _handle_subcommand_help(self, parser, command, subcommand, handler):
+        parser.usage = '%(prog)s [global arguments] ' + command + \
+            ' ' + subcommand + ' [command arguments]'
+
+        c_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False,
+            formatter_class=CommandFormatter)
+        group = c_parser.add_argument_group('Sub Command Arguments')
+        self._populate_command_group(c_parser, handler, group)
+
+        if handler.docstring:
+            parser.description = format_docstring(handler.docstring)
+
+        parser.formatter_class = argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
+
+        parser.print_help()
+        print('')
+        c_parser.print_help()
+
+    def _suggest_command(self, command):
+        # Make sure we don't suggest any deprecated commands.
+        names = [h.name for h in self._mach_registrar.command_handlers.values()
+                    if h.cls.__name__ != 'DeprecatedCommands']
+        # We first try to look for a valid command that is very similar to the given command.
+        suggested_commands = difflib.get_close_matches(command, names, cutoff=0.8)
+        # If we find more than one matching command, or no command at all,
+        # we give command suggestions instead (with a lower matching threshold).
+        # All commands that start with the given command (for instance:
+        # 'mochitest-plain', 'mochitest-chrome', etc. for 'mochitest-')
+        # are also included.
+        if len(suggested_commands) != 1:
+            suggested_commands = set(difflib.get_close_matches(command, names, cutoff=0.5))
+            suggested_commands |= {cmd for cmd in names if cmd.startswith(command)}
+            raise UnknownCommandError(command, 'run', suggested_commands)
+        sys.stderr.write("We're assuming the '%s' command is '%s' and we're "
+                         "executing it for you.\n\n" % (command, suggested_commands[0]))
+        return suggested_commands[0]
+
+
+class NoUsageFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
+    def _format_usage(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return ""
+
+
+def format_docstring(docstring):
+    """Format a raw docstring into something suitable for presentation.
+
+    This function is based on the example function in PEP-0257.
+    """
+    if not docstring:
+        return ''
+    lines = docstring.expandtabs().splitlines()
+    indent = sys.maxint
+    for line in lines[1:]:
+        stripped = line.lstrip()
+        if stripped:
+            indent = min(indent, len(line) - len(stripped))
+    trimmed = [lines[0].strip()]
+    if indent < sys.maxint:
+        for line in lines[1:]:
+            trimmed.append(line[indent:].rstrip())
+    while trimmed and not trimmed[-1]:
+        trimmed.pop()
+    while trimmed and not trimmed[0]:
+        trimmed.pop(0)
+    return '\n'.join(trimmed)
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/alias.mo b/python/mach/mach/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/alias.mo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..663180841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/alias.mo
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/alias.po b/python/mach/mach/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/alias.po
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ea0e2f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/locale/en_US/LC_MESSAGES/alias.po
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "alias.*.short"
+msgstr "Create a command alias"
+
+msgid "alias.*.full"
+msgstr "Create a command alias of the form `<alias> = <command> <args>`."
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/logging.py b/python/mach/mach/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..729e6cb3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file contains logging functionality for mach. It essentially provides
+# support for a structured logging framework built on top of Python's built-in
+# logging framework.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+try:
+    import blessings
+except ImportError:
+    blessings = None
+
+import json
+import logging
+import sys
+import time
+
+
+def format_seconds(total):
+    """Format number of seconds to MM:SS.DD form."""
+
+    minutes, seconds = divmod(total, 60)
+
+    return '%2d:%05.2f' % (minutes, seconds)
+
+
+class ConvertToStructuredFilter(logging.Filter):
+    """Filter that converts unstructured records into structured ones."""
+    def filter(self, record):
+        if hasattr(record, 'action') and hasattr(record, 'params'):
+            return True
+
+        record.action = 'unstructured'
+        record.params = {'msg': record.getMessage()}
+        record.msg = '{msg}'
+
+        return True
+
+
+class StructuredJSONFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    """Log formatter that writes a structured JSON entry."""
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        action = getattr(record, 'action', 'UNKNOWN')
+        params = getattr(record, 'params', {})
+
+        return json.dumps([record.created, action, params])
+
+
+class StructuredHumanFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    """Log formatter that writes structured messages for humans.
+
+    It is important that this formatter never be added to a logger that
+    produces unstructured/classic log messages. If it is, the call to format()
+    could fail because the string could contain things (like JSON) that look
+    like formatting character sequences.
+
+    Because of this limitation, format() will fail with a KeyError if an
+    unstructured record is passed or if the structured message is malformed.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, start_time, write_interval=False, write_times=True):
+        self.start_time = start_time
+        self.write_interval = write_interval
+        self.write_times = write_times
+        self.last_time = None
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        f = record.msg.format(**record.params)
+
+        if not self.write_times:
+            return f
+
+        elapsed = self._time(record)
+
+        return '%s %s' % (format_seconds(elapsed), f)
+
+    def _time(self, record):
+        t = record.created - self.start_time
+
+        if self.write_interval and self.last_time is not None:
+            t = record.created - self.last_time
+
+        self.last_time = record.created
+
+        return t
+
+
+class StructuredTerminalFormatter(StructuredHumanFormatter):
+    """Log formatter for structured messages writing to a terminal."""
+
+    def set_terminal(self, terminal):
+        self.terminal = terminal
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        f = record.msg.format(**record.params)
+
+        if not self.write_times:
+            return f
+
+        t = self.terminal.blue(format_seconds(self._time(record)))
+
+        return '%s %s' % (t, self._colorize(f))
+
+    def _colorize(self, s):
+        if not self.terminal:
+            return s
+
+        result = s
+
+        reftest = s.startswith('REFTEST ')
+        if reftest:
+            s = s[8:]
+
+        if s.startswith('TEST-PASS'):
+            result = self.terminal.green(s[0:9]) + s[9:]
+        elif s.startswith('TEST-UNEXPECTED'):
+            result = self.terminal.red(s[0:20]) + s[20:]
+        elif s.startswith('TEST-START'):
+            result = self.terminal.yellow(s[0:10]) + s[10:]
+        elif s.startswith('TEST-INFO'):
+            result = self.terminal.yellow(s[0:9]) + s[9:]
+
+        if reftest:
+            result = 'REFTEST ' + result
+
+        return result
+
+
+class LoggingManager(object):
+    """Holds and controls global logging state.
+
+    An application should instantiate one of these and configure it as needed.
+
+    This class provides a mechanism to configure the output of logging data
+    both from mach and from the overall logging system (e.g. from other
+    modules).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.start_time = time.time()
+
+        self.json_handlers = []
+        self.terminal_handler = None
+        self.terminal_formatter = None
+
+        self.root_logger = logging.getLogger()
+        self.root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+        # Installing NullHandler on the root logger ensures that *all* log
+        # messages have at least one handler. This prevents Python from
+        # complaining about "no handlers could be found for logger XXX."
+        self.root_logger.addHandler(logging.NullHandler())
+
+        self.mach_logger = logging.getLogger('mach')
+        self.mach_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+        self.structured_filter = ConvertToStructuredFilter()
+
+        self.structured_loggers = [self.mach_logger]
+
+        self._terminal = None
+
+    @property
+    def terminal(self):
+        if not self._terminal and blessings:
+            # Sometimes blessings fails to set up the terminal. In that case,
+            # silently fail.
+            try:
+                terminal = blessings.Terminal(stream=sys.stdout)
+
+                if terminal.is_a_tty:
+                    self._terminal = terminal
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        return self._terminal
+
+    def add_json_handler(self, fh):
+        """Enable JSON logging on the specified file object."""
+
+        # Configure the consumer of structured messages.
+        handler = logging.StreamHandler(stream=fh)
+        handler.setFormatter(StructuredJSONFormatter())
+        handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+        # And hook it up.
+        for logger in self.structured_loggers:
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        self.json_handlers.append(handler)
+
+    def add_terminal_logging(self, fh=sys.stdout, level=logging.INFO,
+            write_interval=False, write_times=True):
+        """Enable logging to the terminal."""
+
+        formatter = StructuredHumanFormatter(self.start_time,
+            write_interval=write_interval, write_times=write_times)
+
+        if self.terminal:
+            formatter = StructuredTerminalFormatter(self.start_time,
+                write_interval=write_interval, write_times=write_times)
+            formatter.set_terminal(self.terminal)
+
+        handler = logging.StreamHandler(stream=fh)
+        handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+        handler.setLevel(level)
+
+        for logger in self.structured_loggers:
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        self.terminal_handler = handler
+        self.terminal_formatter = formatter
+
+    def replace_terminal_handler(self, handler):
+        """Replace the installed terminal handler.
+
+        Returns the old handler or None if none was configured.
+        If the new handler is None, removes any existing handler and disables
+        logging to the terminal.
+        """
+        old = self.terminal_handler
+
+        if old:
+            for logger in self.structured_loggers:
+                logger.removeHandler(old)
+
+        if handler:
+            for logger in self.structured_loggers:
+                logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        self.terminal_handler = handler
+
+        return old
+
+    def enable_unstructured(self):
+        """Enable logging of unstructured messages."""
+        if self.terminal_handler:
+            self.terminal_handler.addFilter(self.structured_filter)
+            self.root_logger.addHandler(self.terminal_handler)
+
+    def disable_unstructured(self):
+        """Disable logging of unstructured messages."""
+        if self.terminal_handler:
+            self.terminal_handler.removeFilter(self.structured_filter)
+            self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.terminal_handler)
+
+    def register_structured_logger(self, logger):
+        """Register a structured logger.
+
+        This needs to be called for all structured loggers that don't chain up
+        to the mach logger in order for their output to be captured.
+        """
+        self.structured_loggers.append(logger)
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/main.py b/python/mach/mach/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dec3d7dfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This module provides functionality for the command-line build tool
+# (mach). It is packaged as a module because everything is a library.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+from collections import Iterable
+
+import argparse
+import codecs
+import imp
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import traceback
+import uuid
+
+from .base import (
+    CommandContext,
+    MachError,
+    NoCommandError,
+    UnknownCommandError,
+    UnrecognizedArgumentError,
+)
+
+from .decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+from .config import ConfigSettings
+from .dispatcher import CommandAction
+from .logging import LoggingManager
+from .registrar import Registrar
+
+
+
+MACH_ERROR = r'''
+The error occurred in mach itself. This is likely a bug in mach itself or a
+fundamental problem with a loaded module.
+
+Please consider filing a bug against mach by going to the URL:
+
+    https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=mach
+
+'''.lstrip()
+
+ERROR_FOOTER = r'''
+If filing a bug, please include the full output of mach, including this error
+message.
+
+The details of the failure are as follows:
+'''.lstrip()
+
+COMMAND_ERROR = r'''
+The error occurred in the implementation of the invoked mach command.
+
+This should never occur and is likely a bug in the implementation of that
+command. Consider filing a bug for this issue.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+MODULE_ERROR = r'''
+The error occurred in code that was called by the mach command. This is either
+a bug in the called code itself or in the way that mach is calling it.
+
+You should consider filing a bug for this issue.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+NO_COMMAND_ERROR = r'''
+It looks like you tried to run mach without a command.
+
+Run |mach help| to show a list of commands.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+UNKNOWN_COMMAND_ERROR = r'''
+It looks like you are trying to %s an unknown mach command: %s
+%s
+Run |mach help| to show a list of commands.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+SUGGESTED_COMMANDS_MESSAGE = r'''
+Did you want to %s any of these commands instead: %s?
+'''
+
+UNRECOGNIZED_ARGUMENT_ERROR = r'''
+It looks like you passed an unrecognized argument into mach.
+
+The %s command does not accept the arguments: %s
+'''.lstrip()
+
+INVALID_ENTRY_POINT = r'''
+Entry points should return a list of command providers or directories
+containing command providers. The following entry point is invalid:
+
+    %s
+
+You are seeing this because there is an error in an external module attempting
+to implement a mach command. Please fix the error, or uninstall the module from
+your system.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+class ArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """Custom implementation argument parser to make things look pretty."""
+
+    def error(self, message):
+        """Custom error reporter to give more helpful text on bad commands."""
+        if not message.startswith('argument command: invalid choice'):
+            argparse.ArgumentParser.error(self, message)
+            assert False
+
+        print('Invalid command specified. The list of commands is below.\n')
+        self.print_help()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    def format_help(self):
+        text = argparse.ArgumentParser.format_help(self)
+
+        # Strip out the silly command list that would preceed the pretty list.
+        #
+        # Commands:
+        #   {foo,bar}
+        #     foo  Do foo.
+        #     bar  Do bar.
+        search = 'Commands:\n  {'
+        start = text.find(search)
+
+        if start != -1:
+            end = text.find('}\n', start)
+            assert end != -1
+
+            real_start = start + len('Commands:\n')
+            real_end = end + len('}\n')
+
+            text = text[0:real_start] + text[real_end:]
+
+        return text
+
+
+class ContextWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, context, handler):
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_context', context)
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_handler', handler)
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return getattr(object.__getattribute__(self, '_context'), key)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            try:
+                ret = object.__getattribute__(self, '_handler')(self, key)
+            except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+                # TypeError is in case the handler comes from old code not
+                # taking a key argument.
+                raise e
+            setattr(self, key, ret)
+            return ret
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        setattr(object.__getattribute__(self, '_context'), key, value)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Mach(object):
+    """Main mach driver type.
+
+    This type is responsible for holding global mach state and dispatching
+    a command from arguments.
+
+    The following attributes may be assigned to the instance to influence
+    behavior:
+
+        populate_context_handler -- If defined, it must be a callable. The
+            callable signature is the following:
+                populate_context_handler(context, key=None)
+            It acts as a fallback getter for the mach.base.CommandContext
+            instance.
+            This allows to augment the context instance with arbitrary data
+            for use in command handlers.
+            For backwards compatibility, it is also called before command
+            dispatch without a key, allowing the context handler to add
+            attributes to the context instance.
+
+        require_conditions -- If True, commands that do not have any condition
+            functions applied will be skipped. Defaults to False.
+
+        settings_paths -- A list of files or directories in which to search
+            for settings files to load.
+
+    """
+
+    USAGE = """%(prog)s [global arguments] command [command arguments]
+
+mach (German for "do") is the main interface to the Mozilla build system and
+common developer tasks.
+
+You tell mach the command you want to perform and it does it for you.
+
+Some common commands are:
+
+    %(prog)s build     Build/compile the source tree.
+    %(prog)s help      Show full help, including the list of all commands.
+
+To see more help for a specific command, run:
+
+  %(prog)s help <command>
+"""
+
+    def __init__(self, cwd):
+        assert os.path.isdir(cwd)
+
+        self.cwd = cwd
+        self.log_manager = LoggingManager()
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        self.settings = ConfigSettings()
+        self.settings_paths = []
+
+        if 'MACHRC' in os.environ:
+            self.settings_paths.append(os.environ['MACHRC'])
+
+        self.log_manager.register_structured_logger(self.logger)
+        self.global_arguments = []
+        self.populate_context_handler = None
+
+    def add_global_argument(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Register a global argument with the argument parser.
+
+        Arguments are proxied to ArgumentParser.add_argument()
+        """
+
+        self.global_arguments.append((args, kwargs))
+
+    def load_commands_from_directory(self, path):
+        """Scan for mach commands from modules in a directory.
+
+        This takes a path to a directory, loads the .py files in it, and
+        registers and found mach command providers with this mach instance.
+        """
+        for f in sorted(os.listdir(path)):
+            if not f.endswith('.py') or f == '__init__.py':
+                continue
+
+            full_path = os.path.join(path, f)
+            module_name = 'mach.commands.%s' % f[0:-3]
+
+            self.load_commands_from_file(full_path, module_name=module_name)
+
+    def load_commands_from_file(self, path, module_name=None):
+        """Scan for mach commands from a file.
+
+        This takes a path to a file and loads it as a Python module under the
+        module name specified. If no name is specified, a random one will be
+        chosen.
+        """
+        if module_name is None:
+            # Ensure parent module is present otherwise we'll (likely) get
+            # an error due to unknown parent.
+            if b'mach.commands' not in sys.modules:
+                mod = imp.new_module(b'mach.commands')
+                sys.modules[b'mach.commands'] = mod
+
+            module_name = 'mach.commands.%s' % uuid.uuid1().get_hex()
+
+        imp.load_source(module_name, path)
+
+    def load_commands_from_entry_point(self, group='mach.providers'):
+        """Scan installed packages for mach command provider entry points. An
+        entry point is a function that returns a list of paths to files or
+        directories containing command providers.
+
+        This takes an optional group argument which specifies the entry point
+        group to use. If not specified, it defaults to 'mach.providers'.
+        """
+        try:
+            import pkg_resources
+        except ImportError:
+            print("Could not find setuptools, ignoring command entry points",
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            return
+
+        for entry in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points(group=group, name=None):
+            paths = entry.load()()
+            if not isinstance(paths, Iterable):
+                print(INVALID_ENTRY_POINT % entry)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+            for path in paths:
+                if os.path.isfile(path):
+                    self.load_commands_from_file(path)
+                elif os.path.isdir(path):
+                    self.load_commands_from_directory(path)
+                else:
+                    print("command provider '%s' does not exist" % path)
+
+    def define_category(self, name, title, description, priority=50):
+        """Provide a description for a named command category."""
+
+        Registrar.register_category(name, title, description, priority)
+
+    @property
+    def require_conditions(self):
+        return Registrar.require_conditions
+
+    @require_conditions.setter
+    def require_conditions(self, value):
+        Registrar.require_conditions = value
+
+    def run(self, argv, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None):
+        """Runs mach with arguments provided from the command line.
+
+        Returns the integer exit code that should be used. 0 means success. All
+        other values indicate failure.
+        """
+
+        # If no encoding is defined, we default to UTF-8 because without this
+        # Python 2.7 will assume the default encoding of ASCII. This will blow
+        # up with UnicodeEncodeError as soon as it encounters a non-ASCII
+        # character in a unicode instance. We simply install a wrapper around
+        # the streams and restore once we have finished.
+        stdin = sys.stdin if stdin is None else stdin
+        stdout = sys.stdout if stdout is None else stdout
+        stderr = sys.stderr if stderr is None else stderr
+
+        orig_stdin = sys.stdin
+        orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+        orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+        sys.stdin = stdin
+        sys.stdout = stdout
+        sys.stderr = stderr
+
+        orig_env = dict(os.environ)
+
+        try:
+            if stdin.encoding is None:
+                sys.stdin = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stdin)
+
+            if stdout.encoding is None:
+                sys.stdout = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(stdout)
+
+            if stderr.encoding is None:
+                sys.stderr = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(stderr)
+
+            # Allow invoked processes (which may not have a handle on the
+            # original stdout file descriptor) to know if the original stdout
+            # is a TTY. This provides a mechanism to allow said processes to
+            # enable emitting code codes, for example.
+            if os.isatty(orig_stdout.fileno()):
+                os.environ[b'MACH_STDOUT_ISATTY'] = b'1'
+
+            return self._run(argv)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            print('mach interrupted by signal or user action. Stopping.')
+            return 1
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # _run swallows exceptions in invoked handlers and converts them to
+            # a proper exit code. So, the only scenario where we should get an
+            # exception here is if _run itself raises. If _run raises, that's a
+            # bug in mach (or a loaded command module being silly) and thus
+            # should be reported differently.
+            self._print_error_header(argv, sys.stdout)
+            print(MACH_ERROR)
+
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = sys.exc_info()
+            stack = traceback.extract_tb(exc_tb)
+
+            self._print_exception(sys.stdout, exc_type, exc_value, stack)
+
+            return 1
+
+        finally:
+            os.environ.clear()
+            os.environ.update(orig_env)
+
+            sys.stdin = orig_stdin
+            sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+            sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+    def _run(self, argv):
+        # Load settings as early as possible so things in dispatcher.py
+        # can use them.
+        for provider in Registrar.settings_providers:
+            self.settings.register_provider(provider)
+        self.load_settings(self.settings_paths)
+
+        context = CommandContext(cwd=self.cwd,
+            settings=self.settings, log_manager=self.log_manager,
+            commands=Registrar)
+
+        if self.populate_context_handler:
+            self.populate_context_handler(context)
+            context = ContextWrapper(context, self.populate_context_handler)
+
+        parser = self.get_argument_parser(context)
+
+        if not len(argv):
+            # We don't register the usage until here because if it is globally
+            # registered, argparse always prints it. This is not desired when
+            # running with --help.
+            parser.usage = Mach.USAGE
+            parser.print_usage()
+            return 0
+
+        try:
+            args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+        except NoCommandError:
+            print(NO_COMMAND_ERROR)
+            return 1
+        except UnknownCommandError as e:
+            suggestion_message = SUGGESTED_COMMANDS_MESSAGE % (e.verb, ', '.join(e.suggested_commands)) if e.suggested_commands else ''
+            print(UNKNOWN_COMMAND_ERROR % (e.verb, e.command, suggestion_message))
+            return 1
+        except UnrecognizedArgumentError as e:
+            print(UNRECOGNIZED_ARGUMENT_ERROR % (e.command,
+                ' '.join(e.arguments)))
+            return 1
+
+        # Add JSON logging to a file if requested.
+        if args.logfile:
+            self.log_manager.add_json_handler(args.logfile)
+
+        # Up the logging level if requested.
+        log_level = logging.INFO
+        if args.verbose:
+            log_level = logging.DEBUG
+
+        self.log_manager.register_structured_logger(logging.getLogger('mach'))
+
+        write_times = True
+        if args.log_no_times or 'MACH_NO_WRITE_TIMES' in os.environ:
+            write_times = False
+
+        # Always enable terminal logging. The log manager figures out if we are
+        # actually in a TTY or are a pipe and does the right thing.
+        self.log_manager.add_terminal_logging(level=log_level,
+            write_interval=args.log_interval, write_times=write_times)
+
+        if args.settings_file:
+            # Argument parsing has already happened, so settings that apply
+            # to command line handling (e.g alias, defaults) will be ignored.
+            self.load_settings(args.settings_file)
+
+        if not hasattr(args, 'mach_handler'):
+            raise MachError('ArgumentParser result missing mach handler info.')
+
+        handler = getattr(args, 'mach_handler')
+
+        try:
+            return Registrar._run_command_handler(handler, context=context,
+                debug_command=args.debug_command, **vars(args.command_args))
+        except KeyboardInterrupt as ki:
+            raise ki
+        except Exception as e:
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = sys.exc_info()
+
+            # The first two frames are us and are never used.
+            stack = traceback.extract_tb(exc_tb)[2:]
+
+            # If we have nothing on the stack, the exception was raised as part
+            # of calling the @Command method itself. This likely means a
+            # mismatch between @CommandArgument and arguments to the method.
+            # e.g. there exists a @CommandArgument without the corresponding
+            # argument on the method. We handle that here until the module
+            # loader grows the ability to validate better.
+            if not len(stack):
+                print(COMMAND_ERROR)
+                self._print_exception(sys.stdout, exc_type, exc_value,
+                    traceback.extract_tb(exc_tb))
+                return 1
+
+            # Split the frames into those from the module containing the
+            # command and everything else.
+            command_frames = []
+            other_frames = []
+
+            initial_file = stack[0][0]
+
+            for frame in stack:
+                if frame[0] == initial_file:
+                    command_frames.append(frame)
+                else:
+                    other_frames.append(frame)
+
+            # If the exception was in the module providing the command, it's
+            # likely the bug is in the mach command module, not something else.
+            # If there are other frames, the bug is likely not the mach
+            # command's fault.
+            self._print_error_header(argv, sys.stdout)
+
+            if len(other_frames):
+                print(MODULE_ERROR)
+            else:
+                print(COMMAND_ERROR)
+
+            self._print_exception(sys.stdout, exc_type, exc_value, stack)
+
+            return 1
+
+    def log(self, level, action, params, format_str):
+        """Helper method to record a structured log event."""
+        self.logger.log(level, format_str,
+            extra={'action': action, 'params': params})
+
+    def _print_error_header(self, argv, fh):
+        fh.write('Error running mach:\n\n')
+        fh.write('    ')
+        fh.write(repr(argv))
+        fh.write('\n\n')
+
+    def _print_exception(self, fh, exc_type, exc_value, stack):
+        fh.write(ERROR_FOOTER)
+        fh.write('\n')
+
+        for l in traceback.format_exception_only(exc_type, exc_value):
+            fh.write(l)
+
+        fh.write('\n')
+        for l in traceback.format_list(stack):
+            fh.write(l)
+
+    def load_settings(self, paths):
+        """Load the specified settings files.
+
+        If a directory is specified, the following basenames will be
+        searched for in this order:
+
+            machrc, .machrc
+        """
+        if isinstance(paths, basestring):
+            paths = [paths]
+
+        valid_names = ('machrc', '.machrc')
+        def find_in_dir(base):
+            if os.path.isfile(base):
+                return base
+
+            for name in valid_names:
+                path = os.path.join(base, name)
+                if os.path.isfile(path):
+                    return path
+
+        files = map(find_in_dir, self.settings_paths)
+        files = filter(bool, files)
+
+        self.settings.load_files(files)
+
+    def get_argument_parser(self, context):
+        """Returns an argument parser for the command-line interface."""
+
+        parser = ArgumentParser(add_help=False,
+            usage='%(prog)s [global arguments] command [command arguments]')
+
+        # Order is important here as it dictates the order the auto-generated
+        # help messages are printed.
+        global_group = parser.add_argument_group('Global Arguments')
+
+        global_group.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', dest='verbose',
+            action='store_true', default=False,
+            help='Print verbose output.')
+        global_group.add_argument('-l', '--log-file', dest='logfile',
+            metavar='FILENAME', type=argparse.FileType('ab'),
+            help='Filename to write log data to.')
+        global_group.add_argument('--log-interval', dest='log_interval',
+            action='store_true', default=False,
+            help='Prefix log line with interval from last message rather '
+                'than relative time. Note that this is NOT execution time '
+                'if there are parallel operations.')
+        suppress_log_by_default = False
+        if 'INSIDE_EMACS' in os.environ:
+            suppress_log_by_default = True
+        global_group.add_argument('--log-no-times', dest='log_no_times',
+            action='store_true', default=suppress_log_by_default,
+            help='Do not prefix log lines with times. By default, mach will '
+                'prefix each output line with the time since command start.')
+        global_group.add_argument('-h', '--help', dest='help',
+            action='store_true', default=False,
+            help='Show this help message.')
+        global_group.add_argument('--debug-command', action='store_true',
+            help='Start a Python debugger when command is dispatched.')
+        global_group.add_argument('--settings', dest='settings_file',
+            metavar='FILENAME', default=None,
+            help='Path to settings file.')
+
+        for args, kwargs in self.global_arguments:
+            global_group.add_argument(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # We need to be last because CommandAction swallows all remaining
+        # arguments and argparse parses arguments in the order they were added.
+        parser.add_argument('command', action=CommandAction,
+            registrar=Registrar, context=context)
+
+        return parser
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/mixin/__init__.py b/python/mach/mach/mixin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/mixin/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/mixin/logging.py b/python/mach/mach/mixin/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c37b54f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/mixin/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+
+
+class LoggingMixin(object):
+    """Provides functionality to control logging."""
+
+    def populate_logger(self, name=None):
+        """Ensure this class instance has a logger associated with it.
+
+        Users of this mixin that call log() will need to ensure self._logger is
+        a logging.Logger instance before they call log(). This function ensures
+        self._logger is defined by populating it if it isn't.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, '_logger'):
+            return
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = '.'.join([self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__])
+
+        self._logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+
+    def log(self, level, action, params, format_str):
+        """Log a structured log event.
+
+        A structured log event consists of a logging level, a string action, a
+        dictionary of attributes, and a formatting string.
+
+        The logging level is one of the logging.* constants, such as
+        logging.INFO.
+
+        The action string is essentially the enumeration of the event. Each
+        different type of logged event should have a different action.
+
+        The params dict is the metadata constituting the logged event.
+
+        The formatting string is used to convert the structured message back to
+        human-readable format. Conversion back to human-readable form is
+        performed by calling format() on this string, feeding into it the dict
+        of attributes constituting the event.
+
+        Example Usage
+        -------------
+
+        self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'login', {'username': 'johndoe'},
+            'User login: {username}')
+        """
+        self._logger.log(level, format_str,
+            extra={'action': action, 'params': params})
+
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/mixin/process.py b/python/mach/mach/mixin/process.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6d3a2a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/mixin/process.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This module provides mixins to perform process execution.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from mozprocess.processhandler import ProcessHandlerMixin
+
+from .logging import LoggingMixin
+
+
+# Perform detection of operating system environment. This is used by command
+# execution. We only do this once to save redundancy. Yes, this can fail module
+# loading. That is arguably OK.
+if 'SHELL' in os.environ:
+    _current_shell = os.environ['SHELL']
+elif 'MOZILLABUILD' in os.environ:
+    _current_shell = os.environ['MOZILLABUILD'] + '/msys/bin/sh.exe'
+elif 'COMSPEC' in os.environ:
+    _current_shell = os.environ['COMSPEC']
+else:
+    raise Exception('Could not detect environment shell!')
+
+_in_msys = False
+
+if os.environ.get('MSYSTEM', None) in ('MINGW32', 'MINGW64'):
+    _in_msys = True
+
+    if not _current_shell.lower().endswith('.exe'):
+        _current_shell += '.exe'
+
+
+class ProcessExecutionMixin(LoggingMixin):
+    """Mix-in that provides process execution functionality."""
+
+    def run_process(self, args=None, cwd=None, append_env=None,
+        explicit_env=None, log_name=None, log_level=logging.INFO,
+        line_handler=None, require_unix_environment=False,
+        ensure_exit_code=0, ignore_children=False, pass_thru=False):
+        """Runs a single process to completion.
+
+        Takes a list of arguments to run where the first item is the
+        executable. Runs the command in the specified directory and
+        with optional environment variables.
+
+        append_env -- Dict of environment variables to append to the current
+            set of environment variables.
+        explicit_env -- Dict of environment variables to set for the new
+            process. Any existing environment variables will be ignored.
+
+        require_unix_environment if True will ensure the command is executed
+        within a UNIX environment. Basically, if we are on Windows, it will
+        execute the command via an appropriate UNIX-like shell.
+
+        ignore_children is proxied to mozprocess's ignore_children.
+
+        ensure_exit_code is used to ensure the exit code of a process matches
+        what is expected. If it is an integer, we raise an Exception if the
+        exit code does not match this value. If it is True, we ensure the exit
+        code is 0. If it is False, we don't perform any exit code validation.
+
+        pass_thru is a special execution mode where the child process inherits
+        this process's standard file handles (stdin, stdout, stderr) as well as
+        additional file descriptors. It should be used for interactive processes
+        where buffering from mozprocess could be an issue. pass_thru does not
+        use mozprocess. Therefore, arguments like log_name, line_handler,
+        and ignore_children have no effect.
+        """
+        args = self._normalize_command(args, require_unix_environment)
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'new_process', {'args': ' '.join(args)}, '{args}')
+
+        def handleLine(line):
+            # Converts str to unicode on Python 2 and bytes to str on Python 3.
+            if isinstance(line, bytes):
+                line = line.decode(sys.stdout.encoding or 'utf-8', 'replace')
+
+            if line_handler:
+                line_handler(line)
+
+            if not log_name:
+                return
+
+            self.log(log_level, log_name, {'line': line.rstrip()}, '{line}')
+
+        use_env = {}
+        if explicit_env:
+            use_env = explicit_env
+        else:
+            use_env.update(os.environ)
+
+            if append_env:
+                use_env.update(append_env)
+
+        self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'process', {'env': use_env}, 'Environment: {env}')
+
+        # There is a bug in subprocess where it doesn't like unicode types in
+        # environment variables. Here, ensure all unicode are converted to
+        # binary. utf-8 is our globally assumed default. If the caller doesn't
+        # want UTF-8, they shouldn't pass in a unicode instance.
+        normalized_env = {}
+        for k, v in use_env.items():
+            if isinstance(k, unicode):
+                k = k.encode('utf-8', 'strict')
+
+            if isinstance(v, unicode):
+                v = v.encode('utf-8', 'strict')
+
+            normalized_env[k] = v
+
+        use_env = normalized_env
+
+        if pass_thru:
+            proc = subprocess.Popen(args, cwd=cwd, env=use_env)
+            status = None
+            # Leave it to the subprocess to handle Ctrl+C. If it terminates as
+            # a result of Ctrl+C, proc.wait() will return a status code, and,
+            # we get out of the loop. If it doesn't, like e.g. gdb, we continue
+            # waiting.
+            while status is None:
+                try:
+                    status = proc.wait()
+                except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                    pass
+        else:
+            p = ProcessHandlerMixin(args, cwd=cwd, env=use_env,
+                processOutputLine=[handleLine], universal_newlines=True,
+                ignore_children=ignore_children)
+            p.run()
+            p.processOutput()
+            status = p.wait()
+
+        if ensure_exit_code is False:
+            return status
+
+        if ensure_exit_code is True:
+            ensure_exit_code = 0
+
+        if status != ensure_exit_code:
+            raise Exception('Process executed with non-0 exit code %d: %s' % (status, args))
+
+        return status
+
+    def _normalize_command(self, args, require_unix_environment):
+        """Adjust command arguments to run in the necessary environment.
+
+        This exists mainly to facilitate execution of programs requiring a *NIX
+        shell when running on Windows. The caller specifies whether a shell
+        environment is required. If it is and we are running on Windows but
+        aren't running in the UNIX-like msys environment, then we rewrite the
+        command to execute via a shell.
+        """
+        assert isinstance(args, list) and len(args)
+
+        if not require_unix_environment or not _in_msys:
+            return args
+
+        # Always munge Windows-style into Unix style for the command.
+        prog = args[0].replace('\\', '/')
+
+        # PyMake removes the C: prefix. But, things seem to work here
+        # without it. Not sure what that's about.
+
+        # We run everything through the msys shell. We need to use
+        # '-c' and pass all the arguments as one argument because that is
+        # how sh works.
+        cline = subprocess.list2cmdline([prog] + args[1:])
+        return [_current_shell, '-c', cline]
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/registrar.py b/python/mach/mach/registrar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63c9099c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/registrar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+from .base import MachError
+
+INVALID_COMMAND_CONTEXT = r'''
+It looks like you tried to run a mach command from an invalid context. The %s
+command failed to meet the following conditions: %s
+
+Run |mach help| to show a list of all commands available to the current context.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+
+class MachRegistrar(object):
+    """Container for mach command and config providers."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.command_handlers = {}
+        self.commands_by_category = {}
+        self.settings_providers = set()
+        self.categories = {}
+        self.require_conditions = False
+
+    def register_command_handler(self, handler):
+        name = handler.name
+
+        if not handler.category:
+            raise MachError('Cannot register a mach command without a '
+                'category: %s' % name)
+
+        if handler.category not in self.categories:
+            raise MachError('Cannot register a command to an undefined '
+                'category: %s -> %s' % (name, handler.category))
+
+        self.command_handlers[name] = handler
+        self.commands_by_category[handler.category].add(name)
+
+    def register_settings_provider(self, cls):
+        self.settings_providers.add(cls)
+
+    def register_category(self, name, title, description, priority=50):
+        self.categories[name] = (title, description, priority)
+        self.commands_by_category[name] = set()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _condition_failed_message(cls, name, conditions):
+        msg = ['\n']
+        for c in conditions:
+            part = ['  %s' % c.__name__]
+            if c.__doc__ is not None:
+                part.append(c.__doc__)
+            msg.append(' - '.join(part))
+        return INVALID_COMMAND_CONTEXT % (name, '\n'.join(msg))
+
+    def _run_command_handler(self, handler, context=None, debug_command=False, **kwargs):
+        cls = handler.cls
+
+        if handler.pass_context and not context:
+            raise Exception('mach command class requires context.')
+
+        if context:
+            prerun = getattr(context, 'pre_dispatch_handler', None)
+            if prerun:
+                prerun(context, handler, args=kwargs)
+
+        if handler.pass_context:
+            instance = cls(context)
+        else:
+            instance = cls()
+
+        if handler.conditions:
+            fail_conditions = []
+            for c in handler.conditions:
+                if not c(instance):
+                    fail_conditions.append(c)
+
+            if fail_conditions:
+                print(self._condition_failed_message(handler.name, fail_conditions))
+                return 1
+
+        fn = getattr(instance, handler.method)
+
+        if debug_command:
+            import pdb
+            result = pdb.runcall(fn, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            result = fn(**kwargs)
+
+        result = result or 0
+        assert isinstance(result, (int, long))
+
+        if context:
+            postrun = getattr(context, 'post_dispatch_handler', None)
+            if postrun:
+                postrun(context, handler, args=kwargs)
+
+        return result
+
+    def dispatch(self, name, context=None, argv=None, subcommand=None, **kwargs):
+        """Dispatch/run a command.
+
+        Commands can use this to call other commands.
+        """
+        handler = self.command_handlers[name]
+
+        if subcommand:
+            handler = handler.subcommand_handlers[subcommand]
+
+        if handler.parser:
+            parser = handler.parser
+
+            # save and restore existing defaults so **kwargs don't persist across
+            # subsequent invocations of Registrar.dispatch()
+            old_defaults = parser._defaults.copy()
+            parser.set_defaults(**kwargs)
+            kwargs, _ = parser.parse_known_args(argv or [])
+            kwargs = vars(kwargs)
+            parser._defaults = old_defaults
+
+        return self._run_command_handler(handler, context=context, **kwargs)
+
+
+Registrar = MachRegistrar()
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/terminal.py b/python/mach/mach/terminal.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9115211e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/terminal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+"""This file contains code for interacting with terminals.
+
+All the terminal interaction code is consolidated so the complexity can be in
+one place, away from code that is commonly looked at.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+import sys
+
+
+class LoggingHandler(logging.Handler):
+    """Custom logging handler that works with terminal window dressing.
+
+    This is alternative terminal logging handler which contains smarts for
+    emitting terminal control characters properly. Currently, it has generic
+    support for "footer" elements at the bottom of the screen. Functionality
+    can be added when needed.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        logging.Handler.__init__(self)
+
+        self.fh = sys.stdout
+        self.footer = None
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.acquire()
+
+        try:
+            self.fh.flush()
+        finally:
+            self.release()
+
+    def emit(self, record):
+        msg = self.format(record)
+
+        if self.footer:
+            self.footer.clear()
+
+        self.fh.write(msg)
+        self.fh.write('\n')
+
+        if self.footer:
+            self.footer.draw()
+
+        # If we don't flush, the footer may not get drawn.
+        self.flush()
+
+
+class TerminalFooter(object):
+    """Represents something drawn on the bottom of a terminal."""
+    def __init__(self, terminal):
+        self.t = terminal
+        self.fh = sys.stdout
+
+    def _clear_lines(self, n):
+        for i in xrange(n):
+            self.fh.write(self.t.move_x(0))
+            self.fh.write(self.t.clear_eol())
+            self.fh.write(self.t.move_up())
+
+        self.fh.write(self.t.move_down())
+        self.fh.write(self.t.move_x(0))
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise Exception('clear() must be implemented.')
+
+    def draw(self):
+        raise Exception('draw() must be implemented.')
+
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/__init__.py b/python/mach/mach/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/common.py b/python/mach/mach/test/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f68ff5095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mach.main import Mach
+from mach.base import CommandContext
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+class TestBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    provider_dir = os.path.join(here, 'providers')
+
+    def get_mach(self, provider_file=None, entry_point=None, context_handler=None):
+        m = Mach(os.getcwd())
+        m.define_category('testing', 'Mach unittest', 'Testing for mach core', 10)
+        m.populate_context_handler = context_handler
+
+        if provider_file:
+            m.load_commands_from_file(os.path.join(self.provider_dir, provider_file))
+
+        if entry_point:
+            m.load_commands_from_entry_point(entry_point)
+
+        return m
+
+    def _run_mach(self, argv, *args, **kwargs):
+        m = self.get_mach(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        stdout = StringIO()
+        stderr = StringIO()
+        stdout.encoding = 'UTF-8'
+        stderr.encoding = 'UTF-8'
+
+        try:
+            result = m.run(argv, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
+        except SystemExit:
+            result = None
+
+        return (result, stdout.getvalue(), stderr.getvalue())
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/providers/__init__.py b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/providers/basic.py b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/basic.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2e64e6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/basic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class ConditionsProvider(object):
+    @Command('cmd_foo', category='testing')
+    def run_foo(self):
+        pass
+
+    @Command('cmd_bar', category='testing')
+    @CommandArgument('--baz', action="store_true",
+                     help='Run with baz')
+    def run_bar(self, baz=None):
+        pass
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/providers/conditions.py b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/conditions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a95429752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/conditions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+def is_foo(cls):
+    """Foo must be true"""
+    return cls.foo
+
+def is_bar(cls):
+    """Bar must be true"""
+    return cls.bar
+
+@CommandProvider
+class ConditionsProvider(object):
+    foo = True
+    bar = False
+
+    @Command('cmd_foo', category='testing', conditions=[is_foo])
+    def run_foo(self):
+        pass
+
+    @Command('cmd_bar', category='testing', conditions=[is_bar])
+    def run_bar(self):
+        pass
+
+    @Command('cmd_foobar', category='testing', conditions=[is_foo, is_bar])
+    def run_foobar(self):
+        pass
+
+@CommandProvider
+class ConditionsContextProvider(object):
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self.foo = context.foo
+        self.bar = context.bar
+
+    @Command('cmd_foo_ctx', category='testing', conditions=[is_foo])
+    def run_foo(self):
+        pass
+
+    @Command('cmd_bar_ctx', category='testing', conditions=[is_bar])
+    def run_bar(self):
+        pass
+
+    @Command('cmd_foobar_ctx', category='testing', conditions=[is_foo, is_bar])
+    def run_foobar(self):
+        pass
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/providers/conditions_invalid.py b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/conditions_invalid.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22284d4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/conditions_invalid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+@CommandProvider
+class ConditionsProvider(object):
+    @Command('cmd_foo', category='testing', conditions=["invalid"])
+    def run_foo(self):
+        pass
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/providers/throw.py b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/throw.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06bee01ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/throw.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import time
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+from mach.test.providers import throw2
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class TestCommandProvider(object):
+    @Command('throw', category='testing')
+    @CommandArgument('--message', '-m', default='General Error')
+    def throw(self, message):
+        raise Exception(message)
+
+    @Command('throw_deep', category='testing')
+    @CommandArgument('--message', '-m', default='General Error')
+    def throw_deep(self, message):
+        throw2.throw_deep(message)
+
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/providers/throw2.py b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/throw2.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af0a23fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/providers/throw2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file exists to trigger the differences in mach error reporting between
+# exceptions that occur in mach command modules themselves and in the things
+# they call.
+
+def throw_deep(message):
+    return throw_real(message)
+
+def throw_real(message):
+    raise Exception(message)
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/test_conditions.py b/python/mach/mach/test/test_conditions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20080687e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/test_conditions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+
+from mach.base import MachError
+from mach.main import Mach
+from mach.registrar import Registrar
+from mach.test.common import TestBase
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+def _populate_context(context, key=None):
+    if key is None:
+        return
+    if key == 'foo':
+        return True
+    if key == 'bar':
+        return False
+    raise AttributeError(key)
+
+class TestConditions(TestBase):
+    """Tests for conditionally filtering commands."""
+
+    def _run_mach(self, args, context_handler=None):
+        return TestBase._run_mach(self, args, 'conditions.py',
+                                  context_handler=context_handler)
+
+
+    def test_conditions_pass(self):
+        """Test that a command which passes its conditions is runnable."""
+
+        self.assertEquals((0, '', ''), self._run_mach(['cmd_foo']))
+        self.assertEquals((0, '', ''), self._run_mach(['cmd_foo_ctx'], _populate_context))
+
+    def test_invalid_context_message(self):
+        """Test that commands which do not pass all their conditions
+        print the proper failure message."""
+
+        def is_bar():
+            """Bar must be true"""
+        fail_conditions = [is_bar]
+
+        for name in ('cmd_bar', 'cmd_foobar'):
+            result, stdout, stderr = self._run_mach([name])
+            self.assertEquals(1, result)
+
+            fail_msg = Registrar._condition_failed_message(name, fail_conditions)
+            self.assertEquals(fail_msg.rstrip(), stdout.rstrip())
+
+        for name in ('cmd_bar_ctx', 'cmd_foobar_ctx'):
+            result, stdout, stderr = self._run_mach([name], _populate_context)
+            self.assertEquals(1, result)
+
+            fail_msg = Registrar._condition_failed_message(name, fail_conditions)
+            self.assertEquals(fail_msg.rstrip(), stdout.rstrip())
+
+    def test_invalid_type(self):
+        """Test that a condition which is not callable raises an exception."""
+
+        m = Mach(os.getcwd())
+        m.define_category('testing', 'Mach unittest', 'Testing for mach core', 10)
+        self.assertRaises(MachError, m.load_commands_from_file,
+                os.path.join(self.provider_dir, 'conditions_invalid.py'))
+
+    def test_help_message(self):
+        """Test that commands that are not runnable do not show up in help."""
+
+        result, stdout, stderr = self._run_mach(['help'], _populate_context)
+        self.assertIn('cmd_foo', stdout)
+        self.assertNotIn('cmd_bar', stdout)
+        self.assertNotIn('cmd_foobar', stdout)
+        self.assertIn('cmd_foo_ctx', stdout)
+        self.assertNotIn('cmd_bar_ctx', stdout)
+        self.assertNotIn('cmd_foobar_ctx', stdout)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/test_config.py b/python/mach/mach/test/test_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d48dff67b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/test_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
+from mach.config import (
+    BooleanType,
+    ConfigException,
+    ConfigSettings,
+    IntegerType,
+    PathType,
+    PositiveIntegerType,
+    StringType,
+)
+from mach.decorators import SettingsProvider
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
+    str_type = str
+else:
+    str_type = basestring
+
+CONFIG1 = r"""
+[foo]
+
+bar = bar_value
+baz = /baz/foo.c
+"""
+
+CONFIG2 = r"""
+[foo]
+
+bar = value2
+"""
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class Provider1(object):
+    config_settings = [
+        ('foo.bar', StringType),
+        ('foo.baz', PathType),
+    ]
+
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class ProviderDuplicate(object):
+    config_settings = [
+        ('dupesect.foo', StringType),
+        ('dupesect.foo', StringType),
+    ]
+
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class Provider2(object):
+    config_settings = [
+        ('a.string', StringType),
+        ('a.boolean', BooleanType),
+        ('a.pos_int', PositiveIntegerType),
+        ('a.int', IntegerType),
+        ('a.path', PathType),
+    ]
+
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class Provider3(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def config_settings(cls):
+        return [
+            ('a.string', 'string'),
+            ('a.boolean', 'boolean'),
+            ('a.pos_int', 'pos_int'),
+            ('a.int', 'int'),
+            ('a.path', 'path'),
+        ]
+
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class Provider4(object):
+    config_settings = [
+        ('foo.abc', StringType, 'a', {'choices': set('abc')}),
+        ('foo.xyz', StringType, 'w', {'choices': set('xyz')}),
+    ]
+
+
+@SettingsProvider
+class Provider5(object):
+    config_settings = [
+        ('foo.*', 'string'),
+        ('foo.bar', 'string'),
+    ]
+
+
+class TestConfigSettings(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_empty(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 0)
+        self.assertNotIn('foo', s)
+
+    def test_duplicate_option(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigException):
+            s.register_provider(ProviderDuplicate)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 1)
+        self.assertIn('foo', s)
+
+        foo = s['foo']
+        foo = s.foo
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(foo), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(foo._settings), 2)
+
+        self.assertIn('bar', foo._settings)
+        self.assertIn('baz', foo._settings)
+
+        self.assertNotIn('bar', foo)
+        foo['bar'] = 'value1'
+        self.assertIn('bar', foo)
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo['bar'], 'value1')
+        self.assertEqual(foo.bar, 'value1')
+
+    def test_assignment_validation(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider2)
+
+        a = s.a
+
+        # Assigning an undeclared setting raises.
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            a.undefined = True
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            a['undefined'] = True
+
+        # Basic type validation.
+        a.string = 'foo'
+        a.string = 'foo'
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a.string = False
+
+        a.boolean = True
+        a.boolean = False
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a.boolean = 'foo'
+
+        a.pos_int = 5
+        a.pos_int = 0
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            a.pos_int = -1
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a.pos_int = 'foo'
+
+        a.int = 5
+        a.int = 0
+        a.int = -5
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a.int = 1.24
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a.int = 'foo'
+
+        a.path = '/home/gps'
+        a.path = 'foo.c'
+        a.path = 'foo/bar'
+        a.path = './foo'
+
+    def retrieval_type_helper(self, provider):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(provider)
+
+        a = s.a
+
+        a.string = 'foo'
+        a.boolean = True
+        a.pos_int = 12
+        a.int = -4
+        a.path = './foo/bar'
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(a.string, str_type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(a.boolean, bool)
+        self.assertIsInstance(a.pos_int, int)
+        self.assertIsInstance(a.int, int)
+        self.assertIsInstance(a.path, str_type)
+
+    def test_retrieval_type(self):
+        self.retrieval_type_helper(Provider2)
+        self.retrieval_type_helper(Provider3)
+
+    def test_choices_validation(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider4)
+
+        foo = s.foo
+        foo.abc
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            foo.xyz
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            foo.abc = 'e'
+
+        foo.abc = 'b'
+        foo.xyz = 'y'
+
+    def test_wildcard_options(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider5)
+
+        foo = s.foo
+
+        self.assertIn('*', foo._settings)
+        self.assertNotIn('*', foo)
+
+        foo.baz = 'value1'
+        foo.bar = 'value2'
+
+        self.assertIn('baz', foo)
+        self.assertEqual(foo.baz, 'value1')
+
+        self.assertIn('bar', foo)
+        self.assertEqual(foo.bar, 'value2')
+
+    def test_file_reading_single(self):
+        temp = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wt')
+        temp.write(CONFIG1)
+        temp.flush()
+
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider1)
+
+        s.load_file(temp.name)
+
+        self.assertEqual(s.foo.bar, 'bar_value')
+
+    def test_file_reading_multiple(self):
+        """Loading multiple files has proper overwrite behavior."""
+        temp1 = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wt')
+        temp1.write(CONFIG1)
+        temp1.flush()
+
+        temp2 = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wt')
+        temp2.write(CONFIG2)
+        temp2.flush()
+
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider1)
+
+        s.load_files([temp1.name, temp2.name])
+
+        self.assertEqual(s.foo.bar, 'value2')
+
+    def test_file_reading_missing(self):
+        """Missing files should silently be ignored."""
+
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+
+        s.load_file('/tmp/foo.ini')
+
+    def test_file_writing(self):
+        s = ConfigSettings()
+        s.register_provider(Provider2)
+
+        s.a.string = 'foo'
+        s.a.boolean = False
+
+        temp = NamedTemporaryFile('wt')
+        s.write(temp)
+        temp.flush()
+
+        s2 = ConfigSettings()
+        s2.register_provider(Provider2)
+
+        s2.load_file(temp.name)
+
+        self.assertEqual(s.a.string, s2.a.string)
+        self.assertEqual(s.a.boolean, s2.a.boolean)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/test_dispatcher.py b/python/mach/mach/test/test_dispatcher.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d689a4a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/test_dispatcher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+
+from mach.base import CommandContext
+from mach.registrar import Registrar
+from mach.test.common import TestBase
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+class TestDispatcher(TestBase):
+    """Tests dispatch related code"""
+
+    def get_parser(self, config=None):
+        mach = self.get_mach('basic.py')
+
+        for provider in Registrar.settings_providers:
+            mach.settings.register_provider(provider)
+
+        if config:
+            if isinstance(config, basestring):
+                config = StringIO(config)
+            mach.settings.load_fps([config])
+
+        context = CommandContext(settings=mach.settings)
+        return mach.get_argument_parser(context)
+
+    def test_command_aliases(self):
+        config = """
+[alias]
+foo = cmd_foo
+bar = cmd_bar
+baz = cmd_bar --baz
+cmd_bar = cmd_bar --baz
+"""
+        parser = self.get_parser(config=config)
+
+        args = parser.parse_args(['foo'])
+        self.assertEquals(args.command, 'cmd_foo')
+
+        def assert_bar_baz(argv):
+            args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+            self.assertEquals(args.command, 'cmd_bar')
+            self.assertTrue(args.command_args.baz)
+
+        # The following should all result in |cmd_bar --baz|
+        assert_bar_baz(['bar', '--baz'])
+        assert_bar_baz(['baz'])
+        assert_bar_baz(['cmd_bar'])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/test_entry_point.py b/python/mach/mach/test/test_entry_point.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7aea91e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/test_entry_point.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import imp
+import os
+import sys
+
+from mach.base import MachError
+from mach.test.common import TestBase
+from mock import patch
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+class Entry():
+    """Stub replacement for pkg_resources.EntryPoint"""
+    def __init__(self, providers):
+        self.providers = providers
+
+    def load(self):
+        def _providers():
+            return self.providers
+        return _providers
+
+
+class TestEntryPoints(TestBase):
+    """Test integrating with setuptools entry points"""
+    provider_dir = os.path.join(here, 'providers')
+
+    def _run_mach(self):
+        return TestBase._run_mach(self, ['help'], entry_point='mach.providers')
+
+    @patch('pkg_resources.iter_entry_points')
+    def test_load_entry_point_from_directory(self, mock):
+        # Ensure parent module is present otherwise we'll (likely) get
+        # an error due to unknown parent.
+        if b'mach.commands' not in sys.modules:
+            mod = imp.new_module(b'mach.commands')
+            sys.modules[b'mach.commands'] = mod
+
+        mock.return_value = [Entry([self.provider_dir])]
+        # Mach error raised due to conditions_invalid.py
+        with self.assertRaises(MachError):
+            self._run_mach()
+
+    @patch('pkg_resources.iter_entry_points')
+    def test_load_entry_point_from_file(self, mock):
+        mock.return_value = [Entry([os.path.join(self.provider_dir, 'basic.py')])]
+
+        result, stdout, stderr = self._run_mach()
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+        self.assertIn('cmd_foo', stdout)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/test_error_output.py b/python/mach/mach/test/test_error_output.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25553f96b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/test_error_output.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from mach.main import (
+    COMMAND_ERROR,
+    MODULE_ERROR
+)
+from mach.test.common import TestBase
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+class TestErrorOutput(TestBase):
+
+    def _run_mach(self, args):
+        return TestBase._run_mach(self, args, 'throw.py')
+
+    def test_command_error(self):
+        result, stdout, stderr = self._run_mach(['throw', '--message',
+            'Command Error'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+        self.assertIn(COMMAND_ERROR, stdout)
+
+    def test_invoked_error(self):
+        result, stdout, stderr = self._run_mach(['throw_deep', '--message',
+            'Deep stack'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(result, 1)
+
+        self.assertIn(MODULE_ERROR, stdout)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mach/mach/test/test_logger.py b/python/mach/mach/test/test_logger.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05592845e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/mach/test/test_logger.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+import time
+import unittest
+
+from mach.logging import StructuredHumanFormatter
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+class DummyLogger(logging.Logger):
+    def __init__(self, cb):
+        logging.Logger.__init__(self, 'test')
+
+        self._cb = cb
+
+    def handle(self, record):
+        self._cb(record)
+
+
+class TestStructuredHumanFormatter(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_non_ascii_logging(self):
+        # Ensures the formatter doesn't choke when non-ASCII characters are
+        # present in printed parameters.
+        formatter = StructuredHumanFormatter(time.time())
+
+        def on_record(record):
+            result = formatter.format(record)
+            relevant = result[9:]
+
+            self.assertEqual(relevant, 'Test: s\xe9curit\xe9')
+
+        logger = DummyLogger(on_record)
+
+        value = 's\xe9curit\xe9'
+
+        logger.log(logging.INFO, 'Test: {utf}',
+            extra={'action': 'action', 'params': {'utf': value}})
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mach/setup.py b/python/mach/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50065546e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+except:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+
+
+VERSION = '0.6'
+
+README = open('README.rst').read()
+
+setup(
+    name='mach',
+    description='Generic command line command dispatching framework.',
+    long_description=README,
+    license='MPL 2.0',
+    author='Gregory Szorc',
+    author_email='gregory.szorc@gmail.com',
+    url='https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Developer_Guide/mach',
+    packages=['mach'],
+    version=VERSION,
+    classifiers=[
+        'Environment :: Console',
+        'Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: Mozilla Public License 2.0 (MPL 2.0)',
+        'Natural Language :: English',
+    ],
+    install_requires=[
+        'blessings',
+        'mozfile',
+        'mozprocess',
+    ],
+    tests_require=['mock'],
+)
+
diff --git a/python/mach_commands.py b/python/mach_commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ff0b1876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mach_commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import __main__
+import argparse
+import logging
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import os
+
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    MachCommandBase,
+)
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class MachCommands(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('python', category='devenv',
+        description='Run Python.')
+    @CommandArgument('args', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
+    def python(self, args):
+        # Avoid logging the command
+        self.log_manager.terminal_handler.setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
+
+        self._activate_virtualenv()
+
+        return self.run_process([self.virtualenv_manager.python_path] + args,
+            pass_thru=True,  # Allow user to run Python interactively.
+            ensure_exit_code=False,  # Don't throw on non-zero exit code.
+            # Note: subprocess requires native strings in os.environ on Windows
+            append_env={b'PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE': str('1')})
+
+    @Command('python-test', category='testing',
+        description='Run Python unit tests with an appropriate test runner.')
+    @CommandArgument('--verbose',
+        default=False,
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Verbose output.')
+    @CommandArgument('--stop',
+        default=False,
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Stop running tests after the first error or failure.')
+    @CommandArgument('--path-only',
+        default=False,
+        action='store_true',
+        help=('Collect all tests under given path instead of default '
+              'test resolution. Supports pytest-style tests.'))
+    @CommandArgument('tests', nargs='*',
+        metavar='TEST',
+        help=('Tests to run. Each test can be a single file or a directory. '
+              'Default test resolution relies on PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS.'))
+    def python_test(self,
+                    tests=[],
+                    test_objects=None,
+                    subsuite=None,
+                    verbose=False,
+                    path_only=False,
+                    stop=False):
+        self._activate_virtualenv()
+
+        def find_tests_by_path():
+            import glob
+            files = []
+            for t in tests:
+                if t.endswith('.py') and os.path.isfile(t):
+                    files.append(t)
+                elif os.path.isdir(t):
+                    for root, _, _ in os.walk(t):
+                        files += glob.glob(mozpath.join(root, 'test*.py'))
+                        files += glob.glob(mozpath.join(root, 'unit*.py'))
+                else:
+                    self.log(logging.WARN, 'python-test',
+                                 {'test': t},
+                                 'TEST-UNEXPECTED-FAIL | Invalid test: {test}')
+                    if stop:
+                        break
+            return files
+
+        # Python's unittest, and in particular discover, has problems with
+        # clashing namespaces when importing multiple test modules. What follows
+        # is a simple way to keep environments separate, at the price of
+        # launching Python multiple times. Most tests are run via mozunit,
+        # which produces output in the format Mozilla infrastructure expects.
+        # Some tests are run via pytest.
+        return_code = 0
+        found_tests = False
+        if test_objects is None:
+            # If we're not being called from `mach test`, do our own
+            # test resolution.
+            if path_only:
+                if tests:
+                    test_objects = [{'path': p} for p in find_tests_by_path()]
+                else:
+                    self.log(logging.WARN, 'python-test', {},
+                             'TEST-UNEXPECTED-FAIL | No tests specified')
+                    test_objects = []
+            else:
+                from mozbuild.testing import TestResolver
+                resolver = self._spawn(TestResolver)
+                if tests:
+                    # If we were given test paths, try to find tests matching them.
+                    test_objects = resolver.resolve_tests(paths=tests,
+                                                          flavor='python')
+                else:
+                    # Otherwise just run everything in PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS
+                    test_objects = resolver.resolve_tests(flavor='python')
+
+        for test in test_objects:
+            found_tests = True
+            f = test['path']
+            file_displayed_test = []  # Used as a boolean.
+
+            def _line_handler(line):
+                if not file_displayed_test:
+                    output = ('Ran' in line or 'collected' in line or
+                              line.startswith('TEST-'))
+                    if output:
+                        file_displayed_test.append(True)
+
+            inner_return_code = self.run_process(
+                [self.virtualenv_manager.python_path, f],
+                ensure_exit_code=False,  # Don't throw on non-zero exit code.
+                log_name='python-test',
+                # subprocess requires native strings in os.environ on Windows
+                append_env={b'PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE': str('1')},
+                line_handler=_line_handler)
+            return_code += inner_return_code
+
+            if not file_displayed_test:
+                self.log(logging.WARN, 'python-test', {'file': f},
+                         'TEST-UNEXPECTED-FAIL | No test output (missing mozunit.main() call?): {file}')
+
+            if verbose:
+                if inner_return_code != 0:
+                    self.log(logging.INFO, 'python-test', {'file': f},
+                             'Test failed: {file}')
+                else:
+                    self.log(logging.INFO, 'python-test', {'file': f},
+                             'Test passed: {file}')
+            if stop and return_code > 0:
+                return 1
+
+        if not found_tests:
+            message = 'TEST-UNEXPECTED-FAIL | No tests collected'
+            if not path_only:
+                 message += ' (Not in PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS? Try --path-only?)'
+            self.log(logging.WARN, 'python-test', {}, message)
+            return 1
+
+        return 0 if return_code == 0 else 1
diff --git a/python/macholib/MANIFEST.in b/python/macholib/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f39832106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+include *.txt MANIFEST.in *.py
+graft doc
+graft doc/_static
+graft doc/_templates
+graft macholib_tests
+global-exclude .DS_Store
+global-exclude *.pyc
+global-exclude *.so
diff --git a/python/macholib/PKG-INFO b/python/macholib/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33408d200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: macholib
+Version: 1.7
+Summary: Mach-O header analysis and editing
+Home-page: http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib
+Author: Ronald Oussoren
+Author-email: ronaldoussoren@mac.com
+License: MIT
+Download-URL: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/macholib
+Description: macholib can be used to analyze and edit Mach-O headers, the executable
+        format used by Mac OS X.
+        
+        It's typically used as a dependency analysis tool, and also to rewrite dylib
+        references in Mach-O headers to be @executable_path relative.
+        
+        Though this tool targets a platform specific file format, it is pure python
+        code that is platform and endian independent.
+        
+        
+        Release history
+        ===============
+        
+        macholib 1.7
+        ------------
+        
+        * Added support for ARM64, LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64 and LC_LINKER_OPTION
+        
+          Patch by Matthias Ringwald.
+        
+        * Load commands now have a "describe" method that returns more information
+          about the command.
+        
+          Patch by David Dorsey.
+        
+        * The MAGIC value in the header was always represented in the native
+          byte order, instead of as the value read from the binary.
+        
+          Patch by David Dorsey.
+        
+        * Added various new constants to "macholib.mach_o".
+        
+          Patch by David Dorsey.
+        
+        macholib 1.6.1
+        --------------
+        
+        * ?
+        
+        macholib 1.6
+        ------------
+        
+        * Add support for '@loader_path' link command in
+          macholib.dyld:
+        
+          - Added function ``macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search``
+        
+          - This function is used by ``macholib.dyld.dyld_find``,
+            and that function now has an new (optional) argument
+            with the path to the loader.
+        
+        * Also add support for '@loader_path' to macholib.MachoGraph,
+          using the newly added '@loader_path' support in the
+          dyld module.
+        
+          Due to this suppport the *macho_standalone* tool can
+          now rewrite binaries that contain an '@loader_path' load
+          command.
+        
+        
+        macholib 1.5.2
+        --------------
+        
+        * Issue #93: Show the name of the affected file in the exception message
+          for Mach-O headers that are too large to relocate.
+        
+        
+        macholib 1.5.1
+        --------------
+        
+        * There were no 'classifiers' in the package metadata due to
+          a bug in setup.py.
+        
+        macholib 1.5
+        --------------
+        
+        macholib 1.5 is a minor feature release
+        
+        * No longer use 2to3 to provide Python 3 support
+        
+          As a side-effect of this macholib no longer supports
+          Python 2.5 and earlier.
+        
+        * Adds suppport for some new macho load commands
+        
+        * Fix for py3k problem in macho_standalone.py
+        
+          Patch by Guanqun Lu.
+        
+        * Fix for some issues in macho_dump.py
+        
+          Patch by Nam Nguyen
+        
+        * Issue #10: Fix for LC_DATA_IN_CODE linker commands, without
+          this fix py2app cannot build application bundles when
+          the source binaries have been compiled with Xcode 4.5.
+        
+        * Issue #6: Fix for LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO linker commands
+        
+        * Use the mach header information to print the cpu type of a
+          binary, instead of trying to deduce that from pointer width
+          and endianness.
+        
+          Changed the code because of issue #6, in which a user tries to
+          dump a iOS binary which results in bogus output in the previous
+          releases.
+        
+        * The mapping ``macholib.macho_dump.ARCH_MAP`` is undocumented
+          and no longer used by macholib itself. It will be removed
+          in the next release.
+        
+        
+        * The command-line tools ``macho_find``, ``macho_dump`` and
+          ``macho_standalone`` are deprecated. Use "python -mmacholib"
+          instead. That is::
+        
+           $ python -mmacholib dump /usr/bin/grep
+        
+           $ python -mmacholib find ~
+        
+           $ python -mmacholib standalone myapp.app
+        
+          This makes it clearer which version of the tools are used.
+        
+        macholib 1.4.3
+        --------------
+        
+        macholib 1.4.3 is a minor feature release
+        
+        * Added strings for 'x86_64' and 'ppc64' to
+          macholib.mach_o.CPU_TYPE_NAMES.
+        
+        * macho_find and macho_dump were broken in the 1.4.2 release
+        
+        * added 'macholib.util.NOT_SYSTEM_FILES', a list of
+          files that aren't system path's even though they are
+          located in system locations.
+        
+          Needed to work around a bug in PySide (see issue #32 in the
+          py2app tracker)
+        
+        
+        
+        macholib 1.4.2
+        --------------
+        
+        macholib 1.4.2 is a minor bugfix release
+        
+        * The support for new load commands that was added in 1.4.1
+          contained a typo that caused problems on OSX 10.7 (Lion).
+        
+        macholib 1.4.1
+        --------------
+        
+        macholib 1.4.1 is a minor feature release
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Add support for a number of new MachO load commands that were added
+          during the lifetime of OSX 10.6: ``LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB``,
+          ``LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX``, ``LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS`` and
+          ``LC_FUNCTION_STARTS``.
+        
+        macholib 1.4
+        -------------
+        
+        macholib 1.4 is a feature release
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Documentation is now generated using `sphinx <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx>`_
+          and can be viewed at <http://packages.python.org/macholib>.
+        
+        - The repository has moved to bitbucket
+        
+        - There now is a testsuite
+        
+        - Private functionality inside modules was renamed to
+          a name starting with an underscore.
+        
+          .. note:: if this change affects your code you are relying on undefined
+             implementation features, please stop using private functions.
+        
+        - The basic packable types in ``macholib.ptypes`` were renamed to better
+          represent the corresponding C type. The table below lists the old
+          an new names (the old names are still available, but are deprecated and
+          will be removed in a future release).
+        
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | **Old name** | **New name** |
+          +==============+==============+
+          | p_byte       | p_int8       |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_ubyte      | p_uint8      |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_short      | p_int16      |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_ushort     | p_uint16     |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_int        | p_int32      |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_uint       | p_uint32     |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_long       | p_int32      |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_ulong      | p_uint32     |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_longlong   | p_int64      |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+          | p_ulonglong  | p_uint64     |
+          +--------------+--------------+
+        
+          ``Macholib.ptypes.p_ptr`` is no longer present as it had an unclear
+          definition and isn't actually used in the codebase.
+        
+        
+        Bug fixes:
+        
+        - The semantics of ``dyld.dyld_default_search`` were changed a bit,
+          it now first searches the framework path (if appropriate) and then
+          the linker path, irrespective of the value of the ``DYLD_FALLBACK*``
+          environment variables.
+        
+          Previous versions would change the search order when those variables
+          was set, which is odd and doesn't correspond with the documented
+          behaviour of the system dyld.
+        
+        - It is once again possible to install using python2.5
+        
+        - The source distribution includes all files, this was broken
+          due to the switch to mercurial (which confused setuptools)
+        
+        macholib 1.3
+        ------------
+        
+        macholib 1.3 is a feature release.
+        
+        Features:
+        
+        - Experimental Python 3.x support
+        
+          This version contains lightly tested support for Python 3.
+        
+        macholib 1.2.2
+        --------------
+        
+        macholib 1.2.2 is a bugfix release.
+        
+        Bug fixes:
+        
+        - Macholib should work better with 64-bit code
+          (patch by Marc-Antoine Parent)
+        
+Keywords: Mach-O,,dyld
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
diff --git a/python/macholib/README.txt b/python/macholib/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62dbdb709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+macholib can be used to analyze and edit Mach-O headers, the executable
+format used by Mac OS X.
+
+It's typically used as a dependency analysis tool, and also to rewrite dylib
+references in Mach-O headers to be @executable_path relative.
+
+Though this tool targets a platform specific file format, it is pure python
+code that is platform and endian independent.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/MachO.rst b/python/macholib/doc/MachO.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..204e04087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/MachO.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+:mod:`macholib.MachO` --- Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.MachO
+   :synopsis: Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers
+
+This module defines a class :class:`Macho`, which enables reading
+and writing the Mach-O header of an executable file or dynamic
+library on MacOS X.
+
+.. class:: MachO(filename)
+
+   Creates a MachO object by reading the Mach-O headers from
+   *filename*.
+
+   The *filename* should refer to an existing file in Mach-O
+   format, and can refer to fat (universal) binaries.
+
+.. note:: more information will be added later
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/MachoOGraph.rst b/python/macholib/doc/MachoOGraph.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..256a4137f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/MachoOGraph.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+:mod:`macholib.MachoGraph` --- Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies
+===============================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.MachOGraph
+   :synopsis: Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies
+
+This module defines the class :class:`MachOGraph` which represents the
+direct and indirect dependencies of one or more  Mach-O files on 
+other (library) files.
+
+.. class:: MachOGraph(...)
+
+   To be discussed.
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/MachoOStandalone.rst b/python/macholib/doc/MachoOStandalone.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a8052f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/MachoOStandalone.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+:mod:`macholib.MachOStandalone` --- Create standalone application bundles
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.MachOStandalone
+   :synopsis: Create standalone application bundles
+
+This module defines class :class:`MachOStandalone` which locates
+all Mach-O files in a directory (assumed to be the root of an
+application or plugin bundle) and then copies all non-system 
+dependencies for the located files into the bundle.
+
+.. class:: MachOStandalone(base[, dest[, graph[, env[, executable_path]]]])
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/Makefile b/python/macholib/doc/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cca691360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+BUILDDIR      = _build
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html       to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
+	@echo "  pickle     to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json       to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
+	@echo "  epub       to make an epub"
+	@echo "  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  latexpdf   to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
+	@echo "  text       to make text files"
+	@echo "  man        to make manual pages"
+	@echo "  changes    to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+
+clean:
+	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
+
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
+
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
+
+singlehtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
+
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
+
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/macholib.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/macholib.qhc"
+
+devhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished."
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/macholib"
+	@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/macholib"
+	@echo "# devhelp"
+
+epub:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
+
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
+	      "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
+
+latexpdf:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
+	make -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
+	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+
+text:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
+
+man:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
+
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/SymbolTable.rst b/python/macholib/doc/SymbolTable.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5417e315c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/SymbolTable.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+:mod:`macholib.SymbolTable` --- Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header
+===================================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.SymbolTable
+   :synopsis: Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header
+
+This module is deprecated because it is not by the author
+and likely contains bugs. It also does not work for 64-bit binaries.
+
+.. class:: SymbolTable(macho[, openfile])
+
+   Reads the SymbolTable for the given Mach-O object.
+
+   The option argument *openfile* specifies the 
+   function to use to open the file, defaulting to
+   the builtin :func:`open` function.
+
+   .. warning:: As far as we know this class is not used
+      by any user of the modulegraph package, and the code
+      has not been updated after the initial implementation.
+
+      The end result of this is that the code does not
+      support 64-bit code at all and likely doesn't work
+      properly for 32-bit code as well.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachO.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachO.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0aed18b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachO.doctree
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachoOGraph.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachoOGraph.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ed639427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachoOGraph.doctree
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachoOStandalone.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachoOStandalone.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f19f00e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/MachoOStandalone.doctree
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/SymbolTable.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/SymbolTable.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ff1c997c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/SymbolTable.doctree
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/changelog.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/changelog.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffb3f138a
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/license.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/license.doctree
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/macho_o.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/macho_o.doctree
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+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/ptypes.doctree
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/scripts.doctree b/python/macholib/doc/_build/doctrees/scripts.doctree
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/.buildinfo b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/.buildinfo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97c8fd2fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/.buildinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Sphinx build info version 1
+# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done.
+config: b80b1cc6a748fe1205999d2fef6726e1
+tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachO.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachO.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachO.html
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.MachO — Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="macholib.MachoGraph — Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies" href="MachoOGraph.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Command-line tools" href="scripts.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
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+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="MachoOGraph.html" title="macholib.MachoGraph — Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
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+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.MachO">
+<span id="macholib-macho-utilities-for-reading-and-writing-mach-o-headers"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.MachO" title="macholib.MachO: Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachO</span></tt></a> &#8212; Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.MachO" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines a class <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Macho</span></tt>, which enables reading
+and writing the Mach-O header of an executable file or dynamic
+library on MacOS X.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.MachO.MachO">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.MachO.</tt><tt class="descname">MachO</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.MachO.MachO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Creates a MachO object by reading the Mach-O headers from
+<em>filename</em>.</p>
+<p>The <em>filename</em> should refer to an existing file in Mach-O
+format, and can refer to fat (universal) binaries.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">more information will be added later</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="scripts.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Command-line tools</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="MachoOGraph.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachoGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/MachO.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
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+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+    </div>
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+             >index</a></li>
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+             >modules</a> |</li>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachoOGraph.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachoOGraph.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aeba004d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachoOGraph.html
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.MachoGraph — Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="macholib.MachOStandalone — Create standalone application bundles" href="MachoOStandalone.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="macholib.MachO — Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers" href="MachO.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="MachoOStandalone.html" title="macholib.MachOStandalone — Create standalone application bundles"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="MachO.html" title="macholib.MachO — Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.MachOGraph">
+<span id="macholib-machograph-graph-data-structure-of-mach-o-dependencies"></span><h1><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachoGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.MachOGraph" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines the class <a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.MachOGraph.MachOGraph" title="macholib.MachOGraph.MachOGraph"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MachOGraph</span></tt></a> which represents the
+direct and indirect dependencies of one or more  Mach-O files on
+other (library) files.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.MachOGraph.MachOGraph">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.MachOGraph.</tt><tt class="descname">MachOGraph</tt><big>(</big><em>...</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.MachOGraph.MachOGraph" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>To be discussed.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="MachO.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachO</span></tt> &#8212; Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="MachoOStandalone.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachOStandalone</span></tt> &#8212; Create standalone application bundles</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/MachoOGraph.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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+      </div>
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+    </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
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+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="MachO.html" title="macholib.MachO — Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachoOStandalone.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachoOStandalone.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b94201b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/MachoOStandalone.html
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.MachOStandalone — Create standalone application bundles &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="macholib.SymbolTable — Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header" href="SymbolTable.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="macholib.MachoGraph — Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies" href="MachoOGraph.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="SymbolTable.html" title="macholib.SymbolTable — Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="MachoOGraph.html" title="macholib.MachoGraph — Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
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+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.MachOStandalone">
+<span id="macholib-machostandalone-create-standalone-application-bundles"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.MachOStandalone" title="macholib.MachOStandalone: Create standalone application bundles"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachOStandalone</span></tt></a> &#8212; Create standalone application bundles<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.MachOStandalone" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines class <a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.MachOStandalone.MachOStandalone" title="macholib.MachOStandalone.MachOStandalone"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MachOStandalone</span></tt></a> which locates
+all Mach-O files in a directory (assumed to be the root of an
+application or plugin bundle) and then copies all non-system
+dependencies for the located files into the bundle.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.MachOStandalone.MachOStandalone">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.MachOStandalone.</tt><tt class="descname">MachOStandalone</tt><big>(</big><em>base</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>dest</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>graph</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>env</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>executable_path</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.MachOStandalone.MachOStandalone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd></dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="MachoOGraph.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachoGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="SymbolTable.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.SymbolTable</span></tt> &#8212; Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/MachoOStandalone.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
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+    </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
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+             >next</a> |</li>
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+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/SymbolTable.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/SymbolTable.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6847d612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/SymbolTable.html
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.SymbolTable">
+<span id="macholib-symboltable-class-to-read-the-symbol-table-from-a-mach-o-header"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.SymbolTable" title="macholib.SymbolTable: Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.SymbolTable</span></tt></a> &#8212; Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.SymbolTable" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module is deprecated because it is not by the author
+and likely contains bugs. It also does not work for 64-bit binaries.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.SymbolTable.SymbolTable">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.SymbolTable.</tt><tt class="descname">SymbolTable</tt><big>(</big><em>macho</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>openfile</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.SymbolTable.SymbolTable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Reads the SymbolTable for the given Mach-O object.</p>
+<p>The option argument <em>openfile</em> specifies the
+function to use to open the file, defaulting to
+the builtin <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#open" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">open()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
+<div class="admonition warning">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
+<p>As far as we know this class is not used
+by any user of the modulegraph package, and the code
+has not been updated after the initial implementation.</p>
+<p class="last">The end result of this is that the code does not
+support 64-bit code at all and likely doesn&#8217;t work
+properly for 32-bit code as well.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="MachoOStandalone.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachOStandalone</span></tt> &#8212; Create standalone application bundles</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="dyld.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dyld</span></tt> &#8212; Dyld emulation</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/SymbolTable.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
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+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
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+    </div>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
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+             >index</a></li>
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+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
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+             >next</a> |</li>
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+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
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+</html>
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachO.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..204e04087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+:mod:`macholib.MachO` --- Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.MachO
+   :synopsis: Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers
+
+This module defines a class :class:`Macho`, which enables reading
+and writing the Mach-O header of an executable file or dynamic
+library on MacOS X.
+
+.. class:: MachO(filename)
+
+   Creates a MachO object by reading the Mach-O headers from
+   *filename*.
+
+   The *filename* should refer to an existing file in Mach-O
+   format, and can refer to fat (universal) binaries.
+
+.. note:: more information will be added later
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachoOGraph.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachoOGraph.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..256a4137f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachoOGraph.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+:mod:`macholib.MachoGraph` --- Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies
+===============================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.MachOGraph
+   :synopsis: Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies
+
+This module defines the class :class:`MachOGraph` which represents the
+direct and indirect dependencies of one or more  Mach-O files on 
+other (library) files.
+
+.. class:: MachOGraph(...)
+
+   To be discussed.
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachoOStandalone.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachoOStandalone.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a8052f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/MachoOStandalone.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+:mod:`macholib.MachOStandalone` --- Create standalone application bundles
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.MachOStandalone
+   :synopsis: Create standalone application bundles
+
+This module defines class :class:`MachOStandalone` which locates
+all Mach-O files in a directory (assumed to be the root of an
+application or plugin bundle) and then copies all non-system 
+dependencies for the located files into the bundle.
+
+.. class:: MachOStandalone(base[, dest[, graph[, env[, executable_path]]]])
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/SymbolTable.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/SymbolTable.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5417e315c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/SymbolTable.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+:mod:`macholib.SymbolTable` --- Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header
+===================================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.SymbolTable
+   :synopsis: Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header
+
+This module is deprecated because it is not by the author
+and likely contains bugs. It also does not work for 64-bit binaries.
+
+.. class:: SymbolTable(macho[, openfile])
+
+   Reads the SymbolTable for the given Mach-O object.
+
+   The option argument *openfile* specifies the 
+   function to use to open the file, defaulting to
+   the builtin :func:`open` function.
+
+   .. warning:: As far as we know this class is not used
+      by any user of the modulegraph package, and the code
+      has not been updated after the initial implementation.
+
+      The end result of this is that the code does not
+      support 64-bit code at all and likely doesn't work
+      properly for 32-bit code as well.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/changelog.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/changelog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d73299f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/changelog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+Release history
+===============
+
+macholib 1.7
+------------
+
+* Added support for ARM64, LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64 and LC_LINKER_OPTION
+
+  Patch by Matthias Ringwald.
+
+* Load commands now have a "describe" method that returns more information
+  about the command.
+
+  Patch by David Dorsey.
+
+* The MAGIC value in the header was always represented in the native
+  byte order, instead of as the value read from the binary.
+
+  Patch by David Dorsey.
+
+* Added various new constants to "macholib.mach_o".
+
+  Patch by David Dorsey.
+
+macholib 1.6.1
+--------------
+
+* ?
+
+macholib 1.6
+------------
+
+* Add support for '@loader_path' link command in
+  macholib.dyld:
+
+  - Added function ``macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search``
+
+  - This function is used by ``macholib.dyld.dyld_find``,
+    and that function now has an new (optional) argument
+    with the path to the loader.
+
+* Also add support for '@loader_path' to macholib.MachoGraph,
+  using the newly added '@loader_path' support in the
+  dyld module.
+
+  Due to this suppport the *macho_standalone* tool can
+  now rewrite binaries that contain an '@loader_path' load
+  command.
+
+
+macholib 1.5.2
+--------------
+
+* Issue #93: Show the name of the affected file in the exception message
+  for Mach-O headers that are too large to relocate.
+
+
+macholib 1.5.1
+--------------
+
+* There were no 'classifiers' in the package metadata due to
+  a bug in setup.py.
+
+macholib 1.5
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.5 is a minor feature release
+
+* No longer use 2to3 to provide Python 3 support
+
+  As a side-effect of this macholib no longer supports
+  Python 2.5 and earlier.
+
+* Adds suppport for some new macho load commands
+
+* Fix for py3k problem in macho_standalone.py
+
+  Patch by Guanqun Lu.
+
+* Fix for some issues in macho_dump.py
+
+  Patch by Nam Nguyen
+
+* Issue #10: Fix for LC_DATA_IN_CODE linker commands, without
+  this fix py2app cannot build application bundles when
+  the source binaries have been compiled with Xcode 4.5.
+
+* Issue #6: Fix for LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO linker commands
+
+* Use the mach header information to print the cpu type of a
+  binary, instead of trying to deduce that from pointer width
+  and endianness.
+
+  Changed the code because of issue #6, in which a user tries to
+  dump a iOS binary which results in bogus output in the previous
+  releases.
+
+* The mapping ``macholib.macho_dump.ARCH_MAP`` is undocumented
+  and no longer used by macholib itself. It will be removed
+  in the next release.
+
+
+* The command-line tools ``macho_find``, ``macho_dump`` and
+  ``macho_standalone`` are deprecated. Use "python -mmacholib"
+  instead. That is::
+
+   $ python -mmacholib dump /usr/bin/grep
+
+   $ python -mmacholib find ~
+
+   $ python -mmacholib standalone myapp.app
+
+  This makes it clearer which version of the tools are used.
+
+macholib 1.4.3
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.4.3 is a minor feature release
+
+* Added strings for 'x86_64' and 'ppc64' to
+  macholib.mach_o.CPU_TYPE_NAMES.
+
+* macho_find and macho_dump were broken in the 1.4.2 release
+
+* added 'macholib.util.NOT_SYSTEM_FILES', a list of
+  files that aren't system path's even though they are
+  located in system locations.
+
+  Needed to work around a bug in PySide (see issue #32 in the
+  py2app tracker)
+
+
+
+macholib 1.4.2
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.4.2 is a minor bugfix release
+
+* The support for new load commands that was added in 1.4.1
+  contained a typo that caused problems on OSX 10.7 (Lion).
+
+macholib 1.4.1
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.4.1 is a minor feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Add support for a number of new MachO load commands that were added
+  during the lifetime of OSX 10.6: ``LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB``,
+  ``LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX``, ``LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS`` and
+  ``LC_FUNCTION_STARTS``.
+
+macholib 1.4
+-------------
+
+macholib 1.4 is a feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Documentation is now generated using `sphinx <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx>`_
+  and can be viewed at <http://packages.python.org/macholib>.
+
+- The repository has moved to bitbucket
+
+- There now is a testsuite
+
+- Private functionality inside modules was renamed to
+  a name starting with an underscore.
+
+  .. note:: if this change affects your code you are relying on undefined
+     implementation features, please stop using private functions.
+
+- The basic packable types in ``macholib.ptypes`` were renamed to better
+  represent the corresponding C type. The table below lists the old
+  an new names (the old names are still available, but are deprecated and
+  will be removed in a future release).
+
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | **Old name** | **New name** |
+  +==============+==============+
+  | p_byte       | p_int8       |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ubyte      | p_uint8      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_short      | p_int16      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ushort     | p_uint16     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_int        | p_int32      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_uint       | p_uint32     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_long       | p_int32      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ulong      | p_uint32     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_longlong   | p_int64      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ulonglong  | p_uint64     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+
+  ``Macholib.ptypes.p_ptr`` is no longer present as it had an unclear
+  definition and isn't actually used in the codebase.
+
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- The semantics of ``dyld.dyld_default_search`` were changed a bit,
+  it now first searches the framework path (if appropriate) and then
+  the linker path, irrespective of the value of the ``DYLD_FALLBACK*``
+  environment variables.
+
+  Previous versions would change the search order when those variables
+  was set, which is odd and doesn't correspond with the documented
+  behaviour of the system dyld.
+
+- It is once again possible to install using python2.5
+
+- The source distribution includes all files, this was broken
+  due to the switch to mercurial (which confused setuptools)
+
+macholib 1.3
+------------
+
+macholib 1.3 is a feature release.
+
+Features:
+
+- Experimental Python 3.x support
+
+  This version contains lightly tested support for Python 3.
+
+macholib 1.2.2
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.2.2 is a bugfix release.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Macholib should work better with 64-bit code
+  (patch by Marc-Antoine Parent)
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/dyld.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/dyld.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14895b6b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/dyld.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+:mod:`macholib.dyld` --- Dyld emulation
+=======================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.dyld
+   :synopsis: Emulation of functonality of the dynamic linker
+
+This module defines a number of functions that can be used
+to emulate the functionality of the dynamic linker (``dyld``)
+w.r.t. looking for library files and framworks.
+
+.. function:: dyld_image_suffix([env])
+
+   Looks up the suffix to append to shared library and
+   framework names and returns this value when found.
+   Returns ``None`` when no suffix should be appended.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dydl_framework_path([env])
+
+   Returns a user-specified framework search path,
+   or an empty list when only the default search path
+   should be used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_library_path([env])
+
+   Returns a user-specified library search path,
+   or an empty list when only the default search path
+   should be used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_fallback_framework_path([env])
+
+   Return a user specified list of of directories where
+   to look for frameworks that aren't in their install path,
+   or an empty list when the default fallback path should
+   be  used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_fallback_library_path([env])
+
+   Return a user specified list of of directories where
+   to look for libraries that aren't in their install path,
+   or an empty list when the default fallback path should
+   be  used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_image_suffix_search(iterator[, env])
+
+   Yields all items in *iterator*, and prepents names
+   with the image suffix to those items when the suffix
+   is specified.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+.. function:: dyld_override_search(name[, env])
+
+   If *name* is a framework name yield filesystem
+   paths relative to the entries in the framework
+   search path.
+
+   Always yield the filesystem paths relative to the
+   entries in the library search path.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+.. function:: dyld_executable_path_search(name, executable_path)
+
+   If *name* is a path starting with ``@executable_path/`` yield
+   the path relative to the specified *executable_path*.
+
+   If *executable_path* is None nothing is yielded.
+
+.. function:: dyld_loader_search(name, loader_path)
+
+   If *name* is a path starting with ``@loader_path/`` yield
+   the path relative to the specified *loader_path*.
+
+   If *loader_path* is None nothing is yielded.
+
+   .. versionadded: 1.6
+
+.. function:: dyld_default_search(name[, env])
+
+   Yield the filesystem locations to look for a dynamic
+   library or framework using the default locations
+   used by the system dynamic linker.
+
+   This function will look in ``~/Library/Frameworks``
+   for frameworks, even though the system dynamic linker
+   doesn't.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+.. function:: dyld_find(name[, executable_path[, env [, loader]]])
+
+   Returns the path of the requested dynamic library,
+   raises :exc:`ValueError` when the library cannot be found.
+
+   This function searches for the library in the same
+   locations and de system dynamic linker.
+
+   The *executable_path* should be the filesystem path
+   of the executable to which the library is linked (either
+   directly or indirectly).
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   The *loader_path* argument is an optional filesystem path for
+   the object file (binary of shared library) that references
+   *name*.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 1.6
+
+      Added the *loader_path* argument.
+
+.. function:: framework_find(fn[, executable_path[, env]])
+
+   Find a framework using the same semantics as the
+   system dynamic linker, but will accept looser names
+   than the system linker.
+
+   This function will return a correct result for input
+   values like:
+
+   * Python
+
+   * Python.framework
+
+   * Python.framework/Versions/Current
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/dylib.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/dylib.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..969680212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/dylib.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+:mod:`macholib.dylib` --- Generic dylib path manipulation
+=========================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.dylib
+   :synopsis: Generic dylib path manipulation
+
+This module defines a function :func:`dylib_info` that can extract
+useful information from the name of a dynamic library.
+
+.. function:: dylib_info(filename)
+
+   A dylib name can take one of the following four forms:
+
+   * ``Location/Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.SomeVersion.dylib``
+
+   * ``Location/Name_Suffix.dylib``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.dylib``
+
+   Returns None if not found or a mapping equivalent to::
+   
+     dict(
+         location='Location',
+         name='Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib',
+         shortname='Name',
+         version='SomeVersion',
+         suffix='Suffix',
+     )
+
+   .. note:: *SomeVersion* and *Suffix* are optional and my be ``None``
+      if not present.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/framework.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/framework.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b58b5751c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/framework.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+:mod:`macholib.framework` --- Generic framework path manipulation
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.framework
+   :synopsis: Generic framework path manipulation
+
+
+This module defines a function :func:`framework_info` that can extract
+useful information from the name of a dynamic library in a framework.
+
+.. function:: framework_info(filename)
+
+   A framework name can take one of the following four forms:
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Name_Suffix``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Name``
+
+   Returns ``None`` if not found, or a mapping equivalent to::
+
+      dict(
+          location='Location',
+          name='Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix',
+          shortname='Name',
+          version='SomeVersion',
+          suffix='Suffix',
+      )
+
+  .. note:: *SomeVersion* and *Suffix* are optional and may be None
+     if not present.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/index.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3067926a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers
+==========================================
+
+macholib can be used to analyze and edit Mach-O headers, the executable
+format used by Mac OS X.
+
+It's typically used as a dependency analysis tool, and also to rewrite dylib
+references in Mach-O headers to be ``@executable_path`` relative.
+
+Though this tool targets a platform specific file format, it is pure python
+code that is platform and endian independent.
+
+General documentation
+---------------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   changelog
+   license
+   scripts
+
+Reference Guide
+---------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   MachO
+   MachoOGraph
+   MachoOStandalone
+   SymbolTable
+   dyld
+   dylib
+   framework
+   macho_o
+   ptypes
+
+Online Resources
+----------------
+
+* `Sourcecode repository on bitbucket <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib/>`_
+
+* `The issue tracker <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib/issues>`_
+
+* `Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference at Apple <http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html>`_
+
+Contributors
+------------
+
+Macholib was written by Bob Ippolito and is currently maintained by Ronald Oussoren <ronaldoussoren@mac.com>.
+
+Indices and tables
+------------------
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/license.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/license.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9c8cc50e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/license.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+License
+=======
+
+Copyright (c) Bob Ippolito
+
+Parts are copyright (c) 2010-2014 Ronald Oussoren
+
+MIT License
+...........
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/macho_o.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/macho_o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfa347e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/macho_o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+:mod:`macholib.mach_o` --- Low-level definitions
+================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.mach_o
+   :synopsis: Low-level definitions of elements in a Mach-O file
+
+This module defines constants and packable structure types
+that correspond to elements of a Mach-O file.
+
+The names of classes and constants is the same as those in
+the Mach-O header files and 
+`Apple's documentation <http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html>`_. This document therefore
+doesn't explictly document the names in this module.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/ptypes.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/ptypes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ade2ac847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/ptypes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+:mod:`macholib.ptypes` --- Packable types
+=========================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.ptypes
+   :synopsis: Serializable types
+
+The module :mod:`macholib.ptypes` defines types that can be serialized into
+byte arrays, both for basic types and structured types (C ``struct`` values).
+
+Utility functions
+-----------------
+
+.. function:: sizeof(value)
+
+   Returns the size in bytes of an object when packed, raises :exc:`ValueError`
+   for inappropriate values.
+
+.. function:: pypackable(name, pytype, format)
+
+   Returns a packable type that is a subclass of the Python type
+   *pytype*. The value is converted to and from the packed format using
+   the struct *format*.
+
+
+
+Packable types
+--------------
+
+
+.. class:: BasePackable
+
+   All packable types are a subclass of :class:`BasePackable`, which defines
+   the basic interface but is itself an abstract base class.
+
+   .. data:: _endian_
+
+      The byteorder of a packed value. This will be ``"<"` for 
+      little endian values and ``">"`` for big-endian ones.
+
+      .. note:: the endianness option is a public value to be
+         able to support both big- and little-endian file formats.
+
+         The name suggests that this attribute is private, this
+         is partically for historical reasons and partially to
+         avoid conflicts with field names in C structs.
+
+   .. method:: from_mmap(mmap, ptr, \**kw)
+
+      This class method constructs the value from a subview of a 
+      :class:`mmap.mmap` object. It uses bytes starting at offset *ptr* and 
+      reads just enough bytes to read the entire object.
+
+   .. method:: from_fileobj(fp, \**kw)
+
+      This class method constructs the value by reading just enough bytes
+      from a file-like object.
+
+      .. note:: The file must be opened in binary mode, that is read calls
+         should return byte-strings and not unicode-strings.
+
+   .. method:: from_str(value, \**kw)
+
+      This class method construct the value by using the struct module
+      to parse the given bytes.
+
+      .. note:: contrary to what the name suggests the argument to this
+         method is a byte-string, not a unicode-string.
+
+   .. method:: from_tuple(fp, \**kw)
+
+      This class method constructs the object from a tuple with all fields.
+
+
+   .. method:: to_str()
+
+      Returns a byte representation of the value. 
+
+      .. note:: there is no default implementation for this method
+
+   .. method:: to_fileobj(fp)
+
+      Write a byte representation of the value to the given file-like
+      object. The file should be opened in binary mode.
+
+   .. method:: to_mmap(mmap, ptr)
+
+      Write the byte representation of the value to a :class:`mmap.mmap` 
+      object, starting at offset *ptr*.
+
+
+.. class:: Structure(...)
+
+   .. data:: _fields_
+
+      This class attribute is a list that contains the fields of the 
+      structure in the right order. Every item of this list is a tuple 
+      with 2 arguments: the first element is the name of the field, and 
+      the second the packable type for the field.
+
+      Every subclass of :class:`Structure` must define *_fields_* to be
+      usefull, and the value of *_fields_* should not be changed after
+      class construction.
+
+
+Basic packables
+---------------
+
+Other than the core functionality this module defines a number of 
+:func:`pypackable` types that correspond to useful basic C types.
+
+.. class:: p_char([value])
+
+   A byte string of length 1
+
+.. class:: p_int8
+
+   An 8-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint8
+
+   An 8-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_int16
+
+   An 16-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint16
+
+   An 16-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_int32
+
+   An 32-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint32
+
+   An 32-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_int64
+
+   An 64-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint64
+
+   An 64-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_float
+
+   An floating point value of type ``float``
+
+.. class:: p_double
+
+   An floating point value of type ``double``
+
+.. note:: the module exports a number of other types with
+   names starting with ``p_``, such as ``p_int``. Those types
+   are deprecated and should not be used.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/scripts.txt b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/scripts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50cf38028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_sources/scripts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Command-line tools
+==================
+
+python -m macholib find
+-----------------------
+
+Usage::
+
+        $ python -mmacholib find dir...
+
+Print the paths of all MachO binaries
+in the specified directories.
+
+python -m macholib standalone
+-----------------------------
+
+Usage::
+
+        $ python -m macholib standalone appbundle...
+
+Convert one or more application bundles into 
+standalone bundles. That is, copy all non-system
+shared libraries and frameworks used by the bundle
+into the bundle and rewrite load commands.
+
+python -mmacholib dump
+----------------------
+
+Usage::
+        
+        $ python -mmacholib dump dir...
+
+Prints information about all architectures in a 
+Mach-O file as well as all libraries it links 
+to.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/ajax-loader.gif b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/ajax-loader.gif
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61faf8cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/ajax-loader.gif
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/basic.css b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/basic.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c959cf0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/basic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+    width: 100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    float: left;
+    width: 230px;
+    margin-left: -100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    margin-left: 20px;
+    list-style: square;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+    width: 170px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] {
+    width: 30px;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+    line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+    clear: left;
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
+    clear: right;
+    float: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+    border-top: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-right: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+    border-left: solid 1px gray;
+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+    list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+    list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
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+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
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+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
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+    margin: 0;
+}
+
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+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
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+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
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+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
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+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
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+
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+    background-color: transparent;
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+
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+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-bright.png b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-bright.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..551517b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-bright.png
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-close.png b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-close.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09b54be46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment-close.png
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment.png b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92feb52b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/comment.png
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/doctools.js b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2036e5f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+};
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+        var span = document.createElement("span");
+        span.className = className;
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this);
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      if (!body.length) {
+        body = $('body');
+      }
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this == '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83589daa7
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46081870
--- /dev/null
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+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- nature theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
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+ 
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+ 
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+ 
+body {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+    font-size: 100%;
+    background-color: #111;
+    color: #555;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    float: left;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+hr {
+    border: 1px solid #B1B4B6;
+}
+ 
+div.document {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+ 
+div.body {
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    color: #3E4349;
+    padding: 0 30px 30px 30px;
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+}
+ 
+div.footer {
+    color: #555;
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 13px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 75%;
+}
+ 
+div.footer a {
+    color: #444;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.related {
+    background-color: #6BA81E;
+    line-height: 32px;
+    color: #fff;
+    text-shadow: 0px 1px 0 #444;
+    font-size: 0.9em;
+}
+ 
+div.related a {
+    color: #E2F3CC;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    font-size: 0.75em;
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper{
+    padding: 20px 0;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar h3,
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+    color: #222;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 5px 10px;
+    background-color: #ddd;
+    text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 white
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4{
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+    color: #444;
+}
+ 
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+    color: #888;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    margin: 10px 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: #000;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+    color: #444;
+}
+ 
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input[type=text]{
+    margin-left: 20px;
+}
+ 
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+ 
+a {
+    color: #005B81;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+ 
+a:hover {
+    color: #E32E00;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+ 
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+    background-color: #BED4EB;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    color: #212224;
+    margin: 30px 0px 10px 0px;
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 10px;
+    text-shadow: 0px 1px 0 white
+}
+ 
+div.body h1 { border-top: 20px solid white; margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 150%; background-color: #C8D5E3; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 120%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 110%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; background-color: #D8DEE3; }
+ 
+a.headerlink {
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+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+ 
+a.headerlink:hover {
+    background-color: #c60f0f;
+    color: white;
+}
+ 
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
+    line-height: 1.5em;
+}
+ 
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.highlight{
+    background-color: white;
+}
+
+div.note {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+ 
+div.seealso {
+    background-color: #ffc;
+    border: 1px solid #ff6;
+}
+ 
+div.topic {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+ 
+div.warning {
+    background-color: #ffe4e4;
+    border: 1px solid #f66;
+}
+ 
+p.admonition-title {
+    display: inline;
+}
+ 
+p.admonition-title:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+ 
+pre {
+    padding: 10px;
+    background-color: White;
+    color: #222;
+    line-height: 1.2em;
+    border: 1px solid #C6C9CB;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    margin: 1.5em 0 1.5em 0;
+    -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #d8d8d8;
+    -moz-box-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #d8d8d8;
+}
+ 
+tt {
+    background-color: #ecf0f3;
+    color: #222;
+    /* padding: 1px 2px; */
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-family: monospace;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    background-color: #f4debf;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ac9;
+}
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new file mode 100644
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5c7e5fee
--- /dev/null
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+/*
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+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilties for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
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+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * Simple result scoring code.
+ */
+var Scorer = {
+  // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
+  // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+  // and returns the new score.
+  /*
+  score: function(result) {
+    return result[4];
+  },
+  */
+
+  // query matches the full name of an object
+  objNameMatch: 11,
+  // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
+  objPartialMatch: 6,
+  // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
+  objPrio: {0:  15,   // used to be importantResults
+            1:  5,   // used to be objectResults
+            2: -5},  // used to be unimportantResults
+  //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
+  objPrioDefault: 0,
+
+  // query found in title
+  title: 15,
+  // query found in terms
+  term: 5
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true,
+            complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+              if (textstatus != "success") {
+                document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url;
+              }
+            }});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      var i;
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    }
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
+   */
+  query : function(query) {
+    var i;
+    var stopwords = ["a","and","are","as","at","be","but","by","for","if","in","into","is","it","near","no","not","of","on","or","such","that","the","their","then","there","these","they","this","to","was","will","with"];
+
+    // stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] !== "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i].toLowerCase()) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+          tmp[i] === "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      var toAppend;
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$u.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    }
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var titleterms = this._index.titleterms;
+
+    // array of [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    var results = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0, i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length));
+      results = results.concat(this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others));
+    }
+
+    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
+    results = results.concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, Scorer.term))
+                     .concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, titleterms, Scorer.title));
+
+    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
+    if (Scorer.score) {
+      for (i = 0; i < results.length; i++)
+        results[i][4] = Scorer.score(results[i]);
+    }
+
+    // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
+    // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then
+    // alphabetically
+    results.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[4];
+      var right = b[4];
+      if (left > right) {
+        return 1;
+      } else if (left < right) {
+        return -1;
+      } else {
+        // same score: sort alphabetically
+        left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+        right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+        return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // for debugging
+    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
+    //console.info('search results:', Search.lastresults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX === '') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        }
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          $.ajax({url: DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' + item[0] + '.txt',
+                  dataType: "text",
+                  complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+                    var data = jqxhr.responseText;
+                    if (data !== '') {
+                      listItem.append(Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+                    }
+                    Search.output.append(listItem);
+                    listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+                      displayNextItem();
+                    });
+                  }});
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for object names
+   */
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i;
+    var results = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var score = 0;
+          var parts = fullname.split('.');
+          // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
+          // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
+          if (fullname == object || parts[parts.length - 1] == object) {
+            score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
+          // matches in last name
+          } else if (parts[parts.length - 1].indexOf(object) > -1) {
+            score += Scorer.objPartialMatch;
+          }
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+
+          var anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor === '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
+          if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) {
+            score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
+          } else {
+            score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
+          }
+          results.push([filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr, score]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for full-text terms in the index
+   */
+  performTermsSearch : function(searchterms, excluded, terms, score) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i, j, file, files;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var results = [];
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ((files = terms[word]) === undefined)
+        break;
+      if (files.length === undefined) {
+        files = [files];
+      }
+      // create the mapping
+      for (j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+          continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
+      for (i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+          $u.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it to the result list
+      if (valid) {
+        results.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null, score]);
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to return a node containing the
+   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+   * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+   * words. the first one is used to find the occurance, the
+   * latter for highlighting it.
+   */
+  makeSearchSummary : function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+    var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+    var start = 0;
+    $.each(keywords, function() {
+      var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+      if (i > -1)
+        start = i;
+    });
+    start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+    var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+      $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+      ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+    var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+    $.each(hlwords, function() {
+      rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+    });
+    return rv;
+  }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/underscore.js b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b55f32be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Underscore.js 1.3.1
+// (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
+(function(){function q(a,c,d){if(a===c)return a!==0||1/a==1/c;if(a==null||c==null)return a===c;if(a._chain)a=a._wrapped;if(c._chain)c=c._wrapped;if(a.isEqual&&b.isFunction(a.isEqual))return a.isEqual(c);if(c.isEqual&&b.isFunction(c.isEqual))return c.isEqual(a);var e=l.call(a);if(e!=l.call(c))return false;switch(e){case "[object String]":return a==String(c);case "[object Number]":return a!=+a?c!=+c:a==0?1/a==1/c:a==+c;case "[object Date]":case "[object Boolean]":return+a==+c;case "[object RegExp]":return a.source==
+c.source&&a.global==c.global&&a.multiline==c.multiline&&a.ignoreCase==c.ignoreCase}if(typeof a!="object"||typeof c!="object")return false;for(var f=d.length;f--;)if(d[f]==a)return true;d.push(a);var f=0,g=true;if(e=="[object Array]"){if(f=a.length,g=f==c.length)for(;f--;)if(!(g=f in a==f in c&&q(a[f],c[f],d)))break}else{if("constructor"in a!="constructor"in c||a.constructor!=c.constructor)return false;for(var h in a)if(b.has(a,h)&&(f++,!(g=b.has(c,h)&&q(a[h],c[h],d))))break;if(g){for(h in c)if(b.has(c,
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/up-pressed.png b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/up-pressed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bd587afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/up-pressed.png
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/up.png b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/up.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b94625680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/up.png
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/websupport.js b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/websupport.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..19fcda564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/_static/websupport.js
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+/*
+ * websupport.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * sphinx.websupport utilties for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2013 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+(function($) {
+  $.fn.autogrow = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+    var textarea = this;
+
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+
+    $(textarea)
+      .focus(function() {
+        textarea.interval = setInterval(function() {
+          $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea);
+        }, 500);
+      })
+      .blur(function() {
+        clearInterval(textarea.interval);
+      });
+    });
+  };
+
+  $.fn.autogrow.resize = function(textarea) {
+    var lineHeight = parseInt($(textarea).css('line-height'), 10);
+    var lines = textarea.value.split('\n');
+    var columns = textarea.cols;
+    var lineCount = 0;
+    $.each(lines, function() {
+      lineCount += Math.ceil(this.length / columns) || 1;
+    });
+    var height = lineHeight * (lineCount + 1);
+    $(textarea).css('height', height);
+  };
+})(jQuery);
+
+(function($) {
+  var comp, by;
+
+  function init() {
+    initEvents();
+    initComparator();
+  }
+
+  function initEvents() {
+    $('a.comment-close').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.vote').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleVote($(this));
+    });
+    $('a.reply').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      openReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.close-reply').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      closeReply($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.sort-option').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      handleReSort($(this));
+    });
+    $('a.show-proposal').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.hide-proposal').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposal($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.show-propose-change').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      showProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.hide-propose-change').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      hideProposeChange($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.accept-comment').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      acceptComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.delete-comment').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      deleteComment($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+    $('a.comment-markup').live("click", function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      toggleCommentMarkupBox($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set comp, which is a comparator function used for sorting and
+   * inserting comments into the list.
+   */
+  function setComparator() {
+    // If the first three letters are "asc", sort in ascending order
+    // and remove the prefix.
+    if (by.substring(0,3) == 'asc') {
+      var i = by.substring(3);
+      comp = function(a, b) { return a[i] - b[i]; };
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise sort in descending order.
+      comp = function(a, b) { return b[by] - a[by]; };
+    }
+
+    // Reset link styles and format the selected sort option.
+    $('a.sel').attr('href', '#').removeClass('sel');
+    $('a.by' + by).removeAttr('href').addClass('sel');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a comp function. If the user has preferences stored in
+   * the sortBy cookie, use those, otherwise use the default.
+   */
+  function initComparator() {
+    by = 'rating'; // Default to sort by rating.
+    // If the sortBy cookie is set, use that instead.
+    if (document.cookie.length > 0) {
+      var start = document.cookie.indexOf('sortBy=');
+      if (start != -1) {
+        start = start + 7;
+        var end = document.cookie.indexOf(";", start);
+        if (end == -1) {
+          end = document.cookie.length;
+          by = unescape(document.cookie.substring(start, end));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Show a comment div.
+   */
+  function show(id) {
+    $('#ao' + id).hide();
+    $('#ah' + id).show();
+    var context = $.extend({id: id}, opts);
+    var popup = $(renderTemplate(popupTemplate, context)).hide();
+    popup.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').hide();
+    popup.find('a.by' + by).addClass('sel');
+    var form = popup.find('#cf' + id);
+    form.submit(function(event) {
+      event.preventDefault();
+      addComment(form);
+    });
+    $('#s' + id).after(popup);
+    popup.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      getComments(id);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Hide a comment div.
+   */
+  function hide(id) {
+    $('#ah' + id).hide();
+    $('#ao' + id).show();
+    var div = $('#sc' + id);
+    div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+      div.remove();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform an ajax request to get comments for a node
+   * and insert the comments into the comments tree.
+   */
+  function getComments(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+     type: 'GET',
+     url: opts.getCommentsURL,
+     data: {node: id},
+     success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+       var ul = $('#cl' + id);
+       var speed = 100;
+       $('#cf' + id)
+         .find('textarea[name="proposal"]')
+         .data('source', data.source);
+
+       if (data.comments.length === 0) {
+         ul.html('<li>No comments yet.</li>');
+         ul.data('empty', true);
+       } else {
+         // If there are comments, sort them and put them in the list.
+         var comments = sortComments(data.comments);
+         speed = data.comments.length * 100;
+         appendComments(comments, ul);
+         ul.data('empty', false);
+       }
+       $('#cn' + id).slideUp(speed + 200);
+       ul.slideDown(speed);
+     },
+     error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+       showError('Oops, there was a problem retrieving the comments.');
+     },
+     dataType: 'json'
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a comment via ajax and insert the comment into the comment tree.
+   */
+  function addComment(form) {
+    var node_id = form.find('input[name="node"]').val();
+    var parent_id = form.find('input[name="parent"]').val();
+    var text = form.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val();
+    var proposal = form.find('textarea[name="proposal"]').val();
+
+    if (text == '') {
+      showError('Please enter a comment.');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Disable the form that is being submitted.
+    form.find('textarea,input').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+
+    // Send the comment to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.addCommentURL,
+      dataType: 'json',
+      data: {
+        node: node_id,
+        parent: parent_id,
+        text: text,
+        proposal: proposal
+      },
+      success: function(data, textStatus, error) {
+        // Reset the form.
+        if (node_id) {
+          hideProposeChange(node_id);
+        }
+        form.find('textarea')
+          .val('')
+          .add(form.find('input'))
+          .removeAttr('disabled');
+	var ul = $('#cl' + (node_id || parent_id));
+        if (ul.data('empty')) {
+          $(ul).empty();
+          ul.data('empty', false);
+        }
+        insertComment(data.comment);
+        var ao = $('#ao' + node_id);
+        ao.find('img').attr({'src': opts.commentBrightImage});
+        if (node_id) {
+          // if this was a "root" comment, remove the commenting box
+          // (the user can get it back by reopening the comment popup)
+          $('#ca' + node_id).slideUp();
+        }
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        form.find('textarea,input').removeAttr('disabled');
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem adding the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively append comments to the main comment list and children
+   * lists, creating the comment tree.
+   */
+  function appendComments(comments, ul) {
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      var div = createCommentDiv(this);
+      ul.append($(document.createElement('li')).html(div));
+      appendComments(this.children, div.find('ul.comment-children'));
+      // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+      this.children = null;
+      div.data('comment', this);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After adding a new comment, it must be inserted in the correct
+   * location in the comment tree.
+   */
+  function insertComment(comment) {
+    var div = createCommentDiv(comment);
+
+    // To avoid stagnating data, don't store the comments children in data.
+    comment.children = null;
+    div.data('comment', comment);
+
+    var ul = $('#cl' + (comment.node || comment.parent));
+    var siblings = getChildren(ul);
+
+    var li = $(document.createElement('li'));
+    li.hide();
+
+    // Determine where in the parents children list to insert this comment.
+    for(i=0; i < siblings.length; i++) {
+      if (comp(comment, siblings[i]) <= 0) {
+        $('#cd' + siblings[i].id)
+          .parent()
+          .before(li.html(div));
+        li.slideDown('fast');
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we get here, this comment rates lower than all the others,
+    // or it is the only comment in the list.
+    ul.append(li.html(div));
+    li.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function acceptComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.acceptCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        $('#cm' + id).fadeOut('fast');
+        $('#cd' + id).removeClass('moderate');
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem accepting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function deleteComment(id) {
+    $.ajax({
+      type: 'POST',
+      url: opts.deleteCommentURL,
+      data: {id: id},
+      success: function(data, textStatus, request) {
+        var div = $('#cd' + id);
+        if (data == 'delete') {
+          // Moderator mode: remove the comment and all children immediately
+          div.slideUp('fast', function() {
+            div.remove();
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+        // User mode: only mark the comment as deleted
+        div
+          .find('span.user-id:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('div.comment-text:first')
+          .text('[deleted]').end()
+          .find('#cm' + id + ', #dc' + id + ', #ac' + id + ', #rc' + id +
+                ', #sp' + id + ', #hp' + id + ', #cr' + id + ', #rl' + id)
+          .remove();
+        var comment = div.data('comment');
+        comment.username = '[deleted]';
+        comment.text = '[deleted]';
+        div.data('comment', comment);
+      },
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem deleting the comment.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  function showProposal(id) {
+    $('#sp' + id).hide();
+    $('#hp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposal(id) {
+    $('#hp' + id).hide();
+    $('#sp' + id).show();
+    $('#pr' + id).slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function showProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#pc' + id).hide();
+    $('#hc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val(textarea.data('source'));
+    $.fn.autogrow.resize(textarea[0]);
+    textarea.slideDown('fast');
+  }
+
+  function hideProposeChange(id) {
+    $('#hc' + id).hide();
+    $('#pc' + id).show();
+    var textarea = $('#pt' + id);
+    textarea.val('').removeAttr('disabled');
+    textarea.slideUp('fast');
+  }
+
+  function toggleCommentMarkupBox(id) {
+    $('#mb' + id).toggle();
+  }
+
+  /** Handle when the user clicks on a sort by link. */
+  function handleReSort(link) {
+    var classes = link.attr('class').split(/\s+/);
+    for (var i=0; i<classes.length; i++) {
+      if (classes[i] != 'sort-option') {
+	by = classes[i].substring(2);
+      }
+    }
+    setComparator();
+    // Save/update the sortBy cookie.
+    var expiration = new Date();
+    expiration.setDate(expiration.getDate() + 365);
+    document.cookie= 'sortBy=' + escape(by) +
+                     ';expires=' + expiration.toUTCString();
+    $('ul.comment-ul').each(function(index, ul) {
+      var comments = getChildren($(ul), true);
+      comments = sortComments(comments);
+      appendComments(comments, $(ul).empty());
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Function to process a vote when a user clicks an arrow.
+   */
+  function handleVote(link) {
+    if (!opts.voting) {
+      showError("You'll need to login to vote.");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    var id = link.attr('id');
+    if (!id) {
+      // Didn't click on one of the voting arrows.
+      return;
+    }
+    // If it is an unvote, the new vote value is 0,
+    // Otherwise it's 1 for an upvote, or -1 for a downvote.
+    var value = 0;
+    if (id.charAt(1) != 'u') {
+      value = id.charAt(0) == 'u' ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    // The data to be sent to the server.
+    var d = {
+      comment_id: id.substring(2),
+      value: value
+    };
+
+    // Swap the vote and unvote links.
+    link.hide();
+    $('#' + id.charAt(0) + (id.charAt(1) == 'u' ? 'v' : 'u') + d.comment_id)
+      .show();
+
+    // The div the comment is displayed in.
+    var div = $('div#cd' + d.comment_id);
+    var data = div.data('comment');
+
+    // If this is not an unvote, and the other vote arrow has
+    // already been pressed, unpress it.
+    if ((d.value !== 0) && (data.vote === d.value * -1)) {
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'u' + d.comment_id).hide();
+      $('#' + (d.value == 1 ? 'd' : 'u') + 'v' + d.comment_id).show();
+    }
+
+    // Update the comments rating in the local data.
+    data.rating += (data.vote === 0) ? d.value : (d.value - data.vote);
+    data.vote = d.value;
+    div.data('comment', data);
+
+    // Change the rating text.
+    div.find('.rating:first')
+      .text(data.rating + ' point' + (data.rating == 1 ? '' : 's'));
+
+    // Send the vote information to the server.
+    $.ajax({
+      type: "POST",
+      url: opts.processVoteURL,
+      data: d,
+      error: function(request, textStatus, error) {
+        showError('Oops, there was a problem casting that vote.');
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Open a reply form used to reply to an existing comment.
+   */
+  function openReply(id) {
+    // Swap out the reply link for the hide link
+    $('#rl' + id).hide();
+    $('#cr' + id).show();
+
+    // Add the reply li to the children ul.
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(replyTemplate, {id: id})).hide();
+    $('#cl' + id)
+      .prepend(div)
+      // Setup the submit handler for the reply form.
+      .find('#rf' + id)
+      .submit(function(event) {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        addComment($('#rf' + id));
+        closeReply(id);
+      })
+      .find('input[type=button]')
+      .click(function() {
+        closeReply(id);
+      });
+    div.slideDown('fast', function() {
+      $('#rf' + id).find('textarea').focus();
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close the reply form opened with openReply.
+   */
+  function closeReply(id) {
+    // Remove the reply div from the DOM.
+    $('#rd' + id).slideUp('fast', function() {
+      $(this).remove();
+    });
+
+    // Swap out the hide link for the reply link
+    $('#cr' + id).hide();
+    $('#rl' + id).show();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively sort a tree of comments using the comp comparator.
+   */
+  function sortComments(comments) {
+    comments.sort(comp);
+    $.each(comments, function() {
+      this.children = sortComments(this.children);
+    });
+    return comments;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the children comments from a ul. If recursive is true,
+   * recursively include childrens' children.
+   */
+  function getChildren(ul, recursive) {
+    var children = [];
+    ul.children().children("[id^='cd']")
+      .each(function() {
+        var comment = $(this).data('comment');
+        if (recursive)
+          comment.children = getChildren($(this).find('#cl' + comment.id), true);
+        children.push(comment);
+      });
+    return children;
+  }
+
+  /** Create a div to display a comment in. */
+  function createCommentDiv(comment) {
+    if (!comment.displayed && !opts.moderator) {
+      return $('<div class="moderate">Thank you!  Your comment will show up '
+               + 'once it is has been approved by a moderator.</div>');
+    }
+    // Prettify the comment rating.
+    comment.pretty_rating = comment.rating + ' point' +
+      (comment.rating == 1 ? '' : 's');
+    // Make a class (for displaying not yet moderated comments differently)
+    comment.css_class = comment.displayed ? '' : ' moderate';
+    // Create a div for this comment.
+    var context = $.extend({}, opts, comment);
+    var div = $(renderTemplate(commentTemplate, context));
+
+    // If the user has voted on this comment, highlight the correct arrow.
+    if (comment.vote) {
+      var direction = (comment.vote == 1) ? 'u' : 'd';
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'v' + comment.id).hide();
+      div.find('#' + direction + 'u' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+
+    if (opts.moderator || comment.text != '[deleted]') {
+      div.find('a.reply').show();
+      if (comment.proposal_diff)
+        div.find('#sp' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator && !comment.displayed)
+        div.find('#cm' + comment.id).show();
+      if (opts.moderator || (opts.username == comment.username))
+        div.find('#dc' + comment.id).show();
+    }
+    return div;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A simple template renderer. Placeholders such as <%id%> are replaced
+   * by context['id'] with items being escaped. Placeholders such as <#id#>
+   * are not escaped.
+   */
+  function renderTemplate(template, context) {
+    var esc = $(document.createElement('div'));
+
+    function handle(ph, escape) {
+      var cur = context;
+      $.each(ph.split('.'), function() {
+        cur = cur[this];
+      });
+      return escape ? esc.text(cur || "").html() : cur;
+    }
+
+    return template.replace(/<([%#])([\w\.]*)\1>/g, function() {
+      return handle(arguments[2], arguments[1] == '%' ? true : false);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Flash an error message briefly. */
+  function showError(message) {
+    $(document.createElement('div')).attr({'class': 'popup-error'})
+      .append($(document.createElement('div'))
+               .attr({'class': 'error-message'}).text(message))
+      .appendTo('body')
+      .fadeIn("slow")
+      .delay(2000)
+      .fadeOut("slow");
+  }
+
+  /** Add a link the user uses to open the comments popup. */
+  $.fn.comment = function() {
+    return this.each(function() {
+      var id = $(this).attr('id').substring(1);
+      var count = COMMENT_METADATA[id];
+      var title = count + ' comment' + (count == 1 ? '' : 's');
+      var image = count > 0 ? opts.commentBrightImage : opts.commentImage;
+      var addcls = count == 0 ? ' nocomment' : '';
+      $(this)
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-open' + addcls,
+            id: 'ao' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: image,
+              alt: 'comment',
+              title: title
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              show($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        )
+        .append(
+          $(document.createElement('a')).attr({
+            href: '#',
+            'class': 'sphinx-comment-close hidden',
+            id: 'ah' + id
+          })
+            .append($(document.createElement('img')).attr({
+              src: opts.closeCommentImage,
+              alt: 'close',
+              title: 'close'
+            }))
+            .click(function(event) {
+              event.preventDefault();
+              hide($(this).attr('id').substring(2));
+            })
+        );
+    });
+  };
+
+  var opts = {
+    processVoteURL: '/_process_vote',
+    addCommentURL: '/_add_comment',
+    getCommentsURL: '/_get_comments',
+    acceptCommentURL: '/_accept_comment',
+    deleteCommentURL: '/_delete_comment',
+    commentImage: '/static/_static/comment.png',
+    closeCommentImage: '/static/_static/comment-close.png',
+    loadingImage: '/static/_static/ajax-loader.gif',
+    commentBrightImage: '/static/_static/comment-bright.png',
+    upArrow: '/static/_static/up.png',
+    downArrow: '/static/_static/down.png',
+    upArrowPressed: '/static/_static/up-pressed.png',
+    downArrowPressed: '/static/_static/down-pressed.png',
+    voting: false,
+    moderator: false
+  };
+
+  if (typeof COMMENT_OPTIONS != "undefined") {
+    opts = jQuery.extend(opts, COMMENT_OPTIONS);
+  }
+
+  var popupTemplate = '\
+    <div class="sphinx-comments" id="sc<%id%>">\
+      <p class="sort-options">\
+        Sort by:\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byrating">best rated</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byascage">newest</a>\
+        <a href="#" class="sort-option byage">oldest</a>\
+      </p>\
+      <div class="comment-header">Comments</div>\
+      <div class="comment-loading" id="cn<%id%>">\
+        loading comments... <img src="<%loadingImage%>" alt="" /></div>\
+      <ul id="cl<%id%>" class="comment-ul"></ul>\
+      <div id="ca<%id%>">\
+      <p class="add-a-comment">Add a comment\
+        (<a href="#" class="comment-markup" id="ab<%id%>">markup</a>):</p>\
+      <div class="comment-markup-box" id="mb<%id%>">\
+        reStructured text markup: <i>*emph*</i>, <b>**strong**</b>, \
+        <tt>``code``</tt>, \
+        code blocks: <tt>::</tt> and an indented block after blank line</div>\
+      <form method="post" id="cf<%id%>" class="comment-form" action="">\
+        <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+        <p class="propose-button">\
+          <a href="#" id="pc<%id%>" class="show-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9657;\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hc<%id%>" class="hide-propose-change">\
+            Propose a change &#9663;\
+          </a>\
+        </p>\
+        <textarea name="proposal" id="pt<%id%>" cols="80"\
+                  spellcheck="false"></textarea>\
+        <input type="submit" value="Add comment" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="node" value="<%id%>" />\
+        <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="" />\
+      </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var commentTemplate = '\
+    <div id="cd<%id%>" class="sphinx-comment<%css_class%>">\
+      <div class="vote">\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="uv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrow%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="uu<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote up">\
+            <img src="<%upArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="arrow">\
+          <a href="#" id="dv<%id%>" class="vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrow%>" id="da<%id%>" />\
+          </a>\
+          <a href="#" id="du<%id%>" class="un vote" title="vote down">\
+            <img src="<%downArrowPressed%>" />\
+          </a>\
+        </div>\
+      </div>\
+      <div class="comment-content">\
+        <p class="tagline comment">\
+          <span class="user-id"><%username%></span>\
+          <span class="rating"><%pretty_rating%></span>\
+          <span class="delta"><%time.delta%></span>\
+        </p>\
+        <div class="comment-text comment"><#text#></div>\
+        <p class="comment-opts comment">\
+          <a href="#" class="reply hidden" id="rl<%id%>">reply &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" class="close-reply" id="cr<%id%>">reply &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="sp<%id%>" class="show-proposal">proposal &#9657;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="hp<%id%>" class="hide-proposal">proposal &#9663;</a>\
+          <a href="#" id="dc<%id%>" class="delete-comment hidden">delete</a>\
+          <span id="cm<%id%>" class="moderation hidden">\
+            <a href="#" id="ac<%id%>" class="accept-comment">accept</a>\
+          </span>\
+        </p>\
+        <pre class="proposal" id="pr<%id%>">\
+<#proposal_diff#>\
+        </pre>\
+          <ul class="comment-children" id="cl<%id%>"></ul>\
+        </div>\
+        <div class="clearleft"></div>\
+      </div>\
+    </div>';
+
+  var replyTemplate = '\
+    <li>\
+      <div class="reply-div" id="rd<%id%>">\
+        <form id="rf<%id%>">\
+          <textarea name="comment" cols="80"></textarea>\
+          <input type="submit" value="Add reply" />\
+          <input type="button" value="Cancel" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="parent" value="<%id%>" />\
+          <input type="hidden" name="node" value="" />\
+        </form>\
+      </div>\
+    </li>';
+
+  $(document).ready(function() {
+    init();
+  });
+})(jQuery);
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  // add comment anchors for all paragraphs that are commentable
+  $('.sphinx-has-comment').comment();
+
+  // highlight search words in search results
+  $("div.context").each(function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.q) ? params.q[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    var result = $(this);
+    $.each(terms, function() {
+      result.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+    });
+  });
+
+  // directly open comment window if requested
+  var anchor = document.location.hash;
+  if (anchor.substring(0, 9) == '#comment-') {
+    $('#ao' + anchor.substring(9)).click();
+    document.location.hash = '#s' + anchor.substring(9);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/changelog.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/changelog.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cf3dbcde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/changelog.html
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Release history &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="License" href="license.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers" href="index.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="license.html" title="License"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="index.html" title="Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="release-history">
+<h1>Release history<a class="headerlink" href="#release-history" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-7">
+<h2>macholib 1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Added support for ARM64, LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64 and LC_LINKER_OPTION</p>
+<p>Patch by Matthias Ringwald.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Load commands now have a &#8220;describe&#8221; method that returns more information
+about the command.</p>
+<p>Patch by David Dorsey.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The MAGIC value in the header was always represented in the native
+byte order, instead of as the value read from the binary.</p>
+<p>Patch by David Dorsey.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added various new constants to &#8220;macholib.mach_o&#8221;.</p>
+<p>Patch by David Dorsey.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-6-1">
+<h2>macholib 1.6.1<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-6-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>?</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-6">
+<h2>macholib 1.6<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Add support for <a class="reference external" href="mailto:'&#37;&#52;&#48;loader_path">'<span>&#64;</span>loader_path</a>&#8216; link command in
+macholib.dyld:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added function <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search</span></tt></li>
+<li>This function is used by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dyld.dyld_find</span></tt>,
+and that function now has an new (optional) argument
+with the path to the loader.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Also add support for <a class="reference external" href="mailto:'&#37;&#52;&#48;loader_path">'<span>&#64;</span>loader_path</a>&#8216; to macholib.MachoGraph,
+using the newly added <a class="reference external" href="mailto:'&#37;&#52;&#48;loader_path">'<span>&#64;</span>loader_path</a>&#8216; support in the
+dyld module.</p>
+<p>Due to this suppport the <em>macho_standalone</em> tool can
+now rewrite binaries that contain an <a class="reference external" href="mailto:'&#37;&#52;&#48;loader_path">'<span>&#64;</span>loader_path</a>&#8216; load
+command.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-5-2">
+<h2>macholib 1.5.2<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-5-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Issue #93: Show the name of the affected file in the exception message
+for Mach-O headers that are too large to relocate.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-5-1">
+<h2>macholib 1.5.1<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-5-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>There were no &#8216;classifiers&#8217; in the package metadata due to
+a bug in setup.py.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-5">
+<h2>macholib 1.5<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.5 is a minor feature release</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">No longer use 2to3 to provide Python 3 support</p>
+<p>As a side-effect of this macholib no longer supports
+Python 2.5 and earlier.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Adds suppport for some new macho load commands</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Fix for py3k problem in macho_standalone.py</p>
+<p>Patch by Guanqun Lu.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Fix for some issues in macho_dump.py</p>
+<p>Patch by Nam Nguyen</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Issue #10: Fix for LC_DATA_IN_CODE linker commands, without
+this fix py2app cannot build application bundles when
+the source binaries have been compiled with Xcode 4.5.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Issue #6: Fix for LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO linker commands</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Use the mach header information to print the cpu type of a
+binary, instead of trying to deduce that from pointer width
+and endianness.</p>
+<p>Changed the code because of issue #6, in which a user tries to
+dump a iOS binary which results in bogus output in the previous
+releases.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The mapping <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.macho_dump.ARCH_MAP</span></tt> is undocumented
+and no longer used by macholib itself. It will be removed
+in the next release.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The command-line tools <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macho_find</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macho_dump</span></tt> and
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macho_standalone</span></tt> are deprecated. Use &#8220;python -mmacholib&#8221;
+instead. That is:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -mmacholib dump /usr/bin/grep
+
+$ python -mmacholib find ~
+
+$ python -mmacholib standalone myapp.app
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This makes it clearer which version of the tools are used.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-4-3">
+<h2>macholib 1.4.3<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-4-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.4.3 is a minor feature release</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Added strings for &#8216;x86_64&#8217; and &#8216;ppc64&#8217; to
+macholib.mach_o.CPU_TYPE_NAMES.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">macho_find and macho_dump were broken in the 1.4.2 release</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">added &#8216;macholib.util.NOT_SYSTEM_FILES&#8217;, a list of
+files that aren&#8217;t system path&#8217;s even though they are
+located in system locations.</p>
+<p>Needed to work around a bug in PySide (see issue #32 in the
+py2app tracker)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-4-2">
+<h2>macholib 1.4.2<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-4-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.4.2 is a minor bugfix release</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>The support for new load commands that was added in 1.4.1
+contained a typo that caused problems on OSX 10.7 (Lion).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-4-1">
+<h2>macholib 1.4.1<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-4-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.4.1 is a minor feature release</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Add support for a number of new MachO load commands that were added
+during the lifetime of OSX 10.6: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS</span></tt> and
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LC_FUNCTION_STARTS</span></tt>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-4">
+<h2>macholib 1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.4 is a feature release</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Documentation is now generated using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx">sphinx</a>
+and can be viewed at &lt;<a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/macholib">http://packages.python.org/macholib</a>&gt;.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The repository has moved to bitbucket</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">There now is a testsuite</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Private functionality inside modules was renamed to
+a name starting with an underscore.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">if this change affects your code you are relying on undefined
+implementation features, please stop using private functions.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The basic packable types in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.ptypes</span></tt> were renamed to better
+represent the corresponding C type. The table below lists the old
+an new names (the old names are still available, but are deprecated and
+will be removed in a future release).</p>
+<table border="1" class="docutils">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="50%" />
+<col width="50%" />
+</colgroup>
+<thead valign="bottom">
+<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><strong>Old name</strong></th>
+<th class="head"><strong>New name</strong></th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="row-even"><td>p_byte</td>
+<td>p_int8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>p_ubyte</td>
+<td>p_uint8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>p_short</td>
+<td>p_int16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>p_ushort</td>
+<td>p_uint16</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>p_int</td>
+<td>p_int32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>p_uint</td>
+<td>p_uint32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>p_long</td>
+<td>p_int32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>p_ulong</td>
+<td>p_uint32</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-even"><td>p_longlong</td>
+<td>p_int64</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="row-odd"><td>p_ulonglong</td>
+<td>p_uint64</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Macholib.ptypes.p_ptr</span></tt> is no longer present as it had an unclear
+definition and isn&#8217;t actually used in the codebase.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Bug fixes:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">The semantics of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dyld.dyld_default_search</span></tt> were changed a bit,
+it now first searches the framework path (if appropriate) and then
+the linker path, irrespective of the value of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DYLD_FALLBACK*</span></tt>
+environment variables.</p>
+<p>Previous versions would change the search order when those variables
+was set, which is odd and doesn&#8217;t correspond with the documented
+behaviour of the system dyld.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">It is once again possible to install using python2.5</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">The source distribution includes all files, this was broken
+due to the switch to mercurial (which confused setuptools)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-3">
+<h2>macholib 1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.3 is a feature release.</p>
+<p>Features:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Experimental Python 3.x support</p>
+<p>This version contains lightly tested support for Python 3.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="macholib-1-2-2">
+<h2>macholib 1.2.2<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-1-2-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>macholib 1.2.2 is a bugfix release.</p>
+<p>Bug fixes:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Macholib should work better with 64-bit code
+(patch by Marc-Antoine Parent)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Release history</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-7">macholib 1.7</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-6-1">macholib 1.6.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-6">macholib 1.6</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-5-2">macholib 1.5.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-5-1">macholib 1.5.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-5">macholib 1.5</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-4-3">macholib 1.4.3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-4-2">macholib 1.4.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-4-1">macholib 1.4.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-4">macholib 1.4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-3">macholib 1.3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#macholib-1-2-2">macholib 1.2.2</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="index.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="license.html"
+                        title="next chapter">License</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/changelog.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/dyld.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/dyld.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad8555058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/dyld.html
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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+    <title>macholib.dyld — Dyld emulation &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
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+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
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+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
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+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.dyld">
+<span id="macholib-dyld-dyld-emulation"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.dyld" title="macholib.dyld: Emulation of functonality of the dynamic linker"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dyld</span></tt></a> &#8212; Dyld emulation<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.dyld" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines a number of functions that can be used
+to emulate the functionality of the dynamic linker (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dyld</span></tt>)
+w.r.t. looking for library files and framworks.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_image_suffix">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_image_suffix</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_image_suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Looks up the suffix to append to shared library and
+framework names and returns this value when found.
+Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> when no suffix should be appended.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>See the description of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX</span></tt> in the
+manual page for dyld(1) for more information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dydl_framework_path">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dydl_framework_path</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dydl_framework_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a user-specified framework search path,
+or an empty list when only the default search path
+should be used.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>See the description of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH</span></tt> in the
+manual page for dyld(1) for more information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_library_path">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_library_path</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_library_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a user-specified library search path,
+or an empty list when only the default search path
+should be used.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>See the description of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH</span></tt> in the
+manual page for dyld(1) for more information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_fallback_framework_path">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_fallback_framework_path</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_fallback_framework_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a user specified list of of directories where
+to look for frameworks that aren&#8217;t in their install path,
+or an empty list when the default fallback path should
+be  used.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>See the description of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH</span></tt> in the
+manual page for dyld(1) for more information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_fallback_library_path">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_fallback_library_path</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_fallback_library_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Return a user specified list of of directories where
+to look for libraries that aren&#8217;t in their install path,
+or an empty list when the default fallback path should
+be  used.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>See the description of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH</span></tt> in the
+manual page for dyld(1) for more information.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_image_suffix_search</tt><big>(</big><em>iterator</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yields all items in <em>iterator</em>, and prepents names
+with the image suffix to those items when the suffix
+is specified.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_override_search">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_override_search</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_override_search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>If <em>name</em> is a framework name yield filesystem
+paths relative to the entries in the framework
+search path.</p>
+<p>Always yield the filesystem paths relative to the
+entries in the library search path.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_executable_path_search">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_executable_path_search</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>executable_path</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_executable_path_search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>If <em>name</em> is a path starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;executable_path/</span></tt> yield
+the path relative to the specified <em>executable_path</em>.</p>
+<p>If <em>executable_path</em> is None nothing is yielded.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_loader_search</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>loader_path</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>If <em>name</em> is a path starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;loader_path/</span></tt> yield
+the path relative to the specified <em>loader_path</em>.</p>
+<p>If <em>loader_path</em> is None nothing is yielded.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_default_search">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_default_search</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_default_search" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Yield the filesystem locations to look for a dynamic
+library or framework using the default locations
+used by the system dynamic linker.</p>
+<p>This function will look in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/Library/Frameworks</span></tt>
+for frameworks, even though the system dynamic linker
+doesn&#8217;t.</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.dyld_find">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">dyld_find</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>executable_path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>env</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>loader</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.dyld_find" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the path of the requested dynamic library,
+raises <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt> when the library cannot be found.</p>
+<p>This function searches for the library in the same
+locations and de system dynamic linker.</p>
+<p>The <em>executable_path</em> should be the filesystem path
+of the executable to which the library is linked (either
+directly or indirectly).</p>
+<p>The <em>env</em> argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.environ" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>The <em>loader_path</em> argument is an optional filesystem path for
+the object file (binary of shared library) that references
+<em>name</em>.</p>
+<div class="versionchanged">
+<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 1.6: </span>Added the <em>loader_path</em> argument.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dyld.framework_find">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dyld.</tt><tt class="descname">framework_find</tt><big>(</big><em>fn</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>executable_path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>env</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dyld.framework_find" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Find a framework using the same semantics as the
+system dynamic linker, but will accept looser names
+than the system linker.</p>
+<p>This function will return a correct result for input
+values like:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Python</li>
+<li>Python.framework</li>
+<li>Python.framework/Versions/Current</li>
+</ul>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="SymbolTable.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.SymbolTable</span></tt> &#8212; Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="dylib.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dylib</span></tt> &#8212; Generic dylib path manipulation</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/dyld.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="dylib.html" title="macholib.dylib — Generic dylib path manipulation"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="SymbolTable.html" title="macholib.SymbolTable — Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/dylib.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/dylib.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd293fef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/dylib.html
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.dylib — Generic dylib path manipulation &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="macholib.framework — Generic framework path manipulation" href="framework.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="macholib.dyld — Dyld emulation" href="dyld.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="framework.html" title="macholib.framework — Generic framework path manipulation"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="dyld.html" title="macholib.dyld — Dyld emulation"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.dylib">
+<span id="macholib-dylib-generic-dylib-path-manipulation"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.dylib" title="macholib.dylib: Generic dylib path manipulation"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dylib</span></tt></a> &#8212; Generic dylib path manipulation<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.dylib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines a function <a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.dylib.dylib_info" title="macholib.dylib.dylib_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dylib_info()</span></tt></a> that can extract
+useful information from the name of a dynamic library.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.dylib.dylib_info">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.dylib.</tt><tt class="descname">dylib_info</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.dylib.dylib_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A dylib name can take one of the following four forms:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.SomeVersion.dylib</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name_Suffix.dylib</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.dylib</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Returns None if not found or a mapping equivalent to:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Location&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">shortname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;SomeVersion&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">suffix</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Suffix&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><em>SomeVersion</em> and <em>Suffix</em> are optional and my be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>
+if not present.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="dyld.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dyld</span></tt> &#8212; Dyld emulation</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="framework.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.framework</span></tt> &#8212; Generic framework path manipulation</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/dylib.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="framework.html" title="macholib.framework — Generic framework path manipulation"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="dyld.html" title="macholib.dyld — Dyld emulation"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/framework.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/framework.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..023e580ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/framework.html
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.framework — Generic framework path manipulation &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="macholib.mach_o — Low-level definitions" href="macho_o.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="macholib.dylib — Generic dylib path manipulation" href="dylib.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="macho_o.html" title="macholib.mach_o — Low-level definitions"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="dylib.html" title="macholib.dylib — Generic dylib path manipulation"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.framework">
+<span id="macholib-framework-generic-framework-path-manipulation"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.framework" title="macholib.framework: Generic framework path manipulation"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.framework</span></tt></a> &#8212; Generic framework path manipulation<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.framework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines a function <a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.framework.framework_info" title="macholib.framework.framework_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">framework_info()</span></tt></a> that can extract
+useful information from the name of a dynamic library in a framework.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.framework.framework_info">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.framework.</tt><tt class="descname">framework_info</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.framework.framework_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><blockquote>
+<div><p>A framework name can take one of the following four forms:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.framework/Name_Suffix</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Location/Name.framework/Name</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if not found, or a mapping equivalent to:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="n">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Location&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">shortname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;SomeVersion&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+    <span class="n">suffix</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Suffix&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><em>SomeVersion</em> and <em>Suffix</em> are optional and may be None
+if not present.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="dylib.html"
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/genindex.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/genindex.html
new file mode 100644
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
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+<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
+
+<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
+ <a href="#B"><strong>B</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#F"><strong>F</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#P"><strong>P</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#T"><strong>T</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="B">B</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable">BasePackable (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable._endian_">BasePackable._endian_ (in module macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="D">D</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dydl_framework_path">dydl_framework_path() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_default_search">dyld_default_search() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_executable_path_search">dyld_executable_path_search() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_fallback_framework_path">dyld_fallback_framework_path() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_fallback_library_path">dyld_fallback_library_path() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_find">dyld_find() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_image_suffix">dyld_image_suffix() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search">dyld_image_suffix_search() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_library_path">dyld_library_path() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search">dyld_loader_search() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.dyld_override_search">dyld_override_search() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dylib.html#macholib.dylib.dylib_info">dylib_info() (in module macholib.dylib)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="F">F</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#macholib.dyld.framework_find">framework_find() (in module macholib.dyld)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="framework.html#macholib.framework.framework_info">framework_info() (in module macholib.framework)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_fileobj">from_fileobj() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_mmap">from_mmap() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_str">from_str() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_tuple">from_tuple() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="M">M</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="MachO.html#macholib.MachO.MachO">MachO (class in macholib.MachO)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="MachoOGraph.html#macholib.MachOGraph.MachOGraph">MachOGraph (class in macholib.MachOGraph)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dyld.html#module-macholib.dyld">macholib.dyld (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="dylib.html#module-macholib.dylib">macholib.dylib (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="framework.html#module-macholib.framework">macholib.framework (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="macho_o.html#module-macholib.mach_o">macholib.mach_o (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="MachO.html#module-macholib.MachO">macholib.MachO (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="MachoOGraph.html#module-macholib.MachOGraph">macholib.MachOGraph (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="MachoOStandalone.html#module-macholib.MachOStandalone">macholib.MachOStandalone (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#module-macholib.ptypes">macholib.ptypes (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="SymbolTable.html#module-macholib.SymbolTable">macholib.SymbolTable (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="MachoOStandalone.html#macholib.MachOStandalone.MachOStandalone">MachOStandalone (class in macholib.MachOStandalone)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="P">P</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_char">p_char (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_double">p_double (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_float">p_float (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_int16">p_int16 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_int32">p_int32 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_int64">p_int64 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_int8">p_int8 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_uint16">p_uint16 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_uint32">p_uint32 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_uint64">p_uint64 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.p_uint8">p_uint8 (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.pypackable">pypackable() (in module macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="S">S</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.sizeof">sizeof() (in module macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.Structure">Structure (class in macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.Structure._fields_">Structure._fields_ (in module macholib.ptypes)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="SymbolTable.html#macholib.SymbolTable.SymbolTable">SymbolTable (class in macholib.SymbolTable)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="T">T</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_fileobj">to_fileobj() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_mmap">to_mmap() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="ptypes.html#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_str">to_str() (macholib.ptypes.BasePackable method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
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+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/index.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b405f778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+      };
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+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
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+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="macholib-analyze-and-edit-mach-o-headers">
+<h1>Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers<a class="headerlink" href="#macholib-analyze-and-edit-mach-o-headers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>macholib can be used to analyze and edit Mach-O headers, the executable
+format used by Mac OS X.</p>
+<p>It&#8217;s typically used as a dependency analysis tool, and also to rewrite dylib
+references in Mach-O headers to be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;executable_path</span></tt> relative.</p>
+<p>Though this tool targets a platform specific file format, it is pure python
+code that is platform and endian independent.</p>
+<div class="section" id="general-documentation">
+<h2>General documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#general-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html">Release history</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="license.html">License</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="scripts.html">Command-line tools</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reference-guide">
+<h2>Reference Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#reference-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="MachO.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachO</span></tt> &#8212; Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="MachoOGraph.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachoGraph</span></tt> &#8212; Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="MachoOStandalone.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachOStandalone</span></tt> &#8212; Create standalone application bundles</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="SymbolTable.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.SymbolTable</span></tt> &#8212; Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dyld.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dyld</span></tt> &#8212; Dyld emulation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dylib.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.dylib</span></tt> &#8212; Generic dylib path manipulation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="framework.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.framework</span></tt> &#8212; Generic framework path manipulation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="macho_o.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.mach_o</span></tt> &#8212; Low-level definitions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ptypes.html"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.ptypes</span></tt> &#8212; Packable types</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="online-resources">
+<h2>Online Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#online-resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib/">Sourcecode repository on bitbucket</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib/issues">The issue tracker</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html">Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference at Apple</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="contributors">
+<h2>Contributors<a class="headerlink" href="#contributors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Macholib was written by Bob Ippolito and is currently maintained by Ronald Oussoren &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:ronaldoussoren&#37;&#52;&#48;mac&#46;com">ronaldoussoren<span>&#64;</span>mac<span>&#46;</span>com</a>&gt;.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="indices-and-tables">
+<h2>Indices and tables<a class="headerlink" href="#indices-and-tables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="genindex.html"><em>Index</em></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="py-modindex.html"><em>Module Index</em></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="search.html"><em>Search Page</em></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-documentation">General documentation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference-guide">Reference Guide</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#online-resources">Online Resources</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#contributors">Contributors</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#indices-and-tables">Indices and tables</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/license.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/license.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88765bfce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/license.html
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>License &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+      <ul>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="license">
+<h1>License<a class="headerlink" href="#license" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Copyright (c) Bob Ippolito</p>
+<p>Parts are copyright (c) 2010-2014 Ronald Oussoren</p>
+<div class="section" id="mit-license">
+<h2>MIT License<a class="headerlink" href="#mit-license" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+and associated documentation files (the &#8220;Software&#8221;), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so.</p>
+<p>THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED &#8220;AS IS&#8221;, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">License</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mit-license">MIT License</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/macho_o.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/macho_o.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/macho_o.html
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.mach_o — Low-level definitions &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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+      };
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+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
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+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.mach_o">
+<span id="macholib-mach-o-low-level-definitions"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.mach_o" title="macholib.mach_o: Low-level definitions of elements in a Mach-O file"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.mach_o</span></tt></a> &#8212; Low-level definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.mach_o" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This module defines constants and packable structure types
+that correspond to elements of a Mach-O file.</p>
+<p>The names of classes and constants is the same as those in
+the Mach-O header files and
+<a class="reference external" href="http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html">Apple&#8217;s documentation</a>. This document therefore
+doesn&#8217;t explictly document the names in this module.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="framework.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.framework</span></tt> &#8212; Generic framework path manipulation</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="ptypes.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.ptypes</span></tt> &#8212; Packable types</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/macho_o.txt"
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+             >modules</a> |</li>
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+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/objects.inv b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4edc7d27d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/objects.inv
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/ptypes.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/ptypes.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a74627186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/ptypes.html
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>macholib.ptypes — Packable types &mdash; macholib 1.7 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="macholib.mach_o — Low-level definitions" href="macho_o.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
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+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="module-macholib.ptypes">
+<span id="macholib-ptypes-packable-types"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.ptypes" title="macholib.ptypes: Serializable types"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.ptypes</span></tt></a> &#8212; Packable types<a class="headerlink" href="#module-macholib.ptypes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-macholib.ptypes" title="macholib.ptypes: Serializable types"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.ptypes</span></tt></a> defines types that can be serialized into
+byte arrays, both for basic types and structured types (C <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span></tt> values).</p>
+<div class="section" id="utility-functions">
+<h2>Utility functions<a class="headerlink" href="#utility-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.sizeof">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">sizeof</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.sizeof" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the size in bytes of an object when packed, raises <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt>
+for inappropriate values.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.pypackable">
+<tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">pypackable</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>pytype</em>, <em>format</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.pypackable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a packable type that is a subclass of the Python type
+<em>pytype</em>. The value is converted to and from the packed format using
+the struct <em>format</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="packable-types">
+<h2>Packable types<a class="headerlink" href="#packable-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">BasePackable</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>All packable types are a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable" title="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BasePackable</span></tt></a>, which defines
+the basic interface but is itself an abstract base class.</p>
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable._endian_">
+<tt class="descname">_endian_</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable._endian_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The byteorder of a packed value. This will be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&quot;&lt;&quot;`</span> <span class="pre">for</span>
+<span class="pre">little</span> <span class="pre">endian</span> <span class="pre">values</span> <span class="pre">and</span> <span class="pre">``&quot;&gt;&quot;</span></tt> for big-endian ones.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>the endianness option is a public value to be
+able to support both big- and little-endian file formats.</p>
+<p class="last">The name suggests that this attribute is private, this
+is partically for historical reasons and partially to
+avoid conflicts with field names in C structs.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_mmap">
+<tt class="descname">from_mmap</tt><big>(</big><em>mmap</em>, <em>ptr</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_mmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This class method constructs the value from a subview of a
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/mmap.html#mmap.mmap" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap.mmap</span></tt></a> object. It uses bytes starting at offset <em>ptr</em> and
+reads just enough bytes to read the entire object.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_fileobj">
+<tt class="descname">from_fileobj</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_fileobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This class method constructs the value by reading just enough bytes
+from a file-like object.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">The file must be opened in binary mode, that is read calls
+should return byte-strings and not unicode-strings.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_str">
+<tt class="descname">from_str</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This class method construct the value by using the struct module
+to parse the given bytes.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">contrary to what the name suggests the argument to this
+method is a byte-string, not a unicode-string.</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_tuple">
+<tt class="descname">from_tuple</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.from_tuple" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This class method constructs the object from a tuple with all fields.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_str">
+<tt class="descname">to_str</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_str" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns a byte representation of the value.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">there is no default implementation for this method</p>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_fileobj">
+<tt class="descname">to_fileobj</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_fileobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Write a byte representation of the value to the given file-like
+object. The file should be opened in binary mode.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_mmap">
+<tt class="descname">to_mmap</tt><big>(</big><em>mmap</em>, <em>ptr</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.BasePackable.to_mmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Write the byte representation of the value to a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/mmap.html#mmap.mmap" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap.mmap</span></tt></a>
+object, starting at offset <em>ptr</em>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.Structure">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">Structure</tt><big>(</big><em>...</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.Structure" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><dl class="data">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.Structure._fields_">
+<tt class="descname">_fields_</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.Structure._fields_" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This class attribute is a list that contains the fields of the
+structure in the right order. Every item of this list is a tuple
+with 2 arguments: the first element is the name of the field, and
+the second the packable type for the field.</p>
+<p>Every subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.ptypes.Structure" title="macholib.ptypes.Structure"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Structure</span></tt></a> must define <em>_fields_</em> to be
+usefull, and the value of <em>_fields_</em> should not be changed after
+class construction.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="basic-packables">
+<h2>Basic packables<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-packables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Other than the core functionality this module defines a number of
+<a class="reference internal" href="#macholib.ptypes.pypackable" title="macholib.ptypes.pypackable"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pypackable()</span></tt></a> types that correspond to useful basic C types.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_char">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_char</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>value</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_char" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A byte string of length 1</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_int8">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_int8</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_int8" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 8-bit signed integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_uint8">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_uint8</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_uint8" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 8-bit unsigned integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_int16">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_int16</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_int16" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 16-bit signed integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_uint16">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_uint16</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_uint16" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 16-bit unsigned integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_int32">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_int32</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_int32" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 32-bit signed integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_uint32">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_uint32</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_uint32" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 32-bit unsigned integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_int64">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_int64</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_int64" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 64-bit signed integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_uint64">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_uint64</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_uint64" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An 64-bit unsigned integer</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_float">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_float</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_float" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An floating point value of type <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="macholib.ptypes.p_double">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">macholib.ptypes.</tt><tt class="descname">p_double</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#macholib.ptypes.p_double" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An floating point value of type <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">double</span></tt></p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">the module exports a number of other types with
+names starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">p_</span></tt>, such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">p_int</span></tt>. Those types
+are deprecated and should not be used.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.ptypes</span></tt> &#8212; Packable types</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#packable-types">Packable types</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-packables">Basic packables</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="macho_o.html"
+                        title="previous chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.mach_o</span></tt> &#8212; Low-level definitions</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/ptypes.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
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+    </form>
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+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
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+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
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+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
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+          <a href="py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
+             >modules</a> |</li>
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+          <a href="macho_o.html" title="macholib.mach_o — Low-level definitions"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/py-modindex.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/py-modindex.html
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+      };
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+   <h1>Python Module Index</h1>
+
+   <div class="modindex-jumpbox">
+   <a href="#cap-m"><strong>m</strong></a>
+   </div>
+
+   <table class="indextable modindextable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
+     <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cap" id="cap-m"><td></td><td>
+       <strong>m</strong></td><td></td></tr>
+     <tr>
+       <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler"
+              id="toggle-1" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td>
+       <td>
+       <tt class="xref">macholib</tt></td><td>
+       <em></em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="dyld.html#module-macholib.dyld"><tt class="xref">macholib.dyld</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Emulation of functonality of the dynamic linker</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="dylib.html#module-macholib.dylib"><tt class="xref">macholib.dylib</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Generic dylib path manipulation</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="framework.html#module-macholib.framework"><tt class="xref">macholib.framework</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Generic framework path manipulation</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="macho_o.html#module-macholib.mach_o"><tt class="xref">macholib.mach_o</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Low-level definitions of elements in a Mach-O file</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="MachO.html#module-macholib.MachO"><tt class="xref">macholib.MachO</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="MachoOGraph.html#module-macholib.MachOGraph"><tt class="xref">macholib.MachOGraph</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="MachoOStandalone.html#module-macholib.MachOStandalone"><tt class="xref">macholib.MachOStandalone</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Create standalone application bundles</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="ptypes.html#module-macholib.ptypes"><tt class="xref">macholib.ptypes</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Serializable types</em></td></tr>
+     <tr class="cg-1">
+       <td></td>
+       <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+       <a href="SymbolTable.html#module-macholib.SymbolTable"><tt class="xref">macholib.SymbolTable</tt></a></td><td>
+       <em>Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header</em></td></tr>
+   </table>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
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diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/scripts.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/scripts.html
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
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+        URL_ROOT:    './',
+        VERSION:     '1.7',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
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+      };
+    </script>
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+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
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+    <link rel="top" title="macholib 1.7 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="next" title="macholib.MachO — Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers" href="MachO.html" />
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+  </head>
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="command-line-tools">
+<h1>Command-line tools<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-tools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="python-m-macholib-find">
+<h2>python -m macholib find<a class="headerlink" href="#python-m-macholib-find" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -mmacholib find dir...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Print the paths of all MachO binaries
+in the specified directories.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="python-m-macholib-standalone">
+<h2>python -m macholib standalone<a class="headerlink" href="#python-m-macholib-standalone" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -m macholib standalone appbundle...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Convert one or more application bundles into
+standalone bundles. That is, copy all non-system
+shared libraries and frameworks used by the bundle
+into the bundle and rewrite load commands.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="python-mmacholib-dump">
+<h2>python -mmacholib dump<a class="headerlink" href="#python-mmacholib-dump" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Usage:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ python -mmacholib dump dir...
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Prints information about all architectures in a
+Mach-O file as well as all libraries it links
+to.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Command-line tools</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-m-macholib-find">python -m macholib find</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-m-macholib-standalone">python -m macholib standalone</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-mmacholib-dump">python -mmacholib dump</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="license.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">License</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="MachO.html"
+                        title="next chapter"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macholib.MachO</span></tt> &#8212; Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/scripts.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/search.html b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/search.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1aa1b53df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/search.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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+  <script type="text/javascript">
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+        <li><a href="index.html">macholib 1.7 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
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+    <div class="footer">
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+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.1.
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+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/searchindex.js b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/searchindex.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ed235d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/_build/html/searchindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/changelog.rst b/python/macholib/doc/changelog.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d73299f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/changelog.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+Release history
+===============
+
+macholib 1.7
+------------
+
+* Added support for ARM64, LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64 and LC_LINKER_OPTION
+
+  Patch by Matthias Ringwald.
+
+* Load commands now have a "describe" method that returns more information
+  about the command.
+
+  Patch by David Dorsey.
+
+* The MAGIC value in the header was always represented in the native
+  byte order, instead of as the value read from the binary.
+
+  Patch by David Dorsey.
+
+* Added various new constants to "macholib.mach_o".
+
+  Patch by David Dorsey.
+
+macholib 1.6.1
+--------------
+
+* ?
+
+macholib 1.6
+------------
+
+* Add support for '@loader_path' link command in
+  macholib.dyld:
+
+  - Added function ``macholib.dyld.dyld_loader_search``
+
+  - This function is used by ``macholib.dyld.dyld_find``,
+    and that function now has an new (optional) argument
+    with the path to the loader.
+
+* Also add support for '@loader_path' to macholib.MachoGraph,
+  using the newly added '@loader_path' support in the
+  dyld module.
+
+  Due to this suppport the *macho_standalone* tool can
+  now rewrite binaries that contain an '@loader_path' load
+  command.
+
+
+macholib 1.5.2
+--------------
+
+* Issue #93: Show the name of the affected file in the exception message
+  for Mach-O headers that are too large to relocate.
+
+
+macholib 1.5.1
+--------------
+
+* There were no 'classifiers' in the package metadata due to
+  a bug in setup.py.
+
+macholib 1.5
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.5 is a minor feature release
+
+* No longer use 2to3 to provide Python 3 support
+
+  As a side-effect of this macholib no longer supports
+  Python 2.5 and earlier.
+
+* Adds suppport for some new macho load commands
+
+* Fix for py3k problem in macho_standalone.py
+
+  Patch by Guanqun Lu.
+
+* Fix for some issues in macho_dump.py
+
+  Patch by Nam Nguyen
+
+* Issue #10: Fix for LC_DATA_IN_CODE linker commands, without
+  this fix py2app cannot build application bundles when
+  the source binaries have been compiled with Xcode 4.5.
+
+* Issue #6: Fix for LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO linker commands
+
+* Use the mach header information to print the cpu type of a
+  binary, instead of trying to deduce that from pointer width
+  and endianness.
+
+  Changed the code because of issue #6, in which a user tries to
+  dump a iOS binary which results in bogus output in the previous
+  releases.
+
+* The mapping ``macholib.macho_dump.ARCH_MAP`` is undocumented
+  and no longer used by macholib itself. It will be removed
+  in the next release.
+
+
+* The command-line tools ``macho_find``, ``macho_dump`` and
+  ``macho_standalone`` are deprecated. Use "python -mmacholib"
+  instead. That is::
+
+   $ python -mmacholib dump /usr/bin/grep
+
+   $ python -mmacholib find ~
+
+   $ python -mmacholib standalone myapp.app
+
+  This makes it clearer which version of the tools are used.
+
+macholib 1.4.3
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.4.3 is a minor feature release
+
+* Added strings for 'x86_64' and 'ppc64' to
+  macholib.mach_o.CPU_TYPE_NAMES.
+
+* macho_find and macho_dump were broken in the 1.4.2 release
+
+* added 'macholib.util.NOT_SYSTEM_FILES', a list of
+  files that aren't system path's even though they are
+  located in system locations.
+
+  Needed to work around a bug in PySide (see issue #32 in the
+  py2app tracker)
+
+
+
+macholib 1.4.2
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.4.2 is a minor bugfix release
+
+* The support for new load commands that was added in 1.4.1
+  contained a typo that caused problems on OSX 10.7 (Lion).
+
+macholib 1.4.1
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.4.1 is a minor feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Add support for a number of new MachO load commands that were added
+  during the lifetime of OSX 10.6: ``LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB``,
+  ``LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX``, ``LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS`` and
+  ``LC_FUNCTION_STARTS``.
+
+macholib 1.4
+-------------
+
+macholib 1.4 is a feature release
+
+Features:
+
+- Documentation is now generated using `sphinx <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sphinx>`_
+  and can be viewed at <http://packages.python.org/macholib>.
+
+- The repository has moved to bitbucket
+
+- There now is a testsuite
+
+- Private functionality inside modules was renamed to
+  a name starting with an underscore.
+
+  .. note:: if this change affects your code you are relying on undefined
+     implementation features, please stop using private functions.
+
+- The basic packable types in ``macholib.ptypes`` were renamed to better
+  represent the corresponding C type. The table below lists the old
+  an new names (the old names are still available, but are deprecated and
+  will be removed in a future release).
+
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | **Old name** | **New name** |
+  +==============+==============+
+  | p_byte       | p_int8       |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ubyte      | p_uint8      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_short      | p_int16      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ushort     | p_uint16     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_int        | p_int32      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_uint       | p_uint32     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_long       | p_int32      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ulong      | p_uint32     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_longlong   | p_int64      |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+  | p_ulonglong  | p_uint64     |
+  +--------------+--------------+
+
+  ``Macholib.ptypes.p_ptr`` is no longer present as it had an unclear
+  definition and isn't actually used in the codebase.
+
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- The semantics of ``dyld.dyld_default_search`` were changed a bit,
+  it now first searches the framework path (if appropriate) and then
+  the linker path, irrespective of the value of the ``DYLD_FALLBACK*``
+  environment variables.
+
+  Previous versions would change the search order when those variables
+  was set, which is odd and doesn't correspond with the documented
+  behaviour of the system dyld.
+
+- It is once again possible to install using python2.5
+
+- The source distribution includes all files, this was broken
+  due to the switch to mercurial (which confused setuptools)
+
+macholib 1.3
+------------
+
+macholib 1.3 is a feature release.
+
+Features:
+
+- Experimental Python 3.x support
+
+  This version contains lightly tested support for Python 3.
+
+macholib 1.2.2
+--------------
+
+macholib 1.2.2 is a bugfix release.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+- Macholib should work better with 64-bit code
+  (patch by Marc-Antoine Parent)
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/conf.py b/python/macholib/doc/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08a48f3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# macholib documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Tue Sep 28 22:23:35 2010.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+import sys, os
+
+def get_version():
+    fn = os.path.join(
+        os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))),
+            'setup.cfg')
+    for ln in open(fn):
+        if ln.startswith('version'):
+            version = ln.split('=')[-1].strip()
+            return version
+
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+sys.path.insert(0,
+    os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+
+# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
+
+# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
+#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
+# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
+extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.intersphinx']
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = u'macholib'
+copyright = u'2010-2011, Ronald Oussoren'
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = get_version()
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = version
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+#language = None
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
+#default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+#modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+html_theme = 'nature'
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+#html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+#html_theme_path = []
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+#html_title = None
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#html_logo = None
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#html_domain_indices = True
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+#html_show_sourcelink = True
+
+# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+#html_show_sphinx = True
+
+# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+#html_show_copyright = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+#html_file_suffix = None
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'macholibdoc'
+
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+#latex_font_size = '10pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
+latex_documents = [
+  ('index', 'macholib.tex', u'macholib Documentation',
+   u'Ronald Oussoren', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+#latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#latex_use_parts = False
+
+# If true, show page references after internal links.
+#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+#latex_show_urls = False
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+#latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#latex_domain_indices = True
+
+
+# -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
+
+# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
+# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
+man_pages = [
+    ('index', 'macholib', u'macholib Documentation',
+     [u'Ronald Oussoren'], 1)
+]
+
+
+# -- Options for Epub output ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
+epub_title = u'macholib'
+epub_author = u'Ronald Oussoren'
+epub_publisher = u'Ronald Oussoren'
+epub_copyright = u'2010, Ronald Oussoren'
+
+# The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
+# or en if the language is not set.
+#epub_language = ''
+
+# The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL.
+#epub_scheme = ''
+
+# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
+# or the project homepage.
+#epub_identifier = ''
+
+# A unique identification for the text.
+#epub_uid = ''
+
+# HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx.
+# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
+#epub_pre_files = []
+
+# HTML files shat should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx.
+# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
+#epub_post_files = []
+
+# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
+#epub_exclude_files = []
+
+# The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx.
+#epub_tocdepth = 3
+
+# Allow duplicate toc entries.
+#epub_tocdup = True
+
+
+# Example configuration for intersphinx: refer to the Python standard library.
+intersphinx_mapping = {
+        'python': ('http://docs.python.org/', None),
+        'altgraph': ('http://packages.python.org/altgraph', None),
+}
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/dyld.rst b/python/macholib/doc/dyld.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14895b6b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/dyld.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+:mod:`macholib.dyld` --- Dyld emulation
+=======================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.dyld
+   :synopsis: Emulation of functonality of the dynamic linker
+
+This module defines a number of functions that can be used
+to emulate the functionality of the dynamic linker (``dyld``)
+w.r.t. looking for library files and framworks.
+
+.. function:: dyld_image_suffix([env])
+
+   Looks up the suffix to append to shared library and
+   framework names and returns this value when found.
+   Returns ``None`` when no suffix should be appended.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dydl_framework_path([env])
+
+   Returns a user-specified framework search path,
+   or an empty list when only the default search path
+   should be used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_library_path([env])
+
+   Returns a user-specified library search path,
+   or an empty list when only the default search path
+   should be used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_fallback_framework_path([env])
+
+   Return a user specified list of of directories where
+   to look for frameworks that aren't in their install path,
+   or an empty list when the default fallback path should
+   be  used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_fallback_library_path([env])
+
+   Return a user specified list of of directories where
+   to look for libraries that aren't in their install path,
+   or an empty list when the default fallback path should
+   be  used.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   See the description of ``DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH`` in the
+   manual page for dyld(1) for more information.
+
+.. function:: dyld_image_suffix_search(iterator[, env])
+
+   Yields all items in *iterator*, and prepents names
+   with the image suffix to those items when the suffix
+   is specified.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+.. function:: dyld_override_search(name[, env])
+
+   If *name* is a framework name yield filesystem
+   paths relative to the entries in the framework
+   search path.
+
+   Always yield the filesystem paths relative to the
+   entries in the library search path.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+.. function:: dyld_executable_path_search(name, executable_path)
+
+   If *name* is a path starting with ``@executable_path/`` yield
+   the path relative to the specified *executable_path*.
+
+   If *executable_path* is None nothing is yielded.
+
+.. function:: dyld_loader_search(name, loader_path)
+
+   If *name* is a path starting with ``@loader_path/`` yield
+   the path relative to the specified *loader_path*.
+
+   If *loader_path* is None nothing is yielded.
+
+   .. versionadded: 1.6
+
+.. function:: dyld_default_search(name[, env])
+
+   Yield the filesystem locations to look for a dynamic
+   library or framework using the default locations
+   used by the system dynamic linker.
+
+   This function will look in ``~/Library/Frameworks``
+   for frameworks, even though the system dynamic linker
+   doesn't.
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+.. function:: dyld_find(name[, executable_path[, env [, loader]]])
+
+   Returns the path of the requested dynamic library,
+   raises :exc:`ValueError` when the library cannot be found.
+
+   This function searches for the library in the same
+   locations and de system dynamic linker.
+
+   The *executable_path* should be the filesystem path
+   of the executable to which the library is linked (either
+   directly or indirectly).
+
+   The *env* argument is a dictionary, which defaults
+   to :data:`os.environ`.
+
+   The *loader_path* argument is an optional filesystem path for
+   the object file (binary of shared library) that references
+   *name*.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 1.6
+
+      Added the *loader_path* argument.
+
+.. function:: framework_find(fn[, executable_path[, env]])
+
+   Find a framework using the same semantics as the
+   system dynamic linker, but will accept looser names
+   than the system linker.
+
+   This function will return a correct result for input
+   values like:
+
+   * Python
+
+   * Python.framework
+
+   * Python.framework/Versions/Current
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/dylib.rst b/python/macholib/doc/dylib.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..969680212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/dylib.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+:mod:`macholib.dylib` --- Generic dylib path manipulation
+=========================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.dylib
+   :synopsis: Generic dylib path manipulation
+
+This module defines a function :func:`dylib_info` that can extract
+useful information from the name of a dynamic library.
+
+.. function:: dylib_info(filename)
+
+   A dylib name can take one of the following four forms:
+
+   * ``Location/Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.SomeVersion.dylib``
+
+   * ``Location/Name_Suffix.dylib``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.dylib``
+
+   Returns None if not found or a mapping equivalent to::
+   
+     dict(
+         location='Location',
+         name='Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib',
+         shortname='Name',
+         version='SomeVersion',
+         suffix='Suffix',
+     )
+
+   .. note:: *SomeVersion* and *Suffix* are optional and my be ``None``
+      if not present.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/framework.rst b/python/macholib/doc/framework.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b58b5751c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/framework.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+:mod:`macholib.framework` --- Generic framework path manipulation
+==========================================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.framework
+   :synopsis: Generic framework path manipulation
+
+
+This module defines a function :func:`framework_info` that can extract
+useful information from the name of a dynamic library in a framework.
+
+.. function:: framework_info(filename)
+
+   A framework name can take one of the following four forms:
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Name_Suffix``
+
+   * ``Location/Name.framework/Name``
+
+   Returns ``None`` if not found, or a mapping equivalent to::
+
+      dict(
+          location='Location',
+          name='Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix',
+          shortname='Name',
+          version='SomeVersion',
+          suffix='Suffix',
+      )
+
+  .. note:: *SomeVersion* and *Suffix* are optional and may be None
+     if not present.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/index.rst b/python/macholib/doc/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3067926a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Macholib - Analyze and edit Mach-O headers
+==========================================
+
+macholib can be used to analyze and edit Mach-O headers, the executable
+format used by Mac OS X.
+
+It's typically used as a dependency analysis tool, and also to rewrite dylib
+references in Mach-O headers to be ``@executable_path`` relative.
+
+Though this tool targets a platform specific file format, it is pure python
+code that is platform and endian independent.
+
+General documentation
+---------------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   changelog
+   license
+   scripts
+
+Reference Guide
+---------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   MachO
+   MachoOGraph
+   MachoOStandalone
+   SymbolTable
+   dyld
+   dylib
+   framework
+   macho_o
+   ptypes
+
+Online Resources
+----------------
+
+* `Sourcecode repository on bitbucket <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib/>`_
+
+* `The issue tracker <http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib/issues>`_
+
+* `Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference at Apple <http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html>`_
+
+Contributors
+------------
+
+Macholib was written by Bob Ippolito and is currently maintained by Ronald Oussoren <ronaldoussoren@mac.com>.
+
+Indices and tables
+------------------
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/license.rst b/python/macholib/doc/license.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9c8cc50e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/license.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+License
+=======
+
+Copyright (c) Bob Ippolito
+
+Parts are copyright (c) 2010-2014 Ronald Oussoren
+
+MIT License
+...........
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software
+and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/macho_o.rst b/python/macholib/doc/macho_o.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfa347e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/macho_o.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+:mod:`macholib.mach_o` --- Low-level definitions
+================================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.mach_o
+   :synopsis: Low-level definitions of elements in a Mach-O file
+
+This module defines constants and packable structure types
+that correspond to elements of a Mach-O file.
+
+The names of classes and constants is the same as those in
+the Mach-O header files and 
+`Apple's documentation <http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html>`_. This document therefore
+doesn't explictly document the names in this module.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/ptypes.rst b/python/macholib/doc/ptypes.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ade2ac847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/ptypes.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+:mod:`macholib.ptypes` --- Packable types
+=========================================
+
+.. module:: macholib.ptypes
+   :synopsis: Serializable types
+
+The module :mod:`macholib.ptypes` defines types that can be serialized into
+byte arrays, both for basic types and structured types (C ``struct`` values).
+
+Utility functions
+-----------------
+
+.. function:: sizeof(value)
+
+   Returns the size in bytes of an object when packed, raises :exc:`ValueError`
+   for inappropriate values.
+
+.. function:: pypackable(name, pytype, format)
+
+   Returns a packable type that is a subclass of the Python type
+   *pytype*. The value is converted to and from the packed format using
+   the struct *format*.
+
+
+
+Packable types
+--------------
+
+
+.. class:: BasePackable
+
+   All packable types are a subclass of :class:`BasePackable`, which defines
+   the basic interface but is itself an abstract base class.
+
+   .. data:: _endian_
+
+      The byteorder of a packed value. This will be ``"<"` for 
+      little endian values and ``">"`` for big-endian ones.
+
+      .. note:: the endianness option is a public value to be
+         able to support both big- and little-endian file formats.
+
+         The name suggests that this attribute is private, this
+         is partically for historical reasons and partially to
+         avoid conflicts with field names in C structs.
+
+   .. method:: from_mmap(mmap, ptr, \**kw)
+
+      This class method constructs the value from a subview of a 
+      :class:`mmap.mmap` object. It uses bytes starting at offset *ptr* and 
+      reads just enough bytes to read the entire object.
+
+   .. method:: from_fileobj(fp, \**kw)
+
+      This class method constructs the value by reading just enough bytes
+      from a file-like object.
+
+      .. note:: The file must be opened in binary mode, that is read calls
+         should return byte-strings and not unicode-strings.
+
+   .. method:: from_str(value, \**kw)
+
+      This class method construct the value by using the struct module
+      to parse the given bytes.
+
+      .. note:: contrary to what the name suggests the argument to this
+         method is a byte-string, not a unicode-string.
+
+   .. method:: from_tuple(fp, \**kw)
+
+      This class method constructs the object from a tuple with all fields.
+
+
+   .. method:: to_str()
+
+      Returns a byte representation of the value. 
+
+      .. note:: there is no default implementation for this method
+
+   .. method:: to_fileobj(fp)
+
+      Write a byte representation of the value to the given file-like
+      object. The file should be opened in binary mode.
+
+   .. method:: to_mmap(mmap, ptr)
+
+      Write the byte representation of the value to a :class:`mmap.mmap` 
+      object, starting at offset *ptr*.
+
+
+.. class:: Structure(...)
+
+   .. data:: _fields_
+
+      This class attribute is a list that contains the fields of the 
+      structure in the right order. Every item of this list is a tuple 
+      with 2 arguments: the first element is the name of the field, and 
+      the second the packable type for the field.
+
+      Every subclass of :class:`Structure` must define *_fields_* to be
+      usefull, and the value of *_fields_* should not be changed after
+      class construction.
+
+
+Basic packables
+---------------
+
+Other than the core functionality this module defines a number of 
+:func:`pypackable` types that correspond to useful basic C types.
+
+.. class:: p_char([value])
+
+   A byte string of length 1
+
+.. class:: p_int8
+
+   An 8-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint8
+
+   An 8-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_int16
+
+   An 16-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint16
+
+   An 16-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_int32
+
+   An 32-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint32
+
+   An 32-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_int64
+
+   An 64-bit signed integer
+
+.. class:: p_uint64
+
+   An 64-bit unsigned integer
+
+.. class:: p_float
+
+   An floating point value of type ``float``
+
+.. class:: p_double
+
+   An floating point value of type ``double``
+
+.. note:: the module exports a number of other types with
+   names starting with ``p_``, such as ``p_int``. Those types
+   are deprecated and should not be used.
diff --git a/python/macholib/doc/scripts.rst b/python/macholib/doc/scripts.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50cf38028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/doc/scripts.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Command-line tools
+==================
+
+python -m macholib find
+-----------------------
+
+Usage::
+
+        $ python -mmacholib find dir...
+
+Print the paths of all MachO binaries
+in the specified directories.
+
+python -m macholib standalone
+-----------------------------
+
+Usage::
+
+        $ python -m macholib standalone appbundle...
+
+Convert one or more application bundles into 
+standalone bundles. That is, copy all non-system
+shared libraries and frameworks used by the bundle
+into the bundle and rewrite load commands.
+
+python -mmacholib dump
+----------------------
+
+Usage::
+        
+        $ python -mmacholib dump dir...
+
+Prints information about all architectures in a 
+Mach-O file as well as all libraries it links 
+to.
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/MachO.py b/python/macholib/macholib/MachO.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f83ddb711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/MachO.py
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+"""
+Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import struct
+
+from macholib.mach_o import *
+from macholib.dyld import dyld_find, framework_info
+from macholib.util import fileview
+try:
+    from macholib.compat import bytes
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str
+
+__all__ = ['MachO']
+
+_RELOCATABLE = set((
+    # relocatable commands that should be used for dependency walking
+    LC_LOAD_DYLIB,
+    LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB,
+    LC_PREBOUND_DYLIB,
+    LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB,
+))
+
+_RELOCATABLE_NAMES = {
+    LC_LOAD_DYLIB: 'load_dylib',
+    LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB: 'load_weak_dylib',
+    LC_PREBOUND_DYLIB: 'prebound_dylib',
+    LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB: 'reexport_dylib',
+}
+
+def _shouldRelocateCommand(cmd):
+    """
+    Should this command id be investigated for relocation?
+    """
+    return cmd in _RELOCATABLE
+
+class MachO(object):
+    """
+    Provides reading/writing the Mach-O header of a specific existing file
+    """
+    #   filename   - the original filename of this mach-o
+    #   sizediff   - the current deviation from the initial mach-o size
+    #   header     - the mach-o header
+    #   commands   - a list of (load_command, somecommand, data)
+    #                data is either a str, or a list of segment structures
+    #   total_size - the current mach-o header size (including header)
+    #   low_offset - essentially, the maximum mach-o header size
+    #   id_cmd     - the index of my id command, or None
+
+
+    def __init__(self, filename):
+
+        # supports the ObjectGraph protocol
+        self.graphident = filename
+        self.filename = filename
+
+        # initialized by load
+        self.fat = None
+        self.headers = []
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
+            self.load(fp)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<MachO filename=%r>" % (self.filename,)
+
+    def load(self, fh):
+        assert fh.tell() == 0
+        header = struct.unpack('>I', fh.read(4))[0]
+        fh.seek(0)
+        if header == FAT_MAGIC:
+            self.load_fat(fh)
+        else:
+            fh.seek(0, 2)
+            size = fh.tell()
+            fh.seek(0)
+            self.load_header(fh, 0, size)
+
+    def load_fat(self, fh):
+        self.fat = fat_header.from_fileobj(fh)
+        archs = [fat_arch.from_fileobj(fh) for i in range(self.fat.nfat_arch)]
+        for arch in archs:
+            self.load_header(fh, arch.offset, arch.size)
+
+    def rewriteLoadCommands(self, *args, **kw):
+        changed = False
+        for header in self.headers:
+            if header.rewriteLoadCommands(*args, **kw):
+                changed = True
+        return changed
+
+    def load_header(self, fh, offset, size):
+        fh.seek(offset)
+        header = struct.unpack('>I', fh.read(4))[0]
+        fh.seek(offset)
+        if header == MH_MAGIC:
+            magic, hdr, endian = MH_MAGIC, mach_header, '>'
+        elif header == MH_CIGAM:
+            magic, hdr, endian = MH_CIGAM, mach_header, '<'
+        elif header == MH_MAGIC_64:
+            magic, hdr, endian = MH_MAGIC_64, mach_header_64, '>'
+        elif header == MH_CIGAM_64:
+            magic, hdr, endian = MH_CIGAM_64, mach_header_64, '<'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown Mach-O header: 0x%08x in %r" % (
+                header, fh))
+        hdr = MachOHeader(self, fh, offset, size, magic, hdr, endian)
+        self.headers.append(hdr)
+
+    def write(self, f):
+        for header in self.headers:
+            header.write(f)
+
+class MachOHeader(object):
+    """
+    Provides reading/writing the Mach-O header of a specific existing file
+    """
+    #   filename   - the original filename of this mach-o
+    #   sizediff   - the current deviation from the initial mach-o size
+    #   header     - the mach-o header
+    #   commands   - a list of (load_command, somecommand, data)
+    #                data is either a str, or a list of segment structures
+    #   total_size - the current mach-o header size (including header)
+    #   low_offset - essentially, the maximum mach-o header size
+    #   id_cmd     - the index of my id command, or None
+
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, fh, offset, size, magic, hdr, endian):
+        self.MH_MAGIC = magic
+        self.mach_header = hdr
+
+        # These are all initialized by self.load()
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.size = size
+
+        self.endian = endian
+        self.header = None
+        self.commands = None
+        self.id_cmd = None
+        self.sizediff = None
+        self.total_size = None
+        self.low_offset = None
+        self.filetype = None
+        self.headers = []
+
+        self.load(fh)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s filename=%r offset=%d size=%d endian=%r>" % (
+            type(self).__name__, self.parent.filename, self.offset, self.size,
+            self.endian)
+
+    def load(self, fh):
+        fh = fileview(fh, self.offset, self.size)
+        fh.seek(0)
+
+        self.sizediff = 0
+        kw = {'_endian_': self.endian}
+        header = self.mach_header.from_fileobj(fh, **kw)
+        self.header = header
+        #if header.magic != self.MH_MAGIC:
+        #    raise ValueError("header has magic %08x, expecting %08x" % (
+        #        header.magic, self.MH_MAGIC))
+
+        cmd = self.commands = []
+
+        self.filetype = self.get_filetype_shortname(header.filetype)
+
+        read_bytes = 0
+        low_offset = sys.maxsize
+        for i in range(header.ncmds):
+            # read the load command
+            cmd_load = load_command.from_fileobj(fh, **kw)
+
+            # read the specific command
+            klass = LC_REGISTRY.get(cmd_load.cmd, None)
+            if klass is None:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown load command: %d" % (cmd_load.cmd,))
+            cmd_cmd = klass.from_fileobj(fh, **kw)
+
+            if cmd_load.cmd == LC_ID_DYLIB:
+                # remember where this command was
+                if self.id_cmd is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("This dylib already has an id")
+                self.id_cmd = i
+
+            if cmd_load.cmd in (LC_SEGMENT, LC_SEGMENT_64):
+                # for segment commands, read the list of segments
+                segs = []
+                # assert that the size makes sense
+                if cmd_load.cmd == LC_SEGMENT:
+                    section_cls = section
+                else: # LC_SEGMENT_64
+                    section_cls = section_64
+
+                expected_size = (
+                    sizeof(klass) + sizeof(load_command) +
+                    (sizeof(section_cls) * cmd_cmd.nsects)
+                )
+                if cmd_load.cmdsize != expected_size:
+                    raise ValueError("Segment size mismatch")
+                # this is a zero block or something
+                # so the beginning is wherever the fileoff of this command is
+                if cmd_cmd.nsects == 0:
+                    if cmd_cmd.filesize != 0:
+                        low_offset = min(low_offset, cmd_cmd.fileoff)
+                else:
+                    # this one has multiple segments
+                    for j in range(cmd_cmd.nsects):
+                        # read the segment
+                        seg = section_cls.from_fileobj(fh, **kw)
+                        # if the segment has a size and is not zero filled
+                        # then its beginning is the offset of this segment
+                        not_zerofill = ((seg.flags & S_ZEROFILL) != S_ZEROFILL)
+                        if seg.offset > 0 and seg.size > 0 and not_zerofill:
+                            low_offset = min(low_offset, seg.offset)
+                        if not_zerofill:
+                            c = fh.tell()
+                            fh.seek(seg.offset)
+                            sd = fh.read(seg.size)
+                            seg.add_section_data(sd)
+                            fh.seek(c)
+                        segs.append(seg)
+                # data is a list of segments
+                cmd_data = segs
+
+            # XXX: Disabled for now because writing back doesn't work
+            #elif cmd_load.cmd == LC_CODE_SIGNATURE:
+            #    c = fh.tell()
+            #    fh.seek(cmd_cmd.dataoff)
+            #    cmd_data = fh.read(cmd_cmd.datasize)
+            #    fh.seek(c)
+            #elif cmd_load.cmd == LC_SYMTAB:
+            #    c = fh.tell()
+            #    fh.seek(cmd_cmd.stroff)
+            #    cmd_data = fh.read(cmd_cmd.strsize)
+            #    fh.seek(c)
+
+            else:
+                # data is a raw str
+                data_size = (
+                    cmd_load.cmdsize - sizeof(klass) - sizeof(load_command)
+                )
+                cmd_data = fh.read(data_size)
+            cmd.append((cmd_load, cmd_cmd, cmd_data))
+            read_bytes += cmd_load.cmdsize
+
+        # make sure the header made sense
+        if read_bytes != header.sizeofcmds:
+            raise ValueError("Read %d bytes, header reports %d bytes" % (
+                read_bytes, header.sizeofcmds))
+        self.total_size = sizeof(self.mach_header) + read_bytes
+        self.low_offset = low_offset
+
+        # this header overwrites a segment, what the heck?
+        if self.total_size > low_offset:
+            raise ValueError("total_size > low_offset (%d > %d)" % (
+                self.total_size, low_offset))
+
+    def walkRelocatables(self, shouldRelocateCommand=_shouldRelocateCommand):
+        """
+        for all relocatable commands
+        yield (command_index, command_name, filename)
+        """
+        for (idx, (lc, cmd, data)) in enumerate(self.commands):
+            if shouldRelocateCommand(lc.cmd):
+                name = _RELOCATABLE_NAMES[lc.cmd]
+                ofs = cmd.name - sizeof(lc.__class__) - sizeof(cmd.__class__)
+                yield idx, name, data[ofs:data.find(b'\x00', ofs)].decode(
+                        sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+    def rewriteInstallNameCommand(self, loadcmd):
+        """Rewrite the load command of this dylib"""
+        if self.id_cmd is not None:
+            self.rewriteDataForCommand(self.id_cmd, loadcmd)
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def changedHeaderSizeBy(self, bytes):
+        self.sizediff += bytes
+        if (self.total_size + self.sizediff) > self.low_offset:
+            print("WARNING: Mach-O header in %r may be too large to relocate"%(self.parent.filename,))
+
+    def rewriteLoadCommands(self, changefunc):
+        """
+        Rewrite the load commands based upon a change dictionary
+        """
+        data = changefunc(self.parent.filename)
+        changed = False
+        if data is not None:
+            if self.rewriteInstallNameCommand(
+                    data.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())):
+                changed = True
+        for idx, name, filename in self.walkRelocatables():
+            data = changefunc(filename)
+            if data is not None:
+                if self.rewriteDataForCommand(idx, data.encode(
+                        sys.getfilesystemencoding())):
+                    changed = True
+        return changed
+
+    def rewriteDataForCommand(self, idx, data):
+        lc, cmd, old_data = self.commands[idx]
+        hdrsize = sizeof(lc.__class__) + sizeof(cmd.__class__)
+        align = struct.calcsize('L')
+        data = data + (b'\x00' * (align - (len(data) % align)))
+        newsize = hdrsize + len(data)
+        self.commands[idx] = (lc, cmd, data)
+        self.changedHeaderSizeBy(newsize - lc.cmdsize)
+        lc.cmdsize, cmd.name = newsize, hdrsize
+        return True
+
+    def synchronize_size(self):
+        if (self.total_size + self.sizediff) > self.low_offset:
+            raise ValueError("New Mach-O header is too large to relocate in %r"%(self.parent.filename,))
+        self.header.sizeofcmds += self.sizediff
+        self.total_size = sizeof(self.mach_header) + self.header.sizeofcmds
+        self.sizediff = 0
+
+    def write(self, fileobj):
+        fileobj = fileview(fileobj, self.offset, self.size)
+        fileobj.seek(0)
+
+        # serialize all the mach-o commands
+        self.synchronize_size()
+
+        self.header.to_fileobj(fileobj)
+        for lc, cmd, data in self.commands:
+            lc.to_fileobj(fileobj)
+            cmd.to_fileobj(fileobj)
+
+            if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+                if isinstance(data, unicode):
+                    fileobj.write(data.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()))
+
+                elif isinstance(data, (bytes, str)):
+                    fileobj.write(data)
+                else:
+                    # segments..
+                    for obj in data:
+                        obj.to_fileobj(fileobj)
+            else:
+                if isinstance(data, str):
+                    fileobj.write(data.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()))
+
+                elif isinstance(data, bytes):
+                    fileobj.write(data)
+
+                else:
+                    # segments..
+                    for obj in data:
+                        obj.to_fileobj(fileobj)
+
+        # zero out the unused space, doubt this is strictly necessary
+        # and is generally probably already the case
+        fileobj.write(b'\x00' * (self.low_offset - fileobj.tell()))
+
+    def getSymbolTableCommand(self):
+        for lc, cmd, data in self.commands:
+            if lc.cmd == LC_SYMTAB:
+                return cmd
+        return None
+
+    def getDynamicSymbolTableCommand(self):
+        for lc, cmd, data in self.commands:
+            if lc.cmd == LC_DYSYMTAB:
+                return cmd
+        return None
+
+    def get_filetype_shortname(self, filetype):
+        if filetype in MH_FILETYPE_SHORTNAMES:
+            return MH_FILETYPE_SHORTNAMES[filetype]
+        else:
+            return 'unknown'
+
+def main(fn):
+    m = MachO(fn)
+    seen = set()
+    for header in m.headers:
+        for idx, name, other in header.walkRelocatables():
+            if other not in seen:
+                seen.add(other)
+                print('\t' + name + ": " + other)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys
+    files = sys.argv[1:] or ['/bin/ls']
+    for fn in files:
+        print(fn)
+        main(fn)
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/MachOGraph.py b/python/macholib/macholib/MachOGraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8875c56eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/MachOGraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""
+Utilities for reading and writing Mach-O headers
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from altgraph.Graph import Graph
+from altgraph.ObjectGraph import ObjectGraph
+
+from macholib.mach_o import *
+from macholib.dyld import dyld_find
+from macholib.MachO import MachO
+from macholib.itergraphreport import itergraphreport
+
+__all__ = ['MachOGraph']
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str
+
+class MissingMachO(object):
+    def __init__(self, filename):
+        self.graphident = filename
+        self.headers = ()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s graphident=%r>' % (type(self).__name__, self.graphident)
+
+class MachOGraph(ObjectGraph):
+    """
+    Graph data structure of Mach-O dependencies
+    """
+    def __init__(self, debug=0, graph=None, env=None, executable_path=None):
+        super(MachOGraph, self).__init__(debug=debug, graph=graph)
+        self.env = env
+        self.trans_table = {}
+        self.executable_path = executable_path
+
+    def locate(self, filename, loader=None):
+        assert isinstance(filename, (str, unicode))
+        if filename.startswith('@loader_path/') and loader is not None:
+            fn = self.trans_table.get((loader.filename, filename))
+            if fn is None:
+                try:
+                    fn = dyld_find(filename, env=self.env,
+                        executable_path=self.executable_path,
+                        loader=loader.filename)
+                    self.trans_table[(loader.filename, filename)] = fn
+                except ValueError:
+                    return None
+
+        else:
+            fn = self.trans_table.get(filename)
+            if fn is None:
+                try:
+                    fn = dyld_find(filename, env=self.env,
+                        executable_path=self.executable_path)
+                    self.trans_table[filename] = fn
+                except ValueError:
+                    return None
+        return fn
+
+    def findNode(self, name, loader=None):
+        assert isinstance(name, (str, unicode))
+        data = super(MachOGraph, self).findNode(name)
+        if data is not None:
+            return data
+        newname = self.locate(name, loader=loader)
+        if newname is not None and newname != name:
+            return self.findNode(newname)
+        return None
+
+    def run_file(self, pathname, caller=None):
+        assert isinstance(pathname, (str, unicode))
+        self.msgin(2, "run_file", pathname)
+        m = self.findNode(pathname, loader=caller)
+        if m is None:
+            if not os.path.exists(pathname):
+                raise ValueError('%r does not exist' % (pathname,))
+            m = self.createNode(MachO, pathname)
+            self.createReference(caller, m, edge_data='run_file')
+            self.scan_node(m)
+        self.msgout(2, '')
+        return m
+
+    def load_file(self, name, caller=None):
+        assert isinstance(name, (str, unicode))
+        self.msgin(2, "load_file", name)
+        m = self.findNode(name)
+        if m is None:
+            newname = self.locate(name, loader=caller)
+            if newname is not None and newname != name:
+                return self.load_file(newname, caller=caller)
+            if os.path.exists(name):
+                m = self.createNode(MachO, name)
+                self.scan_node(m)
+            else:
+                m = self.createNode(MissingMachO, name)
+        self.msgout(2, '')
+        return m
+
+    def scan_node(self, node):
+        self.msgin(2, 'scan_node', node)
+        for header in node.headers:
+            for idx, name, filename in header.walkRelocatables():
+                assert isinstance(name, (str, unicode))
+                assert isinstance(filename, (str, unicode))
+                m = self.load_file(filename, caller=node)
+                self.createReference(node, m, edge_data=name)
+        self.msgout(2, '', node)
+
+    def itergraphreport(self, name='G'):
+        nodes = map(self.graph.describe_node, self.graph.iterdfs(self))
+        describe_edge = self.graph.describe_edge
+        return itergraphreport(nodes, describe_edge, name=name)
+
+    def graphreport(self, fileobj=None):
+        if fileobj is None:
+            fileobj = sys.stdout
+        fileobj.writelines(self.itergraphreport())
+
+def main(args):
+    g = MachOGraph()
+    for arg in args:
+        g.run_file(arg)
+    g.graphreport()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv[1:] or ['/bin/ls'])
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/MachOStandalone.py b/python/macholib/macholib/MachOStandalone.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8627336c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/MachOStandalone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import os
+
+from macholib.MachOGraph import MachOGraph, MissingMachO
+from macholib.util import iter_platform_files, in_system_path, mergecopy, \
+    mergetree, flipwritable, has_filename_filter
+from macholib.dyld import framework_info
+from collections import deque
+
+class ExcludedMachO(MissingMachO):
+    pass
+
+class FilteredMachOGraph(MachOGraph):
+    def __init__(self, delegate, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(FilteredMachOGraph, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.delegate = delegate
+
+    def createNode(self, cls, name):
+        cls = self.delegate.getClass(name, cls)
+        res = super(FilteredMachOGraph, self).createNode(cls, name)
+        return res
+
+    def locate(self, filename, loader=None):
+        newname = super(FilteredMachOGraph, self).locate(filename, loader)
+        if newname is None:
+            return None
+        return self.delegate.locate(newname)
+
+class MachOStandalone(object):
+    def __init__(self, base, dest=None, graph=None, env=None,
+            executable_path=None):
+        self.base = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(base), '')
+        if dest is None:
+            dest = os.path.join(self.base, 'Contents', 'Frameworks')
+        self.dest = dest
+        self.mm = FilteredMachOGraph(self, graph=graph, env=env,
+            executable_path=executable_path)
+        self.changemap = {}
+        self.excludes = []
+        self.pending = deque()
+
+    def getClass(self, name, cls):
+        if in_system_path(name):
+            return ExcludedMachO
+        for base in self.excludes:
+            if name.startswith(base):
+                return ExcludedMachO
+        return cls
+
+    def locate(self, filename):
+        if in_system_path(filename):
+            return filename
+        if filename.startswith(self.base):
+            return filename
+        for base in self.excludes:
+            if filename.startswith(base):
+                return filename
+        if filename in self.changemap:
+            return self.changemap[filename]
+        info = framework_info(filename)
+        if info is None:
+            res = self.copy_dylib(filename)
+            self.changemap[filename] = res
+            return res
+        else:
+            res = self.copy_framework(info)
+            self.changemap[filename] = res
+            return res
+
+    def copy_dylib(self, filename):
+        # When the filename is a symlink use the basename of the target of the link
+        # as the name in standalone bundle. This avoids problems when two libraries
+        # link to the same dylib but using different symlinks.
+        if os.path.islink(filename):
+            dest = os.path.join(self.dest, os.path.basename(os.path.realpath(filename)))
+        else:
+            dest = os.path.join(self.dest, os.path.basename(filename))
+
+        if not os.path.exists(dest):
+            self.mergecopy(filename, dest)
+        return dest
+
+    def mergecopy(self, src, dest):
+        return mergecopy(src, dest)
+
+    def mergetree(self, src, dest):
+        return mergetree(src, dest)
+
+    def copy_framework(self, info):
+        dest = os.path.join(self.dest, info['shortname'] + '.framework')
+        destfn = os.path.join(self.dest, info['name'])
+        src = os.path.join(info['location'], info['shortname'] + '.framework')
+        if not os.path.exists(dest):
+            self.mergetree(src, dest)
+            self.pending.append((destfn, iter_platform_files(dest)))
+        return destfn
+
+    def run(self, platfiles=None, contents=None):
+        mm = self.mm
+        if contents is None:
+            contents = '@executable_path/..'
+        if platfiles is None:
+            platfiles = iter_platform_files(self.base)
+
+        for fn in platfiles:
+            mm.run_file(fn)
+
+        while self.pending:
+            fmwk, files = self.pending.popleft()
+            ref = mm.findNode(fmwk)
+            for fn in files:
+                mm.run_file(fn, caller=ref)
+
+        changemap = {}
+        skipcontents = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self.dest), '')
+        machfiles = []
+
+        for node in mm.flatten(has_filename_filter):
+            machfiles.append(node)
+            dest = os.path.join(contents, node.filename[len(skipcontents):])
+            changemap[node.filename] = dest
+
+        def changefunc(path):
+            res = mm.locate(path)
+            return changemap.get(res)
+
+        for node in machfiles:
+            fn = mm.locate(node.filename)
+            if fn is None:
+                continue
+            rewroteAny = False
+            for header in node.headers:
+                if node.rewriteLoadCommands(changefunc):
+                    rewroteAny = True
+            if rewroteAny:
+                old_mode = flipwritable(fn)
+                try:
+                    with open(fn, 'rb+') as f:
+                        for header in node.headers:
+                            f.seek(0)
+                            node.write(f)
+                        f.seek(0, 2)
+                        f.flush()
+                finally:
+                    flipwritable(fn, old_mode)
+
+        allfiles = [mm.locate(node.filename) for node in machfiles]
+        return set(filter(None, allfiles))
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/SymbolTable.py b/python/macholib/macholib/SymbolTable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62fb172fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/SymbolTable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""
+Class to read the symbol table from a Mach-O header
+"""
+
+from macholib.mach_o import *
+
+__all__ = ['SymbolTable']
+
+# XXX: Does not support 64-bit, probably broken anyway
+
+class SymbolTable(object):
+    def __init__(self, macho, openfile=None):
+        if openfile is None:
+            openfile = open
+        self.macho = macho.headers[0]
+        self.symtab = macho.getSymbolTableCommand()
+        self.dysymtab = macho.getDynamicSymbolTableCommand()
+        fh = openfile(self.macho.filename, 'rb')
+        try:
+            if self.symtab is not None:
+                self.readSymbolTable(fh)
+            if self.dysymtab is not None:
+                self.readDynamicSymbolTable(fh)
+        finally:
+            fh.close()
+
+    def readSymbolTable(self, fh):
+        cmd = self.symtab
+        fh.seek(cmd.stroff)
+        strtab = fh.read(cmd.strsize)
+        fh.seek(cmd.symoff)
+        nlists = []
+        for i in xrange(cmd.nsyms):
+            cmd = nlist.from_fileobj(fh)
+            if cmd.n_un == 0:
+                nlists.append((cmd, ''))
+            else:
+                nlists.append((cmd, strtab[cmd.n_un:strtab.find(b'\x00', cmd.n_un)]))
+        self.nlists = nlists
+
+    def readDynamicSymbolTable(self, fh):
+        cmd = self.dysymtab
+        nlists = self.nlists
+        self.localsyms = nlists[cmd.ilocalsym:cmd.ilocalsym+cmd.nlocalsym]
+        self.extdefsyms = nlists[cmd.iextdefsym:cmd.iextdefsym+cmd.nextdefsym]
+        self.undefsyms = nlists[cmd.iundefsym:cmd.iundefsym+cmd.nundefsym]
+        #if cmd.tocoff == 0:
+        #    self.toc = None
+        #else:
+        #    self.toc = self.readtoc(fh, cmd.tocoff, cmd.ntoc)
+        #if cmd.modtaboff == 0:
+        #    self.modtab = None
+        #else:
+        #    self.modtab = self.readmodtab(fh, cmd.modtaboff, cmd.nmodtab)
+        if cmd.extrefsymoff == 0:
+            self.extrefsym = None
+        else:
+            self.extrefsym = self.readsym(fh, cmd.extrefsymoff, cmd.nextrefsyms)
+        #if cmd.indirectsymoff == 0:
+        #    self.indirectsym = None
+        #else:
+        #    self.indirectsym = self.readsym(fh, cmd.indirectsymoff, cmd.nindirectsyms)
+        #if cmd.extreloff == 0:
+        #    self.extrel = None
+        #else:
+        #    self.extrel = self.readrel(fh, cmd.extreloff, cmd.nextrel)
+        #if cmd.locreloff == 0:
+        #    self.locrel = None
+        #else:
+        #    self.locrel = self.readrel(fh, cmd.locreloff, cmd.nlocrel)
+
+    def readtoc(self, fh, off, n):
+        #print 'toc', off, n
+        fh.seek(off)
+        return [dylib_table_of_contents.from_fileobj(fh) for i in xrange(n)]
+
+    def readmodtab(self, fh, off, n):
+        #print 'modtab', off, n
+        fh.seek(off)
+        return [dylib_module.from_fileobj(fh) for i in xrange(n)]
+
+    def readsym(self, fh, off, n):
+        #print 'sym', off, n
+        fh.seek(off)
+        refs = []
+        for i in xrange(n):
+            ref = dylib_reference.from_fileobj(fh)
+            isym, flags = divmod(ref.isym_flags, 256)
+            refs.append((self.nlists[isym], flags))
+        return refs
+
+    def readrel(self, fh, off, n):
+        #print 'rel', off, n
+        fh.seek(off)
+        return [relocation_info.from_fileobj(fh) for i in xrange(n)]
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/__init__.py b/python/macholib/macholib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df68ce802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+"""
+Enough Mach-O to make your head spin.
+
+See the relevant header files in /usr/include/mach-o
+
+And also Apple's documentation.
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function
+import pkg_resources
+__version__ = pkg_resources.require('macholib')[0].version
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/__main__.py b/python/macholib/macholib/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5309872ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import
+import os, sys
+
+from macholib.util import is_platform_file
+from macholib import macho_dump
+from macholib import macho_standalone
+
+gCommand = None
+
+def check_file(fp, path, callback):
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        print('%s: %s: No such file or directory' % (gCommand, path),
+                file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    try:
+        is_plat = is_platform_file(path)
+
+    except IOError as msg:
+        print('%s: %s: %s' % (gCommand, path, msg), file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    else:
+        if is_plat:
+            callback(fp, path)
+    return 0
+
+def walk_tree(callback, paths):
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    err = 0
+
+    for base in paths:
+        if os.path.isdir(base):
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base):
+                for fn in files:
+                    err |= check_file(
+                            sys.stdout, os.path.join(root, fn), callback)
+        else:
+            err |= check_file(sys.stdout, base, callback)
+
+    return err
+
+def print_usage(fp):
+    print("Usage:", file=sys.stderr)
+    print("  python -mmacholib dump FILE ...", file=fp)
+    print("  python -mmacholib find DIR ...", file=fp)
+    print("  python -mmacholib standalone DIR ...", file=fp)
+
+def main():
+    global gCommand
+    if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        print_usage(sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    gCommand = sys.argv[1]
+
+    if gCommand == 'dump':
+        walk_tree(macho_dump.print_file, sys.argv[2:])
+
+    elif gCommand == 'find':
+        walk_tree(lambda fp, path: print(path, file=fp), sys.argv[2:])
+
+    elif gCommand == 'standalone':
+        for dn in sys.argv[2:]:
+            macho_standalone.standaloneApp(dn)
+
+    else:
+        print_usage(sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/_cmdline.py b/python/macholib/macholib/_cmdline.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb44824f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/_cmdline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""
+Internal helpers for basic commandline tools
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import
+import os
+import sys
+
+from macholib.util import is_platform_file
+
+def check_file(fp, path, callback):
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        print('%s: %s: No such file or directory' % (sys.argv[0], path), file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    try:
+        is_plat = is_platform_file(path)
+
+    except IOError as msg:
+        print('%s: %s: %s' % (sys.argv[0], path, msg), file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    else:
+        if is_plat:
+            callback(fp, path)
+    return 0
+
+def main(callback):
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    name = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+    err = 0
+
+    if not args:
+        print("Usage: %s filename..."%(name,), file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    for base in args:
+        if os.path.isdir(base):
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base):
+                for fn in files:
+                    err |= check_file(sys.stdout, os.path.join(root, fn), callback)
+        else:
+            err |= check_file(sys.stdout, base, callback)
+
+    return err
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/dyld.py b/python/macholib/macholib/dyld.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e81db7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/dyld.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+dyld emulation
+"""
+
+from itertools import chain
+
+import os, sys
+
+from macholib.framework import framework_info
+from macholib.dylib import dylib_info
+
+__all__ = [
+    'dyld_find', 'framework_find',
+    'framework_info', 'dylib_info',
+]
+
+# These are the defaults as per man dyld(1)
+#
+_DEFAULT_FRAMEWORK_FALLBACK = [
+    os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Frameworks"),
+    "/Library/Frameworks",
+    "/Network/Library/Frameworks",
+    "/System/Library/Frameworks",
+]
+
+_DEFAULT_LIBRARY_FALLBACK = [
+    os.path.expanduser("~/lib"),
+    "/usr/local/lib",
+    "/lib",
+    "/usr/lib",
+]
+
+# XXX: Is this function still needed?
+if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+    def _ensure_utf8(s):
+        """Not all of PyObjC and Python understand unicode paths very well yet"""
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            return s.encode('utf8')
+        return s
+else:
+    def _ensure_utf8(s):
+        if s is not None and not isinstance(s, str):
+            raise ValueError(s)
+        return s
+
+
+def _dyld_env(env, var):
+    if env is None:
+        env = os.environ
+    rval = env.get(var)
+    if rval is None or rval == '':
+        return []
+    return rval.split(':')
+
+def dyld_image_suffix(env=None):
+    if env is None:
+        env = os.environ
+    return env.get('DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX')
+
+def dyld_framework_path(env=None):
+    return _dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH')
+
+def dyld_library_path(env=None):
+    return _dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH')
+
+def dyld_fallback_framework_path(env=None):
+    return _dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH')
+
+def dyld_fallback_library_path(env=None):
+    return _dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH')
+
+def dyld_image_suffix_search(iterator, env=None):
+    """For a potential path iterator, add DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX semantics"""
+    suffix = dyld_image_suffix(env)
+    if suffix is None:
+        return iterator
+    def _inject(iterator=iterator, suffix=suffix):
+        for path in iterator:
+            if path.endswith('.dylib'):
+                yield path[:-len('.dylib')] + suffix + '.dylib'
+            else:
+                yield path + suffix
+            yield path
+    return _inject()
+
+def dyld_override_search(name, env=None):
+    # If DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH is set and this dylib_name is a
+    # framework name, use the first file that exists in the framework
+    # path if any.  If there is none go on to search the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
+    # if any.
+
+    framework = framework_info(name)
+
+    if framework is not None:
+        for path in dyld_framework_path(env):
+            yield os.path.join(path, framework['name'])
+
+    # If DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH is set then use the first file that exists
+    # in the path.  If none use the original name.
+    for path in dyld_library_path(env):
+        yield os.path.join(path, os.path.basename(name))
+
+def dyld_executable_path_search(name, executable_path=None):
+    # If we haven't done any searching and found a library and the
+    # dylib_name starts with "@executable_path/" then construct the
+    # library name.
+    if name.startswith('@executable_path/') and executable_path is not None:
+        yield os.path.join(executable_path, name[len('@executable_path/'):])
+
+def dyld_loader_search(name, loader_path=None):
+    # If we haven't done any searching and found a library and the
+    # dylib_name starts with "@loader_path/" then construct the
+    # library name.
+    if name.startswith('@loader_path/') and loader_path is not None:
+        yield os.path.join(loader_path, name[len('@loader_path/'):])
+
+def dyld_default_search(name, env=None):
+    yield name
+
+    framework = framework_info(name)
+
+    if framework is not None:
+        fallback_framework_path = dyld_fallback_framework_path(env)
+
+        if fallback_framework_path:
+            for path in fallback_framework_path:
+                yield os.path.join(path, framework['name'])
+
+        else:
+            for path in _DEFAULT_FRAMEWORK_FALLBACK:
+                yield os.path.join(path, framework['name'])
+
+    fallback_library_path = dyld_fallback_library_path(env)
+    if fallback_library_path:
+        for path in fallback_library_path:
+            yield os.path.join(path, os.path.basename(name))
+
+    else:
+        for path in _DEFAULT_LIBRARY_FALLBACK:
+            yield os.path.join(path, os.path.basename(name))
+
+def dyld_find(name, executable_path=None, env=None, loader_path=None):
+    """
+    Find a library or framework using dyld semantics
+    """
+    name = _ensure_utf8(name)
+    executable_path = _ensure_utf8(executable_path)
+    for path in dyld_image_suffix_search(chain(
+                dyld_override_search(name, env),
+                dyld_executable_path_search(name, executable_path),
+                dyld_loader_search(name, loader_path),
+                dyld_default_search(name, env),
+            ), env):
+        if os.path.isfile(path):
+            return path
+    raise ValueError("dylib %s could not be found" % (name,))
+
+def framework_find(fn, executable_path=None, env=None):
+    """
+    Find a framework using dyld semantics in a very loose manner.
+
+    Will take input such as:
+        Python
+        Python.framework
+        Python.framework/Versions/Current
+    """
+    try:
+        return dyld_find(fn, executable_path=executable_path, env=env)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    fmwk_index = fn.rfind('.framework')
+    if fmwk_index == -1:
+        fmwk_index = len(fn)
+        fn += '.framework'
+    fn = os.path.join(fn, os.path.basename(fn[:fmwk_index]))
+    return dyld_find(fn, executable_path=executable_path, env=env)
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/dylib.py b/python/macholib/macholib/dylib.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cea6a95c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/dylib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""
+Generic dylib path manipulation
+"""
+
+import re
+
+__all__ = ['dylib_info']
+
+_DYLIB_RE = re.compile(r"""(?x)
+(?P<location>^.*)(?:^|/)
+(?P<name>
+    (?P<shortname>\w+?)
+    (?:\.(?P<version>[^._]+))?
+    (?:_(?P<suffix>[^._]+))?
+    \.dylib$
+)
+""")
+
+def dylib_info(filename):
+    """
+    A dylib name can take one of the following four forms:
+        Location/Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib
+        Location/Name.SomeVersion.dylib
+        Location/Name_Suffix.dylib
+        Location/Name.dylib
+
+    returns None if not found or a mapping equivalent to:
+        dict(
+            location='Location',
+            name='Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib',
+            shortname='Name',
+            version='SomeVersion',
+            suffix='Suffix',
+        )
+
+    Note that SomeVersion and Suffix are optional and may be None
+    if not present.
+    """
+    is_dylib = _DYLIB_RE.match(filename)
+    if not is_dylib:
+        return None
+    return is_dylib.groupdict()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/framework.py b/python/macholib/macholib/framework.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da099573c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/framework.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""
+Generic framework path manipulation
+"""
+
+import re
+
+__all__ = ['framework_info']
+
+_STRICT_FRAMEWORK_RE = re.compile(r"""(?x)
+(?P<location>^.*)(?:^|/)
+(?P<name>
+    (?P<shortname>[-_A-Za-z0-9]+).framework/
+    (?:Versions/(?P<version>[^/]+)/)?
+    (?P=shortname)
+    (?:_(?P<suffix>[^_]+))?
+)$
+""")
+
+def framework_info(filename):
+    """
+    A framework name can take one of the following four forms:
+        Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix
+        Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name
+        Location/Name.framework/Name_Suffix
+        Location/Name.framework/Name
+
+    returns None if not found, or a mapping equivalent to:
+        dict(
+            location='Location',
+            name='Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix',
+            shortname='Name',
+            version='SomeVersion',
+            suffix='Suffix',
+        )
+
+    Note that SomeVersion and Suffix are optional and may be None
+    if not present
+    """
+    is_framework = _STRICT_FRAMEWORK_RE.match(filename)
+    if not is_framework:
+        return None
+    return is_framework.groupdict()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/itergraphreport.py b/python/macholib/macholib/itergraphreport.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..453c96e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/itergraphreport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+"""
+Utilities for creating dot output from a MachOGraph
+
+XXX: need to rewrite this based on altgraph.Dot
+"""
+
+from collections import deque
+
+try:
+    from itertools import imap
+except ImportError:
+    imap = map
+
+__all__ = ['itergraphreport']
+
+def itergraphreport(nodes, describe_edge, name='G'):
+    edges = deque()
+    nodetoident = {}
+    mainedges = set()
+
+    def nodevisitor(node, data, outgoing, incoming):
+        return {'label': str(node)}
+
+    def edgevisitor(edge, data, head, tail):
+        return {}
+
+    yield 'digraph %s {\n' % (name,)
+    attr = dict(rankdir='LR', concentrate='true')
+    cpatt  = '%s="%s"'
+    for item in attr.iteritems():
+        yield '\t%s;\n' % (cpatt % item,)
+
+    # find all packages (subgraphs)
+    for (node, data, outgoing, incoming) in nodes:
+        nodetoident[node] = getattr(data, 'identifier', node)
+
+    # create sets for subgraph, write out descriptions
+    for (node, data, outgoing, incoming) in nodes:
+        # update edges
+        for edge in imap(describe_edge, outgoing):
+            edges.append(edge)
+
+        # describe node
+        yield '\t"%s" [%s];\n' % (
+            node,
+            ','.join([
+                (cpatt % item) for item in
+                nodevisitor(node, data, outgoing, incoming).iteritems()
+            ]),
+        )
+
+    graph = []
+
+    while edges:
+        edge, data, head, tail = edges.popleft()
+        if data in ('run_file', 'load_dylib'):
+            graph.append((edge, data, head, tail))
+
+    def do_graph(edges, tabs):
+        edgestr = tabs + '"%s" -> "%s" [%s];\n'
+        # describe edge
+        for (edge, data, head, tail) in edges:
+            attribs = edgevisitor(edge, data, head, tail)
+            yield edgestr % (
+                head,
+                tail,
+                ','.join([(cpatt % item) for item in attribs.iteritems()]),
+            )
+
+    for s in do_graph(graph, '\t'):
+        yield s
+
+    yield '}\n'
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/mach_o.py b/python/macholib/macholib/mach_o.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a85c75cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/mach_o.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1311 @@
+"""
+Other than changing the load commands in such a way that they do not
+contain the load command itself, this is largely a by-hand conversion
+of the C headers.  Hopefully everything in here should be at least as
+obvious as the C headers, and you should be using the C headers as a real
+reference because the documentation didn't come along for the ride.
+
+Doing much of anything with the symbol tables or segments is really
+not covered at this point.
+
+See /usr/include/mach-o and friends.
+"""
+import time
+
+from macholib.ptypes import *
+
+
+_CPU_ARCH_ABI64  = 0x01000000
+
+CPU_TYPE_NAMES = {
+    -1:     'ANY',
+    1:      'VAX',
+    6:      'MC680x0',
+    7:      'i386',
+    _CPU_ARCH_ABI64  | 7:    'x86_64',
+    8:      'MIPS',
+    10:     'MC98000',
+    11:     'HPPA',
+    12:     'ARM',
+    _CPU_ARCH_ABI64 | 12:     'ARM64',
+    13:     'MC88000',
+    14:     'SPARC',
+    15:     'i860',
+    16:     'Alpha',
+    18:     'PowerPC',
+    _CPU_ARCH_ABI64  | 18:    'PowerPC64',
+}
+
+INTEL64_SUBTYPE = {
+    3 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_X86_64_ALL",
+    4 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_X86_ARCH1"
+}
+
+#define CPU_SUBTYPE_INTEL(f, m) ((cpu_subtype_t) (f) + ((m) << 4))
+INTEL_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_INTEL_MODEL_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_THREADTYPE_INTEL_HTT",
+    3 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_I386_ALL",
+    4 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_486",
+    5 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_586",
+    8 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTIUM_3",
+    9 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTIUM_M",
+    10 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTIUM_4",
+    11 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ITANIUM",
+    12 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_XEON",
+    34 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_XEON_MP",
+    42 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTIUM_4_M",
+    43 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ITANIUM_2",
+    38 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTPRO",
+    40 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTIUM_3_M",
+    52 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTIUM_3_XEON",
+    102 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTII_M3",
+    132 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_486SX",
+    166 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_PENTII_M5",
+    199 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_CELERON",
+    231 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_CELERON_MOBILE"
+}
+
+MC680_SUBTYPE = {
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC680x0_ALL",
+    2 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC68040",
+    3 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC68030_ONLY"
+}
+
+MIPS_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R2300",
+    2 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R2600",
+    3 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R2800",
+    4 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R2000a",
+    5 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R2000",
+    6 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R3000a",
+    7 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MIPS_R3000"
+}
+
+MC98000_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC98000_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC98601"
+}
+
+HPPA_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_HPPA_7100",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_HPPA_7100LC"
+}
+
+MC88_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC88000_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC88100",
+    2 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_MC88110"
+}
+
+SPARC_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_SPARC_ALL"
+}
+
+I860_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_I860_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_I860_860"
+}
+
+POWERPC_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_601",
+    2 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_602",
+    3 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_603",
+    4 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_603e",
+    5 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_603ev",
+    6 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_604",
+    7 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_604e",
+    8 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_620",
+    9 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_750",
+    10 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_7400",
+    11 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_7450",
+    100 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_POWERPC_970"
+}
+
+ARM_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_ALL12",
+    5 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V4T",
+    6 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V6",
+    7 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V5TEJ",
+    8 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_XSCALE",
+    9 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V7",
+    10 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V7F",
+    12 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM_V7K"
+}
+
+VAX_SUBTYPE = {
+    0 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX_ALL",
+    1 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX780",
+    2 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX785",
+    3 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX750",
+    4 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX730",
+    5 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_UVAXI",
+    6 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_UVAXII",
+    7 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX8200",
+    8 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX8500",
+    9 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX8600",
+    10 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX8650",
+    11 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_VAX8800",
+    12 : "CPU_SUBTYPE_UVAXIII",
+}
+
+
+def get_cpu_subtype(cpu_type, cpu_subtype):
+    st = cpu_subtype & 0x0fffffff
+
+    if cpu_type == 1:
+        subtype = VAX_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 6:
+        subtype = MC680_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 7:
+        subtype = INTEL_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 7 | _CPU_ARCH_ABI64:
+        subtype = INTEL64_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 8:
+        subtype = MIPS_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 10:
+        subtype = MC98000_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 11:
+        subtype = HPPA_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 12:
+        subtype = ARM_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 13:
+        subtype = MC88_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 14:
+        subtype = SPARC_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 15:
+        subtype = I860_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 16:
+        subtype = MIPS_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 18:
+        subtype = POWERPC_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    elif cpu_type == 18 | _CPU_ARCH_ABI64:
+        subtype = POWERPC_SUBTYPE.get(st, st)
+    else:
+        subtype = str(st)
+
+    return subtype
+
+
+_MH_EXECUTE_SYM = "__mh_execute_header"
+MH_EXECUTE_SYM = "_mh_execute_header"
+_MH_BUNDLE_SYM = "__mh_bundle_header"
+MH_BUNDLE_SYM = "_mh_bundle_header"
+_MH_DYLIB_SYM = "__mh_dylib_header"
+MH_DYLIB_SYM = "_mh_dylib_header"
+_MH_DYLINKER_SYM = "__mh_dylinker_header"
+MH_DYLINKER_SYM = "_mh_dylinker_header"
+
+(
+    MH_OBJECT, MH_EXECUTE, MH_FVMLIB, MH_CORE, MH_PRELOAD, MH_DYLIB,
+    MH_DYLINKER, MH_BUNDLE, MH_DYLIB_STUB, MH_DSYM
+) = range(0x1, 0xb)
+
+(
+    MH_NOUNDEFS, MH_INCRLINK, MH_DYLDLINK, MH_BINDATLOAD, MH_PREBOUND,
+    MH_SPLIT_SEGS, MH_LAZY_INIT, MH_TWOLEVEL, MH_FORCE_FLAT, MH_NOMULTIDEFS,
+    MH_NOFIXPREBINDING, MH_PREBINDABLE, MH_ALLMODSBOUND, MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS,
+    MH_CANONICAL, MH_WEAK_DEFINES, MH_BINDS_TO_WEAK, MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION,
+    MH_ROOT_SAFE, MH_SETUID_SAFE, MH_NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS, MH_PIE,
+    MH_DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB, MH_HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS, MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION
+) = map((1).__lshift__, range(25))
+
+MH_MAGIC = 0xfeedface
+MH_CIGAM = 0xcefaedfe
+MH_MAGIC_64 = 0xfeedfacf
+MH_CIGAM_64 = 0xcffaedfe
+
+integer_t = p_int32
+cpu_type_t = integer_t
+cpu_subtype_t = p_uint32
+
+MH_FILETYPE_NAMES = {
+    MH_OBJECT:      'relocatable object',
+    MH_EXECUTE:     'demand paged executable',
+    MH_FVMLIB:      'fixed vm shared library',
+    MH_CORE:        'core',
+    MH_PRELOAD:     'preloaded executable',
+    MH_DYLIB:       'dynamically bound shared library',
+    MH_DYLINKER:    'dynamic link editor',
+    MH_BUNDLE:      'dynamically bound bundle',
+    MH_DYLIB_STUB:  'shared library stub for static linking',
+    MH_DSYM:        'symbol information',
+}
+
+MH_FILETYPE_SHORTNAMES = {
+    MH_OBJECT:      'object',
+    MH_EXECUTE:     'execute',
+    MH_FVMLIB:      'fvmlib',
+    MH_CORE:        'core',
+    MH_PRELOAD:     'preload',
+    MH_DYLIB:       'dylib',
+    MH_DYLINKER:    'dylinker',
+    MH_BUNDLE:      'bundle',
+    MH_DYLIB_STUB:  'dylib_stub',
+    MH_DSYM:        'dsym',
+}
+
+MH_FLAGS_NAMES = {
+    MH_NOUNDEFS:                'MH_NOUNDEFS',
+    MH_INCRLINK:                'MH_INCRLINK',
+    MH_DYLDLINK:                'MH_DYLDLINK',
+    MH_BINDATLOAD:              'MH_BINDATLOAD',
+    MH_PREBOUND:                'MH_PREBOUND',
+    MH_SPLIT_SEGS:              'MH_SPLIT_SEGS',
+    MH_LAZY_INIT:               'MH_LAZY_INIT',
+    MH_TWOLEVEL:                'MH_TWOLEVEL',
+    MH_FORCE_FLAT:              'MH_FORCE_FLAT',
+    MH_NOMULTIDEFS:             'MH_NOMULTIDEFS',
+    MH_NOFIXPREBINDING:         'MH_NOFIXPREBINDING',
+    MH_PREBINDABLE:             'MH_PREBINDABLE',
+    MH_ALLMODSBOUND:            'MH_ALLMODSBOUND',
+    MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS: 'MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS',
+    MH_CANONICAL:               'MH_CANONICAL',
+    MH_WEAK_DEFINES:            'MH_WEAK_DEFINES',
+    MH_BINDS_TO_WEAK:           'MH_BINDS_TO_WEAK',
+    MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION:   'MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION',
+    MH_ROOT_SAFE:               'MH_ROOT_SAFE',
+    MH_SETUID_SAFE:             'MH_SETUID_SAFE',
+    MH_NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS:    'MH_NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS',
+    MH_PIE:                     'MH_PIE',
+    MH_DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB:   'MH_DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB',
+    MH_HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS:     'MH_HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS',
+    MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION:       'MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION',
+}
+
+MH_FLAGS_DESCRIPTIONS = {
+    MH_NOUNDEFS:                'no undefined references',
+    MH_INCRLINK:                'output of an incremental link',
+    MH_DYLDLINK:                'input for the dynamic linker',
+    MH_BINDATLOAD:              'undefined references bound dynamically when loaded',
+    MH_PREBOUND:                'dynamic undefined references prebound',
+    MH_SPLIT_SEGS:              'split read-only and read-write segments',
+    MH_LAZY_INIT:               '(obsolete)',
+    MH_TWOLEVEL:                'using two-level name space bindings',
+    MH_FORCE_FLAT:              'forcing all imagges to use flat name space bindings',
+    MH_NOMULTIDEFS:             'umbrella guarantees no multiple definitions',
+    MH_NOFIXPREBINDING:         'do not notify prebinding agent about this executable',
+    MH_PREBINDABLE:             'the binary is not prebound but can have its prebinding redone',
+    MH_ALLMODSBOUND:            'indicates that this binary binds to all two-level namespace modules of its dependent libraries',
+    MH_SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS: 'safe to divide up the sections into sub-sections via symbols for dead code stripping',
+    MH_CANONICAL:               'the binary has been canonicalized via the unprebind operation',
+    MH_WEAK_DEFINES:            'the final linked image contains external weak symbols',
+    MH_BINDS_TO_WEAK:           'the final linked image uses weak symbols',
+    MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION:   'all stacks in the task will be given stack execution privilege',
+    MH_ROOT_SAFE:               'the binary declares it is safe for use in processes with uid zero',
+    MH_SETUID_SAFE:             'the binary declares it is safe for use in processes when issetugid() is true',
+    MH_NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS:    'the static linker does not need to examine dependent dylibs to see if any are re-exported',
+    MH_PIE:                     'the OS will load the main executable at a random address',
+    MH_DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB:   'the static linker will automatically not create a LC_LOAD_DYLIB load command to the dylib if no symbols are being referenced from the dylib',
+    MH_HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS:     'contains a section of type S_THREAD_LOCAL_VARIABLES',
+    MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION:       'the OS will run the main executable with a non-executable heap even on platforms that don\'t require it',
+}
+
+class mach_version_helper(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('major', p_ushort),
+        ('minor', p_uint8),
+        ('rev', p_uint8),
+    )
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s.%s.%s' % (self.major, self.minor, self.rev)
+
+class mach_timestamp_helper(p_uint32):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return time.ctime(self)
+
+def read_struct(f, s, **kw):
+    return s.from_fileobj(f, **kw)
+
+class mach_header(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('magic', p_uint32),
+        ('cputype', cpu_type_t),
+        ('cpusubtype', cpu_subtype_t),
+        ('filetype', p_uint32),
+        ('ncmds', p_uint32),
+        ('sizeofcmds', p_uint32),
+        ('flags', p_uint32),
+    )
+    def _describe(self):
+        bit = 1
+        flags = self.flags
+        dflags = []
+        while flags and bit < (1<<32):
+            if flags & bit:
+                dflags.append({'name': MH_FLAGS_NAMES.get(bit, str(bit)), 'description': MH_FLAGS_DESCRIPTIONS.get(bit, str(bit))})
+                flags = flags ^ bit
+            bit <<= 1
+        return (
+            ('magic', int(self.magic)),
+            ('cputype_string', CPU_TYPE_NAMES.get(self.cputype, self.cputype)),
+            ('cputype', int(self.cputype)),
+            ('cpusubtype_string', get_cpu_subtype(self.cputype, self.cpusubtype)),
+            ('cpusubtype', int(self.cpusubtype)),
+            ('filetype_string', MH_FILETYPE_NAMES.get(self.filetype, self.filetype)),
+            ('filetype', int(self.filetype)),
+            ('ncmds', self.ncmds),
+            ('sizeofcmds', self.sizeofcmds),
+            ('flags', dflags),
+            ('raw_flags', int(self.flags))
+        )
+
+class mach_header_64(mach_header):
+    _fields_ = mach_header._fields_ + (('reserved', p_uint32),)
+
+class load_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('cmd', p_uint32),
+        ('cmdsize', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def get_cmd_name(self):
+        return LC_NAMES.get(self.cmd, self.cmd)
+
+LC_REQ_DYLD = 0x80000000
+
+(
+    LC_SEGMENT, LC_SYMTAB, LC_SYMSEG, LC_THREAD, LC_UNIXTHREAD, LC_LOADFVMLIB,
+    LC_IDFVMLIB, LC_IDENT, LC_FVMFILE, LC_PREPAGE, LC_DYSYMTAB, LC_LOAD_DYLIB,
+    LC_ID_DYLIB, LC_LOAD_DYLINKER, LC_ID_DYLINKER, LC_PREBOUND_DYLIB,
+    LC_ROUTINES, LC_SUB_FRAMEWORK, LC_SUB_UMBRELLA, LC_SUB_CLIENT,
+    LC_SUB_LIBRARY, LC_TWOLEVEL_HINTS, LC_PREBIND_CKSUM
+) = range(0x1, 0x18)
+
+LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB = LC_REQ_DYLD | 0x18
+
+LC_SEGMENT_64 = 0x19
+LC_ROUTINES_64 = 0x1a
+LC_UUID = 0x1b
+LC_RPATH = (0x1c | LC_REQ_DYLD)
+LC_CODE_SIGNATURE = 0x1d
+LC_CODE_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO = 0x1e
+LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB = 0x1f | LC_REQ_DYLD
+LC_LAZY_LOAD_DYLIB = 0x20
+LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO = 0x21
+LC_DYLD_INFO = 0x22
+LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY = 0x22 | LC_REQ_DYLD
+LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB = 0x23 | LC_REQ_DYLD
+LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX = 0x24
+LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS = 0x25
+LC_FUNCTION_STARTS = 0x26
+LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT = 0x27
+LC_MAIN = 0x28 | LC_REQ_DYLD
+LC_DATA_IN_CODE = 0x29
+LC_SOURCE_VERSION = 0x2a
+LC_DYLIB_CODE_SIGN_DRS = 0x2b
+LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64 = 0x2c
+LC_LINKER_OPTION = 0x2d
+
+
+# this is really a union.. but whatever
+class lc_str(p_uint32):
+    pass
+
+p_str16 = pypackable('p_str16', bytes, '16s')
+
+vm_prot_t = p_int32
+class segment_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('segname', p_str16),
+        ('vmaddr', p_uint32),
+        ('vmsize', p_uint32),
+        ('fileoff', p_uint32),
+        ('filesize', p_uint32),
+        ('maxprot', vm_prot_t),
+        ('initprot', vm_prot_t),
+        ('nsects', p_uint32), # read the section structures ?
+        ('flags', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        segname = self.segname
+        s = {}
+        s['segname'] = self.segname.rstrip('\x00')
+        s['vmaddr'] = int(self.vmaddr)
+        s['vmsize'] = int(self.vmsize)
+        s['fileoff'] = int(self.fileoff)
+        s['filesize'] = int(self.filesize)
+        s['initprot'] = self.get_initial_virtual_memory_protections()
+        s['initprot_raw'] = int(self.initprot)
+        s['maxprot'] = self.get_max_virtual_memory_protections()
+        s['maxprot_raw'] = int(self.maxprot)
+        s['nsects'] = int(self.nsects)
+        s['flags'] = self.flags
+        return s
+
+    def get_initial_virtual_memory_protections(self):
+        vm = []
+        if self.initprot == 0:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_NONE")
+        if self.initprot & 1:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_READ")
+        if self.initprot & 2:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_WRITE")
+        if self.initprot & 4:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_EXECUTE")
+        return vm
+
+    def get_max_virtual_memory_protections(self):
+        vm = []
+        if self.maxprot == 0:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_NONE")
+        if self.maxprot & 1:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_READ")
+        if self.maxprot & 2:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_WRITE")
+        if self.maxprot & 4:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_EXECUTE")
+        return vm
+
+class segment_command_64(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('segname', p_str16),
+        ('vmaddr', p_uint64),
+        ('vmsize', p_uint64),
+        ('fileoff', p_uint64),
+        ('filesize', p_uint64),
+        ('maxprot', vm_prot_t),
+        ('initprot', vm_prot_t),
+        ('nsects', p_uint32), # read the section structures ?
+        ('flags', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['segname'] = self.segname.rstrip('\x00')
+        s['vmaddr'] = int(self.vmaddr)
+        s['vmsize'] = int(self.vmsize)
+        s['fileoff'] = int(self.fileoff)
+        s['filesize'] = int(self.filesize)
+        s['initprot'] = self.get_initial_virtual_memory_protections()
+        s['initprot_raw'] = int(self.initprot)
+        s['maxprot'] = self.get_max_virtual_memory_protections()
+        s['maxprot_raw'] = int(self.maxprot)
+        s['nsects'] = int(self.nsects)
+        s['flags'] = self.flags
+        return s
+
+    def get_initial_virtual_memory_protections(self):
+        vm = []
+        if self.initprot == 0:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_NONE")
+        if self.initprot & 1:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_READ")
+        if self.initprot & 2:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_WRITE")
+        if self.initprot & 4:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_EXECUTE")
+        return vm
+
+    def get_max_virtual_memory_protections(self):
+        vm = []
+        if self.maxprot == 0:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_NONE")
+        if self.maxprot & 1:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_READ")
+        if self.maxprot & 2:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_WRITE")
+        if self.maxprot & 4:
+            vm.append("VM_PROT_EXECUTE")
+        return vm
+
+
+SG_HIGHVM = 0x1
+SG_FVMLIB = 0x2
+SG_NORELOC = 0x4
+
+class section(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('sectname', p_str16),
+        ('segname', p_str16),
+        ('addr', p_uint32),
+        ('size', p_uint32),
+        ('offset', p_uint32),
+        ('align', p_uint32),
+        ('reloff', p_uint32),
+        ('nreloc', p_uint32),
+        ('flags', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved1', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved2', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['sectname'] = self.sectname.rstrip('\x00')
+        s['segname'] = self.segname.rstrip('\x00')
+        s['addr'] = int(self.addr)
+        s['size'] = int(self.size)
+        s['offset'] = int(self.offset)
+        s['align'] = int(self.align)
+        s['reloff'] = int(self.reloff)
+        s['nreloc'] = int(self.nreloc)
+        f = {}
+        f['type'] = FLAG_SECTION_TYPES[int(self.flags) & 0xff]
+        f['attributes'] = []
+        for k in FLAG_SECTION_ATTRIBUTES:
+            if k & self.flags:
+                f['attributes'].append(FLAG_SECTION_ATTRIBUTES[k])
+        if not f['attributes']:
+            del f['attributes']
+        s['flags'] = f
+        s['reserved1'] = int(self.reserved1)
+        s['reserved2'] = int(self.reserved2)
+        return s
+
+    def add_section_data(self, data):
+        self.section_data = data
+
+class section_64(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('sectname', p_str16),
+        ('segname', p_str16),
+        ('addr', p_uint64),
+        ('size', p_uint64),
+        ('offset', p_uint32),
+        ('align', p_uint32),
+        ('reloff', p_uint32),
+        ('nreloc', p_uint32),
+        ('flags', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved1', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved2', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved3', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['sectname'] = self.sectname.rstrip('\x00')
+        s['segname'] = self.segname.rstrip('\x00')
+        s['addr'] = int(self.addr)
+        s['size'] = int(self.size)
+        s['offset'] = int(self.offset)
+        s['align'] = int(self.align)
+        s['reloff'] = int(self.reloff)
+        s['nreloc'] = int(self.nreloc)
+        f = {}
+        f['type'] = FLAG_SECTION_TYPES[int(self.flags) & 0xff]
+        f['attributes'] = []
+        for k in FLAG_SECTION_ATTRIBUTES:
+            if k & self.flags:
+                f['attributes'].append(FLAG_SECTION_ATTRIBUTES[k])
+        if not f['attributes']:
+            del f['attributes']
+        s['flags'] = f
+        s['reserved1'] = int(self.reserved1)
+        s['reserved2'] = int(self.reserved2)
+        s['reserved3'] = int(self.reserved3)
+        return s
+
+    def add_section_data(self, data):
+        self.section_data = data
+
+SECTION_TYPE = 0xff
+SECTION_ATTRIBUTES = 0xffffff00
+S_REGULAR = 0x0
+S_ZEROFILL = 0x1
+S_CSTRING_LITERALS = 0x2
+S_4BYTE_LITERALS = 0x3
+S_8BYTE_LITERALS = 0x4
+S_LITERAL_POINTERS = 0x5
+S_NON_LAZY_SYMBOL_POINTERS = 0x6
+S_LAZY_SYMBOL_POINTERS = 0x7
+S_SYMBOL_STUBS = 0x8
+S_MOD_INIT_FUNC_POINTERS = 0x9
+S_MOD_TERM_FUNC_POINTERS = 0xa
+S_COALESCED = 0xb
+
+FLAG_SECTION_TYPES = {
+    0x0 : "S_REGULAR",
+    0x1 : "S_ZEROFILL",
+    0x2 : "S_CSTRING_LITERALS",
+    0x3 : "S_4BYTE_LITERALS",
+    0x4 : "S_8BYTE_LITERALS",
+    0x5 : "S_LITERAL_POINTERS",
+    0x6 : "S_NON_LAZY_SYMBOL_POINTERS",
+    0x7 : "S_LAZY_SYMBOL_POINTERS",
+    0x8 : "S_SYMBOL_STUBS",
+    0x9 : "S_MOD_INIT_FUNC_POINTERS",
+    0xa : "S_MOD_TERM_FUNC_POINTERS",
+    0xb : "S_COALESCED",
+    0xc : "S_GB_ZEROFILL",
+    0xd : "S_INTERPOSING",
+    0xe : "S_16BYTE_LITERALS",
+    0xf : "S_DTRACE_DOF",
+    0x10 : "S_LAZY_DYLIB_SYMBOL_POINTERS",
+    0x11 : "S_THREAD_LOCAL_REGULAR",
+    0x12 : "S_THREAD_LOCAL_ZEROFILL",
+    0x13 : "S_THREAD_LOCAL_VARIABLES",
+    0x14 : "S_THREAD_LOCAL_VARIABLE_POINTERS",
+    0x15 : "S_THREAD_LOCAL_INIT_FUNCTION_POINTERS"
+}
+
+
+FLAG_SECTION_ATTRIBUTES = {
+    0x80000000 : "S_ATTR_PURE_INSTRUCTIONS",
+    0x40000000 : "S_ATTR_NO_TOC",
+    0x20000000 : "S_ATTR_STRIP_STATIC_SYMS",
+    0x10000000 : "S_ATTR_NO_DEAD_STRIP",
+    0x08000000 : "S_ATTR_LIVE_SUPPORT",
+    0x04000000 : "S_ATTR_SELF_MODIFYING_CODE",
+    0x02000000 : "S_ATTR_DEBUG",
+    0x00000400 : "S_ATTR_SOME_INSTRUCTIONS",
+    0x00000200 : "S_ATTR_EXT_RELOC",
+    0x00000100 : "S_ATTR_LOC_RELOC"
+}
+
+SECTION_ATTRIBUTES_USR = 0xff000000
+S_ATTR_PURE_INSTRUCTIONS = 0x80000000
+S_ATTR_NO_TOC = 0x40000000
+S_ATTR_STRIP_STATIC_SYMS = 0x20000000
+SECTION_ATTRIBUTES_SYS = 0x00ffff00
+S_ATTR_SOME_INSTRUCTIONS = 0x00000400
+S_ATTR_EXT_RELOC = 0x00000200
+S_ATTR_LOC_RELOC = 0x00000100
+
+
+SEG_PAGEZERO =    "__PAGEZERO"
+SEG_TEXT =    "__TEXT"
+SECT_TEXT =   "__text"
+SECT_FVMLIB_INIT0 = "__fvmlib_init0"
+SECT_FVMLIB_INIT1 = "__fvmlib_init1"
+SEG_DATA =    "__DATA"
+SECT_DATA =   "__data"
+SECT_BSS =    "__bss"
+SECT_COMMON = "__common"
+SEG_OBJC =    "__OBJC"
+SECT_OBJC_SYMBOLS = "__symbol_table"
+SECT_OBJC_MODULES = "__module_info"
+SECT_OBJC_STRINGS = "__selector_strs"
+SECT_OBJC_REFS = "__selector_refs"
+SEG_ICON =     "__ICON"
+SECT_ICON_HEADER = "__header"
+SECT_ICON_TIFF =   "__tiff"
+SEG_LINKEDIT =    "__LINKEDIT"
+SEG_UNIXSTACK =   "__UNIXSTACK"
+
+#
+#  I really should remove all these _command classes because they
+#  are no different.  I decided to keep the load commands separate,
+#  so classes like fvmlib and fvmlib_command are equivalent.
+#
+
+class fvmlib(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('name', lc_str),
+        ('minor_version', mach_version_helper),
+        ('header_addr', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+class fvmlib_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = fvmlib._fields_
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['header_addr'] = int(self.header_addr)
+        return s
+
+class dylib(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('name', lc_str),
+        ('timestamp', mach_timestamp_helper),
+        ('current_version', mach_version_helper),
+        ('compatibility_version', mach_version_helper),
+    )
+
+# merged dylib structure
+class dylib_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = dylib._fields_
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['timestamp'] = str(self.timestamp)
+        s['current_version'] = str(self.current_version)
+        s['compatibility_version'] = str(self.compatibility_version)
+        return s
+
+class sub_framework_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('umbrella', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class sub_client_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('client', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class sub_umbrella_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('sub_umbrella', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class sub_library_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('sub_library', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class prebound_dylib_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('name', lc_str),
+        ('nmodules', p_uint32),
+        ('linked_modules', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {'nmodules': int(self.nmodules)}
+
+class dylinker_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('name', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class thread_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class entry_point_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+	    ('entryoff', 	p_uint64),
+	    ('stacksize', 	p_uint64),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['entryoff'] = int(self.entryoff)
+        s['stacksize'] = int(self.stacksize)
+        return s
+
+class routines_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('init_address', p_uint32),
+        ('init_module', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved1', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved2', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved3', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved4', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved5', p_uint32),
+        ('reserved6', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['init_address'] = int(self.init_address)
+        s['init_module'] = int(self.init_module)
+        s['reserved1'] = int(self.reserved1)
+        s['reserved2'] = int(self.reserved2)
+        s['reserved3'] = int(self.reserved3)
+        s['reserved4'] = int(self.reserved4)
+        s['reserved5'] = int(self.reserved5)
+        s['reserved6'] = int(self.reserved6)
+        return s
+
+class routines_command_64(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('init_address', p_uint64),
+        ('init_module', p_uint64),
+        ('reserved1', p_uint64),
+        ('reserved2', p_uint64),
+        ('reserved3', p_uint64),
+        ('reserved4', p_uint64),
+        ('reserved5', p_uint64),
+        ('reserved6', p_uint64),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['init_address'] = int(self.init_address)
+        s['init_module'] = int(self.init_module)
+        s['reserved1'] = int(self.reserved1)
+        s['reserved2'] = int(self.reserved2)
+        s['reserved3'] = int(self.reserved3)
+        s['reserved4'] = int(self.reserved4)
+        s['reserved5'] = int(self.reserved5)
+        s['reserved6'] = int(self.reserved6)
+        return s
+
+class symtab_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('symoff', p_uint32),
+        ('nsyms', p_uint32),
+        ('stroff', p_uint32),
+        ('strsize', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['symoff'] = int(self.symoff)
+        s['nsyms'] = int(self.nsyms)
+        s['stroff'] = int(self.stroff)
+        s['strsize'] = int(self.strsize)
+        return s
+
+
+class dysymtab_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('ilocalsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nlocalsym', p_uint32),
+        ('iextdefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nextdefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('iundefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nundefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('tocoff', p_uint32),
+        ('ntoc', p_uint32),
+        ('modtaboff', p_uint32),
+        ('nmodtab', p_uint32),
+        ('extrefsymoff', p_uint32),
+        ('nextrefsyms', p_uint32),
+        ('indirectsymoff', p_uint32),
+        ('nindirectsyms', p_uint32),
+        ('extreloff', p_uint32),
+        ('nextrel', p_uint32),
+        ('locreloff', p_uint32),
+        ('nlocrel', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        dys = {}
+        dys['ilocalsym'] = int(self.ilocalsym)
+        dys['nlocalsym'] = int(self.nlocalsym)
+        dys['iextdefsym'] = int(self.iextdefsym)
+        dys['nextdefsym'] = int(self.nextdefsym)
+        dys['iundefsym'] = int(self.iundefsym)
+        dys['nundefsym'] = int(self.nundefsym)
+        dys['tocoff'] = int(self.tocoff)
+        dys['ntoc'] = int(self.ntoc)
+        dys['modtaboff'] = int(self.modtaboff)
+        dys['nmodtab'] = int(self.nmodtab)
+        dys['extrefsymoff'] = int(self.extrefsymoff)
+        dys['nextrefsyms'] = int(self.nextrefsyms)
+        dys['indirectsymoff'] = int(self.indirectsymoff)
+        dys['nindirectsyms'] = int(self.nindirectsyms)
+        dys['extreloff'] = int(self.extreloff)
+        dys['nextrel'] = int(self.nextrel)
+        dys['locreloff'] = int(self.locreloff)
+        dys['nlocrel'] = int(self.nlocrel)
+        return dys
+
+INDIRECT_SYMBOL_LOCAL = 0x80000000
+INDIRECT_SYMBOL_ABS = 0x40000000
+
+class dylib_table_of_contents(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('symbol_index', p_uint32),
+        ('module_index', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+class dylib_module(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('module_name', p_uint32),
+        ('iextdefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nextdefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('irefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nrefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('ilocalsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nlocalsym', p_uint32),
+        ('iextrel', p_uint32),
+        ('nextrel', p_uint32),
+        ('iinit_iterm', p_uint32),
+        ('ninit_nterm', p_uint32),
+        ('objc_module_info_addr', p_uint32),
+        ('objc_module_info_size', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+class dylib_module_64(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('module_name', p_uint32),
+        ('iextdefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nextdefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('irefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nrefsym', p_uint32),
+        ('ilocalsym', p_uint32),
+        ('nlocalsym', p_uint32),
+        ('iextrel', p_uint32),
+        ('nextrel', p_uint32),
+        ('iinit_iterm', p_uint32),
+        ('ninit_nterm', p_uint32),
+        ('objc_module_info_size', p_uint32),
+        ('objc_module_info_addr', p_uint64),
+    )
+
+class dylib_reference(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        # XXX - ick, fix
+        ('isym_flags', p_uint32),
+        #('isym', p_uint8 * 3),
+        #('flags', p_uint8),
+    )
+
+class twolevel_hints_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('offset', p_uint32),
+        ('nhints', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['offset'] = int(self.offset)
+        s['nhints'] = int(self.nhints)
+        return s
+
+class twolevel_hint(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+      # XXX - ick, fix
+      ('isub_image_itoc', p_uint32),
+      #('isub_image', p_uint8),
+      #('itoc', p_uint8 * 3),
+  )
+
+class prebind_cksum_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('cksum', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {'cksum': int(self.cksum)}
+
+class symseg_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('offset', p_uint32),
+        ('size', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['offset'] = int(self.offset)
+        s['size'] = int(self.size)
+
+class ident_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+class fvmfile_command(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('name', lc_str),
+        ('header_addr', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {'header_addr': int(self.header_addr)}
+
+class uuid_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('uuid', p_str16),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {'uuid': self.uuid.rstrip('\x00')}
+
+class rpath_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('path', lc_str),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {}
+
+
+class linkedit_data_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('dataoff',   p_uint32),
+        ('datasize', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['dataoff'] = int(self.dataoff)
+        s['datasize'] = int(self.datasize)
+        return s
+
+
+class version_min_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('version', p_uint32), # X.Y.Z is encoded in nibbles xxxx.yy.zz
+        ('reserved', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        v = int(self.version)
+        v3 = v & 0xFF
+        v = v >> 8
+        v2 = v & 0xFF
+        v = v >> 8
+        v1 = v & 0xFFFF
+        return {'version': str(int(v1)) + "." + str(int(v2)) + "." + str(int(v3))}
+
+class source_version_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('version',   p_uint64),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        v = int(self.version)
+        a = v >> 40
+        b = (v >> 30) & 0x3ff
+        c = (v >> 20) & 0x3ff
+        d = (v >> 10) & 0x3ff
+        e = v & 0x3ff
+        r = str(a)+'.'+str(b)+'.'+str(c)+'.'+str(d)+'.'+str(e)
+        return {'version': r}
+
+class encryption_info_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('cryptoff',    p_uint32),
+        ('cryptsize',   p_uint32),
+        ('cryptid',     p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['cryptoff'] = int(self.cryptoff)
+        s['cryptsize'] = int(self.cryptsize)
+        s['cryptid'] = int(self.cryptid)
+        return s
+
+class encryption_info_command_64 (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('cryptoff',    p_uint32),
+        ('cryptsize',   p_uint32),
+        ('cryptid',     p_uint32),
+        ('pad',         p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        s = {}
+        s['cryptoff'] = int(self.cryptoff)
+        s['cryptsize'] = int(self.cryptsize)
+        s['cryptid'] = int(self.cryptid)
+        s['pad'] = int(self.pad)
+        return s
+
+
+class dyld_info_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('rebase_off',     p_uint32),
+        ('rebase_size',    p_uint32),
+        ('bind_off',       p_uint32),
+        ('bind_size',      p_uint32),
+        ('weak_bind_off',  p_uint32),
+        ('weak_bind_size', p_uint32),
+        ('lazy_bind_off',  p_uint32),
+        ('lazy_bind_size', p_uint32),
+        ('export_off',     p_uint32),
+        ('export_size',    p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        dyld = {}
+        dyld['rebase_off'] = int(self.rebase_off)
+        dyld['rebase_size'] = int(self.rebase_size)
+        dyld['bind_off'] = int(self.bind_off)
+        dyld['bind_size'] = int(self.bind_size)
+        dyld['weak_bind_off'] = int(self.weak_bind_off)
+        dyld['weak_bind_size'] = int(self.weak_bind_size)
+        dyld['lazy_bind_off'] = int(self.lazy_bind_off)
+        dyld['lazy_bind_size'] = int(self.lazy_bind_size)
+        dyld['export_off'] = int(self.export_off)
+        dyld['export_size'] = int(self.export_size)
+        return dyld
+
+class linker_option_command (Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('count',         p_uint32),
+    )
+
+    def describe(self):
+        return {'count': int(self.count)}
+
+
+LC_REGISTRY = {
+    LC_SEGMENT:         segment_command,
+    LC_IDFVMLIB:        fvmlib_command,
+    LC_LOADFVMLIB:      fvmlib_command,
+    LC_ID_DYLIB:        dylib_command,
+    LC_LOAD_DYLIB:      dylib_command,
+    LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB: dylib_command,
+    LC_SUB_FRAMEWORK:   sub_framework_command,
+    LC_SUB_CLIENT:      sub_client_command,
+    LC_SUB_UMBRELLA:    sub_umbrella_command,
+    LC_SUB_LIBRARY:     sub_library_command,
+    LC_PREBOUND_DYLIB:  prebound_dylib_command,
+    LC_ID_DYLINKER:     dylinker_command,
+    LC_LOAD_DYLINKER:   dylinker_command,
+    LC_THREAD:          thread_command,
+    LC_UNIXTHREAD:      thread_command,
+    LC_ROUTINES:        routines_command,
+    LC_SYMTAB:          symtab_command,
+    LC_DYSYMTAB:        dysymtab_command,
+    LC_TWOLEVEL_HINTS:  twolevel_hints_command,
+    LC_PREBIND_CKSUM:   prebind_cksum_command,
+    LC_SYMSEG:          symseg_command,
+    LC_IDENT:           ident_command,
+    LC_FVMFILE:         fvmfile_command,
+    LC_SEGMENT_64:      segment_command_64,
+    LC_ROUTINES_64:     routines_command_64,
+    LC_UUID:            uuid_command,
+    LC_RPATH:           rpath_command,
+    LC_CODE_SIGNATURE:  linkedit_data_command,
+    LC_CODE_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO:  linkedit_data_command,
+    LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:  dylib_command,
+    LC_LAZY_LOAD_DYLIB: dylib_command,
+    LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO: encryption_info_command,
+    LC_DYLD_INFO:       dyld_info_command,
+    LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY:  dyld_info_command,
+    LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB: dylib_command,
+    LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX: version_min_command,
+    LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS: version_min_command,
+    LC_FUNCTION_STARTS:  linkedit_data_command,
+    LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT: dylinker_command,
+    LC_MAIN: 		entry_point_command,
+    LC_DATA_IN_CODE:	linkedit_data_command,
+    LC_SOURCE_VERSION:	source_version_command,
+    LC_DYLIB_CODE_SIGN_DRS:  linkedit_data_command,
+    LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO_64: encryption_info_command_64,
+    LC_LINKER_OPTION:  linker_option_command,
+}
+
+LC_NAMES = {
+    LC_SEGMENT:                     'LC_SEGMENT',
+    LC_IDFVMLIB:                    'LC_IDFVMLIB',
+    LC_LOADFVMLIB:                  'LC_LOADFVMLIB',
+    LC_ID_DYLIB:                    'LC_ID_DYLIB',
+    LC_LOAD_DYLIB:                  'LC_LOAD_DYLIB',
+    LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB:             'LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB',
+    LC_SUB_FRAMEWORK:               'LC_SUB_FRAMEWORK',
+    LC_SUB_CLIENT:                  'LC_SUB_CLIENT',
+    LC_SUB_UMBRELLA:                'LC_SUB_UMBRELLA',
+    LC_SUB_LIBRARY:                 'LC_SUB_LIBRARY',
+    LC_PREBOUND_DYLIB:              'LC_PREBOUND_DYLIB',
+    LC_ID_DYLINKER:                 'LC_ID_DYLINKER',
+    LC_LOAD_DYLINKER:               'LC_LOAD_DYLINKER',
+    LC_THREAD:                      'LC_THREAD',
+    LC_UNIXTHREAD:                  'LC_UNIXTHREAD',
+    LC_ROUTINES:                    'LC_ROUTINES',
+    LC_SYMTAB:                      'LC_SYMTAB',
+    LC_DYSYMTAB:                    'LC_DYSYMTAB',
+    LC_TWOLEVEL_HINTS:              'LC_TWOLEVEL_HINTS',
+    LC_PREBIND_CKSUM:               'LC_PREBIND_CKSUM',
+    LC_SYMSEG:                      'LC_SYMSEG',
+    LC_IDENT:                       'LC_IDENT',
+    LC_FVMFILE:                     'LC_FVMFILE',
+    LC_SEGMENT_64:                  'LC_SEGMENT_64',
+    LC_ROUTINES_64:                 'LC_ROUTINES_64',
+    LC_UUID:                        'LC_UUID',
+    LC_RPATH:                       'LC_RPATH',
+    LC_CODE_SIGNATURE:              'LC_CODE_SIGNATURE',
+    LC_CODE_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO:     'LC_CODE_SEGMENT_SPLIT_INFO',
+    LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB:              'LC_REEXPORT_DYLIB',
+    LC_LAZY_LOAD_DYLIB:             'LC_LAZY_LOAD_DYLIB',
+    LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO:             'LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO',
+    LC_DYLD_INFO:                   'LC_DYLD_INFO',
+    LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY:              'LC_DYLD_INFO_ONLY',
+    LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB:           'LC_LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB',
+    LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX:          'LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX',
+    LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS:        'LC_VERSION_MIN_IPHONEOS',
+    LC_FUNCTION_STARTS:             'LC_FUNCTION_STARTS',
+    LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT:            'LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT',
+    LC_MAIN:                        'LC_MAIN',
+    LC_DATA_IN_CODE:                'LC_DATA_IN_CODE',
+    LC_SOURCE_VERSION:              'LC_SOURCE_VERSION',
+    LC_DYLIB_CODE_SIGN_DRS:         'LC_DYLIB_CODE_SIGN_DRS',
+}
+
+
+#this is another union.
+class n_un(p_int32):
+    pass
+
+class nlist(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('n_un', n_un),
+        ('n_type', p_uint8),
+        ('n_sect', p_uint8),
+        ('n_desc', p_short),
+        ('n_value', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+class nlist_64(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ('n_un',    n_un),
+        ('n_type', p_uint8),
+        ('n_sect', p_uint8),
+        ('n_desc', p_short),
+        ('n_value', p_int64),
+    ]
+
+N_STAB = 0xe0
+N_PEXT = 0x10
+N_TYPE = 0x0e
+N_EXT = 0x01
+
+N_UNDF = 0x0
+N_ABS = 0x2
+N_SECT = 0xe
+N_PBUD = 0xc
+N_INDR = 0xa
+
+NO_SECT = 0
+MAX_SECT = 255
+
+REFERENCE_TYPE = 0xf
+REFERENCE_FLAG_UNDEFINED_NON_LAZY = 0
+REFERENCE_FLAG_UNDEFINED_LAZY = 1
+REFERENCE_FLAG_DEFINED = 2
+REFERENCE_FLAG_PRIVATE_DEFINED = 3
+REFERENCE_FLAG_PRIVATE_UNDEFINED_NON_LAZY = 4
+REFERENCE_FLAG_PRIVATE_UNDEFINED_LAZY = 5
+
+REFERENCED_DYNAMICALLY = 0x0010
+
+def GET_LIBRARY_ORDINAL(n_desc):
+    return (((n_desc) >> 8) & 0xff)
+
+def SET_LIBRARY_ORDINAL(n_desc, ordinal):
+    return (((n_desc) & 0x00ff) | (((ordinal & 0xff) << 8)))
+
+SELF_LIBRARY_ORDINAL = 0x0
+MAX_LIBRARY_ORDINAL = 0xfd
+DYNAMIC_LOOKUP_ORDINAL = 0xfe
+EXECUTABLE_ORDINAL = 0xff
+
+N_DESC_DISCARDED = 0x0020
+N_WEAK_REF = 0x0040
+N_WEAK_DEF = 0x0080
+
+# /usr/include/mach-o/fat.h
+FAT_MAGIC = 0xcafebabe
+class fat_header(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('magic', p_uint32),
+        ('nfat_arch', p_uint32),
+    )
+
+class fat_arch(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('cputype', cpu_type_t),
+        ('cpusubtype', cpu_subtype_t),
+        ('offset', p_uint32),
+        ('size', p_uint32),
+        ('align', p_uint32),
+    )
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/macho_dump.py b/python/macholib/macholib/macho_dump.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..737ce8ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/macho_dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from macholib._cmdline import main as _main
+from macholib.MachO import MachO
+from macholib.mach_o import *
+
+ARCH_MAP={
+    ('<', '64-bit'): 'x86_64',
+    ('<', '32-bit'): 'i386',
+    ('>', '64-bit'): 'ppc64',
+    ('>', '32-bit'): 'ppc',
+}
+
+def print_file(fp, path):
+    print(path, file=fp)
+    m = MachO(path)
+    for header in m.headers:
+        seen = set()
+        if header.MH_MAGIC == MH_MAGIC_64:
+            sz = '64-bit'
+        else:
+            sz = '32-bit'
+
+        arch = CPU_TYPE_NAMES.get(header.header.cputype,
+                header.header.cputype)
+
+        print('    [%s endian=%r size=%r arch=%r]' % (header.__class__.__name__,
+                header.endian, sz, arch), file=fp)
+        for idx, name, other in header.walkRelocatables():
+            if other not in seen:
+                seen.add(other)
+                print('\t' + other, file=fp)
+    print('', file=fp)
+
+def main():
+    print("WARNING: 'macho_dump' is deprecated, use 'python -mmacholib dump' instead")
+    _main(print_file)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    try:
+        sys.exit(main())
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/macho_find.py b/python/macholib/macholib/macho_find.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a0cef270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/macho_find.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from __future__ import print_function
+from macholib._cmdline import main as _main
+
+
+def print_file(fp, path):
+    print(path, file=fp)
+
+def main():
+    print("WARNING: 'macho_find' is deprecated, use 'python -mmacholib dump' instead")
+    _main(print_file)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    try:
+        main()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/macho_standalone.py b/python/macholib/macholib/macho_standalone.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ceec82bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/macho_standalone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from macholib.MachOStandalone import MachOStandalone
+from macholib.util import strip_files
+
+def standaloneApp(path):
+    if not (os.path.isdir(path) and os.path.exists(
+            os.path.join(path, 'Contents'))):
+        print('%s: %s does not look like an app bundle'
+            % (sys.argv[0], path))
+        sys.exit(1)
+    files = MachOStandalone(path).run()
+    strip_files(files)
+
+def main():
+    print("WARNING: 'macho_standalone' is deprecated, use 'python -mmacholib standalone' instead")
+    if not sys.argv[1:]:
+        raise SystemExit('usage: %s [appbundle ...]' % (sys.argv[0],))
+    for fn in sys.argv[1:]:
+        standaloneApp(fn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/ptypes.py b/python/macholib/macholib/ptypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1457c91b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/ptypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+"""
+This module defines packable types, that is types than can be easily converted to a binary format
+as used in MachO headers.
+"""
+import struct
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from itertools import izip, imap
+except ImportError:
+    izip, imap = zip, map
+from itertools import chain, starmap
+import warnings
+
+__all__ = """
+sizeof
+BasePackable
+Structure
+pypackable
+p_char
+p_byte
+p_ubyte
+p_short
+p_ushort
+p_int
+p_uint
+p_long
+p_ulong
+p_longlong
+p_ulonglong
+p_int8
+p_uint8
+p_int16
+p_uint16
+p_int32
+p_uint32
+p_int64
+p_uint64
+p_float
+p_double
+""".split()
+
+def sizeof(s):
+    """
+    Return the size of an object when packed
+    """
+    if hasattr(s, '_size_'):
+        return s._size_
+
+    elif isinstance(s, bytes):
+        return len(s)
+
+    raise ValueError(s)
+
+class MetaPackable(type):
+    """
+    Fixed size struct.unpack-able types use from_tuple as their designated initializer
+    """
+    def from_mmap(cls, mm, ptr, **kw):
+        return cls.from_str(mm[ptr:ptr+cls._size_], **kw)
+
+    def from_fileobj(cls, f, **kw):
+        return cls.from_str(f.read(cls._size_), **kw)
+
+    def from_str(cls, s, **kw):
+        endian = kw.get('_endian_', cls._endian_)
+        return cls.from_tuple(struct.unpack(endian + cls._format_, s), **kw)
+
+    def from_tuple(cls, tpl, **kw):
+        return cls(tpl[0], **kw)
+
+class BasePackable(object):
+    _endian_ = '>'
+
+    def to_str(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def to_fileobj(self, f):
+        f.write(self.to_str())
+
+    def to_mmap(self, mm, ptr):
+        mm[ptr:ptr+self._size_] = self.to_str()
+
+
+# This defines a class with a custom metaclass, we'd normally
+# use "class Packable(BasePackable, metaclass=MetaPackage)",
+# but that syntax is not valid in Python 2 (and likewise the
+# python 2 syntax is not valid in Python 3)
+def _make():
+    def to_str(self):
+        cls = type(self)
+        endian = getattr(self, '_endian_', cls._endian_)
+        return struct.pack(endian + cls._format_, self)
+    return MetaPackable("Packable", (BasePackable,), {'to_str': to_str})
+Packable = _make()
+del _make
+
+def pypackable(name, pytype, format):
+    """
+    Create a "mix-in" class with a python type and a
+    Packable with the given struct format
+    """
+    size, items = _formatinfo(format)
+    return type(Packable)(name, (pytype, Packable), {
+        '_format_': format,
+        '_size_': size,
+        '_items_': items,
+    })
+
+def _formatinfo(format):
+    """
+    Calculate the size and number of items in a struct format.
+    """
+    size = struct.calcsize(format)
+    return size, len(struct.unpack(format, b'\x00' * size))
+
+class MetaStructure(MetaPackable):
+    """
+    The metaclass of Structure objects that does all the magic.
+
+    Since we can assume that all Structures have a fixed size,
+    we can do a bunch of calculations up front and pack or
+    unpack the whole thing in one struct call.
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct):
+        fields = dct['_fields_']
+        names = []
+        types = []
+        structmarks = []
+        format = ''
+        items = 0
+        size = 0
+
+        def struct_property(name, typ):
+            def _get(self):
+                return self._objects_[name]
+            def _set(self, obj):
+                if type(obj) is not typ:
+                    obj = typ(obj)
+                self._objects_[name] = obj
+            return property(_get, _set, typ.__name__)
+
+        for name, typ in fields:
+            dct[name] = struct_property(name, typ)
+            names.append(name)
+            types.append(typ)
+            format += typ._format_
+            size += typ._size_
+            if (typ._items_ > 1):
+                structmarks.append((items, typ._items_, typ))
+            items += typ._items_
+
+        dct['_structmarks_'] = structmarks
+        dct['_names_'] = names
+        dct['_types_'] = types
+        dct['_size_'] = size
+        dct['_items_'] = items
+        dct['_format_'] = format
+        return super(MetaStructure, cls).__new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct)
+
+    def from_tuple(cls, tpl, **kw):
+        values = []
+        current = 0
+        for begin, length, typ in cls._structmarks_:
+            if begin > current:
+                values.extend(tpl[current:begin])
+            current = begin + length
+            values.append(typ.from_tuple(tpl[begin:current], **kw))
+        values.extend(tpl[current:])
+        return cls(*values, **kw)
+
+# See metaclass discussion earlier in this file
+def _make():
+    class_dict={}
+    class_dict['_fields_'] = ()
+
+    def as_method(function):
+        class_dict[function.__name__] = function
+
+    @as_method
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if len(args) == 1 and not kwargs and type(args[0]) is type(self):
+            kwargs = args[0]._objects_
+            args = ()
+        self._objects_ = {}
+        iargs = chain(izip(self._names_, args), kwargs.items())
+        for key, value in iargs:
+            if key not in self._names_ and key != "_endian_":
+                raise TypeError
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+        for key, typ in izip(self._names_, self._types_):
+            if key not in self._objects_:
+                self._objects_[key] = typ()
+
+    @as_method
+    def _get_packables(self):
+        for obj in imap(self._objects_.__getitem__, self._names_):
+            if obj._items_ == 1:
+                yield obj
+            else:
+                for obj in obj._get_packables():
+                    yield obj
+
+    @as_method
+    def to_str(self):
+        return struct.pack(self._endian_ + self._format_, *self._get_packables())
+
+    @as_method
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        if type(other) is not type(self):
+            raise TypeError('Cannot compare objects of type %r to objects of type %r' % (type(other), type(self)))
+        if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+            _cmp = cmp
+        else:
+            def _cmp(a, b):
+                if a < b:
+                    return -1
+                elif a > b:
+                    return 1
+                elif a == b:
+                    return 0
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError()
+
+        for cmpval in starmap(_cmp, izip(self._get_packables(), other._get_packables())):
+            if cmpval != 0:
+                return cmpval
+        return 0
+
+    @as_method
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        r = self.__cmp__(other)
+        return r == 0
+
+    @as_method
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        r = self.__cmp__(other)
+        return r != 0
+
+    @as_method
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        r = self.__cmp__(other)
+        return r < 0
+
+    @as_method
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        r = self.__cmp__(other)
+        return r <= 0
+
+    @as_method
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        r = self.__cmp__(other)
+        return r > 0
+
+    @as_method
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        r = self.__cmp__(other)
+        return r >= 0
+
+    return MetaStructure("Structure", (BasePackable,), class_dict)
+Structure = _make()
+del _make
+
+try:
+    long
+except NameError:
+    long = int
+
+# export common packables with predictable names
+p_char = pypackable('p_char', bytes, 'c')
+p_int8 = pypackable('p_int8', int, 'b')
+p_uint8 = pypackable('p_uint8', int, 'B')
+p_int16 = pypackable('p_int16', int, 'h')
+p_uint16 = pypackable('p_uint16', int, 'H')
+p_int32 = pypackable('p_int32', int, 'i')
+p_uint32 = pypackable('p_uint32', long, 'I')
+p_int64 = pypackable('p_int64', long, 'q')
+p_uint64 = pypackable('p_uint64', long, 'Q')
+p_float = pypackable('p_float', float, 'f')
+p_double = pypackable('p_double', float, 'd')
+
+# Deprecated names, need trick to emit deprecation warning.
+p_byte = p_int8
+p_ubyte = p_uint8
+p_short = p_int16
+p_ushort = p_uint16
+p_int = p_long = p_int32
+p_uint = p_ulong = p_uint32
+p_longlong = p_int64
+p_ulonglong = p_uint64
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib/util.py b/python/macholib/macholib/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f954b6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import stat
+import operator
+import struct
+import shutil
+
+#from modulegraph.util import *
+
+from macholib import mach_o
+
+MAGIC = [
+    struct.pack('!L', getattr(mach_o, 'MH_' + _))
+    for _ in ['MAGIC', 'CIGAM', 'MAGIC_64', 'CIGAM_64']
+]
+FAT_MAGIC_BYTES = struct.pack('!L', mach_o.FAT_MAGIC)
+MAGIC_LEN = 4
+STRIPCMD = ['/usr/bin/strip', '-x', '-S', '-']
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str
+
+
+def fsencoding(s, encoding=sys.getfilesystemencoding()):
+    """
+    Ensure the given argument is in filesystem encoding (not unicode)
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, unicode):
+        s = s.encode(encoding)
+    return s
+
+def move(src, dst):
+    """
+    move that ensures filesystem encoding of paths
+    """
+    shutil.move(fsencoding(src), fsencoding(dst))
+
+def copy2(src, dst):
+    """
+    copy2 that ensures filesystem encoding of paths
+    """
+    shutil.copy2(fsencoding(src), fsencoding(dst))
+
+def flipwritable(fn, mode=None):
+    """
+    Flip the writability of a file and return the old mode. Returns None
+    if the file is already writable.
+    """
+    if os.access(fn, os.W_OK):
+        return None
+    old_mode = os.stat(fn).st_mode
+    os.chmod(fn, stat.S_IWRITE | old_mode)
+    return old_mode
+
+class fileview(object):
+    """
+    A proxy for file-like objects that exposes a given view of a file
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, start, size):
+        self._fileobj = fileobj
+        self._start = start
+        self._end = start + size
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<fileview [%d, %d] %r>' % (
+            self._start, self._end, self._fileobj)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._fileobj.tell() - self._start
+
+    def _checkwindow(self, seekto, op):
+        if not (self._start <= seekto <= self._end):
+            raise IOError("%s to offset %d is outside window [%d, %d]" % (
+                op, seekto, self._start, self._end))
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=0):
+        seekto = offset
+        if whence == 0:
+            seekto += self._start
+        elif whence == 1:
+            seekto += self._fileobj.tell()
+        elif whence == 2:
+            seekto += self._end
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Invalid whence argument to seek: %r" % (whence,))
+        self._checkwindow(seekto, 'seek')
+        self._fileobj.seek(seekto)
+
+    def write(self, bytes):
+        here = self._fileobj.tell()
+        self._checkwindow(here, 'write')
+        self._checkwindow(here + len(bytes), 'write')
+        self._fileobj.write(bytes)
+
+    def read(self, size=sys.maxsize):
+        if size < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid size %s while reading from %s", size, self._fileobj)
+        here = self._fileobj.tell()
+        self._checkwindow(here, 'read')
+        bytes = min(size, self._end - here)
+        return self._fileobj.read(bytes)
+
+
+def mergecopy(src, dest):
+    """
+    copy2, but only if the destination isn't up to date
+    """
+    if os.path.exists(dest) and os.stat(dest).st_mtime >= os.stat(src).st_mtime:
+        return
+
+    copy2(src, dest)
+
+def mergetree(src, dst, condition=None, copyfn=mergecopy, srcbase=None):
+    """
+    Recursively merge a directory tree using mergecopy().
+    """
+    src = fsencoding(src)
+    dst = fsencoding(dst)
+    if srcbase is None:
+        srcbase = src
+    names = map(fsencoding, os.listdir(src))
+    try:
+        os.makedirs(dst)
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+    errors = []
+    for name in names:
+        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
+        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
+        if condition is not None and not condition(srcname):
+            continue
+        try:
+            if os.path.islink(srcname):
+                # XXX: This is naive at best, should check srcbase(?)
+                realsrc = os.readlink(srcname)
+                os.symlink(realsrc, dstname)
+            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
+                mergetree(srcname, dstname,
+                    condition=condition, copyfn=copyfn, srcbase=srcbase)
+            else:
+                copyfn(srcname, dstname)
+        except (IOError, os.error) as why:
+            errors.append((srcname, dstname, why))
+    if errors:
+        raise IOError(errors)
+
+def sdk_normalize(filename):
+    """
+    Normalize a path to strip out the SDK portion, normally so that it
+    can be decided whether it is in a system path or not.
+    """
+    if filename.startswith('/Developer/SDKs/'):
+        pathcomp = filename.split('/')
+        del pathcomp[1:4]
+        filename = '/'.join(pathcomp)
+    return filename
+
+NOT_SYSTEM_FILES=[]
+
+def in_system_path(filename):
+    """
+    Return True if the file is in a system path
+    """
+    fn = sdk_normalize(os.path.realpath(filename))
+    if fn.startswith('/usr/local/'):
+        return False
+    elif fn.startswith('/System/') or fn.startswith('/usr/'):
+        if fn in NOT_SYSTEM_FILES:
+            return False
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+def has_filename_filter(module):
+    """
+    Return False if the module does not have a filename attribute
+    """
+    return getattr(module, 'filename', None) is not None
+
+def get_magic():
+    """
+    Get a list of valid Mach-O header signatures, not including the fat header
+    """
+    return MAGIC
+
+def is_platform_file(path):
+    """
+    Return True if the file is Mach-O
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(path) or os.path.islink(path):
+        return False
+    # If the header is fat, we need to read into the first arch
+    with open(path, 'rb') as fileobj:
+        bytes = fileobj.read(MAGIC_LEN)
+        if bytes == FAT_MAGIC_BYTES:
+            # Read in the fat header
+            fileobj.seek(0)
+            header = mach_o.fat_header.from_fileobj(fileobj, _endian_='>')
+            if header.nfat_arch < 1:
+                return False
+            # Read in the first fat arch header
+            arch = mach_o.fat_arch.from_fileobj(fileobj, _endian_='>')
+            fileobj.seek(arch.offset)
+            # Read magic off the first header
+            bytes = fileobj.read(MAGIC_LEN)
+    for magic in MAGIC:
+        if bytes == magic:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+def iter_platform_files(dst):
+    """
+    Walk a directory and yield each full path that is a Mach-O file
+    """
+    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(dst):
+        for fn in files:
+            fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+            if is_platform_file(fn):
+                yield fn
+
+def strip_files(files, argv_max=(256 * 1024)):
+    """
+    Strip a list of files
+    """
+    tostrip = [(fn, flipwritable(fn)) for fn in files]
+    while tostrip:
+        cmd = list(STRIPCMD)
+        flips = []
+        pathlen = sum([len(s) + 1 for s in cmd])
+        while pathlen < argv_max:
+            if not tostrip:
+                break
+            added, flip = tostrip.pop()
+            pathlen += len(added) + 1
+            cmd.append(added)
+            flips.append((added, flip))
+        else:
+            cmd.pop()
+            tostrip.append(flips.pop())
+        os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, cmd[0], cmd)
+        for args in flips:
+            flipwritable(*args)
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/__init__.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5fe939b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+""" macholib_tests package """
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/binaries/src/build.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/binaries/src/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2a179c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/binaries/src/build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import os, sys
+
+
+class Builder (object):
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        self.output_dir = args[1]
+
+
+    def run(self):
+        for nm in dir(type(self)):
+            if nm.startswith('build_'):
+                getattr(self, nm)()
+
+    def build_executable(self):
+        print "Building plain executable"
+        pass
+
+
+builder = Builder(sys.argv)
+builder.run()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachO.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachO.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..730007e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachO.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from macholib import MachO
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class TestMachO (unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_missing(self):
+        self.fail("tests are missing")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachOGraph.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachOGraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f8e4ea19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachOGraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from macholib import MachOGraph
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class TestMachOGraph (unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_missing(self):
+        self.fail("tests are missing")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachOStandalone.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachOStandalone.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa431e517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_MachOStandalone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from macholib import MachOStandalone
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class TestMachOStandalone (unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_missing(self):
+        self.fail("tests are missing")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_SymbolTable.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_SymbolTable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8970ca0a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_SymbolTable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from macholib import SymbolTable
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class TestSymbolTable (unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_missing(self):
+        self.fail("tests are missing")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_command_line.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_command_line.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9cfd6f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_command_line.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from macholib import macho_dump
+from macholib import macho_find
+from macholib import _cmdline
+from macholib import util
+
+import sys
+import shutil
+import os
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+try:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from io import StringIO
+
+class TestCmdLine (unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # This test is no longer valid:
+    def no_test_main_is_shared(self):
+        self.assertTrue(macho_dump.main is _cmdline.main)
+        self.assertTrue(macho_find.main is _cmdline.main)
+
+    def test_check_file(self):
+        record = []
+        def record_cb(fp, path):
+            record.append((fp, path))
+
+        self.assertEqual(_cmdline.check_file(sys.stdout, '/bin/sh', record_cb), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(record, [(sys.stdout, '/bin/sh')])
+
+        saved_stderr = sys.stderr
+        saved_argv = sys.argv
+        try:
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+            sys.argv = ['macho_test']
+
+            record[:] = []
+            self.assertEqual(_cmdline.check_file(sys.stdout, '/bin/no-shell', record_cb), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(record, [])
+            self.assertEqual(sys.stderr.getvalue(), "macho_test: /bin/no-shell: No such file or directory\n")
+            self.assertEqual(record, [])
+
+            shutil.copy('/bin/sh', 'test.exec')
+            os.chmod('test.exec', 0)
+
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+            self.assertEqual(_cmdline.check_file(sys.stdout, 'test.exec', record_cb), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(record, [])
+            self.assertEqual(sys.stderr.getvalue(), "macho_test: test.exec: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'test.exec'\n")
+            self.assertEqual(record, [])
+
+
+        finally:
+            sys.stderr = sys.stderr
+            sys.argv = saved_argv
+            if os.path.exists('test.exec'):
+                os.unlink('test.exec')
+
+    def test_shared_main(self):
+
+        saved_stderr = sys.stderr
+        saved_argv = sys.argv
+        try:
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+
+            sys.argv = ['macho_tool']
+
+            self.assertEqual(_cmdline.main(lambda *args: None), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(sys.stderr.getvalue(), 'Usage: macho_tool filename...\n')
+
+            names = []
+            def record_names(fp, name):
+                self.assertEqual(fp, sys.stdout)
+                names.append(name)
+
+
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+            sys.argv = ['macho_tool', '/bin/sh']
+            self.assertEqual(_cmdline.main(record_names), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(sys.stderr.getvalue(), '')
+            self.assertEqual(names, ['/bin/sh'])
+
+            names = []
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+            sys.argv = ['macho_tool', '/bin/sh', '/bin/ls']
+            self.assertEqual(_cmdline.main(record_names), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(sys.stderr.getvalue(), '')
+            self.assertEqual(names, ['/bin/sh', '/bin/ls'])
+
+            names = []
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+            sys.argv = ['macho_tool', '/bin']
+            self.assertEqual(_cmdline.main(record_names), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(sys.stderr.getvalue(), '')
+            names.sort()
+            dn = '/bin'
+            real_names = [
+                    os.path.join(dn, fn) for fn in os.listdir(dn)
+                    if util.is_platform_file(os.path.join(dn, fn)) ]
+            real_names.sort()
+
+            self.assertEqual(names, real_names)
+
+        finally:
+            sys.stderr = saved_stderr
+            sys.argv = saved_argv
+
+    def test_macho_find(self):
+        fp = StringIO()
+        macho_find.print_file(fp, "file1")
+        macho_find.print_file(fp, "file2")
+        self.assertEqual(fp.getvalue(), "file1\nfile2\n")
+
+    def test_macho_dump(self):
+        fp = StringIO()
+        macho_dump.print_file(fp, "/bin/sh")
+        lines = fp.getvalue().splitlines()
+
+        self.assertEqual(lines[0], "/bin/sh")
+        self.assertTrue(len(lines) > 3)
+
+        self.assertEqual(lines[-1], '')
+        del lines[-1]
+
+        idx = 1
+        while idx < len(lines):
+            self.assertTrue(lines[idx].startswith('    [MachOHeader endian'))
+            idx+=1
+
+            lc = 0
+            while idx < len(lines):
+                if not lines[idx].startswith('\t'):
+                    break
+
+                lc +=1
+                self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(lines[idx].lstrip()))
+                idx += 1
+
+            self.assertTrue(lc > 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_dyld.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_dyld.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b41758d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_dyld.py
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+from macholib import dyld
+
+import sys
+import os
+import functools
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class DyldPatcher (object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.calls = []
+        self.patched = {}
+
+    def clear_calls(self):
+        self.calls = []
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        for name in self.patched:
+            setattr(dyld, name, self.patched[name])
+
+    def log_calls(self, name):
+        if name in self.patched:
+            return
+
+        self.patched[name] = getattr(dyld, name)
+
+
+        @functools.wraps(self.patched[name])
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+            self.calls.append((name, args, kwds))
+            return self.patched[name](*args, **kwds)
+
+        setattr(dyld, name, wrapper)
+
+
+class TestDyld (unittest.TestCase):
+    if not hasattr(unittest.TestCase, 'assertIsInstance'):
+        def assertIsInstance(self, value, types, message=None):
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(value, types),
+                message or "%r is not an instance of %r"%(value, types))
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._environ = os.environ
+        os.environ = dict([(k, os.environ[k]) for k in os.environ if 'DYLD' not in k])
+        self._dyld_env = dyld._dyld_env
+        self._dyld_image_suffix = dyld.dyld_image_suffix
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        dyld._dyld_env = self._dyld_env
+        dyld.dyld_image_suffix = self._dyld_image_suffix
+        os.environ = self._environ
+
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        def test_ensure_utf8(self):
+            self.assertEqual(dyld._ensure_utf8("hello"), "hello")
+            self.assertEqual(dyld._ensure_utf8("hello".decode('utf-8')), "hello")
+            self.assertEqual(dyld._ensure_utf8(None), None)
+
+    else:
+        def test_ensure_utf8(self):
+            self.assertEqual(dyld._ensure_utf8("hello"), "hello")
+            self.assertEqual(dyld._ensure_utf8(None), None)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, dyld._ensure_utf8, b"hello")
+
+    def test__dyld_env(self):
+        new = os.environ
+
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env(None, 'DYLD_FOO'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env({'DYLD_FOO':'bar'}, 'DYLD_FOO'), ['bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env({'DYLD_FOO':'bar:baz'}, 'DYLD_FOO'), ['bar', 'baz'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env({}, 'DYLD_FOO'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env({'DYLD_FOO':''}, 'DYLD_FOO'), [])
+        os.environ['DYLD_FOO'] = 'foobar'
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env(None, 'DYLD_FOO'), ['foobar'])
+        os.environ['DYLD_FOO'] = 'foobar:nowhere'
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env(None, 'DYLD_FOO'), ['foobar', 'nowhere'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env({'DYLD_FOO':'bar'}, 'DYLD_FOO'), ['bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld._dyld_env({}, 'DYLD_FOO'), [])
+
+
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_image_suffix(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_image_suffix(None), None)
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_image_suffix({'DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX':'bar'}), 'bar')
+        os.environ['DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX'] = 'foobar'
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_image_suffix(), 'foobar')
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_image_suffix(None), 'foobar')
+
+    def test_dyld_helpers(self):
+        record = []
+        def fake__dyld_env(env, key):
+            record.append((env, key))
+            return ['hello']
+
+        dyld._dyld_env = fake__dyld_env
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_framework_path(), ['hello'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_framework_path({}), ['hello'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_library_path(), ['hello'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_library_path({}), ['hello'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_fallback_framework_path(), ['hello'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_fallback_framework_path({}), ['hello'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_fallback_library_path(), ['hello'])
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_fallback_library_path({}), ['hello'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(record, [
+            (None, 'DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH'),
+            ({}, 'DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH'),
+            (None, 'DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'),
+            ({}, 'DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'),
+            (None, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH'),
+            ({}, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH'),
+            (None, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH'),
+            ({}, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_dyld_suffix_search(self):
+        envs = [object()]
+        def fake_suffix(env):
+            envs[0] = env
+            return None
+        dyld.dyld_image_suffix = fake_suffix
+
+        iterator = [
+            '/usr/lib/foo',
+            '/usr/lib/foo.dylib',
+        ]
+        result = dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search(iter(iterator))
+        self.assertEqual(list(result), iterator)
+        self.assertEqual(envs[0], None)
+
+        result = dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search(iter(iterator), {})
+        self.assertEqual(list(result), iterator)
+        self.assertEqual(envs[0], {})
+
+        envs = [object()]
+        def fake_suffix(env):
+            envs[0] = env
+            return '_profile'
+        dyld.dyld_image_suffix = fake_suffix
+
+        iterator = [
+            '/usr/lib/foo',
+            '/usr/lib/foo.dylib',
+        ]
+        result = dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search(iter(iterator))
+        self.assertEqual(list(result), [
+                '/usr/lib/foo_profile',
+                '/usr/lib/foo',
+                '/usr/lib/foo_profile.dylib',
+                '/usr/lib/foo.dylib',
+            ])
+        self.assertEqual(envs[0], None)
+
+        result = dyld.dyld_image_suffix_search(iter(iterator), {})
+        self.assertEqual(list(result), [
+                '/usr/lib/foo_profile',
+                '/usr/lib/foo',
+                '/usr/lib/foo_profile.dylib',
+                '/usr/lib/foo.dylib',
+            ])
+        self.assertEqual(envs[0], {})
+
+    def test_override_search(self):
+        os.environ['DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = ''
+        os.environ['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'] = ''
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("foo.dyld", None)), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/usr/lib/libfoo.dyld", None)), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python", None)), [])
+
+
+        os.environ['DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = '/Foo/Frameworks:/Bar/Frameworks'
+        os.environ['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'] = ''
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("foo.dyld", None)), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/usr/lib/libfoo.dyld", None)), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python", None)), [
+                    '/Foo/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python',
+                    '/Bar/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python',
+                ])
+
+        os.environ['DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = ''
+        os.environ['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'] = '/local/lib:/remote/lib'
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("foo.dyld", None)), [
+                        '/local/lib/foo.dyld',
+                        '/remote/lib/foo.dyld',
+                    ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/usr/lib/libfoo.dyld", None)), [
+                        '/local/lib/libfoo.dyld',
+                        '/remote/lib/libfoo.dyld',
+                    ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python", None)), [
+                        '/local/lib/Python',
+                        '/remote/lib/Python',
+                    ])
+
+        os.environ['DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = '/Foo/Frameworks:/Bar/Frameworks'
+        os.environ['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'] = '/local/lib:/remote/lib'
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("foo.dyld", None)), [
+                        '/local/lib/foo.dyld',
+                        '/remote/lib/foo.dyld',
+                    ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/usr/lib/libfoo.dyld", None)), [
+                        '/local/lib/libfoo.dyld',
+                        '/remote/lib/libfoo.dyld',
+                    ])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_override_search("/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python", None)), [
+                    '/Foo/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python',
+                    '/Bar/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/Current/Python',
+                    '/local/lib/Python',
+                    '/remote/lib/Python',
+                ])
+
+    def test_executable_path_search(self):
+        self.assertEqual(list(dyld.dyld_executable_path_search("/usr/lib/foo.dyld", "/usr/bin")), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_executable_path_search("@executable_path/foo.dyld", "/usr/bin")),
+                ['/usr/bin/foo.dyld'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_executable_path_search("@executable_path/../../lib/foo.dyld", "/usr/bin")),
+                ['/usr/bin/../../lib/foo.dyld'])
+
+    def test_default_search(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/usr/lib/mylib.dylib', None)), [
+                    '/usr/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/lib'), 'mylib.dylib'),
+                    '/usr/local/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/usr/lib/mylib.dylib',
+
+                ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python', None)), [
+                    '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Frameworks'), 'Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python'),
+                    '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/Network/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/lib'), 'Python'),
+                    '/usr/local/lib/Python',
+                    '/lib/Python',
+                    '/usr/lib/Python',
+                ])
+
+
+
+
+        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH'] = '/local/lib:/network/lib'
+        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = ''
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/usr/lib/mylib.dylib', None)), [
+                    '/usr/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/local/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/network/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                ])
+
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python', None)), [
+                    '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/Library/Frameworks'), 'Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python'),
+                    '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/Network/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/local/lib/Python',
+                    '/network/lib/Python',
+                ])
+
+
+        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH'] = ''
+        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = '/MyFrameworks:/OtherFrameworks'
+
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/usr/lib/mylib.dylib', None)), [
+                    '/usr/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/lib'), 'mylib.dylib'),
+                    '/usr/local/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/usr/lib/mylib.dylib',
+
+                ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python', None)), [
+                    '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/MyFrameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/OtherFrameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/lib'), 'Python'),
+                    '/usr/local/lib/Python',
+                    '/lib/Python',
+                    '/usr/lib/Python',
+                ])
+
+        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH'] = '/local/lib:/network/lib'
+        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH'] = '/MyFrameworks:/OtherFrameworks'
+
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/usr/lib/mylib.dylib', None)), [
+                    '/usr/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/local/lib/mylib.dylib',
+                    '/network/lib/mylib.dylib',
+
+                ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+                list(dyld.dyld_default_search('/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python', None)), [
+                    '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/MyFrameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/OtherFrameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Python',
+                    '/local/lib/Python',
+                    '/network/lib/Python',
+                ])
+
+    def test_dyld_find(self):
+        result = dyld.dyld_find('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib')
+        self.assertEqual(result, '/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib')
+        self.assertIsInstance(result, str) # bytes on 2.x, unicode on 3.x
+
+        result = dyld.dyld_find(b'/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib'.decode('ascii'))
+        self.assertEqual(result, '/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib')
+        self.assertIsInstance(result, str) # bytes on 2.x, unicode on 3.x
+
+        patcher = DyldPatcher()
+        try:
+            patcher.log_calls('dyld_image_suffix_search')
+            patcher.log_calls('dyld_override_search')
+            patcher.log_calls('dyld_executable_path_search')
+            patcher.log_calls('dyld_default_search')
+
+            result = dyld.dyld_find('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib')
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[:-1], [
+                ('dyld_override_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+                ('dyld_executable_path_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+                ('dyld_default_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+            ])
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[-1][0], 'dyld_image_suffix_search')
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+            result = dyld.dyld_find('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', env=None)
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[:-1], [
+                ('dyld_override_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+                ('dyld_executable_path_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+                ('dyld_default_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+            ])
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[-1][0], 'dyld_image_suffix_search')
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+            result = dyld.dyld_find('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', env={})
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[:-1], [
+                ('dyld_override_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', {}), {}),
+                ('dyld_executable_path_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', None), {}),
+                ('dyld_default_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', {}), {}),
+            ])
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[-1][0], 'dyld_image_suffix_search')
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+            result = dyld.dyld_find('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', executable_path="/opt/py2app/bin", env={})
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[:-1], [
+                ('dyld_override_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', {}), {}),
+                ('dyld_executable_path_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', "/opt/py2app/bin"), {}),
+                ('dyld_default_search', ('/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib', {}), {}),
+            ])
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls[-1][0], 'dyld_image_suffix_search')
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+        finally:
+            patcher.cleanup()
+
+    def test_framework_find(self):
+        result = dyld.framework_find('/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/Current/Cocoa')
+        self.assertEqual(result, '/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/Current/Cocoa')
+        self.assertIsInstance(result, str) # bytes on 2.x, unicode on 3.x
+
+        result = dyld.framework_find(b'/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/Current/Cocoa'.decode('latin1'))
+        self.assertEqual(result, '/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/Current/Cocoa')
+        self.assertIsInstance(result, str) # bytes on 2.x, unicode on 3.x
+
+        result = dyld.framework_find('Cocoa.framework')
+        self.assertEqual(result, '/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Cocoa')
+        self.assertIsInstance(result, str) # bytes on 2.x, unicode on 3.x
+
+        result = dyld.framework_find('Cocoa')
+        self.assertEqual(result, '/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Cocoa')
+        self.assertIsInstance(result, str) # bytes on 2.x, unicode on 3.x
+
+        patcher = DyldPatcher()
+        try:
+            patcher.log_calls('dyld_find')
+
+            result = dyld.framework_find('/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/Current/Cocoa')
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls, [
+                ('dyld_find', ('/System/Library/Frameworks/Cocoa.framework/Versions/Current/Cocoa',),
+                    {'env':None, 'executable_path': None}),
+            ])
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+            result = dyld.framework_find('Cocoa')
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls, [
+                ('dyld_find', ('Cocoa',),
+                    {'env':None, 'executable_path': None}),
+                ('dyld_find', ('Cocoa.framework/Cocoa',),
+                    {'env':None, 'executable_path': None}),
+            ])
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+            result = dyld.framework_find('Cocoa', '/my/sw/bin', {})
+            self.assertEqual(patcher.calls, [
+                ('dyld_find', ('Cocoa',),
+                    {'env':{}, 'executable_path': '/my/sw/bin'}),
+                ('dyld_find', ('Cocoa.framework/Cocoa',),
+                    {'env':{}, 'executable_path': '/my/sw/bin'}),
+            ])
+            patcher.clear_calls()
+
+
+        finally:
+            patcher.cleanup()
+
+
+
+
+class TestTrivialDyld (unittest.TestCase):
+    # Tests ported from the implementation file
+    def testBasic(self):
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_find('libSystem.dylib'), '/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib')
+        self.assertEqual(dyld.dyld_find('System.framework/System'), '/System/Library/Frameworks/System.framework/System')
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_dylib.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_dylib.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcbc45358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_dylib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from macholib import dylib
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+def d(location=None, name=None, shortname=None, version=None, suffix=None):
+    return dict(
+        location=location,
+        name=name,
+        shortname=shortname,
+        version=version,
+        suffix=suffix
+    )
+
+class TestDylib (unittest.TestCase):
+    def testInvalid(self):
+        self.assertTrue(dylib.dylib_info('completely/invalid') is None)
+        self.assertTrue(dylib.dylib_info('completely/invalid_debug') is None)
+
+    def testUnversioned(self):
+        self.assertEqual(dylib.dylib_info('P/Foo.dylib'),
+                d('P', 'Foo.dylib', 'Foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib.dylib_info('P/Foo_debug.dylib'),
+                d('P', 'Foo_debug.dylib', 'Foo', suffix='debug'))
+
+    def testVersioned(self):
+        self.assertEqual(dylib.dylib_info('P/Foo.A.dylib'),
+            d('P', 'Foo.A.dylib', 'Foo', 'A'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib.dylib_info('P/Foo_debug.A.dylib'),
+            d('P', 'Foo_debug.A.dylib', 'Foo_debug', 'A'))
+        self.assertEqual(dylib.dylib_info('P/Foo.A_debug.dylib'),
+            d('P', 'Foo.A_debug.dylib', 'Foo', 'A', 'debug'))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_framework.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_framework.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c123afd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_framework.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+from macholib import framework
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+
+class TestFramework (unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_framework(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix'),
+                dict(
+                    location='Location',
+                    name='Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix',
+                    shortname='Name',
+                    version='SomeVersion',
+                    suffix='Suffix',
+                ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name'),
+                dict(
+                    location='Location',
+                    name='Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name',
+                    shortname='Name',
+                    version='SomeVersion',
+                    suffix=None,
+                ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Name_Suffix'),
+                dict(
+                    location='Location',
+                    name='Name.framework/Name_Suffix',
+                    shortname='Name',
+                    version=None,
+                    suffix='Suffix',
+                ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Name'),
+                dict(
+                    location='Location',
+                    name='Name.framework/Name',
+                    shortname='Name',
+                    version=None,
+                    suffix=None
+                ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework.disabled/Name'),
+                None
+                )
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Versions/A/B/Name'),
+                None
+                )
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Versions/A'),
+                None
+                )
+        self.assertEqual(
+                framework.framework_info('Location/Name.framework/Versions/A/Name/_debug'),
+                None
+                )
+
+    def test_interal_tests(self):
+        # Ported over from the source file
+        def d(location=None, name=None, shortname=None, version=None, suffix=None):
+            return dict(
+                location=location,
+                name=name,
+                shortname=shortname,
+                version=version,
+                suffix=suffix
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('completely/invalid'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('completely/invalid/_debug'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/_debug'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/F'), d('P', 'F.framework/F', 'F'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/F_debug'), d('P', 'F.framework/F_debug', 'F', suffix='debug'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A/F'), d('P', 'F.framework/Versions/A/F', 'F', 'A'))
+        self.assertEqual(framework.framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A/F_debug'), d('P', 'F.framework/Versions/A/F_debug', 'F', 'A', 'debug'))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_itergraphreport.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_itergraphreport.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3e7c28a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_itergraphreport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from macholib import itergraphreport
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class TestIterGraphReport (unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_missing(self):
+        self.fail("tests are missing")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_mach_o.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_mach_o.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fbcf04b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_mach_o.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from macholib import mach_o
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+
+class TestMachO (unittest.TestCase):
+    # This module is just a set of struct definitions,
+    # not sure how to test those without replicating
+    # the code.
+    #
+    # The definitions will get exercised by the
+    # other tests, therefore testing is ignored
+    # for now.
+    pass
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_ptypes.py b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_ptypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f221d37d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/macholib_tests/test_ptypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+from macholib import ptypes
+
+import unittest
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+    import unittest2 as unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+try:
+    from io import BytesIO
+except ImportError:
+    from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
+import mmap
+
+try:
+    long
+except NameError:
+    long = int
+
+
+class TestPTypes (unittest.TestCase):
+    if not hasattr(unittest.TestCase, 'assertIsSubclass'):
+        def assertIsSubclass(self, class1, class2, message=None):
+            self.assertTrue(issubclass(class1, class2),
+                    message or "%r is not a subclass of %r"%(class1, class2))
+
+    if not hasattr(unittest.TestCase, 'assertIsInstance'):
+        def assertIsInstance(self, value, types, message=None):
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(value, types),
+                    message or "%r is not an instance of %r"%(value, types))
+
+    def test_sizeof(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes.sizeof(b"foobar"), 6)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ptypes.sizeof, [])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ptypes.sizeof, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ptypes.sizeof, b"foo".decode('ascii'))
+
+        class M (object):
+            pass
+
+        m = M()
+        m._size_ = 42
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes.sizeof(m), 42)
+
+
+    def verifyType(self, ptype, size, pytype, values):
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes.sizeof(ptype), size)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(ptype, pytype)
+
+        for v in values:
+            pv = ptype(v)
+            packed = pv.to_str()
+            self.assertIsInstance(packed, bytes)
+            self.assertEqual(len(packed), size)
+
+            unp = ptype.from_str(packed)
+            self.assertIsInstance(unp, ptype)
+            self.assertEqual(unp, pv)
+
+            fp = BytesIO(packed)
+            unp = ptype.from_fileobj(fp)
+            fp.close()
+            self.assertIsInstance(unp, ptype)
+            self.assertEqual(unp, pv)
+
+            fp = BytesIO()
+            pv.to_fileobj(fp)
+            data = fp.getvalue()
+            fp.close()
+            self.assertEqual(data, packed)
+
+            mm = mmap.mmap(-1, size+20)
+            mm[:] = b'\x00' * (size+20)
+            pv.to_mmap(mm, 10)
+
+            self.assertEqual(ptype.from_mmap(mm, 10), pv)
+            self.assertEqual(mm[:], (b'\x00'*10) + packed + (b'\x00'*10))
+
+            self.assertEqual(ptype.from_tuple((v,)), pv)
+
+    def test_basic_types(self):
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_char, 1, bytes, [b'a', b'b'])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_int8, 1, int, [1, 42, -4])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_uint8, 1, int, [1, 42, 253])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_int16, 2, int, [1, 400, -10, -5000])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_uint16, 2, int, [1, 400, 65000])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_int32, 4, int, [1, 400, 2**24, -10, -5000, -2**24])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_uint32, 4, long, [1, 400, 2*31+5, 65000])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_int64, 8, long, [1, 400, 2**43, -10, -5000, -2**43])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_uint64, 8, long, [1, 400, 2*63+5, 65000])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_float, 4, float, [1.0, 42.5])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_double, 8, float, [1.0, 42.5])
+
+    def test_basic_types_deprecated(self):
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_byte, 1, int, [1, 42, -4])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_ubyte, 1, int, [1, 42, 253])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_short, 2, int, [1, 400, -10, -5000])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_ushort, 2, int, [1, 400, 65000])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_int, 4, int, [1, 400, 2**24, -10, -5000, -2**24])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_uint, 4, long, [1, 400, 2*31+5, 65000])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_long, 4, int, [1, 400, 2**24, -10, -5000, -2**24])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_ulong, 4, long, [1, 400, 2*31+5, 65000])
+
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_longlong, 8, long, [1, 400, 2**43, -10, -5000, -2**43])
+        self.verifyType(ptypes.p_ulonglong, 8, long, [1, 400, 2*63+5, 65000])
+
+class TestPTypesPrivate (unittest.TestCase):
+    # These are tests for functions that aren't part of the public
+    # API.
+
+    def test_formatinfo(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes._formatinfo(">b"), (1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes._formatinfo(">h"), (2, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes._formatinfo(">HhL"), (8, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes._formatinfo("<b"), (1, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes._formatinfo("<h"), (2, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(ptypes._formatinfo("<HhL"), (8, 3))
+
+
+class MyStructure (ptypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('foo', ptypes.p_int32),
+        ('bar', ptypes.p_uint8),
+    )
+
+class MyFunStructure (ptypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ('fun', ptypes.p_char),
+        ('mystruct', MyStructure),
+    )
+
+class TestPTypesSimple (unittest.TestCase):
+    # Quick port of tests that used to be part of
+    # the macholib.ptypes source code
+    #
+    # Moving these in a structured manner to TestPTypes
+    # would be nice, but is not extremely important.
+
+    def testBasic(self):
+        for endian in '><':
+            kw = dict(_endian_=endian)
+            MYSTRUCTURE = b'\x00\x11\x22\x33\xFF'
+            for fn, args in [
+                        ('from_str', (MYSTRUCTURE,)),
+                        ('from_mmap', (MYSTRUCTURE, 0)),
+                        ('from_fileobj', (BytesIO(MYSTRUCTURE),)),
+                    ]:
+                myStructure = getattr(MyStructure, fn)(*args, **kw)
+                if endian == '>':
+                    self.assertEqual(myStructure.foo, 0x00112233)
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual( myStructure.foo, 0x33221100)
+                self.assertEqual(myStructure.bar, 0xFF)
+                self.assertEqual(myStructure.to_str(), MYSTRUCTURE)
+
+            MYFUNSTRUCTURE = b'!' + MYSTRUCTURE
+            for fn, args in [
+                        ('from_str', (MYFUNSTRUCTURE,)),
+                        ('from_mmap', (MYFUNSTRUCTURE, 0)),
+                        ('from_fileobj', (BytesIO(MYFUNSTRUCTURE),)),
+                    ]:
+                myFunStructure = getattr(MyFunStructure, fn)(*args, **kw)
+                self.assertEqual(myFunStructure.mystruct, myStructure)
+                self.assertEqual(myFunStructure.fun, b'!', (myFunStructure.fun, b'!'))
+                self.assertEqual(myFunStructure.to_str(), MYFUNSTRUCTURE)
+
+            sio = BytesIO()
+            myFunStructure.to_fileobj(sio)
+            self.assertEqual(sio.getvalue(), MYFUNSTRUCTURE)
+
+            mm = mmap.mmap(-1, ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure) * 2)
+            mm[:] = b'\x00' * (ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure) * 2)
+            myFunStructure.to_mmap(mm, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(MyFunStructure.from_mmap(mm, 0, **kw), myFunStructure)
+            self.assertEqual(mm[:ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure)], MYFUNSTRUCTURE)
+            self.assertEqual(mm[ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure):], b'\x00' * ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure))
+            myFunStructure.to_mmap(mm, ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure))
+            self.assertEqual(mm[:], MYFUNSTRUCTURE + MYFUNSTRUCTURE)
+            self.assertEqual(MyFunStructure.from_mmap(mm, ptypes.sizeof(MyFunStructure), **kw), myFunStructure)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/macholib/setup.cfg b/python/macholib/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1713110a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+[metadata]
+name = macholib
+version = 1.7
+description = Mach-O header analysis and editing
+long_description_file = 
+	README.txt
+	doc/changelog.rst
+classifiers = 
+	Intended Audience :: Developers
+	License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+	Programming Language :: Python
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+	Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+	Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+	Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+	Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+author = Ronald Oussoren
+author_email = ronaldoussoren@mac.com
+maintainer = Ronald Oussoren
+maintainer_email = ronaldoussoren@mac.com
+url = http://bitbucket.org/ronaldoussoren/macholib
+download_url = http://pypi.python.org/pypi/macholib
+packages = macholib
+license = MIT
+platforms = any
+requires-dist = 
+	altgraph (>=0.12)
+zip-safe = yes
+console_scripts = 
+	macho_find = macholib.macho_find:main
+	macho_standalone = macholib.macho_standalone:main
+	macho_dump = macholib.macho_dump:main
+keywords = Mach-O, dyld
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/macholib/setup.py b/python/macholib/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1a4cb6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/macholib/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+"""
+Shared setup file for simple python packages. Uses a setup.cfg that
+is the same as the distutils2 project, unless noted otherwise.
+
+It exists for two reasons:
+1) This makes it easier to reuse setup.py code between my own
+   projects
+
+2) Easier migration to distutils2 when that catches on.
+
+Additional functionality:
+
+* Section metadata:
+    requires-test:  Same as 'tests_require' option for setuptools.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import platform
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import tempfile
+import tarfile
+try:
+    import urllib.request as urllib
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib
+from distutils import log
+try:
+    from hashlib import md5
+
+except ImportError:
+    from md5 import md5
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+    from ConfigParser import RawConfigParser, NoOptionError, NoSectionError
+else:
+    from configparser import RawConfigParser, NoOptionError, NoSectionError
+
+ROOTDIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+# Parsing the setup.cfg and converting it to something that can be
+# used by setuptools.setup()
+#
+#
+#
+
+def eval_marker(value):
+    """
+    Evaluate an distutils2 environment marker.
+
+    This code is unsafe when used with hostile setup.cfg files,
+    but that's not a problem for our own files.
+    """
+    value = value.strip()
+
+    class M:
+        def __init__(self, **kwds):
+            for k, v in kwds.items():
+                setattr(self, k, v)
+
+    variables = {
+        'python_version': '%d.%d'%(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]),
+        'python_full_version': sys.version.split()[0],
+        'os': M(
+            name=os.name,
+        ),
+        'sys': M(
+            platform=sys.platform,
+        ),
+        'platform': M(
+            version=platform.version(),
+            machine=platform.machine(),
+        ),
+    }
+
+    return bool(eval(value, variables, variables))
+
+
+    return True
+
+def _opt_value(cfg, into, section, key, transform = None):
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get(section, key)
+        if transform != _as_lines and ';' in v:
+            v, marker = v.rsplit(';', 1)
+            if not eval_marker(marker):
+                return
+
+            v = v.strip()
+
+        if v:
+            if transform:
+                into[key] = transform(v.strip())
+            else:
+                into[key] = v.strip()
+
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+def _as_bool(value):
+    if value.lower() in ('y', 'yes', 'on'):
+        return True
+    elif value.lower() in ('n', 'no', 'off'):
+        return False
+    elif value.isdigit():
+        return bool(int(value))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(value)
+
+def _as_list(value):
+    return value.split()
+
+def _as_lines(value):
+    result = []
+    for v in value.splitlines():
+        if ';' in v:
+            v, marker = v.rsplit(';', 1)
+            if not eval_marker(marker):
+                continue
+
+            v = v.strip()
+            if v:
+                result.append(v)
+        else:
+            result.append(v)
+    return result
+
+def _map_requirement(value):
+    m = re.search(r'(\S+)\s*(?:\((.*)\))?', value)
+    name = m.group(1)
+    version = m.group(2)
+
+    if version is None:
+        return name
+
+    else:
+        mapped = []
+        for v in version.split(','):
+            v = v.strip()
+            if v[0].isdigit():
+                # Checks for a specific version prefix
+                m = v.rsplit('.', 1)
+                mapped.append('>=%s,<%s.%s'%(
+                    v, m[0], int(m[1])+1))
+
+            else:
+                mapped.append(v)
+        return '%s %s'%(name, ','.join(mapped),)
+
+def _as_requires(value):
+    requires = []
+    for req in value.splitlines():
+        if ';' in req:
+            req, marker = v.rsplit(';', 1)
+            if not eval_marker(marker):
+                continue
+            req = req.strip()
+
+        if not req:
+            continue
+        requires.append(_map_requirement(req))
+    return requires
+
+def parse_setup_cfg():
+    cfg = RawConfigParser()
+    r = cfg.read([os.path.join(ROOTDIR, 'setup.cfg')])
+    if len(r) != 1:
+        print("Cannot read 'setup.cfg'")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    metadata = dict(
+            name        = cfg.get('metadata', 'name'),
+            version     = cfg.get('metadata', 'version'),
+            description = cfg.get('metadata', 'description'),
+    )
+
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'license')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'maintainer')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'maintainer_email')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'author')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'author_email')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'url')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'download_url')
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'classifiers', _as_lines)
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'platforms', _as_list)
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'packages', _as_list)
+    _opt_value(cfg, metadata, 'metadata', 'keywords', _as_list)
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'requires-dist')
+
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        requires = _as_requires(v)
+        if requires:
+            metadata['install_requires'] = requires
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'requires-test')
+
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        requires = _as_requires(v)
+        if requires:
+            metadata['tests_require'] = requires
+
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'long_description_file')
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        parts = []
+        for nm in v.split():
+            fp = open(nm, 'rU')
+            parts.append(fp.read())
+            fp.close()
+
+        metadata['long_description'] = '\n\n'.join(parts)
+
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'zip-safe')
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        metadata['zip_safe'] = _as_bool(v)
+
+    try:
+        v = cfg.get('metadata', 'console_scripts')
+    except (NoOptionError, NoSectionError):
+        pass
+
+    else:
+        if 'entry_points' not in metadata:
+            metadata['entry_points'] = {}
+
+        metadata['entry_points']['console_scripts'] = v.splitlines()
+
+    if sys.version_info[:2] <= (2,6):
+        try:
+            metadata['tests_require'] += ", unittest2"
+        except KeyError:
+            metadata['tests_require'] = "unittest2"
+
+    return metadata
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+# Bootstrapping setuptools/distribute, based on
+# a heavily modified version of distribute_setup.py
+#
+#
+#
+
+
+SETUPTOOLS_PACKAGE='setuptools'
+
+
+try:
+    import subprocess
+
+    def _python_cmd(*args):
+        args = (sys.executable,) + args
+        return subprocess.call(args) == 0
+
+except ImportError:
+    def _python_cmd(*args):
+        args = (sys.executable,) + args
+        new_args = []
+        for a in args:
+            new_args.append(a.replace("'", "'\"'\"'"))
+        os.system(' '.join(new_args)) == 0
+
+
+try:
+    import json
+
+    def get_pypi_src_download(package):
+        url = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi/%s/json'%(package,)
+        fp = urllib.urlopen(url)
+        try:
+            try:
+                data = fp.read()
+
+            finally:
+                fp.close()
+        except urllib.error:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        pkgdata = json.loads(data.decode('utf-8'))
+        if 'urls' not in pkgdata:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        for info in pkgdata['urls']:
+            if info['packagetype'] == 'sdist' and info['url'].endswith('tar.gz'):
+                return (info.get('md5_digest'), info['url'])
+
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine downlink link for %s"%(package,))
+
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 2.5 compatibility, no JSON in stdlib but luckily JSON syntax is
+    # simular enough to Python's syntax to be able to abuse the Python compiler
+
+    import _ast as ast
+
+    def get_pypi_src_download(package):
+        url = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi/%s/json'%(package,)
+        fp = urllib.urlopen(url)
+        try:
+            try:
+                data = fp.read()
+
+            finally:
+                fp.close()
+        except urllib.error:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+
+        a = compile(data, '-', 'eval', ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
+        if not isinstance(a, ast.Expression):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        a = a.body
+        if not isinstance(a, ast.Dict):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        for k, v in zip(a.keys, a.values):
+            if not isinstance(k, ast.Str):
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+            k = k.s
+            if k == 'urls':
+                a = v
+                break
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("PyPI JSON for %s doesn't contain URLs section"%(package,))
+
+        if not isinstance(a, ast.List):
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+        for info in v.elts:
+            if not isinstance(info, ast.Dict):
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+            url = None
+            packagetype = None
+            chksum = None
+
+            for k, v in zip(info.keys, info.values):
+                if not isinstance(k, ast.Str):
+                    raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+                if k.s == 'url':
+                    if not isinstance(v, ast.Str):
+                        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+                    url = v.s
+
+                elif k.s == 'packagetype':
+                    if not isinstance(v, ast.Str):
+                        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+                    packagetype = v.s
+
+                elif k.s == 'md5_digest':
+                    if not isinstance(v, ast.Str):
+                        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+                    chksum = v.s
+
+            if url is not None and packagetype == 'sdist' and url.endswith('.tar.gz'):
+                return (chksum, url)
+
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot determine download link for %s"%(package,))
+
+def _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir):
+    # extracting the tarball
+    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
+    old_wd = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(tmpdir)
+        tar = tarfile.open(tarball)
+        _extractall(tar)
+        tar.close()
+
+        # going in the directory
+        subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
+        os.chdir(subdir)
+        log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
+
+        # building an egg
+        log.warn('Building a %s egg in %s', egg, to_dir)
+        _python_cmd('setup.py', '-q', 'bdist_egg', '--dist-dir', to_dir)
+
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(old_wd)
+    # returning the result
+    log.warn(egg)
+    if not os.path.exists(egg):
+        raise IOError('Could not build the egg.')
+
+
+def _do_download(to_dir, packagename=SETUPTOOLS_PACKAGE):
+    tarball = download_setuptools(packagename, to_dir)
+    version = tarball.split('-')[-1][:-7]
+    egg = os.path.join(to_dir, '%s-%s-py%d.%d.egg'
+                       % (packagename, version, sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]))
+    if not os.path.exists(egg):
+        _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir)
+    sys.path.insert(0, egg)
+    import setuptools
+    setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = egg
+
+
+def use_setuptools():
+    # making sure we use the absolute path
+    return _do_download(os.path.abspath(os.curdir))
+
+def download_setuptools(packagename, to_dir):
+    # making sure we use the absolute path
+    to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
+    try:
+        from urllib.request import urlopen
+    except ImportError:
+        from urllib2 import urlopen
+
+    chksum, url = get_pypi_src_download(packagename)
+    tgz_name = os.path.basename(url)
+    saveto = os.path.join(to_dir, tgz_name)
+
+    src = dst = None
+    if not os.path.exists(saveto):  # Avoid repeated downloads
+        try:
+            log.warn("Downloading %s", url)
+            src = urlopen(url)
+            # Read/write all in one block, so we don't create a corrupt file
+            # if the download is interrupted.
+            data = src.read()
+
+            if chksum is not None:
+                data_sum = md5(data).hexdigest()
+                if data_sum != chksum:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Downloading %s failed: corrupt checksum"%(url,))
+
+
+            dst = open(saveto, "wb")
+            dst.write(data)
+        finally:
+            if src:
+                src.close()
+            if dst:
+                dst.close()
+    return os.path.realpath(saveto)
+
+
+
+def _extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
+    """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
+       directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
+       directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
+       to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
+       list returned by getmembers().
+    """
+    import copy
+    import operator
+    from tarfile import ExtractError
+    directories = []
+
+    if members is None:
+        members = self
+
+    for tarinfo in members:
+        if tarinfo.isdir():
+            # Extract directories with a safe mode.
+            directories.append(tarinfo)
+            tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+            tarinfo.mode = 448 # decimal for oct 0700
+        self.extract(tarinfo, path)
+
+    # Reverse sort directories.
+    if sys.version_info < (2, 4):
+        def sorter(dir1, dir2):
+            return cmp(dir1.name, dir2.name)
+        directories.sort(sorter)
+        directories.reverse()
+    else:
+        directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'), reverse=True)
+
+    # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
+    for tarinfo in directories:
+        dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
+        try:
+            self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
+        except ExtractError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            if self.errorlevel > 1:
+                raise
+            else:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+# Definitions of custom commands
+#
+#
+#
+
+try:
+    import setuptools
+
+except ImportError:
+    use_setuptools()
+
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    from distutils.core import PyPIRCCommand
+except ImportError:
+    PyPIRCCommand = None # Ancient python version
+
+from distutils.core import Command
+from distutils.errors  import DistutilsError
+from distutils import log
+
+if PyPIRCCommand is None:
+    class upload_docs (Command):
+        description = "upload sphinx documentation"
+        user_options = []
+
+        def initialize_options(self):
+            pass
+
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            pass
+
+        def run(self):
+            raise DistutilsError("not supported on this version of python")
+
+else:
+    class upload_docs (PyPIRCCommand):
+        description = "upload sphinx documentation"
+        user_options = PyPIRCCommand.user_options
+
+        def initialize_options(self):
+            PyPIRCCommand.initialize_options(self)
+            self.username = ''
+            self.password = ''
+
+
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            PyPIRCCommand.finalize_options(self)
+            config = self._read_pypirc()
+            if config != {}:
+                self.username = config['username']
+                self.password = config['password']
+
+
+        def run(self):
+            import subprocess
+            import shutil
+            import zipfile
+            import os
+            import urllib
+            import StringIO
+            from base64 import standard_b64encode
+            import httplib
+            import urlparse
+
+            # Extract the package name from distutils metadata
+            meta = self.distribution.metadata
+            name = meta.get_name()
+
+            # Run sphinx
+            if os.path.exists('doc/_build'):
+                shutil.rmtree('doc/_build')
+            os.mkdir('doc/_build')
+
+            p = subprocess.Popen(['make', 'html'],
+                cwd='doc')
+            exit = p.wait()
+            if exit != 0:
+                raise DistutilsError("sphinx-build failed")
+
+            # Collect sphinx output
+            if not os.path.exists('dist'):
+                os.mkdir('dist')
+            zf = zipfile.ZipFile('dist/%s-docs.zip'%(name,), 'w',
+                    compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+
+            for toplevel, dirs, files in os.walk('doc/_build/html'):
+                for fn in files:
+                    fullname = os.path.join(toplevel, fn)
+                    relname = os.path.relpath(fullname, 'doc/_build/html')
+
+                    print ("%s -> %s"%(fullname, relname))
+
+                    zf.write(fullname, relname)
+
+            zf.close()
+
+            # Upload the results, this code is based on the distutils
+            # 'upload' command.
+            content = open('dist/%s-docs.zip'%(name,), 'rb').read()
+
+            data = {
+                ':action': 'doc_upload',
+                'name': name,
+                'content': ('%s-docs.zip'%(name,), content),
+            }
+            auth = "Basic " + standard_b64encode(self.username + ":" +
+                 self.password)
+
+
+            boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+            sep_boundary = '\n--' + boundary
+            end_boundary = sep_boundary + '--'
+            body = StringIO.StringIO()
+            for key, value in data.items():
+                if not isinstance(value, list):
+                    value = [value]
+
+                for value in value:
+                    if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                        fn = ';filename="%s"'%(value[0])
+                        value = value[1]
+                    else:
+                        fn = ''
+
+                    body.write(sep_boundary)
+                    body.write('\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"'%key)
+                    body.write(fn)
+                    body.write("\n\n")
+                    body.write(value)
+
+            body.write(end_boundary)
+            body.write('\n')
+            body = body.getvalue()
+
+            self.announce("Uploading documentation to %s"%(self.repository,), log.INFO)
+
+            schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = \
+                    urlparse.urlparse(self.repository)
+
+
+            if schema == 'http':
+                http = httplib.HTTPConnection(netloc)
+            elif schema == 'https':
+                http = httplib.HTTPSConnection(netloc)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError("unsupported schema "+schema)
+
+            data = ''
+            loglevel = log.INFO
+            try:
+                http.connect()
+                http.putrequest("POST", url)
+                http.putheader('Content-type',
+                    'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s'%boundary)
+                http.putheader('Content-length', str(len(body)))
+                http.putheader('Authorization', auth)
+                http.endheaders()
+                http.send(body)
+            except socket.error:
+                e = socket.exc_info()[1]
+                self.announce(str(e), log.ERROR)
+                return
+
+            r = http.getresponse()
+            if r.status in (200, 301):
+                self.announce('Upload succeeded (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                    log.INFO)
+            else:
+                self.announce('Upload failed (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                    log.ERROR)
+
+                print ('-'*75)
+                print (r.read())
+                print ('-'*75)
+
+
+def recursiveGlob(root, pathPattern):
+    """
+    Recursively look for files matching 'pathPattern'. Return a list
+    of matching files/directories.
+    """
+    result = []
+
+    for rootpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(root):
+        for fn in filenames:
+            if fnmatch(fn, pathPattern):
+                result.append(os.path.join(rootpath, fn))
+    return result
+
+
+def importExternalTestCases(unittest,
+        pathPattern="test_*.py", root=".", package=None):
+    """
+    Import all unittests in the PyObjC tree starting at 'root'
+    """
+
+    testFiles = recursiveGlob(root, pathPattern)
+    testModules = map(lambda x:x[len(root)+1:-3].replace('/', '.'), testFiles)
+    if package is not None:
+        testModules = [(package + '.' + m) for m in testModules]
+
+    suites = []
+
+    for modName in testModules:
+        try:
+            module = __import__(modName)
+        except ImportError:
+            print("SKIP %s: %s"%(modName, sys.exc_info()[1]))
+            continue
+
+        if '.' in modName:
+            for elem in modName.split('.')[1:]:
+                module = getattr(module, elem)
+
+        s = unittest.defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromModule(module)
+        suites.append(s)
+
+    return unittest.TestSuite(suites)
+
+
+
+class test (Command):
+    description = "run test suite"
+    user_options = [
+        ('verbosity=', None, "print what tests are run"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.verbosity='1'
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if isinstance(self.verbosity, str):
+            self.verbosity = int(self.verbosity)
+
+
+    def cleanup_environment(self):
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        egg_name = ei_cmd.egg_name.replace('-', '_')
+
+        to_remove =  []
+        for dirname in sys.path:
+            bn = os.path.basename(dirname)
+            if bn.startswith(egg_name + "-"):
+                to_remove.append(dirname)
+
+        for dirname in to_remove:
+            log.info("removing installed %r from sys.path before testing"%(
+                dirname,))
+            sys.path.remove(dirname)
+
+    def add_project_to_sys_path(self):
+        from pkg_resources import normalize_path, add_activation_listener
+        from pkg_resources import working_set, require
+
+        self.reinitialize_command('egg_info')
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+        self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+
+        # Check if this distribution is already on sys.path
+        # and remove that version, this ensures that the right
+        # copy of the package gets tested.
+
+        self.__old_path = sys.path[:]
+        self.__old_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        sys.path.insert(0, normalize_path(ei_cmd.egg_base))
+        sys.path.insert(1, os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+        # Strip the namespace packages defined in this distribution
+        # from sys.modules, needed to reset the search path for
+        # those modules.
+
+        nspkgs = getattr(self.distribution, 'namespace_packages')
+        if nspkgs is not None:
+            for nm in nspkgs:
+                del sys.modules[nm]
+
+        # Reset pkg_resources state:
+        add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+        working_set.__init__()
+        require('%s==%s'%(ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version))
+
+    def remove_from_sys_path(self):
+        from pkg_resources import working_set
+        sys.path[:] = self.__old_path
+        sys.modules.clear()
+        sys.modules.update(self.__old_modules)
+        working_set.__init__()
+
+
+    def run(self):
+        import unittest
+
+        # Ensure that build directory is on sys.path (py3k)
+
+        self.cleanup_environment()
+        self.add_project_to_sys_path()
+
+        try:
+            meta = self.distribution.metadata
+            name = meta.get_name()
+            test_pkg = name + "_tests"
+            suite = importExternalTestCases(unittest,
+                    "test_*.py", test_pkg, test_pkg)
+
+            runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=self.verbosity)
+            result = runner.run(suite)
+
+            # Print out summary. This is a structured format that
+            # should make it easy to use this information in scripts.
+            summary = dict(
+                count=result.testsRun,
+                fails=len(result.failures),
+                errors=len(result.errors),
+                xfails=len(getattr(result, 'expectedFailures', [])),
+                xpass=len(getattr(result, 'expectedSuccesses', [])),
+                skip=len(getattr(result, 'skipped', [])),
+            )
+            print("SUMMARY: %s"%(summary,))
+
+        finally:
+            self.remove_from_sys_path()
+
+#
+#
+#
+#  And finally run the setuptools main entry point.
+#
+#
+#
+
+metadata = parse_setup_cfg()
+
+setup(
+    cmdclass=dict(
+        upload_docs=upload_docs,
+        test=test,
+    ),
+    **metadata
+)
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/LICENSE.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7891703b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Copyright (c) 2003-2012, Michael Foord
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+      copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+      disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+      with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/MANIFEST.in b/python/mock-1.0.0/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d52b301de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+include LICENSE.txt tox.ini tests/*.py
+recursive-include docs *.txt *.py *.png *.css *.html *.js
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/PKG-INFO b/python/mock-1.0.0/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c7309c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: mock
+Version: 1.0.0
+Summary: A Python Mocking and Patching Library for Testing
+Home-page: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+Author: Michael Foord
+Author-email: michael@voidspace.org.uk
+License: UNKNOWN
+Description: mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+        your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+        have been used.
+        
+        mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock <
+        http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+        in Python 3.3 onwards.
+        
+        mock provides a core `MagicMock` class removing the need to create a host of
+        stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+        assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+        called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+        the normal way.
+        
+        mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7 and Python 3. mock is also tested
+        with the latest versions of Jython and pypy.
+        
+        The mock module also provides utility functions / objects to assist with
+        testing, particularly monkey patching.
+        
+        * `PDF documentation for 1.0 beta 1
+          <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+        * `mock on google code (repository and issue tracker)
+          <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_
+        * `mock documentation
+          <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/>`_
+        * `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock/>`_
+        * `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)
+          <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_
+        
+        Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+        `unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on
+        the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of 'record -> replay' used by many
+        mocking frameworks. See the `mock documentation`_ for full details.
+        
+        Mock objects create all attributes and methods as you access them and store
+        details of how they have been used. You can configure them, to specify return
+        values or limit what attributes are available, and then make assertions about
+        how they have been used::
+        
+            >>> from mock import Mock
+            >>> real = ProductionClass()
+            >>> real.method = Mock(return_value=3)
+            >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+            3
+            >>> real.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+        
+        `side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, return different values or
+        raise an exception when a mock is called::
+        
+           >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
+           >>> mock()
+           Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+           KeyError: 'foo'
+           >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+           >>> def side_effect(arg):
+           ...     return values[arg]
+           ...
+           >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+           >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
+           (3, 2, 1)
+           >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+           >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+           (5, 4, 3)
+        
+        Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+        example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification from
+        another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock that
+        don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`.
+        
+        The `patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+        objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+        mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends::
+        
+            >>> from mock import patch
+            >>> @patch('test_module.ClassName1')
+            ... @patch('test_module.ClassName2')
+            ... def test(MockClass2, MockClass1):
+            ...     test_module.ClassName1()
+            ...     test_module.ClassName2()
+        
+            ...     assert MockClass1.called
+            ...     assert MockClass2.called
+            ...
+            >>> test()
+        
+        .. note::
+        
+           When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+           function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+           decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+           above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
+        
+           With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+           are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+           read `where to patch
+           <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/patch.html#where-to-patch>`_.
+        
+        As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with
+        statement::
+        
+            >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
+            ...     mock_method.return_value = None
+            ...     real = ProductionClass()
+            ...     real.method(1, 2, 3)
+            ...
+            >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+        
+        There is also `patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just during the
+        scope of a test and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the
+        test ends::
+        
+           >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+           >>> original = foo.copy()
+           >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+           ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+           ...
+           >>> assert foo == original
+        
+        Mock supports the mocking of Python magic methods. The easiest way of
+        using magic methods is with the `MagicMock` class. It allows you to do
+        things like::
+        
+            >>> from mock import MagicMock
+            >>> mock = MagicMock()
+            >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
+            >>> str(mock)
+            'foobarbaz'
+            >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_once_with()
+        
+        Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+        and they will be called appropriately. The MagicMock class is just a Mock
+        variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well - all the
+        useful ones anyway).
+        
+        The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+        class::
+        
+            >>> from mock import Mock
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value = 'wheeeeee')
+            >>> str(mock)
+            'wheeeeee'
+        
+        For ensuring that the mock objects your tests use have the same api as the
+        objects they are replacing, you can use "auto-speccing". Auto-speccing can
+        be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the `create_autospec`
+        function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that have the same attributes
+        and methods as the objects they are replacing, and any functions and methods
+        (including constructors) have the same call signature as the real object.
+        
+        This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+        code if they are used incorrectly::
+        
+           >>> from mock import create_autospec
+           >>> def function(a, b, c):
+           ...     pass
+           ...
+           >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
+           >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
+           'fishy'
+           >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+           >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
+           Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+           TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)
+        
+        `create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+        the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+        the `__call__` method.
+        
+        The distribution contains tests and documentation. The tests require
+        `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ to run.
+        
+        Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at
+        `mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_.
+        
+Keywords: testing,test,mock,mocking,unittest,patching,stubs,fakes,doubles
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: Jython
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Testing
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/README.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..385db3cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+have been used.
+
+mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock <
+http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3 onwards.
+
+mock provides a core `MagicMock` class removing the need to create a host of
+stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+the normal way.
+
+mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7 and Python 3. mock is also tested
+with the latest versions of Jython and pypy.
+
+The mock module also provides utility functions / objects to assist with
+testing, particularly monkey patching.
+
+* `PDF documentation for 1.0 beta 1
+  <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+* `mock on google code (repository and issue tracker)
+  <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_
+* `mock documentation
+  <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/>`_
+* `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock/>`_
+* `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)
+  <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_
+
+Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+`unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on
+the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of 'record -> replay' used by many
+mocking frameworks. See the `mock documentation`_ for full details.
+
+Mock objects create all attributes and methods as you access them and store
+details of how they have been used. You can configure them, to specify return
+values or limit what attributes are available, and then make assertions about
+how they have been used::
+
+    >>> from mock import Mock
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.method = Mock(return_value=3)
+    >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+    3
+    >>> real.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+
+`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, return different values or
+raise an exception when a mock is called::
+
+   >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
+   >>> mock()
+   Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+   KeyError: 'foo'
+   >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+   >>> def side_effect(arg):
+   ...     return values[arg]
+   ...
+   >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+   >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
+   (3, 2, 1)
+   >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+   >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+   (5, 4, 3)
+
+Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification from
+another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock that
+don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`.
+
+The `patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends::
+
+    >>> from mock import patch
+    >>> @patch('test_module.ClassName1')
+    ... @patch('test_module.ClassName2')
+    ... def test(MockClass2, MockClass1):
+    ...     test_module.ClassName1()
+    ...     test_module.ClassName2()
+
+    ...     assert MockClass1.called
+    ...     assert MockClass2.called
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+.. note::
+
+   When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+   function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+   decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+   above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
+
+   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+   read `where to patch
+   <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/patch.html#where-to-patch>`_.
+
+As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with
+statement::
+
+    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
+    ...     mock_method.return_value = None
+    ...     real = ProductionClass()
+    ...     real.method(1, 2, 3)
+    ...
+    >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+There is also `patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just during the
+scope of a test and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the
+test ends::
+
+   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+   >>> original = foo.copy()
+   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+   ...
+   >>> assert foo == original
+
+Mock supports the mocking of Python magic methods. The easiest way of
+using magic methods is with the `MagicMock` class. It allows you to do
+things like::
+
+    >>> from mock import MagicMock
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
+    >>> str(mock)
+    'foobarbaz'
+    >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_once_with()
+
+Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+and they will be called appropriately. The MagicMock class is just a Mock
+variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well - all the
+useful ones anyway).
+
+The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+class::
+
+    >>> from mock import Mock
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value = 'wheeeeee')
+    >>> str(mock)
+    'wheeeeee'
+
+For ensuring that the mock objects your tests use have the same api as the
+objects they are replacing, you can use "auto-speccing". Auto-speccing can
+be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the `create_autospec`
+function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that have the same attributes
+and methods as the objects they are replacing, and any functions and methods
+(including constructors) have the same call signature as the real object.
+
+This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+code if they are used incorrectly::
+
+   >>> from mock import create_autospec
+   >>> def function(a, b, c):
+   ...     pass
+   ...
+   >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
+   >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
+   'fishy'
+   >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+   >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
+   Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+   TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)
+
+`create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+the `__call__` method.
+
+The distribution contains tests and documentation. The tests require
+`unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ to run.
+
+Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at
+`mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/changelog.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/changelog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a605be3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/changelog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+
+CHANGELOG
+=========
+
+2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0
+------------------------
+
+No changes since 1.0.0 beta 1. This version has feature parity with
+`unittest.mock
+<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3.
+
+Full list of changes since 0.8:
+
+* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed
+* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+  `AttributeError`)
+* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open`
+* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without
+  requiring a spec
+* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties
+* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+  methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented`
+* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other
+  libraries
+* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that
+  can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov
+* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of
+  returned
+* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments
+* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start`
+* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks
+* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could
+  raise an exception
+* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and
+  `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error
+* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could
+  result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead
+* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with
+  `spec_set=True` did not work correctly
+* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored
+* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a
+  non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable
+
+
+2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1
+--------------------------------
+
+* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start`
+* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks
+* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could
+  raise an exception
+
+
+2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2
+--------------------------------
+
+* `PropertyMock` attributes are now standard `MagicMocks`
+* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that
+  can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov
+* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of
+  returned
+* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments
+
+
+2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1
+--------------------------------
+
+The standard library version!
+
+* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed
+* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+  `AttributeError`)
+* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open`
+* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without
+  requiring a spec
+* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties
+* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+  methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented`
+* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other
+  libraries
+* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and
+  `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error
+* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could
+  result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead
+* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with
+  `spec_set=True` did not work correctly
+* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored
+* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a
+  non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable
+
+
+2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0
+------------------------
+
+The only changes since 0.8rc2 are:
+
+* Improved repr of :data:`sentinel` objects
+* :data:`ANY` can be used for comparisons against :data:`call` objects
+* The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` method can be set to
+  any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator
+
+Full List of changes since 0.7:
+
+mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.
+
+* Addition of :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic
+  methods and chained calls)
+* :func:`patch` and :func:`patch.object` now create a :class:`MagicMock`
+  instead of a :class:`Mock` by default
+* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and
+  `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration
+* New mock method :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` for setting attributes and
+  return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes
+* New mock assert methods :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call` and
+  :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`
+* Implemented :ref:`auto-speccing` (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with
+  mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the `autospec` argument to
+  `patch`
+* Added the :func:`create_autospec` function for manually creating
+  'auto-specced' mocks
+* :func:`patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using
+  keyword arguments
+* Setting :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock
+  to return the next value from the iterable
+* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to
+  pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be
+  called to replace the object being patched
+* Addition of :class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks
+  without a `__call__` method
+* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a
+  spec on an existing mock
+* Protocol methods on :class:`MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created
+  lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is
+  a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` as it was previously
+* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method
+* Added :data:`ANY` for ignoring arguments in :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+  calls
+* Addition of :data:`call` helper object
+* Improved repr for mocks
+* Improved repr for :attr:`Mock.call_args` and entries in
+  :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`, :attr:`Mock.method_calls` and
+  :attr:`Mock.mock_calls`
+* Improved repr for :data:`sentinel` objects
+* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time
+* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically
+  created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+  well as all the mock methods and attributes.
+* Module level :data:`FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters
+  private attributes. `True` by default.
+* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+  used to decorate a class
+* Support for using Java exceptions as a :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` on Jython
+* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now
+  custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have
+  a nicer representation if you `str` or `print` them
+* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+  recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is
+  already set on the child)
+* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and
+  `assert_called_once_with`
+* The return value of the :class:`MagicMock` `__iter__` method can be set to
+  any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator
+* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by
+  :func:`mocksignature`
+* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` &
+  `spec_set` arguments
+* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with  a more meaningful error
+  message
+* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse
+* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave
+  patches in place
+* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on
+  mocks in Python 3
+* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with
+  `self` as a keyword argument
+* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+  boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created
+  mock (the "instance")
+* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation
+* Removal of deprecated `patch_object`
+* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent`
+  (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.
+* Added license file to the distribution
+
+
+2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2
+--------------------------------------------
+
+* Removed the `configure` keyword argument to `create_autospec` and allow
+  arbitrary keyword arguments (for the `Mock` constructor) instead
+* Fixed `ANY` equality with some types in `assert_called_with` calls
+* Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with
+  `readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_)
+
+
+2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1
+--------------------------------------------
+
+* `create_autospec` on the return value of a mocked class will use `__call__`
+  for the signature rather than `__init__`
+* Performance improvement instantiating `Mock` and `MagicMock`
+* Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of
+  being hardcoded to `MagicMock`
+
+Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving
+performance in this release.
+
+
+2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4
+-------------------------------
+
+* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time
+* When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded
+  in mock_calls
+* Addition of `attach_mock` method
+* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse
+* BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock
+  return value to be itself etc)
+
+
+2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3
+-------------------------------
+
+* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+  recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is
+  already set on the child)
+* Addition of `mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a spec on an
+  existing mock
+* Improved repr for `Mock.call_args` and entries in `Mock.call_args_list`,
+  `Mock.method_calls` and `Mock.mock_calls`
+* Improved repr for mocks
+* BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way `mock_calls` is worked out,
+  especially for "intermediate" mocks in a call chain
+
+
+2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2
+-------------------------------
+
+* Setting `side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return
+  the next value from the iterable
+* Added `assert_any_call` method
+* Moved `assert_has_calls` from call lists onto mocks
+* BUGFIX: `call_args` and all members of `call_args_list` are two tuples of
+  `(args, kwargs)` again instead of three tuples of `(name, args, kwargs)`
+
+
+2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1
+-------------------------------
+
+* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+  used to decorate a class
+* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now
+  custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have
+  an `assert_has_calls` method for unordered call checks
+* `callargs` changed to *always* be a three-tuple of `(name, args, kwargs)`
+* Addition of `mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic methods and
+  chained calls)
+* Extension of `call` object to support chained calls and `callargs` for better
+  comparisons with or without names. `call` object has a `call_list` method for
+  chained calls
+* Added the public `instance` argument to `create_autospec`
+* Support for using Java exceptions as a `side_effect` on Jython
+* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and
+  `assert_called_once_with`
+* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` &
+  `spec_set` arguments
+* BUGFIX: Fixed bug in `patch.multiple` for argument passing when creating
+  mocks
+* Added license file to the distribution
+
+
+2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2
+--------------------------------
+
+* `patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword
+  arguments
+* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to
+  pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be
+  called to replace the object being patched
+* Addition of `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks without a
+  `__call__` method
+* Mocks created by `patch` have a `MagicMock` as the `return_value` where a
+  class is being patched
+* `create_autospec` can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects.
+  `return_value` mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has
+  a `__call__` method
+* `autospec` creates a `MagicMock` without a spec for properties and slot
+  descriptors, because we don't know the type of object they return
+* Removed the "inherit" argument from `create_autospec`
+* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with  a more meaningful error
+  message
+* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave
+  patches in place
+* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on
+  mocks in Python 3
+* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with
+  `self` as a keyword argument
+* BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that
+  isn't the first argument no longer broken
+* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+  boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created
+  mock (the "instance")
+* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation
+
+
+2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1
+--------------------------------
+
+mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.
+
+* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and
+  `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration
+* New mock method `configure_mock` for setting attributes and return values /
+  side effects on the mock and its attributes
+* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically
+  created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+  well as all the mock methods and attributes.
+* Module level `FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters
+  private attributes. `True` by default. Note that `vars(Mock())` can still be
+  used to get all instance attributes and `dir(type(Mock())` will still return
+  all the other attributes (irrespective of `FILTER_DIR`)
+* `patch` and `patch.object` now create a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` by
+  default
+* Added `ANY` for ignoring arguments in `assert_called_with` calls
+* Addition of `call` helper object
+* Protocol methods on `MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created lazily on
+  first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a
+  MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously
+* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by
+  `mocksignature`
+* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent`
+  (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.
+* Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked
+  signatures for functions/methods)
+
+  Limitations:
+
+  - Doesn't mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the
+    magic methods are *there*, they just don't have the signature mocked nor
+    are attributes followed)
+  - Doesn't mock function / method attributes
+  - Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so
+    properties etc may be triggered
+  - The return value of mocked classes (the 'instance') has the same call
+    signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec)
+
+  You create auto-specced mocks by passing `autospec=True` to `patch`.
+
+  Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a
+  spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is
+  typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other
+  type, and as we don't know what type that may be we allow all access.
+
+  Note that the `autospec` option to `patch` obsoletes the `mocksignature`
+  option.
+
+* Added the `create_autospec` function for manually creating 'auto-specced'
+  mocks
+* Removal of deprecated `patch_object`
+
+
+2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2
+------------------------
+
+* BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs
+* BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the
+  default equality / inequality. This is done through a `side_effect` on
+  the mocks used for `__eq__` / `__ne__`
+
+
+2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1
+------------------------
+
+Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes.
+
+* Include template in package
+* Use isolated binaries for the tox tests
+* Unset executable bit on docs
+* Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt
+
+
+2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0
+------------------------
+
+No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish
+new `Sphinx theme <https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/>`_.
+
+The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are:
+
+* Python 3 compatibility
+* Ability to mock magic methods with `Mock` and addition of `MagicMock`
+  with pre-created magic methods
+* Addition of `mocksignature` and `mocksignature` argument to `patch` and
+  `patch.object`
+* Addition of `patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test
+* Ability to use `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` as class decorators
+* Renamed ``patch_object`` to `patch.object` (``patch_object`` is
+  deprecated)
+* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls`
+  now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+  or kwargs are skipped
+* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop
+  methods
+* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method
+* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used
+  in the repr
+* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec
+* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO`
+* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used,
+  attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+  `AttributeError`
+* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__`
+  returns the type of the spec)
+* Added docstrings to all objects
+* Improved failure message for `Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock
+  has not been called at all
+* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__`
+  preserved on Python 2.4.
+* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+  proxy attribute access, like the django settings object
+* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes
+* BUGFIX: ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__``
+  as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like
+  ``KeyboardInterrupt``
+* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+  return value
+* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly
+* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4
+* Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run
+* Tested with `tox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox>`_ on Python 2.4 - 3.2,
+  jython and pypy (excluding 3.0)
+* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+  Thanks to Florian Bauer
+* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control
+* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer
+
+
+2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1
+-----------------------------
+
+Changes since beta 4:
+
+* Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1
+* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__`
+  preserved on Python 2.4
+* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+  proxy attribute access, like the django settings object
+* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+  return value
+
+
+2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4
+-------------------------------
+
+* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop
+  methods
+* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method
+* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec
+* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO`
+* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used,
+  attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+  `AttributeError`
+* Attributes and return value of a `MagicMock` are `MagicMock` objects
+* Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an `AttributeError`
+* `patch.dict` works as a class decorator
+* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control
+* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes
+* BUGFIX: `mocksignature=True` can now patch instance methods via
+  `patch.object`
+
+
+2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3
+-------------------------------
+
+* Using spec with :class:`MagicMock` only pre-creates magic methods in the spec
+* Setting a magic method on a mock with a ``spec`` can only be done if the
+  spec has that method
+* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used
+  in the repr
+* `mocksignature` can now be used with classes (signature based on `__init__`)
+  and callable objects (signature based on `__call__`)
+* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__`
+  returns the type of the spec)
+* Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the
+  MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False)
+* Improved failure message for :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock
+  has not been called at all
+* Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods:
+
+  - ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+  - pickle methods
+  - ``__trunc__``, ``__ceil__`` and ``__floor__``
+  - ``__sizeof__``
+
+* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+  Thanks to Florian Bauer
+* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4
+* Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7
+* Improved several docstrings and documentation
+
+
+2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2
+-------------------------------
+
+* :func:`patch.dict` works as a context manager as well as a decorator
+* ``patch.dict`` takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary
+  object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported
+* BUGFIX: ``patch.dict`` restores dictionary even when an exception is raised
+
+
+2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1
+-------------------------------
+
+* Addition of :func:`mocksignature`
+* Ability to mock magic methods
+* Ability to use ``patch`` and ``patch.object`` as class decorators
+* Renamed ``patch_object`` to :func:`patch.object` (``patch_object`` is
+  deprecated)
+* Addition of :class:`MagicMock` class with all magic methods pre-created for you
+* Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 & 3.1 as
+  well)
+* Addition of :func:`patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test
+* Addition of ``mocksignature`` argument to ``patch`` and ``patch.object``
+* ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__``
+  as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls`
+  now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+  or kwargs are skipped
+* Added docstrings.
+* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like
+  ``KeyboardInterrupt``
+* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly
+* The tests now require `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_
+  to run
+* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer
+
+
+2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0
+------------------------
+
+* New test layout compatible with test discovery
+* Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and
+  restored correctly
+* Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting ``side_effect`` to an
+  exception class or instance
+* Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if
+  an explicit return_value is set
+
+
+2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0
+------------------------
+
+* Made DEFAULT part of the public api.
+* Documentation built with Sphinx.
+* ``side_effect`` is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and
+  if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the ``mock.return_value``.
+* ``wraps`` keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object).
+* ``Mock.reset`` renamed to ``Mock.reset_mock``, as reset is a common API name.
+* ``patch`` / ``patch_object`` are now context managers and can be used with ``with``.
+* A new 'create' keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch
+  (and unpatch) attributes that don't exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow
+  you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn't exist - use at
+  your own risk!)
+* The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec
+  argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from.
+* Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed
+  in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix.
+* patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is
+  passed in as 'True' then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing
+  as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return
+  value for the mock will also use the class as a spec.
+* A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes
+  (they will raise an ``AttributeError`` instead).
+
+
+2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0
+------------------------
+
+* Default return value is now a new mock rather than None
+* return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor
+* New method 'assert_called_with'
+* Added 'side_effect' attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called
+* patch decorator split into two decorators:
+
+    - ``patch_object`` which takes an object and an attribute name to patch
+      (plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object)
+    - ``patch`` which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form
+      'package.module.Class.attribute'. (plus optionally a value to
+      patch with which defaults to a mock object)
+
+* Can now patch objects with ``None``
+* Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions
+* Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets
+  call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and
+  the return value if it is a mock).
+
+Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions.
+
+
+2007/12/03  Version 0.3.1
+-------------------------
+
+``patch`` maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose
+test autodiscovery.
+
+Tests decorated with ``patch`` that use the two argument form (implicit mock
+creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments.
+
+Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes.
+
+
+2007/11/30  Version 0.3.0
+-------------------------
+
+Removed ``patch_module``. ``patch`` can now take a string as the first
+argument for patching modules.
+
+The third argument to ``patch`` is optional - a mock will be created by
+default if it is not passed in.
+
+
+2007/11/21  Version 0.2.1
+-------------------------
+
+Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with ``patch`` and ``patch_module``.
+
+
+2007/11/20  Version 0.2.0
+-------------------------
+
+Added ``spec`` keyword argument for creating ``Mock`` objects from a
+specification object.
+
+Added ``patch`` and ``patch_module`` monkey patching decorators.
+
+Added ``sentinel`` for convenient access to unique objects.
+
+Distribution includes unit tests.
+
+
+2007/11/19  Version 0.1.0
+-------------------------
+
+Initial release.
+
+
+TODO and Limitations
+====================
+
+Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed!
+
+Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker:
+
+ * `mock issue tracker <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_
+
+`wraps` is not integrated with magic methods.
+
+`patch` could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the
+destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be
+unsafe for IronPython & PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors).
+Destructors aren't called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak
+reference with a callback can be used to get round this.
+
+`Mock` has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects
+that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods
+that *hide* these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these
+attributes are renamed to gain a `_mock` prefix, making it less likely that
+they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven't been modified with
+the prefix should be changed.
+
+If a patch is started using `patch.start` and then not stopped correctly then
+the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to
+detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This
+would be tricky to get right though.
+
+When a `Mock` is created by `patch`, arbitrary keywords can be used to set
+attributes. If `patch` is created with a `spec`, and is replacing a class, then
+a `return_value` mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the
+child mock, but could be.
+
+When mocking a class with `patch`, passing in `spec=True` or `autospec=True`,
+the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the
+default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec
+from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword
+argument (`inherit`) to the Mock constructor? `create_autospec` does this, so
+an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary.
+
+The `mocksignature` argument to `patch` with a non `Mock` passed into
+`new_callable` will *probably* cause an error. Should it just be invalid?
+
+Note that `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock` still have the unused
+(and unusable) attributes: `return_value`, `side_effect`, `call_count`,
+`call_args` and `call_args_list`. These could be removed or raise errors on
+getting / setting. They also have the `assert_called_with` and
+`assert_called_once_with` methods. Removing these would be pointless as
+fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without
+error.
+
+Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function
+signatures was copied and modified from `mocksignature`. This could all be
+refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if
+patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a `patch.multiple`
+call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should
+be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a
+module.)
+
+Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to `create_autospec`, or `patch` with
+`autospec`, when mocking a *function* works fine. However, the arbitrary
+attributes are set on the created mock - but `create_autospec` returns a
+real function (which doesn't have those attributes). However, what is the use
+case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don't exist
+on the original?
+
+`mocksignature`, plus the `call_args_list` and `method_calls` attributes of
+`Mock` could all be deprecated.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/compare.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/compare.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41555308e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/compare.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+=========================
+ Mock Library Comparison
+=========================
+
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    def assertEqual(a, b):
+        assert a == b, ("%r != %r" % (a, b))
+
+    def assertRaises(Exc, func):
+        try:
+            func()
+        except Exc:
+            return
+        assert False, ("%s not raised" % Exc)
+
+    sys.modules['somemodule'] = somemodule = mock.Mock(name='somemodule')
+    class SomeException(Exception):
+        some_method = method1 = method2 = None
+    some_other_object = SomeObject = SomeException
+
+
+A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and
+some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.
+
+These are:
+
+* `flexmock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock>`_
+* `mox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox>`_
+* `Mocker <http://niemeyer.net/mocker>`_
+* `dingus <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus>`_
+* `fudge <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge>`_
+
+Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include
+`MiniMock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock>`_.
+
+`pMock <http://pmock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2004 and doesn't import
+in recent versions of Python) and
+`python-mock <http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2005) are
+intentionally omitted.
+
+.. note::
+
+    A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock
+    examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this
+    comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:
+
+    * `Python Mock Library Comparison
+      <http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_
+
+This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic
+for all the libraries represented. *Please* contribute corrections, missing
+comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the `mock issue
+tracker <https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_.
+
+This comparison page was originally created by the `Mox project
+<https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison>`_ and then extended for
+`flexmock and mock <http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html>`_ by
+Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by `Gary Bernhadt
+<http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_. fudge examples
+provided by `Kumar McMillan <http://farmdev.com/>`_.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking
+    *framework* rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally
+    exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make
+    harder. In particular you can take a `Mock` or `MagicMock` object and use
+    it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also
+    true for Dingus.
+
+    The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.
+
+
+Simple fake object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "calculated value"
+    >>> my_mock.some_attribute = "value"
+    >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_mock.some_method())
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock(some_method=lambda: "calculated value", some_attribute="value")
+    assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.some_method().AndReturn("calculated value")
+    mock.some_attribute = "value"
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    mock.some_method()
+    mocker.result("calculated value")
+    mocker.replay()
+    mock.some_attribute = "value"
+    assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_attribute="value",
+    ...                           some_method__returns="calculated value")
+    >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_dingus.some_method())
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...            .provides('some_method')
+    ...            .returns("calculated value")
+    ...            .has_attr(some_attribute="value"))
+    ...
+    >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_fake.some_method())
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_fake.some_attribute)
+
+
+Simple mock
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "value"
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_method())
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.assert_called_once_with()
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock()
+    mock.should_receive("some_method").and_return("value").once
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.some_method().AndReturn("value")
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    mock.some_method()
+    mocker.result("value")
+    mocker.replay()
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_method__returns="value")
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_method())
+    >>> assert my_dingus.some_method.calls().once()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...                .expects('some_method')
+    ...                .returns("value")
+    ...                .times_called(1))
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called
+
+
+Creating partial mocks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> SomeObject.some_method = mock.Mock(return_value='value')
+    >>> assertEqual("value", SomeObject.some_method())
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    flexmock(SomeObject).should_receive("some_method").and_return('value')
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject)
+    mock.some_method().AndReturn("value")
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock(SomeObject)
+    mock.Get()
+    mocker.result("value")
+    mocker.replay()
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> object = SomeObject
+    >>> object.some_method = dingus.Dingus(return_value="value")
+    >>> assertEqual("value", object.some_method())
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> fake = fudge.Fake().is_callable().returns("<fudge-value>")
+    >>> with fudge.patched_context(SomeObject, 'some_method', fake):
+    ...     s = SomeObject()
+    ...     assertEqual("<fudge-value>", s.some_method())
+    ...
+
+
+Ensure calls are made in specific order
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock(spec=SomeObject)
+    >>> my_mock.method1()
+    <Mock name='mock.method1()' id='...'>
+    >>> my_mock.method2()
+    <Mock name='mock.method2()' id='...'>
+    >>> assertEqual(my_mock.mock_calls, [call.method1(), call.method2()])
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock(SomeObject)
+    mock.should_receive('method1').once.ordered.and_return('first thing')
+    mock.should_receive('method2').once.ordered.and_return('second thing')
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject)
+    mock.method1().AndReturn('first thing')
+    mock.method2().AndReturn('second thing')
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    with mocker.order():
+        mock.method1()
+        mocker.result('first thing')
+        mock.method2()
+        mocker.result('second thing')
+        mocker.replay()
+        mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> my_dingus.method1()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> my_dingus.method2()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> assertEqual(['method1', 'method2'], [call.name for call in my_dingus.calls])
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...                .remember_order()
+    ...                .expects('method1')
+    ...                .expects('method2'))
+    ...     my_fake.method2()
+    ...     my_fake.method1()
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected: #1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end
+
+
+Raising exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.side_effect = SomeException("message")
+    >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_mock.some_method)
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock()
+    mock.should_receive("some_method").and_raise(SomeException("message"))
+    assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.some_method().AndRaise(SomeException("message"))
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    mock.some_method()
+    mocker.throw(SomeException("message"))
+    mocker.replay()
+    assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+    mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> my_dingus.some_method = dingus.exception_raiser(SomeException)
+    >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_dingus.some_method)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...            .is_callable()
+    ...            .raises(SomeException("message")))
+    ...
+    >>> my_fake()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    SomeException: message
+
+
+Override new instances of a class
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> with mock.patch('somemodule.Someclass') as MockClass:
+    ...     MockClass.return_value = some_other_object
+    ...     assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.Someclass())
+    ...
+
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    flexmock(some_module.SomeClass, new_instances=some_other_object)
+    assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass())
+
+    # Mox
+    # (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)
+    mox.Mox().StubOutWithMock(some_module, 'SomeClass', use_mock_anything=True)
+    some_module.SomeClass().AndReturn(some_other_object)
+    mox.ReplayAll()
+    assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass())
+
+    # Mocker
+    instance = mocker.mock()
+    klass = mocker.replace(SomeClass, spec=None)
+    klass('expected', 'args')
+    mocker.result(instance)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> MockClass = dingus.Dingus(return_value=some_other_object)
+    >>> with dingus.patch('somemodule.SomeClass', MockClass):
+    ...     assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass())
+    ...
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.patch('somemodule.SomeClass')
+    ... def test(FakeClass):
+    ...     FakeClass.is_callable().returns(some_other_object)
+    ...     assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass())
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+
+Call the same method multiple times
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. note::
+
+    You don't need to do *any* configuration to call `mock.Mock()` methods
+    multiple times. Attributes like `call_count`, `call_args_list` and
+    `method_calls` provide various different ways of making assertions about
+    how the mock was used.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method()
+    <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'>
+    >>> my_mock.some_method()
+    <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'>
+    >>> assert my_mock.some_method.call_count >= 2
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)
+    flexmock(some_object).should_receive('some_method').at_least.twice
+
+    # Mox
+    # (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)
+    mock = mox.MockObject(some_object)
+    mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg())
+    mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg())
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    # (TODO)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> my_dingus.some_method()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> my_dingus.some_method()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> assert len(my_dingus.calls('some_method')) == 2
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = fudge.Fake().expects('some_method').times_called(2)
+    ...     my_fake.some_method()
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.
+
+
+Mock chained methods
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> method3 = my_mock.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3
+    >>> method3.return_value = 'some value'
+    >>> assertEqual('some value', my_mock.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+    >>> method3.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    # (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects
+    # and can be called with any arguments)
+    flexmock(some_object).should_receive(
+        'method1.method2.method3'
+    ).with_args(arg1, arg2).and_return('some value')
+    assertEqual('some_value', some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2))
+
+::
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockObject(some_object)
+    mock2 = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock3 = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.method1().AndReturn(mock1)
+    mock2.method2().AndReturn(mock2)
+    mock3.method3(arg1, arg2).AndReturn('some_value')
+    self.mox.ReplayAll()
+    assertEqual("some_value", some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2))
+    self.mox.VerifyAll()
+
+    # Mocker
+    # (TODO)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> method3 = my_dingus.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3
+    >>> method3.return_value = 'some value'
+    >>> assertEqual('some value', my_dingus.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+    >>> assert method3.calls('()', 1, 2).once()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = fudge.Fake()
+    ...     (my_fake
+    ...      .expects('method1')
+    ...      .returns_fake()
+    ...      .expects('method2')
+    ...      .returns_fake()
+    ...      .expects('method3')
+    ...      .with_args(1, 2)
+    ...      .returns('some value'))
+    ...     assertEqual('some value', my_fake.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+
+Mocking a context manager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock()
+    >>> with my_mock:
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> my_mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+    >>> my_mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+::
+
+
+    >>> # Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are "magic mocks")
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> with my_dingus:
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> assert my_dingus.__enter__.calls()
+    >>> assert my_dingus.__exit__.calls('()', None, None, None)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> my_fake = fudge.Fake().provides('__enter__').provides('__exit__')
+    >>> with my_fake:
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+
+
+Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Example for mock only (so far):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock()
+    >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', my_mock):
+    ...     manager = my_mock.return_value.__enter__.return_value
+    ...     manager.read.return_value = 'some data'
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         data = h.read()
+    ...
+    >>> data
+    'some data'
+    >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+*or*:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open') as my_mock:
+    ...     my_mock.return_value.__enter__ = lambda s: s
+    ...     my_mock.return_value.__exit__ = mock.Mock()
+    ...     my_mock.return_value.read.return_value = 'some data'
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         data = h.read()
+    ...
+    >>> data
+    'some data'
+    >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> with dingus.patch('__builtin__.open', my_dingus):
+    ...     file_ = open.return_value.__enter__.return_value
+    ...     file_.read.return_value = 'some data'
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         data = f.read()
+    ...
+    >>> data
+    'some data'
+    >>> assert my_dingus.calls('()', 'foo').once()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> from contextlib import contextmanager
+    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+    >>> @contextmanager
+    ... def fake_file(filename):
+    ...     yield StringIO('sekrets')
+    ...
+    >>> with fudge.patch('__builtin__.open') as fake_open:
+    ...     fake_open.is_callable().calls(fake_file)
+    ...     with open('/etc/password') as f:
+    ...         data = f.read()
+    ...
+    fake:__builtin__.open
+    >>> data
+    'sekrets'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/conf.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62f0491cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Mock documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Mon Nov 17 18:12:00 2008.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
+#
+# The contents of this file are pickled, so don't put values in the namespace
+# that aren't pickleable (module imports are okay, they're removed automatically).
+#
+# All configuration values have a default value; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default value.
+
+import sys, os
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('..'))
+from mock import __version__
+
+# If your extensions are in another directory, add it here. If the directory
+# is relative to the documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it
+# absolute, like shown here.
+#sys.path.append(os.path.abspath('some/directory'))
+
+# General configuration
+# ---------------------
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
+# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
+extensions = ['sphinx.ext.doctest']
+
+doctest_global_setup = """
+import os
+import sys
+import mock
+from mock import * # yeah, I know :-/
+import unittest2
+import __main__
+
+if os.getcwd() not in sys.path:
+    sys.path.append(os.getcwd())
+
+# keep a reference to __main__
+sys.modules['__main'] = __main__
+
+class ProxyModule(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.__dict__ = globals()
+
+sys.modules['__main__'] = ProxyModule()
+"""
+
+doctest_global_cleanup = """
+sys.modules['__main__'] = sys.modules['__main']
+"""
+
+html_theme = 'nature'
+html_theme_options = {}
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+#templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.txt'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General substitutions.
+project = u'Mock'
+copyright = u'2007-2012, Michael Foord & the mock team'
+
+# The default replacements for |version| and |release|, also used in various
+# other places throughout the built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = __version__[:3]
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+release = __version__
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
+#unused_docs = []
+
+# List of directories, relative to source directories, that shouldn't be searched
+# for source files.
+exclude_trees = []
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
+#default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+add_module_names = False
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'friendly'
+
+
+# Options for HTML output
+# -----------------------
+
+# The style sheet to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. A file of that name
+# must exist either in Sphinx' static/ path, or in one of the custom paths
+# given in html_static_path.
+#html_style = 'adctheme.css'
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+#html_title = None
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+#html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+#html_logo = None
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+#html_favicon = None
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+#html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+html_use_modindex = False
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+#html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+#html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, the reST sources are included in the HTML build as _sources/<name>.
+#html_copy_source = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# If nonempty, this is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+#html_file_suffix = ''
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'Mockdoc'
+
+
+# Options for LaTeX output
+# ------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+latex_font_size = '12pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, document class [howto/manual]).
+latex_documents = [
+  ('index', 'Mock.tex', u'Mock Documentation',
+   u'Michael Foord', 'manual'),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
+# the title page.
+#latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+#latex_use_parts = False
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+#latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+latex_use_modindex = False
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/examples.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/examples.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecb994b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/examples.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@
+.. _further-examples:
+
+==================
+ Further Examples
+==================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from datetime import date
+
+    BackendProvider = Mock()
+    sys.modules['mymodule'] = mymodule = Mock(name='mymodule')
+
+    def grob(val):
+        "First frob and then clear val"
+        mymodule.frob(val)
+        val.clear()
+
+    mymodule.frob = lambda val: val
+    mymodule.grob = grob
+    mymodule.date = date
+
+    class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+        def run(self):
+            result = unittest2.TestResult()
+            out = unittest2.TestCase.run(self, result)
+            assert result.wasSuccessful()
+
+    from mock import inPy3k
+
+
+
+For comprehensive examples, see the unit tests included in the full source
+distribution.
+
+Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in
+the :ref:`getting started <getting-started>` guide.
+
+
+Mocking chained calls
+=====================
+
+Mocking chained calls is actually straightforward with mock once you
+understand the :attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. When a mock is called for
+the first time, or you fetch its `return_value` before it has been called, a
+new `Mock` is created.
+
+This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked
+object has been used by interrogating the `return_value` mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock().foo(a=2, b=3)
+    <Mock name='mock().foo()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.return_value.foo.assert_called_with(a=2, b=3)
+
+From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about
+chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more
+testable way in the first place...
+
+So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self):
+    ...         self.backend = BackendProvider()
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         response = self.backend.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call()
+    ...         # more code
+
+Assuming that `BackendProvider` is already well tested, how do we test
+`method()`? Specifically, we want to test that the code section `# more
+code` uses the response object in the correct way.
+
+As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch
+the `backend` attribute on a `Something` instance. In this particular case
+we are only interested in the return value from the final call to
+`start_call` so we don't have much configuration to do. Let's assume the
+object it returns is 'file-like', so we'll ensure that our response object
+uses the builtin `file` as its `spec`.
+
+To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock
+response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final
+`start_call` we could do this:
+
+    `mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response`.
+
+We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock`
+method to directly set the return value for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> something = Something()
+    >>> mock_response = Mock(spec=file)
+    >>> mock_backend = Mock()
+    >>> config = {'get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value': mock_response}
+    >>> mock_backend.configure_mock(**config)
+
+With these we monkey patch the "mock backend" in place and can make the real
+call:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> something.backend = mock_backend
+    >>> something.method()
+
+Using :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` we can check the chained call with a single
+assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be
+several entries in `mock_calls`. We can use :meth:`call.call_list` to create
+this list of calls for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> chained = call.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call()
+    >>> call_list = chained.call_list()
+    >>> assert mock_backend.mock_calls == call_list
+
+
+Partial mocking
+===============
+
+In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to `datetime.date.today()
+<http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today>`_ to return
+a known date, but I didn't want to prevent the code under test from
+creating new date objects. Unfortunately `datetime.date` is written in C, and
+so I couldn't just monkey-patch out the static `date.today` method.
+
+I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date
+class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real
+class (and returning real instances).
+
+The :func:`patch decorator <patch>` is used here to
+mock out the `date` class in the module under test. The :attr:`side_effect`
+attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns
+a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be
+constructed and returned by `side_effect`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from datetime import date
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.date') as mock_date:
+    ...     mock_date.today.return_value = date(2010, 10, 8)
+    ...     mock_date.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: date(*args, **kw)
+    ...
+    ...     assert mymodule.date.today() == date(2010, 10, 8)
+    ...     assert mymodule.date(2009, 6, 8) == date(2009, 6, 8)
+    ...
+
+Note that we don't patch `datetime.date` globally, we patch `date` in the
+module that *uses* it. See :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+When `date.today()` is called a known date is returned, but calls to the
+`date(...)` constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find
+yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same
+algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern.
+
+Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the `mock_date` attributes
+(`call_count` and friends) which may also be useful for your tests.
+
+An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes,
+is discussed in `this blog entry
+<http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_.
+
+
+Mocking a Generator Method
+==========================
+
+A Python generator is a function or method that uses the `yield statement
+<http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement>`_ to
+return a series of values when iterated over [#]_.
+
+A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is
+the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for
+iteration is `__iter__
+<http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__>`_, so we can
+mock this using a `MagicMock`.
+
+Here's an example class with an "iter" method implemented as a generator:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...     def iter(self):
+    ...         for i in [1, 2, 3]:
+    ...             yield i
+    ...
+    >>> foo = Foo()
+    >>> list(foo.iter())
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+How would we mock this class, and in particular its "iter" method?
+
+To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to
+`list`), we need to configure the object returned by the call to `foo.iter()`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock_foo = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock_foo.iter.return_value = iter([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> list(mock_foo.iter())
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+.. [#] There are also generator expressions and more `advanced uses
+    <http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html>`_ of generators, but we aren't
+    concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how
+    powerful they are is: `Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers
+    <http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/>`_.
+
+
+Applying the same patch to every test method
+============================================
+
+If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way
+is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary
+repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use `patch` (in all its
+various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test
+methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start
+with `test`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('mymodule.SomeClass')
+    ... class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...
+    ...     def test_one(self, MockSomeClass):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass)
+    ...
+    ...     def test_two(self, MockSomeClass):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass)
+    ...
+    ...     def not_a_test(self):
+    ...         return 'something'
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_one').test_one()
+    >>> MyTest('test_two').test_two()
+    >>> MyTest('test_two').not_a_test()
+    'something'
+
+An alternative way of managing patches is to use the :ref:`start-and-stop`.
+These allow you to move the patching into your `setUp` and `tearDown` methods.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         self.patcher = patch('mymodule.foo')
+    ...         self.mock_foo = self.patcher.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo)
+    ...
+    ...     def tearDown(self):
+    ...         self.patcher.stop()
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+
+If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2
+<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this simpler:
+
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         patcher = patch('mymodule.foo')
+    ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+    ...         self.mock_foo = patcher.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo)
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+
+
+Mocking Unbound Methods
+=======================
+
+Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an *unbound method* (patching the
+method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed
+in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects
+were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can't patch with a
+mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn't
+become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn't get
+self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real
+function instead. The :func:`patch` decorator makes it so simple to
+patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a
+nuisance.
+
+If you pass `autospec=True` to patch then it does the patching with a
+*real* function object. This function object has the same signature as the one
+it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your
+mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is
+that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked
+function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance.
+It will have `self` passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I
+wanted:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...   def foo(self):
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch.object(Foo, 'foo', autospec=True) as mock_foo:
+    ...   mock_foo.return_value = 'foo'
+    ...   foo = Foo()
+    ...   foo.foo()
+    ...
+    'foo'
+    >>> mock_foo.assert_called_once_with(foo)
+
+If we don't use `autospec=True` then the unbound method is patched out
+with a Mock instance instead, and isn't called with `self`.
+
+
+Checking multiple calls with mock
+=================================
+
+mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.return_value = None
+    >>> mock.foo_bar('baz', spam='eggs')
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+
+If your mock is only being called once you can use the
+:meth:`assert_called_once_with` method that also asserts that the
+:attr:`call_count` is one.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+    >>> mock.foo_bar()
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+Both `assert_called_with` and `assert_called_once_with` make assertions about
+the *most recent* call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and
+you want to make assertions about *all* those calls you can use
+:attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock(4, 5, 6)
+    >>> mock()
+    >>> mock.call_args_list
+    [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]
+
+The :data:`call` helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You
+can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to `call_args_list`. This
+looks remarkably similar to the repr of the `call_args_list`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]
+    >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
+    True
+
+
+Coping with mutable arguments
+=============================
+
+Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with
+mutable arguments. `call_args` and `call_args_list` store *references* to the
+arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no
+longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called.
+
+Here's some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions
+defined in 'mymodule'::
+
+    def frob(val):
+        pass
+
+    def grob(val):
+        "First frob and then clear val"
+        frob(val)
+        val.clear()
+
+When we try to test that `grob` calls `frob` with the correct argument look
+what happens:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob:
+    ...     val = set([6])
+    ...     mymodule.grob(val)
+    ...
+    >>> val
+    set([])
+    >>> mock_frob.assert_called_with(set([6]))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected: ((set([6]),), {})
+    Called with: ((set([]),), {})
+
+One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This
+could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity
+for equality.
+
+Here's one solution that uses the :attr:`side_effect`
+functionality. If you provide a `side_effect` function for a mock then
+`side_effect` will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an
+opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this
+example I'm using *another* mock to store the arguments so that I can use the
+mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for
+me.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from copy import deepcopy
+    >>> from mock import Mock, patch, DEFAULT
+    >>> def copy_call_args(mock):
+    ...     new_mock = Mock()
+    ...     def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+    ...         args = deepcopy(args)
+    ...         kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs)
+    ...         new_mock(*args, **kwargs)
+    ...         return DEFAULT
+    ...     mock.side_effect = side_effect
+    ...     return new_mock
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob:
+    ...     new_mock = copy_call_args(mock_frob)
+    ...     val = set([6])
+    ...     mymodule.grob(val)
+    ...
+    >>> new_mock.assert_called_with(set([6]))
+    >>> new_mock.call_args
+    call(set([6]))
+
+`copy_call_args` is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new
+mock that we do the assertion on. The `side_effect` function makes a copy of
+the args and calls our `new_mock` with the copy.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of
+    checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the
+    checking inside a `side_effect` function.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> def side_effect(arg):
+        ...     assert arg == set([6])
+        ...
+        >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+        >>> mock(set([6]))
+        >>> mock(set())
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+        AssertionError
+
+An alternative approach is to create a subclass of `Mock` or `MagicMock` that
+copies (using `copy.deepcopy
+<http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy>`_) the arguments.
+Here's an example implementation:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from copy import deepcopy
+    >>> class CopyingMock(MagicMock):
+    ...     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    ...         args = deepcopy(args)
+    ...         kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs)
+    ...         return super(CopyingMock, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
+    ...
+    >>> c = CopyingMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> arg = set()
+    >>> c(arg)
+    >>> arg.add(1)
+    >>> c.assert_called_with(set())
+    >>> c.assert_called_with(arg)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected call: mock(set([1]))
+    Actual call: mock(set([]))
+    >>> c.foo
+    <CopyingMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+
+When you subclass `Mock` or `MagicMock` all dynamically created attributes,
+and the `return_value` will use your subclass automatically. That means all
+children of a `CopyingMock` will also have the type `CopyingMock`.
+
+
+Raising exceptions on attribute access
+======================================
+
+You can use :class:`PropertyMock` to mimic the behaviour of properties. This
+includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed.
+
+Here's an example raising a `ValueError` when the 'foo' attribute is accessed:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError)
+    >>> type(m).foo = p
+    >>> m.foo
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ....
+    ValueError
+
+Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock
+class you're using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can
+safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact)
+to `type(mock)` without affecting other mock objects.
+
+
+Multiple calls with different effects
+=====================================
+
+.. note::
+
+    In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable `side_effect` was changed. Any
+    exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned.
+
+Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the
+test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise
+an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second
+call (testing retry behaviour).
+
+One approach is to use a :attr:`side_effect` function that replaces itself. The
+first time it is called the `side_effect` sets a new `side_effect` that will
+be used for the second call. It then raises an exception:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...   def second_call(*args):
+    ...     return 'response'
+    ...   mock.side_effect = second_call
+    ...   raise Exception('boom')
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock('first')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: boom
+    >>> mock('second')
+    'response'
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('second')
+
+Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the
+return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> returns = [Exception('boom'), 'response']
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...   result = returns.pop(0)
+    ...   if isinstance(result, Exception):
+    ...     raise result
+    ...   return result
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock('first')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: boom
+    >>> mock('second')
+    'response'
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('second')
+
+Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually
+a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable.
+
+
+Nesting Patches
+===============
+
+Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you
+can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the
+right:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         with patch('mymodule.Foo') as mock_foo:
+    ...             with patch('mymodule.Bar') as mock_bar:
+    ...                 with patch('mymodule.Spam') as mock_spam:
+    ...                     assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo
+    ...                     assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar
+    ...                     assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam
+    ...
+    >>> original = mymodule.Foo
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').test_foo()
+    >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original
+
+With unittest2_ `cleanup` functions and the :ref:`start-and-stop` we can
+achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper
+method, `create_patch`, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock
+for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...
+    ...     def create_patch(self, name):
+    ...         patcher = patch(name)
+    ...         thing = patcher.start()
+    ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+    ...         return thing
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         mock_foo = self.create_patch('mymodule.Foo')
+    ...         mock_bar = self.create_patch('mymodule.Bar')
+    ...         mock_spam = self.create_patch('mymodule.Spam')
+    ...
+    ...         assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo
+    ...         assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar
+    ...         assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam
+    ...
+    >>> original = mymodule.Foo
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+    >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original
+
+
+Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
+===================================
+
+You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all
+access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary.
+
+We can do this with :class:`MagicMock`, which will behave like a dictionary,
+and using :data:`~Mock.side_effect` to delegate dictionary access to a real
+underlying dictionary that is under our control.
+
+When the `__getitem__` and `__setitem__` methods of our `MagicMock` are called
+(normal dictionary access) then `side_effect` is called with the key (and in
+the case of `__setitem__` the value too). We can also control what is returned.
+
+After the `MagicMock` has been used we can use attributes like
+:data:`~Mock.call_args_list` to assert about how the dictionary was used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+    >>> def getitem(name):
+    ...      return my_dict[name]
+    ...
+    >>> def setitem(name, val):
+    ...     my_dict[name] = val
+    ...
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem
+    >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem
+
+.. note::
+
+    An alternative to using `MagicMock` is to use `Mock` and *only* provide
+    the magic methods you specifically want:
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> mock = Mock()
+        >>> mock.__setitem__ = Mock(side_effect=getitem)
+        >>> mock.__getitem__ = Mock(side_effect=setitem)
+
+    A *third* option is to use `MagicMock` but passing in `dict` as the `spec`
+    (or `spec_set`) argument so that the `MagicMock` created only has
+    dictionary magic methods available:
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> mock = MagicMock(spec_set=dict)
+        >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem
+        >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem
+
+With these side effect functions in place, the `mock` will behave like a normal
+dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a `KeyError` if you try
+to access a key that doesn't exist.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock['a']
+    1
+    >>> mock['c']
+    3
+    >>> mock['d']
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    KeyError: 'd'
+    >>> mock['b'] = 'fish'
+    >>> mock['d'] = 'eggs'
+    >>> mock['b']
+    'fish'
+    >>> mock['d']
+    'eggs'
+
+After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal
+mock methods and attributes:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock.__getitem__.call_args_list
+    [call('a'), call('c'), call('d'), call('b'), call('d')]
+    >>> mock.__setitem__.call_args_list
+    [call('b', 'fish'), call('d', 'eggs')]
+    >>> my_dict
+    {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 'fish', 'd': 'eggs'}
+
+
+Mock subclasses and their attributes
+====================================
+
+There are various reasons why you might want to subclass `Mock`. One reason
+might be to add helper methods. Here's a silly example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyMock(MagicMock):
+    ...     def has_been_called(self):
+    ...         return self.called
+    ...
+    >>> mymock = MyMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mymock
+    <MyMock id='...'>
+    >>> mymock.has_been_called()
+    False
+    >>> mymock()
+    >>> mymock.has_been_called()
+    True
+
+The standard behaviour for `Mock` instances is that attributes and the return
+value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures
+that `Mock` attributes are `Mocks` and `MagicMock` attributes are `MagicMocks`
+[#]_. So if you're subclassing to add helper methods then they'll also be
+available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your
+subclass.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mymock.foo
+    <MyMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+    >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called()
+    False
+    >>> mymock.foo()
+    <MyMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
+    >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called()
+    True
+
+Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, `one user
+<https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105>`_ is subclassing mock to
+created a `Twisted adaptor
+<http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_.
+Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.
+
+`Mock` (in all its flavours) uses a method called `_get_child_mock` to create
+these "sub-mocks" for attributes and return values. You can prevent your
+subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is
+that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (`**kwargs`) which are then passed
+onto the mock constructor:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Subclass(MagicMock):
+    ...     def _get_child_mock(self, **kwargs):
+    ...         return MagicMock(**kwargs)
+    ...
+    >>> mymock = Subclass()
+    >>> mymock.foo
+    <MagicMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+    >>> assert isinstance(mymock, Subclass)
+    >>> assert not isinstance(mymock.foo, Subclass)
+    >>> assert not isinstance(mymock(), Subclass)
+
+.. [#] An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the
+    callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn't have callable
+    methods.
+
+
+Mocking imports with patch.dict
+===============================
+
+One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside
+a function. These are harder to mock because they aren't using an object from
+the module namespace that we can patch out.
+
+Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent
+circular dependencies, for which there is *usually* a much better way to solve
+the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent "up front costs" by delaying the
+import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local
+import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import
+on first use).
+
+That aside there is a way to use `mock` to affect the results of an import.
+Importing fetches an *object* from the `sys.modules` dictionary. Note that it
+fetches an *object*, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the
+first time results in a module object being put in `sys.modules`, so usually
+when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case
+however.
+
+This means you can use :func:`patch.dict` to *temporarily* put a mock in place
+in `sys.modules`. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock.
+When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement
+body is complete or `patcher.stop()` is called) then whatever was there
+previously will be restored safely.
+
+Here's an example that mocks out the 'fooble' module.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}):
+    ...    import fooble
+    ...    fooble.blob()
+    ...
+    <Mock name='mock.blob()' id='...'>
+    >>> assert 'fooble' not in sys.modules
+    >>> mock.blob.assert_called_once_with()
+
+As you can see the `import fooble` succeeds, but on exit there is no 'fooble'
+left in `sys.modules`.
+
+This also works for the `from module import name` form:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}):
+    ...    from fooble import blob
+    ...    blob.blip()
+    ...
+    <Mock name='mock.blob.blip()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.blob.blip.assert_called_once_with()
+
+With slightly more work you can also mock package imports:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> modules = {'package': mock, 'package.module': mock.module}
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', modules):
+    ...    from package.module import fooble
+    ...    fooble()
+    ...
+    <Mock name='mock.module.fooble()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.module.fooble.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
+========================================================
+
+The :class:`Mock` class allows you to track the *order* of method calls on
+your mock objects through the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` attribute. This
+doesn't allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects,
+however we can use :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` to achieve the same effect.
+
+Because mocks track calls to child mocks in `mock_calls`, and accessing an
+arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate
+mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded,
+in order, in the `mock_calls` of the parent:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> manager = Mock()
+    >>> mock_foo = manager.foo
+    >>> mock_bar = manager.bar
+
+    >>> mock_foo.something()
+    <Mock name='mock.foo.something()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock_bar.other.thing()
+    <Mock name='mock.bar.other.thing()' id='...'>
+
+    >>> manager.mock_calls
+    [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]
+
+We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with
+the `mock_calls` attribute on the manager mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> expected_calls = [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]
+    >>> manager.mock_calls == expected_calls
+    True
+
+If `patch` is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach
+them to a manager mock using the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method. After
+attaching calls will be recorded in `mock_calls` of the manager.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> manager = MagicMock()
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.Class1') as MockClass1:
+    ...     with patch('mymodule.Class2') as MockClass2:
+    ...         manager.attach_mock(MockClass1, 'MockClass1')
+    ...         manager.attach_mock(MockClass2, 'MockClass2')
+    ...         MockClass1().foo()
+    ...         MockClass2().bar()
+    ...
+    <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass1().foo()' id='...'>
+    <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass2().bar()' id='...'>
+    >>> manager.mock_calls
+    [call.MockClass1(),
+     call.MockClass1().foo(),
+     call.MockClass2(),
+     call.MockClass2().bar()]
+
+If many calls have been made, but you're only interested in a particular
+sequence of them then an alternative is to use the
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls` method. This takes a list of calls (constructed
+with the :data:`call` object). If that sequence of calls are in
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` then the assert succeeds.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m().foo().bar().baz()
+    <MagicMock name='mock().foo().bar().baz()' id='...'>
+    >>> m.one().two().three()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.one().two().three()' id='...'>
+    >>> calls = call.one().two().three().call_list()
+    >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls)
+
+Even though the chained call `m.one().two().three()` aren't the only calls that
+have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds.
+
+Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested
+in asserting about *some* of those calls. You may not even care about the
+order. In this case you can pass `any_order=True` to `assert_has_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m(1), m.two(2, 3), m.seven(7), m.fifty('50')
+    (...)
+    >>> calls = [call.fifty('50'), call(1), call.seven(7)]
+    >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)
+
+
+More complex argument matching
+==============================
+
+Using the same basic concept as `ANY` we can implement matchers to do more
+complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks.
+
+Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default
+compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user
+defined classes). To use :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` we would need to pass
+in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes
+of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes
+for us.
+
+You can see in this example how a 'standard' call to `assert_called_with` isn't
+sufficient:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, a, b):
+    ...         self.a, self.b = a, b
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(Foo(1, 2))
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with(Foo(1, 2))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)
+    Actual call: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)
+
+A comparison function for our `Foo` class might look something like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def compare(self, other):
+    ...     if not type(self) == type(other):
+    ...         return False
+    ...     if self.a != other.a:
+    ...         return False
+    ...     if self.b != other.b:
+    ...         return False
+    ...     return True
+    ...
+
+And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its
+equality operation would look something like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Matcher(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, compare, some_obj):
+    ...         self.compare = compare
+    ...         self.some_obj = some_obj
+    ...     def __eq__(self, other):
+    ...         return self.compare(self.some_obj, other)
+    ...
+
+Putting all this together:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> match_foo = Matcher(compare, Foo(1, 2))
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_foo)
+
+The `Matcher` is instantiated with our compare function and the `Foo` object
+we want to compare against. In `assert_called_with` the `Matcher` equality
+method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with
+against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then
+`assert_called_with` passes, and if they don't an `AssertionError` is raised:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> match_wrong = Matcher(compare, Foo(3, 4))
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_wrong)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected: ((<Matcher object at 0x...>,), {})
+    Called with: ((<Foo object at 0x...>,), {})
+
+With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the
+`AssertionError` directly and provide a more useful failure message.
+
+As of version 1.5, the Python testing library `PyHamcrest
+<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest>`_ provides similar functionality,
+that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher
+(`hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality
+<http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality>`_).
+
+
+Less verbose configuration of mock objects
+==========================================
+
+This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of `Mock`.
+See the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` method.
+
+
+Matching any argument in assertions
+===================================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :data:`ANY`.
+
+
+Mocking Properties
+==================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :class:`PropertyMock`.
+
+
+Mocking open
+============
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :func:`mock_open`.
+
+
+Mocks without some attributes
+=============================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :ref:`deleting-attributes`.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/getting-started.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/getting-started.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b5d289eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/getting-started.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+===========================
+ Getting Started with Mock
+===========================
+
+.. _getting-started:
+
+.. index:: Getting Started
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class SomeClass(object):
+        static_method = None
+        class_method = None
+        attribute = None
+
+    sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package')
+    sys.modules['package.module'] = module = package.module
+    sys.modules['module'] = package.module
+
+
+Using Mock
+==========
+
+Mock Patching Methods
+---------------------
+
+Common uses for :class:`Mock` objects include:
+
+* Patching methods
+* Recording method calls on objects
+
+You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
+it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> real = SomeClass()
+    >>> real.method = MagicMock(name='method')
+    >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+    <MagicMock name='method()' id='...'>
+
+Once our mock has been used (`real.method` in this example) it has methods
+and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.
+
+.. note::
+
+    In most of these examples the :class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` classes
+    are interchangeable. As the `MagicMock` is the more capable class it makes
+    a sensible one to use by default.
+
+Once the mock has been called its :attr:`~Mock.called` attribute is set to
+`True`. More importantly we can use the :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` or
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` method to check that it was called with
+the correct arguments.
+
+This example tests that calling `ProductionClass().method` results in a call to
+the `something` method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import MagicMock
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         self.something(1, 2, 3)
+    ...     def something(self, a, b, c):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.something = MagicMock()
+    >>> real.method()
+    >>> real.something.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+
+Mock for Method Calls on an Object
+----------------------------------
+
+In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
+was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
+method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
+in the correct way.
+
+The simple `ProductionClass` below has a `closer` method. If it is called with
+an object then it calls `close` on it.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def closer(self, something):
+    ...         something.close()
+    ...
+
+So to test it we need to pass in an object with a `close` method and check
+that it was called correctly.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> real.closer(mock)
+    >>> mock.close.assert_called_with()
+
+We don't have to do any work to provide the 'close' method on our mock.
+Accessing close creates it. So, if 'close' hasn't already been called then
+accessing it in the test will create it, but :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+will raise a failure exception.
+
+
+Mocking Classes
+---------------
+
+A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
+When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
+are created by *calling the class*. This means you access the "mock instance"
+by looking at the return value of the mocked class.
+
+In the example below we have a function `some_function` that instantiates `Foo`
+and calls a method on it. The call to `patch` replaces the class `Foo` with a
+mock. The `Foo` instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
+by modifying the mock :attr:`~Mock.return_value`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def some_function():
+    ...     instance = module.Foo()
+    ...     return instance.method()
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('module.Foo') as mock:
+    ...     instance = mock.return_value
+    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'the result'
+    ...     result = some_function()
+    ...     assert result == 'the result'
+
+
+Naming your mocks
+-----------------
+
+It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
+the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
+name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(name='foo')
+    >>> mock
+    <MagicMock name='foo' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.method
+    <MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'>
+
+
+Tracking all Calls
+------------------
+
+Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attribute records all calls
+to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.method()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.attribute.method(10, x=53)
+    <MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+
+If you make an assertion about `mock_calls` and any unexpected methods
+have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
+as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
+that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:
+
+You use the :data:`call` object to construct lists for comparing with
+`mock_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> expected = [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+    True
+
+
+Setting Return Values and Attributes
+------------------------------------
+
+Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.return_value = 3
+    >>> mock()
+    3
+
+Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.method.return_value = 3
+    >>> mock.method()
+    3
+
+The return value can also be set in the constructor:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+    >>> mock()
+    3
+
+If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.x = 3
+    >>> mock.x
+    3
+
+Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
+`mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")`. If we wanted this call to
+return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.
+
+We can use :data:`call` to construct the set of calls in a "chained call" like
+this for easy assertion afterwards:
+
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> cursor = mock.connection.cursor.return_value
+    >>> cursor.execute.return_value = ['foo']
+    >>> mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")
+    ['foo']
+    >>> expected = call.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1").call_list()
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    [call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')]
+    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+    True
+
+It is the call to `.call_list()` that turns our call object into a list of
+calls representing the chained calls.
+
+
+
+Raising exceptions with mocks
+-----------------------------
+
+A useful attribute is :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. If you set this to an
+exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
+is called.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=Exception('Boom!'))
+    >>> mock()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    Exception: Boom!
+
+
+Side effect functions and iterables
+-----------------------------------
+
+`side_effect` can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
+`side_effect` as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
+times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
+`side_effect` to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
+from the iterable:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=[4, 5, 6])
+    >>> mock()
+    4
+    >>> mock()
+    5
+    >>> mock()
+    6
+
+
+For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
+depending on what the mock is called with, `side_effect` can be a function.
+The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
+function returns is what the call returns:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> vals = {(1, 2): 1, (2, 3): 2}
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...     return vals[args]
+    ...
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock(1, 2)
+    1
+    >>> mock(2, 3)
+    2
+
+
+Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
+---------------------------------------
+
+One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
+implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
+class that implements `some_method`. In a test for another class, you
+provide a mock of this object that *also* provides `some_method`. If later
+you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has `some_method` - then
+your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!
+
+`Mock` allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
+using the `spec` keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
+mock that don't exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
+attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
+tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
+instantiate the class in those tests.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+    >>> mock.old_method()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+       ...
+    AttributeError: object has no attribute 'old_method'
+
+If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
+of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
+`spec_set` instead of `spec`.
+
+
+
+Patch Decorators
+================
+
+.. note::
+
+   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+   read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+
+A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
+for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
+is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
+them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
+tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.
+
+mock provides three convenient decorators for this: `patch`, `patch.object` and
+`patch.dict`. `patch` takes a single string, of the form
+`package.module.Class.attribute` to specify the attribute you are patching. It
+also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
+whatever) to be replaced with. 'patch.object' takes an object and the name of
+the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
+with.
+
+`patch.object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     assert SomeClass.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+    >>> @patch('package.module.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     from package.module import attribute
+    ...     assert attribute is sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+If you are patching a module (including `__builtin__`) then use `patch`
+instead of `patch.object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(return_value = sentinel.file_handle)
+    >>> with patch('__builtin__.open', mock):
+    ...     handle = open('filename', 'r')
+    ...
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('filename', 'r')
+    >>> assert handle == sentinel.file_handle, "incorrect file handle returned"
+
+The module name can be 'dotted', in the form `package.module` if needed:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('package.module.ClassName.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     from package.module import ClassName
+    ...     assert ClassName.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ...     def test_something(self):
+    ...         self.assertEqual(SomeClass.attribute, sentinel.attribute)
+    ...
+    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use `patch` with only one argument
+(or `patch.object` with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
+passed into the test function / method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+    ...     def test_something(self, mock_method):
+    ...         SomeClass.static_method()
+    ...         mock_method.assert_called_with()
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName1')
+    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+    ...     def test_something(self, MockClass2, MockClass1):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1)
+    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2)
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+   >>> original = foo.copy()
+   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+   ...
+   >>> assert foo == original
+
+`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can all be used as context managers.
+
+Where you use `patch` to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
+mock using the "as" form of the with statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
+    ...     mock_method.return_value = None
+    ...     real = ProductionClass()
+    ...     real.method(1, 2, 3)
+    ...
+    >>> mock_method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+As an alternative `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can be used as
+class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
+decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with "test".
+
+For some more advanced examples, see the :ref:`further-examples` page.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/helpers.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/helpers.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..571b71d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/helpers.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+=========
+ Helpers
+=========
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    mock.FILTER_DIR = True
+    from pprint import pprint as pp
+    original_dir = dir
+    def dir(obj):
+        print pp(original_dir(obj))
+
+    import urllib2
+    __main__.urllib2 = urllib2
+
+.. testcleanup::
+
+    dir = original_dir
+    mock.FILTER_DIR = True
+
+
+
+call
+====
+
+.. function:: call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    `call` is a helper object for making simpler assertions, for comparing
+    with :attr:`~Mock.call_args`, :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`,
+    :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` and :attr: `~Mock.method_calls`. `call` can also be
+    used with :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+        >>> m(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar')
+        >>> m()
+        >>> m.call_args_list == [call(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar'), call()]
+        True
+
+.. method:: call.call_list()
+
+    For a call object that represents multiple calls, `call_list`
+    returns a list of all the intermediate calls as well as the
+    final call.
+
+`call_list` is particularly useful for making assertions on "chained calls". A
+chained call is multiple calls on a single line of code. This results in
+multiple entries in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` on a mock. Manually constructing
+the sequence of calls can be tedious.
+
+:meth:`~call.call_list` can construct the sequence of calls from the same
+chained call:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
+    <MagicMock name='mock().method().other()()' id='...'>
+    >>> kall = call(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
+    >>> kall.call_list()
+    [call(1),
+     call().method(arg='foo'),
+     call().method().other('bar'),
+     call().method().other()(2.0)]
+    >>> m.mock_calls == kall.call_list()
+    True
+
+.. _calls-as-tuples:
+
+A `call` object is either a tuple of (positional args, keyword args) or
+(name, positional args, keyword args) depending on how it was constructed. When
+you construct them yourself this isn't particularly interesting, but the `call`
+objects that are in the :attr:`Mock.call_args`, :attr:`Mock.call_args_list` and
+:attr:`Mock.mock_calls` attributes can be introspected to get at the individual
+arguments they contain.
+
+The `call` objects in :attr:`Mock.call_args` and :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`
+are two-tuples of (positional args, keyword args) whereas the `call` objects
+in :attr:`Mock.mock_calls`, along with ones you construct yourself, are
+three-tuples of (name, positional args, keyword args).
+
+You can use their "tupleness" to pull out the individual arguments for more
+complex introspection and assertions. The positional arguments are a tuple
+(an empty tuple if there are no positional arguments) and the keyword
+arguments are a dictionary:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> m(1, 2, 3, arg='one', arg2='two')
+    >>> kall = m.call_args
+    >>> args, kwargs = kall
+    >>> args
+    (1, 2, 3)
+    >>> kwargs
+    {'arg2': 'two', 'arg': 'one'}
+    >>> args is kall[0]
+    True
+    >>> kwargs is kall[1]
+    True
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m.foo(4, 5, 6, arg='two', arg2='three')
+    <MagicMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
+    >>> kall = m.mock_calls[0]
+    >>> name, args, kwargs = kall
+    >>> name
+    'foo'
+    >>> args
+    (4, 5, 6)
+    >>> kwargs
+    {'arg2': 'three', 'arg': 'two'}
+    >>> name is m.mock_calls[0][0]
+    True
+
+
+create_autospec
+===============
+
+.. function:: create_autospec(spec, spec_set=False, instance=False, **kwargs)
+
+    Create a mock object using another object as a spec. Attributes on the
+    mock will use the corresponding attribute on the `spec` object as their
+    spec.
+
+    Functions or methods being mocked will have their arguments checked to
+    ensure that they are called with the correct signature.
+
+    If `spec_set` is `True` then attempting to set attributes that don't exist
+    on the spec object will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+    If a class is used as a spec then the return value of the mock (the
+    instance of the class) will have the same spec. You can use a class as the
+    spec for an instance object by passing `instance=True`. The returned mock
+    will only be callable if instances of the mock are callable.
+
+    `create_autospec` also takes arbitrary keyword arguments that are passed to
+    the constructor of the created mock.
+
+See :ref:`auto-speccing` for examples of how to use auto-speccing with
+`create_autospec` and the `autospec` argument to :func:`patch`.
+
+
+ANY
+===
+
+.. data:: ANY
+
+Sometimes you may need to make assertions about *some* of the arguments in a
+call to mock, but either not care about some of the arguments or want to pull
+them individually out of :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and make more complex
+assertions on them.
+
+To ignore certain arguments you can pass in objects that compare equal to
+*everything*. Calls to :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` and
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` will then succeed no matter what was
+passed in.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mock('foo', bar=object())
+    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar=ANY)
+
+`ANY` can also be used in comparisons with call lists like
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> m(1)
+    >>> m(1, 2)
+    >>> m(object())
+    >>> m.mock_calls == [call(1), call(1, 2), ANY]
+    True
+
+
+
+FILTER_DIR
+==========
+
+.. data:: FILTER_DIR
+
+`FILTER_DIR` is a module level variable that controls the way mock objects
+respond to `dir` (only for Python 2.6 or more recent). The default is `True`,
+which uses the filtering described below, to only show useful members. If you
+dislike this filtering, or need to switch it off for diagnostic purposes, then
+set `mock.FILTER_DIR = False`.
+
+With filtering on, `dir(some_mock)` shows only useful attributes and will
+include any dynamically created attributes that wouldn't normally be shown.
+If the mock was created with a `spec` (or `autospec` of course) then all the
+attributes from the original are shown, even if they haven't been accessed
+yet:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> dir(Mock())
+    ['assert_any_call',
+     'assert_called_once_with',
+     'assert_called_with',
+     'assert_has_calls',
+     'attach_mock',
+     ...
+    >>> import urllib2
+    >>> dir(Mock(spec=urllib2))
+    ['AbstractBasicAuthHandler',
+     'AbstractDigestAuthHandler',
+     'AbstractHTTPHandler',
+     'BaseHandler',
+     ...
+
+Many of the not-very-useful (private to `Mock` rather than the thing being
+mocked) underscore and double underscore prefixed attributes have been
+filtered from the result of calling `dir` on a `Mock`. If you dislike this
+behaviour you can switch it off by setting the module level switch
+`FILTER_DIR`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> import mock
+    >>> mock.FILTER_DIR = False
+    >>> dir(mock.Mock())
+    ['_NonCallableMock__get_return_value',
+     '_NonCallableMock__get_side_effect',
+     '_NonCallableMock__return_value_doc',
+     '_NonCallableMock__set_return_value',
+     '_NonCallableMock__set_side_effect',
+     '__call__',
+     '__class__',
+     ...
+
+Alternatively you can just use `vars(my_mock)` (instance members) and
+`dir(type(my_mock))` (type members) to bypass the filtering irrespective of
+`mock.FILTER_DIR`.
+
+
+mock_open
+=========
+
+.. function:: mock_open(mock=None, read_data=None)
+
+    A helper function to create a mock to replace the use of `open`. It works
+    for `open` called directly or used as a context manager.
+
+    The `mock` argument is the mock object to configure. If `None` (the
+    default) then a `MagicMock` will be created for you, with the API limited
+    to methods or attributes available on standard file handles.
+
+    `read_data` is a string for the `read` method of the file handle to return.
+    This is an empty string by default.
+
+Using `open` as a context manager is a great way to ensure your file handles
+are closed properly and is becoming common::
+
+    with open('/some/path', 'w') as f:
+        f.write('something')
+
+The issue is that even if you mock out the call to `open` it is the
+*returned object* that is used as a context manager (and has `__enter__` and
+`__exit__` called).
+
+Mocking context managers with a :class:`MagicMock` is common enough and fiddly
+enough that a helper function is useful.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import mock_open
+    >>> m = mock_open()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.open', m, create=True):
+    ...     with open('foo', 'w') as h:
+    ...         h.write('some stuff')
+    ...
+    >>> m.mock_calls
+    [call('foo', 'w'),
+     call().__enter__(),
+     call().write('some stuff'),
+     call().__exit__(None, None, None)]
+    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'w')
+    >>> handle = m()
+    >>> handle.write.assert_called_once_with('some stuff')
+
+And for reading files:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch('__main__.open', mock_open(read_data='bibble'), create=True) as m:
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         result = h.read()
+    ...
+    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+    >>> assert result == 'bibble'
+
+
+.. _auto-speccing:
+
+Autospeccing
+============
+
+Autospeccing is based on the existing `spec` feature of mock. It limits the
+api of mocks to the api of an original object (the spec), but it is recursive
+(implemented lazily) so that attributes of mocks only have the same api as
+the attributes of the spec. In addition mocked functions / methods have the
+same call signature as the original so they raise a `TypeError` if they are
+called incorrectly.
+
+Before I explain how auto-speccing works, here's why it is needed.
+
+`Mock` is a very powerful and flexible object, but it suffers from two flaws
+when used to mock out objects from a system under test. One of these flaws is
+specific to the `Mock` api and the other is a more general problem with using
+mock objects.
+
+First the problem specific to `Mock`. `Mock` has two assert methods that are
+extremely handy: :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` and
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+Because mocks auto-create attributes on demand, and allow you to call them
+with arbitrary arguments, if you misspell one of these assert methods then
+your assertion is gone:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock.assret_called_once_with(4, 5, 6)
+
+Your tests can pass silently and incorrectly because of the typo.
+
+The second issue is more general to mocking. If you refactor some of your
+code, rename members and so on, any tests for code that is still using the
+*old api* but uses mocks instead of the real objects will still pass. This
+means your tests can all pass even though your code is broken.
+
+Note that this is another reason why you need integration tests as well as
+unit tests. Testing everything in isolation is all fine and dandy, but if you
+don't test how your units are "wired together" there is still lots of room
+for bugs that tests might have caught.
+
+`mock` already provides a feature to help with this, called speccing. If you
+use a class or instance as the `spec` for a mock then you can only access
+attributes on the mock that exist on the real class:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> import urllib2
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=urllib2.Request)
+    >>> mock.assret_called_with
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
+
+The spec only applies to the mock itself, so we still have the same issue
+with any methods on the mock:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> mock.has_data()
+    <mock.Mock object at 0x...>
+    >>> mock.has_data.assret_called_with()
+
+Auto-speccing solves this problem. You can either pass `autospec=True` to
+`patch` / `patch.object` or use the `create_autospec` function to create a
+mock with a spec. If you use the `autospec=True` argument to `patch` then the
+object that is being replaced will be used as the spec object. Because the
+speccing is done "lazily" (the spec is created as attributes on the mock are
+accessed) you can use it with very complex or deeply nested objects (like
+modules that import modules that import modules) without a big performance
+hit.
+
+Here's an example of it in use:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> import urllib2
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.urllib2', autospec=True)
+    >>> mock_urllib2 = patcher.start()
+    >>> urllib2 is mock_urllib2
+    True
+    >>> urllib2.Request
+    <MagicMock name='urllib2.Request' spec='Request' id='...'>
+
+You can see that `urllib2.Request` has a spec. `urllib2.Request` takes two
+arguments in the constructor (one of which is `self`). Here's what happens if
+we try to call it incorrectly:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> req = urllib2.Request()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)
+
+The spec also applies to instantiated classes (i.e. the return value of
+specced mocks):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> req = urllib2.Request('foo')
+    >>> req
+    <NonCallableMagicMock name='urllib2.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>
+
+`Request` objects are not callable, so the return value of instantiating our
+mocked out `urllib2.Request` is a non-callable mock. With the spec in place
+any typos in our asserts will raise the correct error:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> req.add_header('spam', 'eggs')
+    <MagicMock name='urllib2.Request().add_header()' id='...'>
+    >>> req.add_header.assret_called_with
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
+    >>> req.add_header.assert_called_with('spam', 'eggs')
+
+In many cases you will just be able to add `autospec=True` to your existing
+`patch` calls and then be protected against bugs due to typos and api
+changes.
+
+As well as using `autospec` through `patch` there is a
+:func:`create_autospec` for creating autospecced mocks directly:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> import urllib2
+    >>> mock_urllib2 = create_autospec(urllib2)
+    >>> mock_urllib2.Request('foo', 'bar')
+    <NonCallableMagicMock name='mock.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>
+
+This isn't without caveats and limitations however, which is why it is not
+the default behaviour. In order to know what attributes are available on the
+spec object, autospec has to introspect (access attributes) the spec. As you
+traverse attributes on the mock a corresponding traversal of the original
+object is happening under the hood. If any of your specced objects have
+properties or descriptors that can trigger code execution then you may not be
+able to use autospec. On the other hand it is much better to design your
+objects so that introspection is safe [#]_.
+
+A more serious problem is that it is common for instance attributes to be
+created in the `__init__` method and not to exist on the class at all.
+`autospec` can't know about any dynamically created attributes and restricts
+the api to visible attributes.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...   def __init__(self):
+    ...     self.a = 33
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
+    ...   thing = Something()
+    ...   thing.a
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'
+
+There are a few different ways of resolving this problem. The easiest, but
+not necessarily the least annoying, way is to simply set the required
+attributes on the mock after creation. Just because `autospec` doesn't allow
+you to fetch attributes that don't exist on the spec it doesn't prevent you
+setting them:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
+    ...   thing = Something()
+    ...   thing.a = 33
+    ...
+
+There is a more aggressive version of both `spec` and `autospec` that *does*
+prevent you setting non-existent attributes. This is useful if you want to
+ensure your code only *sets* valid attributes too, but obviously it prevents
+this particular scenario:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True, spec_set=True):
+    ...   thing = Something()
+    ...   thing.a = 33
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'
+
+Probably the best way of solving the problem is to add class attributes as
+default values for instance members initialised in `__init__`. Note that if
+you are only setting default attributes in `__init__` then providing them via
+class attributes (shared between instances of course) is faster too. e.g.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class Something(object):
+        a = 33
+
+This brings up another issue. It is relatively common to provide a default
+value of `None` for members that will later be an object of a different type.
+`None` would be useless as a spec because it wouldn't let you access *any*
+attributes or methods on it. As `None` is *never* going to be useful as a
+spec, and probably indicates a member that will normally of some other type,
+`autospec` doesn't use a spec for members that are set to `None`. These will
+just be ordinary mocks (well - `MagicMocks`):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...     member = None
+    ...
+    >>> mock = create_autospec(Something)
+    >>> mock.member.foo.bar.baz()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.member.foo.bar.baz()' id='...'>
+
+If modifying your production classes to add defaults isn't to your liking
+then there are more options. One of these is simply to use an instance as the
+spec rather than the class. The other is to create a subclass of the
+production class and add the defaults to the subclass without affecting the
+production class. Both of these require you to use an alternative object as
+the spec. Thankfully `patch` supports this - you can simply pass the
+alternative object as the `autospec` argument:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...   def __init__(self):
+    ...     self.a = 33
+    ...
+    >>> class SomethingForTest(Something):
+    ...   a = 33
+    ...
+    >>> p = patch('__main__.Something', autospec=SomethingForTest)
+    >>> mock = p.start()
+    >>> mock.a
+    <NonCallableMagicMock name='Something.a' spec='int' id='...'>
+
+.. note::
+
+    An additional limitation (currently) with `autospec` is that unbound
+    methods on mocked classes *don't* take an "explicit self" as the first
+    argument - so this usage will fail with `autospec`.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> class Foo(object):
+        ...   def foo(self):
+        ...     pass
+        ...
+        >>> Foo.foo(Foo())
+        >>> MockFoo = create_autospec(Foo)
+        >>> MockFoo.foo(MockFoo())
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given)
+
+    The reason is that its very hard to tell the difference between functions,
+    unbound methods and staticmethods across Python 2 & 3 and the alternative
+    implementations. This restriction may be fixed in future versions.
+
+
+------
+
+.. [#] This only applies to classes or already instantiated objects. Calling
+   a mocked class to create a mock instance *does not* create a real instance.
+   It is only attribute lookups - along with calls to `dir` - that are done. A
+   way round this problem would have been to use `getattr_static
+   <http://docs.python.org/dev/library/inspect.html#inspect.getattr_static>`_,
+   which can fetch attributes without triggering code execution. Descriptors
+   like `classmethod` and `staticmethod` *need* to be fetched correctly though,
+   so that their signatures can be mocked correctly.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/index.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e4a8daca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+====================================
+ Mock - Mocking and Testing Library
+====================================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+:Author: `Michael Foord
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml>`_
+:Version: |release|
+:Date: 2012/10/07
+:Homepage: `Mock Homepage`_
+:Download: `Mock on PyPI`_
+:Documentation: `PDF Documentation
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+:License: `BSD License`_
+:Support: `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)
+ <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_
+:Issue tracker: `Google code project
+ <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_
+
+.. _Mock Homepage: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+.. _BSD License: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. module:: mock
+   :synopsis: Mock object and testing library.
+
+.. index:: introduction
+
+mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+have been used.
+
+mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock
+<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3 onwards.
+
+mock provides a core :class:`Mock` class removing the need to create a host
+of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+the normal way.
+
+Additionally, mock provides a :func:`patch` decorator that handles patching
+module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with
+:const:`sentinel` for creating unique objects. See the `quick guide`_ for
+some examples of how to use :class:`Mock`, :class:`MagicMock` and
+:func:`patch`.
+
+Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+`unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on
+the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of `'record -> replay'` used by many
+mocking frameworks.
+
+mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of
+Jython and PyPy.
+
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+   class ProductionClass(object):
+      def method(self, *args):
+         pass
+
+   module = sys.modules['module'] = ProductionClass
+   ProductionClass.ClassName1 = ProductionClass
+   ProductionClass.ClassName2 = ProductionClass
+
+
+
+API Documentation
+=================
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   mock
+   patch
+   helpers
+   sentinel
+   magicmock
+
+
+User Guide
+==========
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   getting-started
+   examples
+   compare
+   changelog
+
+
+.. index:: installing
+
+Installing
+==========
+
+The current version is |release|. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do
+find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions
+then please contact us.
+
+* `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock>`_
+* `mock documentation as PDF
+  <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+* `Google Code Home & Mercurial Repository <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_
+
+.. index:: repository
+.. index:: hg
+
+You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial
+repository with the following command:
+
+    ``hg clone https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/ mock``
+
+
+.. index:: pip
+.. index:: easy_install
+.. index:: setuptools
+
+If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:
+
+    | ``easy_install -U mock``
+    | ``pip install -U mock``
+
+Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after
+unpacking run:
+
+   ``python setup.py install``
+
+
+Quick Guide
+===========
+
+:class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` objects create all attributes and
+methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You
+can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are
+available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import MagicMock
+    >>> thing = ProductionClass()
+    >>> thing.method = MagicMock(return_value=3)
+    >>> thing.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+    3
+    >>> thing.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+
+:attr:`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
+exception when a mock is called:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
+   >>> mock()
+   Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+   KeyError: 'foo'
+
+   >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+   >>> def side_effect(arg):
+   ...     return values[arg]
+   ...
+   >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+   >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
+   (1, 2, 3)
+   >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+   >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+   (5, 4, 3)
+
+Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification
+from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock
+that don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`.
+
+The :func:`patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import patch
+    >>> @patch('module.ClassName2')
+    ... @patch('module.ClassName1')
+    ... def test(MockClass1, MockClass2):
+    ...     module.ClassName1()
+    ...     module.ClassName2()
+
+    ...     assert MockClass1 is module.ClassName1
+    ...     assert MockClass2 is module.ClassName2
+    ...     assert MockClass1.called
+    ...     assert MockClass2.called
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+.. note::
+
+   When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+   function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+   decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+   above the mock for `module.ClassName1` is passed in first.
+
+   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+   read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with
+statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method', return_value=None) as mock_method:
+    ...     thing = ProductionClass()
+    ...     thing.method(1, 2, 3)
+    ...
+    >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+   >>> original = foo.copy()
+   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+   ...
+   >>> assert foo == original
+
+Mock supports the mocking of Python :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`. The
+easiest way of using magic methods is with the :class:`MagicMock` class. It
+allows you to do things like:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
+    >>> str(mock)
+    'foobarbaz'
+    >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_with()
+
+Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+and they will be called appropriately. The `MagicMock` class is just a Mock
+variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the
+useful ones anyway).
+
+The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+class:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value='wheeeeee')
+    >>> str(mock)
+    'wheeeeee'
+
+For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the
+objects they are replacing, you can use :ref:`auto-speccing <auto-speccing>`.
+Auto-speccing can be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the
+:func:`create_autospec` function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that
+have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and
+any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call
+signature as the real object.
+
+This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+code if they are used incorrectly:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> from mock import create_autospec
+   >>> def function(a, b, c):
+   ...     pass
+   ...
+   >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
+   >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
+   'fishy'
+   >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+   >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
+   Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+   TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)
+
+`create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+the `__call__` method.
+
+
+.. index:: references
+.. index:: articles
+
+References
+==========
+
+Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:
+
+* `Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests
+  <https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md>`_
+* `mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models
+  <https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django>`_
+* `PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock <https://blip.tv/file/4881513>`_
+* `Mock objects in Python
+  <http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/>`_
+* `Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing
+  <http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/>`_
+* `Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output
+  <http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/>`_
+* `Mocking Django <http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html>`_
+* `Mocking dates and other classes that can't be modified
+  <http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_
+* `Mock recipes <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html>`_
+* `Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module
+  <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html>`_
+* `Coverage and Mock (with django)
+  <http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/>`_
+* `Python Unit Testing with Mock <http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194>`_
+* `Getting started with Python Mock
+  <http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/>`_
+* `Smart Parameter Checks with mock
+  <http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/>`_
+* `Python mock testing techniques and tools
+  <http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html>`_
+* `How To Test Django Template Tags
+  <http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html>`_
+* `A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock
+  <http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html>`_
+* `Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine
+  <http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html>`_
+
+
+.. index:: tests
+.. index:: unittest2
+
+Tests
+=====
+
+Mock uses `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ for its own
+test suite. In order to run it, use the `unit2` script that comes with
+`unittest2` module on a checkout of the source repository:
+
+   `unit2 discover`
+
+If you have `setuptools <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute>`_ as well as
+unittest2 you can run:
+
+   ``python setup.py test``
+
+On Python 3.2 you can use ``unittest`` module from the standard library.
+
+   ``python3.2 -m unittest discover``
+
+.. index:: Python 3
+
+On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On
+Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement
+is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.
+
+
+.. index:: older versions
+
+Older Versions
+==============
+
+Documentation for older versions of mock:
+
+* `mock 0.8 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/>`_
+* `mock 0.7 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/>`_
+* `mock 0.6 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/>`_
+
+Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at
+`mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_.
+
+
+Terminology
+===========
+
+Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms
+like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.
+
+In `classic mock terminology
+<http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html>`_
+:class:`mock.Mock` is a `spy <http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html>`_ that
+allows for *post-mortem* examination. This is what I call the "action ->
+assertion" [#]_ pattern of testing.
+
+I'm not however a fan of this "statically typed mocking terminology"
+promulgated by `Martin Fowler
+<http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html>`_. It confuses usage
+patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology
+when discussing mocking.
+
+I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a
+mock object and quacks like a mock object then it's fine to call it a mock, no
+matter what the implementation looks like.
+
+This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where
+different usage patterns will *require* different implementations.
+`mock.Mock()` is capable of being used in most of the different roles
+described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock
+itself!
+
+How about a simpler definition: a "mock object" is an object used to replace a
+real one in a system under test.
+
+.. [#] This pattern is called "AAA" by some members of the testing community;
+   "Arrange - Act - Assert".
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/magicmock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/magicmock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42b2ed9db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/magicmock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+
+.. _magic-methods:
+
+Mocking Magic Methods
+=====================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+:class:`Mock` supports mocking `magic methods
+<http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html>`_. This allows mock
+objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python
+protocols.
+
+Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [#]_, this
+support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
+methods are supported. The supported list includes *almost* all of them. If
+there are any missing that you need please let us know!
+
+You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
+or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it *must* take ``self`` as
+the first argument [#]_.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> def __str__(self):
+   ...     return 'fooble'
+   ...
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__ = __str__
+   >>> str(mock)
+   'fooble'
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__ = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble'
+   >>> str(mock)
+   'fooble'
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+
+One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
+`with` statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo')
+   >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False)
+   >>> with mock as m:
+   ...     assert m == 'foo'
+   ...
+   >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+   >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+Calls to magic methods do not appear in :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, but they
+are recorded in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`.
+
+.. note::
+
+   If you use the `spec` keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
+   set a magic method that isn't in the spec will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+The full list of supported magic methods is:
+
+* ``__hash__``, ``__sizeof__``, ``__repr__`` and ``__str__``
+* ``__dir__``, ``__format__`` and ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__floor__``, ``__trunc__`` and ``__ceil__``
+* Comparisons: ``__cmp__``, ``__lt__``, ``__gt__``, ``__le__``, ``__ge__``,
+  ``__eq__`` and ``__ne__``
+* Container methods: ``__getitem__``, ``__setitem__``, ``__delitem__``,
+  ``__contains__``, ``__len__``, ``__iter__``, ``__getslice__``,
+  ``__setslice__``, ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* Context manager: ``__enter__`` and ``__exit__``
+* Unary numeric methods: ``__neg__``, ``__pos__`` and ``__invert__``
+* The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
+  ``__add__``, ``__sub__``, ``__mul__``, ``__div__``,
+  ``__floordiv__``, ``__mod__``, ``__divmod__``, ``__lshift__``,
+  ``__rshift__``, ``__and__``, ``__xor__``, ``__or__``, and ``__pow__``
+* Numeric conversion methods: ``__complex__``, ``__int__``, ``__float__``,
+  ``__index__`` and ``__coerce__``
+* Descriptor methods: ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* Pickling: ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``,
+  ``__getnewargs__``, ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+
+
+The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don't exist in Python 3:
+
+* ``__unicode__``, ``__long__``, ``__oct__``, ``__hex__`` and ``__nonzero__``
+*  ``__truediv__`` and ``__rtruediv__``
+
+The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don't exist in Python 2:
+
+* ``__bool__`` and ``__next__``
+
+The following methods exist but are *not* supported as they are either in use by
+mock, can't be set dynamically, or can cause problems:
+
+* ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, ``__init__`` and ``__new__``
+* ``__prepare__``, ``__instancecheck__``, ``__subclasscheck__``, ``__del__``
+
+
+
+Magic Mock
+==========
+
+There are two `MagicMock` variants: `MagicMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`.
+
+
+.. class:: MagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+   ``MagicMock`` is a subclass of :class:`Mock` with default implementations
+   of most of the magic methods. You can use ``MagicMock`` without having to
+   configure the magic methods yourself.
+
+   The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for :class:`Mock`.
+
+   If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic methods
+   that exist in the spec will be created.
+
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+    A non-callable version of `MagicMock`.
+
+    The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
+    :class:`MagicMock`, with the exception of `return_value` and
+    `side_effect` which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+The magic methods are setup with `MagicMock` objects, so you can configure them
+and use them in the usual way:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock[3] = 'fish'
+   >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish')
+   >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result'
+   >>> mock[2]
+   'result'
+
+By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
+specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
+that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren't interested
+in the return value. You can still *set* the return value manually if you want
+to change the default.
+
+Methods and their defaults:
+
+* ``__lt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__gt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__le__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__ge__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__int__`` : 1
+* ``__contains__`` : False
+* ``__len__`` : 1
+* ``__iter__`` : iter([])
+* ``__exit__`` : False
+* ``__complex__`` : 1j
+* ``__float__`` : 1.0
+* ``__bool__`` : True
+* ``__nonzero__`` : True
+* ``__oct__`` : '1'
+* ``__hex__`` : '0x1'
+* ``__long__`` : long(1)
+* ``__index__`` : 1
+* ``__hash__`` : default hash for the mock
+* ``__str__`` : default str for the mock
+* ``__unicode__`` : default unicode for the mock
+* ``__sizeof__``: default sizeof for the mock
+
+For example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> int(mock)
+   1
+   >>> len(mock)
+   0
+   >>> hex(mock)
+   '0x1'
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+   >>> object() in mock
+   False
+
+The two equality method, `__eq__` and `__ne__`, are special (changed in
+0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
+effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> MagicMock() == 3
+   False
+   >>> MagicMock() != 3
+   True
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True
+   >>> mock == 3
+   True
+
+In `0.8` the `__iter__` also gained special handling implemented with a
+side effect. The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` can be any iterable
+object and isn't required to be an iterator:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+If the return value *is* an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
+it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+
+``MagicMock`` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
+of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.
+
+Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in ``MagicMock`` are:
+
+* ``__cmp__``
+* ``__getslice__`` and ``__setslice__``
+* ``__coerce__``
+* ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__dir__``
+* ``__format__``
+* ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, ``__getnewargs__``,
+  ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+* ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+
+
+
+------------
+
+.. [#] Magic methods *should* be looked up on the class rather than the
+   instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
+   rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
+   of Python.
+.. [#] The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each ``Mock``
+   instance is kept isolated from the others.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/mock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/mock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58712b21a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/mock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,842 @@
+The Mock Class
+==============
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class SomeClass:
+        pass
+
+
+`Mock` is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and
+test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as
+new mocks when you access them [#]_. Accessing the same attribute will always
+return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make
+assertions about what your code has done to them.
+
+:class:`MagicMock` is a subclass of `Mock` with all the magic methods
+pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful
+when you are mocking out objects that aren't callable:
+:class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`
+
+The :func:`patch` decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes
+in a particular module with a `Mock` object. By default `patch` will create
+a `MagicMock` for you. You can specify an alternative class of `Mock` using
+the `new_callable` argument to `patch`.
+
+
+.. index:: side_effect
+.. index:: return_value
+.. index:: wraps
+.. index:: name
+.. index:: spec
+
+.. class:: Mock(spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Create a new `Mock` object. `Mock` takes several optional arguments
+    that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:
+
+    * `spec`: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
+      class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
+      you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
+      the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods).
+      Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+      If `spec` is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
+      :attr:`__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
+      to pass `isinstance` tests.
+
+    * `spec_set`: A stricter variant of `spec`. If used, attempting to *set*
+      or get an attribute on the mock that isn't on the object passed as
+      `spec_set` will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+    * `side_effect`: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
+      the :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
+      dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
+      arguments as the mock, and unless it returns :data:`DEFAULT`, the return
+      value of this function is used as the return value.
+
+      Alternatively `side_effect` can be an exception class or instance. In
+      this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.
+
+      If `side_effect` is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
+      the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable
+      are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.
+
+      A `side_effect` can be cleared by setting it to `None`.
+
+    * `return_value`: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
+      this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
+      :attr:`return_value` attribute.
+
+    * `wraps`: Item for the mock object to wrap. If `wraps` is not None then
+      calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
+      (returning the real result and ignoring `return_value`). Attribute access
+      on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
+      attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute
+      that doesn't exist will raise an `AttributeError`).
+
+      If the mock has an explicit `return_value` set then calls are not passed
+      to the wrapped object and the `return_value` is returned instead.
+
+    * `name`: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
+      mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
+      mocks.
+
+    Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
+    used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the
+    :meth:`configure_mock` method for details.
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a
+        particular way:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.method(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
+            <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_called_once_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+       Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
+       arguments.
+
+       .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
+            >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
+            >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
+            >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_any_call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.
+
+        The assert passes if the mock has *ever* been called, unlike
+        :meth:`assert_called_with` and :meth:`assert_called_once_with` that
+        only pass if the call is the most recent one.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock(1, 2, arg='thing')
+            >>> mock('some', 'thing', 'else')
+            >>> mock.assert_any_call(1, 2, arg='thing')
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=False)
+
+        assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
+        The `mock_calls` list is checked for the calls.
+
+        If `any_order` is False (the default) then the calls must be
+        sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
+        specified calls.
+
+        If `any_order` is True then the calls can be in any order, but
+        they must all appear in :attr:`mock_calls`.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock(1)
+            >>> mock(2)
+            >>> mock(3)
+            >>> mock(4)
+            >>> calls = [call(2), call(3)]
+            >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls)
+            >>> calls = [call(4), call(2), call(3)]
+            >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)
+
+
+    .. method:: reset_mock()
+
+        The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock('hello')
+            >>> mock.called
+            True
+            >>> mock.reset_mock()
+            >>> mock.called
+            False
+
+        This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that
+        reuse the same object. Note that `reset_mock` *doesn't* clear the
+        return value, :attr:`side_effect` or any child attributes you have
+        set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock
+        (if any) are reset as well.
+
+
+    .. method:: mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set=False)
+
+        Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a
+        list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as
+        attributes from the mock.
+
+        If `spec_set` is `True` then only attributes on the spec can be set.
+
+
+    .. method:: attach_mock(mock, attribute)
+
+        Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
+        parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
+        :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` attributes of this one.
+
+
+    .. method:: configure_mock(**kwargs)
+
+        Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.
+
+        Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
+        mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
+        method call:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+            >>> mock.configure_mock(**attrs)
+            >>> mock.method()
+            3
+            >>> mock.other()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            KeyError
+
+        The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+            >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
+            >>> mock.some_attribute
+            'eggs'
+            >>> mock.method()
+            3
+            >>> mock.other()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            KeyError
+
+        `configure_mock` exists to make it easier to do configuration
+        after the mock has been created.
+
+
+    .. method:: __dir__()
+
+        `Mock` objects limit the results of `dir(some_mock)` to useful results.
+        For mocks with a `spec` this includes all the permitted attributes
+        for the mock.
+
+        See :data:`FILTER_DIR` for what this filtering does, and how to
+        switch it off.
+
+
+    .. method:: _get_child_mock(**kw)
+
+        Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
+        By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
+        Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
+        child mocks are made.
+
+        For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
+        any custom subclass).
+
+
+    .. attribute:: called
+
+        A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock.called
+            False
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock.called
+            True
+
+    .. attribute:: call_count
+
+        An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock.call_count
+            0
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock.call_count
+            2
+
+
+    .. attribute:: return_value
+
+        Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.return_value = 'fish'
+            >>> mock()
+            'fish'
+
+        The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in
+        the normal way:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.return_value.attribute = sentinel.Attribute
+            >>> mock.return_value()
+            <Mock name='mock()()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.return_value.assert_called_with()
+
+        `return_value` can also be set in the constructor:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+            >>> mock.return_value
+            3
+            >>> mock()
+            3
+
+
+    .. attribute:: side_effect
+
+        This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called,
+        or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.
+
+        If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the
+        mock and unless the function returns the :data:`DEFAULT` singleton the
+        call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the
+        function returns :data:`DEFAULT` then the mock will return its normal
+        value (from the :attr:`return_value`.
+
+        An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception
+        handling of an API):
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.side_effect = Exception('Boom!')
+            >>> mock()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            Exception: Boom!
+
+        Using `side_effect` to return a sequence of values:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.side_effect = [3, 2, 1]
+            >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+            (3, 2, 1)
+
+        The `side_effect` function is called with the same arguments as the
+        mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword
+        arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for
+        the call. The exception is if `side_effect` returns :data:`DEFAULT`,
+        in which case the normal :attr:`return_value` is used.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+            >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+            ...     return DEFAULT
+            ...
+            >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+            >>> mock()
+            3
+
+        `side_effect` can be set in the constructor. Here's an example that
+        adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> side_effect = lambda value: value + 1
+            >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+            >>> mock(3)
+            4
+            >>> mock(-8)
+            -7
+
+        Setting `side_effect` to `None` clears it:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> from mock import Mock
+            >>> m = Mock(side_effect=KeyError, return_value=3)
+            >>> m()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+             ...
+            KeyError
+            >>> m.side_effect = None
+            >>> m()
+            3
+
+
+    .. attribute:: call_args
+
+        This is either `None` (if the mock hasn't been called), or the
+        arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the
+        form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock
+        was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any
+        keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> print mock.call_args
+            None
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock.call_args
+            call()
+            >>> mock.call_args == ()
+            True
+            >>> mock(3, 4)
+            >>> mock.call_args
+            call(3, 4)
+            >>> mock.call_args == ((3, 4),)
+            True
+            >>> mock(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
+            >>> mock.call_args
+            call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
+
+        `call_args`, along with members of the lists :attr:`call_args_list`,
+        :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects.
+        These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual
+        arguments and make more complex assertions. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: call_args_list
+
+        This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence
+        (so the length of the list is the number of times it has been
+        called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The
+        :data:`call` object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of
+        calls to compare with `call_args_list`.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock(3, 4)
+            >>> mock(key='fish', next='w00t!')
+            >>> mock.call_args_list
+            [call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')]
+            >>> expected = [(), ((3, 4),), ({'key': 'fish', 'next': 'w00t!'},)]
+            >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
+            True
+
+        Members of `call_args_list` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+        unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: method_calls
+
+        As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to
+        methods and attributes, and *their* methods and attributes:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.method()
+            <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.property.method.attribute()
+            <Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.method_calls
+            [call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]
+
+        Members of `method_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+        unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: mock_calls
+
+        `mock_calls` records *all* calls to the mock object, its methods, magic
+        methods *and* return value mocks.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = MagicMock()
+            >>> result = mock(1, 2, 3)
+            >>> mock.first(a=3)
+            <MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.second()
+            <MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'>
+            >>> int(mock)
+            1
+            >>> result(1)
+            <MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'>
+            >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call.first(a=3), call.second(),
+            ... call.__int__(), call()(1)]
+            >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+            True
+
+        Members of `mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+        unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: __class__
+
+        Normally the `__class__` attribute of an object will return its type.
+        For a mock object with a `spec` `__class__` returns the spec class
+        instead. This allows mock objects to pass `isinstance` tests for the
+        object they are replacing / masquerading as:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(spec=3)
+            >>> isinstance(mock, int)
+            True
+
+        `__class__` is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an
+        `isinstance` check without forcing you to use a spec:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.__class__ = dict
+            >>> isinstance(mock, dict)
+            True
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMock(spec=None, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)
+
+    A non-callable version of `Mock`. The constructor parameters have the same
+    meaning of `Mock`, with the exception of `return_value` and `side_effect`
+    which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a `spec` or `spec_set` are able
+to pass `isintance` tests:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+    >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
+    True
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec_set=SomeClass())
+    >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
+    True
+
+The `Mock` classes have support for mocking magic methods. See :ref:`magic
+methods <magic-methods>` for the full details.
+
+The mock classes and the :func:`patch` decorators all take arbitrary keyword
+arguments for configuration. For the `patch` decorators the keywords are
+passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments
+are for configuring attributes of the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(attribute=3, other='fish')
+        >>> m.attribute
+        3
+        >>> m.other
+        'fish'
+
+The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way,
+using dotted notation. As you can't use dotted names directly in a call you
+have to create a dictionary and unpack it using `**`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+    >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
+    >>> mock.some_attribute
+    'eggs'
+    >>> mock.method()
+    3
+    >>> mock.other()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    KeyError
+
+
+.. class:: PropertyMock(*args, **kwargs)
+
+   A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class.
+   `PropertyMock` provides `__get__` and `__set__` methods so you can specify
+   a return value when it is fetched.
+
+   Fetching a `PropertyMock` instance from an object calls the mock, with
+   no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.
+
+   .. doctest::
+
+        >>> class Foo(object):
+        ...     @property
+        ...     def foo(self):
+        ...         return 'something'
+        ...     @foo.setter
+        ...     def foo(self, value):
+        ...         pass
+        ...
+        >>> with patch('__main__.Foo.foo', new_callable=PropertyMock) as mock_foo:
+        ...     mock_foo.return_value = 'mockity-mock'
+        ...     this_foo = Foo()
+        ...     print this_foo.foo
+        ...     this_foo.foo = 6
+        ...
+        mockity-mock
+        >>> mock_foo.mock_calls
+        [call(), call(6)]
+
+Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can't directly attach a
+`PropertyMock` to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type
+object:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> p = PropertyMock(return_value=3)
+    >>> type(m).foo = p
+    >>> m.foo
+    3
+    >>> p.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+.. index:: __call__
+.. index:: calling
+
+Calling
+=======
+
+Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. The default return value is a new Mock
+object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either
+explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one
+returned each time.
+
+Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes
+like :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`.
+
+If :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` is set then it will be called after the call has
+been recorded, so if `side_effect` raises an exception the call is still
+recorded.
+
+The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` an exception class or instance:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=IndexError)
+        >>> m(1, 2, 3)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        IndexError
+        >>> m.mock_calls
+        [call(1, 2, 3)]
+        >>> m.side_effect = KeyError('Bang!')
+        >>> m('two', 'three', 'four')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        KeyError: 'Bang!'
+        >>> m.mock_calls
+        [call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')]
+
+If `side_effect` is a function then whatever that function returns is what
+calls to the mock return. The `side_effect` function is called with the
+same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the
+call dynamically, based on the input:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> def side_effect(value):
+        ...     return value + 1
+        ...
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+        >>> m(1)
+        2
+        >>> m(2)
+        3
+        >>> m.mock_calls
+        [call(1), call(2)]
+
+If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or
+any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return
+`mock.return_value` from inside `side_effect`, or return :data:`DEFAULT`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock()
+        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...     return m.return_value
+        ...
+        >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+        >>> m.return_value = 3
+        >>> m()
+        3
+        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...     return DEFAULT
+        ...
+        >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+        >>> m()
+        3
+
+To remove a `side_effect`, and return to the default behaviour, set the
+`side_effect` to `None`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=6)
+        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...     return 3
+        ...
+        >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+        >>> m()
+        3
+        >>> m.side_effect = None
+        >>> m()
+        6
+
+The `side_effect` can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock
+will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and
+a `StopIteration` is raised):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=[1, 2, 3])
+        >>> m()
+        1
+        >>> m()
+        2
+        >>> m()
+        3
+        >>> m()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        StopIteration
+
+If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of
+returned:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> iterable = (33, ValueError, 66)
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=iterable)
+        >>> m()
+        33
+        >>> m()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+         ...
+        ValueError
+        >>> m()
+        66
+
+
+.. _deleting-attributes:
+
+Deleting Attributes
+===================
+
+Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be
+objects of any type.
+
+You may want a mock object to return `False` to a `hasattr` call, or raise an
+`AttributeError` when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing
+an object as a `spec` for a mock, but that isn't always convenient.
+
+You "block" attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute
+will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
+    True
+    >>> del mock.m
+    >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
+    False
+    >>> del mock.f
+    >>> mock.f
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AttributeError: f
+
+
+Attaching Mocks as Attributes
+=============================
+
+When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return
+value) it becomes a "child" of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in
+the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` and :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attributes of the
+parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to
+the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the
+children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between
+mocks:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> parent = MagicMock()
+    >>> child1 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> child2 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> parent.child1 = child1
+    >>> parent.child2 = child2
+    >>> child1(1)
+    >>> child2(2)
+    >>> parent.mock_calls
+    [call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]
+
+The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent
+the "parenting" if for some reason you don't want it to happen.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> not_a_child = MagicMock(name='not-a-child')
+    >>> mock.attribute = not_a_child
+    >>> mock.attribute()
+    <MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    []
+
+Mocks created for you by :func:`patch` are automatically given names. To
+attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock`
+method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> thing1 = object()
+    >>> thing2 = object()
+    >>> parent = MagicMock()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.thing1', return_value=None) as child1:
+    ...     with patch('__main__.thing2', return_value=None) as child2:
+    ...         parent.attach_mock(child1, 'child1')
+    ...         parent.attach_mock(child2, 'child2')
+    ...         child1('one')
+    ...         child2('two')
+    ...
+    >>> parent.mock_calls
+    [call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')]
+
+
+-----
+
+.. [#] The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have
+       leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn't create these but
+       instead of raises an ``AttributeError``. This is because the interpreter
+       will often implicitly request these methods, and gets *very* confused to
+       get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
+       method support see :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/patch.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/patch.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d56264fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/patch.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+==================
+ Patch Decorators
+==================
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class SomeClass(object):
+        static_method = None
+        class_method = None
+        attribute = None
+
+    sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package')
+    sys.modules['package.module'] = package.module
+
+    class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+        def run(self):
+            result = unittest2.TestResult()
+            super(unittest2.TestCase, self).run(result)
+            assert result.wasSuccessful()
+
+.. testcleanup::
+
+    patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'test'
+
+
+The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
+the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
+even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
+statements or as class decorators.
+
+
+patch
+=====
+
+.. note::
+
+    `patch` is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
+    right namespace. See the section `where to patch`_.
+
+.. function:: patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target`
+    is patched with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits
+    the patch is undone.
+
+    If `new` is omitted, then the target is replaced with a
+    :class:`MagicMock`. If `patch` is used as a decorator and `new` is
+    omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the
+    decorated function. If `patch` is used as a context manager the created
+    mock is returned by the context manager.
+
+    `target` should be a string in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`. The
+    `target` is imported and the specified object replaced with the `new`
+    object, so the `target` must be importable from the environment you are
+    calling `patch` from. The target is imported when the decorated function
+    is executed, not at decoration time.
+
+    The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock`
+    if patch is creating one for you.
+
+    In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes
+    patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
+
+    `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+    that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is
+    used.
+
+    A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True`
+    then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+    All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+    attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
+    will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if they are
+    called with the wrong signature. For mocks
+    replacing a class, their return value (the 'instance') will have the same
+    spec as the class. See the :func:`create_autospec` function and
+    :ref:`auto-speccing`.
+
+    Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an
+    arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.
+
+    By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
+    you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
+    create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+    delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+    attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+    default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+    passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
+
+    Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by
+    decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+    code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds
+    tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+    By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests.
+    You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+
+    Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+    patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+    use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+    "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you.
+
+    `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+    the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction.
+
+    `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are
+    available for alternate use-cases.
+
+`patch` as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into
+the decorated function:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('__main__.SomeClass')
+    ... def function(normal_argument, mock_class):
+    ...     print mock_class is SomeClass
+    ...
+    >>> function(None)
+    True
+
+
+Patching a class replaces the class with a `MagicMock` *instance*. If the
+class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` of the mock that will be used.
+
+If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
+can set the `return_value` to be anything you want.
+
+To configure return values on methods of *instances* on the patched class
+you must do this on the `return_value`. For example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Class(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass:
+    ...     instance = MockClass.return_value
+    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'foo'
+    ...     assert Class() is instance
+    ...     assert Class().method() == 'foo'
+    ...
+
+If you use `spec` or `spec_set` and `patch` is replacing a *class*, then the
+return value of the created mock will have the same spec.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> Original = Class
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True)
+    >>> MockClass = patcher.start()
+    >>> instance = MockClass()
+    >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original)
+    >>> patcher.stop()
+
+The `new_callable` argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
+class to the default :class:`MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if
+you wanted a :class:`NonCallableMock` to be used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> thing = object()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing:
+    ...     assert thing is mock_thing
+    ...     thing()
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable
+
+Another use case might be to replace an object with a `StringIO` instance:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+    >>> def foo():
+    ...     print 'Something'
+    ...
+    >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
+    ... def test(mock_stdout):
+    ...     foo()
+    ...     assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n'
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+When `patch` is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
+you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
+in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
+used to set attributes on the created mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two')
+    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+    >>> mock_thing.first
+    'one'
+    >>> mock_thing.second
+    'two'
+
+As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` and :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`, of child mocks can
+also be configured. These aren't syntactically valid to pass in directly as
+keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
+into a `patch` call using `**`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config)
+    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+    >>> mock_thing.method()
+    3
+    >>> mock_thing.other()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    KeyError
+
+
+patch.object
+============
+
+.. function:: patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
+    object.
+
+    `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`, `autospec` and
+    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like `patch`,
+    `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
+    object it creates.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+You can either call `patch.object` with three arguments or two arguments. The
+three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
+object to replace the attribute with.
+
+When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
+mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
+function:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+    ... def test(mock_method):
+    ...     SomeClass.class_method(3)
+    ...     mock_method.assert_called_with(3)
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+`spec`, `create` and the other arguments to `patch.object` have the same
+meaning as they do for `patch`.
+
+
+patch.dict
+==========
+
+.. function:: patch.dict(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs)
+
+    Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+    to its original state after the test.
+
+    `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+    mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+    plus iterating over keys.
+
+    `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+    will then be fetched by importing it.
+
+    `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
+    can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs.
+
+    If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+    values are set.
+
+    `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+    values in the dictionary.
+
+    `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+    decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours
+    `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+`patch.dict` can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
+change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
+ends.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import patch
+    >>> foo = {}
+    >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+    ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+    ...
+    >>> assert foo == {}
+
+    >>> import os
+    >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+    ...     print os.environ['newkey']
+    ...
+    newvalue
+    >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ
+
+Keywords can be used in the `patch.dict` call to set values in the dictionary:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mymodule = MagicMock()
+    >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish'
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule):
+    ...     import mymodule
+    ...     mymodule.function('some', 'args')
+    ...
+    'fish'
+
+`patch.dict` can be used with dictionary like objects that aren't actually
+dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
+deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
+magic methods `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__` and either
+`__iter__` or `__contains__`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Container(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self):
+    ...         self.values = {}
+    ...     def __getitem__(self, name):
+    ...         return self.values[name]
+    ...     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+    ...         self.values[name] = value
+    ...     def __delitem__(self, name):
+    ...         del self.values[name]
+    ...     def __iter__(self):
+    ...         return iter(self.values)
+    ...
+    >>> thing = Container()
+    >>> thing['one'] = 1
+    >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3):
+    ...     assert thing['one'] == 2
+    ...     assert thing['two'] == 3
+    ...
+    >>> assert thing['one'] == 1
+    >>> assert list(thing) == ['one']
+
+
+patch.multiple
+==============
+
+.. function:: patch.multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+    patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+    and keyword arguments for the patches::
+
+        with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
+            ...
+
+    Use :data:`DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create
+    mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+    function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is
+    used as a context manager.
+
+    `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`, `autospec` and
+    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These arguments will
+    be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+If you want `patch.multiple` to create mocks for you, then you can use
+:data:`DEFAULT` as the value. If you use `patch.multiple` as a decorator
+then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> thing = object()
+    >>> other = object()
+
+    >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+    ... def test_function(thing, other):
+    ...     assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock)
+    ...     assert isinstance(other, MagicMock)
+    ...
+    >>> test_function()
+
+`patch.multiple` can be nested with other `patch` decorators, but put arguments
+passed by keyword *after* any of the standard arguments created by `patch`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('sys.exit')
+    ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+    ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing):
+    ...     assert 'other' in repr(other)
+    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(thing)
+    ...     assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit)
+    ...
+    >>> test_function()
+
+If `patch.multiple` is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
+context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values:
+    ...     assert 'other' in repr(values['other'])
+    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing'])
+    ...     assert values['thing'] is thing
+    ...     assert values['other'] is other
+    ...
+
+
+.. _start-and-stop:
+
+patch methods: start and stop
+=============================
+
+All the patchers have `start` and `stop` methods. These make it simpler to do
+patching in `setUp` methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
+nesting decorators or with statements.
+
+To use them call `patch`, `patch.object` or `patch.dict` as normal and keep a
+reference to the returned `patcher` object. You can then call `start` to put
+the patch in place and `stop` to undo it.
+
+If you are using `patch` to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
+the call to `patcher.start`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName')
+    >>> from package import module
+    >>> original = module.ClassName
+    >>> new_mock = patcher.start()
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is not original
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock
+    >>> patcher.stop()
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is original
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock
+
+
+A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the `setUp`
+method of a `TestCase`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1')
+    ...         self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2')
+    ...         self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start()
+    ...         self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def tearDown(self):
+    ...         self.patcher1.stop()
+    ...         self.patcher2.stop()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_something(self):
+    ...         assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1
+    ...         assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+.. caution::
+
+    If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+    calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+    exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2
+    <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this
+    easier.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+        ...     def setUp(self):
+        ...         patcher = patch('package.module.Class')
+        ...         self.MockClass = patcher.start()
+        ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+        ...
+        ...     def test_something(self):
+        ...         assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass
+        ...
+        >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+    As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the `patcher`
+    object.
+
+It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using
+`patch.stopall`.
+
+.. function:: patch.stopall
+
+    Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with `start`.
+
+
+TEST_PREFIX
+===========
+
+All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
+they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
+start with `test` as being test methods. This is the same way that the
+`unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default.
+
+It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
+inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo'
+    >>> value = 3
+    >>>
+    >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three')
+    ... class Thing(object):
+    ...     def foo_one(self):
+    ...         print value
+    ...     def foo_two(self):
+    ...         print value
+    ...
+    >>>
+    >>> Thing().foo_one()
+    not three
+    >>> Thing().foo_two()
+    not three
+    >>> value
+    3
+
+
+Nesting Patch Decorators
+========================
+
+If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
+decorators.
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+    ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+    ... def test(mock1, mock2):
+    ...     assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1
+    ...     assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2
+    ...     SomeClass.static_method('foo')
+    ...     SomeClass.class_method('bar')
+    ...     return mock1, mock2
+    ...
+    >>> mock1, mock2 = test()
+    >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+    >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar')
+
+
+Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
+standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
+passed into your test function matches this order.
+
+Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib's nested
+function; *every* patching will appear in the tuple after "as":
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from contextlib import nested
+    >>> with nested(
+    ...         patch('package.module.ClassName1'),
+    ...         patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+    ...     ) as (MockClass1, MockClass2):
+    ...     assert package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1
+    ...     assert package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2
+    ...
+
+
+.. _where-to-patch:
+
+Where to patch
+==============
+
+`patch` works by (temporarily) changing the object that a *name* points to with
+another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
+for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
+under test.
+
+The basic principle is that you patch where an object is *looked up*, which
+is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
+examples will help to clarify this.
+
+Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure::
+
+    a.py
+        -> Defines SomeClass
+
+    b.py
+        -> from a import SomeClass
+        -> some_function instantiates SomeClass
+
+Now we want to test `some_function` but we want to mock out `SomeClass` using
+`patch`. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
+do then it imports `SomeClass` from module a. If we use `patch` to mock out
+`a.SomeClass` then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
+reference to the *real* `SomeClass` and it looks like our patching had no
+effect.
+
+The key is to patch out `SomeClass` where it is used (or where it is looked up
+). In this case `some_function` will actually look up `SomeClass` in module b,
+where we have imported it. The patching should look like:
+
+    `@patch('b.SomeClass')`
+
+However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of `from a import
+SomeClass` module b does `import a` and `some_function` uses `a.SomeClass`. Both
+of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
+being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch `a.SomeClass` instead:
+
+    `@patch('a.SomeClass')`
+
+
+Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects
+======================================
+
+Since version 0.6.0 both patch_ and patch.object_ have been able to correctly
+patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties.
+You should patch these on the *class* rather than an instance.
+
+Since version 0.7.0 patch_ and patch.object_ work correctly with some objects
+that proxy attribute access, like the `django setttings object
+<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198>`_.
+
+.. note::
+
+    In django `import settings` and `from django.conf import settings`
+    return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you
+    may have to patch both. Grrr...
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/sentinel.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/sentinel.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c5223da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/docs/sentinel.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+==========
+ Sentinel
+==========
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class ProductionClass(object):
+        def something(self):
+            return self.method()
+
+    class Test(unittest2.TestCase):
+        def testSomething(self):
+            pass
+    self = Test('testSomething')
+
+
+.. data:: sentinel
+
+    The ``sentinel`` object provides a convenient way of providing unique
+    objects for your tests.
+
+    Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
+    the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
+    returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.
+
+
+.. data:: DEFAULT
+
+    The `DEFAULT` object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
+    `sentinel.DEFAULT`). It can be used by :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`
+    functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.
+
+
+Sentinel Example
+================
+
+Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
+argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
+sentinel objects to test this. `sentinel` provides a convenient way of
+creating and testing the identity of objects like this.
+
+In this example we monkey patch `method` to return
+`sentinel.some_object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.method = Mock(name="method")
+    >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object
+    >>> result = real.method()
+    >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object
+    >>> sentinel.some_object
+    sentinel.some_object
+
+
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/changelog.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/changelog.doctree
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/compare.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/compare.doctree
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/examples.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/examples.doctree
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/getting-started.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/getting-started.doctree
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba82a8998
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+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/getting-started.doctree
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/index.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/index.doctree
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/magicmock.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/magicmock.doctree
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/mocksignature.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/mocksignature.doctree
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/mocksignature.doctree
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/patch.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/patch.doctree
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/patch.doctree
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/sentinel.doctree b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/.doctrees/sentinel.doctree
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/changelog.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/changelog.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a605be3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/changelog.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+
+CHANGELOG
+=========
+
+2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0
+------------------------
+
+No changes since 1.0.0 beta 1. This version has feature parity with
+`unittest.mock
+<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3.
+
+Full list of changes since 0.8:
+
+* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed
+* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+  `AttributeError`)
+* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open`
+* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without
+  requiring a spec
+* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties
+* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+  methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented`
+* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other
+  libraries
+* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that
+  can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov
+* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of
+  returned
+* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments
+* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start`
+* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks
+* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could
+  raise an exception
+* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and
+  `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error
+* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could
+  result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead
+* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with
+  `spec_set=True` did not work correctly
+* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored
+* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a
+  non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable
+
+
+2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1
+--------------------------------
+
+* Added `patch.stopall` method to stop all active patches created by `start`
+* BUGFIX: calling `MagicMock.reset_mock` wouldn't reset magic method mocks
+* BUGFIX: calling `reset_mock` on a `MagicMock` created with autospec could
+  raise an exception
+
+
+2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2
+--------------------------------
+
+* `PropertyMock` attributes are now standard `MagicMocks`
+* `create_autospec` works with attributes present in results of `dir` that
+  can't be fetched from the object's class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov
+* Any exceptions in an iterable `side_effect` will be raised instead of
+  returned
+* In Python 3, `create_autospec` now supports keyword only arguments
+
+
+2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1
+--------------------------------
+
+The standard library version!
+
+* `mocksignature`, along with the `mocksignature` argument to `patch`, removed
+* Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+  `AttributeError`)
+* Added the `mock_open` helper function for mocking the builtin `open`
+* `__class__` is assignable, so a mock can pass an `isinstance` check without
+  requiring a spec
+* Addition of `PropertyMock`, for mocking properties
+* `MagicMocks` made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+  methods (other than equality and inequality) now return `NotImplemented`
+* Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of `_patch` by other
+  libraries
+* BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (`spec` , `spec_set` and
+  `autospec`) had unpredictable results, now it is an error
+* BUGFIX: using `spec=True` *and* `create=True` as arguments to patchers could
+  result in using `DEFAULT` as the spec. Now it is an error instead
+* BUGFIX: using `spec` or `autospec` arguments to patchers, along with
+  `spec_set=True` did not work correctly
+* BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored
+* BUGFIX: a list as the `spec` argument to a patcher would always result in a
+  non-callable mock. Now if `__call__` is in the spec the mock is callable
+
+
+2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0
+------------------------
+
+The only changes since 0.8rc2 are:
+
+* Improved repr of :data:`sentinel` objects
+* :data:`ANY` can be used for comparisons against :data:`call` objects
+* The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` method can be set to
+  any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator
+
+Full List of changes since 0.7:
+
+mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.
+
+* Addition of :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic
+  methods and chained calls)
+* :func:`patch` and :func:`patch.object` now create a :class:`MagicMock`
+  instead of a :class:`Mock` by default
+* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and
+  `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration
+* New mock method :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` for setting attributes and
+  return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes
+* New mock assert methods :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call` and
+  :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`
+* Implemented :ref:`auto-speccing` (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with
+  mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the `autospec` argument to
+  `patch`
+* Added the :func:`create_autospec` function for manually creating
+  'auto-specced' mocks
+* :func:`patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using
+  keyword arguments
+* Setting :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock
+  to return the next value from the iterable
+* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to
+  pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be
+  called to replace the object being patched
+* Addition of :class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks
+  without a `__call__` method
+* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a
+  spec on an existing mock
+* Protocol methods on :class:`MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created
+  lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is
+  a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` as it was previously
+* Addition of :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method
+* Added :data:`ANY` for ignoring arguments in :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+  calls
+* Addition of :data:`call` helper object
+* Improved repr for mocks
+* Improved repr for :attr:`Mock.call_args` and entries in
+  :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`, :attr:`Mock.method_calls` and
+  :attr:`Mock.mock_calls`
+* Improved repr for :data:`sentinel` objects
+* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time
+* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically
+  created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+  well as all the mock methods and attributes.
+* Module level :data:`FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters
+  private attributes. `True` by default.
+* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+  used to decorate a class
+* Support for using Java exceptions as a :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` on Jython
+* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now
+  custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have
+  a nicer representation if you `str` or `print` them
+* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+  recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is
+  already set on the child)
+* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and
+  `assert_called_once_with`
+* The return value of the :class:`MagicMock` `__iter__` method can be set to
+  any iterable and isn't required to be an iterator
+* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by
+  :func:`mocksignature`
+* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` &
+  `spec_set` arguments
+* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with  a more meaningful error
+  message
+* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse
+* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave
+  patches in place
+* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on
+  mocks in Python 3
+* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with
+  `self` as a keyword argument
+* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+  boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created
+  mock (the "instance")
+* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation
+* Removal of deprecated `patch_object`
+* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent`
+  (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.
+* Added license file to the distribution
+
+
+2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2
+--------------------------------------------
+
+* Removed the `configure` keyword argument to `create_autospec` and allow
+  arbitrary keyword arguments (for the `Mock` constructor) instead
+* Fixed `ANY` equality with some types in `assert_called_with` calls
+* Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with
+  `readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_)
+
+
+2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1
+--------------------------------------------
+
+* `create_autospec` on the return value of a mocked class will use `__call__`
+  for the signature rather than `__init__`
+* Performance improvement instantiating `Mock` and `MagicMock`
+* Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of
+  being hardcoded to `MagicMock`
+
+Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving
+performance in this release.
+
+
+2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4
+-------------------------------
+
+* `patch` lookup is done at use time not at decoration time
+* When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded
+  in mock_calls
+* Addition of `attach_mock` method
+* Renamed the internal classes `Sentinel` and `SentinelObject` to prevent abuse
+* BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock
+  return value to be itself etc)
+
+
+2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3
+-------------------------------
+
+* Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+  recorded in `method_calls` and `mock_calls` of the parent (unless a name is
+  already set on the child)
+* Addition of `mock_add_spec` method for adding (or changing) a spec on an
+  existing mock
+* Improved repr for `Mock.call_args` and entries in `Mock.call_args_list`,
+  `Mock.method_calls` and `Mock.mock_calls`
+* Improved repr for mocks
+* BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way `mock_calls` is worked out,
+  especially for "intermediate" mocks in a call chain
+
+
+2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2
+-------------------------------
+
+* Setting `side_effect` to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return
+  the next value from the iterable
+* Added `assert_any_call` method
+* Moved `assert_has_calls` from call lists onto mocks
+* BUGFIX: `call_args` and all members of `call_args_list` are two tuples of
+  `(args, kwargs)` again instead of three tuples of `(name, args, kwargs)`
+
+
+2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1
+-------------------------------
+
+* `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+  used to decorate a class
+* `Mock` call lists (`call_args_list`, `method_calls` & `mock_calls`) are now
+  custom list objects that allow membership tests for "sub lists" and have
+  an `assert_has_calls` method for unordered call checks
+* `callargs` changed to *always* be a three-tuple of `(name, args, kwargs)`
+* Addition of `mock_calls` list for *all* calls (including magic methods and
+  chained calls)
+* Extension of `call` object to support chained calls and `callargs` for better
+  comparisons with or without names. `call` object has a `call_list` method for
+  chained calls
+* Added the public `instance` argument to `create_autospec`
+* Support for using Java exceptions as a `side_effect` on Jython
+* Improved failure messages for `assert_called_with` and
+  `assert_called_once_with`
+* Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for `spec` &
+  `spec_set` arguments
+* BUGFIX: Fixed bug in `patch.multiple` for argument passing when creating
+  mocks
+* Added license file to the distribution
+
+
+2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2
+--------------------------------
+
+* `patch.multiple` for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword
+  arguments
+* New `new_callable` argument to `patch` and `patch.object` allowing you to
+  pass in a class or callable object (instead of `MagicMock`) that will be
+  called to replace the object being patched
+* Addition of `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`, mocks without a
+  `__call__` method
+* Mocks created by `patch` have a `MagicMock` as the `return_value` where a
+  class is being patched
+* `create_autospec` can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects.
+  `return_value` mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has
+  a `__call__` method
+* `autospec` creates a `MagicMock` without a spec for properties and slot
+  descriptors, because we don't know the type of object they return
+* Removed the "inherit" argument from `create_autospec`
+* Calling `stop` on an unstarted patcher fails with  a more meaningful error
+  message
+* BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won't leave
+  patches in place
+* BUGFIX: `__truediv__` and `__rtruediv__` not available as magic methods on
+  mocks in Python 3
+* BUGFIX: `assert_called_with` / `assert_called_once_with` can be used with
+  `self` as a keyword argument
+* BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that
+  isn't the first argument no longer broken
+* BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+  boolean) it applies "spec inheritance" to the return value of the created
+  mock (the "instance")
+* BUGFIX: remove the `__unittest` marker causing traceback truncation
+
+
+2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1
+--------------------------------
+
+mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.
+
+* The patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`), plus `Mock` and
+  `MagicMock`, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration
+* New mock method `configure_mock` for setting attributes and return values /
+  side effects on the mock and its attributes
+* In Python 2.6 or more recent, `dir` on a mock will report all the dynamically
+  created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+  well as all the mock methods and attributes.
+* Module level `FILTER_DIR` added to control whether `dir(mock)` filters
+  private attributes. `True` by default. Note that `vars(Mock())` can still be
+  used to get all instance attributes and `dir(type(Mock())` will still return
+  all the other attributes (irrespective of `FILTER_DIR`)
+* `patch` and `patch.object` now create a `MagicMock` instead of a `Mock` by
+  default
+* Added `ANY` for ignoring arguments in `assert_called_with` calls
+* Addition of `call` helper object
+* Protocol methods on `MagicMock` are magic mocks, and are created lazily on
+  first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a
+  MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously
+* Added the Mock API (`assert_called_with` etc) to functions created by
+  `mocksignature`
+* Private attributes `_name`, `_methods`, '_children', `_wraps` and `_parent`
+  (etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.
+* Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked
+  signatures for functions/methods)
+
+  Limitations:
+
+  - Doesn't mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the
+    magic methods are *there*, they just don't have the signature mocked nor
+    are attributes followed)
+  - Doesn't mock function / method attributes
+  - Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so
+    properties etc may be triggered
+  - The return value of mocked classes (the 'instance') has the same call
+    signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec)
+
+  You create auto-specced mocks by passing `autospec=True` to `patch`.
+
+  Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a
+  spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is
+  typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other
+  type, and as we don't know what type that may be we allow all access.
+
+  Note that the `autospec` option to `patch` obsoletes the `mocksignature`
+  option.
+
+* Added the `create_autospec` function for manually creating 'auto-specced'
+  mocks
+* Removal of deprecated `patch_object`
+
+
+2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2
+------------------------
+
+* BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs
+* BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the
+  default equality / inequality. This is done through a `side_effect` on
+  the mocks used for `__eq__` / `__ne__`
+
+
+2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1
+------------------------
+
+Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes.
+
+* Include template in package
+* Use isolated binaries for the tox tests
+* Unset executable bit on docs
+* Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt
+
+
+2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0
+------------------------
+
+No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish
+new `Sphinx theme <https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/>`_.
+
+The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are:
+
+* Python 3 compatibility
+* Ability to mock magic methods with `Mock` and addition of `MagicMock`
+  with pre-created magic methods
+* Addition of `mocksignature` and `mocksignature` argument to `patch` and
+  `patch.object`
+* Addition of `patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test
+* Ability to use `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` as class decorators
+* Renamed ``patch_object`` to `patch.object` (``patch_object`` is
+  deprecated)
+* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls`
+  now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+  or kwargs are skipped
+* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop
+  methods
+* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method
+* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used
+  in the repr
+* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec
+* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO`
+* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used,
+  attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+  `AttributeError`
+* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__`
+  returns the type of the spec)
+* Added docstrings to all objects
+* Improved failure message for `Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock
+  has not been called at all
+* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__`
+  preserved on Python 2.4.
+* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+  proxy attribute access, like the django settings object
+* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes
+* BUGFIX: ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__``
+  as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like
+  ``KeyboardInterrupt``
+* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+  return value
+* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly
+* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4
+* Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run
+* Tested with `tox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox>`_ on Python 2.4 - 3.2,
+  jython and pypy (excluding 3.0)
+* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+  Thanks to Florian Bauer
+* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control
+* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer
+
+
+2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1
+-----------------------------
+
+Changes since beta 4:
+
+* Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1
+* Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and `__module__`
+  preserved on Python 2.4
+* BUGFIX: `mock.patch` now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+  proxy attribute access, like the django settings object
+* BUGFIX: `reset_mock` caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+  return value
+
+
+2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4
+-------------------------------
+
+* patchers (`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict`) have start and stop
+  methods
+* Addition of `assert_called_once_with` method
+* repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec
+* `assert_called_with` works with `python -OO`
+* New `spec_set` keyword argument to `Mock` and `patch`. If used,
+  attempting to *set* an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+  `AttributeError`
+* Attributes and return value of a `MagicMock` are `MagicMock` objects
+* Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an `AttributeError`
+* `patch.dict` works as a class decorator
+* Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control
+* BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* BUGFIX: `spec=True` works with old style classes
+* BUGFIX: `mocksignature=True` can now patch instance methods via
+  `patch.object`
+
+
+2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3
+-------------------------------
+
+* Using spec with :class:`MagicMock` only pre-creates magic methods in the spec
+* Setting a magic method on a mock with a ``spec`` can only be done if the
+  spec has that method
+* Mocks can now be named (`name` argument to constructor) and the name is used
+  in the repr
+* `mocksignature` can now be used with classes (signature based on `__init__`)
+  and callable objects (signature based on `__call__`)
+* Mocks created with a spec can now pass `isinstance` tests (`__class__`
+  returns the type of the spec)
+* Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the
+  MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False)
+* Improved failure message for :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` when the mock
+  has not been called at all
+* Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods:
+
+  - ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+  - pickle methods
+  - ``__trunc__``, ``__ceil__`` and ``__floor__``
+  - ``__sizeof__``
+
+* Added 'build_sphinx' command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+  Thanks to Florian Bauer
+* with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4
+* Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7
+* Improved several docstrings and documentation
+
+
+2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2
+-------------------------------
+
+* :func:`patch.dict` works as a context manager as well as a decorator
+* ``patch.dict`` takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary
+  object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported
+* BUGFIX: ``patch.dict`` restores dictionary even when an exception is raised
+
+
+2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1
+-------------------------------
+
+* Addition of :func:`mocksignature`
+* Ability to mock magic methods
+* Ability to use ``patch`` and ``patch.object`` as class decorators
+* Renamed ``patch_object`` to :func:`patch.object` (``patch_object`` is
+  deprecated)
+* Addition of :class:`MagicMock` class with all magic methods pre-created for you
+* Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 & 3.1 as
+  well)
+* Addition of :func:`patch.dict` for changing dictionaries during a test
+* Addition of ``mocksignature`` argument to ``patch`` and ``patch.object``
+* ``help(mock)`` works now (on the module). Can no longer use ``__bases__``
+  as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+  diagnosing this)
+* Addition of soft comparisons: `call_args`, `call_args_list` and `method_calls`
+  now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+  or kwargs are skipped
+* Added docstrings.
+* BUGFIX: ``side_effect`` now works with ``BaseException`` exceptions like
+  ``KeyboardInterrupt``
+* BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly
+* The tests now require `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_
+  to run
+* `Konrad Delong <http://konryd.blogspot.com/>`_ added as co-maintainer
+
+
+2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0
+------------------------
+
+* New test layout compatible with test discovery
+* Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and
+  restored correctly
+* Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting ``side_effect`` to an
+  exception class or instance
+* Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if
+  an explicit return_value is set
+
+
+2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0
+------------------------
+
+* Made DEFAULT part of the public api.
+* Documentation built with Sphinx.
+* ``side_effect`` is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and
+  if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the ``mock.return_value``.
+* ``wraps`` keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object).
+* ``Mock.reset`` renamed to ``Mock.reset_mock``, as reset is a common API name.
+* ``patch`` / ``patch_object`` are now context managers and can be used with ``with``.
+* A new 'create' keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch
+  (and unpatch) attributes that don't exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow
+  you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn't exist - use at
+  your own risk!)
+* The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec
+  argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from.
+* Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed
+  in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix.
+* patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is
+  passed in as 'True' then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing
+  as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return
+  value for the mock will also use the class as a spec.
+* A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes
+  (they will raise an ``AttributeError`` instead).
+
+
+2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0
+------------------------
+
+* Default return value is now a new mock rather than None
+* return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor
+* New method 'assert_called_with'
+* Added 'side_effect' attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called
+* patch decorator split into two decorators:
+
+    - ``patch_object`` which takes an object and an attribute name to patch
+      (plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object)
+    - ``patch`` which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form
+      'package.module.Class.attribute'. (plus optionally a value to
+      patch with which defaults to a mock object)
+
+* Can now patch objects with ``None``
+* Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions
+* Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets
+  call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and
+  the return value if it is a mock).
+
+Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions.
+
+
+2007/12/03  Version 0.3.1
+-------------------------
+
+``patch`` maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose
+test autodiscovery.
+
+Tests decorated with ``patch`` that use the two argument form (implicit mock
+creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments.
+
+Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes.
+
+
+2007/11/30  Version 0.3.0
+-------------------------
+
+Removed ``patch_module``. ``patch`` can now take a string as the first
+argument for patching modules.
+
+The third argument to ``patch`` is optional - a mock will be created by
+default if it is not passed in.
+
+
+2007/11/21  Version 0.2.1
+-------------------------
+
+Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with ``patch`` and ``patch_module``.
+
+
+2007/11/20  Version 0.2.0
+-------------------------
+
+Added ``spec`` keyword argument for creating ``Mock`` objects from a
+specification object.
+
+Added ``patch`` and ``patch_module`` monkey patching decorators.
+
+Added ``sentinel`` for convenient access to unique objects.
+
+Distribution includes unit tests.
+
+
+2007/11/19  Version 0.1.0
+-------------------------
+
+Initial release.
+
+
+TODO and Limitations
+====================
+
+Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed!
+
+Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker:
+
+ * `mock issue tracker <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_
+
+`wraps` is not integrated with magic methods.
+
+`patch` could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the
+destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be
+unsafe for IronPython & PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors).
+Destructors aren't called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak
+reference with a callback can be used to get round this.
+
+`Mock` has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects
+that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods
+that *hide* these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these
+attributes are renamed to gain a `_mock` prefix, making it less likely that
+they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven't been modified with
+the prefix should be changed.
+
+If a patch is started using `patch.start` and then not stopped correctly then
+the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to
+detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This
+would be tricky to get right though.
+
+When a `Mock` is created by `patch`, arbitrary keywords can be used to set
+attributes. If `patch` is created with a `spec`, and is replacing a class, then
+a `return_value` mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the
+child mock, but could be.
+
+When mocking a class with `patch`, passing in `spec=True` or `autospec=True`,
+the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the
+default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec
+from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword
+argument (`inherit`) to the Mock constructor? `create_autospec` does this, so
+an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary.
+
+The `mocksignature` argument to `patch` with a non `Mock` passed into
+`new_callable` will *probably* cause an error. Should it just be invalid?
+
+Note that `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock` still have the unused
+(and unusable) attributes: `return_value`, `side_effect`, `call_count`,
+`call_args` and `call_args_list`. These could be removed or raise errors on
+getting / setting. They also have the `assert_called_with` and
+`assert_called_once_with` methods. Removing these would be pointless as
+fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without
+error.
+
+Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function
+signatures was copied and modified from `mocksignature`. This could all be
+refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if
+patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a `patch.multiple`
+call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should
+be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a
+module.)
+
+Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to `create_autospec`, or `patch` with
+`autospec`, when mocking a *function* works fine. However, the arbitrary
+attributes are set on the created mock - but `create_autospec` returns a
+real function (which doesn't have those attributes). However, what is the use
+case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don't exist
+on the original?
+
+`mocksignature`, plus the `call_args_list` and `method_calls` attributes of
+`Mock` could all be deprecated.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41555308e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/compare.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+=========================
+ Mock Library Comparison
+=========================
+
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    def assertEqual(a, b):
+        assert a == b, ("%r != %r" % (a, b))
+
+    def assertRaises(Exc, func):
+        try:
+            func()
+        except Exc:
+            return
+        assert False, ("%s not raised" % Exc)
+
+    sys.modules['somemodule'] = somemodule = mock.Mock(name='somemodule')
+    class SomeException(Exception):
+        some_method = method1 = method2 = None
+    some_other_object = SomeObject = SomeException
+
+
+A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and
+some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.
+
+These are:
+
+* `flexmock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock>`_
+* `mox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox>`_
+* `Mocker <http://niemeyer.net/mocker>`_
+* `dingus <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus>`_
+* `fudge <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge>`_
+
+Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include
+`MiniMock <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock>`_.
+
+`pMock <http://pmock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2004 and doesn't import
+in recent versions of Python) and
+`python-mock <http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/>`_ (last release 2005) are
+intentionally omitted.
+
+.. note::
+
+    A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock
+    examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this
+    comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:
+
+    * `Python Mock Library Comparison
+      <http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_
+
+This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic
+for all the libraries represented. *Please* contribute corrections, missing
+comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the `mock issue
+tracker <https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_.
+
+This comparison page was originally created by the `Mox project
+<https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison>`_ and then extended for
+`flexmock and mock <http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html>`_ by
+Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by `Gary Bernhadt
+<http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/>`_. fudge examples
+provided by `Kumar McMillan <http://farmdev.com/>`_.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking
+    *framework* rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally
+    exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make
+    harder. In particular you can take a `Mock` or `MagicMock` object and use
+    it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also
+    true for Dingus.
+
+    The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.
+
+
+Simple fake object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "calculated value"
+    >>> my_mock.some_attribute = "value"
+    >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_mock.some_method())
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock(some_method=lambda: "calculated value", some_attribute="value")
+    assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.some_method().AndReturn("calculated value")
+    mock.some_attribute = "value"
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    mock.some_method()
+    mocker.result("calculated value")
+    mocker.replay()
+    mock.some_attribute = "value"
+    assertEqual("calculated value", mock.some_method())
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_attribute="value",
+    ...                           some_method__returns="calculated value")
+    >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_dingus.some_method())
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_attribute)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...            .provides('some_method')
+    ...            .returns("calculated value")
+    ...            .has_attr(some_attribute="value"))
+    ...
+    >>> assertEqual("calculated value", my_fake.some_method())
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_fake.some_attribute)
+
+
+Simple mock
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.return_value = "value"
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_mock.some_method())
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.assert_called_once_with()
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock()
+    mock.should_receive("some_method").and_return("value").once
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.some_method().AndReturn("value")
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    mock.some_method()
+    mocker.result("value")
+    mocker.replay()
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus(some_method__returns="value")
+    >>> assertEqual("value", my_dingus.some_method())
+    >>> assert my_dingus.some_method.calls().once()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...                .expects('some_method')
+    ...                .returns("value")
+    ...                .times_called(1))
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called
+
+
+Creating partial mocks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> SomeObject.some_method = mock.Mock(return_value='value')
+    >>> assertEqual("value", SomeObject.some_method())
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    flexmock(SomeObject).should_receive("some_method").and_return('value')
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject)
+    mock.some_method().AndReturn("value")
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock(SomeObject)
+    mock.Get()
+    mocker.result("value")
+    mocker.replay()
+    assertEqual("value", mock.some_method())
+    mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> object = SomeObject
+    >>> object.some_method = dingus.Dingus(return_value="value")
+    >>> assertEqual("value", object.some_method())
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> fake = fudge.Fake().is_callable().returns("<fudge-value>")
+    >>> with fudge.patched_context(SomeObject, 'some_method', fake):
+    ...     s = SomeObject()
+    ...     assertEqual("<fudge-value>", s.some_method())
+    ...
+
+
+Ensure calls are made in specific order
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock(spec=SomeObject)
+    >>> my_mock.method1()
+    <Mock name='mock.method1()' id='...'>
+    >>> my_mock.method2()
+    <Mock name='mock.method2()' id='...'>
+    >>> assertEqual(my_mock.mock_calls, [call.method1(), call.method2()])
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock(SomeObject)
+    mock.should_receive('method1').once.ordered.and_return('first thing')
+    mock.should_receive('method2').once.ordered.and_return('second thing')
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockObject(SomeObject)
+    mock.method1().AndReturn('first thing')
+    mock.method2().AndReturn('second thing')
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    with mocker.order():
+        mock.method1()
+        mocker.result('first thing')
+        mock.method2()
+        mocker.result('second thing')
+        mocker.replay()
+        mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> my_dingus.method1()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> my_dingus.method2()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> assertEqual(['method1', 'method2'], [call.name for call in my_dingus.calls])
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...                .remember_order()
+    ...                .expects('method1')
+    ...                .expects('method2'))
+    ...     my_fake.method2()
+    ...     my_fake.method1()
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected: #1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end
+
+
+Raising exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method.side_effect = SomeException("message")
+    >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_mock.some_method)
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    mock = flexmock()
+    mock.should_receive("some_method").and_raise(SomeException("message"))
+    assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.some_method().AndRaise(SomeException("message"))
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    mock = mocker.mock()
+    mock.some_method()
+    mocker.throw(SomeException("message"))
+    mocker.replay()
+    assertRaises(SomeException, mock.some_method)
+    mocker.verify()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> my_dingus.some_method = dingus.exception_raiser(SomeException)
+    >>> assertRaises(SomeException, my_dingus.some_method)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> my_fake = (fudge.Fake()
+    ...            .is_callable()
+    ...            .raises(SomeException("message")))
+    ...
+    >>> my_fake()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    SomeException: message
+
+
+Override new instances of a class
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> with mock.patch('somemodule.Someclass') as MockClass:
+    ...     MockClass.return_value = some_other_object
+    ...     assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.Someclass())
+    ...
+
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    flexmock(some_module.SomeClass, new_instances=some_other_object)
+    assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass())
+
+    # Mox
+    # (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)
+    mox.Mox().StubOutWithMock(some_module, 'SomeClass', use_mock_anything=True)
+    some_module.SomeClass().AndReturn(some_other_object)
+    mox.ReplayAll()
+    assertEqual(some_other_object, some_module.SomeClass())
+
+    # Mocker
+    instance = mocker.mock()
+    klass = mocker.replace(SomeClass, spec=None)
+    klass('expected', 'args')
+    mocker.result(instance)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> MockClass = dingus.Dingus(return_value=some_other_object)
+    >>> with dingus.patch('somemodule.SomeClass', MockClass):
+    ...     assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass())
+    ...
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.patch('somemodule.SomeClass')
+    ... def test(FakeClass):
+    ...     FakeClass.is_callable().returns(some_other_object)
+    ...     assertEqual(some_other_object, somemodule.SomeClass())
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+
+Call the same method multiple times
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. note::
+
+    You don't need to do *any* configuration to call `mock.Mock()` methods
+    multiple times. Attributes like `call_count`, `call_args_list` and
+    `method_calls` provide various different ways of making assertions about
+    how the mock was used.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> my_mock.some_method()
+    <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'>
+    >>> my_mock.some_method()
+    <Mock name='mock.some_method()' id='...'>
+    >>> assert my_mock.some_method.call_count >= 2
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)
+    flexmock(some_object).should_receive('some_method').at_least.twice
+
+    # Mox
+    # (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)
+    mock = mox.MockObject(some_object)
+    mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg())
+    mock.some_method(mox.IgnoreArg(), mox.IgnoreArg())
+    mox.Replay(mock)
+    mox.Verify(mock)
+
+    # Mocker
+    # (TODO)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> my_dingus.some_method()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> my_dingus.some_method()
+    <Dingus ...>
+    >>> assert len(my_dingus.calls('some_method')) == 2
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = fudge.Fake().expects('some_method').times_called(2)
+    ...     my_fake.some_method()
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    AssertionError: fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.
+
+
+Mock chained methods
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.Mock()
+    >>> method3 = my_mock.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3
+    >>> method3.return_value = 'some value'
+    >>> assertEqual('some value', my_mock.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+    >>> method3.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
+
+::
+
+    # Flexmock
+    # (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects
+    # and can be called with any arguments)
+    flexmock(some_object).should_receive(
+        'method1.method2.method3'
+    ).with_args(arg1, arg2).and_return('some value')
+    assertEqual('some_value', some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2))
+
+::
+
+    # Mox
+    mock = mox.MockObject(some_object)
+    mock2 = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock3 = mox.MockAnything()
+    mock.method1().AndReturn(mock1)
+    mock2.method2().AndReturn(mock2)
+    mock3.method3(arg1, arg2).AndReturn('some_value')
+    self.mox.ReplayAll()
+    assertEqual("some_value", some_object.method1().method2().method3(arg1, arg2))
+    self.mox.VerifyAll()
+
+    # Mocker
+    # (TODO)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> method3 = my_dingus.method1.return_value.method2.return_value.method3
+    >>> method3.return_value = 'some value'
+    >>> assertEqual('some value', my_dingus.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+    >>> assert method3.calls('()', 1, 2).once()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> @fudge.test
+    ... def test():
+    ...     my_fake = fudge.Fake()
+    ...     (my_fake
+    ...      .expects('method1')
+    ...      .returns_fake()
+    ...      .expects('method2')
+    ...      .returns_fake()
+    ...      .expects('method3')
+    ...      .with_args(1, 2)
+    ...      .returns('some value'))
+    ...     assertEqual('some value', my_fake.method1().method2().method3(1, 2))
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+
+Mocking a context manager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock()
+    >>> with my_mock:
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> my_mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+    >>> my_mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+::
+
+
+    >>> # Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are "magic mocks")
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> with my_dingus:
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> assert my_dingus.__enter__.calls()
+    >>> assert my_dingus.__exit__.calls('()', None, None, None)
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> my_fake = fudge.Fake().provides('__enter__').provides('__exit__')
+    >>> with my_fake:
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+
+
+Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Example for mock only (so far):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> my_mock = mock.MagicMock()
+    >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open', my_mock):
+    ...     manager = my_mock.return_value.__enter__.return_value
+    ...     manager.read.return_value = 'some data'
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         data = h.read()
+    ...
+    >>> data
+    'some data'
+    >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+*or*:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> # mock
+    >>> with mock.patch('__builtin__.open') as my_mock:
+    ...     my_mock.return_value.__enter__ = lambda s: s
+    ...     my_mock.return_value.__exit__ = mock.Mock()
+    ...     my_mock.return_value.read.return_value = 'some data'
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         data = h.read()
+    ...
+    >>> data
+    'some data'
+    >>> my_mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+::
+
+    >>> # Dingus
+    >>> my_dingus = dingus.Dingus()
+    >>> with dingus.patch('__builtin__.open', my_dingus):
+    ...     file_ = open.return_value.__enter__.return_value
+    ...     file_.read.return_value = 'some data'
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         data = f.read()
+    ...
+    >>> data
+    'some data'
+    >>> assert my_dingus.calls('()', 'foo').once()
+
+::
+
+    >>> # fudge
+    >>> from contextlib import contextmanager
+    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+    >>> @contextmanager
+    ... def fake_file(filename):
+    ...     yield StringIO('sekrets')
+    ...
+    >>> with fudge.patch('__builtin__.open') as fake_open:
+    ...     fake_open.is_callable().calls(fake_file)
+    ...     with open('/etc/password') as f:
+    ...         data = f.read()
+    ...
+    fake:__builtin__.open
+    >>> data
+    'sekrets'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecb994b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/examples.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@
+.. _further-examples:
+
+==================
+ Further Examples
+==================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from datetime import date
+
+    BackendProvider = Mock()
+    sys.modules['mymodule'] = mymodule = Mock(name='mymodule')
+
+    def grob(val):
+        "First frob and then clear val"
+        mymodule.frob(val)
+        val.clear()
+
+    mymodule.frob = lambda val: val
+    mymodule.grob = grob
+    mymodule.date = date
+
+    class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+        def run(self):
+            result = unittest2.TestResult()
+            out = unittest2.TestCase.run(self, result)
+            assert result.wasSuccessful()
+
+    from mock import inPy3k
+
+
+
+For comprehensive examples, see the unit tests included in the full source
+distribution.
+
+Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in
+the :ref:`getting started <getting-started>` guide.
+
+
+Mocking chained calls
+=====================
+
+Mocking chained calls is actually straightforward with mock once you
+understand the :attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. When a mock is called for
+the first time, or you fetch its `return_value` before it has been called, a
+new `Mock` is created.
+
+This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked
+object has been used by interrogating the `return_value` mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock().foo(a=2, b=3)
+    <Mock name='mock().foo()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.return_value.foo.assert_called_with(a=2, b=3)
+
+From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about
+chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more
+testable way in the first place...
+
+So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self):
+    ...         self.backend = BackendProvider()
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         response = self.backend.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call()
+    ...         # more code
+
+Assuming that `BackendProvider` is already well tested, how do we test
+`method()`? Specifically, we want to test that the code section `# more
+code` uses the response object in the correct way.
+
+As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch
+the `backend` attribute on a `Something` instance. In this particular case
+we are only interested in the return value from the final call to
+`start_call` so we don't have much configuration to do. Let's assume the
+object it returns is 'file-like', so we'll ensure that our response object
+uses the builtin `file` as its `spec`.
+
+To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock
+response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final
+`start_call` we could do this:
+
+    `mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response`.
+
+We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock`
+method to directly set the return value for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> something = Something()
+    >>> mock_response = Mock(spec=file)
+    >>> mock_backend = Mock()
+    >>> config = {'get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value': mock_response}
+    >>> mock_backend.configure_mock(**config)
+
+With these we monkey patch the "mock backend" in place and can make the real
+call:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> something.backend = mock_backend
+    >>> something.method()
+
+Using :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` we can check the chained call with a single
+assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be
+several entries in `mock_calls`. We can use :meth:`call.call_list` to create
+this list of calls for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> chained = call.get_endpoint('foobar').create_call('spam', 'eggs').start_call()
+    >>> call_list = chained.call_list()
+    >>> assert mock_backend.mock_calls == call_list
+
+
+Partial mocking
+===============
+
+In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to `datetime.date.today()
+<http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today>`_ to return
+a known date, but I didn't want to prevent the code under test from
+creating new date objects. Unfortunately `datetime.date` is written in C, and
+so I couldn't just monkey-patch out the static `date.today` method.
+
+I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date
+class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real
+class (and returning real instances).
+
+The :func:`patch decorator <patch>` is used here to
+mock out the `date` class in the module under test. The :attr:`side_effect`
+attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns
+a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be
+constructed and returned by `side_effect`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from datetime import date
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.date') as mock_date:
+    ...     mock_date.today.return_value = date(2010, 10, 8)
+    ...     mock_date.side_effect = lambda *args, **kw: date(*args, **kw)
+    ...
+    ...     assert mymodule.date.today() == date(2010, 10, 8)
+    ...     assert mymodule.date(2009, 6, 8) == date(2009, 6, 8)
+    ...
+
+Note that we don't patch `datetime.date` globally, we patch `date` in the
+module that *uses* it. See :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+When `date.today()` is called a known date is returned, but calls to the
+`date(...)` constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find
+yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same
+algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern.
+
+Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the `mock_date` attributes
+(`call_count` and friends) which may also be useful for your tests.
+
+An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes,
+is discussed in `this blog entry
+<http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_.
+
+
+Mocking a Generator Method
+==========================
+
+A Python generator is a function or method that uses the `yield statement
+<http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement>`_ to
+return a series of values when iterated over [#]_.
+
+A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is
+the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for
+iteration is `__iter__
+<http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__>`_, so we can
+mock this using a `MagicMock`.
+
+Here's an example class with an "iter" method implemented as a generator:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...     def iter(self):
+    ...         for i in [1, 2, 3]:
+    ...             yield i
+    ...
+    >>> foo = Foo()
+    >>> list(foo.iter())
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+How would we mock this class, and in particular its "iter" method?
+
+To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to
+`list`), we need to configure the object returned by the call to `foo.iter()`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock_foo = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock_foo.iter.return_value = iter([1, 2, 3])
+    >>> list(mock_foo.iter())
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+.. [#] There are also generator expressions and more `advanced uses
+    <http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html>`_ of generators, but we aren't
+    concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how
+    powerful they are is: `Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers
+    <http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/>`_.
+
+
+Applying the same patch to every test method
+============================================
+
+If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way
+is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary
+repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use `patch` (in all its
+various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test
+methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start
+with `test`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('mymodule.SomeClass')
+    ... class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...
+    ...     def test_one(self, MockSomeClass):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass)
+    ...
+    ...     def test_two(self, MockSomeClass):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.SomeClass is MockSomeClass)
+    ...
+    ...     def not_a_test(self):
+    ...         return 'something'
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_one').test_one()
+    >>> MyTest('test_two').test_two()
+    >>> MyTest('test_two').not_a_test()
+    'something'
+
+An alternative way of managing patches is to use the :ref:`start-and-stop`.
+These allow you to move the patching into your `setUp` and `tearDown` methods.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         self.patcher = patch('mymodule.foo')
+    ...         self.mock_foo = self.patcher.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo)
+    ...
+    ...     def tearDown(self):
+    ...         self.patcher.stop()
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+
+If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2
+<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this simpler:
+
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         patcher = patch('mymodule.foo')
+    ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+    ...         self.mock_foo = patcher.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(mymodule.foo is self.mock_foo)
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+
+
+Mocking Unbound Methods
+=======================
+
+Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an *unbound method* (patching the
+method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed
+in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects
+were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can't patch with a
+mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn't
+become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn't get
+self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real
+function instead. The :func:`patch` decorator makes it so simple to
+patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a
+nuisance.
+
+If you pass `autospec=True` to patch then it does the patching with a
+*real* function object. This function object has the same signature as the one
+it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your
+mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is
+that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked
+function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance.
+It will have `self` passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I
+wanted:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...   def foo(self):
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch.object(Foo, 'foo', autospec=True) as mock_foo:
+    ...   mock_foo.return_value = 'foo'
+    ...   foo = Foo()
+    ...   foo.foo()
+    ...
+    'foo'
+    >>> mock_foo.assert_called_once_with(foo)
+
+If we don't use `autospec=True` then the unbound method is patched out
+with a Mock instance instead, and isn't called with `self`.
+
+
+Checking multiple calls with mock
+=================================
+
+mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.return_value = None
+    >>> mock.foo_bar('baz', spam='eggs')
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+
+If your mock is only being called once you can use the
+:meth:`assert_called_once_with` method that also asserts that the
+:attr:`call_count` is one.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+    >>> mock.foo_bar()
+    >>> mock.foo_bar.assert_called_once_with('baz', spam='eggs')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+Both `assert_called_with` and `assert_called_once_with` make assertions about
+the *most recent* call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and
+you want to make assertions about *all* those calls you can use
+:attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock(4, 5, 6)
+    >>> mock()
+    >>> mock.call_args_list
+    [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]
+
+The :data:`call` helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You
+can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to `call_args_list`. This
+looks remarkably similar to the repr of the `call_args_list`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]
+    >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
+    True
+
+
+Coping with mutable arguments
+=============================
+
+Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with
+mutable arguments. `call_args` and `call_args_list` store *references* to the
+arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no
+longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called.
+
+Here's some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions
+defined in 'mymodule'::
+
+    def frob(val):
+        pass
+
+    def grob(val):
+        "First frob and then clear val"
+        frob(val)
+        val.clear()
+
+When we try to test that `grob` calls `frob` with the correct argument look
+what happens:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob:
+    ...     val = set([6])
+    ...     mymodule.grob(val)
+    ...
+    >>> val
+    set([])
+    >>> mock_frob.assert_called_with(set([6]))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected: ((set([6]),), {})
+    Called with: ((set([]),), {})
+
+One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This
+could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity
+for equality.
+
+Here's one solution that uses the :attr:`side_effect`
+functionality. If you provide a `side_effect` function for a mock then
+`side_effect` will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an
+opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this
+example I'm using *another* mock to store the arguments so that I can use the
+mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for
+me.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from copy import deepcopy
+    >>> from mock import Mock, patch, DEFAULT
+    >>> def copy_call_args(mock):
+    ...     new_mock = Mock()
+    ...     def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+    ...         args = deepcopy(args)
+    ...         kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs)
+    ...         new_mock(*args, **kwargs)
+    ...         return DEFAULT
+    ...     mock.side_effect = side_effect
+    ...     return new_mock
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.frob') as mock_frob:
+    ...     new_mock = copy_call_args(mock_frob)
+    ...     val = set([6])
+    ...     mymodule.grob(val)
+    ...
+    >>> new_mock.assert_called_with(set([6]))
+    >>> new_mock.call_args
+    call(set([6]))
+
+`copy_call_args` is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new
+mock that we do the assertion on. The `side_effect` function makes a copy of
+the args and calls our `new_mock` with the copy.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of
+    checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the
+    checking inside a `side_effect` function.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> def side_effect(arg):
+        ...     assert arg == set([6])
+        ...
+        >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+        >>> mock(set([6]))
+        >>> mock(set())
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+        AssertionError
+
+An alternative approach is to create a subclass of `Mock` or `MagicMock` that
+copies (using `copy.deepcopy
+<http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy>`_) the arguments.
+Here's an example implementation:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from copy import deepcopy
+    >>> class CopyingMock(MagicMock):
+    ...     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    ...         args = deepcopy(args)
+    ...         kwargs = deepcopy(kwargs)
+    ...         return super(CopyingMock, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
+    ...
+    >>> c = CopyingMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> arg = set()
+    >>> c(arg)
+    >>> arg.add(1)
+    >>> c.assert_called_with(set())
+    >>> c.assert_called_with(arg)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected call: mock(set([1]))
+    Actual call: mock(set([]))
+    >>> c.foo
+    <CopyingMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+
+When you subclass `Mock` or `MagicMock` all dynamically created attributes,
+and the `return_value` will use your subclass automatically. That means all
+children of a `CopyingMock` will also have the type `CopyingMock`.
+
+
+Raising exceptions on attribute access
+======================================
+
+You can use :class:`PropertyMock` to mimic the behaviour of properties. This
+includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed.
+
+Here's an example raising a `ValueError` when the 'foo' attribute is accessed:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError)
+    >>> type(m).foo = p
+    >>> m.foo
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ....
+    ValueError
+
+Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock
+class you're using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can
+safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact)
+to `type(mock)` without affecting other mock objects.
+
+
+Multiple calls with different effects
+=====================================
+
+.. note::
+
+    In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable `side_effect` was changed. Any
+    exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned.
+
+Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the
+test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise
+an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second
+call (testing retry behaviour).
+
+One approach is to use a :attr:`side_effect` function that replaces itself. The
+first time it is called the `side_effect` sets a new `side_effect` that will
+be used for the second call. It then raises an exception:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...   def second_call(*args):
+    ...     return 'response'
+    ...   mock.side_effect = second_call
+    ...   raise Exception('boom')
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock('first')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: boom
+    >>> mock('second')
+    'response'
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('second')
+
+Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the
+return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> returns = [Exception('boom'), 'response']
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...   result = returns.pop(0)
+    ...   if isinstance(result, Exception):
+    ...     raise result
+    ...   return result
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock('first')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: boom
+    >>> mock('second')
+    'response'
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('second')
+
+Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually
+a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable.
+
+
+Nesting Patches
+===============
+
+Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you
+can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the
+right:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         with patch('mymodule.Foo') as mock_foo:
+    ...             with patch('mymodule.Bar') as mock_bar:
+    ...                 with patch('mymodule.Spam') as mock_spam:
+    ...                     assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo
+    ...                     assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar
+    ...                     assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam
+    ...
+    >>> original = mymodule.Foo
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').test_foo()
+    >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original
+
+With unittest2_ `cleanup` functions and the :ref:`start-and-stop` we can
+achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper
+method, `create_patch`, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock
+for us:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...
+    ...     def create_patch(self, name):
+    ...         patcher = patch(name)
+    ...         thing = patcher.start()
+    ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+    ...         return thing
+    ...
+    ...     def test_foo(self):
+    ...         mock_foo = self.create_patch('mymodule.Foo')
+    ...         mock_bar = self.create_patch('mymodule.Bar')
+    ...         mock_spam = self.create_patch('mymodule.Spam')
+    ...
+    ...         assert mymodule.Foo is mock_foo
+    ...         assert mymodule.Bar is mock_bar
+    ...         assert mymodule.Spam is mock_spam
+    ...
+    >>> original = mymodule.Foo
+    >>> MyTest('test_foo').run()
+    >>> assert mymodule.Foo is original
+
+
+Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock
+===================================
+
+You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all
+access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary.
+
+We can do this with :class:`MagicMock`, which will behave like a dictionary,
+and using :data:`~Mock.side_effect` to delegate dictionary access to a real
+underlying dictionary that is under our control.
+
+When the `__getitem__` and `__setitem__` methods of our `MagicMock` are called
+(normal dictionary access) then `side_effect` is called with the key (and in
+the case of `__setitem__` the value too). We can also control what is returned.
+
+After the `MagicMock` has been used we can use attributes like
+:data:`~Mock.call_args_list` to assert about how the dictionary was used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+    >>> def getitem(name):
+    ...      return my_dict[name]
+    ...
+    >>> def setitem(name, val):
+    ...     my_dict[name] = val
+    ...
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem
+    >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem
+
+.. note::
+
+    An alternative to using `MagicMock` is to use `Mock` and *only* provide
+    the magic methods you specifically want:
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> mock = Mock()
+        >>> mock.__setitem__ = Mock(side_effect=getitem)
+        >>> mock.__getitem__ = Mock(side_effect=setitem)
+
+    A *third* option is to use `MagicMock` but passing in `dict` as the `spec`
+    (or `spec_set`) argument so that the `MagicMock` created only has
+    dictionary magic methods available:
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> mock = MagicMock(spec_set=dict)
+        >>> mock.__getitem__.side_effect = getitem
+        >>> mock.__setitem__.side_effect = setitem
+
+With these side effect functions in place, the `mock` will behave like a normal
+dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a `KeyError` if you try
+to access a key that doesn't exist.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock['a']
+    1
+    >>> mock['c']
+    3
+    >>> mock['d']
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    KeyError: 'd'
+    >>> mock['b'] = 'fish'
+    >>> mock['d'] = 'eggs'
+    >>> mock['b']
+    'fish'
+    >>> mock['d']
+    'eggs'
+
+After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal
+mock methods and attributes:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock.__getitem__.call_args_list
+    [call('a'), call('c'), call('d'), call('b'), call('d')]
+    >>> mock.__setitem__.call_args_list
+    [call('b', 'fish'), call('d', 'eggs')]
+    >>> my_dict
+    {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 'fish', 'd': 'eggs'}
+
+
+Mock subclasses and their attributes
+====================================
+
+There are various reasons why you might want to subclass `Mock`. One reason
+might be to add helper methods. Here's a silly example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyMock(MagicMock):
+    ...     def has_been_called(self):
+    ...         return self.called
+    ...
+    >>> mymock = MyMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mymock
+    <MyMock id='...'>
+    >>> mymock.has_been_called()
+    False
+    >>> mymock()
+    >>> mymock.has_been_called()
+    True
+
+The standard behaviour for `Mock` instances is that attributes and the return
+value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures
+that `Mock` attributes are `Mocks` and `MagicMock` attributes are `MagicMocks`
+[#]_. So if you're subclassing to add helper methods then they'll also be
+available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your
+subclass.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mymock.foo
+    <MyMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+    >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called()
+    False
+    >>> mymock.foo()
+    <MyMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
+    >>> mymock.foo.has_been_called()
+    True
+
+Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, `one user
+<https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105>`_ is subclassing mock to
+created a `Twisted adaptor
+<http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_.
+Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.
+
+`Mock` (in all its flavours) uses a method called `_get_child_mock` to create
+these "sub-mocks" for attributes and return values. You can prevent your
+subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is
+that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (`**kwargs`) which are then passed
+onto the mock constructor:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Subclass(MagicMock):
+    ...     def _get_child_mock(self, **kwargs):
+    ...         return MagicMock(**kwargs)
+    ...
+    >>> mymock = Subclass()
+    >>> mymock.foo
+    <MagicMock name='mock.foo' id='...'>
+    >>> assert isinstance(mymock, Subclass)
+    >>> assert not isinstance(mymock.foo, Subclass)
+    >>> assert not isinstance(mymock(), Subclass)
+
+.. [#] An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the
+    callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn't have callable
+    methods.
+
+
+Mocking imports with patch.dict
+===============================
+
+One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside
+a function. These are harder to mock because they aren't using an object from
+the module namespace that we can patch out.
+
+Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent
+circular dependencies, for which there is *usually* a much better way to solve
+the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent "up front costs" by delaying the
+import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local
+import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import
+on first use).
+
+That aside there is a way to use `mock` to affect the results of an import.
+Importing fetches an *object* from the `sys.modules` dictionary. Note that it
+fetches an *object*, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the
+first time results in a module object being put in `sys.modules`, so usually
+when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case
+however.
+
+This means you can use :func:`patch.dict` to *temporarily* put a mock in place
+in `sys.modules`. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock.
+When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement
+body is complete or `patcher.stop()` is called) then whatever was there
+previously will be restored safely.
+
+Here's an example that mocks out the 'fooble' module.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}):
+    ...    import fooble
+    ...    fooble.blob()
+    ...
+    <Mock name='mock.blob()' id='...'>
+    >>> assert 'fooble' not in sys.modules
+    >>> mock.blob.assert_called_once_with()
+
+As you can see the `import fooble` succeeds, but on exit there is no 'fooble'
+left in `sys.modules`.
+
+This also works for the `from module import name` form:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', {'fooble': mock}):
+    ...    from fooble import blob
+    ...    blob.blip()
+    ...
+    <Mock name='mock.blob.blip()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.blob.blip.assert_called_once_with()
+
+With slightly more work you can also mock package imports:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> modules = {'package': mock, 'package.module': mock.module}
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', modules):
+    ...    from package.module import fooble
+    ...    fooble()
+    ...
+    <Mock name='mock.module.fooble()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.module.fooble.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions
+========================================================
+
+The :class:`Mock` class allows you to track the *order* of method calls on
+your mock objects through the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` attribute. This
+doesn't allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects,
+however we can use :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` to achieve the same effect.
+
+Because mocks track calls to child mocks in `mock_calls`, and accessing an
+arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate
+mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded,
+in order, in the `mock_calls` of the parent:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> manager = Mock()
+    >>> mock_foo = manager.foo
+    >>> mock_bar = manager.bar
+
+    >>> mock_foo.something()
+    <Mock name='mock.foo.something()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock_bar.other.thing()
+    <Mock name='mock.bar.other.thing()' id='...'>
+
+    >>> manager.mock_calls
+    [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]
+
+We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with
+the `mock_calls` attribute on the manager mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> expected_calls = [call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]
+    >>> manager.mock_calls == expected_calls
+    True
+
+If `patch` is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach
+them to a manager mock using the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock` method. After
+attaching calls will be recorded in `mock_calls` of the manager.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> manager = MagicMock()
+    >>> with patch('mymodule.Class1') as MockClass1:
+    ...     with patch('mymodule.Class2') as MockClass2:
+    ...         manager.attach_mock(MockClass1, 'MockClass1')
+    ...         manager.attach_mock(MockClass2, 'MockClass2')
+    ...         MockClass1().foo()
+    ...         MockClass2().bar()
+    ...
+    <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass1().foo()' id='...'>
+    <MagicMock name='mock.MockClass2().bar()' id='...'>
+    >>> manager.mock_calls
+    [call.MockClass1(),
+     call.MockClass1().foo(),
+     call.MockClass2(),
+     call.MockClass2().bar()]
+
+If many calls have been made, but you're only interested in a particular
+sequence of them then an alternative is to use the
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls` method. This takes a list of calls (constructed
+with the :data:`call` object). If that sequence of calls are in
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` then the assert succeeds.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m().foo().bar().baz()
+    <MagicMock name='mock().foo().bar().baz()' id='...'>
+    >>> m.one().two().three()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.one().two().three()' id='...'>
+    >>> calls = call.one().two().three().call_list()
+    >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls)
+
+Even though the chained call `m.one().two().three()` aren't the only calls that
+have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds.
+
+Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested
+in asserting about *some* of those calls. You may not even care about the
+order. In this case you can pass `any_order=True` to `assert_has_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m(1), m.two(2, 3), m.seven(7), m.fifty('50')
+    (...)
+    >>> calls = [call.fifty('50'), call(1), call.seven(7)]
+    >>> m.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)
+
+
+More complex argument matching
+==============================
+
+Using the same basic concept as `ANY` we can implement matchers to do more
+complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks.
+
+Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default
+compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user
+defined classes). To use :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` we would need to pass
+in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes
+of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes
+for us.
+
+You can see in this example how a 'standard' call to `assert_called_with` isn't
+sufficient:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, a, b):
+    ...         self.a, self.b = a, b
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(Foo(1, 2))
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with(Foo(1, 2))
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)
+    Actual call: call(<__main__.Foo object at 0x...>)
+
+A comparison function for our `Foo` class might look something like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def compare(self, other):
+    ...     if not type(self) == type(other):
+    ...         return False
+    ...     if self.a != other.a:
+    ...         return False
+    ...     if self.b != other.b:
+    ...         return False
+    ...     return True
+    ...
+
+And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its
+equality operation would look something like this:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Matcher(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, compare, some_obj):
+    ...         self.compare = compare
+    ...         self.some_obj = some_obj
+    ...     def __eq__(self, other):
+    ...         return self.compare(self.some_obj, other)
+    ...
+
+Putting all this together:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> match_foo = Matcher(compare, Foo(1, 2))
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_foo)
+
+The `Matcher` is instantiated with our compare function and the `Foo` object
+we want to compare against. In `assert_called_with` the `Matcher` equality
+method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with
+against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then
+`assert_called_with` passes, and if they don't an `AssertionError` is raised:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> match_wrong = Matcher(compare, Foo(3, 4))
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with(match_wrong)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AssertionError: Expected: ((<Matcher object at 0x...>,), {})
+    Called with: ((<Foo object at 0x...>,), {})
+
+With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the
+`AssertionError` directly and provide a more useful failure message.
+
+As of version 1.5, the Python testing library `PyHamcrest
+<http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest>`_ provides similar functionality,
+that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher
+(`hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality
+<http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality>`_).
+
+
+Less verbose configuration of mock objects
+==========================================
+
+This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of `Mock`.
+See the :meth:`~Mock.configure_mock` method.
+
+
+Matching any argument in assertions
+===================================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :data:`ANY`.
+
+
+Mocking Properties
+==================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :class:`PropertyMock`.
+
+
+Mocking open
+============
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :func:`mock_open`.
+
+
+Mocks without some attributes
+=============================
+
+This example is now built in to mock. See :ref:`deleting-attributes`.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b5d289eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/getting-started.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+===========================
+ Getting Started with Mock
+===========================
+
+.. _getting-started:
+
+.. index:: Getting Started
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class SomeClass(object):
+        static_method = None
+        class_method = None
+        attribute = None
+
+    sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package')
+    sys.modules['package.module'] = module = package.module
+    sys.modules['module'] = package.module
+
+
+Using Mock
+==========
+
+Mock Patching Methods
+---------------------
+
+Common uses for :class:`Mock` objects include:
+
+* Patching methods
+* Recording method calls on objects
+
+You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
+it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> real = SomeClass()
+    >>> real.method = MagicMock(name='method')
+    >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+    <MagicMock name='method()' id='...'>
+
+Once our mock has been used (`real.method` in this example) it has methods
+and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.
+
+.. note::
+
+    In most of these examples the :class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` classes
+    are interchangeable. As the `MagicMock` is the more capable class it makes
+    a sensible one to use by default.
+
+Once the mock has been called its :attr:`~Mock.called` attribute is set to
+`True`. More importantly we can use the :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` or
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` method to check that it was called with
+the correct arguments.
+
+This example tests that calling `ProductionClass().method` results in a call to
+the `something` method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import MagicMock
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         self.something(1, 2, 3)
+    ...     def something(self, a, b, c):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.something = MagicMock()
+    >>> real.method()
+    >>> real.something.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+
+Mock for Method Calls on an Object
+----------------------------------
+
+In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
+was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
+method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
+in the correct way.
+
+The simple `ProductionClass` below has a `closer` method. If it is called with
+an object then it calls `close` on it.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def closer(self, something):
+    ...         something.close()
+    ...
+
+So to test it we need to pass in an object with a `close` method and check
+that it was called correctly.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> real.closer(mock)
+    >>> mock.close.assert_called_with()
+
+We don't have to do any work to provide the 'close' method on our mock.
+Accessing close creates it. So, if 'close' hasn't already been called then
+accessing it in the test will create it, but :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+will raise a failure exception.
+
+
+Mocking Classes
+---------------
+
+A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
+When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
+are created by *calling the class*. This means you access the "mock instance"
+by looking at the return value of the mocked class.
+
+In the example below we have a function `some_function` that instantiates `Foo`
+and calls a method on it. The call to `patch` replaces the class `Foo` with a
+mock. The `Foo` instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
+by modifying the mock :attr:`~Mock.return_value`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def some_function():
+    ...     instance = module.Foo()
+    ...     return instance.method()
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('module.Foo') as mock:
+    ...     instance = mock.return_value
+    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'the result'
+    ...     result = some_function()
+    ...     assert result == 'the result'
+
+
+Naming your mocks
+-----------------
+
+It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
+the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
+name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(name='foo')
+    >>> mock
+    <MagicMock name='foo' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.method
+    <MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'>
+
+
+Tracking all Calls
+------------------
+
+Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attribute records all calls
+to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.method()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.attribute.method(10, x=53)
+    <MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+
+If you make an assertion about `mock_calls` and any unexpected methods
+have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
+as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
+that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:
+
+You use the :data:`call` object to construct lists for comparing with
+`mock_calls`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> expected = [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+    True
+
+
+Setting Return Values and Attributes
+------------------------------------
+
+Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.return_value = 3
+    >>> mock()
+    3
+
+Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.method.return_value = 3
+    >>> mock.method()
+    3
+
+The return value can also be set in the constructor:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+    >>> mock()
+    3
+
+If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.x = 3
+    >>> mock.x
+    3
+
+Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
+`mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")`. If we wanted this call to
+return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.
+
+We can use :data:`call` to construct the set of calls in a "chained call" like
+this for easy assertion afterwards:
+
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> cursor = mock.connection.cursor.return_value
+    >>> cursor.execute.return_value = ['foo']
+    >>> mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")
+    ['foo']
+    >>> expected = call.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1").call_list()
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    [call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')]
+    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+    True
+
+It is the call to `.call_list()` that turns our call object into a list of
+calls representing the chained calls.
+
+
+
+Raising exceptions with mocks
+-----------------------------
+
+A useful attribute is :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. If you set this to an
+exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
+is called.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=Exception('Boom!'))
+    >>> mock()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    Exception: Boom!
+
+
+Side effect functions and iterables
+-----------------------------------
+
+`side_effect` can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
+`side_effect` as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
+times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
+`side_effect` to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
+from the iterable:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=[4, 5, 6])
+    >>> mock()
+    4
+    >>> mock()
+    5
+    >>> mock()
+    6
+
+
+For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
+depending on what the mock is called with, `side_effect` can be a function.
+The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
+function returns is what the call returns:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> vals = {(1, 2): 1, (2, 3): 2}
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...     return vals[args]
+    ...
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock(1, 2)
+    1
+    >>> mock(2, 3)
+    2
+
+
+Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
+---------------------------------------
+
+One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
+implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
+class that implements `some_method`. In a test for another class, you
+provide a mock of this object that *also* provides `some_method`. If later
+you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has `some_method` - then
+your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!
+
+`Mock` allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
+using the `spec` keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
+mock that don't exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
+attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
+tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
+instantiate the class in those tests.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+    >>> mock.old_method()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+       ...
+    AttributeError: object has no attribute 'old_method'
+
+If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
+of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
+`spec_set` instead of `spec`.
+
+
+
+Patch Decorators
+================
+
+.. note::
+
+   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+   read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+
+A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
+for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
+is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
+them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
+tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.
+
+mock provides three convenient decorators for this: `patch`, `patch.object` and
+`patch.dict`. `patch` takes a single string, of the form
+`package.module.Class.attribute` to specify the attribute you are patching. It
+also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
+whatever) to be replaced with. 'patch.object' takes an object and the name of
+the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
+with.
+
+`patch.object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     assert SomeClass.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+    >>> @patch('package.module.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     from package.module import attribute
+    ...     assert attribute is sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+If you are patching a module (including `__builtin__`) then use `patch`
+instead of `patch.object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(return_value = sentinel.file_handle)
+    >>> with patch('__builtin__.open', mock):
+    ...     handle = open('filename', 'r')
+    ...
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('filename', 'r')
+    >>> assert handle == sentinel.file_handle, "incorrect file handle returned"
+
+The module name can be 'dotted', in the form `package.module` if needed:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('package.module.ClassName.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     from package.module import ClassName
+    ...     assert ClassName.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ...     def test_something(self):
+    ...         self.assertEqual(SomeClass.attribute, sentinel.attribute)
+    ...
+    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use `patch` with only one argument
+(or `patch.object` with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
+passed into the test function / method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+    ...     def test_something(self, mock_method):
+    ...         SomeClass.static_method()
+    ...         mock_method.assert_called_with()
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName1')
+    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+    ...     def test_something(self, MockClass2, MockClass1):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1)
+    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2)
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+   >>> original = foo.copy()
+   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+   ...
+   >>> assert foo == original
+
+`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can all be used as context managers.
+
+Where you use `patch` to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
+mock using the "as" form of the with statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
+    ...     mock_method.return_value = None
+    ...     real = ProductionClass()
+    ...     real.method(1, 2, 3)
+    ...
+    >>> mock_method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+As an alternative `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can be used as
+class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
+decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with "test".
+
+For some more advanced examples, see the :ref:`further-examples` page.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e4a8daca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/index.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+====================================
+ Mock - Mocking and Testing Library
+====================================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+:Author: `Michael Foord
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml>`_
+:Version: |release|
+:Date: 2012/10/07
+:Homepage: `Mock Homepage`_
+:Download: `Mock on PyPI`_
+:Documentation: `PDF Documentation
+ <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+:License: `BSD License`_
+:Support: `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)
+ <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_
+:Issue tracker: `Google code project
+ <http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list>`_
+
+.. _Mock Homepage: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+.. _BSD License: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. module:: mock
+   :synopsis: Mock object and testing library.
+
+.. index:: introduction
+
+mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+have been used.
+
+mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock
+<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
+in Python 3.3 onwards.
+
+mock provides a core :class:`Mock` class removing the need to create a host
+of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+the normal way.
+
+Additionally, mock provides a :func:`patch` decorator that handles patching
+module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with
+:const:`sentinel` for creating unique objects. See the `quick guide`_ for
+some examples of how to use :class:`Mock`, :class:`MagicMock` and
+:func:`patch`.
+
+Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+`unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on
+the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of `'record -> replay'` used by many
+mocking frameworks.
+
+mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of
+Jython and PyPy.
+
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+   class ProductionClass(object):
+      def method(self, *args):
+         pass
+
+   module = sys.modules['module'] = ProductionClass
+   ProductionClass.ClassName1 = ProductionClass
+   ProductionClass.ClassName2 = ProductionClass
+
+
+
+API Documentation
+=================
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   mock
+   patch
+   helpers
+   sentinel
+   magicmock
+
+
+User Guide
+==========
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   getting-started
+   examples
+   compare
+   changelog
+
+
+.. index:: installing
+
+Installing
+==========
+
+The current version is |release|. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do
+find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions
+then please contact us.
+
+* `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock>`_
+* `mock documentation as PDF
+  <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf>`_
+* `Google Code Home & Mercurial Repository <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_
+
+.. index:: repository
+.. index:: hg
+
+You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial
+repository with the following command:
+
+    ``hg clone https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/ mock``
+
+
+.. index:: pip
+.. index:: easy_install
+.. index:: setuptools
+
+If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:
+
+    | ``easy_install -U mock``
+    | ``pip install -U mock``
+
+Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after
+unpacking run:
+
+   ``python setup.py install``
+
+
+Quick Guide
+===========
+
+:class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` objects create all attributes and
+methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You
+can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are
+available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import MagicMock
+    >>> thing = ProductionClass()
+    >>> thing.method = MagicMock(return_value=3)
+    >>> thing.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+    3
+    >>> thing.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+
+:attr:`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
+exception when a mock is called:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
+   >>> mock()
+   Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+   KeyError: 'foo'
+
+   >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
+   >>> def side_effect(arg):
+   ...     return values[arg]
+   ...
+   >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+   >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
+   (1, 2, 3)
+   >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+   >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+   (5, 4, 3)
+
+Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification
+from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock
+that don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`.
+
+The :func:`patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import patch
+    >>> @patch('module.ClassName2')
+    ... @patch('module.ClassName1')
+    ... def test(MockClass1, MockClass2):
+    ...     module.ClassName1()
+    ...     module.ClassName2()
+
+    ...     assert MockClass1 is module.ClassName1
+    ...     assert MockClass2 is module.ClassName2
+    ...     assert MockClass1.called
+    ...     assert MockClass2.called
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+.. note::
+
+   When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+   function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+   decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+   above the mock for `module.ClassName1` is passed in first.
+
+   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+   read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with
+statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method', return_value=None) as mock_method:
+    ...     thing = ProductionClass()
+    ...     thing.method(1, 2, 3)
+    ...
+    >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+   >>> original = foo.copy()
+   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+   ...
+   >>> assert foo == original
+
+Mock supports the mocking of Python :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`. The
+easiest way of using magic methods is with the :class:`MagicMock` class. It
+allows you to do things like:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
+    >>> str(mock)
+    'foobarbaz'
+    >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_with()
+
+Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+and they will be called appropriately. The `MagicMock` class is just a Mock
+variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the
+useful ones anyway).
+
+The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+class:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value='wheeeeee')
+    >>> str(mock)
+    'wheeeeee'
+
+For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the
+objects they are replacing, you can use :ref:`auto-speccing <auto-speccing>`.
+Auto-speccing can be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the
+:func:`create_autospec` function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that
+have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and
+any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call
+signature as the real object.
+
+This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+code if they are used incorrectly:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> from mock import create_autospec
+   >>> def function(a, b, c):
+   ...     pass
+   ...
+   >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
+   >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
+   'fishy'
+   >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+   >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
+   Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+   TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)
+
+`create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+the `__call__` method.
+
+
+.. index:: references
+.. index:: articles
+
+References
+==========
+
+Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:
+
+* `Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests
+  <https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md>`_
+* `mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models
+  <https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django>`_
+* `PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock <https://blip.tv/file/4881513>`_
+* `Mock objects in Python
+  <http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/>`_
+* `Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing
+  <http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/>`_
+* `Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output
+  <http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/>`_
+* `Mocking Django <http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html>`_
+* `Mocking dates and other classes that can't be modified
+  <http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_
+* `Mock recipes <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html>`_
+* `Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module
+  <http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html>`_
+* `Coverage and Mock (with django)
+  <http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/>`_
+* `Python Unit Testing with Mock <http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194>`_
+* `Getting started with Python Mock
+  <http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/>`_
+* `Smart Parameter Checks with mock
+  <http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/>`_
+* `Python mock testing techniques and tools
+  <http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html>`_
+* `How To Test Django Template Tags
+  <http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html>`_
+* `A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock
+  <http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html>`_
+* `Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine
+  <http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html>`_
+
+
+.. index:: tests
+.. index:: unittest2
+
+Tests
+=====
+
+Mock uses `unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ for its own
+test suite. In order to run it, use the `unit2` script that comes with
+`unittest2` module on a checkout of the source repository:
+
+   `unit2 discover`
+
+If you have `setuptools <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute>`_ as well as
+unittest2 you can run:
+
+   ``python setup.py test``
+
+On Python 3.2 you can use ``unittest`` module from the standard library.
+
+   ``python3.2 -m unittest discover``
+
+.. index:: Python 3
+
+On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On
+Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement
+is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.
+
+
+.. index:: older versions
+
+Older Versions
+==============
+
+Documentation for older versions of mock:
+
+* `mock 0.8 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/>`_
+* `mock 0.7 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/>`_
+* `mock 0.6 <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/>`_
+
+Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at
+`mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_.
+
+
+Terminology
+===========
+
+Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms
+like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.
+
+In `classic mock terminology
+<http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html>`_
+:class:`mock.Mock` is a `spy <http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html>`_ that
+allows for *post-mortem* examination. This is what I call the "action ->
+assertion" [#]_ pattern of testing.
+
+I'm not however a fan of this "statically typed mocking terminology"
+promulgated by `Martin Fowler
+<http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html>`_. It confuses usage
+patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology
+when discussing mocking.
+
+I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a
+mock object and quacks like a mock object then it's fine to call it a mock, no
+matter what the implementation looks like.
+
+This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where
+different usage patterns will *require* different implementations.
+`mock.Mock()` is capable of being used in most of the different roles
+described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock
+itself!
+
+How about a simpler definition: a "mock object" is an object used to replace a
+real one in a system under test.
+
+.. [#] This pattern is called "AAA" by some members of the testing community;
+   "Arrange - Act - Assert".
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42b2ed9db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/magicmock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+
+.. _magic-methods:
+
+Mocking Magic Methods
+=====================
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+:class:`Mock` supports mocking `magic methods
+<http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html>`_. This allows mock
+objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python
+protocols.
+
+Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [#]_, this
+support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
+methods are supported. The supported list includes *almost* all of them. If
+there are any missing that you need please let us know!
+
+You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
+or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it *must* take ``self`` as
+the first argument [#]_.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> def __str__(self):
+   ...     return 'fooble'
+   ...
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__ = __str__
+   >>> str(mock)
+   'fooble'
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__ = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble'
+   >>> str(mock)
+   'fooble'
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+
+One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
+`with` statement:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo')
+   >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False)
+   >>> with mock as m:
+   ...     assert m == 'foo'
+   ...
+   >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+   >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+Calls to magic methods do not appear in :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, but they
+are recorded in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`.
+
+.. note::
+
+   If you use the `spec` keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
+   set a magic method that isn't in the spec will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+The full list of supported magic methods is:
+
+* ``__hash__``, ``__sizeof__``, ``__repr__`` and ``__str__``
+* ``__dir__``, ``__format__`` and ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__floor__``, ``__trunc__`` and ``__ceil__``
+* Comparisons: ``__cmp__``, ``__lt__``, ``__gt__``, ``__le__``, ``__ge__``,
+  ``__eq__`` and ``__ne__``
+* Container methods: ``__getitem__``, ``__setitem__``, ``__delitem__``,
+  ``__contains__``, ``__len__``, ``__iter__``, ``__getslice__``,
+  ``__setslice__``, ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* Context manager: ``__enter__`` and ``__exit__``
+* Unary numeric methods: ``__neg__``, ``__pos__`` and ``__invert__``
+* The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
+  ``__add__``, ``__sub__``, ``__mul__``, ``__div__``,
+  ``__floordiv__``, ``__mod__``, ``__divmod__``, ``__lshift__``,
+  ``__rshift__``, ``__and__``, ``__xor__``, ``__or__``, and ``__pow__``
+* Numeric conversion methods: ``__complex__``, ``__int__``, ``__float__``,
+  ``__index__`` and ``__coerce__``
+* Descriptor methods: ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* Pickling: ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``,
+  ``__getnewargs__``, ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+
+
+The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don't exist in Python 3:
+
+* ``__unicode__``, ``__long__``, ``__oct__``, ``__hex__`` and ``__nonzero__``
+*  ``__truediv__`` and ``__rtruediv__``
+
+The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don't exist in Python 2:
+
+* ``__bool__`` and ``__next__``
+
+The following methods exist but are *not* supported as they are either in use by
+mock, can't be set dynamically, or can cause problems:
+
+* ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, ``__init__`` and ``__new__``
+* ``__prepare__``, ``__instancecheck__``, ``__subclasscheck__``, ``__del__``
+
+
+
+Magic Mock
+==========
+
+There are two `MagicMock` variants: `MagicMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`.
+
+
+.. class:: MagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+   ``MagicMock`` is a subclass of :class:`Mock` with default implementations
+   of most of the magic methods. You can use ``MagicMock`` without having to
+   configure the magic methods yourself.
+
+   The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for :class:`Mock`.
+
+   If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic methods
+   that exist in the spec will be created.
+
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+    A non-callable version of `MagicMock`.
+
+    The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
+    :class:`MagicMock`, with the exception of `return_value` and
+    `side_effect` which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+The magic methods are setup with `MagicMock` objects, so you can configure them
+and use them in the usual way:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock[3] = 'fish'
+   >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish')
+   >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result'
+   >>> mock[2]
+   'result'
+
+By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
+specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
+that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren't interested
+in the return value. You can still *set* the return value manually if you want
+to change the default.
+
+Methods and their defaults:
+
+* ``__lt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__gt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__le__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__ge__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__int__`` : 1
+* ``__contains__`` : False
+* ``__len__`` : 1
+* ``__iter__`` : iter([])
+* ``__exit__`` : False
+* ``__complex__`` : 1j
+* ``__float__`` : 1.0
+* ``__bool__`` : True
+* ``__nonzero__`` : True
+* ``__oct__`` : '1'
+* ``__hex__`` : '0x1'
+* ``__long__`` : long(1)
+* ``__index__`` : 1
+* ``__hash__`` : default hash for the mock
+* ``__str__`` : default str for the mock
+* ``__unicode__`` : default unicode for the mock
+* ``__sizeof__``: default sizeof for the mock
+
+For example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> int(mock)
+   1
+   >>> len(mock)
+   0
+   >>> hex(mock)
+   '0x1'
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+   >>> object() in mock
+   False
+
+The two equality method, `__eq__` and `__ne__`, are special (changed in
+0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
+effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> MagicMock() == 3
+   False
+   >>> MagicMock() != 3
+   True
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True
+   >>> mock == 3
+   True
+
+In `0.8` the `__iter__` also gained special handling implemented with a
+side effect. The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` can be any iterable
+object and isn't required to be an iterator:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+If the return value *is* an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
+it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+
+``MagicMock`` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
+of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.
+
+Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in ``MagicMock`` are:
+
+* ``__cmp__``
+* ``__getslice__`` and ``__setslice__``
+* ``__coerce__``
+* ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__dir__``
+* ``__format__``
+* ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, ``__getnewargs__``,
+  ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+* ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+
+
+
+------------
+
+.. [#] Magic methods *should* be looked up on the class rather than the
+   instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
+   rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
+   of Python.
+.. [#] The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each ``Mock``
+   instance is kept isolated from the others.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58712b21a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,842 @@
+The Mock Class
+==============
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class SomeClass:
+        pass
+
+
+`Mock` is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and
+test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as
+new mocks when you access them [#]_. Accessing the same attribute will always
+return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make
+assertions about what your code has done to them.
+
+:class:`MagicMock` is a subclass of `Mock` with all the magic methods
+pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful
+when you are mocking out objects that aren't callable:
+:class:`NonCallableMock` and :class:`NonCallableMagicMock`
+
+The :func:`patch` decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes
+in a particular module with a `Mock` object. By default `patch` will create
+a `MagicMock` for you. You can specify an alternative class of `Mock` using
+the `new_callable` argument to `patch`.
+
+
+.. index:: side_effect
+.. index:: return_value
+.. index:: wraps
+.. index:: name
+.. index:: spec
+
+.. class:: Mock(spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Create a new `Mock` object. `Mock` takes several optional arguments
+    that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:
+
+    * `spec`: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
+      class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
+      you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
+      the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods).
+      Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+      If `spec` is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
+      :attr:`__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
+      to pass `isinstance` tests.
+
+    * `spec_set`: A stricter variant of `spec`. If used, attempting to *set*
+      or get an attribute on the mock that isn't on the object passed as
+      `spec_set` will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+    * `side_effect`: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
+      the :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
+      dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
+      arguments as the mock, and unless it returns :data:`DEFAULT`, the return
+      value of this function is used as the return value.
+
+      Alternatively `side_effect` can be an exception class or instance. In
+      this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.
+
+      If `side_effect` is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
+      the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable
+      are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.
+
+      A `side_effect` can be cleared by setting it to `None`.
+
+    * `return_value`: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
+      this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
+      :attr:`return_value` attribute.
+
+    * `wraps`: Item for the mock object to wrap. If `wraps` is not None then
+      calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
+      (returning the real result and ignoring `return_value`). Attribute access
+      on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
+      attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute
+      that doesn't exist will raise an `AttributeError`).
+
+      If the mock has an explicit `return_value` set then calls are not passed
+      to the wrapped object and the `return_value` is returned instead.
+
+    * `name`: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
+      mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
+      mocks.
+
+    Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
+    used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the
+    :meth:`configure_mock` method for details.
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a
+        particular way:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.method(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
+            <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_called_once_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+       Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
+       arguments.
+
+       .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
+            >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
+            >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
+            >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_any_call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.
+
+        The assert passes if the mock has *ever* been called, unlike
+        :meth:`assert_called_with` and :meth:`assert_called_once_with` that
+        only pass if the call is the most recent one.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock(1, 2, arg='thing')
+            >>> mock('some', 'thing', 'else')
+            >>> mock.assert_any_call(1, 2, arg='thing')
+
+
+    .. method:: assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=False)
+
+        assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
+        The `mock_calls` list is checked for the calls.
+
+        If `any_order` is False (the default) then the calls must be
+        sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
+        specified calls.
+
+        If `any_order` is True then the calls can be in any order, but
+        they must all appear in :attr:`mock_calls`.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock(1)
+            >>> mock(2)
+            >>> mock(3)
+            >>> mock(4)
+            >>> calls = [call(2), call(3)]
+            >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls)
+            >>> calls = [call(4), call(2), call(3)]
+            >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)
+
+
+    .. method:: reset_mock()
+
+        The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock('hello')
+            >>> mock.called
+            True
+            >>> mock.reset_mock()
+            >>> mock.called
+            False
+
+        This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that
+        reuse the same object. Note that `reset_mock` *doesn't* clear the
+        return value, :attr:`side_effect` or any child attributes you have
+        set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock
+        (if any) are reset as well.
+
+
+    .. method:: mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set=False)
+
+        Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a
+        list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as
+        attributes from the mock.
+
+        If `spec_set` is `True` then only attributes on the spec can be set.
+
+
+    .. method:: attach_mock(mock, attribute)
+
+        Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
+        parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
+        :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` attributes of this one.
+
+
+    .. method:: configure_mock(**kwargs)
+
+        Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.
+
+        Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
+        mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
+        method call:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+            >>> mock.configure_mock(**attrs)
+            >>> mock.method()
+            3
+            >>> mock.other()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            KeyError
+
+        The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+            >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
+            >>> mock.some_attribute
+            'eggs'
+            >>> mock.method()
+            3
+            >>> mock.other()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            KeyError
+
+        `configure_mock` exists to make it easier to do configuration
+        after the mock has been created.
+
+
+    .. method:: __dir__()
+
+        `Mock` objects limit the results of `dir(some_mock)` to useful results.
+        For mocks with a `spec` this includes all the permitted attributes
+        for the mock.
+
+        See :data:`FILTER_DIR` for what this filtering does, and how to
+        switch it off.
+
+
+    .. method:: _get_child_mock(**kw)
+
+        Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
+        By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
+        Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
+        child mocks are made.
+
+        For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
+        any custom subclass).
+
+
+    .. attribute:: called
+
+        A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock.called
+            False
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock.called
+            True
+
+    .. attribute:: call_count
+
+        An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock.call_count
+            0
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock.call_count
+            2
+
+
+    .. attribute:: return_value
+
+        Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.return_value = 'fish'
+            >>> mock()
+            'fish'
+
+        The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in
+        the normal way:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.return_value.attribute = sentinel.Attribute
+            >>> mock.return_value()
+            <Mock name='mock()()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.return_value.assert_called_with()
+
+        `return_value` can also be set in the constructor:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+            >>> mock.return_value
+            3
+            >>> mock()
+            3
+
+
+    .. attribute:: side_effect
+
+        This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called,
+        or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.
+
+        If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the
+        mock and unless the function returns the :data:`DEFAULT` singleton the
+        call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the
+        function returns :data:`DEFAULT` then the mock will return its normal
+        value (from the :attr:`return_value`.
+
+        An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception
+        handling of an API):
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.side_effect = Exception('Boom!')
+            >>> mock()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+              ...
+            Exception: Boom!
+
+        Using `side_effect` to return a sequence of values:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.side_effect = [3, 2, 1]
+            >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
+            (3, 2, 1)
+
+        The `side_effect` function is called with the same arguments as the
+        mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword
+        arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for
+        the call. The exception is if `side_effect` returns :data:`DEFAULT`,
+        in which case the normal :attr:`return_value` is used.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+            >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+            ...     return DEFAULT
+            ...
+            >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
+            >>> mock()
+            3
+
+        `side_effect` can be set in the constructor. Here's an example that
+        adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> side_effect = lambda value: value + 1
+            >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
+            >>> mock(3)
+            4
+            >>> mock(-8)
+            -7
+
+        Setting `side_effect` to `None` clears it:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> from mock import Mock
+            >>> m = Mock(side_effect=KeyError, return_value=3)
+            >>> m()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+             ...
+            KeyError
+            >>> m.side_effect = None
+            >>> m()
+            3
+
+
+    .. attribute:: call_args
+
+        This is either `None` (if the mock hasn't been called), or the
+        arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the
+        form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock
+        was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any
+        keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> print mock.call_args
+            None
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock.call_args
+            call()
+            >>> mock.call_args == ()
+            True
+            >>> mock(3, 4)
+            >>> mock.call_args
+            call(3, 4)
+            >>> mock.call_args == ((3, 4),)
+            True
+            >>> mock(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
+            >>> mock.call_args
+            call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
+
+        `call_args`, along with members of the lists :attr:`call_args_list`,
+        :attr:`method_calls` and :attr:`mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects.
+        These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual
+        arguments and make more complex assertions. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: call_args_list
+
+        This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence
+        (so the length of the list is the number of times it has been
+        called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The
+        :data:`call` object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of
+        calls to compare with `call_args_list`.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+            >>> mock()
+            >>> mock(3, 4)
+            >>> mock(key='fish', next='w00t!')
+            >>> mock.call_args_list
+            [call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')]
+            >>> expected = [(), ((3, 4),), ({'key': 'fish', 'next': 'w00t!'},)]
+            >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
+            True
+
+        Members of `call_args_list` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+        unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: method_calls
+
+        As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to
+        methods and attributes, and *their* methods and attributes:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.method()
+            <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.property.method.attribute()
+            <Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.method_calls
+            [call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]
+
+        Members of `method_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+        unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: mock_calls
+
+        `mock_calls` records *all* calls to the mock object, its methods, magic
+        methods *and* return value mocks.
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = MagicMock()
+            >>> result = mock(1, 2, 3)
+            >>> mock.first(a=3)
+            <MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'>
+            >>> mock.second()
+            <MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'>
+            >>> int(mock)
+            1
+            >>> result(1)
+            <MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'>
+            >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call.first(a=3), call.second(),
+            ... call.__int__(), call()(1)]
+            >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+            True
+
+        Members of `mock_calls` are :data:`call` objects. These can be
+        unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+        :ref:`calls as tuples <calls-as-tuples>`.
+
+
+    .. attribute:: __class__
+
+        Normally the `__class__` attribute of an object will return its type.
+        For a mock object with a `spec` `__class__` returns the spec class
+        instead. This allows mock objects to pass `isinstance` tests for the
+        object they are replacing / masquerading as:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock(spec=3)
+            >>> isinstance(mock, int)
+            True
+
+        `__class__` is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an
+        `isinstance` check without forcing you to use a spec:
+
+        .. doctest::
+
+            >>> mock = Mock()
+            >>> mock.__class__ = dict
+            >>> isinstance(mock, dict)
+            True
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMock(spec=None, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)
+
+    A non-callable version of `Mock`. The constructor parameters have the same
+    meaning of `Mock`, with the exception of `return_value` and `side_effect`
+    which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a `spec` or `spec_set` are able
+to pass `isintance` tests:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+    >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
+    True
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec_set=SomeClass())
+    >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
+    True
+
+The `Mock` classes have support for mocking magic methods. See :ref:`magic
+methods <magic-methods>` for the full details.
+
+The mock classes and the :func:`patch` decorators all take arbitrary keyword
+arguments for configuration. For the `patch` decorators the keywords are
+passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments
+are for configuring attributes of the mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(attribute=3, other='fish')
+        >>> m.attribute
+        3
+        >>> m.other
+        'fish'
+
+The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way,
+using dotted notation. As you can't use dotted names directly in a call you
+have to create a dictionary and unpack it using `**`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+    >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
+    >>> mock.some_attribute
+    'eggs'
+    >>> mock.method()
+    3
+    >>> mock.other()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    KeyError
+
+
+.. class:: PropertyMock(*args, **kwargs)
+
+   A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class.
+   `PropertyMock` provides `__get__` and `__set__` methods so you can specify
+   a return value when it is fetched.
+
+   Fetching a `PropertyMock` instance from an object calls the mock, with
+   no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.
+
+   .. doctest::
+
+        >>> class Foo(object):
+        ...     @property
+        ...     def foo(self):
+        ...         return 'something'
+        ...     @foo.setter
+        ...     def foo(self, value):
+        ...         pass
+        ...
+        >>> with patch('__main__.Foo.foo', new_callable=PropertyMock) as mock_foo:
+        ...     mock_foo.return_value = 'mockity-mock'
+        ...     this_foo = Foo()
+        ...     print this_foo.foo
+        ...     this_foo.foo = 6
+        ...
+        mockity-mock
+        >>> mock_foo.mock_calls
+        [call(), call(6)]
+
+Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can't directly attach a
+`PropertyMock` to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type
+object:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> p = PropertyMock(return_value=3)
+    >>> type(m).foo = p
+    >>> m.foo
+    3
+    >>> p.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+.. index:: __call__
+.. index:: calling
+
+Calling
+=======
+
+Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` attribute. The default return value is a new Mock
+object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either
+explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one
+returned each time.
+
+Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes
+like :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`.
+
+If :attr:`~Mock.side_effect` is set then it will be called after the call has
+been recorded, so if `side_effect` raises an exception the call is still
+recorded.
+
+The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` an exception class or instance:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=IndexError)
+        >>> m(1, 2, 3)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        IndexError
+        >>> m.mock_calls
+        [call(1, 2, 3)]
+        >>> m.side_effect = KeyError('Bang!')
+        >>> m('two', 'three', 'four')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        KeyError: 'Bang!'
+        >>> m.mock_calls
+        [call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')]
+
+If `side_effect` is a function then whatever that function returns is what
+calls to the mock return. The `side_effect` function is called with the
+same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the
+call dynamically, based on the input:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> def side_effect(value):
+        ...     return value + 1
+        ...
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+        >>> m(1)
+        2
+        >>> m(2)
+        3
+        >>> m.mock_calls
+        [call(1), call(2)]
+
+If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or
+any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return
+`mock.return_value` from inside `side_effect`, or return :data:`DEFAULT`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock()
+        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...     return m.return_value
+        ...
+        >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+        >>> m.return_value = 3
+        >>> m()
+        3
+        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...     return DEFAULT
+        ...
+        >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+        >>> m()
+        3
+
+To remove a `side_effect`, and return to the default behaviour, set the
+`side_effect` to `None`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=6)
+        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...     return 3
+        ...
+        >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
+        >>> m()
+        3
+        >>> m.side_effect = None
+        >>> m()
+        6
+
+The `side_effect` can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock
+will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and
+a `StopIteration` is raised):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=[1, 2, 3])
+        >>> m()
+        1
+        >>> m()
+        2
+        >>> m()
+        3
+        >>> m()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        StopIteration
+
+If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of
+returned:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+        >>> iterable = (33, ValueError, 66)
+        >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=iterable)
+        >>> m()
+        33
+        >>> m()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+         ...
+        ValueError
+        >>> m()
+        66
+
+
+.. _deleting-attributes:
+
+Deleting Attributes
+===================
+
+Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be
+objects of any type.
+
+You may want a mock object to return `False` to a `hasattr` call, or raise an
+`AttributeError` when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing
+an object as a `spec` for a mock, but that isn't always convenient.
+
+You "block" attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute
+will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
+    True
+    >>> del mock.m
+    >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
+    False
+    >>> del mock.f
+    >>> mock.f
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    AttributeError: f
+
+
+Attaching Mocks as Attributes
+=============================
+
+When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return
+value) it becomes a "child" of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in
+the :attr:`~Mock.method_calls` and :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attributes of the
+parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to
+the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the
+children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between
+mocks:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> parent = MagicMock()
+    >>> child1 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> child2 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> parent.child1 = child1
+    >>> parent.child2 = child2
+    >>> child1(1)
+    >>> child2(2)
+    >>> parent.mock_calls
+    [call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]
+
+The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent
+the "parenting" if for some reason you don't want it to happen.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> not_a_child = MagicMock(name='not-a-child')
+    >>> mock.attribute = not_a_child
+    >>> mock.attribute()
+    <MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    []
+
+Mocks created for you by :func:`patch` are automatically given names. To
+attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the :meth:`~Mock.attach_mock`
+method:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> thing1 = object()
+    >>> thing2 = object()
+    >>> parent = MagicMock()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.thing1', return_value=None) as child1:
+    ...     with patch('__main__.thing2', return_value=None) as child2:
+    ...         parent.attach_mock(child1, 'child1')
+    ...         parent.attach_mock(child2, 'child2')
+    ...         child1('one')
+    ...         child2('two')
+    ...
+    >>> parent.mock_calls
+    [call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')]
+
+
+-----
+
+.. [#] The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have
+       leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn't create these but
+       instead of raises an ``AttributeError``. This is because the interpreter
+       will often implicitly request these methods, and gets *very* confused to
+       get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
+       method support see :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`.
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbb5019fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/mocksignature.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+mocksignature
+=============
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. note::
+
+    :ref:`auto-speccing`, added in mock 0.8, is a more advanced version of
+    `mocksignature` and can be used for many of the same use cases.
+
+A problem with using mock objects to replace real objects in your tests is that
+:class:`Mock` can be *too* flexible. Your code can treat the mock objects in
+any way and you have to manually check that they were called correctly. If your
+code calls functions or methods with the wrong number of arguments then mocks
+don't complain.
+
+The solution to this is `mocksignature`, which creates functions with the
+same signature as the original, but delegating to a mock. You can interrogate
+the mock in the usual way to check it has been called with the *right*
+arguments, but if it is called with the wrong number of arguments it will
+raise a `TypeError` in the same way your production code would.
+
+Another advantage is that your mocked objects are real functions, which can
+be useful when your code uses
+`inspect <http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html>`_ or depends on
+functions being function objects.
+
+.. function:: mocksignature(func, mock=None, skipfirst=False)
+
+    Create a new function with the same signature as `func` that delegates
+    to `mock`. If `skipfirst` is True the first argument is skipped, useful
+    for methods where `self` needs to be omitted from the new function.
+
+    If you don't pass in a `mock` then one will be created for you.
+
+    Functions returned by `mocksignature` have many of the same attributes
+    and assert methods as a mock object.
+
+    The mock is set as the `mock` attribute of the returned function for easy
+    access.
+
+    `mocksignature` can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of
+    the `__init__` method.
+
+    When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the
+    `__call__` method.
+
+`mocksignature` will work out if it is mocking the signature of a method on
+an instance or a method on a class and do the "right thing" with the `self`
+argument in both cases.
+
+Because of a limitation in the way that arguments are collected by functions
+created by `mocksignature` they are *always* passed as positional arguments
+(including defaults) and not keyword arguments.
+
+
+mocksignature api
+-----------------
+
+Although the objects returned by `mocksignature` api are real function objects,
+they have much of the same api as the :class:`Mock` class. This includes the
+assert methods:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def func(a, b, c):
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> func2 = mocksignature(func)
+    >>> func2.called
+    False
+    >>> func2.return_value = 3
+    >>> func2(1, 2, 3)
+    3
+    >>> func2.called
+    True
+    >>> func2.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> func2.assert_called_with(1, 2, 4)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AssertionError: Expected call: mock(1, 2, 4)
+    Actual call: mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> func2.call_count
+    1
+    >>> func2.side_effect = IndexError
+    >>> func2(4, 5, 6)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    IndexError
+
+The mock object that is being delegated to is available as the `mock` attribute
+of the function created by `mocksignature`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> func2.mock.mock_calls
+    [call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)]
+
+The methods and attributes available on functions returned by `mocksignature`
+are:
+
+    :meth:`~Mock.assert_any_call`, :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with`,
+    :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`, :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`,
+    :attr:`~Mock.call_args`, :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`,
+    :attr:`~Mock.call_count`, :attr:`~Mock.called`,
+    :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, `mock`, :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`,
+    :meth:`~Mock.reset_mock`, :attr:`~Mock.return_value`, and
+    :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`.
+
+
+Example use
+-----------
+
+Basic use
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def function(a, b, c=None):
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> function = mocksignature(function, mock)
+    >>> function()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)
+    >>> function.return_value = 'some value'
+    >>> function(1, 2, 'foo')
+    'some value'
+    >>> function.assert_called_with(1, 2, 'foo')
+
+
+Keyword arguments
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Note that arguments to functions created by `mocksignature` are always passed
+in to the underlying mock by position even when called with keywords:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> def function(a, b, c=None):
+    ...     pass
+    ...
+    >>> function = mocksignature(function)
+    >>> function.return_value = None
+    >>> function(1, 2)
+    >>> function.assert_called_with(1, 2, None)
+
+
+Mocking methods and self
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When you use `mocksignature` to replace a method on a class then `self`
+will be included in the method signature - and you will need to include
+the instance when you do your asserts.
+
+As a curious factor of the way Python (2) wraps methods fetched from a class,
+we can *get* the `return_value` from a function set on a class, but we can't
+set it. We have to do this through the exposed `mock` attribute instead:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class SomeClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self, a, b, c=None):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> SomeClass.method = mocksignature(SomeClass.method)
+    >>> SomeClass.method.mock.return_value = None
+    >>> instance = SomeClass()
+    >>> instance.method()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 4 arguments (1 given)
+    >>> instance.method(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> instance.method.assert_called_with(instance, 1, 2, 3)
+
+When you use `mocksignature` on instance methods `self` isn't included (and we
+can set the `return_value` etc directly):
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class SomeClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self, a, b, c=None):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> instance = SomeClass()
+    >>> instance.method = mocksignature(instance.method)
+    >>> instance.method.return_value = None
+    >>> instance.method(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> instance.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+mocksignature with classes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When used with a class `mocksignature` copies the signature of the `__init__`
+method.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, foo, bar):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> MockSomething = mocksignature(Something)
+    >>> instance = MockSomething(10, 9)
+    >>> assert instance is MockSomething.return_value
+    >>> MockSomething.assert_called_with(10, 9)
+    >>> MockSomething()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)
+
+Because the object returned by `mocksignature` is a function rather than a
+`Mock` you lose the other capabilities of `Mock`, like dynamic attribute
+creation.
+
+
+mocksignature with callable objects
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When used with a callable object `mocksignature` copies the signature of the
+`__call__` method.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...     def __call__(self, spam, eggs):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> something = Something()
+    >>> mock_something = mocksignature(something)
+    >>> result = mock_something(10, 9)
+    >>> mock_something.assert_called_with(10, 9)
+    >>> mock_something()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)
+
+
+mocksignature argument to patch
+-------------------------------
+
+`mocksignature` is available as a keyword argument to :func:`patch` or
+:func:`patch.object`. It can be used with functions / methods / classes and
+callable objects.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class SomeClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self, a, b, c=None):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'method', mocksignature=True)
+    ... def test(mock_method):
+    ...     instance = SomeClass()
+    ...     mock_method.return_value = None
+    ...     instance.method(1, 2)
+    ...     mock_method.assert_called_with(instance, 1, 2, None)
+    ...
+    >>> test()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d56264fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/patch.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+==================
+ Patch Decorators
+==================
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class SomeClass(object):
+        static_method = None
+        class_method = None
+        attribute = None
+
+    sys.modules['package'] = package = Mock(name='package')
+    sys.modules['package.module'] = package.module
+
+    class TestCase(unittest2.TestCase):
+        def run(self):
+            result = unittest2.TestResult()
+            super(unittest2.TestCase, self).run(result)
+            assert result.wasSuccessful()
+
+.. testcleanup::
+
+    patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'test'
+
+
+The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
+the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
+even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
+statements or as class decorators.
+
+
+patch
+=====
+
+.. note::
+
+    `patch` is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
+    right namespace. See the section `where to patch`_.
+
+.. function:: patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target`
+    is patched with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits
+    the patch is undone.
+
+    If `new` is omitted, then the target is replaced with a
+    :class:`MagicMock`. If `patch` is used as a decorator and `new` is
+    omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the
+    decorated function. If `patch` is used as a context manager the created
+    mock is returned by the context manager.
+
+    `target` should be a string in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`. The
+    `target` is imported and the specified object replaced with the `new`
+    object, so the `target` must be importable from the environment you are
+    calling `patch` from. The target is imported when the decorated function
+    is executed, not at decoration time.
+
+    The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock`
+    if patch is creating one for you.
+
+    In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes
+    patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
+
+    `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+    that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is
+    used.
+
+    A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True`
+    then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+    All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+    attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
+    will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if they are
+    called with the wrong signature. For mocks
+    replacing a class, their return value (the 'instance') will have the same
+    spec as the class. See the :func:`create_autospec` function and
+    :ref:`auto-speccing`.
+
+    Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an
+    arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.
+
+    By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
+    you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
+    create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+    delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+    attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+    default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+    passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
+
+    Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by
+    decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+    code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds
+    tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+    By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests.
+    You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+
+    Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+    patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+    use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+    "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you.
+
+    `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+    the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction.
+
+    `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are
+    available for alternate use-cases.
+
+`patch` as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into
+the decorated function:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('__main__.SomeClass')
+    ... def function(normal_argument, mock_class):
+    ...     print mock_class is SomeClass
+    ...
+    >>> function(None)
+    True
+
+
+Patching a class replaces the class with a `MagicMock` *instance*. If the
+class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` of the mock that will be used.
+
+If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
+can set the `return_value` to be anything you want.
+
+To configure return values on methods of *instances* on the patched class
+you must do this on the `return_value`. For example:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Class(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass:
+    ...     instance = MockClass.return_value
+    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'foo'
+    ...     assert Class() is instance
+    ...     assert Class().method() == 'foo'
+    ...
+
+If you use `spec` or `spec_set` and `patch` is replacing a *class*, then the
+return value of the created mock will have the same spec.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> Original = Class
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True)
+    >>> MockClass = patcher.start()
+    >>> instance = MockClass()
+    >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original)
+    >>> patcher.stop()
+
+The `new_callable` argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
+class to the default :class:`MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if
+you wanted a :class:`NonCallableMock` to be used:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> thing = object()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing:
+    ...     assert thing is mock_thing
+    ...     thing()
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable
+
+Another use case might be to replace an object with a `StringIO` instance:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+    >>> def foo():
+    ...     print 'Something'
+    ...
+    >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
+    ... def test(mock_stdout):
+    ...     foo()
+    ...     assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n'
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+When `patch` is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
+you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
+in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
+used to set attributes on the created mock:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two')
+    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+    >>> mock_thing.first
+    'one'
+    >>> mock_thing.second
+    'two'
+
+As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` and :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`, of child mocks can
+also be configured. These aren't syntactically valid to pass in directly as
+keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
+into a `patch` call using `**`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config)
+    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+    >>> mock_thing.method()
+    3
+    >>> mock_thing.other()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    KeyError
+
+
+patch.object
+============
+
+.. function:: patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
+    object.
+
+    `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`, `autospec` and
+    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like `patch`,
+    `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
+    object it creates.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+You can either call `patch.object` with three arguments or two arguments. The
+three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
+object to replace the attribute with.
+
+When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
+mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
+function:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+    ... def test(mock_method):
+    ...     SomeClass.class_method(3)
+    ...     mock_method.assert_called_with(3)
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+`spec`, `create` and the other arguments to `patch.object` have the same
+meaning as they do for `patch`.
+
+
+patch.dict
+==========
+
+.. function:: patch.dict(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs)
+
+    Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+    to its original state after the test.
+
+    `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+    mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+    plus iterating over keys.
+
+    `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+    will then be fetched by importing it.
+
+    `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
+    can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs.
+
+    If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+    values are set.
+
+    `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+    values in the dictionary.
+
+    `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+    decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours
+    `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+`patch.dict` can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
+change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
+ends.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from mock import patch
+    >>> foo = {}
+    >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+    ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+    ...
+    >>> assert foo == {}
+
+    >>> import os
+    >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+    ...     print os.environ['newkey']
+    ...
+    newvalue
+    >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ
+
+Keywords can be used in the `patch.dict` call to set values in the dictionary:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> mymodule = MagicMock()
+    >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish'
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule):
+    ...     import mymodule
+    ...     mymodule.function('some', 'args')
+    ...
+    'fish'
+
+`patch.dict` can be used with dictionary like objects that aren't actually
+dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
+deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
+magic methods `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__` and either
+`__iter__` or `__contains__`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class Container(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self):
+    ...         self.values = {}
+    ...     def __getitem__(self, name):
+    ...         return self.values[name]
+    ...     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+    ...         self.values[name] = value
+    ...     def __delitem__(self, name):
+    ...         del self.values[name]
+    ...     def __iter__(self):
+    ...         return iter(self.values)
+    ...
+    >>> thing = Container()
+    >>> thing['one'] = 1
+    >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3):
+    ...     assert thing['one'] == 2
+    ...     assert thing['two'] == 3
+    ...
+    >>> assert thing['one'] == 1
+    >>> assert list(thing) == ['one']
+
+
+patch.multiple
+==============
+
+.. function:: patch.multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+    patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+    and keyword arguments for the patches::
+
+        with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
+            ...
+
+    Use :data:`DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create
+    mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+    function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is
+    used as a context manager.
+
+    `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`, `autospec` and
+    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These arguments will
+    be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+If you want `patch.multiple` to create mocks for you, then you can use
+:data:`DEFAULT` as the value. If you use `patch.multiple` as a decorator
+then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> thing = object()
+    >>> other = object()
+
+    >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+    ... def test_function(thing, other):
+    ...     assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock)
+    ...     assert isinstance(other, MagicMock)
+    ...
+    >>> test_function()
+
+`patch.multiple` can be nested with other `patch` decorators, but put arguments
+passed by keyword *after* any of the standard arguments created by `patch`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch('sys.exit')
+    ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+    ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing):
+    ...     assert 'other' in repr(other)
+    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(thing)
+    ...     assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit)
+    ...
+    >>> test_function()
+
+If `patch.multiple` is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
+context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values:
+    ...     assert 'other' in repr(values['other'])
+    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing'])
+    ...     assert values['thing'] is thing
+    ...     assert values['other'] is other
+    ...
+
+
+.. _start-and-stop:
+
+patch methods: start and stop
+=============================
+
+All the patchers have `start` and `stop` methods. These make it simpler to do
+patching in `setUp` methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
+nesting decorators or with statements.
+
+To use them call `patch`, `patch.object` or `patch.dict` as normal and keep a
+reference to the returned `patcher` object. You can then call `start` to put
+the patch in place and `stop` to undo it.
+
+If you are using `patch` to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
+the call to `patcher.start`.
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName')
+    >>> from package import module
+    >>> original = module.ClassName
+    >>> new_mock = patcher.start()
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is not original
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock
+    >>> patcher.stop()
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is original
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock
+
+
+A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the `setUp`
+method of a `TestCase`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1')
+    ...         self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2')
+    ...         self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start()
+    ...         self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def tearDown(self):
+    ...         self.patcher1.stop()
+    ...         self.patcher2.stop()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_something(self):
+    ...         assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1
+    ...         assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+.. caution::
+
+    If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+    calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+    exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. `unittest2
+    <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ cleanup functions make this
+    easier.
+
+    .. doctest::
+
+        >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+        ...     def setUp(self):
+        ...         patcher = patch('package.module.Class')
+        ...         self.MockClass = patcher.start()
+        ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+        ...
+        ...     def test_something(self):
+        ...         assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass
+        ...
+        >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+    As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the `patcher`
+    object.
+
+It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using
+`patch.stopall`.
+
+.. function:: patch.stopall
+
+    Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with `start`.
+
+
+TEST_PREFIX
+===========
+
+All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
+they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
+start with `test` as being test methods. This is the same way that the
+`unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default.
+
+It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
+inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo'
+    >>> value = 3
+    >>>
+    >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three')
+    ... class Thing(object):
+    ...     def foo_one(self):
+    ...         print value
+    ...     def foo_two(self):
+    ...         print value
+    ...
+    >>>
+    >>> Thing().foo_one()
+    not three
+    >>> Thing().foo_two()
+    not three
+    >>> value
+    3
+
+
+Nesting Patch Decorators
+========================
+
+If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
+decorators.
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+    ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+    ... def test(mock1, mock2):
+    ...     assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1
+    ...     assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2
+    ...     SomeClass.static_method('foo')
+    ...     SomeClass.class_method('bar')
+    ...     return mock1, mock2
+    ...
+    >>> mock1, mock2 = test()
+    >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+    >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar')
+
+
+Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
+standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
+passed into your test function matches this order.
+
+Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib's nested
+function; *every* patching will appear in the tuple after "as":
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> from contextlib import nested
+    >>> with nested(
+    ...         patch('package.module.ClassName1'),
+    ...         patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+    ...     ) as (MockClass1, MockClass2):
+    ...     assert package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1
+    ...     assert package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2
+    ...
+
+
+.. _where-to-patch:
+
+Where to patch
+==============
+
+`patch` works by (temporarily) changing the object that a *name* points to with
+another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
+for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
+under test.
+
+The basic principle is that you patch where an object is *looked up*, which
+is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
+examples will help to clarify this.
+
+Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure::
+
+    a.py
+        -> Defines SomeClass
+
+    b.py
+        -> from a import SomeClass
+        -> some_function instantiates SomeClass
+
+Now we want to test `some_function` but we want to mock out `SomeClass` using
+`patch`. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
+do then it imports `SomeClass` from module a. If we use `patch` to mock out
+`a.SomeClass` then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
+reference to the *real* `SomeClass` and it looks like our patching had no
+effect.
+
+The key is to patch out `SomeClass` where it is used (or where it is looked up
+). In this case `some_function` will actually look up `SomeClass` in module b,
+where we have imported it. The patching should look like:
+
+    `@patch('b.SomeClass')`
+
+However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of `from a import
+SomeClass` module b does `import a` and `some_function` uses `a.SomeClass`. Both
+of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
+being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch `a.SomeClass` instead:
+
+    `@patch('a.SomeClass')`
+
+
+Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects
+======================================
+
+Since version 0.6.0 both patch_ and patch.object_ have been able to correctly
+patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties.
+You should patch these on the *class* rather than an instance.
+
+Since version 0.7.0 patch_ and patch.object_ work correctly with some objects
+that proxy attribute access, like the `django setttings object
+<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198>`_.
+
+.. note::
+
+    In django `import settings` and `from django.conf import settings`
+    return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you
+    may have to patch both. Grrr...
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c5223da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_sources/sentinel.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+==========
+ Sentinel
+==========
+
+
+.. currentmodule:: mock
+
+.. testsetup::
+
+    class ProductionClass(object):
+        def something(self):
+            return self.method()
+
+    class Test(unittest2.TestCase):
+        def testSomething(self):
+            pass
+    self = Test('testSomething')
+
+
+.. data:: sentinel
+
+    The ``sentinel`` object provides a convenient way of providing unique
+    objects for your tests.
+
+    Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
+    the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
+    returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.
+
+
+.. data:: DEFAULT
+
+    The `DEFAULT` object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
+    `sentinel.DEFAULT`). It can be used by :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`
+    functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.
+
+
+Sentinel Example
+================
+
+Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
+argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
+sentinel objects to test this. `sentinel` provides a convenient way of
+creating and testing the identity of objects like this.
+
+In this example we monkey patch `method` to return
+`sentinel.some_object`:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.method = Mock(name="method")
+    >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object
+    >>> result = real.method()
+    >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object
+    >>> sentinel.some_object
+    sentinel.some_object
+
+
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60395bcef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/adctheme.css
@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+/**
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ */
+ h3 {
+     color:#000000;
+     font-size: 17px;
+     margin-bottom:0.5em;
+     margin-top:2em;
+ }
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- header ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#header #title {
+    background:#29334F url(title_background.png) repeat-x scroll 0 0;
+    border-bottom:1px solid #B6B6B6;
+    height:25px;
+    overflow:hidden;
+}
+#headerButtons {
+    position: absolute;
+    list-style: none outside;
+    top: 26px;
+    left: 0px;
+    right: 0px;
+    margin: 0px;
+    padding: 0px;
+    border-top: 1px solid #2B334F;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #EDEDED;
+    height: 20px;
+    font-size: 8pt;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background-color: #D8D8D8;
+}
+
+#headerButtons li {
+    background-repeat:no-repeat;
+    display:inline;
+    margin-top:0;
+    padding:0;
+}
+
+.headerButton {
+    display: inline;
+    height:20px;
+}
+
+.headerButton a {
+    text-decoration: none;
+    float: right;
+    height: 20px;
+    padding: 4px 15px;
+    border-left: 1px solid #ACACAC;
+    font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+    color: black;
+}
+.headerButton a:hover {
+    color: white;
+    background-color: #787878;
+    
+}
+
+li#toc_button {
+    text-align:left;
+}
+
+li#toc_button .headerButton a {
+    width:198px;
+    padding-top: 4px;
+    font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+    color: black;
+    float: left;
+    padding-left:15px;
+    border-right:1px solid #ACACAC;
+    background:transparent url(triangle_open.png) no-repeat scroll 4px 6px;
+}
+
+li#toc_button .headerButton a:hover {
+    background-color: #787878;
+    color: white;
+}
+
+li#page_buttons {
+position:absolute;
+right:0;
+}
+
+#breadcrumbs {
+    color: black;
+    background-image:url(breadcrumb_background.png);
+    border-top:1px solid #2B334F;
+    bottom:0;
+    font-size:10px;
+    height:15px;
+    left:0;
+    overflow:hidden;
+    padding:3px 10px 0;
+    position:absolute;
+    right:0;
+    white-space:nowrap;
+    z-index:901;
+}
+#breadcrumbs a {
+    color: black;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+#breadcrumbs a:hover {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+#breadcrumbs img {
+    padding-left: 3px;
+}
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+#sphinxsidebar {
+    position: absolute;
+    top: 84px;
+    bottom: 19px;
+    left: 0px;
+    width: 229px; 
+    background-color: #E4EBF7;
+    border-right: 1px solid #ACACAC;
+    border-top: 1px solid #2B334F;
+    overflow-x: hidden;
+    overflow-y: auto;
+    padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
+    font-size:11px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar li {
+    margin: 0px;
+    padding: 0px;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0px 0px 7px 0px;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    text-overflow: ellipsis;
+    font-size: 11px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+    margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;
+    padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+#sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    list-style: square;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #787878;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar li.toctree-l1 a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    color: #000;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+#sphinxsidebar li.toctree-l2 a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    color: #4f4f4f;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+#sphinxsidebar input.prettysearch {border:none;}
+input.searchbutton {
+    float: right;
+}
+.search-wrapper {width: 100%; height: 25px;}
+.search-wrapper input.prettysearch { border: none; width:200px; height: 16px; background: url(searchfield_repeat.png) center top repeat-x; border: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 3px 0 0 0; font: 11px "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Arial, sans-serif; }
+.search-wrapper input.prettysearch { width: 184px; margin-left: 20px; *margin-top:-1px; *margin-right:-2px; *margin-left:10px; }
+.search-wrapper .search-left { display: block; position: absolute; width: 20px; height: 19px; background: url(searchfield_leftcap.png) left top no-repeat; }
+.search-wrapper .search-right { display: block; position: relative; left: 204px; top: -19px; width: 10px; height: 19px; background: url(searchfield_rightcap.png) right top no-repeat; }
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+    line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+.document {
+    border-top:1px solid #2B334F;
+    overflow:auto;
+    padding-left:2em;
+    padding-right:2em;
+    position:absolute;
+    z-index:1;
+    top:84px;
+    bottom:19px;
+    right:0;
+    left:230px;
+}
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+*/
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+.admonition {
+    border: 1px solid #a1a5a9;
+    background-color: #f7f7f7;
+    margin: 20px;
+    padding: 0px 8px 7px 9px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+.warning {
+    background-color:#E8E8E8;
+    border:1px solid #111111;
+    margin:30px;
+}
+.admonition p { 
+    font: 12px 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+    margin-top: 7px;
+    margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    padding-top: 3px;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+    border-top: 1px solid #919699;
+    border-left: 1px solid #919699;
+    border-right: 1px solid #919699;
+    font-size:12px;
+    padding:8px;
+    text-align:left;
+    vertical-align:top;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 8px;
+    font-size: 12px;
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #919699;
+}
+
+table.docutils th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+/* This alternates colors in up to six table rows (light blue for odd, white for even)*/      
+.docutils tr {
+        background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr {
+        background: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr {
+        background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr {
+        background: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr +tr + tr {
+        background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr {
+        background: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.docutils tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr + tr {
+        background: #F0F5F9;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+    font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+    font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlight {
+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dd {
+	font-size:12px;
+}
+.field-list ul {
+    vertical-align: top;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-bottom: 0;
+    list-style: none inside;
+}
+
+.field-list ul li {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.refcount {
+    color: #060;
+}
+
+.optional {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    background-color:#F1F5F9;
+    border:1px solid #C9D1D7;
+    border-spacing:0;
+    font-family:"Bitstream Vera Sans Mono",Monaco,"Lucida Console",Courier,Consolas,monospace;
+    font-size:11px;
+    padding: 10px;
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+tt {
+	font-family:"Bitstream Vera Sans Mono",Monaco,"Lucida Console",Courier,Consolas,monospace;
+
+}
+
+tt.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+tt.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+tt.xref, a tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
+
+body {
+    font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+}
+
+dl.class dt {
+    padding: 3px;
+/*    border-top: 2px solid #999;*/
+}
+
+em.property {
+    font-style: normal;
+}
+
+dl.class dd p {
+	margin-top: 6px;
+}
+
+dl.class dd dl.exception dt {
+    padding: 3px;
+    background-color: #FFD6D6;
+    border-top: none;
+}
+
+dl.class dd dl.method dt {
+   padding: 3px;
+   background-color: #e9e9e9;
+   border-top: none;
+   
+}
+
+dl.function dt {
+    padding: 3px;
+    border-top: 2px solid #999;
+}
+
+ul {
+list-style-image:none;
+list-style-position:outside;
+list-style-type:square;
+margin:0 0 0 30px;
+padding:0 0 12px 6px;
+}
+#docstitle {
+    height: 36px; 
+    background-image: url(header_sm_mid.png);
+    left: 0;
+    top: 0;
+    position: absolute;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+#docstitle p {
+    padding:7px 0 0 45px;
+    margin: 0;
+    color: white;
+    text-shadow:0 1px 0 #787878;
+    background: transparent url(documentation.png) no-repeat scroll 10px 3px;
+    height: 36px;
+    font-size: 15px;
+}
+#header {
+height:45px;
+left:0;
+position:absolute;
+right:0;
+top:36px;
+z-index:900;
+}
+
+#header h1 {
+font-size:10pt;
+margin:0;
+padding:5px 0 0 10px;
+text-shadow:0 1px 0 #D5D5D5;
+white-space:nowrap;
+}
+
+h1 {
+-x-system-font:none;
+color:#000000;
+font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+font-size:30px;
+font-size-adjust:none;
+font-stretch:normal;
+font-style:normal;
+font-variant:normal;
+font-weight:bold;
+line-height:normal;
+margin-bottom:25px;
+margin-top:1em;
+}
+
+.footer {
+border-top:1px solid #DDDDDD;
+clear:both;
+padding-top:9px;
+width:100%;
+font-size:10px;
+}
+
+p {
+-x-system-font:none;
+font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+font-size:12px;
+font-size-adjust:none;
+font-stretch:normal;
+font-style:normal;
+font-variant:normal;
+font-weight:normal;
+line-height:normal;
+margin-bottom:10px;
+margin-top:0;
+}
+
+h2 {
+border-bottom:1px solid #919699;
+color:#000000;
+font-size:24px;
+margin-top:2.5em;
+padding-bottom:2px;
+}
+
+a:link:hover {
+color:#093D92;
+text-decoration:underline;
+}
+
+a:link {
+color:#093D92;
+text-decoration:none;
+}
+
+
+ol {
+list-style-position:outside;
+list-style-type:decimal;
+margin:0 0 0 30px;
+padding:0 0 12px 6px;
+}
+li {
+margin-top:7px;
+font-family:'Lucida Grande',Geneva,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
+font-size:12px;
+font-size-adjust:none;
+font-stretch:normal;
+font-style:normal;
+font-variant:normal;
+font-weight:normal;
+line-height:normal;
+}
+li p {
+margin-top:8px;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43e8bafaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/basic.css
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+/*
+ * basic.css
+ * ~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- basic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* -- main layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.clearer {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- relbar ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.related {
+    width: 100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.related h3 {
+    display: none;
+}
+
+div.related ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0 0 0 10px;
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.related li {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.related li.right {
+    float: right;
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebar --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper {
+    padding: 10px 5px 0 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    float: left;
+    width: 230px;
+    margin-left: -100%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    list-style: none;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul,
+div.sphinxsidebar ul.want-points {
+    margin-left: 20px;
+    list-style: square;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul ul {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar form {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="text"] {
+    width: 170px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar #searchbox input[type="submit"] {
+    width: 30px;
+}
+
+img {
+    border: 0;
+}
+
+/* -- search page ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ul.search {
+    margin: 10px 0 0 20px;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+ul.search li {
+    padding: 5px 0 5px 20px;
+    background-image: url(file.png);
+    background-repeat: no-repeat;
+    background-position: 0 7px;
+}
+
+ul.search li a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+ul.search li div.context {
+    color: #888;
+    margin: 2px 0 0 30px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+ul.keywordmatches li.goodmatch a {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- index page ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+table.contentstable {
+    width: 90%;
+}
+
+table.contentstable p.biglink {
+    line-height: 150%;
+}
+
+a.biglink {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+span.linkdescr {
+    font-style: italic;
+    padding-top: 5px;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+/* -- general index --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.indextable {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+table.indextable td {
+    text-align: left;
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+table.indextable dl, table.indextable dd {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.pcap {
+    height: 10px;
+}
+
+table.indextable tr.cap {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+}
+
+img.toggler {
+    margin-right: 3px;
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.modindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.genindex-jumpbox {
+    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
+    padding: 0.4em;
+}
+
+/* -- general body styles --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+a.headerlink {
+    visibility: hidden;
+}
+
+h1:hover > a.headerlink,
+h2:hover > a.headerlink,
+h3:hover > a.headerlink,
+h4:hover > a.headerlink,
+h5:hover > a.headerlink,
+h6:hover > a.headerlink,
+dt:hover > a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+div.body p.caption {
+    text-align: inherit;
+}
+
+div.body td {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.first {
+    margin-top: 0 !important;
+}
+
+p.rubric {
+    margin-top: 30px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
+    clear: left;
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
+    clear: right;
+    float: right;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+}
+
+img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
+  display: block;
+  margin-left: auto;
+  margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px 7px 0 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition dl {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+    border-top: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-right: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+    border-left: solid 1px gray;
+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+    list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+    list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd p {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
+dt:target, .highlighted {
+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.refcount {
+    color: #060;
+}
+
+.optional {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.line-block .line-block {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    padding: 5px 0px;
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    margin-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    padding: 0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
+}
+
+tt.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+tt.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+tt.xref, a tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/breadcrumb_background.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/breadcrumb_background.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b45910e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/breadcrumb_background.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/default.css b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/default.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a3ac1331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/default.css
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/*
+ * default.css_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- default theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2010 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+@import url("basic.css");
+
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+body {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 100%;
+    background-color: #11303d;
+    color: #000;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.document {
+    background-color: #1c4e63;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    float: left;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+div.body {
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    color: #000000;
+    padding: 0 20px 30px 20px;
+}
+
+div.footer {
+    color: #ffffff;
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 9px 0 9px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 75%;
+}
+
+div.footer a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+div.related {
+    background-color: #133f52;
+    line-height: 30px;
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.related a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 {
+    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+    color: #ffffff;
+    font-size: 1.4em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+    color: #ffffff;
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 5px 0 0 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+    margin: 5px 10px 10px 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    margin: 10px;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+    color: #98dbcc;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+
+
+/* -- hyperlink styles ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+a {
+    color: #355f7c;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+    color: #355f7c;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+
+
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    color: #20435c;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
+    margin: 20px -20px 10px -20px;
+    padding: 3px 0 3px 10px;
+}
+
+div.body h1 { margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 160%; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 140%; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 120%; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 110%; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; }
+
+a.headerlink {
+    color: #c60f0f;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.headerlink:hover {
+    background-color: #c60f0f;
+    color: white;
+}
+
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li {
+    text-align: justify;
+    line-height: 130%;
+}
+
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.admonition p {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition pre {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition ul, div.admonition ol {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.note {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+div.seealso {
+    background-color: #ffc;
+    border: 1px solid #ff6;
+}
+
+div.topic {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+
+div.warning {
+    background-color: #ffe4e4;
+    border: 1px solid #f66;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+
+pre {
+    padding: 5px;
+    background-color: #eeffcc;
+    color: #333333;
+    line-height: 120%;
+    border: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-left: none;
+    border-right: none;
+}
+
+tt {
+    background-color: #ecf0f3;
+    padding: 0 1px 0 1px;
+    font-size: 0.95em;
+}
+
+th {
+    background-color: #ede;
+}
+
+.warning tt {
+    background: #efc2c2;
+}
+
+.note tt {
+    background: #d6d6d6;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    background-color: #f4debf;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ac9;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/doctools.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/doctools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4619fdfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/doctools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  return decodeURIComponent(x).replace(/\+/g, ' ');
+}
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s == 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * small function to check if an array contains
+ * a given item.
+ */
+jQuery.contains = function(arr, item) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
+    if (arr[i] == item)
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node) {
+    if (node.nodeType == 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 && !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className)) {
+        var span = document.createElement("span");
+        span.className = className;
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this);
+  });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n == 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated == 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated == 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) == 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this == '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/documentation.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/documentation.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/file.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/file.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d18082e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/file.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/header_sm_mid.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/header_sm_mid.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dce5a40e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/header_sm_mid.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/jquery.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c2430802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/*!
+ * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.4.2
+ * http://jquery.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright 2010, John Resig
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
+ * http://jquery.org/license
+ *
+ * Includes Sizzle.js
+ * http://sizzlejs.com/
+ * Copyright 2010, The Dojo Foundation
+ * Released under the MIT, BSD, and GPL Licenses.
+ *
+ * Date: Sat Feb 13 22:33:48 2010 -0500
+ */
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index 000000000..2a60215d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/scrn2.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_leftcap.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_leftcap.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc00c22b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_leftcap.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_repeat.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_repeat.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b429a16ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_repeat.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_rightcap.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_rightcap.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e13620ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchfield_rightcap.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchtools.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchtools.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..663be4c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/searchtools.js
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilties for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * helper function to return a node containing the
+ * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+ * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+ * words. the first one is used to find the occurance, the
+ * latter for highlighting it.
+ */
+
+jQuery.makeSearchSummary = function(text, keywords, hlwords) {
+  var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+  var start = 0;
+  $.each(keywords, function() {
+    var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+    if (i > -1)
+      start = i;
+  });
+  start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+  var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+  $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+  ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+  var rv = $('<div class="context"></div>').text(excerpt);
+  $.each(hlwords, function() {
+    rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+  });
+  return rv;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null, success: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (var i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    };
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p style="display: none"></p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  query : function(query) {
+    var stopwords = ["and","then","into","it","as","are","in","if","for","no","there","their","was","is","be","to","that","but","they","not","such","with","by","a","on","these","of","will","this","near","the","or","at"];
+
+    // Stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = query.split(/\s+/);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (var i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] != "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i]) != -1 || tmp[i].match(/^\d+$/) ||
+          tmp[i] == "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i]).toLowerCase();
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        var toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        var toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    };
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var files = null;
+    // different result priorities
+    var importantResults = [];
+    var objectResults = [];
+    var regularResults = [];
+    var unimportantResults = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (var i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0,i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length))
+      var results = this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others);
+      // Assume first word is most likely to be the object,
+      // other words more likely to be in description.
+      // Therefore put matches for earlier words first.
+      // (Results are eventually used in reverse order).
+      objectResults = results[0].concat(objectResults);
+      importantResults = results[1].concat(importantResults);
+      unimportantResults = results[2].concat(unimportantResults);
+    }
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (var i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ((files = terms[word]) == null)
+        break;
+      if (files.length == undefined) {
+        files = [files];
+      }
+      // create the mapping
+      for (var j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        var file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (var file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      if (fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length)
+        continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the
+      // search result.
+      for (var i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+            $.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it
+      // to the result list
+      if (valid)
+        regularResults.push([filenames[file], titles[file], '', null]);
+    }
+
+    // delete unused variables in order to not waste
+    // memory until list is retrieved completely
+    delete filenames, titles, terms;
+
+    // now sort the regular results descending by title
+    regularResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+      var right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+      return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+    });
+
+    // combine all results
+    var results = unimportantResults.concat(regularResults)
+      .concat(objectResults).concat(importantResults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li style="display:none"></li>');
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX == '') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        }
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          $.get(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '_sources/' +
+                item[0] + '.txt', function(data) {
+            if (data != '') {
+              listItem.append($.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+              Search.output.append(listItem);
+            }
+            listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+              displayNextItem();
+            });
+          }, "text");
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          listItem.slideDown(5, function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          });
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var importantResults = [];
+    var objectResults = [];
+    var unimportantResults = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        if (fullname.toLowerCase().indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (var i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+          anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor == '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          result = [filenames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr];
+          switch (match[2]) {
+          case 1: objectResults.push(result); break;
+          case 0: importantResults.push(result); break;
+          case 2: unimportantResults.push(result); break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // sort results descending
+    objectResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+      return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+    });
+
+    importantResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+      return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+    });
+
+    unimportantResults.sort(function(a, b) {
+      return (a[1] > b[1]) ? -1 : ((a[1] < b[1]) ? 1 : 0);
+    });
+
+    return [importantResults, objectResults, unimportantResults]
+  }
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/sidebar.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/sidebar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..731851711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/sidebar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/*
+ * sidebar.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This script makes the Sphinx sidebar collapsible.
+ *
+ * .sphinxsidebar contains .sphinxsidebarwrapper.  This script adds
+ * in .sphixsidebar, after .sphinxsidebarwrapper, the #sidebarbutton
+ * used to collapse and expand the sidebar.
+ *
+ * When the sidebar is collapsed the .sphinxsidebarwrapper is hidden
+ * and the width of the sidebar and the margin-left of the document
+ * are decreased. When the sidebar is expanded the opposite happens.
+ * This script saves a per-browser/per-session cookie used to
+ * remember the position of the sidebar among the pages.
+ * Once the browser is closed the cookie is deleted and the position
+ * reset to the default (expanded).
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2010 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+$(function() {
+  // global elements used by the functions.
+  // the 'sidebarbutton' element is defined as global after its
+  // creation, in the add_sidebar_button function
+  var bodywrapper = $('.bodywrapper');
+  var sidebar = $('.sphinxsidebar');
+  var sidebarwrapper = $('.sphinxsidebarwrapper');
+
+  // original margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+  // with the sidebar expanded
+  var bw_margin_expanded = bodywrapper.css('margin-left');
+  var ssb_width_expanded = sidebar.width();
+
+  // margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+  // with the sidebar collapsed
+  var bw_margin_collapsed = '.8em';
+  var ssb_width_collapsed = '.8em';
+
+  // colors used by the current theme
+  var dark_color = $('.related').css('background-color');
+  var light_color = $('.document').css('background-color');
+
+  function sidebar_is_collapsed() {
+    return sidebarwrapper.is(':not(:visible)');
+  }
+
+  function toggle_sidebar() {
+    if (sidebar_is_collapsed())
+      expand_sidebar();
+    else
+      collapse_sidebar();
+  }
+
+  function collapse_sidebar() {
+    sidebarwrapper.hide();
+    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_collapsed);
+    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_collapsed);
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'margin-left': '0',
+        'height': bodywrapper.height()
+    });
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('»');
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Expand sidebar'));
+    document.cookie = 'sidebar=collapsed';
+  }
+
+  function expand_sidebar() {
+    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_expanded);
+    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_expanded);
+    sidebarwrapper.show();
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded-12,
+        'height': bodywrapper.height()
+    });
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('«');
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+    document.cookie = 'sidebar=expanded';
+  }
+
+  function add_sidebar_button() {
+    sidebarwrapper.css({
+        'float': 'left',
+        'margin-right': '0',
+        'width': ssb_width_expanded - 28
+    });
+    // create the button
+    sidebar.append(
+        '<div id="sidebarbutton"><span>&laquo;</span></div>'
+    );
+    var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+    light_color = sidebarbutton.css('background-color');
+    // find the height of the viewport to center the '<<' in the page
+    var viewport_height;
+    if (window.innerHeight)
+ 	  viewport_height = window.innerHeight;
+    else
+	  viewport_height = $(window).height();
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').css({
+        'display': 'block',
+        'margin-top': (viewport_height - sidebar.position().top - 20) / 2
+    });
+
+    sidebarbutton.click(toggle_sidebar);
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'color': '#FFFFFF',
+        'border-left': '1px solid ' + dark_color,
+        'font-size': '1.2em',
+        'cursor': 'pointer',
+        'height': bodywrapper.height(),
+        'padding-top': '1px',
+        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded - 12
+    });
+
+    sidebarbutton.hover(
+      function () {
+          $(this).css('background-color', dark_color);
+      },
+      function () {
+          $(this).css('background-color', light_color);
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  function set_position_from_cookie() {
+    if (!document.cookie)
+      return;
+    var items = document.cookie.split(';');
+    for(var k=0; k<items.length; k++) {
+      var key_val = items[k].split('=');
+      var key = key_val[0];
+      if (key == 'sidebar') {
+        var value = key_val[1];
+        if ((value == 'collapsed') && (!sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+          collapse_sidebar();
+        else if ((value == 'expanded') && (sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+          expand_sidebar();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  add_sidebar_button();
+  var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+  set_position_from_cookie();
+});
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/title_background.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/title_background.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fcd1cda8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/title_background.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/toc.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/toc.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b709785d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/toc.js
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+var TOC = {
+    load: function () {
+        $('#toc_button').click(TOC.toggle);
+    },
+    
+    toggle: function () {
+        if ($('#sphinxsidebar').toggle().is(':hidden')) {
+            $('div.document').css('left', "0px");
+            $('toc_button').removeClass("open");
+        } else {
+            $('div.document').css('left', "230px");
+            $('#toc_button').addClass("open");
+        }
+        return $('#sphinxsidebar');
+    }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function () {
+    TOC.load();
+});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_closed.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_closed.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e7f7bba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_closed.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_left.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_left.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d86be7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_left.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_open.png b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_open.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5d3bfdad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/triangle_open.png
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/underscore.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d8991434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/_static/underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Underscore.js 0.5.5
+// (c) 2009 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+// Underscore is freely distributable under the terms of the MIT license.
+// Portions of Underscore are inspired by or borrowed from Prototype.js,
+// Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/
+(function(){var j=this,n=j._,i=function(a){this._wrapped=a},m=typeof StopIteration!=="undefined"?StopIteration:"__break__",b=j._=function(a){return new i(a)};if(typeof exports!=="undefined")exports._=b;var k=Array.prototype.slice,o=Array.prototype.unshift,p=Object.prototype.toString,q=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,r=Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable;b.VERSION="0.5.5";b.each=function(a,c,d){try{if(a.forEach)a.forEach(c,d);else if(b.isArray(a)||b.isArguments(a))for(var e=0,f=a.length;e<f;e++)c.call(d,
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+o.call(d,this._wrapped);return l(c.apply(b,d),this._chain)}});b.each(["pop","push","reverse","shift","sort","splice","unshift"],function(a){var c=Array.prototype[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){c.apply(this._wrapped,arguments);return l(this._wrapped,this._chain)}});b.each(["concat","join","slice"],function(a){var c=Array.prototype[a];i.prototype[a]=function(){return l(c.apply(this._wrapped,arguments),this._chain)}});i.prototype.chain=function(){this._chain=true;return this};i.prototype.value=function(){return this._wrapped}})();
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/changelog.html b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/changelog.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4b935d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/changelog.html
@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    
+    <title>CHANGELOG &mdash; Mock 1.0.0 documentation</title>
+    
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/nature.css" type="text/css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
+    
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+        URL_ROOT:    '',
+        VERSION:     '1.0.0',
+        COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+        FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+        HAS_SOURCE:  true
+      };
+    </script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    <link rel="top" title="Mock 1.0.0 documentation" href="index.html" />
+    <link rel="prev" title="Mock Library Comparison" href="compare.html" /> 
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="compare.html" title="Mock Library Comparison"
+             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="changelog">
+<h1>CHANGELOG<a class="headerlink" href="#changelog" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0">
+<h2>2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>No changes since 1.0.0 beta 1. This version has feature parity with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a>
+in Python 3.3.</p>
+<p>Full list of changes since 0.8:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>mocksignature</cite>, along with the <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>, removed</li>
+<li>Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite>)</li>
+<li>Added the <cite>mock_open</cite> helper function for mocking the builtin <cite>open</cite></li>
+<li><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable, so a mock can pass an <cite>isinstance</cite> check without
+requiring a spec</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>PropertyMock</cite>, for mocking properties</li>
+<li><cite>MagicMocks</cite> made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+methods (other than equality and inequality) now return <cite>NotImplemented</cite></li>
+<li>Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of <cite>_patch</cite> by other
+libraries</li>
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> works with attributes present in results of <cite>dir</cite> that
+can&#8217;t be fetched from the object&#8217;s class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov</li>
+<li>Any exceptions in an iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> will be raised instead of
+returned</li>
+<li>In Python 3, <cite>create_autospec</cite> now supports keyword only arguments</li>
+<li>Added <cite>patch.stopall</cite> method to stop all active patches created by <cite>start</cite></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>MagicMock.reset_mock</cite> wouldn&#8217;t reset magic method mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>reset_mock</cite> on a <cite>MagicMock</cite> created with autospec could
+raise an exception</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (<cite>spec</cite> , <cite>spec_set</cite> and
+<cite>autospec</cite>) had unpredictable results, now it is an error</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec=True</cite> <em>and</em> <cite>create=True</cite> as arguments to patchers could
+result in using <cite>DEFAULT</cite> as the spec. Now it is an error instead</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>autospec</cite> arguments to patchers, along with
+<cite>spec_set=True</cite> did not work correctly</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: a list as the <cite>spec</cite> argument to a patcher would always result in a
+non-callable mock. Now if <cite>__call__</cite> is in the spec the mock is callable</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-beta-1">
+<h2>2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Added <cite>patch.stopall</cite> method to stop all active patches created by <cite>start</cite></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>MagicMock.reset_mock</cite> wouldn&#8217;t reset magic method mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: calling <cite>reset_mock</cite> on a <cite>MagicMock</cite> created with autospec could
+raise an exception</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-alpha-2">
+<h2>2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>PropertyMock</cite> attributes are now standard <cite>MagicMocks</cite></li>
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> works with attributes present in results of <cite>dir</cite> that
+can&#8217;t be fetched from the object&#8217;s class. Contributed by Konstantine Rybnikov</li>
+<li>Any exceptions in an iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> will be raised instead of
+returned</li>
+<li>In Python 3, <cite>create_autospec</cite> now supports keyword only arguments</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-1-0-0-alpha-1">
+<h2>2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The standard library version!</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>mocksignature</cite>, along with the <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>, removed</li>
+<li>Support for deleting attributes (accessing deleted attributes will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite>)</li>
+<li>Added the <cite>mock_open</cite> helper function for mocking the builtin <cite>open</cite></li>
+<li><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable, so a mock can pass an <cite>isinstance</cite> check without
+requiring a spec</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>PropertyMock</cite>, for mocking properties</li>
+<li><cite>MagicMocks</cite> made unorderable by default (in Python 3). The comparison
+methods (other than equality and inequality) now return <cite>NotImplemented</cite></li>
+<li>Propagate traceback info to support subclassing of <cite>_patch</cite> by other
+libraries</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: passing multiple spec arguments to patchers (<cite>spec</cite> , <cite>spec_set</cite> and
+<cite>autospec</cite>) had unpredictable results, now it is an error</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec=True</cite> <em>and</em> <cite>create=True</cite> as arguments to patchers could
+result in using <cite>DEFAULT</cite> as the spec. Now it is an error instead</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>autospec</cite> arguments to patchers, along with
+<cite>spec_set=True</cite> did not work correctly</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: using an object that evaluates to False as a spec could be ignored</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: a list as the <cite>spec</cite> argument to a patcher would always result in a
+non-callable mock. Now if <cite>__call__</cite> is in the spec the mock is callable</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0">
+<h2>2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The only changes since 0.8rc2 are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Improved repr of <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> objects</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a> can be used for comparisons against <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects</li>
+<li>The return value of <cite>MagicMock.__iter__</cite> method can be set to
+any iterable and isn&#8217;t required to be an iterator</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Full List of changes since 0.7:</p>
+<p>mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> list for <em>all</em> calls (including magic
+methods and chained calls)</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a> now create a <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>
+instead of a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> by default</li>
+<li>The patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>), plus <cite>Mock</cite> and
+<cite>MagicMock</cite>, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration</li>
+<li>New mock method <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> for setting attributes and
+return values / side effects on the mock and its attributes</li>
+<li>New mock assert methods <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_any_call()</span></tt></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a></li>
+<li>Implemented <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a> (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with
+mocked signatures for functions/methods), as the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to
+<cite>patch</cite></li>
+<li>Added the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function for manually creating
+&#8216;auto-specced&#8217; mocks</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.multiple" title="mock.patch.multiple"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.multiple()</span></tt></a> for doing multiple patches in a single call, using
+keyword arguments</li>
+<li>Setting <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to an iterable will cause calls to the mock
+to return the next value from the iterable</li>
+<li>New <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> allowing you to
+pass in a class or callable object (instead of <cite>MagicMock</cite>) that will be
+called to replace the object being patched</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a>, mocks
+without a <cite>__call__</cite> method</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_add_spec()</span></tt></a> method for adding (or changing) a
+spec on an existing mock</li>
+<li>Protocol methods on <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> are magic mocks, and are created
+lazily on first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is
+a <cite>MagicMock</cite> instead of a <cite>Mock</cite> as it was previously</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> method</li>
+<li>Added <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a> for ignoring arguments in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a>
+calls</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> helper object</li>
+<li>Improved repr for mocks</li>
+<li>Improved repr for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.call_args</span></tt></a> and entries in
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.call_args_list</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.method_calls</span></tt></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.mock_calls</span></tt></a></li>
+<li>Improved repr for <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> objects</li>
+<li><cite>patch</cite> lookup is done at use time not at decoration time</li>
+<li>In Python 2.6 or more recent, <cite>dir</cite> on a mock will report all the dynamically
+created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+well as all the mock methods and attributes.</li>
+<li>Module level <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> added to control whether <cite>dir(mock)</cite> filters
+private attributes. <cite>True</cite> by default.</li>
+<li><cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+used to decorate a class</li>
+<li>Support for using Java exceptions as a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> on Jython</li>
+<li><cite>Mock</cite> call lists (<cite>call_args_list</cite>, <cite>method_calls</cite> &amp; <cite>mock_calls</cite>) are now
+custom list objects that allow membership tests for &#8220;sub lists&#8221; and have
+a nicer representation if you <cite>str</cite> or <cite>print</cite> them</li>
+<li>Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+recorded in <cite>method_calls</cite> and <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent (unless a name is
+already set on the child)</li>
+<li>Improved failure messages for <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and
+<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite></li>
+<li>The return value of the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> <cite>__iter__</cite> method can be set to
+any iterable and isn&#8217;t required to be an iterator</li>
+<li>Added the Mock API (<cite>assert_called_with</cite> etc) to functions created by
+<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature()</span></tt></li>
+<li>Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for <cite>spec</cite> &amp;
+<cite>spec_set</cite> arguments</li>
+<li>Calling <cite>stop</cite> on an unstarted patcher fails with  a more meaningful error
+message</li>
+<li>Renamed the internal classes <cite>Sentinel</cite> and <cite>SentinelObject</cite> to prevent abuse</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won&#8217;t leave
+patches in place</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>__truediv__</cite> and <cite>__rtruediv__</cite> not available as magic methods on
+mocks in Python 3</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>assert_called_with</cite> / <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> can be used with
+<cite>self</cite> as a keyword argument</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+boolean) it applies &#8220;spec inheritance&#8221; to the return value of the created
+mock (the &#8220;instance&#8221;)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: remove the <cite>__unittest</cite> marker causing traceback truncation</li>
+<li>Removal of deprecated <cite>patch_object</cite></li>
+<li>Private attributes <cite>_name</cite>, <cite>_methods</cite>, &#8216;_children&#8217;, <cite>_wraps</cite> and <cite>_parent</cite>
+(etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.</li>
+<li>Added license file to the distribution</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">
+<h2>2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Removed the <cite>configure</cite> keyword argument to <cite>create_autospec</cite> and allow
+arbitrary keyword arguments (for the <cite>Mock</cite> constructor) instead</li>
+<li>Fixed <cite>ANY</cite> equality with some types in <cite>assert_called_with</cite> calls</li>
+<li>Switched to a standard Sphinx theme (compatible with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">readthedocs.org</a>)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">
+<h2>2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> on the return value of a mocked class will use <cite>__call__</cite>
+for the signature rather than <cite>__init__</cite></li>
+<li>Performance improvement instantiating <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>MagicMock</cite></li>
+<li>Mocks used as magic methods have the same type as their parent instead of
+being hardcoded to <cite>MagicMock</cite></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Special thanks to Julian Berman for his help with diagnosing and improving
+performance in this release.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-4">
+<h2>2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>patch</cite> lookup is done at use time not at decoration time</li>
+<li>When attaching a Mock to another Mock as a magic method, calls are recorded
+in mock_calls</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>attach_mock</cite> method</li>
+<li>Renamed the internal classes <cite>Sentinel</cite> and <cite>SentinelObject</cite> to prevent abuse</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: various issues around circular references with mocks (setting a mock
+return value to be itself etc)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-3">
+<h2>2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Mocks attached as attributes or return values to other mocks have calls
+recorded in <cite>method_calls</cite> and <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent (unless a name is
+already set on the child)</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>mock_add_spec</cite> method for adding (or changing) a spec on an
+existing mock</li>
+<li>Improved repr for <cite>Mock.call_args</cite> and entries in <cite>Mock.call_args_list</cite>,
+<cite>Mock.method_calls</cite> and <cite>Mock.mock_calls</cite></li>
+<li>Improved repr for mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: minor fixes in the way <cite>mock_calls</cite> is worked out,
+especially for &#8220;intermediate&#8221; mocks in a call chain</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-2">
+<h2>2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to an iterable will cause calls to the mock to return
+the next value from the iterable</li>
+<li>Added <cite>assert_any_call</cite> method</li>
+<li>Moved <cite>assert_has_calls</cite> from call lists onto mocks</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>call_args</cite> and all members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are two tuples of
+<cite>(args, kwargs)</cite> again instead of three tuples of <cite>(name, args, kwargs)</cite></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-beta-1">
+<h2>2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for controlling how patchers recognise test methods when
+used to decorate a class</li>
+<li><cite>Mock</cite> call lists (<cite>call_args_list</cite>, <cite>method_calls</cite> &amp; <cite>mock_calls</cite>) are now
+custom list objects that allow membership tests for &#8220;sub lists&#8221; and have
+an <cite>assert_has_calls</cite> method for unordered call checks</li>
+<li><cite>callargs</cite> changed to <em>always</em> be a three-tuple of <cite>(name, args, kwargs)</cite></li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>mock_calls</cite> list for <em>all</em> calls (including magic methods and
+chained calls)</li>
+<li>Extension of <cite>call</cite> object to support chained calls and <cite>callargs</cite> for better
+comparisons with or without names. <cite>call</cite> object has a <cite>call_list</cite> method for
+chained calls</li>
+<li>Added the public <cite>instance</cite> argument to <cite>create_autospec</cite></li>
+<li>Support for using Java exceptions as a <cite>side_effect</cite> on Jython</li>
+<li>Improved failure messages for <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and
+<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite></li>
+<li>Tuples as well as lists can be used to specify allowed methods for <cite>spec</cite> &amp;
+<cite>spec_set</cite> arguments</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: Fixed bug in <cite>patch.multiple</cite> for argument passing when creating
+mocks</li>
+<li>Added license file to the distribution</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-alpha-2">
+<h2>2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><cite>patch.multiple</cite> for doing multiple patches in a single call, using keyword
+arguments</li>
+<li>New <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> allowing you to
+pass in a class or callable object (instead of <cite>MagicMock</cite>) that will be
+called to replace the object being patched</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>NonCallableMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite>, mocks without a
+<cite>__call__</cite> method</li>
+<li>Mocks created by <cite>patch</cite> have a <cite>MagicMock</cite> as the <cite>return_value</cite> where a
+class is being patched</li>
+<li><cite>create_autospec</cite> can create non-callable mocks for non-callable objects.
+<cite>return_value</cite> mocks of classes will be non-callable unless the class has
+a <cite>__call__</cite> method</li>
+<li><cite>autospec</cite> creates a <cite>MagicMock</cite> without a spec for properties and slot
+descriptors, because we don&#8217;t know the type of object they return</li>
+<li>Removed the &#8220;inherit&#8221; argument from <cite>create_autospec</cite></li>
+<li>Calling <cite>stop</cite> on an unstarted patcher fails with  a more meaningful error
+message</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: an error creating a patch, with nested patch decorators, won&#8217;t leave
+patches in place</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>__truediv__</cite> and <cite>__rtruediv__</cite> not available as magic methods on
+mocks in Python 3</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>assert_called_with</cite> / <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> can be used with
+<cite>self</cite> as a keyword argument</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: autospec for functions / methods with an argument named self that
+isn&#8217;t the first argument no longer broken</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: when patching a class with an explicit spec / spec_set (not a
+boolean) it applies &#8220;spec inheritance&#8221; to the return value of the created
+mock (the &#8220;instance&#8221;)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: remove the <cite>__unittest</cite> marker causing traceback truncation</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-8-0-alpha-1">
+<h2>2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>mock 0.8.0 is the last version that will support Python 2.4.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">The patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>), plus <cite>Mock</cite> and
+<cite>MagicMock</cite>, take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">New mock method <cite>configure_mock</cite> for setting attributes and return values /
+side effects on the mock and its attributes</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">In Python 2.6 or more recent, <cite>dir</cite> on a mock will report all the dynamically
+created attributes (or the full list of attributes if there is a spec) as
+well as all the mock methods and attributes.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Module level <cite>FILTER_DIR</cite> added to control whether <cite>dir(mock)</cite> filters
+private attributes. <cite>True</cite> by default. Note that <cite>vars(Mock())</cite> can still be
+used to get all instance attributes and <cite>dir(type(Mock())</cite> will still return
+all the other attributes (irrespective of <cite>FILTER_DIR</cite>)</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>patch</cite> and <cite>patch.object</cite> now create a <cite>MagicMock</cite> instead of a <cite>Mock</cite> by
+default</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added <cite>ANY</cite> for ignoring arguments in <cite>assert_called_with</cite> calls</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Addition of <cite>call</cite> helper object</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Protocol methods on <cite>MagicMock</cite> are magic mocks, and are created lazily on
+first lookup. This means the result of calling a protocol method is a
+MagicMock instead of a Mock as it was previously</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added the Mock API (<cite>assert_called_with</cite> etc) to functions created by
+<cite>mocksignature</cite></p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Private attributes <cite>_name</cite>, <cite>_methods</cite>, &#8216;_children&#8217;, <cite>_wraps</cite> and <cite>_parent</cite>
+(etc) renamed to reduce likelihood of clash with user attributes.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Implemented auto-speccing (recursive, lazy speccing of mocks with mocked
+signatures for functions/methods)</p>
+<p>Limitations:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Doesn&#8217;t mock magic methods or attributes (it creates MagicMocks, so the
+magic methods are <em>there</em>, they just don&#8217;t have the signature mocked nor
+are attributes followed)</li>
+<li>Doesn&#8217;t mock function / method attributes</li>
+<li>Uses object traversal on the objects being mocked to determine types - so
+properties etc may be triggered</li>
+<li>The return value of mocked classes (the &#8216;instance&#8217;) has the same call
+signature as the class __init__ (as they share the same spec)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You create auto-specced mocks by passing <cite>autospec=True</cite> to <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
+<p>Note that attributes that are None are special cased and mocked without a
+spec (so any attribute / method can be used). This is because None is
+typically used as a default value for attributes that may be of some other
+type, and as we don&#8217;t know what type that may be we allow all access.</p>
+<p>Note that the <cite>autospec</cite> option to <cite>patch</cite> obsoletes the <cite>mocksignature</cite>
+option.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added the <cite>create_autospec</cite> function for manually creating &#8216;auto-specced&#8217;
+mocks</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Removal of deprecated <cite>patch_object</cite></p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-2">
+<h2>2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>BUGFIX: instances of list subclasses can now be used as mock specs</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: MagicMock equality / inequality protocol methods changed to use the
+default equality / inequality. This is done through a <cite>side_effect</cite> on
+the mocks used for <cite>__eq__</cite> / <cite>__ne__</cite></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-1">
+<h2>2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Package fixes contributed by Michael Fladischer. No code changes.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Include template in package</li>
+<li>Use isolated binaries for the tox tests</li>
+<li>Unset executable bit on docs</li>
+<li>Fix DOS line endings in getting-started.txt</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0">
+<h2>2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>No API changes since 0.7.0 rc1. Many documentation changes including a stylish
+new <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/coordt/ADCtheme/">Sphinx theme</a>.</p>
+<p>The full set of changes since 0.6.0 are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Python 3 compatibility</li>
+<li>Ability to mock magic methods with <cite>Mock</cite> and addition of <cite>MagicMock</cite>
+with pre-created magic methods</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>mocksignature</cite> and <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> and
+<cite>patch.object</cite></li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>patch.dict</cite> for changing dictionaries during a test</li>
+<li>Ability to use <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> as class decorators</li>
+<li>Renamed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> to <cite>patch.object</cite> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> is
+deprecated)</li>
+<li>Addition of soft comparisons: <cite>call_args</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite>
+now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+or kwargs are skipped</li>
+<li>patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>) have start and stop
+methods</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> method</li>
+<li>Mocks can now be named (<cite>name</cite> argument to constructor) and the name is used
+in the repr</li>
+<li>repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec</li>
+<li><cite>assert_called_with</cite> works with <cite>python -OO</cite></li>
+<li>New <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword argument to <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>patch</cite>. If used,
+attempting to <em>set</em> an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite></li>
+<li>Mocks created with a spec can now pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests (<cite>__class__</cite>
+returns the type of the spec)</li>
+<li>Added docstrings to all objects</li>
+<li>Improved failure message for <cite>Mock.assert_called_with</cite> when the mock
+has not been called at all</li>
+<li>Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and <cite>__module__</cite>
+preserved on Python 2.4.</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mock.patch</cite> now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+proxy attribute access, like the django settings object</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>spec=True</cite> works with old style classes</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help(mock)</span></tt> works now (on the module). Can no longer use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></tt>
+as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> now works with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></tt> exceptions like
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>reset_mock</cite> caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+return value</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly</li>
+<li>with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4</li>
+<li>Tests require unittest2 (or unittest2-py3k) to run</li>
+<li>Tested with <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox">tox</a> on Python 2.4 - 3.2,
+jython and pypy (excluding 3.0)</li>
+<li>Added &#8216;build_sphinx&#8217; command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+Thanks to Florian Bauer</li>
+<li>Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/">Konrad Delong</a> added as co-maintainer</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-rc-1">
+<h2>2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-rc-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Changes since beta 4:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Tested with jython, pypy and Python 3.2 and 3.1</li>
+<li>Decorated functions / methods have their docstring and <cite>__module__</cite>
+preserved on Python 2.4</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mock.patch</cite> now works correctly with certain types of objects that
+proxy attribute access, like the django settings object</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>reset_mock</cite> caused infinite recursion when a mock is set as its own
+return value</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-4">
+<h2>2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>patchers (<cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite>) have start and stop
+methods</li>
+<li>Addition of <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> method</li>
+<li>repr of a mock with a spec includes the class name of the spec</li>
+<li><cite>assert_called_with</cite> works with <cite>python -OO</cite></li>
+<li>New <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword argument to <cite>Mock</cite> and <cite>patch</cite>. If used,
+attempting to <em>set</em> an attribute on a mock not on the spec will raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite></li>
+<li>Attributes and return value of a <cite>MagicMock</cite> are <cite>MagicMock</cite> objects</li>
+<li>Attempting to set an unsupported magic method now raises an <cite>AttributeError</cite></li>
+<li><cite>patch.dict</cite> works as a class decorator</li>
+<li>Switched from subversion to mercurial for source code control</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: mocks are now copyable (thanks to Ned Batchelder for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>spec=True</cite> works with old style classes</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <cite>mocksignature=True</cite> can now patch instance methods via
+<cite>patch.object</cite></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-3">
+<h2>2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Using spec with <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> only pre-creates magic methods in the spec</li>
+<li>Setting a magic method on a mock with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spec</span></tt> can only be done if the
+spec has that method</li>
+<li>Mocks can now be named (<cite>name</cite> argument to constructor) and the name is used
+in the repr</li>
+<li><cite>mocksignature</cite> can now be used with classes (signature based on <cite>__init__</cite>)
+and callable objects (signature based on <cite>__call__</cite>)</li>
+<li>Mocks created with a spec can now pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests (<cite>__class__</cite>
+returns the type of the spec)</li>
+<li>Default numeric value for MagicMock is 1 rather than zero (because the
+MagicMock bool defaults to True and 0 is False)</li>
+<li>Improved failure message for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> when the mock
+has not been called at all</li>
+<li>Adding the following to the set of supported magic methods:<ul>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getformat__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setformat__</span></tt></li>
+<li>pickle methods</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__trunc__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ceil__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floor__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>Added &#8216;build_sphinx&#8217; command to setup.py (requires setuptools or distribute)
+Thanks to Florian Bauer</li>
+<li>with statement tests now skipped on Python 2.4</li>
+<li>Tests require unittest2 to run on Python 2.7</li>
+<li>Improved several docstrings and documentation</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-2">
+<h2>2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> works as a context manager as well as a decorator</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict</span></tt> takes a string to specify dictionary as well as a dictionary
+object. If a string is supplied the name specified is imported</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict</span></tt> restores dictionary even when an exception is raised</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-7-0-beta-1">
+<h2>2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Addition of <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature()</span></tt></li>
+<li>Ability to mock magic methods</li>
+<li>Ability to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object</span></tt> as class decorators</li>
+<li>Renamed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> to <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a> (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> is
+deprecated)</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class with all magic methods pre-created for you</li>
+<li>Python 3 compatibility (tested with 3.2 but should work with 3.0 &amp; 3.1 as
+well)</li>
+<li>Addition of <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for changing dictionaries during a test</li>
+<li>Addition of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mocksignature</span></tt> argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help(mock)</span></tt> works now (on the module). Can no longer use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bases__</span></tt>
+as a valid sentinel name (thanks to Stephen Emslie for reporting and
+diagnosing this)</li>
+<li>Addition of soft comparisons: <cite>call_args</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite>
+now return tuple-like objects which compare equal even when empty args
+or kwargs are skipped</li>
+<li>Added docstrings.</li>
+<li>BUGFIX: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> now works with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseException</span></tt> exceptions like
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></tt></li>
+<li>BUGFIX: patching the same object twice now restores the patches correctly</li>
+<li>The tests now require <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a>
+to run</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/">Konrad Delong</a> added as co-maintainer</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-6-0">
+<h2>2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-6-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>New test layout compatible with test discovery</li>
+<li>Descriptors (static methods / class methods etc) can now be patched and
+restored correctly</li>
+<li>Mocks can raise exceptions when called by setting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> to an
+exception class or instance</li>
+<li>Mocks that wrap objects will not pass on calls to the underlying object if
+an explicit return_value is set</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-5-0">
+<h2>2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-5-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Made DEFAULT part of the public api.</li>
+<li>Documentation built with Sphinx.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> is now called with the same arguments as the mock is called with and
+if returns a non-DEFAULT value that is automatically set as the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.return_value</span></tt>.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wraps</span></tt> keyword argument used for wrapping objects (and passing calls through to the wrapped object).</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.reset</span></tt> renamed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock.reset_mock</span></tt>, as reset is a common API name.</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> / <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> are now context managers and can be used with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>.</li>
+<li>A new &#8216;create&#8217; keyword argument to patch and patch_object that allows them to patch
+(and unpatch) attributes that don&#8217;t exist. (Potentially unsafe to use - it can allow
+you to have tests that pass when they are testing an API that doesn&#8217;t exist - use at
+your own risk!)</li>
+<li>The methods keyword argument to Mock has been removed and merged with spec. The spec
+argument can now be a list of methods or an object to take the spec from.</li>
+<li>Nested patches may now be applied in a different order (created mocks passed
+in the opposite order). This is actually a bugfix.</li>
+<li>patch and patch_object now take a spec keyword argument. If spec is
+passed in as &#8216;True&#8217; then the Mock created will take the object it is replacing
+as its spec object. If the object being replaced is a class, then the return
+value for the mock will also use the class as a spec.</li>
+<li>A Mock created without a spec will not attempt to mock any magic methods / attributes
+(they will raise an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt> instead).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-4-0">
+<h2>2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-4-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">Default return value is now a new mock rather than None</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">return_value added as a keyword argument to the constructor</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">New method &#8216;assert_called_with&#8217;</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Added &#8216;side_effect&#8217; attribute / keyword argument called when mock is called</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">patch decorator split into two decorators:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_object</span></tt> which takes an object and an attribute name to patch
+(plus optionally a value to patch with which defaults to a mock object)</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> which takes a string specifying a target to patch; in the form
+&#8216;package.module.Class.attribute&#8217;. (plus optionally a value to
+patch with which defaults to a mock object)</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Can now patch objects with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Change to patch for nose compatibility with error reporting in wrapped functions</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">Reset no longer clears children / return value etc - it just resets
+call count and call args. It also calls reset on all children (and
+the return value if it is a mock).</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Thanks to Konrad Delong, Kevin Dangoor and others for patches and suggestions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-3-1">
+<h2>2007/12/03  Version 0.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-3-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> maintains the name of decorated functions for compatibility with nose
+test autodiscovery.</p>
+<p>Tests decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> that use the two argument form (implicit mock
+creation) will receive the mock(s) passed in as extra arguments.</p>
+<p>Thanks to Kevin Dangoor for these changes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-3-0">
+<h2>2007/11/30  Version 0.3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-3-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Removed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> can now take a string as the first
+argument for patching modules.</p>
+<p>The third argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> is optional - a mock will be created by
+default if it is not passed in.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-2-1">
+<h2>2007/11/21  Version 0.2.1<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-2-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Bug fix, allows reuse of functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-2-0">
+<h2>2007/11/20  Version 0.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-2-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spec</span></tt> keyword argument for creating <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> objects from a
+specification object.</p>
+<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch_module</span></tt> monkey patching decorators.</p>
+<p>Added <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt> for convenient access to unique objects.</p>
+<p>Distribution includes unit tests.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="version-0-1-0">
+<h2>2007/11/19  Version 0.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#version-0-1-0" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Initial release.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="todo-and-limitations">
+<h1>TODO and Limitations<a class="headerlink" href="#todo-and-limitations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Contributions, bug reports and comments welcomed!</p>
+<p>Feature requests and bug reports are handled on the issue tracker:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue tracker</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p><cite>wraps</cite> is not integrated with magic methods.</p>
+<p><cite>patch</cite> could auto-do the patching in the constructor and unpatch in the
+destructor. This would be useful in itself, but violates TOOWTDI and would be
+unsafe for IronPython &amp; PyPy (non-deterministic calling of destructors).
+Destructors aren&#8217;t called in CPython where there are cycles, but a weak
+reference with a callback can be used to get round this.</p>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> has several attributes. This makes it unsuitable for mocking objects
+that use these attribute names. A way round this would be to provide methods
+that <em>hide</em> these attributes when needed. In 0.8 many, but not all, of these
+attributes are renamed to gain a <cite>_mock</cite> prefix, making it less likely that
+they will clash. Any outstanding attributes that haven&#8217;t been modified with
+the prefix should be changed.</p>
+<p>If a patch is started using <cite>patch.start</cite> and then not stopped correctly then
+the unpatching is not done. Using weak references it would be possible to
+detect and fix this when the patch object itself is garbage collected. This
+would be tricky to get right though.</p>
+<p>When a <cite>Mock</cite> is created by <cite>patch</cite>, arbitrary keywords can be used to set
+attributes. If <cite>patch</cite> is created with a <cite>spec</cite>, and is replacing a class, then
+a <cite>return_value</cite> mock is created. The keyword arguments are not applied to the
+child mock, but could be.</p>
+<p>When mocking a class with <cite>patch</cite>, passing in <cite>spec=True</cite> or <cite>autospec=True</cite>,
+the mock class has an instance created from the same spec. Should this be the
+default behaviour for mocks anyway (mock return values inheriting the spec
+from their parent), or should it be controlled by an additional keyword
+argument (<cite>inherit</cite>) to the Mock constructor? <cite>create_autospec</cite> does this, so
+an additional keyword argument to Mock is probably unnecessary.</p>
+<p>The <cite>mocksignature</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite> with a non <cite>Mock</cite> passed into
+<cite>new_callable</cite> will <em>probably</em> cause an error. Should it just be invalid?</p>
+<p>Note that <cite>NonCallableMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite> still have the unused
+(and unusable) attributes: <cite>return_value</cite>, <cite>side_effect</cite>, <cite>call_count</cite>,
+<cite>call_args</cite> and <cite>call_args_list</cite>. These could be removed or raise errors on
+getting / setting. They also have the <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and
+<cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> methods. Removing these would be pointless as
+fetching them would create a mock (attribute) that could be called without
+error.</p>
+<p>Some outstanding technical debt. The way autospeccing mocks function
+signatures was copied and modified from <cite>mocksignature</cite>. This could all be
+refactored into one set of functions instead of two. The way we tell if
+patchers are started and if a patcher is being used for a <cite>patch.multiple</cite>
+call are both horrible. There are now a host of helper functions that should
+be rationalised. (Probably time to split mock into a package instead of a
+module.)</p>
+<p>Passing arbitrary keyword arguments to <cite>create_autospec</cite>, or <cite>patch</cite> with
+<cite>autospec</cite>, when mocking a <em>function</em> works fine. However, the arbitrary
+attributes are set on the created mock - but <cite>create_autospec</cite> returns a
+real function (which doesn&#8217;t have those attributes). However, what is the use
+case for using autospec to create functions with attributes that don&#8217;t exist
+on the original?</p>
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite>, plus the <cite>call_args_list</cite> and <cite>method_calls</cite> attributes of
+<cite>Mock</cite> could all be deprecated.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">CHANGELOG</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03  Version 0.3.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30  Version 0.3.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21  Version 0.2.1</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20  Version 0.2.0</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19  Version 0.1.0</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li>
+</ul>
+
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="mock-library-comparison">
+<h1>Mock Library Comparison<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-library-comparison" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>A side-by-side comparison of how to accomplish some basic tasks with mock and
+some other popular Python mocking libraries and frameworks.</p>
+<p>These are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/flexmock">flexmock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mox">mox</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://niemeyer.net/mocker">Mocker</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/dingus">dingus</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fudge">fudge</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Popular python mocking frameworks not yet represented here include
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/MiniMock">MiniMock</a>.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pmock.sourceforge.net/">pMock</a> (last release 2004 and doesn&#8217;t import
+in recent versions of Python) and
+<a class="reference external" href="http://python-mock.sourceforge.net/">python-mock</a> (last release 2005) are
+intentionally omitted.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>A more up to date, and tested for all mock libraries (only the mock
+examples on this page can be executed as doctests) version of this
+comparison is maintained by Gary Bernhardt:</p>
+<ul class="last simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Python Mock Library Comparison</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<p>This comparison is by no means complete, and also may not be fully idiomatic
+for all the libraries represented. <em>Please</em> contribute corrections, missing
+comparisons, or comparisons for additional libraries to the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">mock issue
+tracker</a>.</p>
+<p>This comparison page was originally created by the <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/pymox/wiki/MoxComparison">Mox project</a> and then extended for
+<a class="reference external" href="http://has207.github.com/flexmock/compare.html">flexmock and mock</a> by
+Herman Sheremetyev. Dingus examples written by <a class="reference external" href="http://garybernhardt.github.com/python-mock-comparison/">Gary Bernhadt</a>. fudge examples
+provided by <a class="reference external" href="http://farmdev.com/">Kumar McMillan</a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>The examples tasks here were originally created by Mox which is a mocking
+<em>framework</em> rather than a library like mock. The tasks shown naturally
+exemplify tasks that frameworks are good at and not the ones they make
+harder. In particular you can take a <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> object and use
+it in any way you want with no up-front configuration. The same is also
+true for Dingus.</p>
+<p class="last">The examples for mock here assume version 0.7.0.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="simple-fake-object">
+<h2>Simple fake object<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-fake-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">lambda</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>                          <span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>           <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>           <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>           <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_attr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;calculated value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="simple-mock">
+<h2>Simple mock<a class="headerlink" href="#simple-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_method__returns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>               <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>               <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>               <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was not called</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-partial-mocks">
+<h2>Creating partial mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-partial-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Get</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;fudge-value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patched_context</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fake</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;&lt;fudge-value&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">
+<h2>Ensure calls are made in specific order<a class="headerlink" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method1()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method2()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ordered</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeObject</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">order</span><span class="p">():</span>
+    <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+    <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">])</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>               <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remember_order</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>               <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>               <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Call #1 was fake:my_fake.method2(); Expected</span>: <span class="n">#1 fake:my_fake.method1(), #2 fake:my_fake.method2(), end</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions">
+<h2>Raising exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndRaise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">throw</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replay</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">verify</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exception_raiser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertRaises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>           <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>           <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">raises</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeException</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;message&quot;</span><span class="p">)))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">SomeException</span>: <span class="n">message</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="override-new-instances-of-a-class">
+<h2>Override new instances of a class<a class="headerlink" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somemodule.Someclass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_other_object</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Someclass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_instances</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="c"># (you will probably have mox.Mox() available as self.mox in a real test)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mox</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StubOutWithMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_module</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">use_mock_anything</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">klass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">klass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;expected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mocker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somemodule.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;somemodule.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">FakeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_other_object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">somemodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="call-the-same-method-multiple-times">
+<h2>Call the same method multiple times<a class="headerlink" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You don&#8217;t need to do <em>any</em> configuration to call <cite>mock.Mock()</cite> methods
+multiple times. Attributes like <cite>call_count</cite>, <cite>call_args_list</cite> and
+<cite>method_calls</cite> provide various different ways of making assertions about
+how the mock was used.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.some_method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.some_method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock # (verifies that the method gets called at least twice)</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">at_least</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">twice</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="c"># (does not support variable number of calls, so you need to create a new entry for each explicit call)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IgnoreArg</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Replay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Verify</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="c"># (TODO)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Dingus ...&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">times_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+<span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">fake:my_fake.some_method() was called 1 time(s). Expected 2.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mock-chained-methods">
+<h2>Mock chained methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-chained-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Flexmock</span>
+<span class="c"># (intermediate method calls are automatically assigned to temporary fake objects</span>
+<span class="c"># and can be called with any arguments)</span>
+<span class="n">flexmock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">should_receive</span><span class="p">(</span>
+    <span class="s">&#39;method1.method2.method3&#39;</span>
+<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Mox</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_object</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockAnything</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">mock3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AndReturn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some_value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ReplayAll</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;some_value&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_object</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mox</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">VerifyAll</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="c"># Mocker</span>
+<span class="c"># (TODO)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">method3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;()&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@fudge.test</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_fake</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns_fake</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expects</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;method3&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">with_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="o">.</span><span class="n">returns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-a-context-manager">
+<h2>Mocking a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Examples for mock, Dingus and fudge only (so far):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus (nothing special here; all dinguses are &quot;magic mocks&quot;)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;()&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_fake</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fake</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__enter__&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">provides</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__exit__&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">my_fake</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">
+<h2>Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Example for mock only (so far):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>or</em>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Dingus</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dingus</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dingus</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">file_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">file_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some data&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">my_dingus</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;()&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">once</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># fudge</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">contextmanager</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@contextmanager</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fake_file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sekrets&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">fudge</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">fake_open</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_callable</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fake_file</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;/etc/password&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">fake:__builtin__.open</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">data</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;sekrets&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+  <div class="section" id="further-examples">
+<span id="id1"></span><h1>Further Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#further-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>For comprehensive examples, see the unit tests included in the full source
+distribution.</p>
+<p>Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#getting-started"><em>getting started</em></a> guide.</p>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-chained-calls">
+<h2>Mocking chained calls<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-chained-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Mocking chained calls is actually straightforward with mock once you
+understand the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute. When a mock is called for
+the first time, or you fetch its <cite>return_value</cite> before it has been called, a
+new <cite>Mock</cite> is created.</p>
+<p>This means that you can see how the object returned from a call to a mocked
+object has been used by interrogating the <cite>return_value</cite> mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock().foo()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>From here it is a simple step to configure and then make assertions about
+chained calls. Of course another alternative is writing your code in a more
+testable way in the first place...</p>
+<p>So, suppose we have some code that looks a little bit like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BackendProvider</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_endpoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_call</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="c"># more code</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Assuming that <cite>BackendProvider</cite> is already well tested, how do we test
+<cite>method()</cite>? Specifically, we want to test that the code section <cite># more
+code</cite> uses the response object in the correct way.</p>
+<p>As this chain of calls is made from an instance attribute we can monkey patch
+the <cite>backend</cite> attribute on a <cite>Something</cite> instance. In this particular case
+we are only interested in the return value from the final call to
+<cite>start_call</cite> so we don&#8217;t have much configuration to do. Let&#8217;s assume the
+object it returns is &#8216;file-like&#8217;, so we&#8217;ll ensure that our response object
+uses the builtin <cite>file</cite> as its <cite>spec</cite>.</p>
+<p>To do this we create a mock instance as our mock backend and create a mock
+response object for it. To set the response as the return value for that final
+<cite>start_call</cite> we could do this:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>mock_backend.get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value = mock_response</cite>.</div></blockquote>
+<p>We can do that in a slightly nicer way using the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a>
+method to directly set the return value for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;get_endpoint.return_value.create_call.return_value.start_call.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock_response</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With these we monkey patch the &#8220;mock backend&#8221; in place and can make the real
+call:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backend</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock_backend</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> we can check the chained call with a single
+assert. A chained call is several calls in one line of code, so there will be
+several entries in <cite>mock_calls</cite>. We can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call.call_list" title="mock.call.call_list"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">call.call_list()</span></tt></a> to create
+this list of calls for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">chained</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_endpoint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foobar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;spam&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_call</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">call_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">chained</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mock_backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">call_list</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="partial-mocking">
+<h2>Partial mocking<a class="headerlink" href="#partial-mocking" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In some tests I wanted to mock out a call to <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.date.today">datetime.date.today()</a> to return
+a known date, but I didn&#8217;t want to prevent the code under test from
+creating new date objects. Unfortunately <cite>datetime.date</cite> is written in C, and
+so I couldn&#8217;t just monkey-patch out the static <cite>date.today</cite> method.</p>
+<p>I found a simple way of doing this that involved effectively wrapping the date
+class with a mock, but passing through calls to the constructor to the real
+class (and returning real instances).</p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch</span> <span class="pre">decorator</span></tt></a> is used here to
+mock out the <cite>date</cite> class in the module under test. The <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>
+attribute on the mock date class is then set to a lambda function that returns
+a real date. When the mock date class is called a real date will be
+constructed and returned by <cite>side_effect</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">date</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.date&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2010</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2010</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2009</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">date</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2009</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that we don&#8217;t patch <cite>datetime.date</cite> globally, we patch <cite>date</cite> in the
+module that <em>uses</em> it. See <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
+<p>When <cite>date.today()</cite> is called a known date is returned, but calls to the
+<cite>date(...)</cite> constructor still return normal dates. Without this you can find
+yourself having to calculate an expected result using exactly the same
+algorithm as the code under test, which is a classic testing anti-pattern.</p>
+<p>Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the <cite>mock_date</cite> attributes
+(<cite>call_count</cite> and friends) which may also be useful for your tests.</p>
+<p>An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes,
+is discussed in <a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">this blog entry</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-a-generator-method">
+<h2>Mocking a Generator Method<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-generator-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A Python generator is a function or method that uses the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">yield statement</a> to
+return a series of values when iterated over <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id2">[1]</a>.</p>
+<p>A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is
+the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for
+iteration is <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#container.__iter__">__iter__</a>, so we can
+mock this using a <cite>MagicMock</cite>.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s an example class with an &#8220;iter&#8221; method implemented as a generator:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>            <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">i</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">[1, 2, 3]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>How would we mock this class, and in particular its &#8220;iter&#8221; method?</p>
+<p>To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to
+<cite>list</cite>), we need to configure the object returned by the call to <cite>foo.iter()</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iter</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="go">[1, 2, 3]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>There are also generator expressions and more <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/coroutines/index.html">advanced uses</a> of generators, but we aren&#8217;t
+concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how
+powerful they are is: <a class="reference external" href="http://www.dabeaz.com/generators/">Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers</a>.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">
+<h2>Applying the same patch to every test method<a class="headerlink" href="#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want several patches in place for multiple test methods the obvious way
+is to apply the patch decorators to every method. This can feel like unnecessary
+repetition. For Python 2.6 or more recent you can use <cite>patch</cite> (in all its
+various forms) as a class decorator. This applies the patches to all test
+methods on the class. A test method is identified by methods whose names start
+with <cite>test</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">not_a_test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;something&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_one&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_one</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_two</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">not_a_test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;something&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>An alternative way of managing patches is to use the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#start-and-stop"><em>patch methods: start and stop</em></a>.
+These allow you to move the patching into your <cite>setUp</cite> and <cite>tearDown</cite> methods.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is &#8220;undone&#8221; by
+calling <cite>stop</cite>. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> cleanup functions make this simpler:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-unbound-methods">
+<h2>Mocking Unbound Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-unbound-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Whilst writing tests today I needed to patch an <em>unbound method</em> (patching the
+method on the class rather than on the instance). I needed self to be passed
+in as the first argument because I want to make asserts about which objects
+were calling this particular method. The issue is that you can&#8217;t patch with a
+mock for this, because if you replace an unbound method with a mock it doesn&#8217;t
+become a bound method when fetched from the instance, and so it doesn&#8217;t get
+self passed in. The workaround is to patch the unbound method with a real
+function instead. The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator makes it so simple to
+patch out methods with a mock that having to create a real function becomes a
+nuisance.</p>
+<p>If you pass <cite>autospec=True</cite> to patch then it does the patching with a
+<em>real</em> function object. This function object has the same signature as the one
+it is replacing, but delegates to a mock under the hood. You still get your
+mock auto-created in exactly the same way as before. What it means though, is
+that if you use it to patch out an unbound method on a class the mocked
+function will be turned into a bound method if it is fetched from an instance.
+It will have <cite>self</cite> passed in as the first argument, which is exactly what I
+wanted:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autospec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If we don&#8217;t use <cite>autospec=True</cite> then the unbound method is patched out
+with a Mock instance instead, and isn&#8217;t called with <cite>self</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">
+<h2>Checking multiple calls with mock<a class="headerlink" href="#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>mock has a nice API for making assertions about how your mock objects are used.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If your mock is only being called once you can use the
+<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt> method that also asserts that the
+<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_count</span></tt> is one.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Both <cite>assert_called_with</cite> and <cite>assert_called_once_with</cite> make assertions about
+the <em>most recent</em> call. If your mock is going to be called several times, and
+you want to make assertions about <em>all</em> those calls you can use
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6), call()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> helper makes it easy to make assertions about these calls. You
+can build up a list of expected calls and compare it to <cite>call_args_list</cite>. This
+looks remarkably similar to the repr of the <cite>call_args_list</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="coping-with-mutable-arguments">
+<h2>Coping with mutable arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#coping-with-mutable-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Another situation is rare, but can bite you, is when your mock is called with
+mutable arguments. <cite>call_args</cite> and <cite>call_args_list</cite> store <em>references</em> to the
+arguments. If the arguments are mutated by the code under test then you can no
+longer make assertions about what the values were when the mock was called.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s some example code that shows the problem. Imagine the following functions
+defined in &#8216;mymodule&#8217;:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">frob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="k">pass</span>
+
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="s">&quot;First frob and then clear val&quot;</span>
+    <span class="n">frob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="n">val</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When we try to test that <cite>grob</cite> calls <cite>frob</cite> with the correct argument look
+what happens:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.frob&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">val</span>
+<span class="go">set([])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">((set([6]),), {})</span>
+<span class="go">Called with: ((set([]),), {})</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>One possibility would be for mock to copy the arguments you pass in. This
+could then cause problems if you do assertions that rely on object identity
+for equality.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s one solution that uses the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>
+functionality. If you provide a <cite>side_effect</cite> function for a mock then
+<cite>side_effect</cite> will be called with the same args as the mock. This gives us an
+opportunity to copy the arguments and store them for later assertions. In this
+example I&#8217;m using <em>another</em> mock to store the arguments so that I can use the
+mock methods for doing the assertion. Again a helper function sets this up for
+me.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">copy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">copy_call_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.frob&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">copy_call_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_frob</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call(set([6]))</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>copy_call_args</cite> is called with the mock that will be called. It returns a new
+mock that we do the assertion on. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function makes a copy of
+the args and calls our <cite>new_mock</cite> with the copy.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>If your mock is only going to be used once there is an easier way of
+checking arguments at the point they are called. You can simply do the
+checking inside a <cite>side_effect</cite> function.</p>
+<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>An alternative approach is to create a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> that
+copies (using <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/copy.html#copy.deepcopy">copy.deepcopy</a>) the arguments.
+Here&#8217;s an example implementation:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">copy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">kwargs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deepcopy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CopyingMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">arg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected call</span>: <span class="n">mock(set([1]))</span>
+<span class="go">Actual call: mock(set([]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;CopyingMock name=&#39;mock.foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you subclass <cite>Mock</cite> or <cite>MagicMock</cite> all dynamically created attributes,
+and the <cite>return_value</cite> will use your subclass automatically. That means all
+children of a <cite>CopyingMock</cite> will also have the type <cite>CopyingMock</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">
+<h2>Raising exceptions on attribute access<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.PropertyMock" title="mock.PropertyMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PropertyMock</span></tt></a> to mimic the behaviour of properties. This
+includes raising exceptions when an attribute is accessed.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s an example raising a <cite>ValueError</cite> when the &#8216;foo&#8217; attribute is accessed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; m = MagicMock()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; p = PropertyMock(side_effect=ValueError)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; type(m).foo = p
+&gt;&gt;&gt; m.foo
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+....
+ValueError</pre>
+</div>
+<p>Because every mock object has its own type, a new subclass of whichever mock
+class you&#8217;re using, all mock objects are isolated from each other. You can
+safely attach properties (or other descriptors or whatever you want in fact)
+to <cite>type(mock)</cite> without affecting other mock objects.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="multiple-calls-with-different-effects">
+<h2>Multiple calls with different effects<a class="headerlink" href="#multiple-calls-with-different-effects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In mock 1.0 the handling of iterable <cite>side_effect</cite> was changed. Any
+exceptions in the iterable will be raised instead of returned.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Handling code that needs to behave differently on subsequent calls during the
+test can be tricky. For example you may have a function that needs to raise
+an exception the first time it is called but returns a response on the second
+call (testing retry behaviour).</p>
+<p>One approach is to use a <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> function that replaces itself. The
+first time it is called the <cite>side_effect</cite> sets a new <cite>side_effect</cite> that will
+be used for the second call. It then raises an exception:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">second_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;response&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">second_call</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;boom&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">boom</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;response&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Another perfectly valid way would be to pop return values from a list. If the
+return value is an exception, raise it instead of returning it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">returns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;boom&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">&#39;response&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">returns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;first&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">boom</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;response&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;second&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Which approach you prefer is a matter of taste. The first approach is actually
+a line shorter but maybe the second approach is more readable.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="nesting-patches">
+<h2>Nesting Patches<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-patches" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Using patch as a context manager is nice, but if you do multiple patches you
+can end up with nested with statements indenting further and further to the
+right:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>            <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>                <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Spam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>                    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>                    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bar</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>                    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Spam</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> <cite>cleanup</cite> functions and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#start-and-stop"><em>patch methods: start and stop</em></a> we can
+achieve the same effect without the nested indentation. A simple helper
+method, <cite>create_patch</cite>, puts the patch in place and returns the created mock
+for us:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">thing</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">mock_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">mock_spam</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Spam&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bar</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_bar</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Spam</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_spam</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">
+<h2>Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You may want to mock a dictionary, or other container object, recording all
+access to it whilst having it still behave like a dictionary.</p>
+<p>We can do this with <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>, which will behave like a dictionary,
+and using <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to delegate dictionary access to a real
+underlying dictionary that is under our control.</p>
+<p>When the <cite>__getitem__</cite> and <cite>__setitem__</cite> methods of our <cite>MagicMock</cite> are called
+(normal dictionary access) then <cite>side_effect</cite> is called with the key (and in
+the case of <cite>__setitem__</cite> the value too). We can also control what is returned.</p>
+<p>After the <cite>MagicMock</cite> has been used we can use attributes like
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a> to assert about how the dictionary was used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getitem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">my_dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setitem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">my_dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">val</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getitem</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">setitem</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>An alternative to using <cite>MagicMock</cite> is to use <cite>Mock</cite> and <em>only</em> provide
+the magic methods you specifically want:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">getitem</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">setitem</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A <em>third</em> option is to use <cite>MagicMock</cite> but passing in <cite>dict</cite> as the <cite>spec</cite>
+(or <cite>spec_set</cite>) argument so that the <cite>MagicMock</cite> created only has
+dictionary magic methods available:</p>
+<div class="last highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getitem</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">setitem</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>With these side effect functions in place, the <cite>mock</cite> will behave like a normal
+dictionary but recording the access. It even raises a <cite>KeyError</cite> if you try
+to access a key that doesn&#8217;t exist.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;d&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>After it has been used you can make assertions about the access using the normal
+mock methods and attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(&#39;a&#39;), call(&#39;c&#39;), call(&#39;d&#39;), call(&#39;b&#39;), call(&#39;d&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(&#39;b&#39;, &#39;fish&#39;), call(&#39;d&#39;, &#39;eggs&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">my_dict</span>
+<span class="go">{&#39;a&#39;: 1, &#39;c&#39;: 3, &#39;b&#39;: &#39;fish&#39;, &#39;d&#39;: &#39;eggs&#39;}</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">
+<h2>Mock subclasses and their attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are various reasons why you might want to subclass <cite>Mock</cite>. One reason
+might be to add helper methods. Here&#8217;s a silly example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">has_been_called</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MyMock id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The standard behaviour for <cite>Mock</cite> instances is that attributes and the return
+value mocks are of the same type as the mock they are accessed on. This ensures
+that <cite>Mock</cite> attributes are <cite>Mocks</cite> and <cite>MagicMock</cite> attributes are <cite>MagicMocks</cite>
+<a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id4">[2]</a>. So if you&#8217;re subclassing to add helper methods then they&#8217;ll also be
+available on the attributes and return value mock of instances of your
+subclass.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MyMock name=&#39;mock.foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MyMock name=&#39;mock.foo()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_been_called</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, <a class="reference external" href="https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105">one user</a> is subclassing mock to
+created a <a class="reference external" href="http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html">Twisted adaptor</a>.
+Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.</p>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> (in all its flavours) uses a method called <cite>_get_child_mock</cite> to create
+these &#8220;sub-mocks&#8221; for attributes and return values. You can prevent your
+subclass being used for attributes by overriding this method. The signature is
+that it takes arbitrary keyword arguments (<cite>**kwargs</cite>) which are then passed
+onto the mock constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Subclass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_get_child_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mymock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">Subclass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id5" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">[2]</a></td><td>An exception to this rule are the non-callable mocks. Attributes use the
+callable variant because otherwise non-callable mocks couldn&#8217;t have callable
+methods.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">
+<h2>Mocking imports with patch.dict<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>One situation where mocking can be hard is where you have a local import inside
+a function. These are harder to mock because they aren&#8217;t using an object from
+the module namespace that we can patch out.</p>
+<p>Generally local imports are to be avoided. They are sometimes done to prevent
+circular dependencies, for which there is <em>usually</em> a much better way to solve
+the problem (refactor the code) or to prevent &#8220;up front costs&#8221; by delaying the
+import. This can also be solved in better ways than an unconditional local
+import (store the module as a class or module attribute and only do the import
+on first use).</p>
+<p>That aside there is a way to use <cite>mock</cite> to affect the results of an import.
+Importing fetches an <em>object</em> from the <cite>sys.modules</cite> dictionary. Note that it
+fetches an <em>object</em>, which need not be a module. Importing a module for the
+first time results in a module object being put in <cite>sys.modules</cite>, so usually
+when you import something you get a module back. This need not be the case
+however.</p>
+<p>This means you can use <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> to <em>temporarily</em> put a mock in place
+in <cite>sys.modules</cite>. Any imports whilst this patch is active will fetch the mock.
+When the patch is complete (the decorated function exits, the with statement
+body is complete or <cite>patcher.stop()</cite> is called) then whatever was there
+previously will be restored safely.</p>
+<p>Here&#8217;s an example that mocks out the &#8216;fooble&#8217; module.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>   <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">fooble</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>   <span class="n">fooble</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.blob()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As you can see the <cite>import fooble</cite> succeeds, but on exit there is no &#8216;fooble&#8217;
+left in <cite>sys.modules</cite>.</p>
+<p>This also works for the <cite>from module import name</cite> form:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>   <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">fooble</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">blob</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>   <span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blip</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.blob.blip()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">blip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With slightly more work you can also mock package imports:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;package&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;package.module&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>   <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">fooble</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>   <span class="n">fooble</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.module.fooble()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fooble</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">
+<h2>Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions<a class="headerlink" href="#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class allows you to track the <em>order</em> of method calls on
+your mock objects through the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> attribute. This
+doesn&#8217;t allow you to track the order of calls between separate mock objects,
+however we can use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> to achieve the same effect.</p>
+<p>Because mocks track calls to child mocks in <cite>mock_calls</cite>, and accessing an
+arbitrary attribute of a mock creates a child mock, we can create our separate
+mocks from a parent one. Calls to those child mock will then all be recorded,
+in order, in the <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the parent:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.foo.something()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.bar.other.thing()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.foo.something(), call.bar.other.thing()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We can then assert about the calls, including the order, by comparing with
+the <cite>mock_calls</cite> attribute on the manager mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected_calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected_calls</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If <cite>patch</cite> is creating, and putting in place, your mocks then you can attach
+them to a manager mock using the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a> method. After
+attaching calls will be recorded in <cite>mock_calls</cite> of the manager.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Class1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;mymodule.Class2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;MockClass1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;MockClass2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.MockClass1().foo()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.MockClass2().bar()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">manager</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.MockClass1(),</span>
+<span class="go"> call.MockClass1().foo(),</span>
+<span class="go"> call.MockClass2(),</span>
+<span class="go"> call.MockClass2().bar()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If many calls have been made, but you&#8217;re only interested in a particular
+sequence of them then an alternative is to use the
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a> method. This takes a list of calls (constructed
+with the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object). If that sequence of calls are in
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> then the assert succeeds.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock().foo().bar().baz()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">one</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">three</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.one().two().three()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">one</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">three</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Even though the chained call <cite>m.one().two().three()</cite> aren&#8217;t the only calls that
+have been made to the mock, the assert still succeeds.</p>
+<p>Sometimes a mock may have several calls made to it, and you are only interested
+in asserting about <em>some</em> of those calls. You may not even care about the
+order. In this case you can pass <cite>any_order=True</cite> to <cite>assert_has_calls</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fifty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;50&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">(...)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fifty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;50&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seven</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="more-complex-argument-matching">
+<h2>More complex argument matching<a class="headerlink" href="#more-complex-argument-matching" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Using the same basic concept as <cite>ANY</cite> we can implement matchers to do more
+complex assertions on objects used as arguments to mocks.</p>
+<p>Suppose we expect some object to be passed to a mock that by default
+compares equal based on object identity (which is the Python default for user
+defined classes). To use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> we would need to pass
+in the exact same object. If we are only interested in some of the attributes
+of this object then we can create a matcher that will check these attributes
+for us.</p>
+<p>You can see in this example how a &#8216;standard&#8217; call to <cite>assert_called_with</cite> isn&#8217;t
+sufficient:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">call(&lt;__main__.Foo object at 0x...&gt;)</span>
+<span class="go">Actual call: call(&lt;__main__.Foo object at 0x...&gt;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A comparison function for our <cite>Foo</cite> class might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">False</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>And a matcher object that can use comparison functions like this for its
+equality operation would look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">some_obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">compare</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_obj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_obj</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__eq__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Putting all this together:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">match_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">match_foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>Matcher</cite> is instantiated with our compare function and the <cite>Foo</cite> object
+we want to compare against. In <cite>assert_called_with</cite> the <cite>Matcher</cite> equality
+method will be called, which compares the object the mock was called with
+against the one we created our matcher with. If they match then
+<cite>assert_called_with</cite> passes, and if they don&#8217;t an <cite>AssertionError</cite> is raised:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">match_wrong</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Matcher</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">compare</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">match_wrong</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected</span>: <span class="n">((&lt;Matcher object at 0x...&gt;,), {})</span>
+<span class="go">Called with: ((&lt;Foo object at 0x...&gt;,), {})</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>With a bit of tweaking you could have the comparison function raise the
+<cite>AssertionError</cite> directly and provide a more useful failure message.</p>
+<p>As of version 1.5, the Python testing library <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyHamcrest">PyHamcrest</a> provides similar functionality,
+that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher
+(<a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/PyHamcrest/integration.html#hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality">hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality</a>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">
+<h2>Less verbose configuration of mock objects<a class="headerlink" href="#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This recipe, for easier configuration of mock objects, is now part of <cite>Mock</cite>.
+See the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="matching-any-argument-in-assertions">
+<h2>Matching any argument in assertions<a class="headerlink" href="#matching-any-argument-in-assertions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.ANY" title="mock.ANY"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">ANY</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-properties">
+<h2>Mocking Properties<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-properties" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.PropertyMock" title="mock.PropertyMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PropertyMock</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-open">
+<h2>Mocking open<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-open" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.mock_open" title="mock.mock_open"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_open()</span></tt></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocks-without-some-attributes">
+<h2>Mocks without some attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocks-without-some-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This example is now built in to mock. See <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes"><em>Deleting Attributes</em></a>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Further Examples</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="compare.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Mock Library Comparison</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
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+        <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
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+        &copy; Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord &amp; the mock team.
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+
+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+ <a href="#_"><strong>_</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#E"><strong>E</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#F"><strong>F</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a>
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+ | <a href="#W"><strong>W</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="_">_</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#index-5">__call__</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.__class__">__class__ (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.__dir__">__dir__() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock._get_child_mock">_get_child_mock() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="A">A</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.ANY">ANY (in module mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="index.html#index-8">articles</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call">assert_any_call() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with">assert_called_once_with() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with">assert_called_with() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls">assert_has_calls() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.attach_mock">attach_mock() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="C">C</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.call">call() (in module mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args">call_args (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list">call_args_list (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_count">call_count (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.call.call_list">call_list() (call method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.called">called (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#index-6">calling</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.configure_mock">configure_mock() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec">create_autospec() (in module mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="D">D</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT">DEFAULT (in module mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="E">E</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="index.html#index-5">easy_install</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="F">F</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR">FILTER_DIR (in module mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="G">G</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="getting-started.html#index-0">Getting Started</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="H">H</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="index.html#index-3">hg</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="I">I</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="index.html#index-1">installing</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="index.html#index-0">introduction</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="M">M</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock">MagicMock (class in mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls">method_calls (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock">Mock (class in mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="index.html#module-mock">mock (module)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+  </dl></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%" valign="top"><dl>
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec">mock_add_spec() (Mock method)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls">mock_calls (Mock attribute)</a>
+  </dt>
+
+      
+  <dt><a href="helpers.html#mock.mock_open">mock_open() (in module mock)</a>
+  </dt>
+
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="getting-started-with-mock">
+<h1>Getting Started with Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started-with-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<span class="target" id="getting-started"></span><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><div class="section" id="using-mock">
+<h2>Using Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#using-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="mock-patching-methods">
+<h3>Mock Patching Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-patching-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Common uses for <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> objects include:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Patching methods</li>
+<li>Recording method calls on objects</li>
+</ul>
+<p>You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
+it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Once our mock has been used (<cite>real.method</cite> in this example) it has methods
+and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In most of these examples the <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> classes
+are interchangeable. As the <cite>MagicMock</cite> is the more capable class it makes
+a sensible one to use by default.</p>
+</div>
+<p>Once the mock has been called its <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">called</span></tt> attribute is set to
+<cite>True</cite>. More importantly we can use the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt> or
+<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt> method to check that it was called with
+the correct arguments.</p>
+<p>This example tests that calling <cite>ProductionClass().method</cite> results in a call to
+the <cite>something</cite> method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">
+<h3>Mock for Method Calls on an Object<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
+was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
+method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
+in the correct way.</p>
+<p>The simple <cite>ProductionClass</cite> below has a <cite>closer</cite> method. If it is called with
+an object then it calls <cite>close</cite> on it.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">closer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">something</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>So to test it we need to pass in an object with a <cite>close</cite> method and check
+that it was called correctly.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">closer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>We don&#8217;t have to do any work to provide the &#8216;close&#8217; method on our mock.
+Accessing close creates it. So, if &#8216;close&#8217; hasn&#8217;t already been called then
+accessing it in the test will create it, but <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt>
+will raise a failure exception.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-classes">
+<h3>Mocking Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
+When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
+are created by <em>calling the class</em>. This means you access the &#8220;mock instance&#8221;
+by looking at the return value of the mocked class.</p>
+<p>In the example below we have a function <cite>some_function</cite> that instantiates <cite>Foo</cite>
+and calls a method on it. The call to <cite>patch</cite> replaces the class <cite>Foo</cite> with a
+mock. The <cite>Foo</cite> instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
+by modifying the mock <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">some_function</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;module.Foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;the result&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;the result&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="naming-your-mocks">
+<h3>Naming your mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#naming-your-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
+the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
+name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;foo&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;foo.method&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tracking-all-calls">
+<h3>Tracking all Calls<a class="headerlink" href="#tracking-all-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
+<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt> attribute records all calls
+to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.attribute.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you make an assertion about <cite>mock_calls</cite> and any unexpected methods
+have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
+as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
+that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:</p>
+<p>You use the <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> object to construct lists for comparing with
+<cite>mock_calls</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">53</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="setting-return-values-and-attributes">
+<h3>Setting Return Values and Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-return-values-and-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The return value can also be set in the constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
+<cite>mock.connection.cursor().execute(&#8220;SELECT 1&#8221;)</cite>. If we wanted this call to
+return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.</p>
+<p>We can use <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt> to construct the set of calls in a &#8220;chained call&#8221; like
+this for easy assertion afterwards:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cursor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT 1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;foo&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT 1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_list</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute(&#39;SELECT 1&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is the call to <cite>.call_list()</cite> that turns our call object into a list of
+calls representing the chained calls.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="raising-exceptions-with-mocks">
+<h3>Raising exceptions with mocks<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions-with-mocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>A useful attribute is <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt>. If you set this to an
+exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
+is called.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Boom!&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="side-effect-functions-and-iterables">
+<h3>Side effect functions and iterables<a class="headerlink" href="#side-effect-functions-and-iterables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
+<cite>side_effect</cite> as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
+times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
+<cite>side_effect</cite> to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
+from the iterable:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">4</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">5</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">6</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
+depending on what the mock is called with, <cite>side_effect</cite> can be a function.
+The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
+function returns is what the call returns:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">vals</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">vals</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">
+<h3>Creating a Mock from an Existing Object<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
+implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
+class that implements <cite>some_method</cite>. In a test for another class, you
+provide a mock of this object that <em>also</em> provides <cite>some_method</cite>. If later
+you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has <cite>some_method</cite> - then
+your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!</p>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
+using the <cite>spec</cite> keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
+mock that don&#8217;t exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
+attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
+tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
+instantiate the class in those tests.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">old_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+   <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">object has no attribute &#39;old_method&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
+of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
+<cite>spec_set</cite> instead of <cite>spec</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-decorators">
+<h2>Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
+for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
+is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
+them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
+tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.</p>
+<p>mock provides three convenient decorators for this: <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and
+<cite>patch.dict</cite>. <cite>patch</cite> takes a single string, of the form
+<cite>package.module.Class.attribute</cite> to specify the attribute you are patching. It
+also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
+whatever) to be replaced with. &#8216;patch.object&#8217; takes an object and the name of
+the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
+with.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.object</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are patching a module (including <cite>__builtin__</cite>) then use <cite>patch</cite>
+instead of <cite>patch.object</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file_handle</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__builtin__.open&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;filename&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file_handle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;incorrect file handle returned&quot;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The module name can be &#8216;dotted&#8217;, in the form <cite>package.module</cite> if needed:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName.attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.module</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">ClassName</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;attribute&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEqual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use <cite>patch</cite> with only one argument
+(or <cite>patch.object</cite> with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
+passed into the test function / method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">unittest2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertTrue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for <cite>test_module.ClassName2</cite> is passed in first.</p>
+<p>There is also <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt> for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> can all be used as context managers.</p>
+<p>Where you use <cite>patch</cite> to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
+mock using the &#8220;as&#8221; form of the with statement:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As an alternative <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> and <cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used as
+class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
+decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with &#8220;test&#8221;.</p>
+<p>For some more advanced examples, see the <a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#further-examples"><em>Further Examples</em></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-mock">Using Mock</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-patching-methods">Mock Patching Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p>
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+
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+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="mock-mocking-and-testing-library">
+<h1>Mock - Mocking and Testing Library<a class="headerlink" href="#mock-mocking-and-testing-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
+<col class="field-name" />
+<col class="field-body" />
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Author:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/index.shtml">Michael Foord</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Version:</th><td class="field-body">1.0.0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Date:</th><td class="field-body">2012/10/07</td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Homepage:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/">Mock Homepage</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Download:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">Mock on PyPI</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Documentation:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">PDF Documentation</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">License:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml">BSD License</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Support:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python">Mailing list (testing-in-python&#64;lists.idyll.org)</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Issue tracker:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/list">Google code project</a></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<span class="target" id="module-mock"></span><p id="index-0">mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
+your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
+have been used.</p>
+<p>mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock">unittest.mock</a>
+in Python 3.3 onwards.</p>
+<p>mock provides a core <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class removing the need to create a host
+of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
+assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
+called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
+the normal way.</p>
+<p>Additionally, mock provides a <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator that handles patching
+module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with
+<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.sentinel" title="mock.sentinel"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt></a> for creating unique objects. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">quick guide</a> for
+some examples of how to use <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> and
+<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest</a>. Mock is based on
+the &#8216;action -&gt; assertion&#8217; pattern instead of <cite>&#8216;record -&gt; replay&#8217;</cite> used by many
+mocking frameworks.</p>
+<p>mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7, Python 3 plus the latest versions of
+Jython and PyPy.</p>
+<div class="section" id="api-documentation">
+<h2>API Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#api-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html">The Mock Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#calling">Calling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html">Patch Decorators</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch">patch</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#call">call</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#any">ANY</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock-open">mock_open</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html">Sentinel</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="user-guide">
+<h2>User Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#user-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html">Getting Started with Mock</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getting-started.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html">Further Examples</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#raising-exceptions-on-attribute-access">Raising exceptions on attribute access</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#multiple-calls-with-different-effects">Multiple calls with different effects</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#less-verbose-configuration-of-mock-objects">Less verbose configuration of mock objects</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#matching-any-argument-in-assertions">Matching any argument in assertions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-properties">Mocking Properties</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocking-open">Mocking open</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#mocks-without-some-attributes">Mocks without some attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html">Mock Library Comparison</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-fake-object">Simple fake object</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#simple-mock">Simple mock</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#creating-partial-mocks">Creating partial mocks</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#ensure-calls-are-made-in-specific-order">Ensure calls are made in specific order</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#override-new-instances-of-a-class">Override new instances of a class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#call-the-same-method-multiple-times">Call the same method multiple times</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mock-chained-methods">Mock chained methods</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-a-context-manager">Mocking a context manager</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compare.html#mocking-the-builtin-open-used-as-a-context-manager">Mocking the builtin open used as a context manager</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html">CHANGELOG</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0">2012/10/07 Version 1.0.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-beta-1">2012/07/13 Version 1.0.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-2">2012/05/04 Version 1.0.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-1-0-0-alpha-1">2012/03/25 Version 1.0.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0">2012/02/13 Version 0.8.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-2">2012/01/10 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-release-candidate-1">2011/12/29 Version 0.8.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-4">2011/10/09 Version 0.8.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-3">2011/08/15 Version 0.8.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-2">2011/08/05 Version 0.8.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-beta-1">2011/07/25 Version 0.8.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-2">2011/07/16 Version 0.8.0 alpha 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-8-0-alpha-1">2011/06/14 Version 0.8.0 alpha 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-2">2011/05/30 Version 0.7.2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-1">2011/05/06 Version 0.7.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0">2011/03/05 Version 0.7.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-rc-1">2011/02/16 Version 0.7.0 RC 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-4">2010/11/12 Version 0.7.0 beta 4</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-3">2010/09/18 Version 0.7.0 beta 3</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-2">2010/06/23 Version 0.7.0 beta 2</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-7-0-beta-1">2010/06/22 Version 0.7.0 beta 1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-6-0">2009/08/22 Version 0.6.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-5-0">2009/04/17 Version 0.5.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-4-0">2008/10/12 Version 0.4.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-1">2007/12/03  Version 0.3.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-3-0">2007/11/30  Version 0.3.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-1">2007/11/21  Version 0.2.1</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-2-0">2007/11/20  Version 0.2.0</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#version-0-1-0">2007/11/19  Version 0.1.0</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="changelog.html#todo-and-limitations">TODO and Limitations</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="installing">
+<span id="index-1"></span><h2>Installing<a class="headerlink" href="#installing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The current version is 1.0.0. Mock is stable and widely used. If you do
+find any bugs, or have suggestions for improvements / extensions
+then please contact us.</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock">mock on PyPI</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.0.pdf">mock documentation as PDF</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mock/">Google Code Home &amp; Mercurial Repository</a></li>
+</ul>
+<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><p id="index-3">You can checkout the latest development version from the Google Code Mercurial
+repository with the following command:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hg</span> <span class="pre">clone</span> <span class="pre">https://mock.googlecode.com/hg/</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+<span class="target" id="index-4"></span><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><p id="index-6">If you have pip, setuptools or distribute you can install mock with:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div>
+<div class="line"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-U</span> <span class="pre">mock</span></tt></div>
+</div>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Alternatively you can download the mock distribution from PyPI and after
+unpacking run:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">install</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="quick-guide">
+<h2>Quick Guide<a class="headerlink" href="#quick-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> objects create all attributes and
+methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You
+can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are
+available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt> allows you to perform side effects, including raising an
+exception when a mock is called:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">(5, 4, 3)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
+example the <cite>spec</cite> argument configures the mock to take its specification
+from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock
+that don&#8217;t exist on the spec will fail with an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
+objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
+mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;module.ClassName2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;module.ClassName1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal <em>python</em> order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for <cite>module.ClassName1</cite> is passed in first.</p>
+<p class="last">With <cite>patch</cite> it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+read <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#where-to-patch"><em>where to patch</em></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>As well as a decorator <cite>patch</cite> can be used as a context manager in a with
+statement:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>There is also <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.dict" title="mock.patch.dict"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.dict()</span></tt></a> for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">copy</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">clear</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mock supports the mocking of Python <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>. The
+easiest way of using magic methods is with the <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> class. It
+allows you to do things like:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foobarbaz&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;foobarbaz&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
+and they will be called appropriately. The <cite>MagicMock</cite> class is just a Mock
+variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the
+useful ones anyway).</p>
+<p>The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
+class:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;wheeeeee&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;wheeeeee&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the
+objects they are replacing, you can use <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>auto-speccing</em></a>.
+Auto-speccing can be done through the <cite>autospec</cite> argument to patch, or the
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that
+have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and
+any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call
+signature as the real object.</p>
+<p>This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
+code if they are used incorrectly:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_autospec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fishy&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fishy&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;wrong arguments&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>create_autospec</cite> can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
+the <cite>__init__</cite> method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
+the <cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
+<span class="target" id="index-7"></span></div>
+<div class="section" id="references">
+<span id="index-8"></span><h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Articles, blog entries and other stuff related to testing with Mock:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/carljm/django-testing-slides/blob/master/models/30_no_database.md">Imposing a No DB Discipline on Django unit tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dcramer/mock-django">mock-django: tools for mocking the Django ORM and models</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="https://blip.tv/file/4881513">PyCon 2011 Video: Testing with mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://noopenblockers.com/2012/01/06/mock-objects-in-python/">Mock objects in Python</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://blueprintforge.com/blog/2012/01/08/python-injecting-mock-objects-for-powerful-testing/">Python: Injecting Mock Objects for Powerful Testing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.michaelpollmeier.com/python-mock-how-to-assert-a-substring-of-logger-output/">Python Mock: How to assert a substring of logger output</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.mattjmorrison.com/2011/09/mocking-django.html">Mocking Django</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://williamjohnbert.com/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/">Mocking dates and other classes that can&#8217;t be modified</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/06/mock-recipies.html">Mock recipes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://konryd.blogspot.com/2010/05/mockity-mock-mock-some-love-for-mock.html">Mockity mock mock - some love for the mock module</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://mattsnider.com/python/mock-and-coverage/">Coverage and Mock (with django)</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.insomnihack.com/?p=194">Python Unit Testing with Mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://myadventuresincoding.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/python-python-mock-cheat-sheet/">Getting started with Python Mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://tobyho.com/2011/03/24/smart-parameter-checks-in/">Smart Parameter Checks with mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://agiletesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/python-mock-testing-techniques-and.html">Python mock testing techniques and tools</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://techblog.ironfroggy.com/2008/10/how-to-test.html">How To Test Django Template Tags</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypap.blogspot.com/2008/10/newbie-nugget-unit-testing-with-mock.html">A presentation on Unit Testing with Mock</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://michael-a-nelson.blogspot.com/2008/09/mocking-with-django-and-google-app.html">Mocking with Django and Google AppEngine</a></li>
+</ul>
+<span class="target" id="index-9"></span></div>
+<div class="section" id="tests">
+<span id="index-10"></span><h2>Tests<a class="headerlink" href="#tests" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Mock uses <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> for its own
+test suite. In order to run it, use the <cite>unit2</cite> script that comes with
+<cite>unittest2</cite> module on a checkout of the source repository:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>unit2 discover</cite></div></blockquote>
+<p>If you have <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute">setuptools</a> as well as
+unittest2 you can run:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">setup.py</span> <span class="pre">test</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+<p>On Python 3.2 you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> module from the standard library.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python3.2</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">unittest</span> <span class="pre">discover</span></tt></div></blockquote>
+<p id="index-11">On Python 3 the tests for unicode are skipped as they are not relevant. On
+Python 2.4 tests that use the with statements are skipped as the with statement
+is invalid syntax on Python 2.4.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="older-versions">
+<span id="index-12"></span><h2>Older Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#older-versions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Documentation for older versions of mock:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.8/">mock 0.8</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.7/">mock 0.7</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/0.6.0/">mock 0.6</a></li>
+</ul>
+<p>Docs from the in-development version of <cite>mock</cite> can be found at
+<a class="reference external" href="http://mock.readthedocs.org">mock.readthedocs.org</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="terminology">
+<h2>Terminology<a class="headerlink" href="#terminology" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Terminology for objects used to replace other ones can be confusing. Terms
+like double, fake, mock, stub, and spy are all used with varying meanings.</p>
+<p>In <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Mocks,%20Fakes,%20Stubs%20and%20Dummies.html">classic mock terminology</a>
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock.Mock</span></tt></a> is a <a class="reference external" href="http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Spy.html">spy</a> that
+allows for <em>post-mortem</em> examination. This is what I call the &#8220;action -&gt;
+assertion&#8221; <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a> pattern of testing.</p>
+<p>I&#8217;m not however a fan of this &#8220;statically typed mocking terminology&#8221;
+promulgated by <a class="reference external" href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html">Martin Fowler</a>. It confuses usage
+patterns with implementation and prevents you from using natural terminology
+when discussing mocking.</p>
+<p>I much prefer duck typing, if an object used in your test suite looks like a
+mock object and quacks like a mock object then it&#8217;s fine to call it a mock, no
+matter what the implementation looks like.</p>
+<p>This terminology is perhaps more useful in less capable languages where
+different usage patterns will <em>require</em> different implementations.
+<cite>mock.Mock()</cite> is capable of being used in most of the different roles
+described by Fowler, except (annoyingly / frustratingly / ironically) a Mock
+itself!</p>
+<p>How about a simpler definition: a &#8220;mock object&#8221; is an object used to replace a
+real one in a system under test.</p>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>This pattern is called &#8220;AAA&#8221; by some members of the testing community;
+&#8220;Arrange - Act - Assert&#8221;.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="#">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#api-documentation">API Documentation</a><ul>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#user-guide">User Guide</a><ul>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing">Installing</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#references">References</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tests">Tests</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#older-versions">Older Versions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#terminology">Terminology</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
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new file mode 100644
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="mocking-magic-methods">
+<span id="magic-methods"></span><h1>Mocking Magic Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-magic-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> supports mocking <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/magic-methods.html">magic methods</a>. This allows mock
+objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python
+protocols.</p>
+<p>Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id4" id="id2">[1]</a>, this
+support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
+methods are supported. The supported list includes <em>almost</em> all of them. If
+there are any missing that you need please let us know!</p>
+<p>You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
+or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it <em>must</em> take <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></tt> as
+the first argument <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id5" id="id3">[2]</a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__str__</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__str__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fooble&#39;</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([]))</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
+<cite>with</cite> statement:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mock</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__enter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__exit__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Calls to magic methods do not appear in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a>, but they
+are recorded in <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use the <cite>spec</cite> keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
+set a magic method that isn&#8217;t in the spec will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>The full list of supported magic methods is:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__repr__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__format__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasses__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floor__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__trunc__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ceil__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Comparisons: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__le__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__eq__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ne__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Container methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setitem__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delitem__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getslice__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setslice__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reversed__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Context manager: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Unary numeric methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__neg__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__pos__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__invert__</span></tt></li>
+<li>The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__add__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sub__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mul__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__div__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__floordiv__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mod__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__divmod__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lshift__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__rshift__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__and__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__xor__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__or__</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__pow__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Numeric conversion methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__complex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__float__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__index__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__coerce__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Descriptor methods: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__get__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delete__</span></tt></li>
+<li>Pickling: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce_ex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getinitargs__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getstate__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setstate__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following methods are supported in Python 2 but don&#8217;t exist in Python 3:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__long__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__oct__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hex__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__truediv__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__rtruediv__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following methods are supported in Python 3 but don&#8217;t exist in Python 2:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bool__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__next__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<p>The following methods exist but are <em>not</em> supported as they are either in use by
+mock, can&#8217;t be set dynamically, or can cause problems:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getattr__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setattr__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__new__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__prepare__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__instancecheck__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__del__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="magic-mock">
+<h1>Magic Mock<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>There are two <cite>MagicMock</cite> variants: <cite>MagicMock</cite> and <cite>NonCallableMagicMock</cite>.</p>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.MagicMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">MagicMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.MagicMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> with default implementations
+of most of the magic methods. You can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> without having to
+configure the magic methods yourself.</p>
+<p>The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>If you use the <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> arguments then <em>only</em> magic methods
+that exist in the spec will be created.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.NonCallableMagicMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMagicMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>MagicMock</cite>.</p>
+<p>The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and
+<cite>side_effect</cite> which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>The magic methods are setup with <cite>MagicMock</cite> objects, so you can configure them
+and use them in the usual way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__setitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getitem__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;result&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;result&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
+specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
+that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren&#8217;t interested
+in the return value. You can still <em>set</em> the return value manually if you want
+to change the default.</p>
+<p>Methods and their defaults:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__lt__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__gt__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__le__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__ge__</span></tt>: NotImplemented</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__</span></tt> : 1</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__contains__</span></tt> : False</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__</span></tt> : 1</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__</span></tt> : iter([])</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__</span></tt> : False</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__complex__</span></tt> : 1j</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__float__</span></tt> : 1.0</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__bool__</span></tt> : True</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__</span></tt> : True</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__oct__</span></tt> : &#8216;1&#8217;</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hex__</span></tt> : &#8216;0x1&#8217;</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__long__</span></tt> : long(1)</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__index__</span></tt> : 1</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__hash__</span></tt> : default hash for the mock</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__</span></tt> : default str for the mock</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__unicode__</span></tt> : default unicode for the mock</li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__sizeof__</span></tt>: default sizeof for the mock</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">0</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;0x1&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">mock</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The two equality method, <cite>__eq__</cite> and <cite>__ne__</cite>, are special (changed in
+0.7.2). They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
+effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__eq__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In <cite>0.8</cite> the <cite>__iter__</cite> also gained special handling implemented with a
+side effect. The return value of <cite>MagicMock.__iter__</cite> can be any iterable
+object and isn&#8217;t required to be an iterator:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If the return value <em>is</em> an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
+it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[&#39;a&#39;, &#39;b&#39;, &#39;c&#39;]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
+of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.</p>
+<p>Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt> are:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getslice__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setslice__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__coerce__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasses__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dir__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__format__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__get__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__set__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__delete__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reversed__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__missing__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__reduce_ex__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getinitargs__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getstate__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setstate__</span></tt></li>
+<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getformat__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__setformat__</span></tt></li>
+</ul>
+<hr class="docutils" />
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id4" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>Magic methods <em>should</em> be looked up on the class rather than the
+instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
+rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
+of Python.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id5" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">[2]</a></td><td>The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt>
+instance is kept isolated from the others.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="sentinel.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Sentinel</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/magicmock.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
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+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord &amp; the mock team.
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/mock.html
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="the-mock-class">
+<h1>The Mock Class<a class="headerlink" href="#the-mock-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p><cite>Mock</cite> is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and
+test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as
+new mocks when you access them <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a>. Accessing the same attribute will always
+return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make
+assertions about what your code has done to them.</p>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> is a subclass of <cite>Mock</cite> with all the magic methods
+pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful
+when you are mocking out objects that aren&#8217;t callable:
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.NonCallableMagicMock" title="mock.NonCallableMagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMagicMock</span></tt></a></p>
+<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes
+in a particular module with a <cite>Mock</cite> object. By default <cite>patch</cite> will create
+a <cite>MagicMock</cite> for you. You can specify an alternative class of <cite>Mock</cite> using
+the <cite>new_callable</cite> argument to <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
+<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.Mock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">Mock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>side_effect=None</em>, <em>return_value=DEFAULT</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Create a new <cite>Mock</cite> object. <cite>Mock</cite> takes several optional arguments
+that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>spec</cite>: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
+class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
+you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
+the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods).
+Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+<p>If <cite>spec</cite> is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="mock.Mock.__class__"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__class__</span></tt></a> returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
+to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>spec_set</cite>: A stricter variant of <cite>spec</cite>. If used, attempting to <em>set</em>
+or get an attribute on the mock that isn&#8217;t on the object passed as
+<cite>spec_set</cite> will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>side_effect</cite>: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
+the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
+dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
+arguments as the mock, and unless it returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>, the return
+value of this function is used as the return value.</p>
+<p>Alternatively <cite>side_effect</cite> can be an exception class or instance. In
+this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.</p>
+<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
+the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable
+are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.</p>
+<p>A <cite>side_effect</cite> can be cleared by setting it to <cite>None</cite>.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>return_value</cite>: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
+this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>wraps</cite>: Item for the mock object to wrap. If <cite>wraps</cite> is not None then
+calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
+(returning the real result and ignoring <cite>return_value</cite>). Attribute access
+on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding
+attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute
+that doesn&#8217;t exist will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>).</p>
+<p>If the mock has an explicit <cite>return_value</cite> set then calls are not passed
+to the wrapped object and the <cite>return_value</cite> is returned instead.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first"><cite>name</cite>: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
+mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
+mocks.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
+used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="mock.Mock.configure_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure_mock()</span></tt></a> method for details.</p>
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_with">
+<tt class="descname">assert_called_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a
+particular way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;wow&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;wow&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with">
+<tt class="descname">assert_called_once_with</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
+arguments.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError</span>: <span class="n">Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_any_call">
+<tt class="descname">assert_any_call</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.</p>
+<p>The assert passes if the mock has <em>ever</em> been called, unlike
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a> that
+only pass if the call is the most recent one.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;else&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_any_call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls">
+<tt class="descname">assert_has_calls</tt><big>(</big><em>calls</em>, <em>any_order=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
+The <cite>mock_calls</cite> list is checked for the calls.</p>
+<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is False (the default) then the calls must be
+sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
+specified calls.</p>
+<p>If <cite>any_order</cite> is True then the calls can be in any order, but
+they must all appear in <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">calls</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_has_calls</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">calls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">any_order</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.reset_mock">
+<tt class="descname">reset_mock</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;hello&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset_mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that
+reuse the same object. Note that <cite>reset_mock</cite> <em>doesn&#8217;t</em> clear the
+return value, <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> or any child attributes you have
+set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock
+(if any) are reset as well.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_add_spec">
+<tt class="descname">mock_add_spec</tt><big>(</big><em>spec</em>, <em>spec_set=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_add_spec" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Add a spec to a mock. <cite>spec</cite> can either be an object or a
+list of strings. Only attributes on the <cite>spec</cite> can be fetched as
+attributes from the mock.</p>
+<p>If <cite>spec_set</cite> is <cite>True</cite> then only attributes on the spec can be set.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.attach_mock">
+<tt class="descname">attach_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>mock</em>, <em>attribute</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
+parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of this one.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.configure_mock">
+<tt class="descname">configure_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.configure_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.</p>
+<p>Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
+mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
+method call:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>configure_mock</cite> exists to make it easier to do configuration
+after the mock has been created.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.__dir__">
+<tt class="descname">__dir__</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__dir__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><cite>Mock</cite> objects limit the results of <cite>dir(some_mock)</cite> to useful results.
+For mocks with a <cite>spec</cite> this includes all the permitted attributes
+for the mock.</p>
+<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.FILTER_DIR" title="mock.FILTER_DIR"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">FILTER_DIR</span></tt></a> for what this filtering does, and how to
+switch it off.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="method">
+<dt id="mock.Mock._get_child_mock">
+<tt class="descname">_get_child_mock</tt><big>(</big><em>**kw</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock._get_child_mock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
+By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
+Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
+child mocks are made.</p>
+<p>For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
+any custom subclass).</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.called">
+<tt class="descname">called</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.called" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.call_count">
+<tt class="descname">call_count</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_count" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
+<span class="go">0</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.return_value">
+<tt class="descname">return_value</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in
+the normal way:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Attribute</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock()()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>return_value</cite> can also be set in the constructor:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.side_effect">
+<tt class="descname">side_effect</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called,
+or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.</p>
+<p>If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the
+mock and unless the function returns the <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> singleton the
+call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the
+function returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> then the mock will return its normal
+value (from the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception
+handling of an API):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Boom!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">Exception</span>: <span class="n">Boom!</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using <cite>side_effect</cite> to return a sequence of values:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">(3, 2, 1)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the same arguments as the
+mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword
+arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for
+the call. The exception is if <cite>side_effect</cite> returns <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>,
+in which case the normal <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> is used.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>side_effect</cite> can be set in the constructor. Here&#8217;s an example that
+adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">4</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">-7</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Setting <cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite> clears it:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args">
+<tt class="descname">call_args</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This is either <cite>None</cite> (if the mock hasn&#8217;t been called), or the
+arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the
+form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock
+was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any
+keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call(3, 4)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;w00t!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args</span>
+<span class="go">call(3, 4, 5, key=&#39;fish&#39;, next=&#39;w00t!&#39;)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>call_args</cite>, along with members of the lists <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects.
+These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual
+arguments and make more complex assertions. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.call_args_list">
+<tt class="descname">call_args_list</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence
+(so the length of the list is the number of times it has been
+called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of
+calls to compare with <cite>call_args_list</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;w00t!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span>
+<span class="go">[call(), call(3, 4), call(key=&#39;fish&#39;, next=&#39;w00t!&#39;)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(),</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),),</span> <span class="p">({</span><span class="s">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;next&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;w00t!&#39;</span><span class="p">},)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_args_list</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Members of <cite>call_args_list</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
+unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.method_calls">
+<tt class="descname">method_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to
+methods and attributes, and <em>their</em> methods and attributes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.method()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;Mock name=&#39;mock.property.method.attribute()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Members of <cite>method_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
+unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.mock_calls">
+<tt class="descname">mock_calls</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><cite>mock_calls</cite> records <em>all</em> calls to the mock object, its methods, magic
+methods <em>and</em> return value mocks.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.first()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock.second()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;mock()()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">expected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span><span class="p">(),</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="n">call</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__int__</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">call</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">expected</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Members of <cite>mock_calls</cite> are <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.call" title="mock.call"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">call</span></tt></a> objects. These can be
+unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#calls-as-tuples"><em>calls as tuples</em></a>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="attribute">
+<dt id="mock.Mock.__class__">
+<tt class="descname">__class__</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.Mock.__class__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Normally the <cite>__class__</cite> attribute of an object will return its type.
+For a mock object with a <cite>spec</cite> <cite>__class__</cite> returns the spec class
+instead. This allows mock objects to pass <cite>isinstance</cite> tests for the
+object they are replacing / masquerading as:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>__class__</cite> is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an
+<cite>isinstance</cite> check without forcing you to use a spec:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__class__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.NonCallableMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">NonCallableMock</tt><big>(</big><em>spec=None</em>, <em>wraps=None</em>, <em>name=None</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.NonCallableMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A non-callable version of <cite>Mock</cite>. The constructor parameters have the same
+meaning of <cite>Mock</cite>, with the exception of <cite>return_value</cite> and <cite>side_effect</cite>
+which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> are able
+to pass <cite>isintance</cite> tests:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spec_set</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">())</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>Mock</cite> classes have support for mocking magic methods. See <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic
+methods</em></a> for the full details.</p>
+<p>The mock classes and the <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> decorators all take arbitrary keyword
+arguments for configuration. For the <cite>patch</cite> decorators the keywords are
+passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments
+are for configuring attributes of the mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way,
+using dotted notation. As you can&#8217;t use dotted names directly in a call you
+have to create a dictionary and unpack it using <cite>**</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">attrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;eggs&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_attribute</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;eggs&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<dl class="class">
+<dt id="mock.PropertyMock">
+<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">PropertyMock</tt><big>(</big><em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.PropertyMock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class.
+<cite>PropertyMock</cite> provides <cite>__get__</cite> and <cite>__set__</cite> methods so you can specify
+a return value when it is fetched.</p>
+<p>Fetching a <cite>PropertyMock</cite> instance from an object calls the mock, with
+no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nd">@property</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&#39;something&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nd">@foo.setter</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.Foo.foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">PropertyMock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;mockity-mock&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">this_foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">this_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">this_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">6</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">mockity-mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(), call(6)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can&#8217;t directly attach a
+<cite>PropertyMock</cite> to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type
+object:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PropertyMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">p</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<span class="target" id="index-5"></span></div>
+<div class="section" id="calling">
+<span id="index-6"></span><h1>Calling<a class="headerlink" href="#calling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> attribute. The default return value is a new Mock
+object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either
+explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one
+returned each time.</p>
+<p>Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes
+like <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>.</p>
+<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> is set then it will be called after the call has
+been recorded, so if <cite>side_effect</cite> raises an exception the call is still
+recorded.</p>
+<p>The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make
+<a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> an exception class or instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="ne">IndexError</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">IndexError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3)]</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Bang!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;three&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;four&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;Bang!&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(&#39;two&#39;, &#39;three&#39;, &#39;four&#39;)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If <cite>side_effect</cite> is a function then whatever that function returns is what
+calls to the mock return. The <cite>side_effect</cite> function is called with the
+same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the
+call dynamically, based on the input:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1), call(2)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or
+any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return
+<cite>mock.return_value</cite> from inside <cite>side_effect</cite>, or return <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DEFAULT</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>To remove a <cite>side_effect</cite>, and return to the default behaviour, set the
+<cite>side_effect</cite> to <cite>None</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">side_effect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">side_effect</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">6</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>side_effect</cite> can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock
+will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and
+a <cite>StopIteration</cite> is raised):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">2</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">StopIteration</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of
+returned:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">iterable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">66</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side_effect</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">iterable</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">33</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+ <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">ValueError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">66</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="deleting-attributes">
+<span id="id2"></span><h1>Deleting Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#deleting-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be
+objects of any type.</p>
+<p>You may want a mock object to return <cite>False</cite> to a <cite>hasattr</cite> call, or raise an
+<cite>AttributeError</cite> when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing
+an object as a <cite>spec</cite> for a mock, but that isn&#8217;t always convenient.</p>
+<p>You &#8220;block&#8221; attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute
+will raise an <cite>AttributeError</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">m</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;m&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">del</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">f</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="attaching-mocks-as-attributes">
+<h1>Attaching Mocks as Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return
+value) it becomes a &#8220;child&#8221; of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a> attributes of the
+parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to
+the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the
+children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between
+mocks:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">child2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">child2</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent
+the &#8220;parenting&#8221; if for some reason you don&#8217;t want it to happen.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">not_a_child</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;not-a-child&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">not_a_child</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attribute</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">&lt;MagicMock name=&#39;not-a-child()&#39; id=&#39;...&#39;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Mocks created for you by <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> are automatically given names. To
+attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the <a class="reference internal" href="#mock.Mock.attach_mock" title="mock.Mock.attach_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">attach_mock()</span></tt></a>
+method:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing2&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">return_value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;child1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attach_mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;child2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">child1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">child2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call.child1(&#39;one&#39;), call.child2(&#39;two&#39;)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<hr class="docutils" />
+<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
+<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
+<tbody valign="top">
+<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have
+leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn&#8217;t create these but
+instead of raises an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></tt>. This is because the interpreter
+will often implicitly request these methods, and gets <em>very</em> confused to
+get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
+method support see <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#magic-methods"><em>magic methods</em></a>.</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">The Mock Class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#calling">Calling</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="index.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Mock - Mocking and Testing Library</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="patch.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Patch Decorators</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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+    <title>mocksignature &mdash; Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation</title>
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+
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+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="mocksignature">
+<h1>mocksignature<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a>, added in mock 0.8, is a more advanced version of
+<cite>mocksignature</cite> and can be used for many of the same use cases.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A problem with using mock objects to replace real objects in your tests is that
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> can be <em>too</em> flexible. Your code can treat the mock objects in
+any way and you have to manually check that they were called correctly. If your
+code calls functions or methods with the wrong number of arguments then mocks
+don&#8217;t complain.</p>
+<p>The solution to this is <cite>mocksignature</cite>, which creates functions with the
+same signature as the original, but delegating to a mock. You can interrogate
+the mock in the usual way to check it has been called with the <em>right</em>
+arguments, but if it is called with the wrong number of arguments it will
+raise a <cite>TypeError</cite> in the same way your production code would.</p>
+<p>Another advantage is that your mocked objects are real functions, which can
+be useful when your code uses
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/inspect.html">inspect</a> or depends on
+functions being function objects.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.mocksignature">
+<tt class="descname">mocksignature</tt><big>(</big><em>func</em>, <em>mock=None</em>, <em>skipfirst=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.mocksignature" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Create a new function with the same signature as <cite>func</cite> that delegates
+to <cite>mock</cite>. If <cite>skipfirst</cite> is True the first argument is skipped, useful
+for methods where <cite>self</cite> needs to be omitted from the new function.</p>
+<p>If you don&#8217;t pass in a <cite>mock</cite> then one will be created for you.</p>
+<p>Functions returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> have many of the same attributes
+and assert methods as a mock object.</p>
+<p>The mock is set as the <cite>mock</cite> attribute of the returned function for easy
+access.</p>
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> can also be used with classes. It copies the signature of
+the <cite>__init__</cite> method.</p>
+<p>When used with callable objects (instances) it copies the signature of the
+<cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> will work out if it is mocking the signature of a method on
+an instance or a method on a class and do the &#8220;right thing&#8221; with the <cite>self</cite>
+argument in both cases.</p>
+<p>Because of a limitation in the way that arguments are collected by functions
+created by <cite>mocksignature</cite> they are <em>always</em> passed as positional arguments
+(including defaults) and not keyword arguments.</p>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-api">
+<h2>mocksignature api<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Although the objects returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> api are real function objects,
+they have much of the same api as the <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock" title="mock.Mock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mock</span></tt></a> class. This includes the
+assert methods:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">False</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">called</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">AssertionError: Expected call</span>: <span class="n">mock(1, 2, 4)</span>
+<span class="go">Actual call: mock(1, 2, 3)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call_count</span>
+<span class="go">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">side_effect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="ne">IndexError</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">IndexError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The mock object that is being delegated to is available as the <cite>mock</cite> attribute
+of the function created by <cite>mocksignature</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">func2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock_calls</span>
+<span class="go">[call(1, 2, 3), call(4, 5, 6)]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The methods and attributes available on functions returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite>
+are:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_any_call" title="mock.Mock.assert_any_call"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_any_call()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_once_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_once_with()</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_called_with" title="mock.Mock.assert_called_with"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_called_with()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.assert_has_calls" title="mock.Mock.assert_has_calls"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert_has_calls()</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args" title="mock.Mock.call_args"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_args_list" title="mock.Mock.call_args_list"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_args_list</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.call_count" title="mock.Mock.call_count"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">call_count</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.called" title="mock.Mock.called"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">called</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.method_calls" title="mock.Mock.method_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">method_calls</span></tt></a>, <cite>mock</cite>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.mock_calls" title="mock.Mock.mock_calls"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">mock_calls</span></tt></a>,
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.reset_mock" title="mock.Mock.reset_mock"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">reset_mock()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a>, and
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>.</div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="example-use">
+<h2>Example use<a class="headerlink" href="#example-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="section" id="basic-use">
+<h3>Basic use<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;some value&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="keyword-arguments">
+<h3>Keyword arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#keyword-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Note that arguments to functions created by <cite>mocksignature</cite> are always passed
+in to the underlying mock by position even when called with keywords:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocking-methods-and-self">
+<h3>Mocking methods and self<a class="headerlink" href="#mocking-methods-and-self" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When you use <cite>mocksignature</cite> to replace a method on a class then <cite>self</cite>
+will be included in the method signature - and you will need to include
+the instance when you do your asserts.</p>
+<p>As a curious factor of the way Python (2) wraps methods fetched from a class,
+we can <em>get</em> the <cite>return_value</cite> from a function set on a class, but we can&#8217;t
+set it. We have to do this through the exposed <cite>mock</cite> attribute instead:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 4 arguments (1 given)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you use <cite>mocksignature</cite> on instance methods <cite>self</cite> isn&#8217;t included (and we
+can set the <cite>return_value</cite> etc directly):</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-with-classes">
+<h3>mocksignature with classes<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-with-classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When used with a class <cite>mocksignature</cite> copies the signature of the <cite>__init__</cite>
+method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockSomething</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Because the object returned by <cite>mocksignature</cite> is a function rather than a
+<cite>Mock</cite> you lose the other capabilities of <cite>Mock</cite>, like dynamic attribute
+creation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-with-callable-objects">
+<h3>mocksignature with callable objects<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-with-callable-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When used with a callable object <cite>mocksignature</cite> copies the signature of the
+<cite>__call__</cite> method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">eggs</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_something</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">something</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_something</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&lt;lambda&gt;() takes at least 2 arguments (0 given)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="mocksignature-argument-to-patch">
+<h2>mocksignature argument to patch<a class="headerlink" href="#mocksignature-argument-to-patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><cite>mocksignature</cite> is available as a keyword argument to <a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch" title="mock.patch"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch()</span></tt></a> or
+<a class="reference internal" href="patch.html#mock.patch.object" title="mock.patch.object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">patch.object()</span></tt></a>. It can be used with functions / methods / classes and
+callable objects.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SomeClass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;method&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mocksignature</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">mocksignature</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-api">mocksignature api</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-use">Example use</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-use">Basic use</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#keyword-arguments">Keyword arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocking-methods-and-self">Mocking methods and self</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-with-classes">mocksignature with classes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-with-callable-objects">mocksignature with callable objects</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#mocksignature-argument-to-patch">mocksignature argument to patch</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="getting-started.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Getting Started with Mock</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/mocksignature.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="getting-started.html" title="Getting Started with Mock"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">Mock 0.8.1alpha1 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord &amp; the mock team.
+      Last updated on Feb 16, 2012.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.2.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/objects.inv b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/objects.inv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..363889257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/objects.inv
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/output.txt b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/output.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56093e750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/output.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+Results of doctest builder run on 2012-10-07 18:33:27
+=====================================================
+
+Document: index
+---------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+  35 tests in default
+35 tests in 1 items.
+35 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: compare
+-----------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+  39 tests in default
+39 tests in 1 items.
+39 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: getting-started
+-------------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+  83 tests in default
+83 tests in 1 items.
+83 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: magicmock
+-------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+  40 tests in default
+40 tests in 1 items.
+40 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: patch
+---------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+  75 tests in default
+75 tests in 1 items.
+75 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   2 tests in default (cleanup code)
+2 tests in 1 items.
+2 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: helpers
+-----------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+  87 tests in default
+87 tests in 1 items.
+87 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   2 tests in default (cleanup code)
+2 tests in 1 items.
+2 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: examples
+------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 171 tests in default
+171 tests in 1 items.
+171 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: sentinel
+------------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+   6 tests in default
+6 tests in 1 items.
+6 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+1 items passed all tests:
+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
+1 passed and 0 failed.
+Test passed.
+
+Document: mock
+--------------
+1 items passed all tests:
+ 187 tests in default
+187 tests in 1 items.
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+Test passed.
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+   1 tests in default (cleanup code)
+1 tests in 1 items.
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+Test passed.
+
+Doctest summary
+===============
+  723 tests
+    0 failures in tests
+    0 failures in setup code
+    0 failures in cleanup code
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="patch-decorators">
+<h1>Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
+the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
+even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
+statements or as class decorators.</p>
+<div class="section" id="patch">
+<h2>patch<a class="headerlink" href="#patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last"><cite>patch</cite> is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
+right namespace. See the section <a class="reference internal" href="#id1">where to patch</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch">
+<tt class="descname">patch</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>new=DEFAULT</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p><cite>patch</cite> acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the <cite>target</cite>
+is patched with a <cite>new</cite> object. When the function/with statement exits
+the patch is undone.</p>
+<p>If <cite>new</cite> is omitted, then the target is replaced with a
+<a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a>. If <cite>patch</cite> is used as a decorator and <cite>new</cite> is
+omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the
+decorated function. If <cite>patch</cite> is used as a context manager the created
+mock is returned by the context manager.</p>
+<p><cite>target</cite> should be a string in the form <cite>&#8216;package.module.ClassName&#8217;</cite>. The
+<cite>target</cite> is imported and the specified object replaced with the <cite>new</cite>
+object, so the <cite>target</cite> must be importable from the environment you are
+calling <cite>patch</cite> from. The target is imported when the decorated function
+is executed, not at decoration time.</p>
+<p>The <cite>spec</cite> and <cite>spec_set</cite> keyword arguments are passed to the <cite>MagicMock</cite>
+if patch is creating one for you.</p>
+<p>In addition you can pass <cite>spec=True</cite> or <cite>spec_set=True</cite>, which causes
+patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.</p>
+<p><cite>new_callable</cite> allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+that will be called to create the <cite>new</cite> object. By default <cite>MagicMock</cite> is
+used.</p>
+<p>A more powerful form of <cite>spec</cite> is <cite>autospec</cite>. If you set <cite>autospec=True</cite>
+then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
+will have their arguments checked and will raise a <cite>TypeError</cite> if they are
+called with the wrong signature. For mocks
+replacing a class, their return value (the &#8216;instance&#8217;) will have the same
+spec as the class. See the <a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#mock.create_autospec" title="mock.create_autospec"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_autospec()</span></tt></a> function and
+<a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html#auto-speccing"><em>Autospeccing</em></a>.</p>
+<p>Instead of <cite>autospec=True</cite> you can pass <cite>autospec=some_object</cite> to use an
+arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.</p>
+<p>By default <cite>patch</cite> will fail to replace attributes that don&#8217;t exist. If
+you pass in <cite>create=True</cite>, and the attribute doesn&#8217;t exist, patch will
+create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+passing tests against APIs that don&#8217;t actually exist!</p>
+<p>Patch can be used as a <cite>TestCase</cite> class decorator. It works by
+decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+code when your test methods share a common patchings set. <cite>patch</cite> finds
+tests by looking for method names that start with <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>.
+By default this is <cite>test</cite>, which matches the way <cite>unittest</cite> finds tests.
+You can specify an alternative prefix by setting <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>.</p>
+<p>Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+use &#8220;as&#8221; then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+&#8220;as&#8221;; very useful if <cite>patch</cite> is creating a mock object for you.</p>
+<p><cite>patch</cite> takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+the <cite>Mock</cite> (or <cite>new_callable</cite>) on construction.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.dict(...)</cite>, <cite>patch.multiple(...)</cite> and <cite>patch.object(...)</cite> are
+available for alternate use-cases.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><cite>patch</cite> as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into
+the decorated function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.SomeClass&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">normal_argument</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock_class</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mock_class</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="go">True</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Patching a class replaces the class with a <cite>MagicMock</cite> <em>instance</em>. If the
+class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> of the mock that will be used.</p>
+<p>If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a> to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
+can set the <cite>return_value</cite> to be anything you want.</p>
+<p>To configure return values on methods of <em>instances</em> on the patched class
+you must do this on the <cite>return_value</cite>. For example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Class</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">pass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.Class&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">instance</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">Class</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you use <cite>spec</cite> or <cite>spec_set</cite> and <cite>patch</cite> is replacing a <em>class</em>, then the
+return value of the created mock will have the same spec.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Class</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.Class&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MockClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Original</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The <cite>new_callable</cite> argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
+class to the default <a class="reference internal" href="magicmock.html#mock.MagicMock" title="mock.MagicMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></tt></a> for the created mock. For example, if
+you wanted a <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.NonCallableMock" title="mock.NonCallableMock"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NonCallableMock</span></tt></a> to be used:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NonCallableMock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock_thing</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;NonCallableMock&#39; object is not callable</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Another use case might be to replace an object with a <cite>StringIO</cite> instance:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">StringIO</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">StringIO</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">():</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">&#39;Something&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.stdout&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_stdout</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">mock_stdout</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&#39;Something</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When <cite>patch</cite> is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
+you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
+in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
+used to set attributes on the created mock:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">first</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">second</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;one&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">second</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;two&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
+<a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.return_value" title="mock.Mock.return_value"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">return_value</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>, of child mocks can
+also be configured. These aren&#8217;t syntactically valid to pass in directly as
+keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
+into a <cite>patch</cite> call using <cite>**</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;method.return_value&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;other.side_effect&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.thing&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock_thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
+  <span class="c">...</span>
+<span class="gr">KeyError</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-object">
+<h2>patch.object<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-object" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.object">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">object</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>attribute</em>, <em>new=DEFAULT</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>patch the named member (<cite>attribute</cite>) on an object (<cite>target</cite>) with a mock
+object.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.object</cite> can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+manager. Arguments <cite>new</cite>, <cite>spec</cite>, <cite>create</cite>, <cite>spec_set</cite>, <cite>autospec</cite> and
+<cite>new_callable</cite> have the same meaning as for <cite>patch</cite>. Like <cite>patch</cite>,
+<cite>patch.object</cite> takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
+object it creates.</p>
+<p>When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.object</cite> honours <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>
+for choosing which methods to wrap.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>You can either call <cite>patch.object</cite> with three arguments or two arguments. The
+three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
+object to replace the attribute with.</p>
+<p>When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
+mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
+function:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;class_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mock_method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>spec</cite>, <cite>create</cite> and the other arguments to <cite>patch.object</cite> have the same
+meaning as they do for <cite>patch</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-dict">
+<h2>patch.dict<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-dict" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.dict">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">dict</tt><big>(</big><em>in_dict</em>, <em>values=()</em>, <em>clear=False</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.dict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+to its original state after the test.</p>
+<p><cite>in_dict</cite> can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+plus iterating over keys.</p>
+<p><cite>in_dict</cite> can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+will then be fetched by importing it.</p>
+<p><cite>values</cite> can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. <cite>values</cite>
+can also be an iterable of <cite>(key, value)</cite> pairs.</p>
+<p>If <cite>clear</cite> is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+values are set.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+values in the dictionary.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+decorator. When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.dict</cite> honours
+<cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite> for choosing which methods to wrap.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
+change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
+ends.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mock</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">patch</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;os.environ&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;newvalue&#39;</span><span class="p">}):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">newvalue</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;newkey&#39;</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Keywords can be used in the <cite>patch.dict</cite> call to set values in the dictionary:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymodule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.modules&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;some&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&#39;fish&#39;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>patch.dict</cite> can be used with dictionary like objects that aren&#8217;t actually
+dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
+deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
+magic methods <cite>__getitem__</cite>, <cite>__setitem__</cite>, <cite>__delitem__</cite> and either
+<cite>__iter__</cite> or <cite>__contains__</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Container</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__getitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__setitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__delitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">del</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__iter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Container</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">one</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">two</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-multiple">
+<h2>patch.multiple<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-multiple" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.multiple">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">multiple</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em>, <em>spec=None</em>, <em>create=False</em>, <em>spec_set=None</em>, <em>autospec=None</em>, <em>new_callable=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.multiple" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+and keyword arguments for the patches:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FIRST_PATCH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;one&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SECOND_PATCH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;two&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
+    <span class="o">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> as the value if you want <cite>patch.multiple</cite> to create
+mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when <cite>patch.multiple</cite> is
+used as a context manager.</p>
+<p><cite>patch.multiple</cite> can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+manager. The arguments <cite>spec</cite>, <cite>spec_set</cite>, <cite>create</cite>, <cite>autospec</cite> and
+<cite>new_callable</cite> have the same meaning as for <cite>patch</cite>. These arguments will
+be applied to <em>all</em> patches done by <cite>patch.multiple</cite>.</p>
+<p>When used as a class decorator <cite>patch.multiple</cite> honours <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>
+for choosing which methods to wrap.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<p>If you want <cite>patch.multiple</cite> to create mocks for you, then you can use
+<a class="reference internal" href="sentinel.html#mock.DEFAULT" title="mock.DEFAULT"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span></tt></a> as the value. If you use <cite>patch.multiple</cite> as a decorator
+then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">thing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">other</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">()</span>
+
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MagicMock</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><cite>patch.multiple</cite> can be nested with other <cite>patch</cite> decorators, but put arguments
+passed by keyword <em>after</em> any of the standard arguments created by <cite>patch</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;sys.exit&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch.multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_exit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;exit&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock_exit</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">test_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If <cite>patch.multiple</cite> is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
+context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">:</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;thing&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">thing</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">values</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;other&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">other</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patch-methods-start-and-stop">
+<span id="start-and-stop"></span><h2>patch methods: start and stop<a class="headerlink" href="#patch-methods-start-and-stop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>All the patchers have <cite>start</cite> and <cite>stop</cite> methods. These make it simpler to do
+patching in <cite>setUp</cite> methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
+nesting decorators or with statements.</p>
+<p>To use them call <cite>patch</cite>, <cite>patch.object</cite> or <cite>patch.dict</cite> as normal and keep a
+reference to the returned <cite>patcher</cite> object. You can then call <cite>start</cite> to put
+the patch in place and <cite>stop</cite> to undo it.</p>
+<p>If you are using <cite>patch</cite> to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
+the call to <cite>patcher.start</cite>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">module</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">original</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_mock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">original</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">new_mock</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the <cite>setUp</cite>
+method of a <cite>TestCase</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.Class1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.Class2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">tearDown</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">patcher2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass2</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition caution">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Caution</p>
+<p>If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is &#8220;undone&#8221; by
+calling <cite>stop</cite>. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+exception is raised in the setUp then tearDown is not called. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2">unittest2</a> cleanup functions make this
+easier.</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TestCase</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setUp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">patcher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.Class&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addCleanup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">patcher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_something</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Class</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MockClass</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">MyTest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;test_something&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p class="last">As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the <cite>patcher</cite>
+object.</p>
+</div>
+<p>It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using
+<cite>patch.stopall</cite>.</p>
+<dl class="function">
+<dt id="mock.patch.stopall">
+<tt class="descclassname">patch.</tt><tt class="descname">stopall</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.patch.stopall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with <cite>start</cite>.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="test-prefix">
+<h2>TEST_PREFIX<a class="headerlink" href="#test-prefix" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
+they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
+start with <cite>test</cite> as being test methods. This is the same way that the
+<cite>unittest.TestLoader</cite> finds test methods by default.</p>
+<p>It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
+inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting <cite>patch.TEST_PREFIX</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">patch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TEST_PREFIX</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;__main__.value&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;not three&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Thing</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo_two</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Thing</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_one</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">not three</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">Thing</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_two</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="go">not three</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">value</span>
+<span class="go">3</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="nesting-patch-decorators">
+<h2>Nesting Patch Decorators<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-patch-decorators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
+decorators.</p>
+<p>You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;class_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="nd">@patch.object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;static_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">mock2</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">static_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="n">SomeClass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mock2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mock2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assert_called_once_with</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
+standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
+passed into your test function matches this order.</p>
+<p>Like all context-managers patches can be nested using contextlib&#8217;s nested
+function; <em>every</em> patching will appear in the tuple after &#8220;as&#8221;:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">nested</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">nested</span><span class="p">(</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName1&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>        <span class="n">patch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;package.module.ClassName2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MockClass1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName1</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass1</span>
+<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">package</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ClassName2</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MockClass2</span>
+<span class="gp">...</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="where-to-patch">
+<span id="id1"></span><h2>Where to patch<a class="headerlink" href="#where-to-patch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p><cite>patch</cite> works by (temporarily) changing the object that a <em>name</em> points to with
+another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
+for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
+under test.</p>
+<p>The basic principle is that you patch where an object is <em>looked up</em>, which
+is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
+examples will help to clarify this.</p>
+<p>Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><pre>a.py
+    -&gt; Defines SomeClass
+
+b.py
+    -&gt; from a import SomeClass
+    -&gt; some_function instantiates SomeClass</pre>
+</div>
+<p>Now we want to test <cite>some_function</cite> but we want to mock out <cite>SomeClass</cite> using
+<cite>patch</cite>. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
+do then it imports <cite>SomeClass</cite> from module a. If we use <cite>patch</cite> to mock out
+<cite>a.SomeClass</cite> then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
+reference to the <em>real</em> <cite>SomeClass</cite> and it looks like our patching had no
+effect.</p>
+<p>The key is to patch out <cite>SomeClass</cite> where it is used (or where it is looked up
+). In this case <cite>some_function</cite> will actually look up <cite>SomeClass</cite> in module b,
+where we have imported it. The patching should look like:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>&#64;patch(&#8216;b.SomeClass&#8217;)</cite></div></blockquote>
+<p>However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of <cite>from a import
+SomeClass</cite> module b does <cite>import a</cite> and <cite>some_function</cite> uses <cite>a.SomeClass</cite>. Both
+of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
+being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch <cite>a.SomeClass</cite> instead:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><cite>&#64;patch(&#8216;a.SomeClass&#8217;)</cite></div></blockquote>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">
+<h2>Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Since version 0.6.0 both <a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a> have been able to correctly
+patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties.
+You should patch these on the <em>class</em> rather than an instance.</p>
+<p>Since version 0.7.0 <a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a> work correctly with some objects
+that proxy attribute access, like the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198">django setttings object</a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In django <cite>import settings</cite> and <cite>from django.conf import settings</cite>
+return different objects. If you are using libraries / apps that do both you
+may have to patch both. Grrr...</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Patch Decorators</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch">patch</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-object">patch.object</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="mock.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">The Mock Class</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
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diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/html/searchindex.js b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/searchindex.js
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/html/searchindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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+
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="sentinel">
+<h1>Sentinel<a class="headerlink" href="#sentinel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="mock.sentinel">
+<tt class="descname">sentinel</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.sentinel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sentinel</span></tt> object provides a convenient way of providing unique
+objects for your tests.</p>
+<p>Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
+the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
+returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<dl class="data">
+<dt id="mock.DEFAULT">
+<tt class="descname">DEFAULT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#mock.DEFAULT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
+<dd><p>The <cite>DEFAULT</cite> object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
+<cite>sentinel.DEFAULT</cite>). It can be used by <a class="reference internal" href="mock.html#mock.Mock.side_effect" title="mock.Mock.side_effect"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">side_effect</span></tt></a>
+functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.</p>
+</dd></dl>
+
+<div class="section" id="sentinel-example">
+<h2>Sentinel Example<a class="headerlink" href="#sentinel-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
+argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
+sentinel objects to test this. <cite>sentinel</cite> provides a convenient way of
+creating and testing the identity of objects like this.</p>
+<p>In this example we monkey patch <cite>method</cite> to return
+<cite>sentinel.some_object</cite>:</p>
+<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProductionClass</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Mock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">return_value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">real</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">()</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span>
+<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sentinel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_object</span>
+<span class="go">sentinel.some_object</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Sentinel</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sentinel-example">Sentinel Example</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="helpers.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Helpers</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="magicmock.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Mocking Magic Methods</a></p>
+  <h3>This Page</h3>
+  <ul class="this-page-menu">
+    <li><a href="_sources/sentinel.txt"
+           rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+  </ul>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
+  <h3>Quick search</h3>
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
+      <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
+    </form>
+    <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
+    Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
+    </p>
+</div>
+<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="magicmock.html" title="Mocking Magic Methods"
+             >next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="helpers.html" title="Helpers"
+             >previous</a> |</li>
+        <li><a href="index.html">Mock 1.0.0 documentation</a> &raquo;</li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer">
+        &copy; Copyright 2007-2012, Michael Foord &amp; the mock team.
+      Last updated on Oct 07, 2012.
+      Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/mock.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1be4e6e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/mock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2356 @@
+# mock.py
+# Test tools for mocking and patching.
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+
+# mock 1.0
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+# Released subject to the BSD License
+# Please see http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/license.shtml
+
+# Scripts maintained at http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/index.shtml
+# Comments, suggestions and bug reports welcome.
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'Mock',
+    'MagicMock',
+    'patch',
+    'sentinel',
+    'DEFAULT',
+    'ANY',
+    'call',
+    'create_autospec',
+    'FILTER_DIR',
+    'NonCallableMock',
+    'NonCallableMagicMock',
+    'mock_open',
+    'PropertyMock',
+)
+
+
+__version__ = '1.0.0'
+
+
+import pprint
+import sys
+
+try:
+    import inspect
+except ImportError:
+    # for alternative platforms that
+    # may not have inspect
+    inspect = None
+
+try:
+    from functools import wraps
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 2.4 compatibility
+    def wraps(original):
+        def inner(f):
+            f.__name__ = original.__name__
+            f.__doc__ = original.__doc__
+            f.__module__ = original.__module__
+            return f
+        return inner
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    # Python 3
+    basestring = unicode = str
+
+try:
+    long
+except NameError:
+    # Python 3
+    long = int
+
+try:
+    BaseException
+except NameError:
+    # Python 2.4 compatibility
+    BaseException = Exception
+
+try:
+    next
+except NameError:
+    def next(obj):
+        return obj.next()
+
+
+BaseExceptions = (BaseException,)
+if 'java' in sys.platform:
+    # jython
+    import java
+    BaseExceptions = (BaseException, java.lang.Throwable)
+
+try:
+    _isidentifier = str.isidentifier
+except AttributeError:
+    # Python 2.X
+    import keyword
+    import re
+    regex = re.compile(r'^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$', re.I)
+    def _isidentifier(string):
+        if string in keyword.kwlist:
+            return False
+        return regex.match(string)
+
+
+inPy3k = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+# Needed to work around Python 3 bug where use of "super" interferes with
+# defining __class__ as a descriptor
+_super = super
+
+self = 'im_self'
+builtin = '__builtin__'
+if inPy3k:
+    self = '__self__'
+    builtin = 'builtins'
+
+FILTER_DIR = True
+
+
+def _is_instance_mock(obj):
+    # can't use isinstance on Mock objects because they override __class__
+    # The base class for all mocks is NonCallableMock
+    return issubclass(type(obj), NonCallableMock)
+
+
+def _is_exception(obj):
+    return (
+        isinstance(obj, BaseExceptions) or
+        isinstance(obj, ClassTypes) and issubclass(obj, BaseExceptions)
+    )
+
+
+class _slotted(object):
+    __slots__ = ['a']
+
+
+DescriptorTypes = (
+    type(_slotted.a),
+    property,
+)
+
+
+def _getsignature(func, skipfirst, instance=False):
+    if inspect is None:
+        raise ImportError('inspect module not available')
+
+    if isinstance(func, ClassTypes) and not instance:
+        try:
+            func = func.__init__
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+        skipfirst = True
+    elif not isinstance(func, FunctionTypes):
+        # for classes where instance is True we end up here too
+        try:
+            func = func.__call__
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+
+    if inPy3k:
+        try:
+            argspec = inspect.getfullargspec(func)
+        except TypeError:
+            # C function / method, possibly inherited object().__init__
+            return
+        regargs, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonly, kwonlydef, ann = argspec
+    else:
+        try:
+            regargs, varargs, varkwargs, defaults = inspect.getargspec(func)
+        except TypeError:
+            # C function / method, possibly inherited object().__init__
+            return
+
+    # instance methods and classmethods need to lose the self argument
+    if getattr(func, self, None) is not None:
+        regargs = regargs[1:]
+    if skipfirst:
+        # this condition and the above one are never both True - why?
+        regargs = regargs[1:]
+
+    if inPy3k:
+        signature = inspect.formatargspec(
+            regargs, varargs, varkw, defaults,
+            kwonly, kwonlydef, ann, formatvalue=lambda value: "")
+    else:
+        signature = inspect.formatargspec(
+            regargs, varargs, varkwargs, defaults,
+            formatvalue=lambda value: "")
+    return signature[1:-1], func
+
+
+def _check_signature(func, mock, skipfirst, instance=False):
+    if not _callable(func):
+        return
+
+    result = _getsignature(func, skipfirst, instance)
+    if result is None:
+        return
+    signature, func = result
+
+    # can't use self because "self" is common as an argument name
+    # unfortunately even not in the first place
+    src = "lambda _mock_self, %s: None" % signature
+    checksig = eval(src, {})
+    _copy_func_details(func, checksig)
+    type(mock)._mock_check_sig = checksig
+
+
+def _copy_func_details(func, funcopy):
+    funcopy.__name__ = func.__name__
+    funcopy.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+    #funcopy.__dict__.update(func.__dict__)
+    funcopy.__module__ = func.__module__
+    if not inPy3k:
+        funcopy.func_defaults = func.func_defaults
+        return
+    funcopy.__defaults__ = func.__defaults__
+    funcopy.__kwdefaults__ = func.__kwdefaults__
+
+
+def _callable(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, ClassTypes):
+        return True
+    if getattr(obj, '__call__', None) is not None:
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _is_list(obj):
+    # checks for list or tuples
+    # XXXX badly named!
+    return type(obj) in (list, tuple)
+
+
+def _instance_callable(obj):
+    """Given an object, return True if the object is callable.
+    For classes, return True if instances would be callable."""
+    if not isinstance(obj, ClassTypes):
+        # already an instance
+        return getattr(obj, '__call__', None) is not None
+
+    klass = obj
+    # uses __bases__ instead of __mro__ so that we work with old style classes
+    if klass.__dict__.get('__call__') is not None:
+        return True
+
+    for base in klass.__bases__:
+        if _instance_callable(base):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _set_signature(mock, original, instance=False):
+    # creates a function with signature (*args, **kwargs) that delegates to a
+    # mock. It still does signature checking by calling a lambda with the same
+    # signature as the original.
+    if not _callable(original):
+        return
+
+    skipfirst = isinstance(original, ClassTypes)
+    result = _getsignature(original, skipfirst, instance)
+    if result is None:
+        # was a C function (e.g. object().__init__ ) that can't be mocked
+        return
+
+    signature, func = result
+
+    src = "lambda %s: None" % signature
+    checksig = eval(src, {})
+    _copy_func_details(func, checksig)
+
+    name = original.__name__
+    if not _isidentifier(name):
+        name = 'funcopy'
+    context = {'_checksig_': checksig, 'mock': mock}
+    src = """def %s(*args, **kwargs):
+    _checksig_(*args, **kwargs)
+    return mock(*args, **kwargs)""" % name
+    exec (src, context)
+    funcopy = context[name]
+    _setup_func(funcopy, mock)
+    return funcopy
+
+
+def _setup_func(funcopy, mock):
+    funcopy.mock = mock
+
+    # can't use isinstance with mocks
+    if not _is_instance_mock(mock):
+        return
+
+    def assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs):
+        return mock.assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs)
+    def assert_called_once_with(*args, **kwargs):
+        return mock.assert_called_once_with(*args, **kwargs)
+    def assert_has_calls(*args, **kwargs):
+        return mock.assert_has_calls(*args, **kwargs)
+    def assert_any_call(*args, **kwargs):
+        return mock.assert_any_call(*args, **kwargs)
+    def reset_mock():
+        funcopy.method_calls = _CallList()
+        funcopy.mock_calls = _CallList()
+        mock.reset_mock()
+        ret = funcopy.return_value
+        if _is_instance_mock(ret) and not ret is mock:
+            ret.reset_mock()
+
+    funcopy.called = False
+    funcopy.call_count = 0
+    funcopy.call_args = None
+    funcopy.call_args_list = _CallList()
+    funcopy.method_calls = _CallList()
+    funcopy.mock_calls = _CallList()
+
+    funcopy.return_value = mock.return_value
+    funcopy.side_effect = mock.side_effect
+    funcopy._mock_children = mock._mock_children
+
+    funcopy.assert_called_with = assert_called_with
+    funcopy.assert_called_once_with = assert_called_once_with
+    funcopy.assert_has_calls = assert_has_calls
+    funcopy.assert_any_call = assert_any_call
+    funcopy.reset_mock = reset_mock
+
+    mock._mock_delegate = funcopy
+
+
+def _is_magic(name):
+    return '__%s__' % name[2:-2] == name
+
+
+class _SentinelObject(object):
+    "A unique, named, sentinel object."
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'sentinel.%s' % self.name
+
+
+class _Sentinel(object):
+    """Access attributes to return a named object, usable as a sentinel."""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._sentinels = {}
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name == '__bases__':
+            # Without this help(mock) raises an exception
+            raise AttributeError
+        return self._sentinels.setdefault(name, _SentinelObject(name))
+
+
+sentinel = _Sentinel()
+
+DEFAULT = sentinel.DEFAULT
+_missing = sentinel.MISSING
+_deleted = sentinel.DELETED
+
+
+class OldStyleClass:
+    pass
+ClassType = type(OldStyleClass)
+
+
+def _copy(value):
+    if type(value) in (dict, list, tuple, set):
+        return type(value)(value)
+    return value
+
+
+ClassTypes = (type,)
+if not inPy3k:
+    ClassTypes = (type, ClassType)
+
+_allowed_names = set(
+    [
+        'return_value', '_mock_return_value', 'side_effect',
+        '_mock_side_effect', '_mock_parent', '_mock_new_parent',
+        '_mock_name', '_mock_new_name'
+    ]
+)
+
+
+def _delegating_property(name):
+    _allowed_names.add(name)
+    _the_name = '_mock_' + name
+    def _get(self, name=name, _the_name=_the_name):
+        sig = self._mock_delegate
+        if sig is None:
+            return getattr(self, _the_name)
+        return getattr(sig, name)
+    def _set(self, value, name=name, _the_name=_the_name):
+        sig = self._mock_delegate
+        if sig is None:
+            self.__dict__[_the_name] = value
+        else:
+            setattr(sig, name, value)
+
+    return property(_get, _set)
+
+
+
+class _CallList(list):
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, list):
+            return list.__contains__(self, value)
+        len_value = len(value)
+        len_self = len(self)
+        if len_value > len_self:
+            return False
+
+        for i in range(0, len_self - len_value + 1):
+            sub_list = self[i:i+len_value]
+            if sub_list == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return pprint.pformat(list(self))
+
+
+def _check_and_set_parent(parent, value, name, new_name):
+    if not _is_instance_mock(value):
+        return False
+    if ((value._mock_name or value._mock_new_name) or
+        (value._mock_parent is not None) or
+        (value._mock_new_parent is not None)):
+        return False
+
+    _parent = parent
+    while _parent is not None:
+        # setting a mock (value) as a child or return value of itself
+        # should not modify the mock
+        if _parent is value:
+            return False
+        _parent = _parent._mock_new_parent
+
+    if new_name:
+        value._mock_new_parent = parent
+        value._mock_new_name = new_name
+    if name:
+        value._mock_parent = parent
+        value._mock_name = name
+    return True
+
+
+
+class Base(object):
+    _mock_return_value = DEFAULT
+    _mock_side_effect = None
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+
+
+class NonCallableMock(Base):
+    """A non-callable version of `Mock`"""
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
+        # every instance has its own class
+        # so we can create magic methods on the
+        # class without stomping on other mocks
+        new = type(cls.__name__, (cls,), {'__doc__': cls.__doc__})
+        instance = object.__new__(new)
+        return instance
+
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, spec=None, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None,
+            parent=None, _spec_state=None, _new_name='', _new_parent=None,
+            **kwargs
+        ):
+        if _new_parent is None:
+            _new_parent = parent
+
+        __dict__ = self.__dict__
+        __dict__['_mock_parent'] = parent
+        __dict__['_mock_name'] = name
+        __dict__['_mock_new_name'] = _new_name
+        __dict__['_mock_new_parent'] = _new_parent
+
+        if spec_set is not None:
+            spec = spec_set
+            spec_set = True
+
+        self._mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set)
+
+        __dict__['_mock_children'] = {}
+        __dict__['_mock_wraps'] = wraps
+        __dict__['_mock_delegate'] = None
+
+        __dict__['_mock_called'] = False
+        __dict__['_mock_call_args'] = None
+        __dict__['_mock_call_count'] = 0
+        __dict__['_mock_call_args_list'] = _CallList()
+        __dict__['_mock_mock_calls'] = _CallList()
+
+        __dict__['method_calls'] = _CallList()
+
+        if kwargs:
+            self.configure_mock(**kwargs)
+
+        _super(NonCallableMock, self).__init__(
+            spec, wraps, name, spec_set, parent,
+            _spec_state
+        )
+
+
+    def attach_mock(self, mock, attribute):
+        """
+        Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and
+        parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the
+        `method_calls` and `mock_calls` attributes of this one."""
+        mock._mock_parent = None
+        mock._mock_new_parent = None
+        mock._mock_name = ''
+        mock._mock_new_name = None
+
+        setattr(self, attribute, mock)
+
+
+    def mock_add_spec(self, spec, spec_set=False):
+        """Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a
+        list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as
+        attributes from the mock.
+
+        If `spec_set` is True then only attributes on the spec can be set."""
+        self._mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set)
+
+
+    def _mock_add_spec(self, spec, spec_set):
+        _spec_class = None
+
+        if spec is not None and not _is_list(spec):
+            if isinstance(spec, ClassTypes):
+                _spec_class = spec
+            else:
+                _spec_class = _get_class(spec)
+
+            spec = dir(spec)
+
+        __dict__ = self.__dict__
+        __dict__['_spec_class'] = _spec_class
+        __dict__['_spec_set'] = spec_set
+        __dict__['_mock_methods'] = spec
+
+
+    def __get_return_value(self):
+        ret = self._mock_return_value
+        if self._mock_delegate is not None:
+            ret = self._mock_delegate.return_value
+
+        if ret is DEFAULT:
+            ret = self._get_child_mock(
+                _new_parent=self, _new_name='()'
+            )
+            self.return_value = ret
+        return ret
+
+
+    def __set_return_value(self, value):
+        if self._mock_delegate is not None:
+            self._mock_delegate.return_value = value
+        else:
+            self._mock_return_value = value
+            _check_and_set_parent(self, value, None, '()')
+
+    __return_value_doc = "The value to be returned when the mock is called."
+    return_value = property(__get_return_value, __set_return_value,
+                            __return_value_doc)
+
+
+    @property
+    def __class__(self):
+        if self._spec_class is None:
+            return type(self)
+        return self._spec_class
+
+    called = _delegating_property('called')
+    call_count = _delegating_property('call_count')
+    call_args = _delegating_property('call_args')
+    call_args_list = _delegating_property('call_args_list')
+    mock_calls = _delegating_property('mock_calls')
+
+
+    def __get_side_effect(self):
+        sig = self._mock_delegate
+        if sig is None:
+            return self._mock_side_effect
+        return sig.side_effect
+
+    def __set_side_effect(self, value):
+        value = _try_iter(value)
+        sig = self._mock_delegate
+        if sig is None:
+            self._mock_side_effect = value
+        else:
+            sig.side_effect = value
+
+    side_effect = property(__get_side_effect, __set_side_effect)
+
+
+    def reset_mock(self):
+        "Restore the mock object to its initial state."
+        self.called = False
+        self.call_args = None
+        self.call_count = 0
+        self.mock_calls = _CallList()
+        self.call_args_list = _CallList()
+        self.method_calls = _CallList()
+
+        for child in self._mock_children.values():
+            if isinstance(child, _SpecState):
+                continue
+            child.reset_mock()
+
+        ret = self._mock_return_value
+        if _is_instance_mock(ret) and ret is not self:
+            ret.reset_mock()
+
+
+    def configure_mock(self, **kwargs):
+        """Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.
+
+        Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child
+        mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the
+        method call:
+
+        >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+        >>> mock.configure_mock(**attrs)"""
+        for arg, val in sorted(kwargs.items(),
+                               # we sort on the number of dots so that
+                               # attributes are set before we set attributes on
+                               # attributes
+                               key=lambda entry: entry[0].count('.')):
+            args = arg.split('.')
+            final = args.pop()
+            obj = self
+            for entry in args:
+                obj = getattr(obj, entry)
+            setattr(obj, final, val)
+
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name == '_mock_methods':
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        elif self._mock_methods is not None:
+            if name not in self._mock_methods or name in _all_magics:
+                raise AttributeError("Mock object has no attribute %r" % name)
+        elif _is_magic(name):
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+
+        result = self._mock_children.get(name)
+        if result is _deleted:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        elif result is None:
+            wraps = None
+            if self._mock_wraps is not None:
+                # XXXX should we get the attribute without triggering code
+                # execution?
+                wraps = getattr(self._mock_wraps, name)
+
+            result = self._get_child_mock(
+                parent=self, name=name, wraps=wraps, _new_name=name,
+                _new_parent=self
+            )
+            self._mock_children[name]  = result
+
+        elif isinstance(result, _SpecState):
+            result = create_autospec(
+                result.spec, result.spec_set, result.instance,
+                result.parent, result.name
+            )
+            self._mock_children[name]  = result
+
+        return result
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        _name_list = [self._mock_new_name]
+        _parent = self._mock_new_parent
+        last = self
+
+        dot = '.'
+        if _name_list == ['()']:
+            dot = ''
+        seen = set()
+        while _parent is not None:
+            last = _parent
+
+            _name_list.append(_parent._mock_new_name + dot)
+            dot = '.'
+            if _parent._mock_new_name == '()':
+                dot = ''
+
+            _parent = _parent._mock_new_parent
+
+            # use ids here so as not to call __hash__ on the mocks
+            if id(_parent) in seen:
+                break
+            seen.add(id(_parent))
+
+        _name_list = list(reversed(_name_list))
+        _first = last._mock_name or 'mock'
+        if len(_name_list) > 1:
+            if _name_list[1] not in ('()', '().'):
+                _first += '.'
+        _name_list[0] = _first
+        name = ''.join(_name_list)
+
+        name_string = ''
+        if name not in ('mock', 'mock.'):
+            name_string = ' name=%r' % name
+
+        spec_string = ''
+        if self._spec_class is not None:
+            spec_string = ' spec=%r'
+            if self._spec_set:
+                spec_string = ' spec_set=%r'
+            spec_string = spec_string % self._spec_class.__name__
+        return "<%s%s%s id='%s'>" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            name_string,
+            spec_string,
+            id(self)
+        )
+
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        """Filter the output of `dir(mock)` to only useful members.
+        XXXX
+        """
+        extras = self._mock_methods or []
+        from_type = dir(type(self))
+        from_dict = list(self.__dict__)
+
+        if FILTER_DIR:
+            from_type = [e for e in from_type if not e.startswith('_')]
+            from_dict = [e for e in from_dict if not e.startswith('_') or
+                         _is_magic(e)]
+        return sorted(set(extras + from_type + from_dict +
+                          list(self._mock_children)))
+
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        if name in _allowed_names:
+            # property setters go through here
+            return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+        elif (self._spec_set and self._mock_methods is not None and
+            name not in self._mock_methods and
+            name not in self.__dict__):
+            raise AttributeError("Mock object has no attribute '%s'" % name)
+        elif name in _unsupported_magics:
+            msg = 'Attempting to set unsupported magic method %r.' % name
+            raise AttributeError(msg)
+        elif name in _all_magics:
+            if self._mock_methods is not None and name not in self._mock_methods:
+                raise AttributeError("Mock object has no attribute '%s'" % name)
+
+            if not _is_instance_mock(value):
+                setattr(type(self), name, _get_method(name, value))
+                original = value
+                value = lambda *args, **kw: original(self, *args, **kw)
+            else:
+                # only set _new_name and not name so that mock_calls is tracked
+                # but not method calls
+                _check_and_set_parent(self, value, None, name)
+                setattr(type(self), name, value)
+                self._mock_children[name] = value
+        elif name == '__class__':
+            self._spec_class = value
+            return
+        else:
+            if _check_and_set_parent(self, value, name, name):
+                self._mock_children[name] = value
+        return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name):
+        if name in _all_magics and name in type(self).__dict__:
+            delattr(type(self), name)
+            if name not in self.__dict__:
+                # for magic methods that are still MagicProxy objects and
+                # not set on the instance itself
+                return
+
+        if name in self.__dict__:
+            object.__delattr__(self, name)
+
+        obj = self._mock_children.get(name, _missing)
+        if obj is _deleted:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        if obj is not _missing:
+            del self._mock_children[name]
+        self._mock_children[name] = _deleted
+
+
+
+    def _format_mock_call_signature(self, args, kwargs):
+        name = self._mock_name or 'mock'
+        return _format_call_signature(name, args, kwargs)
+
+
+    def _format_mock_failure_message(self, args, kwargs):
+        message = 'Expected call: %s\nActual call: %s'
+        expected_string = self._format_mock_call_signature(args, kwargs)
+        call_args = self.call_args
+        if len(call_args) == 3:
+            call_args = call_args[1:]
+        actual_string = self._format_mock_call_signature(*call_args)
+        return message % (expected_string, actual_string)
+
+
+    def assert_called_with(_mock_self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """assert that the mock was called with the specified arguments.
+
+        Raises an AssertionError if the args and keyword args passed in are
+        different to the last call to the mock."""
+        self = _mock_self
+        if self.call_args is None:
+            expected = self._format_mock_call_signature(args, kwargs)
+            raise AssertionError('Expected call: %s\nNot called' % (expected,))
+
+        if self.call_args != (args, kwargs):
+            msg = self._format_mock_failure_message(args, kwargs)
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+
+    def assert_called_once_with(_mock_self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified
+        arguments."""
+        self = _mock_self
+        if not self.call_count == 1:
+            msg = ("Expected to be called once. Called %s times." %
+                   self.call_count)
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+        return self.assert_called_with(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+    def assert_has_calls(self, calls, any_order=False):
+        """assert the mock has been called with the specified calls.
+        The `mock_calls` list is checked for the calls.
+
+        If `any_order` is False (the default) then the calls must be
+        sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the
+        specified calls.
+
+        If `any_order` is True then the calls can be in any order, but
+        they must all appear in `mock_calls`."""
+        if not any_order:
+            if calls not in self.mock_calls:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    'Calls not found.\nExpected: %r\n'
+                    'Actual: %r' % (calls, self.mock_calls)
+                )
+            return
+
+        all_calls = list(self.mock_calls)
+
+        not_found = []
+        for kall in calls:
+            try:
+                all_calls.remove(kall)
+            except ValueError:
+                not_found.append(kall)
+        if not_found:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                '%r not all found in call list' % (tuple(not_found),)
+            )
+
+
+    def assert_any_call(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.
+
+        The assert passes if the mock has *ever* been called, unlike
+        `assert_called_with` and `assert_called_once_with` that only pass if
+        the call is the most recent one."""
+        kall = call(*args, **kwargs)
+        if kall not in self.call_args_list:
+            expected_string = self._format_mock_call_signature(args, kwargs)
+            raise AssertionError(
+                '%s call not found' % expected_string
+            )
+
+
+    def _get_child_mock(self, **kw):
+        """Create the child mocks for attributes and return value.
+        By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent.
+        Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way
+        child mocks are made.
+
+        For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than
+        any custom subclass)."""
+        _type = type(self)
+        if not issubclass(_type, CallableMixin):
+            if issubclass(_type, NonCallableMagicMock):
+                klass = MagicMock
+            elif issubclass(_type, NonCallableMock) :
+                klass = Mock
+        else:
+            klass = _type.__mro__[1]
+        return klass(**kw)
+
+
+
+def _try_iter(obj):
+    if obj is None:
+        return obj
+    if _is_exception(obj):
+        return obj
+    if _callable(obj):
+        return obj
+    try:
+        return iter(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        # XXXX backwards compatibility
+        # but this will blow up on first call - so maybe we should fail early?
+        return obj
+
+
+
+class CallableMixin(Base):
+
+    def __init__(self, spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT,
+                 wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, parent=None,
+                 _spec_state=None, _new_name='', _new_parent=None, **kwargs):
+        self.__dict__['_mock_return_value'] = return_value
+
+        _super(CallableMixin, self).__init__(
+            spec, wraps, name, spec_set, parent,
+            _spec_state, _new_name, _new_parent, **kwargs
+        )
+
+        self.side_effect = side_effect
+
+
+    def _mock_check_sig(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # stub method that can be replaced with one with a specific signature
+        pass
+
+
+    def __call__(_mock_self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # can't use self in-case a function / method we are mocking uses self
+        # in the signature
+        _mock_self._mock_check_sig(*args, **kwargs)
+        return _mock_self._mock_call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+    def _mock_call(_mock_self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self = _mock_self
+        self.called = True
+        self.call_count += 1
+        self.call_args = _Call((args, kwargs), two=True)
+        self.call_args_list.append(_Call((args, kwargs), two=True))
+
+        _new_name = self._mock_new_name
+        _new_parent = self._mock_new_parent
+        self.mock_calls.append(_Call(('', args, kwargs)))
+
+        seen = set()
+        skip_next_dot = _new_name == '()'
+        do_method_calls = self._mock_parent is not None
+        name = self._mock_name
+        while _new_parent is not None:
+            this_mock_call = _Call((_new_name, args, kwargs))
+            if _new_parent._mock_new_name:
+                dot = '.'
+                if skip_next_dot:
+                    dot = ''
+
+                skip_next_dot = False
+                if _new_parent._mock_new_name == '()':
+                    skip_next_dot = True
+
+                _new_name = _new_parent._mock_new_name + dot + _new_name
+
+            if do_method_calls:
+                if _new_name == name:
+                    this_method_call = this_mock_call
+                else:
+                    this_method_call = _Call((name, args, kwargs))
+                _new_parent.method_calls.append(this_method_call)
+
+                do_method_calls = _new_parent._mock_parent is not None
+                if do_method_calls:
+                    name = _new_parent._mock_name + '.' + name
+
+            _new_parent.mock_calls.append(this_mock_call)
+            _new_parent = _new_parent._mock_new_parent
+
+            # use ids here so as not to call __hash__ on the mocks
+            _new_parent_id = id(_new_parent)
+            if _new_parent_id in seen:
+                break
+            seen.add(_new_parent_id)
+
+        ret_val = DEFAULT
+        effect = self.side_effect
+        if effect is not None:
+            if _is_exception(effect):
+                raise effect
+
+            if not _callable(effect):
+                result = next(effect)
+                if _is_exception(result):
+                    raise result
+                return result
+
+            ret_val = effect(*args, **kwargs)
+            if ret_val is DEFAULT:
+                ret_val = self.return_value
+
+        if (self._mock_wraps is not None and
+             self._mock_return_value is DEFAULT):
+            return self._mock_wraps(*args, **kwargs)
+        if ret_val is DEFAULT:
+            ret_val = self.return_value
+        return ret_val
+
+
+
+class Mock(CallableMixin, NonCallableMock):
+    """
+    Create a new `Mock` object. `Mock` takes several optional arguments
+    that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:
+
+    * `spec`: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a
+      class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If
+      you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on
+      the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods). Accessing
+      any attribute not in this list will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+      If `spec` is an object (rather than a list of strings) then
+      `mock.__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks
+      to pass `isinstance` tests.
+
+    * `spec_set`: A stricter variant of `spec`. If used, attempting to *set*
+      or get an attribute on the mock that isn't on the object passed as
+      `spec_set` will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+    * `side_effect`: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See
+      the `side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or
+      dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same
+      arguments as the mock, and unless it returns `DEFAULT`, the return
+      value of this function is used as the return value.
+
+      Alternatively `side_effect` can be an exception class or instance. In
+      this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.
+
+      If `side_effect` is an iterable then each call to the mock will return
+      the next value from the iterable. If any of the members of the iterable
+      are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned.
+
+    * `return_value`: The value returned when the mock is called. By default
+      this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the
+      `return_value` attribute.
+
+    * `wraps`: Item for the mock object to wrap. If `wraps` is not None then
+      calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object
+      (returning the real result). Attribute access on the mock will return a
+      Mock object that wraps the corresponding attribute of the wrapped object
+      (so attempting to access an attribute that doesn't exist will raise an
+      `AttributeError`).
+
+      If the mock has an explicit `return_value` set then calls are not passed
+      to the wrapped object and the `return_value` is returned instead.
+
+    * `name`: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the
+      mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child
+      mocks.
+
+    Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be
+    used to set attributes on the mock after it is created.
+    """
+
+
+
+def _dot_lookup(thing, comp, import_path):
+    try:
+        return getattr(thing, comp)
+    except AttributeError:
+        __import__(import_path)
+        return getattr(thing, comp)
+
+
+def _importer(target):
+    components = target.split('.')
+    import_path = components.pop(0)
+    thing = __import__(import_path)
+
+    for comp in components:
+        import_path += ".%s" % comp
+        thing = _dot_lookup(thing, comp, import_path)
+    return thing
+
+
+def _is_started(patcher):
+    # XXXX horrible
+    return hasattr(patcher, 'is_local')
+
+
+class _patch(object):
+
+    attribute_name = None
+    _active_patches = set()
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, getter, attribute, new, spec, create,
+            spec_set, autospec, new_callable, kwargs
+        ):
+        if new_callable is not None:
+            if new is not DEFAULT:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Cannot use 'new' and 'new_callable' together"
+                )
+            if autospec is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Cannot use 'autospec' and 'new_callable' together"
+                )
+
+        self.getter = getter
+        self.attribute = attribute
+        self.new = new
+        self.new_callable = new_callable
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.create = create
+        self.has_local = False
+        self.spec_set = spec_set
+        self.autospec = autospec
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.additional_patchers = []
+
+
+    def copy(self):
+        patcher = _patch(
+            self.getter, self.attribute, self.new, self.spec,
+            self.create, self.spec_set,
+            self.autospec, self.new_callable, self.kwargs
+        )
+        patcher.attribute_name = self.attribute_name
+        patcher.additional_patchers = [
+            p.copy() for p in self.additional_patchers
+        ]
+        return patcher
+
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        if isinstance(func, ClassTypes):
+            return self.decorate_class(func)
+        return self.decorate_callable(func)
+
+
+    def decorate_class(self, klass):
+        for attr in dir(klass):
+            if not attr.startswith(patch.TEST_PREFIX):
+                continue
+
+            attr_value = getattr(klass, attr)
+            if not hasattr(attr_value, "__call__"):
+                continue
+
+            patcher = self.copy()
+            setattr(klass, attr, patcher(attr_value))
+        return klass
+
+
+    def decorate_callable(self, func):
+        if hasattr(func, 'patchings'):
+            func.patchings.append(self)
+            return func
+
+        @wraps(func)
+        def patched(*args, **keywargs):
+            # don't use a with here (backwards compatability with Python 2.4)
+            extra_args = []
+            entered_patchers = []
+
+            # can't use try...except...finally because of Python 2.4
+            # compatibility
+            exc_info = tuple()
+            try:
+                try:
+                    for patching in patched.patchings:
+                        arg = patching.__enter__()
+                        entered_patchers.append(patching)
+                        if patching.attribute_name is not None:
+                            keywargs.update(arg)
+                        elif patching.new is DEFAULT:
+                            extra_args.append(arg)
+
+                    args += tuple(extra_args)
+                    return func(*args, **keywargs)
+                except:
+                    if (patching not in entered_patchers and
+                        _is_started(patching)):
+                        # the patcher may have been started, but an exception
+                        # raised whilst entering one of its additional_patchers
+                        entered_patchers.append(patching)
+                    # Pass the exception to __exit__
+                    exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+                    # re-raise the exception
+                    raise
+            finally:
+                for patching in reversed(entered_patchers):
+                    patching.__exit__(*exc_info)
+
+        patched.patchings = [self]
+        if hasattr(func, 'func_code'):
+            # not in Python 3
+            patched.compat_co_firstlineno = getattr(
+                func, "compat_co_firstlineno",
+                func.func_code.co_firstlineno
+            )
+        return patched
+
+
+    def get_original(self):
+        target = self.getter()
+        name = self.attribute
+
+        original = DEFAULT
+        local = False
+
+        try:
+            original = target.__dict__[name]
+        except (AttributeError, KeyError):
+            original = getattr(target, name, DEFAULT)
+        else:
+            local = True
+
+        if not self.create and original is DEFAULT:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "%s does not have the attribute %r" % (target, name)
+            )
+        return original, local
+
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """Perform the patch."""
+        new, spec, spec_set = self.new, self.spec, self.spec_set
+        autospec, kwargs = self.autospec, self.kwargs
+        new_callable = self.new_callable
+        self.target = self.getter()
+
+        # normalise False to None
+        if spec is False:
+            spec = None
+        if spec_set is False:
+            spec_set = None
+        if autospec is False:
+            autospec = None
+
+        if spec is not None and autospec is not None:
+            raise TypeError("Can't specify spec and autospec")
+        if ((spec is not None or autospec is not None) and
+            spec_set not in (True, None)):
+            raise TypeError("Can't provide explicit spec_set *and* spec or autospec")
+
+        original, local = self.get_original()
+
+        if new is DEFAULT and autospec is None:
+            inherit = False
+            if spec is True:
+                # set spec to the object we are replacing
+                spec = original
+                if spec_set is True:
+                    spec_set = original
+                    spec = None
+            elif spec is not None:
+                if spec_set is True:
+                    spec_set = spec
+                    spec = None
+            elif spec_set is True:
+                spec_set = original
+
+            if spec is not None or spec_set is not None:
+                if original is DEFAULT:
+                    raise TypeError("Can't use 'spec' with create=True")
+                if isinstance(original, ClassTypes):
+                    # If we're patching out a class and there is a spec
+                    inherit = True
+
+            Klass = MagicMock
+            _kwargs = {}
+            if new_callable is not None:
+                Klass = new_callable
+            elif spec is not None or spec_set is not None:
+                this_spec = spec
+                if spec_set is not None:
+                    this_spec = spec_set
+                if _is_list(this_spec):
+                    not_callable = '__call__' not in this_spec
+                else:
+                    not_callable = not _callable(this_spec)
+                if not_callable:
+                    Klass = NonCallableMagicMock
+
+            if spec is not None:
+                _kwargs['spec'] = spec
+            if spec_set is not None:
+                _kwargs['spec_set'] = spec_set
+
+            # add a name to mocks
+            if (isinstance(Klass, type) and
+                issubclass(Klass, NonCallableMock) and self.attribute):
+                _kwargs['name'] = self.attribute
+
+            _kwargs.update(kwargs)
+            new = Klass(**_kwargs)
+
+            if inherit and _is_instance_mock(new):
+                # we can only tell if the instance should be callable if the
+                # spec is not a list
+                this_spec = spec
+                if spec_set is not None:
+                    this_spec = spec_set
+                if (not _is_list(this_spec) and not
+                    _instance_callable(this_spec)):
+                    Klass = NonCallableMagicMock
+
+                _kwargs.pop('name')
+                new.return_value = Klass(_new_parent=new, _new_name='()',
+                                         **_kwargs)
+        elif autospec is not None:
+            # spec is ignored, new *must* be default, spec_set is treated
+            # as a boolean. Should we check spec is not None and that spec_set
+            # is a bool?
+            if new is not DEFAULT:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "autospec creates the mock for you. Can't specify "
+                    "autospec and new."
+                )
+            if original is DEFAULT:
+                raise TypeError("Can't use 'autospec' with create=True")
+            spec_set = bool(spec_set)
+            if autospec is True:
+                autospec = original
+
+            new = create_autospec(autospec, spec_set=spec_set,
+                                  _name=self.attribute, **kwargs)
+        elif kwargs:
+            # can't set keyword args when we aren't creating the mock
+            # XXXX If new is a Mock we could call new.configure_mock(**kwargs)
+            raise TypeError("Can't pass kwargs to a mock we aren't creating")
+
+        new_attr = new
+
+        self.temp_original = original
+        self.is_local = local
+        setattr(self.target, self.attribute, new_attr)
+        if self.attribute_name is not None:
+            extra_args = {}
+            if self.new is DEFAULT:
+                extra_args[self.attribute_name] =  new
+            for patching in self.additional_patchers:
+                arg = patching.__enter__()
+                if patching.new is DEFAULT:
+                    extra_args.update(arg)
+            return extra_args
+
+        return new
+
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        """Undo the patch."""
+        if not _is_started(self):
+            raise RuntimeError('stop called on unstarted patcher')
+
+        if self.is_local and self.temp_original is not DEFAULT:
+            setattr(self.target, self.attribute, self.temp_original)
+        else:
+            delattr(self.target, self.attribute)
+            if not self.create and not hasattr(self.target, self.attribute):
+                # needed for proxy objects like django settings
+                setattr(self.target, self.attribute, self.temp_original)
+
+        del self.temp_original
+        del self.is_local
+        del self.target
+        for patcher in reversed(self.additional_patchers):
+            if _is_started(patcher):
+                patcher.__exit__(*exc_info)
+
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Activate a patch, returning any created mock."""
+        result = self.__enter__()
+        self._active_patches.add(self)
+        return result
+
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Stop an active patch."""
+        self._active_patches.discard(self)
+        return self.__exit__()
+
+
+
+def _get_target(target):
+    try:
+        target, attribute = target.rsplit('.', 1)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        raise TypeError("Need a valid target to patch. You supplied: %r" %
+                        (target,))
+    getter = lambda: _importer(target)
+    return getter, attribute
+
+
+def _patch_object(
+        target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None,
+        create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None,
+        new_callable=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+    """
+    patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False,
+                 spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
+    object.
+
+    `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`,
+    `autospec` and `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like
+    `patch`, `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring
+    the mock object it creates.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+    """
+    getter = lambda: target
+    return _patch(
+        getter, attribute, new, spec, create,
+        spec_set, autospec, new_callable, kwargs
+    )
+
+
+def _patch_multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None,
+                    autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs):
+    """Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+    patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+    and keyword arguments for the patches::
+
+        with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
+            ...
+
+    Use `DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create
+    mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+    function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is
+    used as a context manager.
+
+    `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`,
+    `autospec` and `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These
+    arguments will be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+    """
+    if type(target) in (unicode, str):
+        getter = lambda: _importer(target)
+    else:
+        getter = lambda: target
+
+    if not kwargs:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Must supply at least one keyword argument with patch.multiple'
+        )
+    # need to wrap in a list for python 3, where items is a view
+    items = list(kwargs.items())
+    attribute, new = items[0]
+    patcher = _patch(
+        getter, attribute, new, spec, create, spec_set,
+        autospec, new_callable, {}
+    )
+    patcher.attribute_name = attribute
+    for attribute, new in items[1:]:
+        this_patcher = _patch(
+            getter, attribute, new, spec, create, spec_set,
+            autospec, new_callable, {}
+        )
+        this_patcher.attribute_name = attribute
+        patcher.additional_patchers.append(this_patcher)
+    return patcher
+
+
+def patch(
+        target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False,
+        spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+    """
+    `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target`
+    is patched with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits
+    the patch is undone.
+
+    If `new` is omitted, then the target is replaced with a
+    `MagicMock`. If `patch` is used as a decorator and `new` is
+    omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the
+    decorated function. If `patch` is used as a context manager the created
+    mock is returned by the context manager.
+
+    `target` should be a string in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`. The
+    `target` is imported and the specified object replaced with the `new`
+    object, so the `target` must be importable from the environment you are
+    calling `patch` from. The target is imported when the decorated function
+    is executed, not at decoration time.
+
+    The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock`
+    if patch is creating one for you.
+
+    In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes
+    patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
+
+    `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+    that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is
+    used.
+
+    A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True`
+    then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+    All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+    attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being
+    mocked will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if
+    they are called with the wrong signature. For mocks replacing a class,
+    their return value (the 'instance') will have the same spec as the class.
+
+    Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an
+    arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.
+
+    By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
+    you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
+    create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+    delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+    attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+    default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+    passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
+
+    Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by
+    decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+    code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds
+    tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+    By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests.
+    You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+
+    Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+    patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+    use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+    "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you.
+
+    `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+    the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction.
+
+    `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are
+    available for alternate use-cases.
+    """
+    getter, attribute = _get_target(target)
+    return _patch(
+        getter, attribute, new, spec, create,
+        spec_set, autospec, new_callable, kwargs
+    )
+
+
+class _patch_dict(object):
+    """
+    Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+    to its original state after the test.
+
+    `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+    mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+    plus iterating over keys.
+
+    `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+    will then be fetched by importing it.
+
+    `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
+    can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs.
+
+    If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+    values are set.
+
+    `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+    values in the dictionary::
+
+        with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=Mock(), other_module=Mock()):
+            ...
+
+    `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+    decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours
+    `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(in_dict, basestring):
+            in_dict = _importer(in_dict)
+        self.in_dict = in_dict
+        # support any argument supported by dict(...) constructor
+        self.values = dict(values)
+        self.values.update(kwargs)
+        self.clear = clear
+        self._original = None
+
+
+    def __call__(self, f):
+        if isinstance(f, ClassTypes):
+            return self.decorate_class(f)
+        @wraps(f)
+        def _inner(*args, **kw):
+            self._patch_dict()
+            try:
+                return f(*args, **kw)
+            finally:
+                self._unpatch_dict()
+
+        return _inner
+
+
+    def decorate_class(self, klass):
+        for attr in dir(klass):
+            attr_value = getattr(klass, attr)
+            if (attr.startswith(patch.TEST_PREFIX) and
+                 hasattr(attr_value, "__call__")):
+                decorator = _patch_dict(self.in_dict, self.values, self.clear)
+                decorated = decorator(attr_value)
+                setattr(klass, attr, decorated)
+        return klass
+
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """Patch the dict."""
+        self._patch_dict()
+
+
+    def _patch_dict(self):
+        values = self.values
+        in_dict = self.in_dict
+        clear = self.clear
+
+        try:
+            original = in_dict.copy()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # dict like object with no copy method
+            # must support iteration over keys
+            original = {}
+            for key in in_dict:
+                original[key] = in_dict[key]
+        self._original = original
+
+        if clear:
+            _clear_dict(in_dict)
+
+        try:
+            in_dict.update(values)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # dict like object with no update method
+            for key in values:
+                in_dict[key] = values[key]
+
+
+    def _unpatch_dict(self):
+        in_dict = self.in_dict
+        original = self._original
+
+        _clear_dict(in_dict)
+
+        try:
+            in_dict.update(original)
+        except AttributeError:
+            for key in original:
+                in_dict[key] = original[key]
+
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        """Unpatch the dict."""
+        self._unpatch_dict()
+        return False
+
+    start = __enter__
+    stop = __exit__
+
+
+def _clear_dict(in_dict):
+    try:
+        in_dict.clear()
+    except AttributeError:
+        keys = list(in_dict)
+        for key in keys:
+            del in_dict[key]
+
+
+def _patch_stopall():
+    """Stop all active patches."""
+    for patch in list(_patch._active_patches):
+        patch.stop()
+
+
+patch.object = _patch_object
+patch.dict = _patch_dict
+patch.multiple = _patch_multiple
+patch.stopall = _patch_stopall
+patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'test'
+
+magic_methods = (
+    "lt le gt ge eq ne "
+    "getitem setitem delitem "
+    "len contains iter "
+    "hash str sizeof "
+    "enter exit "
+    "divmod neg pos abs invert "
+    "complex int float index "
+    "trunc floor ceil "
+)
+
+numerics = "add sub mul div floordiv mod lshift rshift and xor or pow "
+inplace = ' '.join('i%s' % n for n in numerics.split())
+right = ' '.join('r%s' % n for n in numerics.split())
+extra = ''
+if inPy3k:
+    extra = 'bool next '
+else:
+    extra = 'unicode long nonzero oct hex truediv rtruediv '
+
+# not including __prepare__, __instancecheck__, __subclasscheck__
+# (as they are metaclass methods)
+# __del__ is not supported at all as it causes problems if it exists
+
+_non_defaults = set('__%s__' % method for method in [
+    'cmp', 'getslice', 'setslice', 'coerce', 'subclasses',
+    'format', 'get', 'set', 'delete', 'reversed',
+    'missing', 'reduce', 'reduce_ex', 'getinitargs',
+    'getnewargs', 'getstate', 'setstate', 'getformat',
+    'setformat', 'repr', 'dir'
+])
+
+
+def _get_method(name, func):
+    "Turns a callable object (like a mock) into a real function"
+    def method(self, *args, **kw):
+        return func(self, *args, **kw)
+    method.__name__ = name
+    return method
+
+
+_magics = set(
+    '__%s__' % method for method in
+    ' '.join([magic_methods, numerics, inplace, right, extra]).split()
+)
+
+_all_magics = _magics | _non_defaults
+
+_unsupported_magics = set([
+    '__getattr__', '__setattr__',
+    '__init__', '__new__', '__prepare__'
+    '__instancecheck__', '__subclasscheck__',
+    '__del__'
+])
+
+_calculate_return_value = {
+    '__hash__': lambda self: object.__hash__(self),
+    '__str__': lambda self: object.__str__(self),
+    '__sizeof__': lambda self: object.__sizeof__(self),
+    '__unicode__': lambda self: unicode(object.__str__(self)),
+}
+
+_return_values = {
+    '__lt__': NotImplemented,
+    '__gt__': NotImplemented,
+    '__le__': NotImplemented,
+    '__ge__': NotImplemented,
+    '__int__': 1,
+    '__contains__': False,
+    '__len__': 0,
+    '__exit__': False,
+    '__complex__': 1j,
+    '__float__': 1.0,
+    '__bool__': True,
+    '__nonzero__': True,
+    '__oct__': '1',
+    '__hex__': '0x1',
+    '__long__': long(1),
+    '__index__': 1,
+}
+
+
+def _get_eq(self):
+    def __eq__(other):
+        ret_val = self.__eq__._mock_return_value
+        if ret_val is not DEFAULT:
+            return ret_val
+        return self is other
+    return __eq__
+
+def _get_ne(self):
+    def __ne__(other):
+        if self.__ne__._mock_return_value is not DEFAULT:
+            return DEFAULT
+        return self is not other
+    return __ne__
+
+def _get_iter(self):
+    def __iter__():
+        ret_val = self.__iter__._mock_return_value
+        if ret_val is DEFAULT:
+            return iter([])
+        # if ret_val was already an iterator, then calling iter on it should
+        # return the iterator unchanged
+        return iter(ret_val)
+    return __iter__
+
+_side_effect_methods = {
+    '__eq__': _get_eq,
+    '__ne__': _get_ne,
+    '__iter__': _get_iter,
+}
+
+
+
+def _set_return_value(mock, method, name):
+    fixed = _return_values.get(name, DEFAULT)
+    if fixed is not DEFAULT:
+        method.return_value = fixed
+        return
+
+    return_calulator = _calculate_return_value.get(name)
+    if return_calulator is not None:
+        try:
+            return_value = return_calulator(mock)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # XXXX why do we return AttributeError here?
+            #      set it as a side_effect instead?
+            return_value = AttributeError(name)
+        method.return_value = return_value
+        return
+
+    side_effector = _side_effect_methods.get(name)
+    if side_effector is not None:
+        method.side_effect = side_effector(mock)
+
+
+
+class MagicMixin(object):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        _super(MagicMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self._mock_set_magics()
+
+
+    def _mock_set_magics(self):
+        these_magics = _magics
+
+        if self._mock_methods is not None:
+            these_magics = _magics.intersection(self._mock_methods)
+
+            remove_magics = set()
+            remove_magics = _magics - these_magics
+
+            for entry in remove_magics:
+                if entry in type(self).__dict__:
+                    # remove unneeded magic methods
+                    delattr(self, entry)
+
+        # don't overwrite existing attributes if called a second time
+        these_magics = these_magics - set(type(self).__dict__)
+
+        _type = type(self)
+        for entry in these_magics:
+            setattr(_type, entry, MagicProxy(entry, self))
+
+
+
+class NonCallableMagicMock(MagicMixin, NonCallableMock):
+    """A version of `MagicMock` that isn't callable."""
+    def mock_add_spec(self, spec, spec_set=False):
+        """Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a
+        list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as
+        attributes from the mock.
+
+        If `spec_set` is True then only attributes on the spec can be set."""
+        self._mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set)
+        self._mock_set_magics()
+
+
+
+class MagicMock(MagicMixin, Mock):
+    """
+    MagicMock is a subclass of Mock with default implementations
+    of most of the magic methods. You can use MagicMock without having to
+    configure the magic methods yourself.
+
+    If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic
+    methods that exist in the spec will be created.
+
+    Attributes and the return value of a `MagicMock` will also be `MagicMocks`.
+    """
+    def mock_add_spec(self, spec, spec_set=False):
+        """Add a spec to a mock. `spec` can either be an object or a
+        list of strings. Only attributes on the `spec` can be fetched as
+        attributes from the mock.
+
+        If `spec_set` is True then only attributes on the spec can be set."""
+        self._mock_add_spec(spec, spec_set)
+        self._mock_set_magics()
+
+
+
+class MagicProxy(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, parent):
+        self.name = name
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        m = self.create_mock()
+        return m(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def create_mock(self):
+        entry = self.name
+        parent = self.parent
+        m = parent._get_child_mock(name=entry, _new_name=entry,
+                                   _new_parent=parent)
+        setattr(parent, entry, m)
+        _set_return_value(parent, m, entry)
+        return m
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, _type=None):
+        return self.create_mock()
+
+
+
+class _ANY(object):
+    "A helper object that compares equal to everything."
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<ANY>'
+
+ANY = _ANY()
+
+
+
+def _format_call_signature(name, args, kwargs):
+    message = '%s(%%s)' % name
+    formatted_args = ''
+    args_string = ', '.join([repr(arg) for arg in args])
+    kwargs_string = ', '.join([
+        '%s=%r' % (key, value) for key, value in kwargs.items()
+    ])
+    if args_string:
+        formatted_args = args_string
+    if kwargs_string:
+        if formatted_args:
+            formatted_args += ', '
+        formatted_args += kwargs_string
+
+    return message % formatted_args
+
+
+
+class _Call(tuple):
+    """
+    A tuple for holding the results of a call to a mock, either in the form
+    `(args, kwargs)` or `(name, args, kwargs)`.
+
+    If args or kwargs are empty then a call tuple will compare equal to
+    a tuple without those values. This makes comparisons less verbose::
+
+        _Call(('name', (), {})) == ('name',)
+        _Call(('name', (1,), {})) == ('name', (1,))
+        _Call(((), {'a': 'b'})) == ({'a': 'b'},)
+
+    The `_Call` object provides a useful shortcut for comparing with call::
+
+        _Call(((1, 2), {'a': 3})) == call(1, 2, a=3)
+        _Call(('foo', (1, 2), {'a': 3})) == call.foo(1, 2, a=3)
+
+    If the _Call has no name then it will match any name.
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, value=(), name=None, parent=None, two=False,
+                from_kall=True):
+        name = ''
+        args = ()
+        kwargs = {}
+        _len = len(value)
+        if _len == 3:
+            name, args, kwargs = value
+        elif _len == 2:
+            first, second = value
+            if isinstance(first, basestring):
+                name = first
+                if isinstance(second, tuple):
+                    args = second
+                else:
+                    kwargs = second
+            else:
+                args, kwargs = first, second
+        elif _len == 1:
+            value, = value
+            if isinstance(value, basestring):
+                name = value
+            elif isinstance(value, tuple):
+                args = value
+            else:
+                kwargs = value
+
+        if two:
+            return tuple.__new__(cls, (args, kwargs))
+
+        return tuple.__new__(cls, (name, args, kwargs))
+
+
+    def __init__(self, value=(), name=None, parent=None, two=False,
+                 from_kall=True):
+        self.name = name
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.from_kall = from_kall
+
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if other is ANY:
+            return True
+        try:
+            len_other = len(other)
+        except TypeError:
+            return False
+
+        self_name = ''
+        if len(self) == 2:
+            self_args, self_kwargs = self
+        else:
+            self_name, self_args, self_kwargs = self
+
+        other_name = ''
+        if len_other == 0:
+            other_args, other_kwargs = (), {}
+        elif len_other == 3:
+            other_name, other_args, other_kwargs = other
+        elif len_other == 1:
+            value, = other
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                other_args = value
+                other_kwargs = {}
+            elif isinstance(value, basestring):
+                other_name = value
+                other_args, other_kwargs = (), {}
+            else:
+                other_args = ()
+                other_kwargs = value
+        else:
+            # len 2
+            # could be (name, args) or (name, kwargs) or (args, kwargs)
+            first, second = other
+            if isinstance(first, basestring):
+                other_name = first
+                if isinstance(second, tuple):
+                    other_args, other_kwargs = second, {}
+                else:
+                    other_args, other_kwargs = (), second
+            else:
+                other_args, other_kwargs = first, second
+
+        if self_name and other_name != self_name:
+            return False
+
+        # this order is important for ANY to work!
+        return (other_args, other_kwargs) == (self_args, self_kwargs)
+
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self.name is None:
+            return _Call(('', args, kwargs), name='()')
+
+        name = self.name + '()'
+        return _Call((self.name, args, kwargs), name=name, parent=self)
+
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        if self.name is None:
+            return _Call(name=attr, from_kall=False)
+        name = '%s.%s' % (self.name, attr)
+        return _Call(name=name, parent=self, from_kall=False)
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if not self.from_kall:
+            name = self.name or 'call'
+            if name.startswith('()'):
+                name = 'call%s' % name
+            return name
+
+        if len(self) == 2:
+            name = 'call'
+            args, kwargs = self
+        else:
+            name, args, kwargs = self
+            if not name:
+                name = 'call'
+            elif not name.startswith('()'):
+                name = 'call.%s' % name
+            else:
+                name = 'call%s' % name
+        return _format_call_signature(name, args, kwargs)
+
+
+    def call_list(self):
+        """For a call object that represents multiple calls, `call_list`
+        returns a list of all the intermediate calls as well as the
+        final call."""
+        vals = []
+        thing = self
+        while thing is not None:
+            if thing.from_kall:
+                vals.append(thing)
+            thing = thing.parent
+        return _CallList(reversed(vals))
+
+
+call = _Call(from_kall=False)
+
+
+
+def create_autospec(spec, spec_set=False, instance=False, _parent=None,
+                    _name=None, **kwargs):
+    """Create a mock object using another object as a spec. Attributes on the
+    mock will use the corresponding attribute on the `spec` object as their
+    spec.
+
+    Functions or methods being mocked will have their arguments checked
+    to check that they are called with the correct signature.
+
+    If `spec_set` is True then attempting to set attributes that don't exist
+    on the spec object will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+    If a class is used as a spec then the return value of the mock (the
+    instance of the class) will have the same spec. You can use a class as the
+    spec for an instance object by passing `instance=True`. The returned mock
+    will only be callable if instances of the mock are callable.
+
+    `create_autospec` also takes arbitrary keyword arguments that are passed to
+    the constructor of the created mock."""
+    if _is_list(spec):
+        # can't pass a list instance to the mock constructor as it will be
+        # interpreted as a list of strings
+        spec = type(spec)
+
+    is_type = isinstance(spec, ClassTypes)
+
+    _kwargs = {'spec': spec}
+    if spec_set:
+        _kwargs = {'spec_set': spec}
+    elif spec is None:
+        # None we mock with a normal mock without a spec
+        _kwargs = {}
+
+    _kwargs.update(kwargs)
+
+    Klass = MagicMock
+    if type(spec) in DescriptorTypes:
+        # descriptors don't have a spec
+        # because we don't know what type they return
+        _kwargs = {}
+    elif not _callable(spec):
+        Klass = NonCallableMagicMock
+    elif is_type and instance and not _instance_callable(spec):
+        Klass = NonCallableMagicMock
+
+    _new_name = _name
+    if _parent is None:
+        # for a top level object no _new_name should be set
+        _new_name = ''
+
+    mock = Klass(parent=_parent, _new_parent=_parent, _new_name=_new_name,
+                 name=_name, **_kwargs)
+
+    if isinstance(spec, FunctionTypes):
+        # should only happen at the top level because we don't
+        # recurse for functions
+        mock = _set_signature(mock, spec)
+    else:
+        _check_signature(spec, mock, is_type, instance)
+
+    if _parent is not None and not instance:
+        _parent._mock_children[_name] = mock
+
+    if is_type and not instance and 'return_value' not in kwargs:
+        mock.return_value = create_autospec(spec, spec_set, instance=True,
+                                            _name='()', _parent=mock)
+
+    for entry in dir(spec):
+        if _is_magic(entry):
+            # MagicMock already does the useful magic methods for us
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(spec, FunctionTypes) and entry in FunctionAttributes:
+            # allow a mock to actually be a function
+            continue
+
+        # XXXX do we need a better way of getting attributes without
+        # triggering code execution (?) Probably not - we need the actual
+        # object to mock it so we would rather trigger a property than mock
+        # the property descriptor. Likewise we want to mock out dynamically
+        # provided attributes.
+        # XXXX what about attributes that raise exceptions other than
+        # AttributeError on being fetched?
+        # we could be resilient against it, or catch and propagate the
+        # exception when the attribute is fetched from the mock
+        try:
+            original = getattr(spec, entry)
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+
+        kwargs = {'spec': original}
+        if spec_set:
+            kwargs = {'spec_set': original}
+
+        if not isinstance(original, FunctionTypes):
+            new = _SpecState(original, spec_set, mock, entry, instance)
+            mock._mock_children[entry] = new
+        else:
+            parent = mock
+            if isinstance(spec, FunctionTypes):
+                parent = mock.mock
+
+            new = MagicMock(parent=parent, name=entry, _new_name=entry,
+                            _new_parent=parent, **kwargs)
+            mock._mock_children[entry] = new
+            skipfirst = _must_skip(spec, entry, is_type)
+            _check_signature(original, new, skipfirst=skipfirst)
+
+        # so functions created with _set_signature become instance attributes,
+        # *plus* their underlying mock exists in _mock_children of the parent
+        # mock. Adding to _mock_children may be unnecessary where we are also
+        # setting as an instance attribute?
+        if isinstance(new, FunctionTypes):
+            setattr(mock, entry, new)
+
+    return mock
+
+
+def _must_skip(spec, entry, is_type):
+    if not isinstance(spec, ClassTypes):
+        if entry in getattr(spec, '__dict__', {}):
+            # instance attribute - shouldn't skip
+            return False
+        spec = spec.__class__
+    if not hasattr(spec, '__mro__'):
+        # old style class: can't have descriptors anyway
+        return is_type
+
+    for klass in spec.__mro__:
+        result = klass.__dict__.get(entry, DEFAULT)
+        if result is DEFAULT:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(result, (staticmethod, classmethod)):
+            return False
+        return is_type
+
+    # shouldn't get here unless function is a dynamically provided attribute
+    # XXXX untested behaviour
+    return is_type
+
+
+def _get_class(obj):
+    try:
+        return obj.__class__
+    except AttributeError:
+        # in Python 2, _sre.SRE_Pattern objects have no __class__
+        return type(obj)
+
+
+class _SpecState(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, spec, spec_set=False, parent=None,
+                 name=None, ids=None, instance=False):
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.ids = ids
+        self.spec_set = spec_set
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.instance = instance
+        self.name = name
+
+
+FunctionTypes = (
+    # python function
+    type(create_autospec),
+    # instance method
+    type(ANY.__eq__),
+    # unbound method
+    type(_ANY.__eq__),
+)
+
+FunctionAttributes = set([
+    'func_closure',
+    'func_code',
+    'func_defaults',
+    'func_dict',
+    'func_doc',
+    'func_globals',
+    'func_name',
+])
+
+
+file_spec = None
+
+
+def mock_open(mock=None, read_data=''):
+    """
+    A helper function to create a mock to replace the use of `open`. It works
+    for `open` called directly or used as a context manager.
+
+    The `mock` argument is the mock object to configure. If `None` (the
+    default) then a `MagicMock` will be created for you, with the API limited
+    to methods or attributes available on standard file handles.
+
+    `read_data` is a string for the `read` method of the file handle to return.
+    This is an empty string by default.
+    """
+    global file_spec
+    if file_spec is None:
+        # set on first use
+        if inPy3k:
+            import _io
+            file_spec = list(set(dir(_io.TextIOWrapper)).union(set(dir(_io.BytesIO))))
+        else:
+            file_spec = file
+
+    if mock is None:
+        mock = MagicMock(name='open', spec=open)
+
+    handle = MagicMock(spec=file_spec)
+    handle.write.return_value = None
+    handle.__enter__.return_value = handle
+    handle.read.return_value = read_data
+
+    mock.return_value = handle
+    return mock
+
+
+class PropertyMock(Mock):
+    """
+    A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class.
+    `PropertyMock` provides `__get__` and `__set__` methods so you can specify
+    a return value when it is fetched.
+
+    Fetching a `PropertyMock` instance from an object calls the mock, with
+    no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.
+    """
+    def _get_child_mock(self, **kwargs):
+        return MagicMock(**kwargs)
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, obj_type):
+        return self()
+    def __set__(self, obj, val):
+        self(val)
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/setup.cfg b/python/mock-1.0.0/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00948b7e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[build_sphinx]
+source-dir = docs
+build-dir = html
+
+[sdist]
+force-manifest = 1
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/setup.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/setup.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c25e8f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from mock import __version__
+
+import os
+
+
+NAME = 'mock'
+MODULES = ['mock']
+DESCRIPTION = 'A Python Mocking and Patching Library for Testing'
+
+URL = "http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/"
+
+readme = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'README.txt')
+LONG_DESCRIPTION = open(readme).read()
+
+CLASSIFIERS = [
+    'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+    'Environment :: Console',
+    'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+    'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
+    'Programming Language :: Python',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: Jython',
+    'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Testing',
+]
+
+AUTHOR = 'Michael Foord'
+AUTHOR_EMAIL = 'michael@voidspace.org.uk'
+KEYWORDS = ("testing test mock mocking unittest patching "
+            "stubs fakes doubles").split(' ')
+
+params = dict(
+    name=NAME,
+    version=__version__,
+    py_modules=MODULES,
+
+    # metadata for upload to PyPI
+    author=AUTHOR,
+    author_email=AUTHOR_EMAIL,
+    description=DESCRIPTION,
+    long_description=LONG_DESCRIPTION,
+    keywords=KEYWORDS,
+    url=URL,
+    classifiers=CLASSIFIERS,
+)
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+else:
+    params['tests_require'] = ['unittest2']
+    params['test_suite'] = 'unittest2.collector'
+
+setup(**params)
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/__init__.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54ddf2ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/_testwith.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/_testwith.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b54780b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/_testwith.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+from tests.support import unittest2, is_instance
+
+from mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch, sentinel, mock_open, call
+
+from tests.support_with import catch_warnings, nested
+
+something  = sentinel.Something
+something_else  = sentinel.SomethingElse
+
+
+
+class WithTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_with_statement(self):
+        with patch('tests._testwith.something', sentinel.Something2):
+            self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something2, "unpatched")
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something)
+
+
+    def test_with_statement_exception(self):
+        try:
+            with patch('tests._testwith.something', sentinel.Something2):
+                self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something2, "unpatched")
+                raise Exception('pow')
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail("patch swallowed exception")
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something)
+
+
+    def test_with_statement_as(self):
+        with patch('tests._testwith.something') as mock_something:
+            self.assertEqual(something, mock_something, "unpatched")
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(mock_something, MagicMock),
+                            "patching wrong type")
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something)
+
+
+    def test_patch_object_with_statement(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            something = 'foo'
+        original = Foo.something
+        with patch.object(Foo, 'something'):
+            self.assertNotEqual(Foo.something, original, "unpatched")
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.something, original)
+
+
+    def test_with_statement_nested(self):
+        with catch_warnings(record=True):
+            # nested is deprecated in Python 2.7
+            with nested(patch('tests._testwith.something'),
+                    patch('tests._testwith.something_else')) as (mock_something, mock_something_else):
+                self.assertEqual(something, mock_something, "unpatched")
+                self.assertEqual(something_else, mock_something_else,
+                                 "unpatched")
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something)
+        self.assertEqual(something_else, sentinel.SomethingElse)
+
+
+    def test_with_statement_specified(self):
+        with patch('tests._testwith.something', sentinel.Patched) as mock_something:
+            self.assertEqual(something, mock_something, "unpatched")
+            self.assertEqual(mock_something, sentinel.Patched, "wrong patch")
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something)
+
+
+    def testContextManagerMocking(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.__enter__ = Mock()
+        mock.__exit__ = Mock()
+        mock.__exit__.return_value = False
+
+        with mock as m:
+            self.assertEqual(m, mock.__enter__.return_value)
+        mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+        mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+
+    def test_context_manager_with_magic_mock(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            with mock:
+                'foo' + 3
+        mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertTrue(mock.__exit__.called)
+
+
+    def test_with_statement_same_attribute(self):
+        with patch('tests._testwith.something', sentinel.Patched) as mock_something:
+            self.assertEqual(something, mock_something, "unpatched")
+
+            with patch('tests._testwith.something') as mock_again:
+                self.assertEqual(something, mock_again, "unpatched")
+
+            self.assertEqual(something, mock_something,
+                             "restored with wrong instance")
+
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something, "not restored")
+
+
+    def test_with_statement_imbricated(self):
+        with patch('tests._testwith.something') as mock_something:
+            self.assertEqual(something, mock_something, "unpatched")
+
+            with patch('tests._testwith.something_else') as mock_something_else:
+                self.assertEqual(something_else, mock_something_else,
+                                 "unpatched")
+
+        self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.Something)
+        self.assertEqual(something_else, sentinel.SomethingElse)
+
+
+    def test_dict_context_manager(self):
+        foo = {}
+        with patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'}):
+            self.assertEqual(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+        self.assertEqual(foo, {})
+
+        with self.assertRaises(NameError):
+            with patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'}):
+                self.assertEqual(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+                raise NameError('Konrad')
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, {})
+
+
+
+class TestMockOpen(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_mock_open(self):
+        mock = mock_open()
+        with patch('%s.open' % __name__, mock, create=True) as patched:
+            self.assertIs(patched, mock)
+            open('foo')
+
+        mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+
+    def test_mock_open_context_manager(self):
+        mock = mock_open()
+        handle = mock.return_value
+        with patch('%s.open' % __name__, mock, create=True):
+            with open('foo') as f:
+                f.read()
+
+        expected_calls = [call('foo'), call().__enter__(), call().read(),
+                          call().__exit__(None, None, None)]
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected_calls)
+        self.assertIs(f, handle)
+
+
+    def test_explicit_mock(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock_open(mock)
+
+        with patch('%s.open' % __name__, mock, create=True) as patched:
+            self.assertIs(patched, mock)
+            open('foo')
+
+        mock.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+
+
+    def test_read_data(self):
+        mock = mock_open(read_data='foo')
+        with patch('%s.open' % __name__, mock, create=True):
+            h = open('bar')
+            result = h.read()
+
+        self.assertEqual(result, 'foo')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/support.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/support.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b10c3428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import sys
+
+info = sys.version_info
+if info[:3] >= (3, 2, 0):
+    # for Python 3.2 ordinary unittest is fine
+    import unittest as unittest2
+else:
+    import unittest2
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return hasattr(obj, '__call__')
+
+
+inPy3k = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+with_available = sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 5)
+
+
+def is_instance(obj, klass):
+    """Version of is_instance that doesn't access __class__"""
+    return issubclass(type(obj), klass)
+
+
+class SomeClass(object):
+    class_attribute = None
+
+    def wibble(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class X(object):
+    pass
+
+try:
+    next = next
+except NameError:
+    def next(obj):
+        return obj.next()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/support_with.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/support_with.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa286122c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/support_with.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ['nested', 'catch_warnings', 'examine_warnings']
+
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import nested
+except ImportError:
+    from contextlib import contextmanager
+    @contextmanager
+    def nested(*managers):
+        exits = []
+        vars = []
+        exc = (None, None, None)
+        try:
+            for mgr in managers:
+                exit = mgr.__exit__
+                enter = mgr.__enter__
+                vars.append(enter())
+                exits.append(exit)
+            yield vars
+        except:
+            exc = sys.exc_info()
+        finally:
+            while exits:
+                exit = exits.pop()
+                try:
+                    if exit(*exc):
+                        exc = (None, None, None)
+                except:
+                    exc = sys.exc_info()
+            if exc != (None, None, None):
+                raise exc[1]
+
+# copied from Python 2.6
+try:
+    from warnings import catch_warnings
+except ImportError:
+    class catch_warnings(object):
+        def __init__(self, record=False, module=None):
+            self._record = record
+            self._module = sys.modules['warnings']
+            self._entered = False
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            args = []
+            if self._record:
+                args.append("record=True")
+            name = type(self).__name__
+            return "%s(%s)" % (name, ", ".join(args))
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            if self._entered:
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot enter %r twice" % self)
+            self._entered = True
+            self._filters = self._module.filters
+            self._module.filters = self._filters[:]
+            self._showwarning = self._module.showwarning
+            if self._record:
+                log = []
+                def showwarning(*args, **kwargs):
+                    log.append(WarningMessage(*args, **kwargs))
+                self._module.showwarning = showwarning
+                return log
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            if not self._entered:
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot exit %r without entering first" % self)
+            self._module.filters = self._filters
+            self._module.showwarning = self._showwarning
+
+    class WarningMessage(object):
+        _WARNING_DETAILS = ("message", "category", "filename", "lineno", "file",
+                            "line")
+        def __init__(self, message, category, filename, lineno, file=None,
+                        line=None):
+            local_values = locals()
+            for attr in self._WARNING_DETAILS:
+                setattr(self, attr, local_values[attr])
+            self._category_name = None
+            if category.__name__:
+                self._category_name = category.__name__
+
+
+def examine_warnings(func):
+    def wrapper():
+        with catch_warnings(record=True) as ws:
+            func(ws)
+    return wrapper
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testcallable.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testcallable.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7dcd5e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testcallable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from tests.support import is_instance, unittest2, X, SomeClass
+
+from mock import (
+    Mock, MagicMock, NonCallableMagicMock,
+    NonCallableMock, patch, create_autospec,
+    CallableMixin
+)
+
+
+
+class TestCallable(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def assertNotCallable(self, mock):
+        self.assertTrue(is_instance(mock, NonCallableMagicMock))
+        self.assertFalse(is_instance(mock, CallableMixin))
+
+
+    def test_non_callable(self):
+        for mock in NonCallableMagicMock(), NonCallableMock():
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, '__call__'))
+            self.assertIn(mock.__class__.__name__, repr(mock))
+
+
+    def test_heirarchy(self):
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(MagicMock, Mock))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(NonCallableMagicMock, NonCallableMock))
+
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        one = NonCallableMock()
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(one.one), Mock))
+
+        two = NonCallableMagicMock()
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(two.two), MagicMock))
+
+
+    def test_subclasses(self):
+        class MockSub(Mock):
+            pass
+
+        one = MockSub()
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(one.one), MockSub))
+
+        class MagicSub(MagicMock):
+            pass
+
+        two = MagicSub()
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(two.two), MagicSub))
+
+
+    def test_patch_spec(self):
+        patcher = patch('%s.X' % __name__, spec=True)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+        instance = mock()
+        mock.assert_called_once_with()
+
+        self.assertNotCallable(instance)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance)
+
+
+    def test_patch_spec_set(self):
+        patcher = patch('%s.X' % __name__, spec_set=True)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+        instance = mock()
+        mock.assert_called_once_with()
+
+        self.assertNotCallable(instance)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance)
+
+
+    def test_patch_spec_instance(self):
+        patcher = patch('%s.X' % __name__, spec=X())
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+        self.assertNotCallable(mock)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+
+
+    def test_patch_spec_set_instance(self):
+        patcher = patch('%s.X' % __name__, spec_set=X())
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+
+        self.assertNotCallable(mock)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+
+
+    def test_patch_spec_callable_class(self):
+        class CallableX(X):
+            def __call__(self):
+                pass
+
+        class Sub(CallableX):
+            pass
+
+        class Multi(SomeClass, Sub):
+            pass
+
+        class OldStyle:
+            def __call__(self):
+                pass
+
+        class OldStyleSub(OldStyle):
+            pass
+
+        for arg in 'spec', 'spec_set':
+            for Klass in CallableX, Sub, Multi, OldStyle, OldStyleSub:
+                patcher = patch('%s.X' % __name__, **{arg: Klass})
+                mock = patcher.start()
+
+                try:
+                    instance = mock()
+                    mock.assert_called_once_with()
+
+                    self.assertTrue(is_instance(instance, MagicMock))
+                    # inherited spec
+                    self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, instance,
+                                      'foobarbaz')
+
+                    result = instance()
+                    # instance is callable, result has no spec
+                    instance.assert_called_once_with()
+
+                    result(3, 2, 1)
+                    result.assert_called_once_with(3, 2, 1)
+                    result.foo(3, 2, 1)
+                    result.foo.assert_called_once_with(3, 2, 1)
+                finally:
+                    patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_create_autopsec(self):
+        mock = create_autospec(X)
+        instance = mock()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance)
+
+        mock = create_autospec(X())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+
+
+    def test_create_autospec_instance(self):
+        mock = create_autospec(SomeClass, instance=True)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+        mock.wibble()
+        mock.wibble.assert_called_once_with()
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.wibble, 'some',  'args')
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testhelpers.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testhelpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e788da844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testhelpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,940 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from tests.support import unittest2, inPy3k
+
+from mock import (
+    call, _Call, create_autospec, MagicMock,
+    Mock, ANY, _CallList, patch, PropertyMock
+)
+
+from datetime import datetime
+
+class SomeClass(object):
+    def one(self, a, b):
+        pass
+    def two(self):
+        pass
+    def three(self, a=None):
+        pass
+
+
+
+class AnyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_any(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ANY, object())
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(ANY)
+        mock.assert_called_with(ANY)
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(foo=ANY)
+        mock.assert_called_with(foo=ANY)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(ANY), '<ANY>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ANY), '<ANY>')
+
+
+    def test_any_and_datetime(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(datetime.now(), foo=datetime.now())
+
+        mock.assert_called_with(ANY, foo=ANY)
+
+
+    def test_any_mock_calls_comparison_order(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        d = datetime.now()
+        class Foo(object):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return False
+            def __ne__(self, other):
+                return True
+
+        for d in datetime.now(), Foo():
+            mock.reset_mock()
+
+            mock(d, foo=d, bar=d)
+            mock.method(d, zinga=d, alpha=d)
+            mock().method(a1=d, z99=d)
+
+            expected = [
+                call(ANY, foo=ANY, bar=ANY),
+                call.method(ANY, zinga=ANY, alpha=ANY),
+                call(), call().method(a1=ANY, z99=ANY)
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(expected, mock.mock_calls)
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+
+
+
+class CallTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_call_with_call(self):
+        kall = _Call()
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call())
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('',)))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(((),)))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(({},)))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', ())))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', {})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', (), {})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('foo',)))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('bar', ())))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('baz', {})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('spam', (), {})))
+
+        kall = _Call(((1, 2, 3),))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(((1, 2, 3),)))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', (1, 2, 3))))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(((1, 2, 3), {})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', (1, 2, 3), {})))
+
+        kall = _Call(((1, 2, 4),))
+        self.assertNotEqual(kall, _Call(('', (1, 2, 3))))
+        self.assertNotEqual(kall, _Call(('', (1, 2, 3), {})))
+
+        kall = _Call(('foo', (1, 2, 4),))
+        self.assertNotEqual(kall, _Call(('', (1, 2, 4))))
+        self.assertNotEqual(kall, _Call(('', (1, 2, 4), {})))
+        self.assertNotEqual(kall, _Call(('bar', (1, 2, 4))))
+        self.assertNotEqual(kall, _Call(('bar', (1, 2, 4), {})))
+
+        kall = _Call(({'a': 3},))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', (), {'a': 3})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(('', {'a': 3})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(((), {'a': 3})))
+        self.assertEqual(kall, _Call(({'a': 3},)))
+
+
+    def test_empty__Call(self):
+        args = _Call()
+
+        self.assertEqual(args, ())
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo',))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ((),))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', ()))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo',(), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', {}))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ({},))
+
+
+    def test_named_empty_call(self):
+        args = _Call(('foo', (), {}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo',))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', ()))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo',(), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', {}))
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ((),))
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ())
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ({},))
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ('bar',))
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ('bar', ()))
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ('bar', {}))
+
+
+    def test_call_with_args(self):
+        args = _Call(((1, 2, 3), {}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(args, ((1, 2, 3),))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', (1, 2, 3)))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', (1, 2, 3), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ((1, 2, 3), {}))
+
+
+    def test_named_call_with_args(self):
+        args = _Call(('foo', (1, 2, 3), {}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', (1, 2, 3)))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', (1, 2, 3), {}))
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ((1, 2, 3),))
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ((1, 2, 3), {}))
+
+
+    def test_call_with_kwargs(self):
+        args = _Call(((), dict(a=3, b=4)))
+
+        self.assertEqual(args, (dict(a=3, b=4),))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', dict(a=3, b=4)))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', (), dict(a=3, b=4)))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ((), dict(a=3, b=4)))
+
+
+    def test_named_call_with_kwargs(self):
+        args = _Call(('foo', (), dict(a=3, b=4)))
+
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', dict(a=3, b=4)))
+        self.assertEqual(args, ('foo', (), dict(a=3, b=4)))
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, (dict(a=3, b=4),))
+        self.assertNotEqual(args, ((), dict(a=3, b=4)))
+
+
+    def test_call_with_args_call_empty_name(self):
+        args = _Call(((1, 2, 3), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(args, call(1, 2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(call(1, 2, 3), args)
+        self.assertTrue(call(1, 2, 3) in [args])
+
+
+    def test_call_ne(self):
+        self.assertNotEqual(_Call(((1, 2, 3),)), call(1, 2))
+        self.assertFalse(_Call(((1, 2, 3),)) != call(1, 2, 3))
+        self.assertTrue(_Call(((1, 2), {})) != call(1, 2, 3))
+
+
+    def test_call_non_tuples(self):
+        kall = _Call(((1, 2, 3),))
+        for value in 1, None, self, int:
+            self.assertNotEqual(kall, value)
+            self.assertFalse(kall == value)
+
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(_Call()), 'call()')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(_Call(('foo',))), 'call.foo()')
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(_Call(((1, 2, 3), {'a': 'b'}))),
+                         "call(1, 2, 3, a='b')")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(_Call(('bar', (1, 2, 3), {'a': 'b'}))),
+                         "call.bar(1, 2, 3, a='b')")
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call), 'call')
+        self.assertEqual(str(call), 'call')
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call()), 'call()')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call(1)), 'call(1)')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call(zz='thing')), "call(zz='thing')")
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call().foo), 'call().foo')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call(1).foo.bar(a=3).bing),
+                         'call().foo.bar().bing')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(call().foo(1, 2, a=3)),
+            "call().foo(1, 2, a=3)"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call()()), "call()()")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(call(1)(2)), "call()(2)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(call()().bar().baz.beep(1)),
+            "call()().bar().baz.beep(1)"
+        )
+
+
+    def test_call(self):
+        self.assertEqual(call(), ('', (), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(call('foo', 'bar', one=3, two=4),
+                         ('', ('foo', 'bar'), {'one': 3, 'two': 4}))
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(1, 2, 3)
+        mock(a=3, b=6)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list,
+                         [call(1, 2, 3), call(a=3, b=6)])
+
+    def test_attribute_call(self):
+        self.assertEqual(call.foo(1), ('foo', (1,), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(call.bar.baz(fish='eggs'),
+                         ('bar.baz', (), {'fish': 'eggs'}))
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.foo(1, 2 ,3)
+        mock.bar.baz(a=3, b=6)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls,
+                         [call.foo(1, 2, 3), call.bar.baz(a=3, b=6)])
+
+
+    def test_extended_call(self):
+        result = call(1).foo(2).bar(3, a=4)
+        self.assertEqual(result, ('().foo().bar', (3,), dict(a=4)))
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock(1, 2, a=3, b=4)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args, call(1, 2, a=3, b=4))
+        self.assertNotEqual(mock.call_args, call(1, 2, 3))
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list, [call(1, 2, a=3, b=4)])
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [call(1, 2, a=3, b=4)])
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock.foo(1).bar()().baz.beep(a=6)
+
+        last_call = call.foo(1).bar()().baz.beep(a=6)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls[-1], last_call)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, last_call.call_list())
+
+
+    def test_call_list(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock(1)
+        self.assertEqual(call(1).call_list(), mock.mock_calls)
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock(1).method(2)
+        self.assertEqual(call(1).method(2).call_list(),
+                         mock.mock_calls)
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock(1).method(2)(3)
+        self.assertEqual(call(1).method(2)(3).call_list(),
+                         mock.mock_calls)
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        int(mock(1).method(2)(3).foo.bar.baz(4)(5))
+        kall = call(1).method(2)(3).foo.bar.baz(4)(5).__int__()
+        self.assertEqual(kall.call_list(), mock.mock_calls)
+
+
+    def test_call_any(self):
+        self.assertEqual(call, ANY)
+
+        m = MagicMock()
+        int(m)
+        self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, [ANY])
+        self.assertEqual([ANY], m.mock_calls)
+
+
+    def test_two_args_call(self):
+        args = _Call(((1, 2), {'a': 3}), two=True)
+        self.assertEqual(len(args), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(args[0], (1, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(args[1], {'a': 3})
+
+        other_args = _Call(((1, 2), {'a': 3}))
+        self.assertEqual(args, other_args)
+
+
+class SpecSignatureTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def _check_someclass_mock(self, mock):
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'foo')
+        mock.one(1, 2)
+        mock.one.assert_called_with(1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError,
+                          mock.one.assert_called_with, 3, 4)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.one, 1)
+
+        mock.two()
+        mock.two.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError,
+                          mock.two.assert_called_with, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.two, 1)
+
+        mock.three()
+        mock.three.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError,
+                          mock.three.assert_called_with, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.three, 3, 2)
+
+        mock.three(1)
+        mock.three.assert_called_with(1)
+
+        mock.three(a=1)
+        mock.three.assert_called_with(a=1)
+
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        for spec in (SomeClass, SomeClass()):
+            mock = create_autospec(spec)
+            self._check_someclass_mock(mock)
+
+
+    def test_create_autospec_return_value(self):
+        def f():
+            pass
+        mock = create_autospec(f, return_value='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(mock(), 'foo')
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            pass
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo, return_value='foo')
+        self.assertEqual(mock(), 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_autospec_reset_mock(self):
+        m = create_autospec(int)
+        int(m)
+        m.reset_mock()
+        self.assertEqual(m.__int__.call_count, 0)
+
+
+    def test_mocking_unbound_methods(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            def foo(self, foo):
+                pass
+        p = patch.object(Foo, 'foo')
+        mock_foo = p.start()
+        Foo().foo(1)
+
+        mock_foo.assert_called_with(1)
+
+
+    @unittest2.expectedFailure
+    def test_create_autospec_unbound_methods(self):
+        # see issue 128
+        class Foo(object):
+            def foo(self):
+                pass
+
+        klass = create_autospec(Foo)
+        instance = klass()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance.foo, 1)
+
+        # Note: no type checking on the "self" parameter
+        klass.foo(1)
+        klass.foo.assert_called_with(1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, klass.foo)
+
+
+    def test_create_autospec_keyword_arguments(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            a = 3
+        m = create_autospec(Foo, a='3')
+        self.assertEqual(m.a, '3')
+
+    @unittest2.skipUnless(inPy3k, "Keyword only arguments Python 3 specific")
+    def test_create_autospec_keyword_only_arguments(self):
+        func_def = "def foo(a, *, b=None):\n    pass\n"
+        namespace = {}
+        exec (func_def, namespace)
+        foo = namespace['foo']
+
+        m = create_autospec(foo)
+        m(1)
+        m.assert_called_with(1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, m, 1, 2)
+
+        m(2, b=3)
+        m.assert_called_with(2, b=3)
+
+    def test_function_as_instance_attribute(self):
+        obj = SomeClass()
+        def f(a):
+            pass
+        obj.f = f
+
+        mock = create_autospec(obj)
+        mock.f('bing')
+        mock.f.assert_called_with('bing')
+
+
+    def test_spec_as_list(self):
+        # because spec as a list of strings in the mock constructor means
+        # something very different we treat a list instance as the type.
+        mock = create_autospec([])
+        mock.append('foo')
+        mock.append.assert_called_with('foo')
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'foo')
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            foo = []
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo)
+        mock.foo.append(3)
+        mock.foo.append.assert_called_with(3)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.foo, 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        class Sub(SomeClass):
+            attr = SomeClass()
+
+        sub_mock = create_autospec(Sub)
+
+        for mock in (sub_mock, sub_mock.attr):
+            self._check_someclass_mock(mock)
+
+
+    def test_builtin_functions_types(self):
+        # we could replace builtin functions / methods with a function
+        # with *args / **kwargs signature. Using the builtin method type
+        # as a spec seems to work fairly well though.
+        class BuiltinSubclass(list):
+            def bar(self, arg):
+                pass
+            sorted = sorted
+            attr = {}
+
+        mock = create_autospec(BuiltinSubclass)
+        mock.append(3)
+        mock.append.assert_called_with(3)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.append, 'foo')
+
+        mock.bar('foo')
+        mock.bar.assert_called_with('foo')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.bar, 'foo', 'bar')
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.bar, 'foo')
+
+        mock.sorted([1, 2])
+        mock.sorted.assert_called_with([1, 2])
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.sorted, 'foo')
+
+        mock.attr.pop(3)
+        mock.attr.pop.assert_called_with(3)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.attr, 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_method_calls(self):
+        class Sub(SomeClass):
+            attr = SomeClass()
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Sub)
+        mock.one(1, 2)
+        mock.two()
+        mock.three(3)
+
+        expected = [call.one(1, 2), call.two(), call.three(3)]
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, expected)
+
+        mock.attr.one(1, 2)
+        mock.attr.two()
+        mock.attr.three(3)
+
+        expected.extend(
+            [call.attr.one(1, 2), call.attr.two(), call.attr.three(3)]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, expected)
+
+
+    def test_magic_methods(self):
+        class BuiltinSubclass(list):
+            attr = {}
+
+        mock = create_autospec(BuiltinSubclass)
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, mock)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, mock.attr)
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock['foo'], MagicMock)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.attr['foo'], MagicMock)
+
+
+    def test_spec_set(self):
+        class Sub(SomeClass):
+            attr = SomeClass()
+
+        for spec in (Sub, Sub()):
+            mock = create_autospec(spec, spec_set=True)
+            self._check_someclass_mock(mock)
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, mock, 'foo', 'bar')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, mock.attr, 'foo', 'bar')
+
+
+    def test_descriptors(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            @classmethod
+            def f(cls, a, b):
+                pass
+            @staticmethod
+            def g(a, b):
+                pass
+
+        class Bar(Foo):
+            pass
+
+        class Baz(SomeClass, Bar):
+            pass
+
+        for spec in (Foo, Foo(), Bar, Bar(), Baz, Baz()):
+            mock = create_autospec(spec)
+            mock.f(1, 2)
+            mock.f.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
+
+            mock.g(3, 4)
+            mock.g.assert_called_once_with(3, 4)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, "No old style classes in Python 3")
+    def test_old_style_classes(self):
+        class Foo:
+            def f(self, a, b):
+                pass
+
+        class Bar(Foo):
+            g = Foo()
+
+        for spec in (Foo, Foo(), Bar, Bar()):
+            mock = create_autospec(spec)
+            mock.f(1, 2)
+            mock.f.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'foo')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.f, 'foo')
+
+        mock.g.f(1, 2)
+        mock.g.f.assert_called_once_with(1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.g, 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_recursive(self):
+        class A(object):
+            def a(self):
+                pass
+            foo = 'foo bar baz'
+            bar = foo
+
+        A.B = A
+        mock = create_autospec(A)
+
+        mock()
+        self.assertFalse(mock.B.called)
+
+        mock.a()
+        mock.B.a()
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [call.a(), call.B.a()])
+
+        self.assertIs(A.foo, A.bar)
+        self.assertIsNot(mock.foo, mock.bar)
+        mock.foo.lower()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, mock.bar.lower.assert_called_with)
+
+
+    def test_spec_inheritance_for_classes(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            def a(self):
+                pass
+            class Bar(object):
+                def f(self):
+                    pass
+
+        class_mock = create_autospec(Foo)
+
+        self.assertIsNot(class_mock, class_mock())
+
+        for this_mock in class_mock, class_mock():
+            this_mock.a()
+            this_mock.a.assert_called_with()
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, this_mock.a, 'foo')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, this_mock, 'b')
+
+        instance_mock = create_autospec(Foo())
+        instance_mock.a()
+        instance_mock.a.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance_mock.a, 'foo')
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, instance_mock, 'b')
+
+        # The return value isn't isn't callable
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance_mock)
+
+        instance_mock.Bar.f()
+        instance_mock.Bar.f.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, instance_mock.Bar, 'g')
+
+        instance_mock.Bar().f()
+        instance_mock.Bar().f.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, instance_mock.Bar(), 'g')
+
+
+    def test_inherit(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            a = 3
+
+        Foo.Foo = Foo
+
+        # class
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo)
+        instance = mock()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, instance, 'b')
+
+        attr_instance = mock.Foo()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, attr_instance, 'b')
+
+        # instance
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo())
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'b')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+
+        # attribute instance
+        call_result = mock.Foo()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, call_result, 'b')
+
+
+    def test_builtins(self):
+        # used to fail with infinite recursion
+        create_autospec(1)
+
+        create_autospec(int)
+        create_autospec('foo')
+        create_autospec(str)
+        create_autospec({})
+        create_autospec(dict)
+        create_autospec([])
+        create_autospec(list)
+        create_autospec(set())
+        create_autospec(set)
+        create_autospec(1.0)
+        create_autospec(float)
+        create_autospec(1j)
+        create_autospec(complex)
+        create_autospec(False)
+        create_autospec(True)
+
+
+    def test_function(self):
+        def f(a, b):
+            pass
+
+        mock = create_autospec(f)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+        mock(1, 2)
+        mock.assert_called_with(1, 2)
+
+        f.f = f
+        mock = create_autospec(f)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.f)
+        mock.f(3, 4)
+        mock.f.assert_called_with(3, 4)
+
+
+    def test_skip_attributeerrors(self):
+        class Raiser(object):
+            def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
+                if obj is None:
+                    raise AttributeError('Can only be accessed via an instance')
+
+        class RaiserClass(object):
+            raiser = Raiser()
+
+            @staticmethod
+            def existing(a, b):
+                return a + b
+
+        s = create_autospec(RaiserClass)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda x: s.existing(1, 2, 3))
+        s.existing(1, 2)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: s.nonexisting)
+
+        # check we can fetch the raiser attribute and it has no spec
+        obj = s.raiser
+        obj.foo, obj.bar
+
+
+    def test_signature_class(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            def __init__(self, a, b=3):
+                pass
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+        mock(1)
+        mock.assert_called_once_with(1)
+
+        mock(4, 5)
+        mock.assert_called_with(4, 5)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, 'no old style classes in Python 3')
+    def test_signature_old_style_class(self):
+        class Foo:
+            def __init__(self, a, b=3):
+                pass
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+        mock(1)
+        mock.assert_called_once_with(1)
+
+        mock(4, 5)
+        mock.assert_called_with(4, 5)
+
+
+    def test_class_with_no_init(self):
+        # this used to raise an exception
+        # due to trying to get a signature from object.__init__
+        class Foo(object):
+            pass
+        create_autospec(Foo)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, 'no old style classes in Python 3')
+    def test_old_style_class_with_no_init(self):
+        # this used to raise an exception
+        # due to Foo.__init__ raising an AttributeError
+        class Foo:
+            pass
+        create_autospec(Foo)
+
+
+    def test_signature_callable(self):
+        class Callable(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                pass
+            def __call__(self, a):
+                pass
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Callable)
+        mock()
+        mock.assert_called_once_with()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock, 'a')
+
+        instance = mock()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance)
+        instance(a='a')
+        instance.assert_called_once_with(a='a')
+        instance('a')
+        instance.assert_called_with('a')
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Callable())
+        mock(a='a')
+        mock.assert_called_once_with(a='a')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+        mock('a')
+        mock.assert_called_with('a')
+
+
+    def test_signature_noncallable(self):
+        class NonCallable(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                pass
+
+        mock = create_autospec(NonCallable)
+        instance = mock()
+        mock.assert_called_once_with()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock, 'a')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, instance, 'a')
+
+        mock = create_autospec(NonCallable())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock, 'a')
+
+
+    def test_create_autospec_none(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            bar = None
+
+        mock = create_autospec(Foo)
+        none = mock.bar
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(none, type(None))
+
+        none.foo()
+        none.foo.assert_called_once_with()
+
+
+    def test_autospec_functions_with_self_in_odd_place(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            def f(a, self):
+                pass
+
+        a = create_autospec(Foo)
+        a.f(self=10)
+        a.f.assert_called_with(self=10)
+
+
+    def test_autospec_property(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            @property
+            def foo(self):
+                return 3
+
+        foo = create_autospec(Foo)
+        mock_property = foo.foo
+
+        # no spec on properties
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(mock_property, MagicMock))
+        mock_property(1, 2, 3)
+        mock_property.abc(4, 5, 6)
+        mock_property.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+        mock_property.abc.assert_called_once_with(4, 5, 6)
+
+
+    def test_autospec_slots(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            __slots__ = ['a']
+
+        foo = create_autospec(Foo)
+        mock_slot = foo.a
+
+        # no spec on slots
+        mock_slot(1, 2, 3)
+        mock_slot.abc(4, 5, 6)
+        mock_slot.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+        mock_slot.abc.assert_called_once_with(4, 5, 6)
+
+
+class TestCallList(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_args_list_contains_call_list(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.call_args_list, _CallList)
+
+        mock(1, 2)
+        mock(a=3)
+        mock(3, 4)
+        mock(b=6)
+
+        for kall in call(1, 2), call(a=3), call(3, 4), call(b=6):
+            self.assertTrue(kall in mock.call_args_list)
+
+        calls = [call(a=3), call(3, 4)]
+        self.assertTrue(calls in mock.call_args_list)
+        calls = [call(1, 2), call(a=3)]
+        self.assertTrue(calls in mock.call_args_list)
+        calls = [call(3, 4), call(b=6)]
+        self.assertTrue(calls in mock.call_args_list)
+        calls = [call(3, 4)]
+        self.assertTrue(calls in mock.call_args_list)
+
+        self.assertFalse(call('fish') in mock.call_args_list)
+        self.assertFalse([call('fish')] in mock.call_args_list)
+
+
+    def test_call_list_str(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(1, 2)
+        mock.foo(a=3)
+        mock.foo.bar().baz('fish', cat='dog')
+
+        expected = (
+            "[call(1, 2),\n"
+            " call.foo(a=3),\n"
+            " call.foo.bar(),\n"
+            " call.foo.bar().baz('fish', cat='dog')]"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(str(mock.mock_calls), expected)
+
+
+    def test_propertymock(self):
+        p = patch('%s.SomeClass.one' % __name__, new_callable=PropertyMock)
+        mock = p.start()
+        try:
+            SomeClass.one
+            mock.assert_called_once_with()
+
+            s = SomeClass()
+            s.one
+            mock.assert_called_with()
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [call(), call()])
+
+            s.one = 3
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [call(), call(), call(3)])
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_propertymock_returnvalue(self):
+        m = MagicMock()
+        p = PropertyMock()
+        type(m).foo = p
+
+        returned = m.foo
+        p.assert_called_once_with()
+        self.assertIsInstance(returned, MagicMock)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(returned, PropertyMock)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testmagicmethods.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testmagicmethods.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef0f16d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testmagicmethods.py
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from tests.support import unittest2, inPy3k
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    # Python 3
+    unicode = str
+    long = int
+
+import inspect
+import sys
+from mock import Mock, MagicMock, _magics
+
+
+
+class TestMockingMagicMethods(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_deleting_magic_methods(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, '__getitem__'))
+
+        mock.__getitem__ = Mock()
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(mock, '__getitem__'))
+
+        del mock.__getitem__
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, '__getitem__'))
+
+
+    def test_magicmock_del(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        # before using getitem
+        del mock.__getitem__
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: mock['foo'])
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        # this time use it first
+        mock['foo']
+        del mock.__getitem__
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: mock['foo'])
+
+
+    def test_magic_method_wrapping(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        def f(self, name):
+            return self, 'fish'
+
+        mock.__getitem__ = f
+        self.assertFalse(mock.__getitem__ is f)
+        self.assertEqual(mock['foo'], (mock, 'fish'))
+        self.assertEqual(mock.__getitem__('foo'), (mock, 'fish'))
+
+        mock.__getitem__ = mock
+        self.assertTrue(mock.__getitem__ is mock)
+
+
+    def test_magic_methods_isolated_between_mocks(self):
+        mock1 = Mock()
+        mock2 = Mock()
+
+        mock1.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock1), [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: list(mock2))
+
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertEqual(repr(mock), "<Mock id='%s'>" % id(mock))
+        mock.__repr__ = lambda s: 'foo'
+        self.assertEqual(repr(mock), 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertEqual(str(mock), object.__str__(mock))
+        mock.__str__ = lambda s: 'foo'
+        self.assertEqual(str(mock), 'foo')
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, "no unicode in Python 3")
+    def test_unicode(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertEqual(unicode(mock), unicode(str(mock)))
+
+        mock.__unicode__ = lambda s: unicode('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(unicode(mock), unicode('foo'))
+
+
+    def test_dict_methods(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: mock['foo'])
+        def _del():
+            del mock['foo']
+        def _set():
+            mock['foo'] = 3
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _del)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _set)
+
+        _dict = {}
+        def getitem(s, name):
+            return _dict[name]
+        def setitem(s, name, value):
+            _dict[name] = value
+        def delitem(s, name):
+            del _dict[name]
+
+        mock.__setitem__ = setitem
+        mock.__getitem__ = getitem
+        mock.__delitem__ = delitem
+
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: mock['foo'])
+        mock['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.assertEqual(_dict, {'foo': 'bar'})
+        self.assertEqual(mock['foo'], 'bar')
+        del mock['foo']
+        self.assertEqual(_dict, {})
+
+
+    def test_numeric(self):
+        original = mock = Mock()
+        mock.value = 0
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: mock + 3)
+
+        def add(self, other):
+            mock.value += other
+            return self
+        mock.__add__ = add
+        self.assertEqual(mock + 3, mock)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.value, 3)
+
+        del mock.__add__
+        def iadd(mock):
+            mock += 3
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iadd, mock)
+        mock.__iadd__ = add
+        mock += 6
+        self.assertEqual(mock, original)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.value, 9)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: 3 + mock)
+        mock.__radd__ = add
+        self.assertEqual(7 + mock, mock)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.value, 16)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, 'no truediv in Python 3')
+    def test_truediv(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock.__truediv__.return_value = 6
+
+        context = {'mock': mock}
+        code = 'from __future__ import division\nresult = mock / 7\n'
+        exec(code, context)
+        self.assertEqual(context['result'], 6)
+
+        mock.__rtruediv__.return_value = 3
+        code = 'from __future__ import division\nresult = 2 / mock\n'
+        exec(code, context)
+        self.assertEqual(context['result'], 3)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(not inPy3k, 'truediv is available in Python 2')
+    def test_no_truediv(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AttributeError, getattr, MagicMock(), '__truediv__'
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AttributeError, getattr, MagicMock(), '__rtruediv__'
+        )
+
+
+    def test_hash(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        # test delegation
+        self.assertEqual(hash(mock), Mock.__hash__(mock))
+
+        def _hash(s):
+            return 3
+        mock.__hash__ = _hash
+        self.assertEqual(hash(mock), 3)
+
+
+    def test_nonzero(self):
+        m = Mock()
+        self.assertTrue(bool(m))
+
+        nonzero = lambda s: False
+        if not inPy3k:
+            m.__nonzero__ = nonzero
+        else:
+            m.__bool__ = nonzero
+
+        self.assertFalse(bool(m))
+
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        # note: this test fails with Jython 2.5.1 due to a Jython bug
+        #       it is fixed in jython 2.5.2
+        if not inPy3k:
+            # incomparable in Python 3
+            self. assertEqual(Mock() < 3, object() < 3)
+            self. assertEqual(Mock() > 3, object() > 3)
+            self. assertEqual(Mock() <= 3, object() <= 3)
+            self. assertEqual(Mock() >= 3, object() >= 3)
+        else:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() < object())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: object() < MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() < MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() > object())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: object() > MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() > MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() <= object())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: object() <= MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() <= MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() >= object())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: object() >= MagicMock())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: MagicMock() >= MagicMock())
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        def comp(s, o):
+            return True
+        mock.__lt__ = mock.__gt__ = mock.__le__ = mock.__ge__ = comp
+        self. assertTrue(mock < 3)
+        self. assertTrue(mock > 3)
+        self. assertTrue(mock <= 3)
+        self. assertTrue(mock >= 3)
+
+
+    def test_equality(self):
+        for mock in Mock(), MagicMock():
+            self.assertEqual(mock == mock, True)
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock == mock, bool)
+            self.assertEqual(mock != mock, False)
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock != mock, bool)
+            self.assertEqual(mock == object(), False)
+            self.assertEqual(mock != object(), True)
+
+            def eq(self, other):
+                return other == 3
+            mock.__eq__ = eq
+            self.assertTrue(mock == 3)
+            self.assertFalse(mock == 4)
+
+            def ne(self, other):
+                return other == 3
+            mock.__ne__ = ne
+            self.assertTrue(mock != 3)
+            self.assertFalse(mock != 4)
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock.__eq__.return_value = True
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock == 3, bool)
+        self.assertEqual(mock == 3, True)
+
+        mock.__ne__.return_value = False
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock != 3, bool)
+        self.assertEqual(mock != 3, False)
+
+
+    def test_len_contains_iter(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, len, mock)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iter, mock)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: 'foo' in mock)
+
+        mock.__len__ = lambda s: 6
+        self.assertEqual(len(mock), 6)
+
+        mock.__contains__ = lambda s, o: o == 3
+        self.assertTrue(3 in mock)
+        self.assertFalse(6 in mock)
+
+        mock.__iter__ = lambda s: iter('foobarbaz')
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), list('foobarbaz'))
+
+
+    def test_magicmock(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+
+        mock.__iter__.return_value = iter([1, 2, 3])
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [1, 2, 3])
+
+        name = '__nonzero__'
+        other = '__bool__'
+        if inPy3k:
+            name, other = other, name
+        getattr(mock, name).return_value = False
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, other))
+        self.assertFalse(bool(mock))
+
+        for entry in _magics:
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(mock, entry))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, '__imaginery__'))
+
+
+    def test_magic_mock_equality(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock == object(), bool)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock != object(), bool)
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock == object(), False)
+        self.assertEqual(mock != object(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(mock == mock, True)
+        self.assertEqual(mock != mock, False)
+
+
+    def test_magicmock_defaults(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        self.assertEqual(int(mock), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(complex(mock), 1j)
+        self.assertEqual(float(mock), 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(long(mock), long(1))
+        self.assertNotIn(object(), mock)
+        self.assertEqual(len(mock), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+        self.assertEqual(hash(mock), object.__hash__(mock))
+        self.assertEqual(str(mock), object.__str__(mock))
+        self.assertEqual(unicode(mock), object.__str__(mock))
+        self.assertIsInstance(unicode(mock), unicode)
+        self.assertTrue(bool(mock))
+        if not inPy3k:
+            self.assertEqual(oct(mock), '1')
+        else:
+            # in Python 3 oct and hex use __index__
+            # so these tests are for __index__ in py3k
+            self.assertEqual(oct(mock), '0o1')
+        self.assertEqual(hex(mock), '0x1')
+        # how to test __sizeof__ ?
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, "no __cmp__ in Python 3")
+    def test_non_default_magic_methods(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.__cmp__)
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.__cmp__ = lambda s, o: 0
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock, object())
+
+
+    def test_magic_methods_and_spec(self):
+        class Iterable(object):
+            def __iter__(self):
+                pass
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=Iterable)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.__iter__)
+
+        mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+
+        class NonIterable(object):
+            pass
+        mock = Mock(spec=NonIterable)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.__iter__)
+
+        def set_int():
+            mock.__int__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, set_int)
+
+        mock = MagicMock(spec=Iterable)
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, set_int)
+
+
+    def test_magic_methods_and_spec_set(self):
+        class Iterable(object):
+            def __iter__(self):
+                pass
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=Iterable)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.__iter__)
+
+        mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+
+        class NonIterable(object):
+            pass
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=NonIterable)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.__iter__)
+
+        def set_int():
+            mock.__int__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, set_int)
+
+        mock = MagicMock(spec_set=Iterable)
+        self.assertEqual(list(mock), [])
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, set_int)
+
+
+    def test_setting_unsupported_magic_method(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        def set_setattr():
+            mock.__setattr__ = lambda self, name: None
+        self.assertRaisesRegexp(AttributeError,
+            "Attempting to set unsupported magic method '__setattr__'.",
+            set_setattr
+        )
+
+
+    def test_attributes_and_return_value(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        attr = mock.foo
+        def _get_type(obj):
+            # the type of every mock (or magicmock) is a custom subclass
+            # so the real type is the second in the mro
+            return type(obj).__mro__[1]
+        self.assertEqual(_get_type(attr), MagicMock)
+
+        returned = mock()
+        self.assertEqual(_get_type(returned), MagicMock)
+
+
+    def test_magic_methods_are_magic_mocks(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.__getitem__, MagicMock)
+
+        mock[1][2].__getitem__.return_value = 3
+        self.assertEqual(mock[1][2][3], 3)
+
+
+    def test_magic_method_reset_mock(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        str(mock)
+        self.assertTrue(mock.__str__.called)
+        mock.reset_mock()
+        self.assertFalse(mock.__str__.called)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipUnless(sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 6),
+                          "__dir__ not available until Python 2.6 or later")
+    def test_dir(self):
+        # overriding the default implementation
+        for mock in Mock(), MagicMock():
+            def _dir(self):
+                return ['foo']
+            mock.__dir__ = _dir
+            self.assertEqual(dir(mock), ['foo'])
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf('PyPy' in sys.version, "This fails differently on pypy")
+    def test_bound_methods(self):
+        m = Mock()
+
+        # XXXX should this be an expected failure instead?
+
+        # this seems like it should work, but is hard to do without introducing
+        # other api inconsistencies. Failure message could be better though.
+        m.__iter__ = [3].__iter__
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iter, m)
+
+
+    def test_magic_method_type(self):
+        class Foo(MagicMock):
+            pass
+
+        foo = Foo()
+        self.assertIsInstance(foo.__int__, Foo)
+
+
+    def test_descriptor_from_class(self):
+        m = MagicMock()
+        type(m).__str__.return_value = 'foo'
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_iterable_as_iter_return_value(self):
+        m = MagicMock()
+        m.__iter__.return_value = [1, 2, 3]
+        self.assertEqual(list(m), [1, 2, 3])
+        self.assertEqual(list(m), [1, 2, 3])
+
+        m.__iter__.return_value = iter([4, 5, 6])
+        self.assertEqual(list(m), [4, 5, 6])
+        self.assertEqual(list(m), [])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testmock.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testmock.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3ceea995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testmock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1351 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from tests.support import (
+    callable, unittest2, inPy3k, is_instance, next
+)
+
+import copy
+import pickle
+import sys
+
+import mock
+from mock import (
+    call, DEFAULT, patch, sentinel,
+    MagicMock, Mock, NonCallableMock,
+    NonCallableMagicMock, _CallList,
+    create_autospec
+)
+
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str
+
+
+class Iter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.thing = iter(['this', 'is', 'an', 'iter'])
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def next(self):
+        return next(self.thing)
+
+    __next__ = next
+
+
+class Subclass(MagicMock):
+    pass
+
+
+class Thing(object):
+    attribute = 6
+    foo = 'bar'
+
+
+
+class MockTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_all(self):
+        # if __all__ is badly defined then import * will raise an error
+        # We have to exec it because you can't import * inside a method
+        # in Python 3
+        exec("from mock import *")
+
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+
+        self.assertFalse(mock.called, "called not initialised correctly")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_count, 0,
+                         "call_count not initialised correctly")
+        self.assertTrue(is_instance(mock.return_value, Mock),
+                        "return_value not initialised correctly")
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args, None,
+                         "call_args not initialised correctly")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list, [],
+                         "call_args_list not initialised correctly")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [],
+                          "method_calls not initialised correctly")
+
+        # Can't use hasattr for this test as it always returns True on a mock
+        self.assertFalse('_items' in mock.__dict__,
+                         "default mock should not have '_items' attribute")
+
+        self.assertIsNone(mock._mock_parent,
+                          "parent not initialised correctly")
+        self.assertIsNone(mock._mock_methods,
+                          "methods not initialised correctly")
+        self.assertEqual(mock._mock_children, {},
+                         "children not initialised incorrectly")
+
+
+    def test_unicode_not_broken(self):
+        # This used to raise an exception with Python 2.5 and Mock 0.4
+        unicode(Mock())
+
+
+    def test_return_value_in_constructor(self):
+        mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+        self.assertIsNone(mock.return_value,
+                          "return value in constructor not honoured")
+
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        mock = Mock(name='foo')
+        self.assertIn('foo', repr(mock))
+        self.assertIn("'%s'" % id(mock), repr(mock))
+
+        mocks = [(Mock(), 'mock'), (Mock(name='bar'), 'bar')]
+        for mock, name in mocks:
+            self.assertIn('%s.bar' % name, repr(mock.bar))
+            self.assertIn('%s.foo()' % name, repr(mock.foo()))
+            self.assertIn('%s.foo().bing' % name, repr(mock.foo().bing))
+            self.assertIn('%s()' % name, repr(mock()))
+            self.assertIn('%s()()' % name, repr(mock()()))
+            self.assertIn('%s()().foo.bar.baz().bing' % name,
+                          repr(mock()().foo.bar.baz().bing))
+
+
+    def test_repr_with_spec(self):
+        class X(object):
+            pass
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=X)
+        self.assertIn(" spec='X' ", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=X())
+        self.assertIn(" spec='X' ", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=X)
+        self.assertIn(" spec_set='X' ", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=X())
+        self.assertIn(" spec_set='X' ", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=X, name='foo')
+        self.assertIn(" spec='X' ", repr(mock))
+        self.assertIn(" name='foo' ", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock(name='foo')
+        self.assertNotIn("spec", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertNotIn("spec", repr(mock))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=['foo'])
+        self.assertNotIn("spec", repr(mock))
+
+
+    def test_side_effect(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+
+        def effect(*args, **kwargs):
+            raise SystemError('kablooie')
+
+        mock.side_effect = effect
+        self.assertRaises(SystemError, mock, 1, 2, fish=3)
+        mock.assert_called_with(1, 2, fish=3)
+
+        results = [1, 2, 3]
+        def effect():
+            return results.pop()
+        mock.side_effect = effect
+
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock()], [3, 2, 1],
+                          "side effect not used correctly")
+
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=sentinel.SideEffect)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.side_effect, sentinel.SideEffect,
+                          "side effect in constructor not used")
+
+        def side_effect():
+            return DEFAULT
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect, return_value=sentinel.RETURN)
+        self.assertEqual(mock(), sentinel.RETURN)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipUnless('java' in sys.platform,
+                          'This test only applies to Jython')
+    def test_java_exception_side_effect(self):
+        import java
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=java.lang.RuntimeException("Boom!"))
+
+        # can't use assertRaises with java exceptions
+        try:
+            mock(1, 2, fish=3)
+        except java.lang.RuntimeException:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('java exception not raised')
+        mock.assert_called_with(1,2, fish=3)
+
+
+    def test_reset_mock(self):
+        parent = Mock()
+        spec = ["something"]
+        mock = Mock(name="child", parent=parent, spec=spec)
+        mock(sentinel.Something, something=sentinel.SomethingElse)
+        something = mock.something
+        mock.something()
+        mock.side_effect = sentinel.SideEffect
+        return_value = mock.return_value
+        return_value()
+
+        mock.reset_mock()
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock._mock_name, "child",
+                         "name incorrectly reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock._mock_parent, parent,
+                         "parent incorrectly reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock._mock_methods, spec,
+                         "methods incorrectly reset")
+
+        self.assertFalse(mock.called, "called not reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_count, 0, "call_count not reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args, None, "call_args not reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list, [], "call_args_list not reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [],
+                        "method_calls not initialised correctly: %r != %r" %
+                        (mock.method_calls, []))
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [])
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock.side_effect, sentinel.SideEffect,
+                          "side_effect incorrectly reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.return_value, return_value,
+                          "return_value incorrectly reset")
+        self.assertFalse(return_value.called, "return value mock not reset")
+        self.assertEqual(mock._mock_children, {'something': something},
+                          "children reset incorrectly")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.something, something,
+                          "children incorrectly cleared")
+        self.assertFalse(mock.something.called, "child not reset")
+
+
+    def test_reset_mock_recursion(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.return_value = mock
+
+        # used to cause recursion
+        mock.reset_mock()
+
+
+    def test_call(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertTrue(is_instance(mock.return_value, Mock),
+                        "Default return_value should be a Mock")
+
+        result = mock()
+        self.assertEqual(mock(), result,
+                         "different result from consecutive calls")
+        mock.reset_mock()
+
+        ret_val = mock(sentinel.Arg)
+        self.assertTrue(mock.called, "called not set")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_count, 1, "call_count incoreect")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args, ((sentinel.Arg,), {}),
+                         "call_args not set")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list, [((sentinel.Arg,), {})],
+                         "call_args_list not initialised correctly")
+
+        mock.return_value = sentinel.ReturnValue
+        ret_val = mock(sentinel.Arg, key=sentinel.KeyArg)
+        self.assertEqual(ret_val, sentinel.ReturnValue,
+                         "incorrect return value")
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_count, 2, "call_count incorrect")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args,
+                         ((sentinel.Arg,), {'key': sentinel.KeyArg}),
+                         "call_args not set")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list, [
+            ((sentinel.Arg,), {}),
+            ((sentinel.Arg,), {'key': sentinel.KeyArg})
+        ],
+            "call_args_list not set")
+
+
+    def test_call_args_comparison(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock()
+        mock(sentinel.Arg)
+        mock(kw=sentinel.Kwarg)
+        mock(sentinel.Arg, kw=sentinel.Kwarg)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args_list, [
+            (),
+            ((sentinel.Arg,),),
+            ({"kw": sentinel.Kwarg},),
+            ((sentinel.Arg,), {"kw": sentinel.Kwarg})
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(mock.call_args,
+                         ((sentinel.Arg,), {"kw": sentinel.Kwarg}))
+
+
+    def test_assert_called_with(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock()
+
+        # Will raise an exception if it fails
+        mock.assert_called_with()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, mock.assert_called_with, 1)
+
+        mock.reset_mock()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, mock.assert_called_with)
+
+        mock(1, 2, 3, a='fish', b='nothing')
+        mock.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3, a='fish', b='nothing')
+
+
+    def test_assert_called_once_with(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock()
+
+        # Will raise an exception if it fails
+        mock.assert_called_once_with()
+
+        mock()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, mock.assert_called_once_with)
+
+        mock.reset_mock()
+        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, mock.assert_called_once_with)
+
+        mock('foo', 'bar', baz=2)
+        mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'bar', baz=2)
+
+        mock.reset_mock()
+        mock('foo', 'bar', baz=2)
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AssertionError,
+            lambda: mock.assert_called_once_with('bob', 'bar', baz=2)
+        )
+
+
+    def test_attribute_access_returns_mocks(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        something = mock.something
+        self.assertTrue(is_instance(something, Mock), "attribute isn't a mock")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.something, something,
+                         "different attributes returned for same name")
+
+        # Usage example
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.something.return_value = 3
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock.something(), 3, "method returned wrong value")
+        self.assertTrue(mock.something.called,
+                        "method didn't record being called")
+
+
+    def test_attributes_have_name_and_parent_set(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        something = mock.something
+
+        self.assertEqual(something._mock_name, "something",
+                         "attribute name not set correctly")
+        self.assertEqual(something._mock_parent, mock,
+                         "attribute parent not set correctly")
+
+
+    def test_method_calls_recorded(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.something(3, fish=None)
+        mock.something_else.something(6, cake=sentinel.Cake)
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock.something_else.method_calls,
+                          [("something", (6,), {'cake': sentinel.Cake})],
+                          "method calls not recorded correctly")
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [
+            ("something", (3,), {'fish': None}),
+            ("something_else.something", (6,), {'cake': sentinel.Cake})
+        ],
+            "method calls not recorded correctly")
+
+
+    def test_method_calls_compare_easily(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.something()
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [('something',)])
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [('something', (), {})])
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.something('different')
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [('something', ('different',))])
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls,
+                         [('something', ('different',), {})])
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.something(x=1)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [('something', {'x': 1})])
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [('something', (), {'x': 1})])
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.something('different', some='more')
+        self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [
+            ('something', ('different',), {'some': 'more'})
+        ])
+
+
+    def test_only_allowed_methods_exist(self):
+        for spec in ['something'], ('something',):
+            for arg in 'spec', 'spec_set':
+                mock = Mock(**{arg: spec})
+
+                # this should be allowed
+                mock.something
+                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                    AttributeError,
+                    "Mock object has no attribute 'something_else'",
+                    getattr, mock, 'something_else'
+                )
+
+
+    def test_from_spec(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            x = 3
+            __something__ = None
+            def y(self):
+                pass
+
+        def test_attributes(mock):
+            # should work
+            mock.x
+            mock.y
+            mock.__something__
+            self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                AttributeError,
+                "Mock object has no attribute 'z'",
+                getattr, mock, 'z'
+            )
+            self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                AttributeError,
+                "Mock object has no attribute '__foobar__'",
+                getattr, mock, '__foobar__'
+            )
+
+        test_attributes(Mock(spec=Something))
+        test_attributes(Mock(spec=Something()))
+
+
+    def test_wraps_calls(self):
+        real = Mock()
+
+        mock = Mock(wraps=real)
+        self.assertEqual(mock(), real())
+
+        real.reset_mock()
+
+        mock(1, 2, fish=3)
+        real.assert_called_with(1, 2, fish=3)
+
+
+    def test_wraps_call_with_nondefault_return_value(self):
+        real = Mock()
+
+        mock = Mock(wraps=real)
+        mock.return_value = 3
+
+        self.assertEqual(mock(), 3)
+        self.assertFalse(real.called)
+
+
+    def test_wraps_attributes(self):
+        class Real(object):
+            attribute = Mock()
+
+        real = Real()
+
+        mock = Mock(wraps=real)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.attribute(), real.attribute())
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.fish)
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(mock.attribute, real.attribute)
+        result = mock.attribute.frog(1, 2, fish=3)
+        Real.attribute.frog.assert_called_with(1, 2, fish=3)
+        self.assertEqual(result, Real.attribute.frog())
+
+
+    def test_exceptional_side_effect(self):
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=AttributeError)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, mock)
+
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=AttributeError('foo'))
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, mock)
+
+
+    def test_baseexceptional_side_effect(self):
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyboardInterrupt, mock)
+
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt('foo'))
+        self.assertRaises(KeyboardInterrupt, mock)
+
+
+    def test_assert_called_with_message(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertRaisesRegexp(AssertionError, 'Not called',
+                                mock.assert_called_with)
+
+
+    def test__name__(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.__name__)
+
+        mock.__name__ = 'foo'
+        self.assertEqual(mock.__name__, 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_spec_list_subclass(self):
+        class Sub(list):
+            pass
+        mock = Mock(spec=Sub(['foo']))
+
+        mock.append(3)
+        mock.append.assert_called_with(3)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'foo')
+
+
+    def test_spec_class(self):
+        class X(object):
+            pass
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=X)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(mock, X))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=X())
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(mock, X))
+
+        self.assertIs(mock.__class__, X)
+        self.assertEqual(Mock().__class__.__name__, 'Mock')
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=X)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(mock, X))
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=X())
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(mock, X))
+
+
+    def test_setting_attribute_with_spec_set(self):
+        class X(object):
+            y = 3
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=X)
+        mock.x = 'foo'
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=X)
+        def set_attr():
+            mock.x = 'foo'
+
+        mock.y = 'foo'
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, set_attr)
+
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        current = sys.getrecursionlimit()
+        self.addCleanup(sys.setrecursionlimit, current)
+
+        # can't use sys.maxint as this doesn't exist in Python 3
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(int(10e8))
+        # this segfaults without the fix in place
+        copy.copy(Mock())
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, "no old style classes in Python 3")
+    def test_spec_old_style_classes(self):
+        class Foo:
+            bar = 7
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=Foo)
+        mock.bar = 6
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.foo)
+
+        mock = Mock(spec=Foo())
+        mock.bar = 6
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.foo)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipIf(inPy3k, "no old style classes in Python 3")
+    def test_spec_set_old_style_classes(self):
+        class Foo:
+            bar = 7
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=Foo)
+        mock.bar = 6
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.foo)
+
+        def _set():
+            mock.foo = 3
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, _set)
+
+        mock = Mock(spec_set=Foo())
+        mock.bar = 6
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: mock.foo)
+
+        def _set():
+            mock.foo = 3
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, _set)
+
+
+    def test_subclass_with_properties(self):
+        class SubClass(Mock):
+            def _get(self):
+                return 3
+            def _set(self, value):
+                raise NameError('strange error')
+            some_attribute = property(_get, _set)
+
+        s = SubClass(spec_set=SubClass)
+        self.assertEqual(s.some_attribute, 3)
+
+        def test():
+            s.some_attribute = 3
+        self.assertRaises(NameError, test)
+
+        def test():
+            s.foo = 'bar'
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, test)
+
+
+    def test_setting_call(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        def __call__(self, a):
+            return self._mock_call(a)
+
+        type(mock).__call__ = __call__
+        mock('one')
+        mock.assert_called_with('one')
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock, 'one', 'two')
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipUnless(sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 6),
+                          "__dir__ not available until Python 2.6 or later")
+    def test_dir(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        attrs = set(dir(mock))
+        type_attrs = set([m for m in dir(Mock) if not m.startswith('_')])
+
+        # all public attributes from the type are included
+        self.assertEqual(set(), type_attrs - attrs)
+
+        # creates these attributes
+        mock.a, mock.b
+        self.assertIn('a', dir(mock))
+        self.assertIn('b', dir(mock))
+
+        # instance attributes
+        mock.c = mock.d = None
+        self.assertIn('c', dir(mock))
+        self.assertIn('d', dir(mock))
+
+        # magic methods
+        mock.__iter__ = lambda s: iter([])
+        self.assertIn('__iter__', dir(mock))
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipUnless(sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 6),
+                          "__dir__ not available until Python 2.6 or later")
+    def test_dir_from_spec(self):
+        mock = Mock(spec=unittest2.TestCase)
+        testcase_attrs = set(dir(unittest2.TestCase))
+        attrs = set(dir(mock))
+
+        # all attributes from the spec are included
+        self.assertEqual(set(), testcase_attrs - attrs)
+
+        # shadow a sys attribute
+        mock.version = 3
+        self.assertEqual(dir(mock).count('version'), 1)
+
+
+    @unittest2.skipUnless(sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 6),
+                          "__dir__ not available until Python 2.6 or later")
+    def test_filter_dir(self):
+        patcher = patch.object(mock, 'FILTER_DIR', False)
+        patcher.start()
+        try:
+            attrs = set(dir(Mock()))
+            type_attrs = set(dir(Mock))
+
+            # ALL attributes from the type are included
+            self.assertEqual(set(), type_attrs - attrs)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_configure_mock(self):
+        mock = Mock(foo='bar')
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo, 'bar')
+
+        mock = MagicMock(foo='bar')
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo, 'bar')
+
+        kwargs = {'side_effect': KeyError, 'foo.bar.return_value': 33,
+                  'foo': MagicMock()}
+        mock = Mock(**kwargs)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, mock)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo.bar(), 33)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.foo, MagicMock)
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.configure_mock(**kwargs)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, mock)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo.bar(), 33)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.foo, MagicMock)
+
+
+    def assertRaisesWithMsg(self, exception, message, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        # needed because assertRaisesRegex doesn't work easily with newlines
+        try:
+            func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except:
+            instance = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            self.assertIsInstance(instance, exception)
+        else:
+            self.fail('Exception %r not raised' % (exception,))
+
+        msg = str(instance)
+        self.assertEqual(msg, message)
+
+
+    def test_assert_called_with_failure_message(self):
+        mock = NonCallableMock()
+
+        expected = "mock(1, '2', 3, bar='foo')"
+        message = 'Expected call: %s\nNot called'
+        self.assertRaisesWithMsg(
+            AssertionError, message % (expected,),
+            mock.assert_called_with, 1, '2', 3, bar='foo'
+        )
+
+        mock.foo(1, '2', 3, foo='foo')
+
+
+        asserters = [
+            mock.foo.assert_called_with, mock.foo.assert_called_once_with
+        ]
+        for meth in asserters:
+            actual = "foo(1, '2', 3, foo='foo')"
+            expected = "foo(1, '2', 3, bar='foo')"
+            message = 'Expected call: %s\nActual call: %s'
+            self.assertRaisesWithMsg(
+                AssertionError, message % (expected, actual),
+                meth, 1, '2', 3, bar='foo'
+            )
+
+        # just kwargs
+        for meth in asserters:
+            actual = "foo(1, '2', 3, foo='foo')"
+            expected = "foo(bar='foo')"
+            message = 'Expected call: %s\nActual call: %s'
+            self.assertRaisesWithMsg(
+                AssertionError, message % (expected, actual),
+                meth, bar='foo'
+            )
+
+        # just args
+        for meth in asserters:
+            actual = "foo(1, '2', 3, foo='foo')"
+            expected = "foo(1, 2, 3)"
+            message = 'Expected call: %s\nActual call: %s'
+            self.assertRaisesWithMsg(
+                AssertionError, message % (expected, actual),
+                meth, 1, 2, 3
+            )
+
+        # empty
+        for meth in asserters:
+            actual = "foo(1, '2', 3, foo='foo')"
+            expected = "foo()"
+            message = 'Expected call: %s\nActual call: %s'
+            self.assertRaisesWithMsg(
+                AssertionError, message % (expected, actual), meth
+            )
+
+
+    def test_mock_calls(self):
+        mock = MagicMock()
+
+        # need to do this because MagicMock.mock_calls used to just return
+        # a MagicMock which also returned a MagicMock when __eq__ was called
+        self.assertIs(mock.mock_calls == [], True)
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock()
+        expected = [('', (), {})]
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+
+        mock.foo()
+        expected.append(call.foo())
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+        # intermediate mock_calls work too
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo.mock_calls, [('', (), {})])
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock().foo(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)
+        expected = [
+            ('', (), {}), ('().foo', (1, 2, 3), dict(a=4, b=5))
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.return_value.foo.mock_calls,
+                         [('', (1, 2, 3), dict(a=4, b=5))])
+        self.assertEqual(mock.return_value.mock_calls,
+                         [('foo', (1, 2, 3), dict(a=4, b=5))])
+
+        mock = MagicMock()
+        mock().foo.bar().baz()
+        expected = [
+            ('', (), {}), ('().foo.bar', (), {}),
+            ('().foo.bar().baz', (), {})
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+        self.assertEqual(mock().mock_calls,
+                         call.foo.bar().baz().call_list())
+
+        for kwargs in dict(), dict(name='bar'):
+            mock = MagicMock(**kwargs)
+            int(mock.foo)
+            expected = [('foo.__int__', (), {})]
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+
+            mock = MagicMock(**kwargs)
+            mock.a()()
+            expected = [('a', (), {}), ('a()', (), {})]
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, expected)
+            self.assertEqual(mock.a().mock_calls, [call()])
+
+            mock = MagicMock(**kwargs)
+            mock(1)(2)(3)
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, call(1)(2)(3).call_list())
+            self.assertEqual(mock().mock_calls, call(2)(3).call_list())
+            self.assertEqual(mock()().mock_calls, call(3).call_list())
+
+            mock = MagicMock(**kwargs)
+            mock(1)(2)(3).a.b.c(4)
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls,
+                             call(1)(2)(3).a.b.c(4).call_list())
+            self.assertEqual(mock().mock_calls,
+                             call(2)(3).a.b.c(4).call_list())
+            self.assertEqual(mock()().mock_calls,
+                             call(3).a.b.c(4).call_list())
+
+            mock = MagicMock(**kwargs)
+            int(mock().foo.bar().baz())
+            last_call = ('().foo.bar().baz().__int__', (), {})
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls[-1], last_call)
+            self.assertEqual(mock().mock_calls,
+                             call.foo.bar().baz().__int__().call_list())
+            self.assertEqual(mock().foo.bar().mock_calls,
+                             call.baz().__int__().call_list())
+            self.assertEqual(mock().foo.bar().baz.mock_calls,
+                             call().__int__().call_list())
+
+
+    def test_subclassing(self):
+        class Subclass(Mock):
+            pass
+
+        mock = Subclass()
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.foo, Subclass)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock(), Subclass)
+
+        class Subclass(Mock):
+            def _get_child_mock(self, **kwargs):
+                return Mock(**kwargs)
+
+        mock = Subclass()
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(mock.foo, Subclass)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(mock(), Subclass)
+
+
+    def test_arg_lists(self):
+        mocks = [
+            Mock(),
+            MagicMock(),
+            NonCallableMock(),
+            NonCallableMagicMock()
+        ]
+
+        def assert_attrs(mock):
+            names = 'call_args_list', 'method_calls', 'mock_calls'
+            for name in names:
+                attr = getattr(mock, name)
+                self.assertIsInstance(attr, _CallList)
+                self.assertIsInstance(attr, list)
+                self.assertEqual(attr, [])
+
+        for mock in mocks:
+            assert_attrs(mock)
+
+            if callable(mock):
+                mock()
+                mock(1, 2)
+                mock(a=3)
+
+                mock.reset_mock()
+                assert_attrs(mock)
+
+            mock.foo()
+            mock.foo.bar(1, a=3)
+            mock.foo(1).bar().baz(3)
+
+            mock.reset_mock()
+            assert_attrs(mock)
+
+
+    def test_call_args_two_tuple(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(1, a=3)
+        mock(2, b=4)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(mock.call_args), 2)
+        args, kwargs = mock.call_args
+        self.assertEqual(args, (2,))
+        self.assertEqual(kwargs, dict(b=4))
+
+        expected_list = [((1,), dict(a=3)), ((2,), dict(b=4))]
+        for expected, call_args in zip(expected_list, mock.call_args_list):
+            self.assertEqual(len(call_args), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(expected[0], call_args[0])
+            self.assertEqual(expected[1], call_args[1])
+
+
+    def test_side_effect_iterator(self):
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=iter([1, 2, 3]))
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock()], [1, 2, 3])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+
+        mock = MagicMock(side_effect=['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock()], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+
+        mock = Mock(side_effect='ghi')
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock()], ['g', 'h', 'i'])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            pass
+        mock = MagicMock(side_effect=Foo)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock(), Foo)
+
+        mock = Mock(side_effect=Iter())
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock(), mock()],
+                         ['this', 'is', 'an', 'iter'])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+
+
+    def test_side_effect_setting_iterator(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.side_effect = iter([1, 2, 3])
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock()], [1, 2, 3])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+        side_effect = mock.side_effect
+        self.assertIsInstance(side_effect, type(iter([])))
+
+        mock.side_effect = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock()], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+        side_effect = mock.side_effect
+        self.assertIsInstance(side_effect, type(iter([])))
+
+        this_iter = Iter()
+        mock.side_effect = this_iter
+        self.assertEqual([mock(), mock(), mock(), mock()],
+                         ['this', 'is', 'an', 'iter'])
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, mock)
+        self.assertIs(mock.side_effect, this_iter)
+
+
+    def test_side_effect_iterator_exceptions(self):
+        for Klass in Mock, MagicMock:
+            iterable = (ValueError, 3, KeyError, 6)
+            m = Klass(side_effect=iterable)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, m)
+            self.assertEqual(m(), 3)
+            self.assertRaises(KeyError, m)
+            self.assertEqual(m(), 6)
+
+
+    def test_assert_has_calls_any_order(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(1, 2)
+        mock(a=3)
+        mock(3, 4)
+        mock(b=6)
+        mock(b=6)
+
+        kalls = [
+            call(1, 2), ({'a': 3},),
+            ((3, 4),), ((), {'a': 3}),
+            ('', (1, 2)), ('', {'a': 3}),
+            ('', (1, 2), {}), ('', (), {'a': 3})
+        ]
+        for kall in kalls:
+            mock.assert_has_calls([kall], any_order=True)
+
+        for kall in call(1, '2'), call(b=3), call(), 3, None, 'foo':
+            self.assertRaises(
+                AssertionError, mock.assert_has_calls,
+                [kall], any_order=True
+            )
+
+        kall_lists = [
+            [call(1, 2), call(b=6)],
+            [call(3, 4), call(1, 2)],
+            [call(b=6), call(b=6)],
+        ]
+
+        for kall_list in kall_lists:
+            mock.assert_has_calls(kall_list, any_order=True)
+
+        kall_lists = [
+            [call(b=6), call(b=6), call(b=6)],
+            [call(1, 2), call(1, 2)],
+            [call(3, 4), call(1, 2), call(5, 7)],
+            [call(b=6), call(3, 4), call(b=6), call(1, 2), call(b=6)],
+        ]
+        for kall_list in kall_lists:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                AssertionError, mock.assert_has_calls,
+                kall_list, any_order=True
+            )
+
+    def test_assert_has_calls(self):
+        kalls1 = [
+                call(1, 2), ({'a': 3},),
+                ((3, 4),), call(b=6),
+                ('', (1,), {'b': 6}),
+        ]
+        kalls2 = [call.foo(), call.bar(1)]
+        kalls2.extend(call.spam().baz(a=3).call_list())
+        kalls2.extend(call.bam(set(), foo={}).fish([1]).call_list())
+
+        mocks = []
+        for mock in Mock(), MagicMock():
+            mock(1, 2)
+            mock(a=3)
+            mock(3, 4)
+            mock(b=6)
+            mock(1, b=6)
+            mocks.append((mock, kalls1))
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.foo()
+        mock.bar(1)
+        mock.spam().baz(a=3)
+        mock.bam(set(), foo={}).fish([1])
+        mocks.append((mock, kalls2))
+
+        for mock, kalls in mocks:
+            for i in range(len(kalls)):
+                for step in 1, 2, 3:
+                    these = kalls[i:i+step]
+                    mock.assert_has_calls(these)
+
+                    if len(these) > 1:
+                        self.assertRaises(
+                            AssertionError,
+                            mock.assert_has_calls,
+                            list(reversed(these))
+                        )
+
+
+    def test_assert_any_call(self):
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock(1, 2)
+        mock(a=3)
+        mock(1, b=6)
+
+        mock.assert_any_call(1, 2)
+        mock.assert_any_call(a=3)
+        mock.assert_any_call(1, b=6)
+
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AssertionError,
+            mock.assert_any_call
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AssertionError,
+            mock.assert_any_call,
+            1, 3
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AssertionError,
+            mock.assert_any_call,
+            a=4
+        )
+
+
+    def test_mock_calls_create_autospec(self):
+        def f(a, b):
+            pass
+        obj = Iter()
+        obj.f = f
+
+        funcs = [
+            create_autospec(f),
+            create_autospec(obj).f
+        ]
+        for func in funcs:
+            func(1, 2)
+            func(3, 4)
+
+            self.assertEqual(
+                func.mock_calls, [call(1, 2), call(3, 4)]
+            )
+
+
+    def test_mock_add_spec(self):
+        class _One(object):
+            one = 1
+        class _Two(object):
+            two = 2
+        class Anything(object):
+            one = two = three = 'four'
+
+        klasses = [
+            Mock, MagicMock, NonCallableMock, NonCallableMagicMock
+        ]
+        for Klass in list(klasses):
+            klasses.append(lambda K=Klass: K(spec=Anything))
+            klasses.append(lambda K=Klass: K(spec_set=Anything))
+
+        for Klass in klasses:
+            for kwargs in dict(), dict(spec_set=True):
+                mock = Klass()
+                #no error
+                mock.one, mock.two, mock.three
+
+                for One, Two in [(_One, _Two), (['one'], ['two'])]:
+                    for kwargs in dict(), dict(spec_set=True):
+                        mock.mock_add_spec(One, **kwargs)
+
+                        mock.one
+                        self.assertRaises(
+                            AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'two'
+                        )
+                        self.assertRaises(
+                            AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'three'
+                        )
+                        if 'spec_set' in kwargs:
+                            self.assertRaises(
+                                AttributeError, setattr, mock, 'three', None
+                            )
+
+                        mock.mock_add_spec(Two, **kwargs)
+                        self.assertRaises(
+                            AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'one'
+                        )
+                        mock.two
+                        self.assertRaises(
+                            AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'three'
+                        )
+                        if 'spec_set' in kwargs:
+                            self.assertRaises(
+                                AttributeError, setattr, mock, 'three', None
+                            )
+            # note that creating a mock, setting an instance attribute, and
+            # *then* setting a spec doesn't work. Not the intended use case
+
+
+    def test_mock_add_spec_magic_methods(self):
+        for Klass in MagicMock, NonCallableMagicMock:
+            mock = Klass()
+            int(mock)
+
+            mock.mock_add_spec(object)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, mock)
+
+            mock = Klass()
+            mock['foo']
+            mock.__int__.return_value =4
+
+            mock.mock_add_spec(int)
+            self.assertEqual(int(mock), 4)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: mock['foo'])
+
+
+    def test_adding_child_mock(self):
+        for Klass in NonCallableMock, Mock, MagicMock, NonCallableMagicMock:
+            mock = Klass()
+
+            mock.foo = Mock()
+            mock.foo()
+
+            self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [call.foo()])
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [call.foo()])
+
+            mock = Klass()
+            mock.bar = Mock(name='name')
+            mock.bar()
+            self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [])
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [])
+
+            # mock with an existing _new_parent but no name
+            mock = Klass()
+            mock.baz = MagicMock()()
+            mock.baz()
+            self.assertEqual(mock.method_calls, [])
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [])
+
+
+    def test_adding_return_value_mock(self):
+        for Klass in Mock, MagicMock:
+            mock = Klass()
+            mock.return_value = MagicMock()
+
+            mock()()
+            self.assertEqual(mock.mock_calls, [call(), call()()])
+
+
+    def test_manager_mock(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            one = 'one'
+            two = 'two'
+        manager = Mock()
+        p1 = patch.object(Foo, 'one')
+        p2 = patch.object(Foo, 'two')
+
+        mock_one = p1.start()
+        self.addCleanup(p1.stop)
+        mock_two = p2.start()
+        self.addCleanup(p2.stop)
+
+        manager.attach_mock(mock_one, 'one')
+        manager.attach_mock(mock_two, 'two')
+
+        Foo.two()
+        Foo.one()
+
+        self.assertEqual(manager.mock_calls, [call.two(), call.one()])
+
+
+    def test_magic_methods_mock_calls(self):
+        for Klass in Mock, MagicMock:
+            m = Klass()
+            m.__int__ = Mock(return_value=3)
+            m.__float__ = MagicMock(return_value=3.0)
+            int(m)
+            float(m)
+
+            self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, [call.__int__(), call.__float__()])
+            self.assertEqual(m.method_calls, [])
+
+
+    def test_attribute_deletion(self):
+        # this behaviour isn't *useful*, but at least it's now tested...
+        for Klass in Mock, MagicMock, NonCallableMagicMock, NonCallableMock:
+            m = Klass()
+            original = m.foo
+            m.foo = 3
+            del m.foo
+            self.assertEqual(m.foo, original)
+
+            new = m.foo = Mock()
+            del m.foo
+            self.assertEqual(m.foo, new)
+
+
+    def test_mock_parents(self):
+        for Klass in Mock, MagicMock:
+            m = Klass()
+            original_repr = repr(m)
+            m.return_value = m
+            self.assertIs(m(), m)
+            self.assertEqual(repr(m), original_repr)
+
+            m.reset_mock()
+            self.assertIs(m(), m)
+            self.assertEqual(repr(m), original_repr)
+
+            m = Klass()
+            m.b = m.a
+            self.assertIn("name='mock.a'", repr(m.b))
+            self.assertIn("name='mock.a'", repr(m.a))
+            m.reset_mock()
+            self.assertIn("name='mock.a'", repr(m.b))
+            self.assertIn("name='mock.a'", repr(m.a))
+
+            m = Klass()
+            original_repr = repr(m)
+            m.a = m()
+            m.a.return_value = m
+
+            self.assertEqual(repr(m), original_repr)
+            self.assertEqual(repr(m.a()), original_repr)
+
+
+    def test_attach_mock(self):
+        classes = Mock, MagicMock, NonCallableMagicMock, NonCallableMock
+        for Klass in classes:
+            for Klass2 in classes:
+                m = Klass()
+
+                m2 = Klass2(name='foo')
+                m.attach_mock(m2, 'bar')
+
+                self.assertIs(m.bar, m2)
+                self.assertIn("name='mock.bar'", repr(m2))
+
+                m.bar.baz(1)
+                self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, [call.bar.baz(1)])
+                self.assertEqual(m.method_calls, [call.bar.baz(1)])
+
+
+    def test_attach_mock_return_value(self):
+        classes = Mock, MagicMock, NonCallableMagicMock, NonCallableMock
+        for Klass in Mock, MagicMock:
+            for Klass2 in classes:
+                m = Klass()
+
+                m2 = Klass2(name='foo')
+                m.attach_mock(m2, 'return_value')
+
+                self.assertIs(m(), m2)
+                self.assertIn("name='mock()'", repr(m2))
+
+                m2.foo()
+                self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, call().foo().call_list())
+
+
+    def test_attribute_deletion(self):
+        for mock in Mock(), MagicMock():
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(mock, 'm'))
+
+            del mock.m
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, 'm'))
+
+            del mock.f
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(mock, 'f'))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'f')
+
+
+    def test_class_assignable(self):
+        for mock in Mock(), MagicMock():
+            self.assertNotIsInstance(mock, int)
+
+            mock.__class__ = int
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock, int)
+
+
+    @unittest2.expectedFailure
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for Klass in (MagicMock, Mock, Subclass, NonCallableMagicMock):
+            mock = Klass(name='foo', attribute=3)
+            mock.foo(1, 2, 3)
+            data = pickle.dumps(mock)
+            new = pickle.loads(data)
+
+            new.foo.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+            self.assertFalse(new.called)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(new, Klass))
+            self.assertIsInstance(new, Thing)
+            self.assertIn('name="foo"', repr(new))
+            self.assertEqual(new.attribute, 3)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testpatch.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testpatch.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ebe67106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testpatch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1790 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from tests import support
+from tests.support import unittest2, inPy3k, SomeClass, is_instance, callable
+
+from mock import (
+    NonCallableMock, CallableMixin, patch, sentinel,
+    MagicMock, Mock, NonCallableMagicMock, patch, _patch,
+    DEFAULT, call, _get_target
+)
+
+builtin_string = '__builtin__'
+if inPy3k:
+    builtin_string = 'builtins'
+    unicode = str
+
+PTModule = sys.modules[__name__]
+MODNAME = '%s.PTModule' % __name__
+
+
+def _get_proxy(obj, get_only=True):
+    class Proxy(object):
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            return getattr(obj, name)
+    if not get_only:
+        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+            setattr(obj, name, value)
+        def __delattr__(self, name):
+            delattr(obj, name)
+        Proxy.__setattr__ = __setattr__
+        Proxy.__delattr__ = __delattr__
+    return Proxy()
+
+
+# for use in the test
+something  = sentinel.Something
+something_else  = sentinel.SomethingElse
+
+
+class Foo(object):
+    def __init__(self, a):
+        pass
+    def f(self, a):
+        pass
+    def g(self):
+        pass
+    foo = 'bar'
+
+    class Bar(object):
+        def a(self):
+            pass
+
+foo_name = '%s.Foo' % __name__
+
+
+def function(a, b=Foo):
+    pass
+
+
+class Container(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.values = {}
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.values[name]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        self.values[name] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        del self.values[name]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.values)
+
+
+
+class PatchTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def assertNotCallable(self, obj, magic=True):
+        MockClass = NonCallableMagicMock
+        if not magic:
+            MockClass = NonCallableMock
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, obj)
+        self.assertTrue(is_instance(obj, MockClass))
+        self.assertFalse(is_instance(obj, CallableMixin))
+
+
+    def test_single_patchobject(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            attribute = sentinel.Original
+
+        @patch.object(Something, 'attribute', sentinel.Patched)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Patched, "unpatched")
+
+        test()
+        self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_with_none(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            attribute = sentinel.Original
+
+        @patch.object(Something, 'attribute', None)
+        def test():
+            self.assertIsNone(Something.attribute, "unpatched")
+
+        test()
+        self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_multiple_patchobject(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            attribute = sentinel.Original
+            next_attribute = sentinel.Original2
+
+        @patch.object(Something, 'attribute', sentinel.Patched)
+        @patch.object(Something, 'next_attribute', sentinel.Patched2)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Patched,
+                             "unpatched")
+            self.assertEqual(Something.next_attribute, sentinel.Patched2,
+                             "unpatched")
+
+        test()
+        self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                         "patch not restored")
+        self.assertEqual(Something.next_attribute, sentinel.Original2,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_object_lookup_is_quite_lazy(self):
+        global something
+        original = something
+        @patch('%s.something' % __name__, sentinel.Something2)
+        def test():
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            something = sentinel.replacement_value
+            test()
+            self.assertEqual(something, sentinel.replacement_value)
+        finally:
+            something = original
+
+
+    def test_patch(self):
+        @patch('%s.something' % __name__, sentinel.Something2)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something2,
+                             "unpatched")
+
+        test()
+        self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+        @patch('%s.something' % __name__, sentinel.Something2)
+        @patch('%s.something_else' % __name__, sentinel.SomethingElse)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something2,
+                             "unpatched")
+            self.assertEqual(PTModule.something_else, sentinel.SomethingElse,
+                             "unpatched")
+
+        self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something,
+                         "patch not restored")
+        self.assertEqual(PTModule.something_else, sentinel.SomethingElse,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+        # Test the patching and restoring works a second time
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something,
+                         "patch not restored")
+        self.assertEqual(PTModule.something_else, sentinel.SomethingElse,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+        mock = Mock()
+        mock.return_value = sentinel.Handle
+        @patch('%s.open' % builtin_string, mock)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(open('filename', 'r'), sentinel.Handle,
+                             "open not patched")
+        test()
+        test()
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(open, mock, "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_patch_class_attribute(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass.class_attribute' % __name__,
+               sentinel.ClassAttribute)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(PTModule.SomeClass.class_attribute,
+                             sentinel.ClassAttribute, "unpatched")
+        test()
+
+        self.assertIsNone(PTModule.SomeClass.class_attribute,
+                          "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_with_default_mock(self):
+        class Test(object):
+            something = sentinel.Original
+            something2 = sentinel.Original2
+
+        @patch.object(Test, 'something')
+        def test(mock):
+            self.assertEqual(mock, Test.something,
+                             "Mock not passed into test function")
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock, MagicMock,
+                            "patch with two arguments did not create a mock")
+
+        test()
+
+        @patch.object(Test, 'something')
+        @patch.object(Test, 'something2')
+        def test(this1, this2, mock1, mock2):
+            self.assertEqual(this1, sentinel.this1,
+                             "Patched function didn't receive initial argument")
+            self.assertEqual(this2, sentinel.this2,
+                             "Patched function didn't receive second argument")
+            self.assertEqual(mock1, Test.something2,
+                             "Mock not passed into test function")
+            self.assertEqual(mock2, Test.something,
+                             "Second Mock not passed into test function")
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock2, MagicMock,
+                            "patch with two arguments did not create a mock")
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock2, MagicMock,
+                            "patch with two arguments did not create a mock")
+
+            # A hack to test that new mocks are passed the second time
+            self.assertNotEqual(outerMock1, mock1, "unexpected value for mock1")
+            self.assertNotEqual(outerMock2, mock2, "unexpected value for mock1")
+            return mock1, mock2
+
+        outerMock1 = outerMock2 = None
+        outerMock1, outerMock2 = test(sentinel.this1, sentinel.this2)
+
+        # Test that executing a second time creates new mocks
+        test(sentinel.this1, sentinel.this2)
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_spec(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec=SomeClass)
+        def test(MockSomeClass):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass, MockSomeClass)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(SomeClass.wibble, MagicMock))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: SomeClass.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_with_spec(self):
+        @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_attribute', spec=SomeClass)
+        def test(MockAttribute):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass.class_attribute, MockAttribute)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(SomeClass.class_attribute.wibble,
+                                       MagicMock))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError,
+                              lambda: SomeClass.class_attribute.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_spec_as_list(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec=['wibble'])
+        def test(MockSomeClass):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass, MockSomeClass)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(SomeClass.wibble, MagicMock))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: SomeClass.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_with_spec_as_list(self):
+        @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_attribute', spec=['wibble'])
+        def test(MockAttribute):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass.class_attribute, MockAttribute)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(SomeClass.class_attribute.wibble,
+                                       MagicMock))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError,
+                              lambda: SomeClass.class_attribute.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_nested_patch_with_spec_as_list(self):
+        # regression test for nested decorators
+        @patch('%s.open' % builtin_string)
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec=['wibble'])
+        def test(MockSomeClass, MockOpen):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass, MockSomeClass)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(SomeClass.wibble, MagicMock))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: SomeClass.not_wibble)
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_spec_as_boolean(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec=True)
+        def test(MockSomeClass):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass, MockSomeClass)
+            # Should not raise attribute error
+            MockSomeClass.wibble
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: MockSomeClass.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patch_object_with_spec_as_boolean(self):
+        @patch.object(PTModule, 'SomeClass', spec=True)
+        def test(MockSomeClass):
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass, MockSomeClass)
+            # Should not raise attribute error
+            MockSomeClass.wibble
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: MockSomeClass.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patch_class_acts_with_spec_is_inherited(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec=True)
+        def test(MockSomeClass):
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(MockSomeClass, MagicMock))
+            instance = MockSomeClass()
+            self.assertNotCallable(instance)
+            # Should not raise attribute error
+            instance.wibble
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: instance.not_wibble)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_create_mocks_non_existent_attributes(self):
+        @patch('%s.frooble' % builtin_string, sentinel.Frooble, create=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(frooble, sentinel.Frooble)
+
+        test()
+        self.assertRaises(NameError, lambda: frooble)
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_with_create_mocks_non_existent_attributes(self):
+        @patch.object(SomeClass, 'frooble', sentinel.Frooble, create=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(SomeClass.frooble, sentinel.Frooble)
+
+        test()
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(SomeClass, 'frooble'))
+
+
+    def test_patch_wont_create_by_default(self):
+        try:
+            @patch('%s.frooble' % builtin_string, sentinel.Frooble)
+            def test():
+                self.assertEqual(frooble, sentinel.Frooble)
+
+            test()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('Patching non existent attributes should fail')
+
+        self.assertRaises(NameError, lambda: frooble)
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_wont_create_by_default(self):
+        try:
+            @patch.object(SomeClass, 'frooble', sentinel.Frooble)
+            def test():
+                self.fail('Patching non existent attributes should fail')
+
+            test()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('Patching non existent attributes should fail')
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(SomeClass, 'frooble'))
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_static_methods(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            @staticmethod
+            def woot():
+                return sentinel.Static
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'woot', staticmethod(lambda: sentinel.Patched))
+        def anonymous():
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.woot(), sentinel.Patched)
+        anonymous()
+
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.woot(), sentinel.Static)
+
+
+    def test_patch_local(self):
+        foo = sentinel.Foo
+        @patch.object(sentinel, 'Foo', 'Foo')
+        def anonymous():
+            self.assertEqual(sentinel.Foo, 'Foo')
+        anonymous()
+
+        self.assertEqual(sentinel.Foo, foo)
+
+
+    def test_patch_slots(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            __slots__ = ('Foo',)
+
+        foo = Foo()
+        foo.Foo = sentinel.Foo
+
+        @patch.object(foo, 'Foo', 'Foo')
+        def anonymous():
+            self.assertEqual(foo.Foo, 'Foo')
+        anonymous()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.Foo, sentinel.Foo)
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_class_decorator(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            attribute = sentinel.Original
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            def test_method(other_self):
+                self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Patched,
+                                 "unpatched")
+            def not_test_method(other_self):
+                self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                                 "non-test method patched")
+
+        Foo = patch.object(Something, 'attribute', sentinel.Patched)(Foo)
+
+        f = Foo()
+        f.test_method()
+        f.not_test_method()
+
+        self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_patch_class_decorator(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            attribute = sentinel.Original
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            def test_method(other_self, mock_something):
+                self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, mock_something,
+                                 "unpatched")
+            def not_test_method(other_self):
+                self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something,
+                                 "non-test method patched")
+        Foo = patch('%s.something' % __name__)(Foo)
+
+        f = Foo()
+        f.test_method()
+        f.not_test_method()
+
+        self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                         "patch not restored")
+        self.assertEqual(PTModule.something, sentinel.Something,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_twice(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            attribute = sentinel.Original
+            next_attribute = sentinel.Original2
+
+        @patch.object(Something, 'attribute', sentinel.Patched)
+        @patch.object(Something, 'attribute', sentinel.Patched)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Patched, "unpatched")
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(Something.attribute, sentinel.Original,
+                         "patch not restored")
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict(self):
+        foo = {'initial': object(), 'other': 'something'}
+        original = foo.copy()
+
+        @patch.dict(foo)
+        def test():
+            foo['a'] = 3
+            del foo['initial']
+            foo['other'] = 'something else'
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, original)
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(len(foo), 3)
+            self.assertEqual(foo['a'], 'b')
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, original)
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, [('a', 'b')])
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(len(foo), 3)
+            self.assertEqual(foo['a'], 'b')
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, original)
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_with_container_object(self):
+        foo = Container()
+        foo['initial'] = object()
+        foo['other'] =  'something'
+
+        original = foo.values.copy()
+
+        @patch.dict(foo)
+        def test():
+            foo['a'] = 3
+            del foo['initial']
+            foo['other'] = 'something else'
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.values, original)
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(len(foo.values), 3)
+            self.assertEqual(foo['a'], 'b')
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.values, original)
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_with_clear(self):
+        foo = {'initial': object(), 'other': 'something'}
+        original = foo.copy()
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, clear=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(foo, {})
+            foo['a'] = 3
+            foo['other'] = 'something else'
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, original)
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'}, clear=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, original)
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, [('a', 'b')], clear=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, original)
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_with_container_object_and_clear(self):
+        foo = Container()
+        foo['initial'] = object()
+        foo['other'] =  'something'
+
+        original = foo.values.copy()
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, clear=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(foo.values, {})
+            foo['a'] = 3
+            foo['other'] = 'something else'
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.values, original)
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'}, clear=True)
+        def test():
+            self.assertEqual(foo.values, {'a': 'b'})
+
+        test()
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.values, original)
+
+
+    def test_name_preserved(self):
+        foo = {}
+
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, object())
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, object(), autospec=True)
+        @patch.object(SomeClass, object())
+        @patch.dict(foo)
+        def some_name():
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(some_name.__name__, 'some_name')
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_exception(self):
+        foo = {}
+
+        @patch.dict(foo, {'a': 'b'})
+        def test():
+            raise NameError('Konrad')
+        try:
+            test()
+        except NameError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('NameError not raised by test')
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo, {})
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_with_string(self):
+        @patch.dict('os.environ', {'konrad_delong': 'some value'})
+        def test():
+            self.assertIn('konrad_delong', os.environ)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    @unittest2.expectedFailure
+    def test_patch_descriptor(self):
+        # would be some effort to fix this - we could special case the
+        # builtin descriptors: classmethod, property, staticmethod
+        class Nothing(object):
+            foo = None
+
+        class Something(object):
+            foo = {}
+
+            @patch.object(Nothing, 'foo', 2)
+            @classmethod
+            def klass(cls):
+                self.assertIs(cls, Something)
+
+            @patch.object(Nothing, 'foo', 2)
+            @staticmethod
+            def static(arg):
+                return arg
+
+            @patch.dict(foo)
+            @classmethod
+            def klass_dict(cls):
+                self.assertIs(cls, Something)
+
+            @patch.dict(foo)
+            @staticmethod
+            def static_dict(arg):
+                return arg
+
+        # these will raise exceptions if patching descriptors is broken
+        self.assertEqual(Something.static('f00'), 'f00')
+        Something.klass()
+        self.assertEqual(Something.static_dict('f00'), 'f00')
+        Something.klass_dict()
+
+        something = Something()
+        self.assertEqual(something.static('f00'), 'f00')
+        something.klass()
+        self.assertEqual(something.static_dict('f00'), 'f00')
+        something.klass_dict()
+
+
+    def test_patch_spec_set(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec_set=SomeClass)
+        def test(MockClass):
+            MockClass.z = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, test)
+
+        @patch.object(support, 'SomeClass', spec_set=SomeClass)
+        def test(MockClass):
+            MockClass.z = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, test)
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec_set=True)
+        def test(MockClass):
+            MockClass.z = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, test)
+
+        @patch.object(support, 'SomeClass', spec_set=True)
+        def test(MockClass):
+            MockClass.z = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, test)
+
+
+    def test_spec_set_inherit(self):
+        @patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, spec_set=True)
+        def test(MockClass):
+            instance = MockClass()
+            instance.z = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, test)
+
+
+    def test_patch_start_stop(self):
+        original = something
+        patcher = patch('%s.something' % __name__)
+        self.assertIs(something, original)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertIsNot(mock, original)
+            self.assertIs(something, mock)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+        self.assertIs(something, original)
+
+
+    def test_stop_without_start(self):
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, 'bar', 3)
+
+        # calling stop without start used to produce a very obscure error
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, patcher.stop)
+
+
+    def test_patchobject_start_stop(self):
+        original = something
+        patcher = patch.object(PTModule, 'something', 'foo')
+        self.assertIs(something, original)
+        replaced = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(replaced, 'foo')
+            self.assertIs(something, replaced)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+        self.assertIs(something, original)
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_start_stop(self):
+        d = {'foo': 'bar'}
+        original = d.copy()
+        patcher = patch.dict(d, [('spam', 'eggs')], clear=True)
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+        patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(d, {'spam': 'eggs'})
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_class_decorator(self):
+        this = self
+        d = {'spam': 'eggs'}
+        original = d.copy()
+
+        class Test(object):
+            def test_first(self):
+                this.assertEqual(d, {'foo': 'bar'})
+            def test_second(self):
+                this.assertEqual(d, {'foo': 'bar'})
+
+        Test = patch.dict(d, {'foo': 'bar'}, clear=True)(Test)
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+        test = Test()
+
+        test.test_first()
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+        test.test_second()
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+        test = Test()
+
+        test.test_first()
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+        test.test_second()
+        self.assertEqual(d, original)
+
+
+    def test_get_only_proxy(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            foo = 'foo'
+        class SomethingElse:
+            foo = 'foo'
+
+        for thing in Something, SomethingElse, Something(), SomethingElse:
+            proxy = _get_proxy(thing)
+
+            @patch.object(proxy, 'foo', 'bar')
+            def test():
+                self.assertEqual(proxy.foo, 'bar')
+            test()
+            self.assertEqual(proxy.foo, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(thing.foo, 'foo')
+            self.assertNotIn('foo', proxy.__dict__)
+
+
+    def test_get_set_delete_proxy(self):
+        class Something(object):
+            foo = 'foo'
+        class SomethingElse:
+            foo = 'foo'
+
+        for thing in Something, SomethingElse, Something(), SomethingElse:
+            proxy = _get_proxy(Something, get_only=False)
+
+            @patch.object(proxy, 'foo', 'bar')
+            def test():
+                self.assertEqual(proxy.foo, 'bar')
+            test()
+            self.assertEqual(proxy.foo, 'foo')
+            self.assertEqual(thing.foo, 'foo')
+            self.assertNotIn('foo', proxy.__dict__)
+
+
+    def test_patch_keyword_args(self):
+        kwargs = {'side_effect': KeyError, 'foo.bar.return_value': 33,
+                  'foo': MagicMock()}
+
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, **kwargs)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, mock)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo.bar(), 33)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.foo, MagicMock)
+
+
+    def test_patch_object_keyword_args(self):
+        kwargs = {'side_effect': KeyError, 'foo.bar.return_value': 33,
+                  'foo': MagicMock()}
+
+        patcher = patch.object(Foo, 'f', **kwargs)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, mock)
+        self.assertEqual(mock.foo.bar(), 33)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mock.foo, MagicMock)
+
+
+    def test_patch_dict_keyword_args(self):
+        original = {'foo': 'bar'}
+        copy = original.copy()
+
+        patcher = patch.dict(original, foo=3, bar=4, baz=5)
+        patcher.start()
+
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(original, dict(foo=3, bar=4, baz=5))
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, copy)
+
+
+    def test_autospec(self):
+        class Boo(object):
+            def __init__(self, a):
+                pass
+            def f(self, a):
+                pass
+            def g(self):
+                pass
+            foo = 'bar'
+
+            class Bar(object):
+                def a(self):
+                    pass
+
+        def _test(mock):
+            mock(1)
+            mock.assert_called_with(1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock)
+
+        def _test2(mock):
+            mock.f(1)
+            mock.f.assert_called_with(1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.f)
+
+            mock.g()
+            mock.g.assert_called_with()
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.g, 1)
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock, 'h')
+
+            mock.foo.lower()
+            mock.foo.lower.assert_called_with()
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.foo, 'bar')
+
+            mock.Bar()
+            mock.Bar.assert_called_with()
+
+            mock.Bar.a()
+            mock.Bar.a.assert_called_with()
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.Bar.a, 1)
+
+            mock.Bar().a()
+            mock.Bar().a.assert_called_with()
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, mock.Bar().a, 1)
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.Bar, 'b')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, mock.Bar(), 'b')
+
+        def function(mock):
+            _test(mock)
+            _test2(mock)
+            _test2(mock(1))
+            self.assertIs(mock, Foo)
+            return mock
+
+        test = patch(foo_name, autospec=True)(function)
+
+        mock = test()
+        self.assertIsNot(Foo, mock)
+        # test patching a second time works
+        test()
+
+        module = sys.modules[__name__]
+        test = patch.object(module, 'Foo', autospec=True)(function)
+
+        mock = test()
+        self.assertIsNot(Foo, mock)
+        # test patching a second time works
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_autospec_function(self):
+        @patch('%s.function' % __name__, autospec=True)
+        def test(mock):
+            function(1)
+            function.assert_called_with(1)
+            function(2, 3)
+            function.assert_called_with(2, 3)
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, function)
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, function, 'foo')
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_autospec_keywords(self):
+        @patch('%s.function' % __name__, autospec=True,
+               return_value=3)
+        def test(mock_function):
+            #self.assertEqual(function.abc, 'foo')
+            return function(1, 2)
+
+        result = test()
+        self.assertEqual(result, 3)
+
+
+    def test_autospec_with_new(self):
+        patcher = patch('%s.function' % __name__, new=3, autospec=True)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, patcher.start)
+
+        module = sys.modules[__name__]
+        patcher = patch.object(module, 'function', new=3, autospec=True)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, patcher.start)
+
+
+    def test_autospec_with_object(self):
+        class Bar(Foo):
+            extra = []
+
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, autospec=Bar)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock, Bar)
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock.extra, list)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_autospec_inherits(self):
+        FooClass = Foo
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, autospec=True)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock, FooClass)
+            self.assertIsInstance(mock(3), FooClass)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_autospec_name(self):
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, autospec=True)
+        mock = patcher.start()
+
+        try:
+            self.assertIn(" name='Foo'", repr(mock))
+            self.assertIn(" name='Foo.f'", repr(mock.f))
+            self.assertIn(" name='Foo()'", repr(mock(None)))
+            self.assertIn(" name='Foo().f'", repr(mock(None).f))
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_tracebacks(self):
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', object())
+        def test():
+            raise AssertionError
+        try:
+            test()
+        except:
+            err = sys.exc_info()
+
+        result = unittest2.TextTestResult(None, None, 0)
+        traceback = result._exc_info_to_string(err, self)
+        self.assertIn('raise AssertionError', traceback)
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_patch(self):
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, new_callable=NonCallableMagicMock)
+
+        m1 = patcher.start()
+        patcher.stop()
+        m2 = patcher.start()
+        patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertIsNot(m1, m2)
+        for mock in m1, m2:
+            self.assertNotCallable(m1)
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_patch_object(self):
+        patcher = patch.object(Foo, 'f', new_callable=NonCallableMagicMock)
+
+        m1 = patcher.start()
+        patcher.stop()
+        m2 = patcher.start()
+        patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertIsNot(m1, m2)
+        for mock in m1, m2:
+            self.assertNotCallable(m1)
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_keyword_arguments(self):
+        class Bar(object):
+            kwargs = None
+            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+                Bar.kwargs = kwargs
+
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, new_callable=Bar, arg1=1, arg2=2)
+        m = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertIs(type(m), Bar)
+            self.assertEqual(Bar.kwargs, dict(arg1=1, arg2=2))
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_spec(self):
+        class Bar(object):
+            kwargs = None
+            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+                Bar.kwargs = kwargs
+
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, new_callable=Bar, spec=Bar)
+        patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(Bar.kwargs, dict(spec=Bar))
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+        patcher = patch(foo_name, new_callable=Bar, spec_set=Bar)
+        patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(Bar.kwargs, dict(spec_set=Bar))
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_create(self):
+        non_existent_attr = '%s.weeeee' % foo_name
+        p = patch(non_existent_attr, new_callable=NonCallableMock)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, p.start)
+
+        p = patch(non_existent_attr, new_callable=NonCallableMock,
+                  create=True)
+        m = p.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertNotCallable(m, magic=False)
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_incompatible_with_new(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, patch, foo_name, new=object(), new_callable=MagicMock
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, patch.object, Foo, 'f', new=object(),
+            new_callable=MagicMock
+        )
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_incompatible_with_autospec(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, patch, foo_name, new_callable=MagicMock,
+            autospec=True
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError, patch.object, Foo, 'f', new_callable=MagicMock,
+            autospec=True
+        )
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_inherit_for_mocks(self):
+        class MockSub(Mock):
+            pass
+
+        MockClasses = (
+            NonCallableMock, NonCallableMagicMock, MagicMock, Mock, MockSub
+        )
+        for Klass in MockClasses:
+            for arg in 'spec', 'spec_set':
+                kwargs = {arg: True}
+                p = patch(foo_name, new_callable=Klass, **kwargs)
+                m = p.start()
+                try:
+                    instance = m.return_value
+                    self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, instance, 'x')
+                finally:
+                    p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_inherit_non_mock(self):
+        class NotAMock(object):
+            def __init__(self, spec):
+                self.spec = spec
+
+        p = patch(foo_name, new_callable=NotAMock, spec=True)
+        m = p.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(m, NotAMock))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, m, 'return_value')
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+        self.assertEqual(m.spec, Foo)
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_class_decorating(self):
+        test = self
+        original = Foo
+        class SomeTest(object):
+
+            def _test(self, mock_foo):
+                test.assertIsNot(Foo, original)
+                test.assertIs(Foo, mock_foo)
+                test.assertIsInstance(Foo, SomeClass)
+
+            def test_two(self, mock_foo):
+                self._test(mock_foo)
+            def test_one(self, mock_foo):
+                self._test(mock_foo)
+
+        SomeTest = patch(foo_name, new_callable=SomeClass)(SomeTest)
+        SomeTest().test_one()
+        SomeTest().test_two()
+        self.assertIs(Foo, original)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple(self):
+        original_foo = Foo
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        patcher1 = patch.multiple(foo_name, f=1, g=2)
+        patcher2 = patch.multiple(Foo, f=1, g=2)
+
+        for patcher in patcher1, patcher2:
+            patcher.start()
+            try:
+                self.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+                self.assertEqual(Foo.f, 1)
+                self.assertEqual(Foo.g, 2)
+            finally:
+                patcher.stop()
+
+            self.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, f=3, g=4)
+        def test():
+            self.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, 3)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, 4)
+
+        test()
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_no_kwargs(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, patch.multiple, foo_name)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, patch.multiple, Foo)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_create_mocks(self):
+        original_foo = Foo
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, f=DEFAULT, g=3, foo=DEFAULT)
+        def test(f, foo):
+            self.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.f, f)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, 3)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.foo, foo)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(f, MagicMock))
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(foo, MagicMock))
+
+        test()
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_create_mocks_different_order(self):
+        # bug revealed by Jython!
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        patcher = patch.object(Foo, 'f', 3)
+        patcher.attribute_name = 'f'
+
+        other = patch.object(Foo, 'g', DEFAULT)
+        other.attribute_name = 'g'
+        patcher.additional_patchers = [other]
+
+        @patcher
+        def test(g):
+            self.assertIs(Foo.g, g)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, 3)
+
+        test()
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_stacked_decorators(self):
+        original_foo = Foo
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, f=DEFAULT)
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, foo=DEFAULT)
+        @patch(foo_name + '.g')
+        def test1(g, **kwargs):
+            _test(g, **kwargs)
+
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, f=DEFAULT)
+        @patch(foo_name + '.g')
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, foo=DEFAULT)
+        def test2(g, **kwargs):
+            _test(g, **kwargs)
+
+        @patch(foo_name + '.g')
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, f=DEFAULT)
+        @patch.multiple(foo_name, foo=DEFAULT)
+        def test3(g, **kwargs):
+            _test(g, **kwargs)
+
+        def _test(g, **kwargs):
+            f = kwargs.pop('f')
+            foo = kwargs.pop('foo')
+            self.assertFalse(kwargs)
+
+            self.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.f, f)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.g, g)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.foo, foo)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(f, MagicMock))
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(g, MagicMock))
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(foo, MagicMock))
+
+        test1()
+        test2()
+        test3()
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_create_mocks_patcher(self):
+        original_foo = Foo
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        patcher = patch.multiple(foo_name, f=DEFAULT, g=3, foo=DEFAULT)
+
+        result = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            f = result['f']
+            foo = result['foo']
+            self.assertEqual(set(result), set(['f', 'foo']))
+
+            self.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.f, f)
+            self.assertIs(Foo.foo, foo)
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(f, MagicMock))
+            self.assertTrue(is_instance(foo, MagicMock))
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_decorating_class(self):
+        test = self
+        original_foo = Foo
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        class SomeTest(object):
+
+            def _test(self, f, foo):
+                test.assertIs(Foo, original_foo)
+                test.assertIs(Foo.f, f)
+                test.assertEqual(Foo.g, 3)
+                test.assertIs(Foo.foo, foo)
+                test.assertTrue(is_instance(f, MagicMock))
+                test.assertTrue(is_instance(foo, MagicMock))
+
+            def test_two(self, f, foo):
+                self._test(f, foo)
+            def test_one(self, f, foo):
+                self._test(f, foo)
+
+        SomeTest = patch.multiple(
+            foo_name, f=DEFAULT, g=3, foo=DEFAULT
+        )(SomeTest)
+
+        thing = SomeTest()
+        thing.test_one()
+        thing.test_two()
+
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+        self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_create(self):
+        patcher = patch.multiple(Foo, blam='blam')
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, patcher.start)
+
+        patcher = patch.multiple(Foo, blam='blam', create=True)
+        patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.blam, 'blam')
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Foo, 'blam'))
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_spec_set(self):
+        # if spec_set works then we can assume that spec and autospec also
+        # work as the underlying machinery is the same
+        patcher = patch.multiple(Foo, foo=DEFAULT, spec_set=['a', 'b'])
+        result = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.foo, result['foo'])
+            Foo.foo.a(1)
+            Foo.foo.b(2)
+            Foo.foo.a.assert_called_with(1)
+            Foo.foo.b.assert_called_with(2)
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, Foo.foo, 'c', None)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_new_callable(self):
+        class Thing(object):
+            pass
+
+        patcher = patch.multiple(
+            Foo, f=DEFAULT, g=DEFAULT, new_callable=Thing
+        )
+        result = patcher.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertIs(Foo.f, result['f'])
+            self.assertIs(Foo.g, result['g'])
+            self.assertIsInstance(Foo.f, Thing)
+            self.assertIsInstance(Foo.g, Thing)
+            self.assertIsNot(Foo.f, Foo.g)
+        finally:
+            patcher.stop()
+
+
+    def test_nested_patch_failure(self):
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'missing', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        def thing1():
+            pass
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'missing', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        def thing2():
+            pass
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'missing', 1)
+        def thing3():
+            pass
+
+        for func in thing1, thing2, thing3:
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, func)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_new_callable_failure(self):
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+        original_foo = Foo.foo
+
+        def crasher():
+            raise NameError('crasher')
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'foo', new_callable=crasher)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        def thing1():
+            pass
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'foo', new_callable=crasher)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        def thing2():
+            pass
+
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        @patch.object(Foo, 'foo', new_callable=crasher)
+        def thing3():
+            pass
+
+        for func in thing1, thing2, thing3:
+            self.assertRaises(NameError, func)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.foo, original_foo)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_failure(self):
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+
+        patcher = patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        patcher.attribute_name = 'f'
+
+        good = patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        good.attribute_name = 'g'
+
+        bad = patch.object(Foo, 'missing', 1)
+        bad.attribute_name = 'missing'
+
+        for additionals in [good, bad], [bad, good]:
+            patcher.additional_patchers = additionals
+
+            @patcher
+            def func():
+                pass
+
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, func)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_new_callable_failure(self):
+        original_f = Foo.f
+        original_g = Foo.g
+        original_foo = Foo.foo
+
+        def crasher():
+            raise NameError('crasher')
+
+        patcher = patch.object(Foo, 'f', 1)
+        patcher.attribute_name = 'f'
+
+        good = patch.object(Foo, 'g', 1)
+        good.attribute_name = 'g'
+
+        bad = patch.object(Foo, 'foo', new_callable=crasher)
+        bad.attribute_name = 'foo'
+
+        for additionals in [good, bad], [bad, good]:
+            patcher.additional_patchers = additionals
+
+            @patcher
+            def func():
+                pass
+
+            self.assertRaises(NameError, func)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.f, original_f)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.g, original_g)
+            self.assertEqual(Foo.foo, original_foo)
+
+
+    def test_patch_multiple_string_subclasses(self):
+        for base in (str, unicode):
+            Foo = type('Foo', (base,), {'fish': 'tasty'})
+            foo = Foo()
+            @patch.multiple(foo, fish='nearly gone')
+            def test():
+                self.assertEqual(foo.fish, 'nearly gone')
+
+            test()
+            self.assertEqual(foo.fish, 'tasty')
+
+
+    @patch('mock.patch.TEST_PREFIX', 'foo')
+    def test_patch_test_prefix(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            thing = 'original'
+
+            def foo_one(self):
+                return self.thing
+            def foo_two(self):
+                return self.thing
+            def test_one(self):
+                return self.thing
+            def test_two(self):
+                return self.thing
+
+        Foo = patch.object(Foo, 'thing', 'changed')(Foo)
+
+        foo = Foo()
+        self.assertEqual(foo.foo_one(), 'changed')
+        self.assertEqual(foo.foo_two(), 'changed')
+        self.assertEqual(foo.test_one(), 'original')
+        self.assertEqual(foo.test_two(), 'original')
+
+
+    @patch('mock.patch.TEST_PREFIX', 'bar')
+    def test_patch_dict_test_prefix(self):
+        class Foo(object):
+            def bar_one(self):
+                return dict(the_dict)
+            def bar_two(self):
+                return dict(the_dict)
+            def test_one(self):
+                return dict(the_dict)
+            def test_two(self):
+                return dict(the_dict)
+
+        the_dict = {'key': 'original'}
+        Foo = patch.dict(the_dict, key='changed')(Foo)
+
+        foo =Foo()
+        self.assertEqual(foo.bar_one(), {'key': 'changed'})
+        self.assertEqual(foo.bar_two(), {'key': 'changed'})
+        self.assertEqual(foo.test_one(), {'key': 'original'})
+        self.assertEqual(foo.test_two(), {'key': 'original'})
+
+
+    def test_patch_with_spec_mock_repr(self):
+        for arg in ('spec', 'autospec', 'spec_set'):
+            p = patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, **{arg: True})
+            m = p.start()
+            try:
+                self.assertIn(" name='SomeClass'", repr(m))
+                self.assertIn(" name='SomeClass.class_attribute'",
+                              repr(m.class_attribute))
+                self.assertIn(" name='SomeClass()'", repr(m()))
+                self.assertIn(" name='SomeClass().class_attribute'",
+                              repr(m().class_attribute))
+            finally:
+                p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_patch_nested_autospec_repr(self):
+        p = patch('tests.support', autospec=True)
+        m = p.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertIn(" name='support.SomeClass.wibble()'",
+                          repr(m.SomeClass.wibble()))
+            self.assertIn(" name='support.SomeClass().wibble()'",
+                          repr(m.SomeClass().wibble()))
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_mock_calls_with_patch(self):
+        for arg in ('spec', 'autospec', 'spec_set'):
+            p = patch('%s.SomeClass' % __name__, **{arg: True})
+            m = p.start()
+            try:
+                m.wibble()
+
+                kalls = [call.wibble()]
+                self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, kalls)
+                self.assertEqual(m.method_calls, kalls)
+                self.assertEqual(m.wibble.mock_calls, [call()])
+
+                result = m()
+                kalls.append(call())
+                self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, kalls)
+
+                result.wibble()
+                kalls.append(call().wibble())
+                self.assertEqual(m.mock_calls, kalls)
+
+                self.assertEqual(result.mock_calls, [call.wibble()])
+                self.assertEqual(result.wibble.mock_calls, [call()])
+                self.assertEqual(result.method_calls, [call.wibble()])
+            finally:
+                p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_patch_imports_lazily(self):
+        sys.modules.pop('squizz', None)
+
+        p1 = patch('squizz.squozz')
+        self.assertRaises(ImportError, p1.start)
+
+        squizz = Mock()
+        squizz.squozz = 6
+        sys.modules['squizz'] = squizz
+        p1 = patch('squizz.squozz')
+        squizz.squozz = 3
+        p1.start()
+        p1.stop()
+        self.assertEqual(squizz.squozz, 3)
+
+
+    def test_patch_propogrates_exc_on_exit(self):
+        class holder:
+            exc_info = None, None, None
+
+        class custom_patch(_patch):
+            def __exit__(self, etype=None, val=None, tb=None):
+                _patch.__exit__(self, etype, val, tb)
+                holder.exc_info = etype, val, tb
+            stop = __exit__
+
+        def with_custom_patch(target):
+            getter, attribute = _get_target(target)
+            return custom_patch(
+                getter, attribute, DEFAULT, None, False, None,
+                None, None, {}
+            )
+
+        @with_custom_patch('squizz.squozz')
+        def test(mock):
+            raise RuntimeError
+
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, test)
+        self.assertIs(holder.exc_info[0], RuntimeError)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(holder.exc_info[1],
+                            'exception value not propgated')
+        self.assertIsNotNone(holder.exc_info[2],
+                            'exception traceback not propgated')
+
+
+    def test_create_and_specs(self):
+        for kwarg in ('spec', 'spec_set', 'autospec'):
+            p = patch('%s.doesnotexist' % __name__, create=True,
+                      **{kwarg: True})
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.start)
+            self.assertRaises(NameError, lambda: doesnotexist)
+
+            # check that spec with create is innocuous if the original exists
+            p = patch(MODNAME, create=True, **{kwarg: True})
+            p.start()
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_multiple_specs(self):
+        original = PTModule
+        for kwarg in ('spec', 'spec_set'):
+            p = patch(MODNAME, autospec=0, **{kwarg: 0})
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.start)
+            self.assertIs(PTModule, original)
+
+        for kwarg in ('spec', 'autospec'):
+            p = patch(MODNAME, spec_set=0, **{kwarg: 0})
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.start)
+            self.assertIs(PTModule, original)
+
+        for kwarg in ('spec_set', 'autospec'):
+            p = patch(MODNAME, spec=0, **{kwarg: 0})
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.start)
+            self.assertIs(PTModule, original)
+
+
+    def test_specs_false_instead_of_none(self):
+        p = patch(MODNAME, spec=False, spec_set=False, autospec=False)
+        mock = p.start()
+        try:
+            # no spec should have been set, so attribute access should not fail
+            mock.does_not_exist
+            mock.does_not_exist = 3
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_falsey_spec(self):
+        for kwarg in ('spec', 'autospec', 'spec_set'):
+            p = patch(MODNAME, **{kwarg: 0})
+            m = p.start()
+            try:
+                self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, m, 'doesnotexit')
+            finally:
+                p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_spec_set_true(self):
+        for kwarg in ('spec', 'autospec'):
+            p = patch(MODNAME, spec_set=True, **{kwarg: True})
+            m = p.start()
+            try:
+                self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, m,
+                                  'doesnotexist', 'something')
+                self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, m, 'doesnotexist')
+            finally:
+                p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_callable_spec_as_list(self):
+        spec = ('__call__',)
+        p = patch(MODNAME, spec=spec)
+        m = p.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(callable(m))
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_not_callable_spec_as_list(self):
+        spec = ('foo', 'bar')
+        p = patch(MODNAME, spec=spec)
+        m = p.start()
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(callable(m))
+        finally:
+            p.stop()
+
+
+    def test_patch_stopall(self):
+        unlink = os.unlink
+        chdir = os.chdir
+        path = os.path
+        patch('os.unlink', something).start()
+        patch('os.chdir', something_else).start()
+
+        @patch('os.path')
+        def patched(mock_path):
+            patch.stopall()
+            self.assertIs(os.path, mock_path)
+            self.assertIs(os.unlink, unlink)
+            self.assertIs(os.chdir, chdir)
+
+        patched()
+        self.assertIs(os.path, path)
+
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testsentinel.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testsentinel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..981171a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testsentinel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2012 Michael Foord & the mock team
+# E-mail: fuzzyman AT voidspace DOT org DOT uk
+# http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/
+
+from tests.support import unittest2
+
+from mock import sentinel, DEFAULT
+
+
+class SentinelTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def testSentinels(self):
+        self.assertEqual(sentinel.whatever, sentinel.whatever,
+                         'sentinel not stored')
+        self.assertNotEqual(sentinel.whatever, sentinel.whateverelse,
+                            'sentinel should be unique')
+
+
+    def testSentinelName(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(sentinel.whatever), 'sentinel.whatever',
+                         'sentinel name incorrect')
+
+
+    def testDEFAULT(self):
+        self.assertTrue(DEFAULT is sentinel.DEFAULT)
+
+    def testBases(self):
+        # If this doesn't raise an AttributeError then help(mock) is broken
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: sentinel.__bases__)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testwith.py b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testwith.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34529eb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tests/testwith.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 5):
+    from tests._testwith import *
+else:
+    from tests.support import unittest2
+
+    class TestWith(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+        @unittest2.skip('tests using with statement skipped on Python 2.4')
+        def testWith(self):
+            pass
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest2.main()
diff --git a/python/mock-1.0.0/tox.ini b/python/mock-1.0.0/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..554f87096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mock-1.0.0/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+[tox]
+envlist = py24,py25,py26,py27,py31,pypy,py32,py33,jython
+
+[testenv]
+deps=unittest2
+commands={envbindir}/unit2 discover []
+
+[testenv:py26]
+commands=
+    {envbindir}/unit2 discover []
+    {envbindir}/sphinx-build -E -b doctest docs html
+    {envbindir}/sphinx-build -E docs html
+deps =
+    unittest2
+    sphinx
+
+[testenv:py27]
+commands=
+    {envbindir}/unit2 discover []
+    {envbindir}/sphinx-build -E -b doctest docs html
+deps =
+    unittest2
+    sphinx
+
+[testenv:py31]
+deps =
+    unittest2py3k
+
+[testenv:py32]
+commands=
+    {envbindir}/python -m unittest discover []
+deps =
+
+[testenv:py33]
+commands=
+    {envbindir}/python -m unittest discover []
+deps =
+
+# note for jython. Execute in tests directory:
+# rm `find . -name '*$py.class'`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/moz.build b/python/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f11f6535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+with Files('mach/**'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Core', 'mach')
+
+with Files('mozbuild/**'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Core', 'Build Config')
+
+SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS += [
+    'mach',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack',
+    'mozlint/mozlint',
+    'mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol',
+]
+
+SPHINX_TREES['mach'] = 'mach/docs'
+
+PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS += [
+    'mach/mach/test/test_conditions.py',
+    'mach/mach/test/test_config.py',
+    'mach/mach/test/test_dispatcher.py',
+    'mach/mach/test/test_entry_point.py',
+    'mach/mach/test/test_error_output.py',
+    'mach/mach/test/test_logger.py',
+    'mozbuild/dumbmake/test/test_dumbmake.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_buildlist.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_generate_browsersearch.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_package_fennec_apk.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_android_eclipse.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_build.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_configenvironment.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_recursivemake.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_visualstudio.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/test_warnings.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/lint.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_checks_configure.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_compile_checks.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_configure.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_lint.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_moz_configure.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_options.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_configure.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_helpers.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolkit_moz_configure.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_util.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_ccachestats.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_clobber.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_context.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_emitter.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_namespaces.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_reader.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_sandbox.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_base.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_containers.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_dotproperties.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_expression.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_jarmaker.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_line_endings.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_makeutil.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozconfig.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozinfo.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_preprocessor.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_pythonutil.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_testing.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_util.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_flags.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_manifest.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_copier.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_errors.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_files.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_manifests.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_mozjar.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_formats.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_l10n.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_unpack.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_path.py',
+    'mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_unify.py',
+    'mozlint/test/test_formatters.py',
+    'mozlint/test/test_parser.py',
+    'mozlint/test/test_roller.py',
+    'mozlint/test/test_types.py',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozboot/README.rst b/python/mozboot/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1366eea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+mozboot - Bootstrap your system to build Mozilla projects
+=========================================================
+
+This package contains code used for bootstrapping a system to build
+mozilla-central.
+
+This code is not part of the build system per se. Instead, it is related
+to everything up to invoking the actual build system.
+
+If you have a copy of the source tree, you run:
+
+    python bin/bootstrap.py
+
+If you don't have a copy of the source tree, you can run:
+
+    curl https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/default/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap.py | python -
+
+The bootstrap script will download everything it needs from hg.mozilla.org
+automatically!
diff --git a/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap-msys2.vbs b/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap-msys2.vbs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..304d4f9df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap-msys2.vbs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+' This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+' License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+' file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+' This script downloads and install MSYS2 and the preferred terminal emulator ConEmu
+
+Sub Download(uri, path)
+    Dim httpRequest, stream
+
+    Set httpRequest = CreateObject("MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP.6.0")
+    Set stream = CreateObject("Adodb.Stream")
+
+    httpRequest.Open "GET", uri, False
+    httpRequest.Send
+
+    With stream
+        .type = 1
+        .open
+        .write httpRequest.responseBody
+        .savetofile path, 2
+    End With
+End Sub
+
+Function GetInstallPath()
+    Dim message, prompt
+
+    message = "When you click OK, we will download and extract a build environment to the directory specified. You should see various windows appear. Do NOT interact with them until one explicitly prompts you to continue." & vbCrLf & vbCrLf & "Installation Path:"
+    title = "Select Installation Location"
+    GetInstallPath = InputBox(message, title, "c:\mozdev")
+end Function
+
+Dim installPath, msysPath, conemuPath, conemuSettingsPath, conemuExecutable, bashExecutable
+Dim conemuSettingsURI, settingsFile, settingsText, fso, shell, msysArchive, appShell, errorCode
+Dim mingwExecutable
+
+' Set up OS interaction like filesystem and shell
+Set fso = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
+Set shell = CreateObject("WScript.Shell")
+Set appShell = CreateObject("Shell.Application")
+
+' Get where MSYS2 and ConEmu should be installed, create directories if necessary
+installPath = GetInstallPath()
+msysPath = fso.BuildPath(installPath, "msys64")
+conemuPath = fso.BuildPath(installPath, "ConEmu")
+If NOT fso.FolderExists(installPath) Then
+    fso.CreateFolder(installPath)
+    fso.CreateFolder(msysPath)
+End If
+If NOT fso.FolderExists(installPath) Then
+    MsgBox("Failed to create folder. Do you have permission to install in this directory?")
+    WScript.Quit 1
+End If
+
+On Error Resume Next
+' Download and move MSYS2 into the right place
+Download "https://api.pub.build.mozilla.org/tooltool/sha512/f93a685c8a10abbd349cbef5306441ba235c4cbfba1cc000299e11b58f258e9953cbe23463515407925eeca94c3f5d8e5f637c95be387e620845efa43cdcb0c0", "msys2.zip"
+Set FilesInZip = appShell.NameSpace(fso.GetAbsolutePathName("msys2.zip")).Items()
+appShell.NameSpace(msysPath).CopyHere(FilesInZip)
+' MSYS2 archive doesn't have tmp directory...
+fso.CreateFolder(fso.BuildPath(msysPath, "tmp"))
+fso.DeleteFile("msys2.zip")
+If Err.Number <> 0 Then
+    MsgBox("Error downloading and installing MSYS2. Make sure you have internet connection. If you think this is a bug, please file one in Bugzilla https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Build%20Config")
+    WScript.Quit 1
+End If
+On Error GoTo 0
+
+' Install ConEmu
+' Download installer
+On Error Resume Next
+Download "https://conemu.github.io/install2.ps1", "install2.ps1"
+conemuSettingsURI = "https://api.pub.build.mozilla.org/tooltool/sha512/9aa384ecc8025a974999e913c83064b3b797e05d19806e62ef558c8300e4c3f72967e9464ace59759f76216fc2fc66f338a1e5cdea3b9aa264529487f091d929"
+' Run installer
+errorCode = shell.Run("powershell.exe -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted set dst '" & conemuPath & "'; set ver 'stable'; set lnk 'Mozilla Development Shell'; set xml '" & conemuSettingsURI & "'; set run $FALSE; .\install2.ps1", 0, true)
+' Delete ConEmu installer
+fso.DeleteFile("install2.ps1")
+If Err.Number <> 0 Then
+    MsgBox("Error downloading and installing ConEmu. Make sure you have internet connection and Powershell installed. If you think this is a bug, please file one in Bugzilla https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Build%20Config")
+    WScript.Quit 1
+End If
+On Error GoTo 0
+
+' Replace paths in ConEmu settings file
+conemuSettingsPath = fso.BuildPath(conemuPath, "ConEmu.xml")
+Set settingsFile = fso.OpenTextFile(conemuSettingsPath, 1)
+settingsText = settingsFile.ReadAll
+settingsFile.Close
+settingsText = Replace(settingsText, "%MSYS2_PATH", msysPath)
+Set settingsFile = fso.OpenTextFile(conemuSettingsPath, 2)
+settingsFile.WriteLine settingsText
+settingsFile.Close
+
+' Make MSYS2 Mozilla-ready
+bashExecutable = fso.BuildPath(msysPath, fso.BuildPath("usr", fso.BuildPath("bin", "bash.exe")))
+conemuExecutable = fso.BuildPath(conemuPath, "ConEmu.exe")
+' There may be spaces in the paths to the executable, this ensures they're parsed correctly
+bashExecutable = """" & bashExecutable & """"
+conemuExecutable = """" & conemuExecutable & """"
+
+errorCode = shell.Run(bashExecutable & " -l -c 'logout", 1, true)
+If errorCode <> 0 Then
+    MsgBox("MSYS2 initial setup failed. Make sure you have full access to the path you specified. If you think this is a bug, please file one in Bugzilla at https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Build%20Config")
+    WScript.Quit 1
+End If
+
+errorCode = shell.Run(bashExecutable & " -l -c 'pacman -Syu --noconfirm wget mingw-w64-x86_64-python2-pip && logout'", 1, true)
+If errorCode <> 0 Then
+    MsgBox("Package update failed. Make sure you have internet access. If you think this is a bug, please file one in Bugzilla at https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Build%20Config")
+    WScript.Quit 1
+End If
+
+errorCode = shell.Run(conemuExecutable & " -run set CHERE_INVOKING=1 & set MSYSTEM=MINGW64 & " & bashExecutable & " -cil 'export MOZ_WINDOWS_BOOTSTRAP=1 && cd """ & installPath & """ && wget -q https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/default/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap.py -O /tmp/bootstrap.py && python /tmp/bootstrap.py'", 1, true)
+If errorCode <> 0 Then
+    MsgBox("Bootstrap failed. Make sure you have internet access. If you think this is a bug, please file one in Bugzilla https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Build%20Config")
+    WScript.Quit 1
+End If
diff --git a/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap.py b/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d916351e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/bin/bootstrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This script provides one-line bootstrap support to configure systems to build
+# the tree.
+#
+# The role of this script is to load the Python modules containing actual
+# bootstrap support. It does this through various means, including fetching
+# content from the upstream source repository.
+
+# If we add unicode_literals, optparse breaks on Python 2.6.1 (which is needed
+# to support OS X 10.6).
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+WRONG_PYTHON_VERSION_MESSAGE = '''
+Bootstrap currently only runs on Python 2.7 or Python 2.6. Please try re-running with python2.7 or python2.6.
+
+If these aren't available on your system, you may need to install them. Look for a "python2" or "python27" package in your package manager.
+'''
+
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[:2] not in [(2, 6), (2, 7)]:
+    print(WRONG_PYTHON_VERSION_MESSAGE)
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+import os
+import shutil
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import tempfile
+try:
+    from urllib2 import urlopen
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib.request import urlopen
+import zipfile
+
+from optparse import OptionParser
+
+# The next two variables define where in the repository the Python files
+# reside. This is used to remotely download file content when it isn't
+# available locally.
+REPOSITORY_PATH_PREFIX = 'python/mozboot/'
+
+TEMPDIR = None
+
+
+def setup_proxy():
+    # Some Linux environments define ALL_PROXY, which is a SOCKS proxy
+    # intended for all protocols. Python doesn't currently automatically
+    # detect this like it does for http_proxy and https_proxy.
+    if 'ALL_PROXY' in os.environ and 'https_proxy' not in os.environ:
+        os.environ['https_proxy'] = os.environ['ALL_PROXY']
+    if 'ALL_PROXY' in os.environ and 'http_proxy' not in os.environ:
+        os.environ['http_proxy'] = os.environ['ALL_PROXY']
+
+
+def fetch_files(repo_url, repo_type):
+    setup_proxy()
+    repo_url = repo_url.rstrip('/')
+
+    files = {}
+
+    if repo_type == 'hgweb':
+        url = repo_url + '/archive/default.zip/python/mozboot'
+        req = urlopen(url=url, timeout=30)
+        data = StringIO(req.read())
+        data.seek(0)
+        zip = zipfile.ZipFile(data, 'r')
+        for f in zip.infolist():
+            # The paths are prefixed with the repo and revision name before the
+            # directory name.
+            offset = f.filename.find(REPOSITORY_PATH_PREFIX) + len(REPOSITORY_PATH_PREFIX)
+            name = f.filename[offset:]
+
+            # We only care about the Python modules.
+            if not name.startswith('mozboot/'):
+                continue
+
+            files[name] = zip.read(f)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not sure how to handle repo type.', repo_type)
+
+    return files
+
+
+def ensure_environment(repo_url=None, repo_type=None):
+    """Ensure we can load the Python modules necessary to perform bootstrap."""
+
+    try:
+        from mozboot.bootstrap import Bootstrapper
+        return Bootstrapper
+    except ImportError:
+        # The first fallback is to assume we are running from a tree checkout
+        # and have the files in a sibling directory.
+        pardir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), os.path.pardir)
+        include = os.path.normpath(pardir)
+
+        sys.path.append(include)
+        try:
+            from mozboot.bootstrap import Bootstrapper
+            return Bootstrapper
+        except ImportError:
+            sys.path.pop()
+
+            # The next fallback is to download the files from the source
+            # repository.
+            files = fetch_files(repo_url, repo_type)
+
+            # Install them into a temporary location. They will be deleted
+            # after this script has finished executing.
+            global TEMPDIR
+            TEMPDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+            for relpath in files.keys():
+                destpath = os.path.join(TEMPDIR, relpath)
+                destdir = os.path.dirname(destpath)
+
+                if not os.path.exists(destdir):
+                    os.makedirs(destdir)
+
+                with open(destpath, 'wb') as fh:
+                    fh.write(files[relpath])
+
+            # This should always work.
+            sys.path.append(TEMPDIR)
+            from mozboot.bootstrap import Bootstrapper
+            return Bootstrapper
+
+
+def main(args):
+    parser = OptionParser()
+    parser.add_option('-r', '--repo-url', dest='repo_url',
+                      default='https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/',
+                      help='Base URL of source control repository where bootstrap files can '
+                      'be downloaded.')
+    parser.add_option('--repo-type', dest='repo_type',
+                      default='hgweb',
+                      help='The type of the repository. This defines how we fetch file '
+                      'content. Like --repo, you should not need to set this.')
+
+    parser.add_option('--application-choice', dest='application_choice',
+                      help='Pass in an application choice (desktop/android) instead of using the '
+                      'default interactive prompt.')
+    parser.add_option('--no-interactive', dest='no_interactive', action='store_true',
+                      help='Answer yes to any (Y/n) interactive prompts.')
+
+    options, leftover = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    try:
+        try:
+            cls = ensure_environment(options.repo_url, options.repo_type)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print('Could not load the bootstrap Python environment.\n')
+            print('This should never happen. Consider filing a bug.\n')
+            print('\n')
+            print(e)
+            return 1
+        dasboot = cls(choice=options.application_choice, no_interactive=options.no_interactive)
+        dasboot.bootstrap()
+
+        return 0
+    finally:
+        if TEMPDIR is not None:
+            shutil.rmtree(TEMPDIR)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv))
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/__init__.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/android.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/android.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cac000610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/android.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this,
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# If we add unicode_literals, Python 2.6.1 (required for OS X 10.6) breaks.
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import errno
+import os
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+# These are the platform and build-tools versions for building
+# mobile/android, respectively. Try to keep these in synch with the
+# build system and Mozilla's automation.
+ANDROID_TARGET_SDK = '23'
+ANDROID_BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION = '23.0.3'
+
+# These are the "Android packages" needed for building Firefox for Android.
+# Use |android list sdk --extended| to see these identifiers.
+ANDROID_PACKAGES = [
+    'tools',
+    'platform-tools',
+    'build-tools-%s' % ANDROID_BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION,
+    'android-%s' % ANDROID_TARGET_SDK,
+    'extra-google-m2repository',
+    'extra-android-m2repository',
+]
+
+ANDROID_NDK_EXISTS = '''
+Looks like you have the Android NDK installed at:
+%s
+'''
+
+ANDROID_SDK_EXISTS = '''
+Looks like you have the Android SDK installed at:
+%s
+We will install all required Android packages.
+'''
+
+NOT_INSTALLING_ANDROID_PACKAGES = '''
+It looks like you already have the following Android packages:
+%s
+No need to update!
+'''
+
+INSTALLING_ANDROID_PACKAGES = '''
+We are now installing the following Android packages:
+%s
+You may be prompted to agree to the Android license. You may see some of
+output as packages are downloaded and installed.
+'''
+
+MISSING_ANDROID_PACKAGES = '''
+We tried to install the following Android packages:
+%s
+But it looks like we couldn't install:
+%s
+Install these Android packages manually and run this bootstrapper again.
+'''
+
+MOBILE_ANDROID_MOZCONFIG_TEMPLATE = '''
+Paste the lines between the chevrons (>>> and <<<) into your mozconfig file:
+
+<<<
+# Build Firefox for Android:
+ac_add_options --enable-application=mobile/android
+ac_add_options --target=arm-linux-androideabi
+
+# With the following Android SDK and NDK:
+ac_add_options --with-android-sdk="%s"
+ac_add_options --with-android-ndk="%s"
+>>>
+'''
+
+MOBILE_ANDROID_ARTIFACT_MODE_MOZCONFIG_TEMPLATE = '''
+Paste the lines between the chevrons (>>> and <<<) into your mozconfig file:
+
+<<<
+# Build Firefox for Android Artifact Mode:
+ac_add_options --enable-application=mobile/android
+ac_add_options --target=arm-linux-androideabi
+ac_add_options --enable-artifact-builds
+
+# With the following Android SDK:
+ac_add_options --with-android-sdk="%s"
+
+# Write build artifacts to:
+mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=./objdir-frontend
+>>>
+'''
+
+
+def check_output(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Run subprocess.check_output even if Python doesn't provide it."""
+    from base import BaseBootstrapper
+    fn = getattr(subprocess, 'check_output', BaseBootstrapper._check_output)
+
+    return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def list_missing_android_packages(android_tool, packages):
+    '''
+    Use the given |android| tool to return the sub-list of Android
+    |packages| given that are not installed.
+    '''
+    missing = []
+
+    # There's no obvious way to see what's been installed already,
+    # but packages that are installed don't appear in the list of
+    # available packages.
+    lines = check_output([android_tool,
+                          'list', 'sdk', '--no-ui', '--extended']).splitlines()
+
+    # Lines look like: 'id: 59 or "extra-google-simulators"'
+    for line in lines:
+        is_id_line = False
+        try:
+            is_id_line = line.startswith("id:")
+        except:
+            # Some lines contain non-ASCII characters.  Ignore them.
+            pass
+        if not is_id_line:
+            continue
+
+        for package in packages:
+            if '"%s"' % package in line:
+                # Not installed!
+                missing.append(package)
+
+    return missing
+
+
+def install_mobile_android_sdk_or_ndk(url, path):
+    '''
+    Fetch an Android SDK or NDK from |url| and unpack it into
+    the given |path|.
+
+    We expect wget to be installed and found on the system path.
+
+    We use, and wget respects, https.  We could also include SHAs for a
+    small improvement in the integrity guarantee we give. But this script is
+    bootstrapped over https anyway, so it's a really minor improvement.
+
+    We use |wget --continue| as a cheap cache of the downloaded artifacts,
+    writing into |path|/mozboot.  We don't yet clean the cache; it's better
+    to waste disk and not require a long re-download than to wipe the cache
+    prematurely.
+    '''
+
+    old_path = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        download_path = os.path.join(path, 'mozboot')
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(download_path)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno == errno.EEXIST and os.path.isdir(download_path):
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        os.chdir(download_path)
+        subprocess.check_call(['wget', '--continue', url])
+        file = url.split('/')[-1]
+
+        os.chdir(path)
+        abspath = os.path.join(download_path, file)
+        if file.endswith('.tar.gz') or file.endswith('.tgz'):
+            cmd = ['tar', 'zxf', abspath]
+        elif file.endswith('.tar.bz2'):
+            cmd = ['tar', 'jxf', abspath]
+        elif file.endswith('.zip'):
+            cmd = ['unzip', '-q', abspath]
+        elif file.endswith('.bin'):
+            # Execute the .bin file, which unpacks the content.
+            mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+            os.chmod(abspath, mode | stat.S_IXUSR)
+            cmd = [abspath]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Don't know how to unpack file: %s" % file)
+
+        print('Unpacking %s...' % abspath)
+
+        with open(os.devnull, "w") as stdout:
+            # These unpack commands produce a ton of output; ignore it.  The
+            # .bin files are 7z archives; there's no command line flag to quiet
+            # output, so we use this hammer.
+            subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=stdout)
+
+        print('Unpacking %s... DONE' % abspath)
+
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(old_path)
+
+
+def ensure_android_sdk_and_ndk(path, sdk_path, sdk_url, ndk_path, ndk_url, artifact_mode):
+    '''
+    Ensure the Android SDK and NDK are found at the given paths.  If not, fetch
+    and unpack the SDK and/or NDK from the given URLs into |path|.
+    '''
+
+    # It's not particularly bad to overwrite the NDK toolchain, but it does take
+    # a while to unpack, so let's avoid the disk activity if possible.  The SDK
+    # may prompt about licensing, so we do this first.
+    # Check for Android NDK only if we are not in artifact mode.
+    if not artifact_mode:
+        if os.path.isdir(ndk_path):
+            print(ANDROID_NDK_EXISTS % ndk_path)
+        else:
+            install_mobile_android_sdk_or_ndk(ndk_url, path)
+
+    # We don't want to blindly overwrite, since we use the |android| tool to
+    # install additional parts of the Android toolchain.  If we overwrite,
+    # we lose whatever Android packages the user may have already installed.
+    if os.path.isdir(sdk_path):
+        print(ANDROID_SDK_EXISTS % sdk_path)
+    else:
+        install_mobile_android_sdk_or_ndk(sdk_url, path)
+
+
+def ensure_android_packages(android_tool, packages=None):
+    '''
+    Use the given android tool (like 'android') to install required Android
+    packages.
+    '''
+
+    if not packages:
+        packages = ANDROID_PACKAGES
+
+    # Bug 1171232: The |android| tool behaviour has changed; we no longer can
+    # see what packages are installed easily.  Force installing everything until
+    # we find a way to actually see the missing packages.
+    missing = packages
+    if not missing:
+        print(NOT_INSTALLING_ANDROID_PACKAGES % ', '.join(packages))
+        return
+
+    # This tries to install all the required Android packages.  The user
+    # may be prompted to agree to the Android license.
+    print(INSTALLING_ANDROID_PACKAGES % ', '.join(missing))
+    subprocess.check_call([android_tool,
+                           'update', 'sdk', '--no-ui', '--all',
+                           '--filter', ','.join(missing)])
+
+    # Bug 1171232: The |android| tool behaviour has changed; we no longer can
+    # see what packages are installed easily.  Don't check until we find a way
+    # to actually verify.
+    failing = []
+    if failing:
+        raise Exception(MISSING_ANDROID_PACKAGES % (', '.join(missing), ', '.join(failing)))
+
+
+def suggest_mozconfig(sdk_path=None, ndk_path=None, artifact_mode=False):
+    if artifact_mode:
+        print(MOBILE_ANDROID_ARTIFACT_MODE_MOZCONFIG_TEMPLATE % (sdk_path))
+    else:
+        print(MOBILE_ANDROID_MOZCONFIG_TEMPLATE % (sdk_path, ndk_path))
+
+
+def android_ndk_url(os_name, ver='r11b'):
+    # Produce a URL like 'https://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk-r11b-linux-x86_64.zip
+    base_url = 'https://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk'
+
+    if sys.maxsize > 2**32:
+        arch = 'x86_64'
+    else:
+        arch = 'x86'
+
+    return '%s-%s-%s-%s.zip' % (base_url, ver, os_name, arch)
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/archlinux.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/archlinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12ce6b4a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/archlinux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import subprocess
+import glob
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+
+class ArchlinuxBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    '''Archlinux experimental bootstrapper.'''
+
+    SYSTEM_PACKAGES = [
+        'autoconf2.13',
+        'base-devel',
+        'ccache',
+        'mercurial',
+        'python2',
+        'python2-setuptools',
+        'unzip',
+        'zip',
+    ]
+
+    BROWSER_PACKAGES = [
+        'alsa-lib',
+        'dbus-glib',
+        'desktop-file-utils',
+        'gconf',
+        'gtk2',
+        'gtk3',
+        'hicolor-icon-theme',
+        'hunspell',
+        'icu',
+        'libevent',
+        'libvpx',
+        'libxt',
+        'mime-types',
+        'mozilla-common',
+        'nss',
+        'sqlite',
+        'startup-notification',
+        'diffutils',
+        'gst-plugins-base-libs',
+        'imake',
+        'inetutils',
+        'libpulse',
+        'mercurial',
+        'mesa',
+        'python2',
+        'unzip',
+        'xorg-server-xvfb',
+        'yasm',
+        'zip',
+        'gst-libav',
+        'gst-plugins-good',
+        'networkmanager',
+    ]
+
+    BROWSER_AUR_PACKAGES = [
+        'https://aur.archlinux.org/cgit/aur.git/snapshot/uuid.tar.gz',
+    ]
+
+    MOBILE_ANDROID_COMMON_PACKAGES = [
+        'zlib',  # mobile/android requires system zlib.
+        'jdk7-openjdk', # It would be nice to handle alternative JDKs.  See https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Java.
+        'wget',  # For downloading the Android SDK and NDK.
+        'multilib/lib32-libstdc++5', # See comment about 32 bit binaries and multilib below.
+        'multilib/lib32-ncurses',
+        'multilib/lib32-readline',
+        'multilib/lib32-zlib',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, version, dist_id, **kwargs):
+        print 'Using an experimental bootstrapper for Archlinux.'
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.pacman_install(*self.SYSTEM_PACKAGES)
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_mobile_android_packages()
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_mobile_android_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        self.aur_install(*self.BROWSER_AUR_PACKAGES)
+        self.pacman_install(*self.BROWSER_PACKAGES)
+
+    def ensure_mobile_android_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+
+        # Multi-part process:
+        # 1. System packages.
+        # 2. Android SDK. Android NDK only if we are not in artifact mode.
+        # 3. Android packages.
+
+        # 1. This is hard to believe, but the Android SDK binaries are 32-bit
+        # and that conflicts with 64-bit Arch installations out of the box.  The
+        # solution is to add the multilibs repository; unfortunately, this
+        # requires manual intervention.
+        try:
+            self.pacman_install(*self.MOBILE_ANDROID_COMMON_PACKAGES)
+        except e:
+            print('Failed to install all packages.  The Android developer '
+                  'toolchain requires 32 bit binaries be enabled (see '
+                  'https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Android).  You may need to '
+                  'manually enable the multilib repository following the instructions '
+                  'at https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Multilib.')
+            raise e
+
+        # 2. The user may have an external Android SDK (in which case we save
+        # them a lengthy download), or they may have already completed the
+        # download. We unpack to ~/.mozbuild/{android-sdk-linux, android-ndk-r11b}.
+        mozbuild_path = os.environ.get('MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH', os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.mozbuild')))
+        self.sdk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_SDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-sdk-linux'))
+        self.ndk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_NDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-ndk-r11b'))
+        self.sdk_url = 'https://dl.google.com/android/android-sdk_r24.0.1-linux.tgz'
+        self.ndk_url = android.android_ndk_url('linux')
+
+        android.ensure_android_sdk_and_ndk(path=mozbuild_path,
+                                           sdk_path=self.sdk_path, sdk_url=self.sdk_url,
+                                           ndk_path=self.ndk_path, ndk_url=self.ndk_url,
+                                           artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+        android_tool = os.path.join(self.sdk_path, 'tools', 'android')
+        android.ensure_android_packages(android_tool=android_tool)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+        android.suggest_mozconfig(sdk_path=self.sdk_path,
+                                  ndk_path=self.ndk_path,
+                                  artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_artifact_mode_mozconfig(self):
+        self.suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        self.pacman_update
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self.pacman_install('mercurial')
+
+    def upgrade_python(self, current):
+        self.pacman_install('python2')
+
+    def pacman_install(self, *packages):
+        command = ['pacman', '-S', '--needed']
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('--noconfirm')
+
+        command.extend(packages)
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def pacman_update(self):
+        command = ['pacman', '-S', '--refresh']
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def run(self, command, env=None):
+        subprocess.check_call(command, stdin=sys.stdin, env=env)
+
+    def download(self, uri):
+        command = ['curl', '-L', '-O', uri]
+        self.run(command)
+
+    def unpack(self, path, name, ext):
+        if ext == 'gz':
+            compression = '-z'
+        elif ext == 'bz':
+            compression == '-j'
+        elif exit == 'xz':
+            compression == 'x'
+
+        name = os.path.join(path, name) + '.tar.' + ext
+        command = ['tar', '-x', compression, '-f', name, '-C', path]
+        self.run(command)
+
+    def makepkg(self, name):
+        command = ['makepkg', '-s']
+        makepkg_env = os.environ.copy()
+        makepkg_env['PKGEXT'] = '.pkg.tar.xz'
+        self.run(command, env=makepkg_env)
+        pack = glob.glob(name + '*.pkg.tar.xz')[0]
+        command = ['pacman', '-U']
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('--noconfirm')
+        command.append(pack)
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def aur_install(self, *packages):
+        path = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        if not self.no_interactive:
+            print('WARNING! This script requires to install packages from the AUR '
+                  'This is potentially unsecure so I recommend that you carefully '
+                  'read each package description and check the sources.'
+                  'These packages will be built in ' + path + '.')
+            choice = raw_input('Do you want to continue? (yes/no) [no]')
+            if choice != 'yes':
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        base_dir = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(path)
+        for package in packages:
+            name, _, ext = package.split('/')[-1].split('.')
+            directory = os.path.join(path, name)
+            self.download(package)
+            self.unpack(path, name, ext)
+            os.chdir(directory)
+            self.makepkg(name)
+
+        os.chdir(base_dir)
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/base.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e1871da9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import urllib2
+
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+
+
+NO_MERCURIAL = '''
+Could not find Mercurial (hg) in the current shell's path. Try starting a new
+shell and running the bootstrapper again.
+'''
+
+MERCURIAL_UNABLE_UPGRADE = '''
+You are currently running Mercurial %s. Running %s or newer is
+recommended for performance and stability reasons.
+
+Unfortunately, this bootstrapper currently does not know how to automatically
+upgrade Mercurial on your machine.
+
+You can usually install Mercurial through your package manager or by
+downloading a package from http://mercurial.selenic.com/.
+'''
+
+MERCURIAL_UPGRADE_FAILED = '''
+We attempted to upgrade Mercurial to a modern version (%s or newer).
+However, you appear to have version %s still.
+
+It's possible your package manager doesn't support a modern version of
+Mercurial. It's also possible Mercurial is not being installed in the search
+path for this shell. Try creating a new shell and run this bootstrapper again.
+
+If it continues to fail, consider installing Mercurial by following the
+instructions at http://mercurial.selenic.com/.
+'''
+
+PYTHON_UNABLE_UPGRADE = '''
+You are currently running Python %s. Running %s or newer (but
+not 3.x) is required.
+
+Unfortunately, this bootstrapper does not currently know how to automatically
+upgrade Python on your machine.
+
+Please search the Internet for how to upgrade your Python and try running this
+bootstrapper again to ensure your machine is up to date.
+'''
+
+PYTHON_UPGRADE_FAILED = '''
+We attempted to upgrade Python to a modern version (%s or newer).
+However, you appear to still have version %s.
+
+It's possible your package manager doesn't yet expose a modern version of
+Python. It's also possible Python is not being installed in the search path for
+this shell. Try creating a new shell and run this bootstrapper again.
+
+If this continues to fail and you are sure you have a modern Python on your
+system, ensure it is on the $PATH and try again. If that fails, you'll need to
+install Python manually and ensure the path with the python binary is listed in
+the $PATH environment variable.
+
+We recommend the following tools for installing Python:
+
+    pyenv   -- https://github.com/yyuu/pyenv)
+    pythonz -- https://github.com/saghul/pythonz
+    official installers -- http://www.python.org/
+'''
+
+BROWSER_ARTIFACT_MODE_MOZCONFIG = '''
+Paste the lines between the chevrons (>>> and <<<) into your mozconfig file:
+
+<<<
+# Automatically download and use compiled C++ components:
+ac_add_options --enable-artifact-builds
+>>>
+'''
+
+# Upgrade Mercurial older than this.
+# This should match OLDEST_NON_LEGACY_VERSION from
+# the hg setup wizard in version-control-tools.
+MODERN_MERCURIAL_VERSION = LooseVersion('3.7.3')
+
+# Upgrade Python older than this.
+MODERN_PYTHON_VERSION = LooseVersion('2.7.3')
+
+
+class BaseBootstrapper(object):
+    """Base class for system bootstrappers."""
+
+    def __init__(self, no_interactive=False):
+        self.package_manager_updated = False
+        self.no_interactive = no_interactive
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        '''
+        Install packages shared by all applications. These are usually
+        packages required by the development (like mercurial) or the
+        build system (like autoconf).
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError('%s must implement install_system_packages()' %
+                                  __name__)
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        '''
+        Install packages required to build Firefox for Desktop (application
+        'browser').
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError('Cannot bootstrap Firefox for Desktop: '
+                                  '%s does not yet implement install_browser_packages()' %
+                                  __name__)
+
+    def suggest_browser_mozconfig(self):
+        '''
+        Print a message to the console detailing what the user's mozconfig
+        should contain.
+
+        Firefox for Desktop can in simple cases determine its build environment
+        entirely from configure.
+        '''
+        pass
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        '''
+        Install packages required to build Firefox for Desktop (application
+        'browser') in Artifact Mode.
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            'Cannot bootstrap Firefox for Desktop Artifact Mode: '
+            '%s does not yet implement install_browser_artifact_mode_packages()' %
+            __name__)
+
+    def suggest_browser_artifact_mode_mozconfig(self):
+        '''
+        Print a message to the console detailing what the user's mozconfig
+        should contain.
+
+        Firefox for Desktop Artifact Mode needs to enable artifact builds and
+        a path where the build artifacts will be written to.
+        '''
+        print(BROWSER_ARTIFACT_MODE_MOZCONFIG)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        '''
+        Install packages required to build Firefox for Android (application
+        'mobile/android', also known as Fennec).
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError('Cannot bootstrap Firefox for Android: '
+                                  '%s does not yet implement install_mobile_android_packages()'
+                                  % __name__)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(self):
+        '''
+        Print a message to the console detailing what the user's mozconfig
+        should contain.
+
+        Firefox for Android needs an application and an ABI set, and it needs
+        paths to the Android SDK and NDK.
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError('%s does not yet implement suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig()' %
+                                  __name__)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        '''
+        Install packages required to build Firefox for Android (application
+        'mobile/android', also known as Fennec) in Artifact Mode.
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            'Cannot bootstrap Firefox for Android Artifact Mode: '
+            '%s does not yet implement install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages()'
+            % __name__)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_artifact_mode_mozconfig(self):
+        '''
+        Print a message to the console detailing what the user's mozconfig
+        should contain.
+
+        Firefox for Android Artifact Mode needs an application and an ABI set,
+        and it needs paths to the Android SDK.
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            '%s does not yet implement suggest_mobile_android_artifact_mode_mozconfig()'
+            % __name__)
+
+    def which(self, name):
+        """Python implementation of which.
+
+        It returns the path of an executable or None if it couldn't be found.
+        """
+        for path in os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep):
+            test = os.path.join(path, name)
+            if os.path.exists(test) and os.access(test, os.X_OK):
+                return test
+
+        return None
+
+    def run_as_root(self, command):
+        if os.geteuid() != 0:
+            if self.which('sudo'):
+                command.insert(0, 'sudo')
+            else:
+                command = ['su', 'root', '-c', ' '.join(command)]
+
+        print('Executing as root:', subprocess.list2cmdline(command))
+
+        subprocess.check_call(command, stdin=sys.stdin)
+
+    def dnf_install(self, *packages):
+        if self.which('dnf'):
+            command = ['dnf', 'install']
+        else:
+            command = ['yum', 'install']
+
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('-y')
+        command.extend(packages)
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def dnf_groupinstall(self, *packages):
+        if self.which('dnf'):
+            command = ['dnf', 'groupinstall']
+        else:
+            command = ['yum', 'groupinstall']
+
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('-y')
+        command.extend(packages)
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def dnf_update(self, *packages):
+        if self.which('dnf'):
+            command = ['dnf', 'update']
+        else:
+            command = ['yum', 'update']
+
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('-y')
+        command.extend(packages)
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def apt_install(self, *packages):
+        command = ['apt-get', 'install']
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('-y')
+        command.extend(packages)
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def apt_update(self):
+        command = ['apt-get', 'update']
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('-y')
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def apt_add_architecture(self, arch):
+        command = ['dpkg', '--add-architecture']
+        command.extend(arch)
+
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def check_output(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Run subprocess.check_output even if Python doesn't provide it."""
+        fn = getattr(subprocess, 'check_output', BaseBootstrapper._check_output)
+
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_output(*args, **kwargs):
+        """Python 2.6 compatible implementation of subprocess.check_output."""
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(stdout=subprocess.PIPE, *args, **kwargs)
+        output, unused_err = proc.communicate()
+        retcode = proc.poll()
+        if retcode:
+            cmd = kwargs.get('args', args[0])
+            e = subprocess.CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
+            e.output = output
+            raise e
+
+        return output
+
+    def prompt_int(self, prompt, low, high, limit=5):
+        ''' Prompts the user with prompt and requires an integer between low and high. '''
+        valid = False
+        while not valid and limit > 0:
+            try:
+                choice = int(raw_input(prompt))
+                if not low <= choice <= high:
+                    print("ERROR! Please enter a valid option!")
+                    limit -= 1
+                else:
+                    valid = True
+            except ValueError:
+                print("ERROR! Please enter a valid option!")
+                limit -= 1
+
+        if limit > 0:
+            return choice
+        else:
+            raise Exception("Error! Reached max attempts of entering option.")
+
+    def _ensure_package_manager_updated(self):
+        if self.package_manager_updated:
+            return
+
+        self._update_package_manager()
+        self.package_manager_updated = True
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        """Updates the package manager's manifests/package list.
+
+        This should be defined in child classes.
+        """
+
+    def _hgplain_env(self):
+        """ Returns a copy of the current environment updated with the HGPLAIN
+        environment variable.
+
+        HGPLAIN prevents Mercurial from applying locale variations to the output
+        making it suitable for use in scripts.
+        """
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env[b'HGPLAIN'] = b'1'
+
+        return env
+
+    def is_mercurial_modern(self):
+        hg = self.which('hg')
+        if not hg:
+            print(NO_MERCURIAL)
+            return False, False, None
+
+        info = self.check_output([hg, '--version'], env=self._hgplain_env()).splitlines()[0]
+
+        match = re.search('version ([^\+\)]+)', info)
+        if not match:
+            print('ERROR: Unable to identify Mercurial version.')
+            return True, False, None
+
+        our = LooseVersion(match.group(1))
+
+        return True, our >= MODERN_MERCURIAL_VERSION, our
+
+    def ensure_mercurial_modern(self):
+        installed, modern, version = self.is_mercurial_modern()
+
+        if modern:
+            print('Your version of Mercurial (%s) is sufficiently modern.' %
+                  version)
+            return installed, modern
+
+        self._ensure_package_manager_updated()
+
+        if installed:
+            print('Your version of Mercurial (%s) is not modern enough.' %
+                  version)
+            print('(Older versions of Mercurial have known security vulnerabilities. '
+                  'Unless you are running a patched Mercurial version, you may be '
+                  'vulnerable.')
+        else:
+            print('You do not have Mercurial installed')
+
+        if self.upgrade_mercurial(version) is False:
+            return installed, modern
+
+        installed, modern, after = self.is_mercurial_modern()
+
+        if installed and not modern:
+            print(MERCURIAL_UPGRADE_FAILED % (MODERN_MERCURIAL_VERSION, after))
+
+        return installed, modern
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        """Upgrade Mercurial.
+
+        Child classes should reimplement this.
+
+        Return False to not perform a version check after the upgrade is
+        performed.
+        """
+        print(MERCURIAL_UNABLE_UPGRADE % (current, MODERN_MERCURIAL_VERSION))
+
+    def is_python_modern(self):
+        python = None
+
+        for test in ['python2.7', 'python']:
+            python = self.which(test)
+            if python:
+                break
+
+        assert python
+
+        info = self.check_output([python, '--version'],
+                                 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        match = re.search('Python ([a-z0-9\.]+)', info)
+        if not match:
+            print('ERROR Unable to identify Python version.')
+            return False, None
+
+        our = LooseVersion(match.group(1))
+
+        return our >= MODERN_PYTHON_VERSION, our
+
+    def ensure_python_modern(self):
+        modern, version = self.is_python_modern()
+
+        if modern:
+            print('Your version of Python (%s) is new enough.' % version)
+            return
+
+        print('Your version of Python (%s) is too old. Will try to upgrade.' %
+              version)
+
+        self._ensure_package_manager_updated()
+        self.upgrade_python(version)
+
+        modern, after = self.is_python_modern()
+
+        if not modern:
+            print(PYTHON_UPGRADE_FAILED % (MODERN_PYTHON_VERSION, after))
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def upgrade_python(self, current):
+        """Upgrade Python.
+
+        Child classes should reimplement this.
+        """
+        print(PYTHON_UNABLE_UPGRADE % (current, MODERN_PYTHON_VERSION))
+
+    def http_download_and_save(self, url, dest, sha256hexhash):
+        f = urllib2.urlopen(url)
+        h = hashlib.sha256()
+        with open(dest, 'wb') as out:
+            while True:
+                data = f.read(4096)
+                if data:
+                    out.write(data)
+                    h.update(data)
+                else:
+                    break
+        if h.hexdigest() != sha256hexhash:
+            os.remove(dest)
+            raise ValueError('Hash of downloaded file does not match expected hash')
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/bootstrap.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/bootstrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40bb7cc86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/bootstrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# If we add unicode_literals, Python 2.6.1 (required for OS X 10.6) breaks.
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import platform
+import sys
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+# Don't forgot to add new mozboot modules to the bootstrap download
+# list in bin/bootstrap.py!
+from mozboot.centosfedora import CentOSFedoraBootstrapper
+from mozboot.debian import DebianBootstrapper
+from mozboot.freebsd import FreeBSDBootstrapper
+from mozboot.gentoo import GentooBootstrapper
+from mozboot.osx import OSXBootstrapper
+from mozboot.openbsd import OpenBSDBootstrapper
+from mozboot.archlinux import ArchlinuxBootstrapper
+from mozboot.windows import WindowsBootstrapper
+from mozboot.mozillabuild import MozillaBuildBootstrapper
+from mozboot.util import (
+    get_state_dir,
+)
+
+APPLICATION_CHOICE = '''
+Please choose the version of Firefox you want to build:
+%s
+
+Note on Artifact Mode:
+
+Firefox for Desktop and Android supports a fast build mode called
+artifact mode. Artifact mode downloads pre-built C++ components rather
+than building them locally, trading bandwidth for time.
+
+Artifact builds will be useful to many developers who are not working
+with compiled code. If you want to work on look-and-feel of Firefox,
+you want "Firefox for Desktop Artifact Mode".
+
+Similarly, if you want to work on the look-and-feel of Firefox for Android,
+you want "Firefox for Android Artifact Mode".
+
+To work on the Gecko technology platform, you would need to opt to full,
+non-artifact mode. Gecko is Mozilla's web rendering engine, similar to Edge,
+Blink, and WebKit. Gecko is implemented in C++ and JavaScript. If you
+want to work on web rendering, you want "Firefox for Desktop", or
+"Firefox for Android".
+
+If you don't know what you want, start with just Artifact Mode of the desired
+platform. Your builds will be much shorter than if you build Gecko as well.
+But don't worry! You can always switch configurations later.
+
+You can learn more about Artifact mode builds at
+https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Artifact_builds.
+
+Your choice:
+'''
+
+APPLICATIONS_LIST=[
+    ('Firefox for Desktop Artifact Mode', 'browser_artifact_mode'),
+    ('Firefox for Desktop', 'browser'),
+    ('Firefox for Android Artifact Mode', 'mobile_android_artifact_mode'),
+    ('Firefox for Android', 'mobile_android'),
+]
+
+# This is a workaround for the fact that we must support python2.6 (which has
+# no OrderedDict)
+APPLICATIONS = dict(
+    browser_artifact_mode=APPLICATIONS_LIST[0],
+    browser=APPLICATIONS_LIST[1],
+    mobile_android_artifact_mode=APPLICATIONS_LIST[2],
+    mobile_android=APPLICATIONS_LIST[3],
+)
+
+STATE_DIR_INFO = '''
+The Firefox build system and related tools store shared, persistent state
+in a common directory on the filesystem. On this machine, that directory
+is:
+
+  {statedir}
+
+If you would like to use a different directory, hit CTRL+c and set the
+MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH environment variable to the directory you'd like to
+use and re-run the bootstrapper.
+
+Would you like to create this directory?
+
+  1. Yes
+  2. No
+
+Your choice:
+'''
+
+FINISHED = '''
+Your system should be ready to build %s!
+'''
+
+SOURCE_ADVERTISE = '''
+Source code can be obtained by running
+
+    hg clone https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-unified
+
+Or, if you prefer Git, you should install git-cinnabar, and follow the
+instruction here to clone from the Mercurial repository:
+
+    https://github.com/glandium/git-cinnabar/wiki/Mozilla:-A-git-workflow-for-Gecko-development
+
+Or, if you really prefer vanilla flavor Git:
+
+    git clone https://git.mozilla.org/integration/gecko-dev.git
+'''
+
+CONFIGURE_MERCURIAL = '''
+Mozilla recommends a number of changes to Mercurial to enhance your
+experience with it.
+
+Would you like to run a configuration wizard to ensure Mercurial is
+optimally configured?
+
+  1. Yes
+  2. No
+
+Please enter your reply: '''.lstrip()
+
+CLONE_MERCURIAL = '''
+If you would like to clone the canonical Mercurial repository, please
+enter the destination path below.
+
+(If you prefer to use Git, leave this blank.)
+
+Destination directory for Mercurial clone (leave empty to not clone): '''.lstrip()
+
+
+DEBIAN_DISTROS = (
+    'Debian',
+    'debian',
+    'Ubuntu',
+    # Most Linux Mint editions are based on Ubuntu. One is based on Debian.
+    # The difference is reported in dist_id from platform.linux_distribution.
+    # But it doesn't matter since we share a bootstrapper between Debian and
+    # Ubuntu.
+    'Mint',
+    'LinuxMint',
+    'Elementary OS',
+    'Elementary',
+    '"elementary OS"',
+)
+
+
+class Bootstrapper(object):
+    """Main class that performs system bootstrap."""
+
+    def __init__(self, finished=FINISHED, choice=None, no_interactive=False,
+                 hg_configure=False):
+        self.instance = None
+        self.finished = finished
+        self.choice = choice
+        self.hg_configure = hg_configure
+        cls = None
+        args = {'no_interactive': no_interactive}
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+            distro, version, dist_id = platform.linux_distribution()
+
+            if distro in ('CentOS', 'CentOS Linux', 'Fedora'):
+                cls = CentOSFedoraBootstrapper
+                args['distro'] = distro
+            elif distro in DEBIAN_DISTROS:
+                cls = DebianBootstrapper
+            elif distro == 'Gentoo Base System':
+                cls = GentooBootstrapper
+            elif os.path.exists('/etc/arch-release'):
+                # Even on archlinux, platform.linux_distribution() returns ['','','']
+                cls = ArchlinuxBootstrapper
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError('Bootstrap support for this Linux '
+                                          'distro not yet available.')
+
+            args['version'] = version
+            args['dist_id'] = dist_id
+
+        elif sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            # TODO Support Darwin platforms that aren't OS X.
+            osx_version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+
+            cls = OSXBootstrapper
+            args['version'] = osx_version
+
+        elif sys.platform.startswith('openbsd'):
+            cls = OpenBSDBootstrapper
+            args['version'] = platform.uname()[2]
+
+        elif sys.platform.startswith('dragonfly') or \
+                sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'):
+            cls = FreeBSDBootstrapper
+            args['version'] = platform.release()
+            args['flavor'] = platform.system()
+
+        elif sys.platform.startswith('win32') or sys.platform.startswith('msys'):
+            if 'MOZILLABUILD' in os.environ:
+                cls = MozillaBuildBootstrapper
+            else:
+                cls = WindowsBootstrapper
+
+        if cls is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError('Bootstrap support is not yet available '
+                                      'for your OS.')
+
+        self.instance = cls(**args)
+
+    def bootstrap(self):
+        if self.choice is None:
+            # Like ['1. Firefox for Desktop', '2. Firefox for Android Artifact Mode', ...].
+            labels = ['%s. %s' % (i + 1, name) for (i, (name, _)) in enumerate(APPLICATIONS_LIST)]
+            prompt = APPLICATION_CHOICE % '\n'.join(labels)
+            prompt_choice = self.instance.prompt_int(prompt=prompt, low=1, high=len(APPLICATIONS))
+            name, application = APPLICATIONS_LIST[prompt_choice-1]
+        elif self.choice not in APPLICATIONS.keys():
+            raise Exception('Please pick a valid application choice: (%s)' % '/'.join(APPLICATIONS.keys()))
+        else:
+            name, application = APPLICATIONS[self.choice]
+
+        self.instance.install_system_packages()
+
+        # Like 'install_browser_packages' or 'install_mobile_android_packages'.
+        getattr(self.instance, 'install_%s_packages' % application)()
+
+        hg_installed, hg_modern = self.instance.ensure_mercurial_modern()
+        self.instance.ensure_python_modern()
+
+        # The state directory code is largely duplicated from mach_bootstrap.py.
+        # We can't easily import mach_bootstrap.py because the bootstrapper may
+        # run in self-contained mode and only the files in this directory will
+        # be available. We /could/ refactor parts of mach_bootstrap.py to be
+        # part of this directory to avoid the code duplication.
+        state_dir, _ = get_state_dir()
+
+        if not os.path.exists(state_dir):
+            if not self.instance.no_interactive:
+                choice = self.instance.prompt_int(
+                    prompt=STATE_DIR_INFO.format(statedir=state_dir),
+                    low=1,
+                    high=2)
+
+                if choice == 1:
+                    print('Creating global state directory: %s' % state_dir)
+                    os.makedirs(state_dir, mode=0o770)
+
+        state_dir_available = os.path.exists(state_dir)
+
+        # Possibly configure Mercurial if the user wants to.
+        # TODO offer to configure Git.
+        if hg_installed and state_dir_available:
+            configure_hg = False
+            if not self.instance.no_interactive:
+                choice = self.instance.prompt_int(prompt=CONFIGURE_MERCURIAL,
+                                                  low=1, high=2)
+                if choice == 1:
+                    configure_hg = True
+            else:
+                configure_hg = self.hg_configure
+
+            if configure_hg:
+                configure_mercurial(self.instance.which('hg'), state_dir)
+
+        # Offer to clone if we're not inside a clone.
+        checkout_type = current_firefox_checkout(check_output=self.instance.check_output,
+                                                 hg=self.instance.which('hg'))
+        have_clone = False
+
+        if checkout_type:
+            have_clone = True
+        elif hg_installed and not self.instance.no_interactive:
+            dest = raw_input(CLONE_MERCURIAL)
+            dest = dest.strip()
+            if dest:
+                dest = os.path.expanduser(dest)
+                have_clone = clone_firefox(self.instance.which('hg'), dest)
+
+        if not have_clone:
+            print(SOURCE_ADVERTISE)
+
+        print(self.finished % name)
+
+        # Like 'suggest_browser_mozconfig' or 'suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig'.
+        getattr(self.instance, 'suggest_%s_mozconfig' % application)()
+
+
+def update_vct(hg, root_state_dir):
+    """Ensure version-control-tools in the state directory is up to date."""
+    vct_dir = os.path.join(root_state_dir, 'version-control-tools')
+
+    # Ensure the latest revision of version-control-tools is present.
+    update_mercurial_repo(hg, 'https://hg.mozilla.org/hgcustom/version-control-tools',
+                          vct_dir, '@')
+
+    return vct_dir
+
+
+def configure_mercurial(hg, root_state_dir):
+    """Run the Mercurial configuration wizard."""
+    vct_dir = update_vct(hg, root_state_dir)
+
+    # Run the config wizard from v-c-t.
+    args = [
+        hg,
+        '--config', 'extensions.configwizard=%s/hgext/configwizard' % vct_dir,
+        'configwizard',
+    ]
+    subprocess.call(args)
+
+
+def update_mercurial_repo(hg, url, dest, revision):
+    """Perform a clone/pull + update of a Mercurial repository."""
+    args = [hg]
+
+    # Disable common extensions whose older versions may cause `hg`
+    # invocations to abort.
+    disable_exts = [
+        'bzexport',
+        'bzpost',
+        'firefoxtree',
+        'hgwatchman',
+        'mozext',
+        'mqext',
+        'qimportbz',
+        'push-to-try',
+        'reviewboard',
+    ]
+    for ext in disable_exts:
+        args.extend(['--config', 'extensions.%s=!' % ext])
+
+    if os.path.exists(dest):
+        args.extend(['pull', url])
+        cwd = dest
+    else:
+        args.extend(['clone', '--noupdate', url, dest])
+        cwd = '/'
+
+    print('=' * 80)
+    print('Ensuring %s is up to date at %s' % (url, dest))
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(args, cwd=cwd)
+        subprocess.check_call([hg, 'update', '-r', revision], cwd=dest)
+    finally:
+        print('=' * 80)
+
+
+def clone_firefox(hg, dest):
+    """Clone the Firefox repository to a specified destination."""
+    print('Cloning Firefox Mercurial repository to %s' % dest)
+
+    # We create an empty repo then modify the config before adding data.
+    # This is necessary to ensure storage settings are optimally
+    # configured.
+    args = [
+        hg,
+        # The unified repo is generaldelta, so ensure the client is as
+        # well.
+        '--config', 'format.generaldelta=true',
+        'init',
+        dest
+    ]
+    res = subprocess.call(args)
+    if res:
+        print('unable to create destination repo; please try cloning manually')
+        return False
+
+    # Strictly speaking, this could overwrite a config based on a template
+    # the user has installed. Let's pretend this problem doesn't exist
+    # unless someone complains about it.
+    with open(os.path.join(dest, '.hg', 'hgrc'), 'ab') as fh:
+        fh.write('[paths]\n')
+        fh.write('default = https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-unified\n')
+        fh.write('\n')
+
+        # The server uses aggressivemergedeltas which can blow up delta chain
+        # length. This can cause performance to tank due to delta chains being
+        # too long. Limit the delta chain length to something reasonable
+        # to bound revlog read time.
+        fh.write('[format]\n')
+        fh.write('# This is necessary to keep performance in check\n')
+        fh.write('maxchainlen = 10000\n')
+
+    res = subprocess.call([hg, 'pull', 'https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-unified'], cwd=dest)
+    print('')
+    if res:
+        print('error pulling; try running `hg pull https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-unified` manually')
+        return False
+
+    print('updating to "central" - the development head of Gecko and Firefox')
+    res = subprocess.call([hg, 'update', '-r', 'central'], cwd=dest)
+    if res:
+        print('error updating; you will need to `hg update` manually')
+
+    print('Firefox source code available at %s' % dest)
+    return True
+
+
+def current_firefox_checkout(check_output, hg=None):
+    """Determine whether we're in a Firefox checkout.
+
+    Returns one of None, ``git``, or ``hg``.
+    """
+    HG_ROOT_REVISIONS = set([
+        # From mozilla-central.
+        '8ba995b74e18334ab3707f27e9eb8f4e37ba3d29',
+    ])
+
+    path = os.getcwd()
+    while path:
+        hg_dir = os.path.join(path, '.hg')
+        git_dir = os.path.join(path, '.git')
+        if hg and os.path.exists(hg_dir):
+            # Verify the hg repo is a Firefox repo by looking at rev 0.
+            try:
+                node = check_output([hg, 'log', '-r', '0', '--template', '{node}'], cwd=path)
+                if node in HG_ROOT_REVISIONS:
+                    return 'hg'
+                # Else the root revision is different. There could be nested
+                # repos. So keep traversing the parents.
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                pass
+
+        # TODO check git remotes or `git rev-parse -q --verify $sha1^{commit}`
+        # for signs of Firefox.
+        elif os.path.exists(git_dir):
+            return 'git'
+
+        path, child = os.path.split(path)
+        if child == '':
+            break
+
+    return None
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/centosfedora.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/centosfedora.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..111e5eb90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/centosfedora.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import platform
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+
+class CentOSFedoraBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    def __init__(self, distro, version, dist_id, **kwargs):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self.distro = distro
+        self.version = version
+        self.dist_id = dist_id
+
+        self.group_packages = []
+
+        self.packages = [
+            'autoconf213',
+            'mercurial',
+        ]
+
+        self.browser_group_packages = [
+            'GNOME Software Development',
+        ]
+
+        self.browser_packages = [
+            'alsa-lib-devel',
+            'GConf2-devel',
+            'glibc-static',
+            'gtk2-devel',  # It is optional in Fedora 20's GNOME Software
+                           # Development group.
+            'libstdc++-static',
+            'libXt-devel',
+            'mesa-libGL-devel',
+            'pulseaudio-libs-devel',
+            'wireless-tools-devel',
+            'yasm',
+        ]
+
+        self.mobile_android_packages = []
+
+        if self.distro in ('CentOS', 'CentOS Linux'):
+            self.group_packages += [
+                'Development Tools',
+                'Development Libraries',
+                'GNOME Software Development',
+            ]
+
+            self.packages += [
+                'curl-devel',
+            ]
+
+            self.browser_packages += [
+                'dbus-glib-devel',
+                'gtk3-devel',
+            ]
+
+        elif self.distro == 'Fedora':
+            self.group_packages += [
+                'C Development Tools and Libraries',
+            ]
+
+            self.packages += [
+                'python2-devel',
+            ]
+
+            self.browser_packages += [
+                'gcc-c++',
+            ]
+
+            self.mobile_android_packages += [
+                'java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel',
+                'ncurses-devel.i686',
+                'libstdc++.i686',
+                'zlib-devel.i686',
+            ]
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.dnf_groupinstall(*self.group_packages)
+        self.dnf_install(*self.packages)
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        if self.distro in ('CentOS', 'CentOS Linux'):
+            BaseBootstrapper.install_mobile_android_packages(self)
+        elif self.distro == 'Fedora':
+            self.install_fedora_mobile_android_packages()
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        if self.distro in ('CentOS', 'CentOS Linux'):
+            BaseBootstrapper.install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self)
+        elif self.distro == 'Fedora':
+            self.install_fedora_mobile_android_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        self.dnf_groupinstall(*self.browser_group_packages)
+        self.dnf_install(*self.browser_packages)
+
+        if self.distro in ('CentOS', 'CentOS Linux'):
+            yasm = 'http://pkgs.repoforge.org/yasm/yasm-1.1.0-1.el6.rf.i686.rpm'
+            if platform.architecture()[0] == '64bit':
+                yasm = 'http://pkgs.repoforge.org/yasm/yasm-1.1.0-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm'
+
+            self.run_as_root(['rpm', '-ivh', yasm])
+
+    def install_fedora_mobile_android_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+
+        # Install Android specific packages.
+        self.dnf_install(*self.mobile_android_packages)
+
+        # Fetch Android SDK and NDK.
+        mozbuild_path = os.environ.get('MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH', os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.mozbuild')))
+        self.sdk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_SDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-sdk-linux'))
+        self.ndk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_NDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-ndk-r11b'))
+        self.sdk_url = 'https://dl.google.com/android/android-sdk_r24.0.1-linux.tgz'
+        self.ndk_url = android.android_ndk_url('linux')
+
+        android.ensure_android_sdk_and_ndk(path=mozbuild_path,
+                                           sdk_path=self.sdk_path, sdk_url=self.sdk_url,
+                                           ndk_path=self.ndk_path, ndk_url=self.ndk_url,
+                                           artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+        # Most recent version of build-tools appears to be 23.0.1 on Fedora
+        packages = [p for p in android.ANDROID_PACKAGES if not p.startswith('build-tools')]
+        packages.append('build-tools-23.0.1')
+
+        # 3. We expect the |android| tool to be at
+        # ~/.mozbuild/android-sdk-linux/tools/android.
+        android_tool = os.path.join(self.sdk_path, 'tools', 'android')
+        android.ensure_android_packages(android_tool=android_tool, packages=packages)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+        android.suggest_mozconfig(sdk_path=self.sdk_path,
+                                  ndk_path=self.ndk_path,
+                                  artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_artifact_mode_mozconfig(self):
+        self.suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self.dnf_update('mercurial')
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/debian.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/debian.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e33e9e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/debian.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+
+MERCURIAL_INSTALL_PROMPT = '''
+Mercurial releases a new version every 3 months and your distro's package
+may become out of date. This may cause incompatibility with some
+Mercurial extensions that rely on new Mercurial features. As a result,
+you may not have an optimal version control experience.
+
+To have the best Mercurial experience possible, we recommend installing
+Mercurial via the "pip" Python packaging utility. This will likely result
+in files being placed in /usr/local/bin and /usr/local/lib.
+
+How would you like to continue?
+
+1) Install a modern Mercurial via pip (recommended)
+2) Install a legacy Mercurial via apt
+3) Do not install Mercurial
+
+Choice:
+'''.strip()
+
+
+class DebianBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    # These are common packages for all Debian-derived distros (such as
+    # Ubuntu).
+    COMMON_PACKAGES = [
+        'autoconf2.13',
+        'build-essential',
+        'ccache',
+        'python-dev',
+        'python-pip',
+        'python-setuptools',
+        'unzip',
+        'uuid',
+        'zip',
+    ]
+
+    # Subclasses can add packages to this variable to have them installed.
+    DISTRO_PACKAGES = []
+
+    # These are common packages for building Firefox for Desktop
+    # (browser) for all Debian-derived distros (such as Ubuntu).
+    BROWSER_COMMON_PACKAGES = [
+        'libasound2-dev',
+        'libcurl4-openssl-dev',
+        'libdbus-1-dev',
+        'libdbus-glib-1-dev',
+        'libgconf2-dev',
+        'libgtk-3-dev',
+        'libgtk2.0-dev',
+        'libiw-dev',
+        'libnotify-dev',
+        'libpulse-dev',
+        'libx11-xcb-dev',
+        'libxt-dev',
+        'mesa-common-dev',
+        'python-dbus',
+        'xvfb',
+        'yasm',
+    ]
+
+    # Subclasses can add packages to this variable to have them installed.
+    BROWSER_DISTRO_PACKAGES = []
+
+    # These are common packages for building Firefox for Android
+    # (mobile/android) for all Debian-derived distros (such as Ubuntu).
+    MOBILE_ANDROID_COMMON_PACKAGES = [
+        'zlib1g-dev',  # mobile/android requires system zlib.
+        'openjdk-7-jdk',
+        'wget',  # For downloading the Android SDK and NDK.
+        'libncurses5:i386',  # See comments about i386 below.
+        'libstdc++6:i386',
+        'zlib1g:i386',
+    ]
+
+    # Subclasses can add packages to this variable to have them installed.
+    MOBILE_ANDROID_DISTRO_PACKAGES = []
+
+    def __init__(self, version, dist_id, **kwargs):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self.version = version
+        self.dist_id = dist_id
+
+        self.packages = self.COMMON_PACKAGES + self.DISTRO_PACKAGES
+        self.browser_packages = self.BROWSER_COMMON_PACKAGES + self.BROWSER_DISTRO_PACKAGES
+        self.mobile_android_packages = self.MOBILE_ANDROID_COMMON_PACKAGES + self.MOBILE_ANDROID_DISTRO_PACKAGES
+
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.apt_install(*self.packages)
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_mobile_android_packages()
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_mobile_android_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        self.apt_install(*self.browser_packages)
+
+    def ensure_mobile_android_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+
+        # Multi-part process:
+        # 1. System packages.
+        # 2. Android SDK. Android NDK only if we are not in artifact mode.
+        # 3. Android packages.
+
+        # 1. This is hard to believe, but the Android SDK binaries are 32-bit
+        # and that conflicts with 64-bit Debian and Ubuntu installations out of
+        # the box.  The solution is to add the i386 architecture.  See
+        # "Troubleshooting Ubuntu" at
+        # http://developer.android.com/sdk/installing/index.html?pkg=tools.
+        self.run_as_root(['dpkg', '--add-architecture', 'i386'])
+        # After adding a new arch, the list of packages has to be updated
+        self.apt_update()
+        self.apt_install(*self.mobile_android_packages)
+
+        # 2. The user may have an external Android SDK (in which case we save
+        # them a lengthy download), or they may have already completed the
+        # download. We unpack to ~/.mozbuild/{android-sdk-linux, android-ndk-r11b}.
+        mozbuild_path = os.environ.get('MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH', os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.mozbuild')))
+        self.sdk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_SDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-sdk-linux'))
+        self.ndk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_NDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-ndk-r11b'))
+        self.sdk_url = 'https://dl.google.com/android/android-sdk_r24.0.1-linux.tgz'
+        self.ndk_url = android.android_ndk_url('linux')
+
+        android.ensure_android_sdk_and_ndk(path=mozbuild_path,
+                                           sdk_path=self.sdk_path, sdk_url=self.sdk_url,
+                                           ndk_path=self.ndk_path, ndk_url=self.ndk_url,
+                                           artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+        # 3. We expect the |android| tool to at
+        # ~/.mozbuild/android-sdk-linux/tools/android.
+        android_tool = os.path.join(self.sdk_path, 'tools', 'android')
+        android.ensure_android_packages(android_tool=android_tool)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+        android.suggest_mozconfig(sdk_path=self.sdk_path,
+                                  ndk_path=self.ndk_path,
+                                  artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_artifact_mode_mozconfig(self):
+        self.suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        self.apt_update()
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        """Install Mercurial from pip because Debian packages typically lag."""
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            # Install via Apt in non-interactive mode because it is the more
+            # conservative option and less likely to make people upset.
+            self.apt_install('mercurial')
+            return
+
+        res = self.prompt_int(MERCURIAL_INSTALL_PROMPT, 1, 3)
+
+        # Apt.
+        if res == 2:
+            self.apt_install('mercurial')
+            return False
+
+        # No Mercurial.
+        if res == 3:
+            print('Not installing Mercurial.')
+            return False
+
+        # pip.
+        assert res == 1
+        self.run_as_root(['pip', 'install', '--upgrade', 'Mercurial'])
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/freebsd.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/freebsd.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c524d188c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/freebsd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+
+class FreeBSDBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    def __init__(self, version, flavor, **kwargs):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.version = int(version.split('.')[0])
+        self.flavor = flavor.lower()
+
+        self.packages = [
+            'autoconf213',
+            'gmake',
+            'gtar',
+            'mercurial',
+            'pkgconf',
+            'watchman',
+            'zip',
+        ]
+
+        self.browser_packages = [
+            'dbus-glib',
+            'gconf2',
+            'gtk2',
+            'gtk3',
+            'pulseaudio',
+            'v4l_compat',
+            'yasm',
+        ]
+
+        if not self.which('unzip'):
+            self.packages.append('unzip')
+
+        # GCC 4.2 or Clang 3.4 in base are too old
+        if self.flavor == 'freebsd' and self.version < 11:
+            self.browser_packages.append('gcc')
+
+    def pkg_install(self, *packages):
+        command = ['pkg', 'install']
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('-y')
+
+        command.extend(packages)
+        self.run_as_root(command)
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.pkg_install(*self.packages)
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        self.pkg_install(*self.browser_packages)
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self.pkg_install('mercurial')
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/gentoo.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/gentoo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..085f03ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/gentoo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+
+class GentooBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    def __init__(self, version, dist_id, **kwargs):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self.version = version
+        self.dist_id = dist_id
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.run_as_root(['emerge', '--quiet', 'dev-vcs/git', 'mercurial'])
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        self.run_as_root(['emerge', '--onlydeps', '--quiet', 'firefox'])
+        self.run_as_root(['emerge', '--quiet', 'gtk+'])
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        self.run_as_root(['emerge', '--sync'])
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self.run_as_root(['emerge', '--update', 'mercurial'])
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/mach_commands.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/mach_commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..940ffabbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/mach_commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this,
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import sys
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Bootstrap(object):
+    """Bootstrap system and mach for optimal development experience."""
+
+    @Command('bootstrap', category='devenv',
+             description='Install required system packages for building.')
+    def bootstrap(self):
+        from mozboot.bootstrap import Bootstrapper
+
+        bootstrapper = Bootstrapper()
+        bootstrapper.bootstrap()
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class VersionControlCommands(object):
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self._context = context
+
+    @Command('mercurial-setup', category='devenv',
+        description='Help configure Mercurial for optimal development.')
+    @CommandArgument('-u', '--update-only', action='store_true',
+        help='Only update recommended extensions, don\'t run the wizard.')
+    def mercurial_setup(self, update_only=False):
+        """Ensure Mercurial is optimally configured.
+
+        This command will inspect your Mercurial configuration and
+        guide you through an interactive wizard helping you configure
+        Mercurial for optimal use on Mozilla projects.
+
+        User choice is respected: no changes are made without explicit
+        confirmation from you.
+
+        If "--update-only" is used, the interactive wizard is disabled
+        and this command only ensures that remote repositories providing
+        Mercurial extensions are up to date.
+        """
+        import which
+        import mozboot.bootstrap as bootstrap
+
+        # "hg" is an executable script with a shebang, which will be found
+        # be which.which. We need to pass a win32 executable to the function
+        # because we spawn a process
+        # from it.
+        if sys.platform in ('win32', 'msys'):
+            hg = which.which('hg.exe')
+        else:
+            hg = which.which('hg')
+
+        if update_only:
+            bootstrap.update_vct(hg, self._context.state_dir)
+        else:
+            bootstrap.configure_mercurial(hg, self._context.state_dir)
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/mozillabuild.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/mozillabuild.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d4958812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/mozillabuild.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+class MozillaBuildBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    '''Bootstrapper for MozillaBuild to install rustup.'''
+    def __init__(self, no_interactive=False):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, no_interactive=no_interactive)
+        print("mach bootstrap is not fully implemented in MozillaBuild")
+
+    def which(self, name):
+        return BaseBootstrapper.which(self, name + '.exe')
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.install_rustup()
+
+    def install_rustup(self):
+        try:
+            rustup_init = tempfile.gettempdir() + '/rustup-init.exe'
+            self.http_download_and_save(
+                    'https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/archive/0.2.0/i686-pc-windows-msvc/rustup-init.exe',
+                    rustup_init,
+                    'a45ab7462b567dacddaf6e9e48bb43a1b9c1db4404ba77868f7d6fc685282a46')
+            self.run([rustup_init, '--no-modify-path', '--default-host',
+                'x86_64-pc-windows-msvc', '--default-toolchain', 'stable', '-y'])
+            mozillabuild_dir = os.environ['MOZILLABUILD']
+
+            with open(mozillabuild_dir + 'msys/etc/profile.d/profile-rustup.sh', 'wb') as f:
+                f.write('#!/bash/sh\n')
+                f.write('if test -n "$MOZILLABUILD"; then\n')
+                f.write('    WIN_HOME=$(cd "$HOME" && pwd)\n')
+                f.write('    PATH="$WIN_HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"\n')
+                f.write('    export PATH\n')
+                f.write('fi')
+        finally:
+            try:
+                os.remove(rustup_init)
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                pass
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self.pip_install('mercurial')
+
+    def upgrade_python(self, current):
+        pass
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        pass
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        pass
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        pass
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self, command):
+        subprocess.check_call(command, stdin=sys.stdin)
+
+    def pip_install(self, *packages):
+        pip_dir = os.path.join(os.environ['MOZILLABUILD'], 'python', 'Scripts', 'pip.exe')
+        command = [pip_dir, 'install', '--upgrade']
+        command.extend(packages)
+        self.run(command)
+
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/openbsd.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/openbsd.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df6a195fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/openbsd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+
+class OpenBSDBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    def __init__(self, version, **kwargs):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self.packages = [
+            'mercurial',
+            'autoconf-2.13',
+            'gmake',
+            'gtar',
+            'wget',
+            'unzip',
+            'zip',
+        ]
+
+        self.browser_packages = [
+            'llvm',
+            'yasm',
+            'gconf2',
+            'gtk+2',
+            'gtk+3',
+            'dbus-glib',
+            'pulseaudio',
+        ]
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        # we use -z because there's no other way to say "any autoconf-2.13"
+        self.run_as_root(['pkg_add', '-z'] + self.packages)
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_browser_packages(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        # we use -z because there's no other way to say "any autoconf-2.13"
+        self.run_as_root(['pkg_add', '-z'] + self.browser_packages)
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/osx.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/osx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d66d66d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/osx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+try:
+    from urllib2 import urlopen
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib.request import urlopen
+
+from distutils.version import StrictVersion
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+HOMEBREW_BOOTSTRAP = 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install'
+XCODE_APP_STORE = 'macappstore://itunes.apple.com/app/id497799835?mt=12'
+XCODE_LEGACY = 'https://developer.apple.com/downloads/download.action?path=Developer_Tools/xcode_3.2.6_and_ios_sdk_4.3__final/xcode_3.2.6_and_ios_sdk_4.3.dmg'
+HOMEBREW_AUTOCONF213 = 'https://raw.github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-versions/master/autoconf213.rb'
+
+MACPORTS_URL = {'11': 'https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.3.4-10.11-ElCapitan.pkg',
+                '10': 'https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.3.4-10.10-Yosemite.pkg',
+                '9': 'https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.3.4-10.9-Mavericks.pkg',
+                '8': 'https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.3.4-10.8-MountainLion.pkg',
+                '7': 'https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.3.4-10.7-Lion.pkg',
+                '6': 'https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.3.4-10.6-SnowLeopard.pkg', }
+
+MACPORTS_CLANG_PACKAGE = 'clang-3.3'
+
+RE_CLANG_VERSION = re.compile('Apple (?:clang|LLVM) version (\d+\.\d+)')
+
+APPLE_CLANG_MINIMUM_VERSION = StrictVersion('4.2')
+
+XCODE_REQUIRED = '''
+Xcode is required to build Firefox. Please complete the install of Xcode
+through the App Store.
+
+It's possible Xcode is already installed on this machine but it isn't being
+detected. This is possible with developer preview releases of Xcode, for
+example. To correct this problem, run:
+
+  `xcode-select --switch /path/to/Xcode.app`.
+
+e.g. `sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode.app`.
+'''
+
+XCODE_REQUIRED_LEGACY = '''
+You will need to download and install Xcode to build Firefox.
+
+Please complete the Xcode download and then relaunch this script.
+'''
+
+XCODE_NO_DEVELOPER_DIRECTORY = '''
+xcode-select says you don't have a developer directory configured. We think
+this is due to you not having Xcode installed (properly). We're going to
+attempt to install Xcode through the App Store. If the App Store thinks you
+have Xcode installed, please run xcode-select by hand until it stops
+complaining and then re-run this script.
+'''
+
+XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS_MISSING = '''
+The Xcode command line tools are required to build Firefox.
+'''
+
+INSTALL_XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS_STEPS = '''
+Perform the following steps to install the Xcode command line tools:
+
+    1) Open Xcode.app
+    2) Click through any first-run prompts
+    3) From the main Xcode menu, select Preferences (Command ,)
+    4) Go to the Download tab (near the right)
+    5) Install the "Command Line Tools"
+
+When that has finished installing, please relaunch this script.
+'''
+
+UPGRADE_XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS = '''
+An old version of the Xcode command line tools is installed. You will need to
+install a newer version in order to compile Firefox. If Xcode itself is old,
+its command line tools may be too old even if it claims there are no updates
+available, so if you are seeing this message multiple times, please update
+Xcode first.
+'''
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_INSTALL = '''
+We will install the %s package manager to install required packages.
+
+You will be prompted to install %s with its default settings. If you
+would prefer to do this manually, hit CTRL+c, install %s yourself, ensure
+"%s" is in your $PATH, and relaunch bootstrap.
+'''
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_PACKAGES = '''
+We are now installing all required packages via %s. You will see a lot of
+output as packages are built.
+'''
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_OLD_CLANG = '''
+We require a newer compiler than what is provided by your version of Xcode.
+
+We will install a modern version of Clang through %s.
+'''
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_CHOICE = '''
+Please choose a package manager you'd like:
+1. Homebrew
+2. MacPorts (Does not yet support bootstrapping Firefox for Android.)
+Your choice:
+'''
+
+NO_PACKAGE_MANAGER_WARNING = '''
+It seems you don't have any supported package manager installed.
+'''
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_EXISTS = '''
+Looks like you have %s installed. We will install all required packages via %s.
+'''
+
+MULTI_PACKAGE_MANAGER_EXISTS = '''
+It looks like you have multiple package managers installed.
+'''
+
+# May add support for other package manager on os x.
+PACKAGE_MANAGER = {'Homebrew': 'brew',
+                   'MacPorts': 'port'}
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_CHOICES = ['Homebrew', 'MacPorts']
+
+PACKAGE_MANAGER_BIN_MISSING = '''
+A package manager is installed. However, your current shell does
+not know where to find '%s' yet. You'll need to start a new shell
+to pick up the environment changes so it can be found.
+
+Please start a new shell or terminal window and run this
+bootstrapper again.
+
+If this problem persists, you will likely want to adjust your
+shell's init script (e.g. ~/.bash_profile) to export a PATH
+environment variable containing the location of your package
+manager binary. e.g.
+
+    export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH
+'''
+
+BAD_PATH_ORDER = '''
+Your environment's PATH variable lists a system path directory (%s)
+before the path to your package manager's binaries (%s).
+This means that the package manager's binaries likely won't be
+detected properly.
+
+Modify your shell's configuration (e.g. ~/.profile or
+~/.bash_profile) to have %s appear in $PATH before %s. e.g.
+
+    export PATH=%s:$PATH
+
+Once this is done, start a new shell (likely Command+T) and run
+this bootstrap again.
+'''
+
+JAVA_LICENSE_NOTICE = '''
+We installed a recent Java toolchain for you. We agreed to the Oracle Java
+license for you by downloading the JDK. If this is unacceptable you should
+uninstall.
+'''
+
+
+class OSXBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    def __init__(self, version, **kwargs):
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self.os_version = StrictVersion(version)
+
+        if self.os_version < StrictVersion('10.6'):
+            raise Exception('OS X 10.6 or above is required.')
+
+        self.minor_version = version.split('.')[1]
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.ensure_xcode()
+
+        choice = self.ensure_package_manager()
+        self.package_manager = choice
+        getattr(self, 'ensure_%s_system_packages' % self.package_manager)()
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        getattr(self, 'ensure_%s_browser_packages' % self.package_manager)()
+
+    def install_browser_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        getattr(self, 'ensure_%s_browser_packages' % self.package_manager)(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        getattr(self, 'ensure_%s_mobile_android_packages' % self.package_manager)()
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        getattr(self, 'ensure_%s_mobile_android_packages' % self.package_manager)(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_mozconfig(self):
+        getattr(self, 'suggest_%s_mobile_android_mozconfig' % self.package_manager)()
+
+    def suggest_mobile_android_artifact_mode_mozconfig(self):
+        getattr(self, 'suggest_%s_mobile_android_mozconfig' % self.package_manager)(artifact_mode=True)
+
+    def ensure_xcode(self):
+        if self.os_version < StrictVersion('10.7'):
+            if not os.path.exists('/Developer/Applications/Xcode.app'):
+                print(XCODE_REQUIRED_LEGACY)
+
+                subprocess.check_call(['open', XCODE_LEGACY])
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        # OS X 10.7 have Xcode come from the app store. However, users can
+        # still install Xcode into any arbitrary location. We honor the
+        # location of Xcode as set by xcode-select. This should also pick up
+        # developer preview releases of Xcode, which can be installed into
+        # paths like /Applications/Xcode5-DP6.app.
+        elif self.os_version >= StrictVersion('10.7'):
+            select = self.which('xcode-select')
+            try:
+                output = self.check_output([select, '--print-path'],
+                                           stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                # This seems to appear on fresh OS X machines before any Xcode
+                # has been installed. It may only occur on OS X 10.9 and later.
+                if b'unable to get active developer directory' in e.output:
+                    print(XCODE_NO_DEVELOPER_DIRECTORY)
+                    self._install_xcode_app_store()
+                    assert False  # Above should exit.
+
+                output = e.output
+
+            # This isn't the most robust check in the world. It relies on the
+            # default value not being in an application bundle, which seems to
+            # hold on at least Mavericks.
+            if b'.app/' not in output:
+                print(XCODE_REQUIRED)
+                self._install_xcode_app_store()
+                assert False  # Above should exit.
+
+        # Once Xcode is installed, you need to agree to the license before you can
+        # use it.
+        try:
+            output = self.check_output(['/usr/bin/xcrun', 'clang'],
+                                       stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            if b'license' in e.output:
+                xcodebuild = self.which('xcodebuild')
+                try:
+                    subprocess.check_call([xcodebuild, '-license'],
+                                          stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+                except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                    if b'requires admin privileges' in e.output:
+                        self.run_as_root([xcodebuild, '-license'])
+
+        # Even then we're not done! We need to install the Xcode command line tools.
+        # As of Mountain Lion, apparently the only way to do this is to go through a
+        # menu dialog inside Xcode itself. We're not making this up.
+        if self.os_version >= StrictVersion('10.7'):
+            if not os.path.exists('/usr/bin/clang'):
+                print(XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS_MISSING)
+                print(INSTALL_XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS_STEPS)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+            output = self.check_output(['/usr/bin/clang', '--version'])
+            match = RE_CLANG_VERSION.search(output)
+            if match is None:
+                raise Exception('Could not determine Clang version.')
+
+            version = StrictVersion(match.group(1))
+
+            if version < APPLE_CLANG_MINIMUM_VERSION:
+                print(UPGRADE_XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS)
+                print(INSTALL_XCODE_COMMAND_LINE_TOOLS_STEPS)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+    def _install_xcode_app_store(self):
+        subprocess.check_call(['open', XCODE_APP_STORE])
+        print('Once the install has finished, please relaunch this script.')
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    def _ensure_homebrew_packages(self, packages, extra_brew_args=[]):
+        self.brew = self.which('brew')
+        assert self.brew is not None
+        cmd = [self.brew] + extra_brew_args
+
+        installed = self.check_output(cmd + ['list']).split()
+
+        printed = False
+
+        for name, package in packages:
+            if name in installed:
+                continue
+
+            if not printed:
+                print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_PACKAGES % ('Homebrew',))
+                printed = True
+
+            subprocess.check_call(cmd + ['install', package])
+
+        return printed
+
+    def _ensure_homebrew_casks(self, casks):
+        # Change |brew install cask| into |brew cask install cask|.
+        return self._ensure_homebrew_packages(casks, extra_brew_args=['cask'])
+
+    def ensure_homebrew_system_packages(self):
+        packages = [
+            # We need to install Python because Mercurial requires the Python
+            # development headers which are missing from OS X (at least on
+            # 10.8) and because the build system wants a version newer than
+            # what Apple ships.
+            ('python', 'python'),
+            ('mercurial', 'mercurial'),
+            ('git', 'git'),
+            ('autoconf213', HOMEBREW_AUTOCONF213),
+            ('gnu-tar', 'gnu-tar'),
+            ('watchman', 'watchman',),
+            ('terminal-notifier', 'terminal-notifier')
+        ]
+        self._ensure_homebrew_packages(packages)
+
+    def ensure_homebrew_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        packages = [
+            ('yasm', 'yasm'),
+        ]
+        self._ensure_homebrew_packages(packages)
+
+        installed = self.check_output([self.brew, 'list']).split()
+        if self.os_version < StrictVersion('10.7') and b'llvm' not in installed:
+            print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_OLD_CLANG % ('Homebrew',))
+
+            subprocess.check_call([self.brew, '-v', 'install', 'llvm',
+                                   '--with-clang', '--all-targets'])
+
+    def ensure_homebrew_mobile_android_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # Multi-part process:
+        # 1. System packages.
+        # 2. Android SDK. Android NDK only if we are not in artifact mode.
+        # 3. Android packages.
+
+        import android
+
+        # 1. System packages.
+        packages = [
+            ('brew-cask', 'caskroom/cask/brew-cask'),  # For installing Java later.
+            ('wget', 'wget'),
+        ]
+        self._ensure_homebrew_packages(packages)
+
+        casks = [
+            ('java', 'java'),
+        ]
+        installed = self._ensure_homebrew_casks(casks)
+        if installed:
+            print(JAVA_LICENSE_NOTICE)  # We accepted a license agreement for the user.
+
+        # 2. The user may have an external Android SDK (in which case we save
+        # them a lengthy download), or they may have already completed the
+        # download. We unpack to ~/.mozbuild/{android-sdk-linux, android-ndk-r11b}.
+        mozbuild_path = os.environ.get('MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH', os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.mozbuild')))
+        self.sdk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_SDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-sdk-macosx'))
+        self.ndk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_NDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-ndk-r11b'))
+        self.sdk_url = 'https://dl.google.com/android/android-sdk_r24.0.1-macosx.zip'
+        is_64bits = sys.maxsize > 2**32
+        if is_64bits:
+            self.ndk_url = android.android_ndk_url('darwin')
+        else:
+            raise Exception('You need a 64-bit version of Mac OS X to build Firefox for Android.')
+
+        android.ensure_android_sdk_and_ndk(path=mozbuild_path,
+                                           sdk_path=self.sdk_path, sdk_url=self.sdk_url,
+                                           ndk_path=self.ndk_path, ndk_url=self.ndk_url,
+                                           artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+        # 3. We expect the |android| tool to at
+        # ~/.mozbuild/android-sdk-macosx/tools/android.
+        android_tool = os.path.join(self.sdk_path, 'tools', 'android')
+        android.ensure_android_packages(android_tool=android_tool)
+
+    def suggest_homebrew_mobile_android_mozconfig(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+        android.suggest_mozconfig(sdk_path=self.sdk_path,
+                                  ndk_path=self.ndk_path,
+                                  artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+    def _ensure_macports_packages(self, packages):
+        self.port = self.which('port')
+        assert self.port is not None
+
+        installed = set(self.check_output([self.port, 'installed']).split())
+
+        missing = [package for package in packages if package not in installed]
+        if missing:
+            print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_PACKAGES % ('MacPorts',))
+            self.run_as_root([self.port, '-v', 'install'] + missing)
+
+    def ensure_macports_system_packages(self):
+        packages = [
+            'python27',
+            'py27-readline',
+            'mercurial',
+            'autoconf213',
+            'gnutar',
+            'watchman',
+        ]
+
+        self._ensure_macports_packages(packages)
+        self.run_as_root([self.port, 'select', '--set', 'python', 'python27'])
+
+    def ensure_macports_browser_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # TODO: Figure out what not to install for artifact mode
+        packages = ['yasm']
+
+        self._ensure_macports_packages(packages)
+
+        installed = set(self.check_output([self.port, 'installed']).split())
+        if self.os_version < StrictVersion('10.7') and MACPORTS_CLANG_PACKAGE not in installed:
+            print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_OLD_CLANG % ('MacPorts',))
+            self.run_as_root([self.port, '-v', 'install', MACPORTS_CLANG_PACKAGE])
+            self.run_as_root([self.port, 'select', '--set', 'clang', 'mp-' + MACPORTS_CLANG_PACKAGE])
+
+    def ensure_macports_mobile_android_packages(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        # Multi-part process:
+        # 1. System packages.
+        # 2. Android SDK. Android NDK only if we are not in artifact mode.
+        # 3. Android packages.
+
+        import android
+
+        # 1. System packages.
+        packages = [
+            'wget',
+        ]
+        self._ensure_macports_packages(packages)
+
+        # Verify the presence of java and javac.
+        if not self.which('java') or not self.which('javac'):
+            raise Exception('You need to have Java version 1.7 or later installed. Please visit http://www.java.com/en/download/mac_download.jsp to get the latest version.')
+
+        # 2. The user may have an external Android SDK (in which case we save
+        # them a lengthy download), or they may have already completed the
+        # download. We unpack to ~/.mozbuild/{android-sdk-linux, android-ndk-r11b}.
+        mozbuild_path = os.environ.get('MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH', os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.mozbuild')))
+        self.sdk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_SDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-sdk-macosx'))
+        self.ndk_path = os.environ.get('ANDROID_NDK_HOME', os.path.join(mozbuild_path, 'android-ndk-r11b'))
+        self.sdk_url = 'https://dl.google.com/android/android-sdk_r24.0.1-macosx.zip'
+        is_64bits = sys.maxsize > 2**32
+        if is_64bits:
+            self.ndk_url = android.android_ndk_url('darwin')
+        else:
+            raise Exception('You need a 64-bit version of Mac OS X to build Firefox for Android.')
+
+        android.ensure_android_sdk_and_ndk(path=mozbuild_path,
+                                           sdk_path=self.sdk_path, sdk_url=self.sdk_url,
+                                           ndk_path=self.ndk_path, ndk_url=self.ndk_url,
+                                           artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+        # 3. We expect the |android| tool to at
+        # ~/.mozbuild/android-sdk-macosx/tools/android.
+        android_tool = os.path.join(self.sdk_path, 'tools', 'android')
+        android.ensure_android_packages(android_tool=android_tool)
+
+    def suggest_macports_mobile_android_mozconfig(self, artifact_mode=False):
+        import android
+        android.suggest_mozconfig(sdk_path=self.sdk_path,
+                                  ndk_path=self.ndk_path,
+                                  artifact_mode=artifact_mode)
+
+    def ensure_package_manager(self):
+        '''
+        Search package mgr in sys.path, if none is found, prompt the user to install one.
+        If only one is found, use that one. If both are found, prompt the user to choose
+        one.
+        '''
+        installed = []
+        for name, cmd in PACKAGE_MANAGER.iteritems():
+            if self.which(cmd) is not None:
+                installed.append(name)
+
+        active_name, active_cmd = None, None
+
+        if not installed:
+            print(NO_PACKAGE_MANAGER_WARNING)
+            choice = self.prompt_int(prompt=PACKAGE_MANAGER_CHOICE, low=1, high=2)
+            active_name = PACKAGE_MANAGER_CHOICES[choice - 1]
+            active_cmd = PACKAGE_MANAGER[active_name]
+            getattr(self, 'install_%s' % active_name.lower())()
+        elif len(installed) == 1:
+            print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_EXISTS % (installed[0], installed[0]))
+            active_name = installed[0]
+            active_cmd = PACKAGE_MANAGER[active_name]
+        else:
+            print(MULTI_PACKAGE_MANAGER_EXISTS)
+            choice = self.prompt_int(prompt=PACKAGE_MANAGER_CHOICE, low=1, high=2)
+
+            active_name = PACKAGE_MANAGER_CHOICES[choice - 1]
+            active_cmd = PACKAGE_MANAGER[active_name]
+
+        # Ensure the active package manager is in $PATH and it comes before
+        # /usr/bin. If it doesn't come before /usr/bin, we'll pick up system
+        # packages before package manager installed packages and the build may
+        # break.
+        p = self.which(active_cmd)
+        if not p:
+            print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_BIN_MISSING % active_cmd)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        p_dir = os.path.dirname(p)
+        for path in os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep):
+            if path == p_dir:
+                break
+
+            for check in ('/bin', '/usr/bin'):
+                if path == check:
+                    print(BAD_PATH_ORDER % (check, p_dir, p_dir, check, p_dir))
+                    sys.exit(1)
+
+        return active_name.lower()
+
+    def install_homebrew(self):
+        print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_INSTALL % ('Homebrew', 'Homebrew', 'Homebrew', 'brew'))
+        bootstrap = urlopen(url=HOMEBREW_BOOTSTRAP, timeout=20).read()
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as tf:
+            tf.write(bootstrap)
+            tf.flush()
+
+            subprocess.check_call(['ruby', tf.name])
+
+    def install_macports(self):
+        url = MACPORTS_URL.get(self.minor_version, None)
+        if not url:
+            raise Exception('We do not have a MacPorts install URL for your '
+                            'OS X version. You will need to install MacPorts manually.')
+
+        print(PACKAGE_MANAGER_INSTALL % ('MacPorts', 'MacPorts', 'MacPorts', 'port'))
+        pkg = urlopen(url=url, timeout=300).read()
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.pkg') as tf:
+            tf.write(pkg)
+            tf.flush()
+
+            self.run_as_root(['installer', '-pkg', tf.name, '-target', '/'])
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        if self.package_manager == 'homebrew':
+            subprocess.check_call([self.brew, '-v', 'update'])
+        else:
+            assert self.package_manager == 'macports'
+            self.run_as_root([self.port, 'selfupdate'])
+
+    def _upgrade_package(self, package):
+        self._ensure_package_manager_updated()
+
+        if self.package_manager == 'homebrew':
+            try:
+                subprocess.check_output([self.brew, '-v', 'upgrade', package],
+                                        stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                if b'already installed' not in e.output:
+                    raise
+        else:
+            assert self.package_manager == 'macports'
+
+            self.run_as_root([self.port, 'upgrade', package])
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self._upgrade_package('mercurial')
+
+    def upgrade_python(self, current):
+        if self.package_manager == 'homebrew':
+            self._upgrade_package('python')
+        else:
+            self._upgrade_package('python27')
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/util.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2bbb76db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+
+
+def get_state_dir():
+    """Obtain path to a directory to hold state.
+
+    Returns a tuple of the path and a bool indicating whether the
+    value came from an environment variable.
+    """
+    state_user_dir = os.path.expanduser('~/.mozbuild')
+    state_env_dir = os.environ.get('MOZBUILD_STATE_PATH')
+
+    if state_env_dir:
+        return state_env_dir, True
+    else:
+        return state_user_dir, False
diff --git a/python/mozboot/mozboot/windows.py b/python/mozboot/mozboot/windows.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c072b1b91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/mozboot/windows.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+import subprocess
+
+from mozboot.base import BaseBootstrapper
+
+class WindowsBootstrapper(BaseBootstrapper):
+    '''Bootstrapper for msys2 based environments for building in Windows.'''
+
+    SYSTEM_PACKAGES = [
+        'mingw-w64-x86_64-make',
+        'mingw-w64-x86_64-python2-pip',
+        'mingw-w64-x86_64-perl',
+        'patch',
+        'patchutils',
+        'diffutils',
+        'autoconf2.13',
+        'tar',
+        'zip',
+        'unzip',
+        'mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain', # TODO: Should be removed when Mercurial is installable from a wheel.
+        'mingw-w64-i686-toolchain'
+    ]
+
+    BROWSER_PACKAGES = [
+        'mingw-w64-x86_64-yasm',
+        'mingw-w64-i686-nsis'
+    ]
+
+    MOBILE_ANDROID_COMMON_PACKAGES = [
+        'wget'
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        if 'MOZ_WINDOWS_BOOTSTRAP' not in os.environ or os.environ['MOZ_WINDOWS_BOOTSTRAP'] != '1':
+            raise NotImplementedError('Bootstrap support for Windows is under development. For now, use MozillaBuild '
+                                      'to set up a build environment on Windows. If you are testing Windows Bootstrap support, '
+                                      'try `export MOZ_WINDOWS_BOOTSTRAP=1`')
+        BaseBootstrapper.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        if not self.which('pacman'):
+            raise NotImplementedError('The Windows bootstrapper only works with msys2 with pacman. Get msys2 at '
+                                      'http://msys2.github.io/')
+        print 'Using an experimental bootstrapper for Windows.'
+
+    def which(self, name):
+        return BaseBootstrapper.which(self, name + '.exe')
+
+    def install_system_packages(self):
+        self.pacman_install(*self.SYSTEM_PACKAGES)
+
+    def upgrade_mercurial(self, current):
+        self.pip_install('mercurial')
+
+    def upgrade_python(self, current):
+        self.pacman_install('mingw-w64-x86_64-python2')
+
+    def install_browser_packages(self):
+        self.pacman_install(*self.BROWSER_PACKAGES)
+
+    def install_mobile_android_packages(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('We do not support building Android on Windows. Sorry!')
+
+    def install_mobile_android_artifact_mode_packages(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('We do not support building Android on Windows. Sorry!')
+
+    def _update_package_manager(self):
+        self.pacman_update()
+
+    def run(self, command):
+        subprocess.check_call(command, stdin=sys.stdin)
+
+    def pacman_update(self):
+        command = ['pacman', '--sync', '--refresh']
+        self.run(command)
+
+    def pacman_upgrade(self):
+        command = ['pacman', '--sync', '--refresh', '--sysupgrade']
+        self.run(command)
+
+    def pacman_install(self, *packages):
+        command = ['pacman', '--sync', '--needed']
+        if self.no_interactive:
+            command.append('--noconfirm')
+
+        command.extend(packages)
+        self.run(command)
+
+    def pip_install(self, *packages):
+        command = ['pip', 'install', '--upgrade']
+        command.extend(packages)
+        self.run(command)
diff --git a/python/mozboot/setup.py b/python/mozboot/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ad2c63ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from distutils.core import setup
+
+VERSION = '0.1'
+
+setup(
+    name='mozboot',
+    description='System bootstrap for building Mozilla projects.',
+    license='MPL 2.0',
+    packages=['mozboot'],
+    version=VERSION,
+    scripts=['bin/bootstrap.py'],
+)
diff --git a/python/mozboot/support/ConEmu.xml b/python/mozboot/support/ConEmu.xml
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e2df514f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozboot/support/ConEmu.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

+<key name="Software">

+	<key name="ConEmu">

+		<key name=".Vanilla" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:26" build="160724">

+			<value name="SingleInstance" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="KeyboardHooks" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="UseInjects" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Update.CheckOnStartup" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Update.CheckHourly" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Update.ConfirmDownload" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Update.UseBuilds" type="hex" data="02"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable00" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable01" type="dword" data="00800000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable02" type="dword" data="00008000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable03" type="dword" data="00808000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable04" type="dword" data="00000080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable05" type="dword" data="00800080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable06" type="dword" data="00008080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable07" type="dword" data="00c0c0c0"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable08" type="dword" data="00808080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable09" type="dword" data="00ff0000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable10" type="dword" data="0000ff00"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable11" type="dword" data="00ffff00"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable12" type="dword" data="000000ff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable13" type="dword" data="00ff00ff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable14" type="dword" data="0000ffff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable15" type="dword" data="00ffffff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable16" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable17" type="dword" data="00800000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable18" type="dword" data="00008000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable19" type="dword" data="00808000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable20" type="dword" data="00000080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable21" type="dword" data="00800080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable22" type="dword" data="00008080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable23" type="dword" data="00c0c0c0"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable24" type="dword" data="00808080"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable25" type="dword" data="00ff0000"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable26" type="dword" data="0000ff00"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable27" type="dword" data="00ffff00"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable28" type="dword" data="000000ff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable29" type="dword" data="00ff00ff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable30" type="dword" data="0000ffff"/>

+			<value name="ColorTable31" type="dword" data="00ffffff"/>

+			<value name="ExtendColors" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="ExtendColorIdx" type="hex" data="0e"/>

+			<value name="TextColorIdx" type="hex" data="10"/>

+			<value name="BackColorIdx" type="hex" data="10"/>

+			<value name="PopTextColorIdx" type="hex" data="10"/>

+			<value name="PopBackColorIdx" type="hex" data="10"/>

+			<value name="ExtendFonts" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="ExtendFontNormalIdx" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="ExtendFontBoldIdx" type="hex" data="0c"/>

+			<value name="ExtendFontItalicIdx" type="hex" data="0d"/>

+			<value name="CursorTypeActive" type="dword" data="000232c1"/>

+			<value name="CursorTypeInactive" type="dword" data="00823283"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardDetectLineEnd" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardBashMargin" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardTrimTrailing" type="hex" data="02"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardEOL" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardArrowStart" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardAllLines" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardFirstLine" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardClickPromptPosition" type="hex" data="02"/>

+			<value name="ClipboardDeleteLeftWord" type="hex" data="02"/>

+			<value name="TrueColorerSupport" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="FadeInactive" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="FadeInactiveLow" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="FadeInactiveHigh" type="hex" data="d0"/>

+			<value name="ConVisible" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="ConInMode" type="dword" data="ffffffff"/>

+			<value name="SetDefaultTerminal" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="SetDefaultTerminalStartup" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="SetDefaultTerminalStartupTSA" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="DefaultTerminalNoInjects" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="DefaultTerminalNewWindow" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="DefaultTerminalConfirm" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="DefaultTerminalApps" type="string" data="explorer.exe"/>

+			<value name="ProcessAnsi" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="AnsiLog" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="AnsiLogPath" type="string" data="%ConEmuDir%\Logs\"/>

+			<value name="ProcessNewConArg" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="ConsoleExceptionHandler" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="UseClink" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StartType" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="CmdLine" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="StartTasksFile" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="StartTasksName" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="StartFarFolders" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="StartFarEditors" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="StoreTaskbarkTasks" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="StoreTaskbarCommands" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="SaveCmdHistory" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="CmdLineHistory" type="multi">

+				<line data="{Bash::mozdev}"/>

+			</value>

+			<value name="ShowHelpTooltips" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.ShowButtons" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.NumberInCaption" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.CloseConfirm" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.CloseEditViewConfirm" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.NewConfirm" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.UseArrows" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.UseNumbers" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.UseWinTab" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.AutoCreate" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.LeaveOnClose" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.HideOnClose" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Multi.MinByEsc" type="hex" data="02"/>

+			<value name="MapShiftEscToEsc" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.Iterate" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.SplitWidth" type="hex" data="04"/>

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+			<value name="BackGround Image show" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="BackGround Image" type="string" data="c:\back.bmp"/>

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+			<value name="FarGotoEditorPath" type="string" data="far.exe /e%1:%2 &quot;%3&quot;"/>

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+			<value name="Min2Tray" type="hex" data="00"/>

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+			<value name="SafeFarCloseMacro" type="string" data=""/>

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+			<value name="DebugSteps" type="hex" data="01"/>

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+			<value name="TaskbarProgress" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="TabCloseMacro" type="string" data=""/>

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+			<value name="SaveAllEditors" type="string" data=""/>

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+			<value name="TabConsole" type="string" data="&lt;%c&gt; %s"/>

+			<value name="TabSkipWords" type="string" data="Administrator:|�дмини�тратор:"/>

+			<value name="TabPanels" type="string" data="&lt;%c&gt; %s"/>

+			<value name="TabEditor" type="string" data="&lt;%c.%i&gt;{%s}"/>

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+			<value name="AdminTitleSuffix" type="string" data=" (Admin)"/>

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+			<value name="PasteFileKey" type="dword" data="00101146"/>

+			<value name="PastePathKey" type="dword" data="00101144"/>

+			<value name="PasteCygwinKey" type="dword" data="00005d2d"/>

+			<value name="Key.JumpPrevMonitor" type="dword" data="00105b25"/>

+			<value name="Key.JumpNextMonitor" type="dword" data="00105b27"/>

+			<value name="Key.TileToLeft" type="dword" data="00005b25"/>

+			<value name="Key.TileToRIght" type="dword" data="00005b27"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro01" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro01.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro02" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro02.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro03" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro03.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro04" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro04.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro05" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro05.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro06" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro06.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro07" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro07.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro08" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro08.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro09" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro09.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro10" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro10.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro11" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro11.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro12" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro12.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro13" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro13.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro14" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro14.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro15" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro15.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro16" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro16.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro17" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro17.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro18" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro18.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro19" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro19.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro20" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro20.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro21" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro21.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro22" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro22.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro23" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro23.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro24" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro24.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro25" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro25.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro26" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro26.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro27" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro27.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro28" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro28.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro29" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro29.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro30" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro30.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro31" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro31.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro32" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="KeyMacro32.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+			<value name="CTS.VkBlock" type="hex" data="a4"/>

+			<value name="CTS.VkText" type="hex" data="a0"/>

+			<value name="CTS.VkAct" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="CTS.VkPrompt" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="FarGotoEditorVk" type="hex" data="a2"/>

+			<value name="DndLKey" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="DndRKey" type="hex" data="a2"/>

+			<value name="WndDragKey" type="dword" data="00121101"/>

+			<value name="StartCreateDelay" type="ulong" data="100"/>

+			<value name="VividColors" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="DefaultTerminalAgressive" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="DefaultTerminalDebugLog" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="AnsiExecution" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="AnsiAllowedCommands" type="multi">

+				<line data="cmd -cur_console:R /cGitShowBranch.cmd"/>

+			</value>

+			<value name="ProcessCmdStart" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="ProcessCtrlZ" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="SuppressBells" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="JumpListAutoUpdate" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.ShowSearch" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.CloseConfirmFlags" type="hex" data="07"/>

+			<value name="Multi.DupConfirm" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="Multi.DetachConfirm" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="FontUseDpi" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="FontUseUnits" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="CompressLongStrings" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="LastMonitor" type="string" data="0,0,2880,1540"/>

+			<value name="Restore2ActiveMon" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="DownShowExOnTopMessage" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="UseScrollLock" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="EnvironmentSet" type="multi">

+				<line data="set PATH=%ConEmuBaseDir%\Scripts;%PATH%"/>

+			</value>

+			<value name="CTS.ResetOnRelease" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="CTS.EraseBeforeReset" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="CTS.ForceLocale" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+			<value name="Anti-aliasing2" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="UseAltGrayPlus" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="MouseDragWindow" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="DebugLog" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.VisL" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.KeyHooks" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.TMode" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.RMode" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.WVBack" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.WVDC" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.Zoom" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="StatusBar.Hide.Dpi" type="hex" data="01"/>

+			<value name="TabFlashChanged" type="long" data="8"/>

+			<value name="TabModifiedSuffix" type="string" data="[*]"/>

+			<value name="Update.InetTool" type="hex" data="00"/>

+			<value name="Update.InetToolCmd" type="string" data=""/>

+			<key name="HotKeys" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+				<value name="KeyMacroVersion" type="hex" data="02"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Modifier" type="dword" data="0000005b"/>

+				<value name="Multi.ArrowsModifier" type="dword" data="0000005b"/>

+				<value name="MinimizeRestore" type="dword" data="000011c0"/>

+				<value name="MinimizeRestore2" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="GlobalRestore" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CdExplorerPath" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="ForcedFullScreen" type="dword" data="12115b0d"/>

+				<value name="SwitchGuiFocus" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="SetFocusGui" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="SetFocusChild" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="ChildSystemMenu" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewConsole" type="dword" data="00005b57"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewConsoleShift" type="dword" data="00105b57"/>

+				<value name="Multi.CmdKey" type="dword" data="00005b58"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewWindow" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewConsolePopup" type="dword" data="00005b4e"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewConsolePopup2" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewAttach" type="dword" data="00005b47"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewSplitV" type="dword" data="0010114f"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NewSplitH" type="dword" data="00101145"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitMaximize" type="dword" data="00005d0d"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitSizeVU" type="dword" data="00105d26"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitSizeVD" type="dword" data="00105d28"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitSizeHL" type="dword" data="00105d25"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitSizeHR" type="dword" data="00105d27"/>

+				<value name="Key.TabPane1" type="dword" data="00005d09"/>

+				<value name="Key.TabPane2" type="dword" data="00105d09"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitFocusU" type="dword" data="00005d26"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitFocusD" type="dword" data="00005d28"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitFocusL" type="dword" data="00005d25"/>

+				<value name="Multi.SplitFocusR" type="dword" data="00005d27"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Next" type="dword" data="00005b51"/>

+				<value name="Multi.NextShift" type="dword" data="00105b51"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Recreate" type="dword" data="00005bc0"/>

+				<value name="Multi.AltCon" type="dword" data="00005b41"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Pause" type="dword" data="80808013"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Scroll" type="dword" data="00005b53"/>

+				<value name="Multi.GroupInput" type="dword" data="00005d47"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Detach" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Unfasten" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Close" type="dword" data="00005b2e"/>

+				<value name="CloseTabKey" type="dword" data="00125b2e"/>

+				<value name="CloseGroupKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CloseGroupPrcKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CloseAllConKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CloseZombiesKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CloseExceptConKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KillProcessKey" type="dword" data="00121103"/>

+				<value name="KillAllButShellKey" type="dword" data="00125b13"/>

+				<value name="DuplicateRootKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CloseConEmuKey" type="dword" data="00005b73"/>

+				<value name="Multi.Rename" type="dword" data="00005d52"/>

+				<value name="AffinityPriorityKey" type="dword" data="00005d41"/>

+				<value name="Multi.MoveLeft" type="dword" data="00125b25"/>

+				<value name="Multi.MoveRight" type="dword" data="00125b27"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkBlockStart" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkTextStart" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkCopyFmt0" type="dword" data="00001143"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkCopyFmt1" type="dword" data="00101143"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkCopyFmt2" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkCopyAll" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="HighlightMouseSwitch" type="dword" data="00005d4c"/>

+				<value name="HighlightMouseSwitchX" type="dword" data="00005d58"/>

+				<value name="Multi.ShowTabsList" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Multi.ShowTabsList2" type="dword" data="00005d7b"/>

+				<value name="ClipboardVkAllLines" type="dword" data="0000102d"/>

+				<value name="ClipboardVkFirstLine" type="dword" data="00001156"/>

+				<value name="Key.AltNumpad" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="DeleteWordToLeft" type="dword" data="00001108"/>

+				<value name="FindTextKey" type="dword" data="00005d46"/>

+				<value name="ScreenshotKey" type="dword" data="00005b48"/>

+				<value name="ScreenshotFullKey" type="dword" data="00105b48"/>

+				<value name="ShowStatusBarKey" type="dword" data="00005d53"/>

+				<value name="ShowTabBarKey" type="dword" data="00005d54"/>

+				<value name="ShowCaptionKey" type="dword" data="00005d43"/>

+				<value name="AlwaysOnTopKey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="TransparencyInc" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="TransparencyDec" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Key.TabMenu" type="dword" data="00005d20"/>

+				<value name="Key.TabMenu2" type="dword" data="00001002"/>

+				<value name="Key.Maximize" type="dword" data="00001278"/>

+				<value name="Key.MaximizeWidth" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Key.MaximizeHeight" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Key.TileToLeft" type="dword" data="00005b25"/>

+				<value name="Key.TileToRight" type="dword" data="00005b27"/>

+				<value name="Key.JumpActiveMonitor" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Key.JumpPrevMonitor" type="dword" data="00105b25"/>

+				<value name="Key.JumpNextMonitor" type="dword" data="00105b27"/>

+				<value name="Key.FullScreen" type="dword" data="0000120d"/>

+				<value name="Key.SysMenu" type="dword" data="00001220"/>

+				<value name="Key.SysMenu2" type="dword" data="00001102"/>

+				<value name="Key.DebugProcess" type="dword" data="00105b44"/>

+				<value name="Key.DumpProcess" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Key.DumpTree" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufUp" type="dword" data="00001126"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufDn" type="dword" data="00001128"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufPgUp" type="dword" data="00001121"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufPgDn" type="dword" data="00001122"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufHfPgUp" type="dword" data="00005d21"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufHfPgDn" type="dword" data="00005d22"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufTop" type="dword" data="00005d24"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufBottom" type="dword" data="00005d23"/>

+				<value name="Key.BufCursor" type="dword" data="00005d08"/>

+				<value name="Key.ResetTerm" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="FontLargerKey" type="dword" data="000011d0"/>

+				<value name="FontSmallerKey" type="dword" data="000011d1"/>

+				<value name="FontOriginalKey" type="dword" data="00001104"/>

+				<value name="PasteFileKey" type="dword" data="00101146"/>

+				<value name="PastePathKey" type="dword" data="00101144"/>

+				<value name="PasteCygwinKey" type="dword" data="00005d2d"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro01" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro01.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro02" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro02.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro03" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro03.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro04" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro04.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro05" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro05.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro06" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro06.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro07" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro07.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro08" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro08.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro09" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro09.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro10" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro10.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro11" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro11.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro12" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro12.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro13" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro13.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro14" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro14.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro15" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro15.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro16" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro16.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro17" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro17.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro18" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro18.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro19" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro19.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro20" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro20.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro21" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro21.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro22" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro22.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro23" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro23.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro24" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro24.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro25" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro25.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro26" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro26.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro27" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro27.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro28" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro28.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro29" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro29.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro30" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro30.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro31" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro31.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro32" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+				<value name="KeyMacro32.Text" type="string" data=""/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkBlock" type="hex" data="a4"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkText" type="hex" data="a0"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkAct" type="hex" data="00"/>

+				<value name="CTS.VkPrompt" type="hex" data="00"/>

+				<value name="FarGotoEditorVk" type="hex" data="a2"/>

+				<value name="DndLKey" type="hex" data="00"/>

+				<value name="DndRKey" type="hex" data="a2"/>

+				<value name="WndDragKey" type="dword" data="00121101"/>

+			</key>

+			<key name="Tasks" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+				<value name="Count" type="long" data="14"/>

+                                <!-- MOZ: This task launches Mozilla's MSYS2 development enviornment -->

+				<key name="Task1" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Bash::mozdev}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000005"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="set CHERE_INVOKING=1 &amp; set MSYSTEM=MINGW64 &amp; %MSYS2_PATH\usr\bin\bash.exe --login -i -new_console:C:&quot;%MSYS2_PATH\msys2.ico&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+                                <!-- MOZ: End of Mozilla code. -->

+				<key name="Task2" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Shells::cmd}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000002"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="cmd.exe /k &quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\CmdInit.cmd&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task3" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Shells::cmd (Admin)}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="cmd.exe /k &quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\CmdInit.cmd&quot; -new_console:a"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task4" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Shells::cmd-32}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="&quot;%windir%\syswow64\cmd.exe&quot; /k &quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\CmdInit.cmd&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task5" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Shells::cmd 64/32}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="&gt; &quot;%windir%\system32\cmd.exe&quot; /k &quot;&quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\CmdInit.cmd&quot; &amp; echo This is Native cmd.exe&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Cmd2" type="string" data="&quot;%windir%\syswow64\cmd.exe&quot; /k &quot;&quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\CmdInit.cmd&quot; &amp; echo This is 32 bit cmd.exe -new_console:s50V&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="1"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="2"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task6" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Shells::PowerShell}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="powershell.exe"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task7" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Shells::PowerShell (Admin)}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="powershell.exe -new_console:a"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task8" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Bash::bash}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data="-icon &quot;%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\lxss\bash.ico&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="%windir%\system32\bash.exe -cur_console:p"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task9" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Bash::Msys2-64}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="set CHERE_INVOKING=1 &amp; %ConEmuDrive%\msys64\usr\bin\bash.exe --login -i -new_console:C:&quot;%ConEmuDrive%\msys64\msys2.ico&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task10" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Helper::Show ANSI colors}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="cmd.exe /k type &quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\Addons\AnsiColors16t.ans&quot; -cur_console:n"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task11" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{SDK::VS 11.0 x86 tools prompt}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="cmd /k &quot;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 11.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat&quot;&quot; x86 -new_console:t:&quot;VS 11.0&quot; -new_console:C:&quot;%CommonProgramFiles(x86)%\microsoft shared\MSEnv\VSFileHandler.dll,23&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task12" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{SDK::VS 12.0 x86 tools prompt}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="cmd /k &quot;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat&quot;&quot; x86 -new_console:t:&quot;VS 12.0&quot; -new_console:C:&quot;%CommonProgramFiles(x86)%\microsoft shared\MSEnv\VSFileHandler.dll,28&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task13" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{SDK::VS 14.0 x86 tools prompt}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="cmd /k &quot;&quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat&quot;&quot; x86 -new_console:t:&quot;VS 14.0&quot; -new_console:C:&quot;%CommonProgramFiles(x86)%\microsoft shared\MSEnv\VSFileHandler.dll,33&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+				<key name="Task14" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+					<value name="Name" type="string" data="{Tools::Chocolatey (Admin)}"/>

+					<value name="Flags" type="dword" data="00000004"/>

+					<value name="Hotkey" type="dword" data="00000000"/>

+					<value name="GuiArgs" type="string" data=""/>

+					<value name="Cmd1" type="string" data="*cmd.exe /k Title Chocolatey &amp; &quot;%ConEmuBaseDir%\Addons\ChocolateyAbout.cmd&quot;"/>

+					<value name="Active" type="long" data="0"/>

+					<value name="Count" type="long" data="1"/>

+				</key>

+			</key>

+			<key name="Apps" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+				<value name="Count" type="long" data="0"/>

+			</key>

+			<key name="Colors" modified="2016-08-05 15:29:11" build="160724">

+				<value name="Count" type="long" data="0"/>

+			</key>

+		</key>

+	</key>

+</key>

diff --git a/python/mozbuild/TODO b/python/mozbuild/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f519f9dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+dom/imptests Makefile.in's are autogenerated. See
+dom/imptests/writeMakefile.py and bug 782651. We will need to update
+writeMakefile.py to produce mozbuild files.
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/dumbmake.py b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/dumbmake.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5457c8b0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/dumbmake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from itertools import groupby
+from operator import itemgetter
+from os.path import dirname
+
+WHITESPACE_CHARACTERS = ' \t'
+
+def indentation(line):
+    """Number of whitespace (tab and space) characters at start of |line|."""
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(line):
+        if line[i] not in WHITESPACE_CHARACTERS:
+            break
+        i += 1
+    return i
+
+def dependency_map(lines):
+    """Return a dictionary with keys that are targets and values that
+    are ordered lists of targets that should also be built.
+
+    This implementation is O(n^2), but lovely and simple!  We walk the
+    targets in the list, and for each target we walk backwards
+    collecting its dependencies.  To make the walking easier, we
+    reverse the list so that we are always walking forwards.
+
+    """
+    pairs = [(indentation(line), line.strip()) for line in lines]
+    pairs.reverse()
+
+    deps = {}
+
+    for i, (indent, target) in enumerate(pairs):
+        if not deps.has_key(target):
+            deps[target] = []
+
+        for j in range(i+1, len(pairs)):
+            ind, tar = pairs[j]
+            if ind < indent:
+                indent = ind
+                if tar not in deps[target]:
+                    deps[target].append(tar)
+
+    return deps
+
+def all_dependencies(*targets, **kwargs):
+    """Return a list containing all the dependencies of |targets|.
+
+    The relative order of targets is maintained if possible.
+
+    """
+    dm = kwargs.pop('dependency_map', None)
+    if dm is None:
+        dm = dependency_map(targets)
+
+    all_targets = OrderedDict() # Used as an ordered set.
+
+    for target in targets:
+        if target in dm:
+            for dependency in dm[target]:
+                # Move element back in the ordered set.
+                if dependency in all_targets:
+                    del all_targets[dependency]
+                all_targets[dependency] = True
+
+    return all_targets.keys()
+
+def get_components(path):
+    """Take a path and return all the components of the path."""
+    paths = [path]
+    while True:
+        parent = dirname(paths[-1])
+        if parent == "":
+            break
+        paths.append(parent)
+
+    paths.reverse()
+    return paths
+
+def add_extra_dependencies(target_pairs, dependency_map):
+    """Take a list [(make_dir, make_target)] and expand (make_dir, None)
+    entries with extra make dependencies from |dependency_map|.
+
+    Returns an iterator of pairs (make_dir, make_target).
+
+    """
+    all_targets = OrderedDict() # Used as an ordered set.
+    make_dirs = OrderedDict() # Used as an ordered set.
+
+    for make_target, group in groupby(target_pairs, itemgetter(1)):
+        # Return non-simple directory targets untouched.
+        if make_target is not None:
+            for pair in group:
+                # Generate dependencies for all components of a path.
+                # Given path a/b/c, examine a, a/b, and a/b/c in that order.
+                paths = get_components(pair[1])
+                # For each component of a path, find and add all dependencies
+                # to the final target list.
+                for target in paths:
+                    if target not in all_targets:
+                        yield pair[0], target
+                        all_targets[target] = True
+            continue
+
+        # Add extra dumbmake dependencies to simple directory targets.
+        for make_dir, _ in group:
+            if make_dir not in make_dirs:
+                yield make_dir, None
+                make_dirs[make_dir] = True
+
+    all_components = []
+    for make_dir in make_dirs.iterkeys():
+        all_components.extend(get_components(make_dir))
+
+    for i in all_dependencies(*all_components, dependency_map=dependency_map):
+        if i not in make_dirs:
+            yield i, None
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/test/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/test/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/test/test_dumbmake.py b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/test/test_dumbmake.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1172117aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/dumbmake/test/test_dumbmake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+)
+
+from dumbmake.dumbmake import (
+    add_extra_dependencies,
+    all_dependencies,
+    dependency_map,
+    indentation,
+)
+
+class TestDumbmake(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_indentation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(indentation(""), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation("x"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation(" x"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation("\tx"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation(" \tx"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation("\t x"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation(" x  "), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation("\tx\t"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation("  x"), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(indentation("    x"), 4)
+
+    def test_dependency_map(self):
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map([]), {})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a"]), {"a": []})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "b"]), {"a": [], "b": []})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "b", "c"]), {"a": [], "b": [], "c": []})
+        # indentation
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\tb", "a", "\tc"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "c": ["a"]})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\tb", "\t\tc"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "c": ["b", "a"]})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\tb", "\t\tc", "\td", "\te", "f"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "c": ["b", "a"], "d": ["a"], "e": ["a"], "f": []})
+        # irregular indentation
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["\ta", "b"]), {"a": [], "b": []})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\t\t\tb", "\t\tc"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "c": ["a"]})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\t\tb", "\t\t\tc", "\t\td", "\te", "f"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "c": ["b", "a"], "d": ["a"], "e": ["a"], "f": []})
+        # repetitions
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\tb", "a", "\tb"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"]})
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\tb", "\t\tc", "b", "\td", "\t\te"]), {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "d": ["b"], "e": ["d", "b"], "c": ["b", "a"]})
+        # cycles are okay
+        self.assertEqual(dependency_map(["a", "\tb", "\t\ta"]), {"a": ["b", "a"], "b": ["a"]})
+
+    def test_all_dependencies(self):
+        dm = {"a": [], "b": ["a"], "c": ["b", "a"], "d": ["a"], "e": ["a"], "f": []}
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("a", dependency_map=dm), [])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("b", dependency_map=dm), ["a"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("c", "a", "b", dependency_map=dm), ["b", "a"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("d", dependency_map=dm), ["a"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("d", "f", "c", dependency_map=dm), ["b", "a"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("a", "b", dependency_map=dm), ["a"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("b", "b", dependency_map=dm), ["a"])
+
+    def test_missing_entry(self):
+        # a depends on b, which is missing
+        dm = {"a": ["b"]}
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("a", dependency_map=dm), ["b"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("a", "b", dependency_map=dm), ["b"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("b", dependency_map=dm), [])
+
+    def test_two_dependencies(self):
+        dm = {"a": ["c"], "b": ["c"], "c": []}
+        # suppose a and b both depend on c.  Then we want to build a and b before c...
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("a", "b", dependency_map=dm), ["c"])
+        # ... but relative order is preserved.
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("b", "a", dependency_map=dm), ["c"])
+
+    def test_nested_dependencies(self):
+        # a depends on b depends on c depends on d
+        dm = {"a": ["b", "c", "d"], "b": ["c", "d"], "c": ["d"]}
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("b", "a", dependency_map=dm), ["b", "c", "d"])
+        self.assertEqual(all_dependencies("c", "a", dependency_map=dm), ["b", "c", "d"])
+
+    def test_add_extra_dependencies(self):
+        # a depends on b depends on c depends on d
+        dm = {"a": ["b", "c", "d"], "b": ["c", "d"], "c": ["d"]}
+        # Edge cases.
+        self.assertEqual(list(add_extra_dependencies([], dependency_map=dm)),
+                         [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(add_extra_dependencies([(None, "package")], dependency_map=dm)),
+                         [(None, "package")])
+        # Easy expansion.
+        self.assertEqual(list(add_extra_dependencies([("b", None)], dependency_map=dm)),
+                         [("b", None), ("c", None), ("d", None)])
+        # Expansion with two groups -- each group is handled independently.
+        self.assertEqual(list(add_extra_dependencies([("b", None),
+                                                      (None, "package"),
+                                                      ("c", None)], dependency_map=dm)),
+                         [("b", None), (None, "package"),
+                          ("c", None), ("d", None)])
+        # Two groups, no duplicate dependencies in each group.
+        self.assertEqual(list(add_extra_dependencies([("a", None), ("b", None),
+                                                      (None, "package"), (None, "install"),
+                                                      ("c", None), ("d", None)], dependency_map=dm)),
+                         [("a", None), ("b", None), (None, "package"),
+                          (None, "install"), ("c", None), ("d", None)])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/buildlist.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/buildlist.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d601d69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/buildlist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''A generic script to add entries to a file
+if the entry does not already exist.
+
+Usage: buildlist.py <filename> <entry> [<entry> ...]
+'''
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import sys
+import os
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    ensureParentDir,
+    lock_file,
+)
+
+def addEntriesToListFile(listFile, entries):
+  """Given a file |listFile| containing one entry per line,
+  add each entry in |entries| to the file, unless it is already
+  present."""
+  ensureParentDir(listFile)
+  lock = lock_file(listFile + ".lck")
+  try:
+    if os.path.exists(listFile):
+      f = open(listFile)
+      existing = set(x.strip() for x in f.readlines())
+      f.close()
+    else:
+      existing = set()
+    for e in entries:
+      if e not in existing:
+        existing.add(e)
+    with open(listFile, 'wb') as f:
+      f.write("\n".join(sorted(existing))+"\n")
+  finally:
+    lock = None
+
+
+def main(args):
+    if len(args) < 2:
+        print("Usage: buildlist.py <list file> <entry> [<entry> ...]",
+            file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    return addEntriesToListFile(args[0], args[1:])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/cl.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/cl.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1840d7d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/cl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import ctypes
+import os
+import sys
+
+from mozprocess.processhandler import ProcessHandlerMixin
+from mozbuild.makeutil import Makefile
+
+CL_INCLUDES_PREFIX = os.environ.get("CL_INCLUDES_PREFIX", "Note: including file:")
+
+GetShortPathName = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW
+GetLongPathName = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetLongPathNameW
+
+
+# cl.exe likes to print inconsistent paths in the showIncludes output
+# (some lowercased, some not, with different directions of slashes),
+# and we need the original file case for make/pymake to be happy.
+# As this is slow and needs to be called a lot of times, use a cache
+# to speed things up.
+_normcase_cache = {}
+
+def normcase(path):
+    # Get*PathName want paths with backslashes
+    path = path.replace('/', os.sep)
+    dir = os.path.dirname(path)
+    # name is fortunately always going to have the right case,
+    # so we can use a cache for the directory part only.
+    name = os.path.basename(path)
+    if dir in _normcase_cache:
+        result = _normcase_cache[dir]
+    else:
+        path = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(dir)
+        length = GetShortPathName(path, None, 0)
+        shortpath = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(length)
+        GetShortPathName(path, shortpath, length)
+        length = GetLongPathName(shortpath, None, 0)
+        if length > len(path):
+            path = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(length)
+        GetLongPathName(shortpath, path, length)
+        result = _normcase_cache[dir] = path.value
+    return os.path.join(result, name)
+
+
+def InvokeClWithDependencyGeneration(cmdline):
+    target = ""
+    # Figure out what the target is
+    for arg in cmdline:
+        if arg.startswith("-Fo"):
+            target = arg[3:]
+            break
+
+    if target is None:
+        print >>sys.stderr, "No target set"
+        return 1
+
+    # Assume the source file is the last argument
+    source = cmdline[-1]
+    assert not source.startswith('-')
+
+    # The deps target lives here
+    depstarget = os.path.basename(target) + ".pp"
+
+    cmdline += ['-showIncludes']
+
+    mk = Makefile()
+    rule = mk.create_rule([target])
+    rule.add_dependencies([normcase(source)])
+
+    def on_line(line):
+        # cl -showIncludes prefixes every header with "Note: including file:"
+        # and an indentation corresponding to the depth (which we don't need)
+        if line.startswith(CL_INCLUDES_PREFIX):
+            dep = line[len(CL_INCLUDES_PREFIX):].strip()
+            # We can't handle pathes with spaces properly in mddepend.pl, but
+            # we can assume that anything in a path with spaces is a system
+            # header and throw it away.
+            dep = normcase(dep)
+            if ' ' not in dep:
+                rule.add_dependencies([dep])
+        else:
+            # Make sure we preserve the relevant output from cl. mozprocess
+            # swallows the newline delimiter, so we need to re-add it.
+            sys.stdout.write(line)
+            sys.stdout.write('\n')
+
+    # We need to ignore children because MSVC can fire up a background process
+    # during compilation. This process is cleaned up on its own. If we kill it,
+    # we can run into weird compilation issues.
+    p = ProcessHandlerMixin(cmdline, processOutputLine=[on_line],
+        ignore_children=True)
+    p.run()
+    p.processOutput()
+    ret = p.wait()
+
+    if ret != 0 or target == "":
+        # p.wait() returns a long. Somehow sys.exit(long(0)) is like
+        # sys.exit(1). Don't ask why.
+        return int(ret)
+
+    depsdir = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.curdir, ".deps"))
+    depstarget = os.path.join(depsdir, depstarget)
+    if not os.path.isdir(depsdir):
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(depsdir)
+        except OSError:
+            pass # This suppresses the error we get when the dir exists, at the
+                 # cost of masking failure to create the directory.  We'll just
+                 # die on the next line though, so it's not that much of a loss.
+
+    with open(depstarget, "w") as f:
+        mk.dump(f)
+
+    return 0
+
+def main(args):
+    return InvokeClWithDependencyGeneration(args)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/dump_env.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/dump_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6fa19f3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/dump_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# We invoke a Python program to dump our environment in order to get
+# native paths printed on Windows so that these paths can be incorporated
+# into Python configure's environment.
+import os
+for key, value in os.environ.items():
+    print('%s=%s' % (key, value))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/explode_aar.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/explode_aar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcaf594c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/explode_aar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import errno
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import zipfile
+
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozbuild.util import ensureParentDir
+
+def explode(aar, destdir):
+    # Take just the support-v4-22.2.1 part.
+    name, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(aar))
+
+    destdir = mozpath.join(destdir, name)
+    if os.path.exists(destdir):
+        # We always want to start fresh.
+        shutil.rmtree(destdir)
+    ensureParentDir(destdir)
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(aar) as zf:
+        zf.extractall(destdir)
+
+    # classes.jar is always present.  However, multiple JAR files with the same
+    # name confuses our staged Proguard process in
+    # mobile/android/base/Makefile.in, so we make the names unique here.
+    classes_jar = mozpath.join(destdir, name + '-classes.jar')
+    os.rename(mozpath.join(destdir, 'classes.jar'), classes_jar)
+
+    # Embedded JAR libraries are optional.
+    finder = FileFinder(mozpath.join(destdir, 'libs'), find_executables=False)
+    for p, _ in finder.find('*.jar'):
+        jar = mozpath.join(finder.base, name + '-' + p)
+        os.rename(mozpath.join(finder.base, p), jar)
+
+    # Frequently assets/ is present but empty.  Protect against meaningless
+    # changes to the AAR files by deleting empty assets/ directories.
+    assets = mozpath.join(destdir, 'assets')
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(assets)
+    except OSError, e:
+        if e.errno in (errno.ENOTEMPTY, errno.ENOENT):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise
+
+    return True
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='Explode Android AAR file.')
+
+    parser.add_argument('--destdir', required=True, help='Destination directory.')
+    parser.add_argument('aars', nargs='+', help='Path to AAR file(s).')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for aar in args.aars:
+        if not explode(aar, args.destdir):
+            return 1
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/file_generate.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/file_generate.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bdbc264b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/file_generate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# Given a Python script and arguments describing the output file, and
+# the arguments that can be used to generate the output file, call the
+# script's |main| method with appropriate arguments.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import argparse
+import imp
+import os
+import sys
+import traceback
+
+from mozbuild.pythonutil import iter_modules_in_path
+from mozbuild.makeutil import Makefile
+from mozbuild.util import FileAvoidWrite
+import buildconfig
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('Generate a file from a Python script',
+                                     add_help=False)
+    parser.add_argument('python_script', metavar='python-script', type=str,
+                        help='The Python script to run')
+    parser.add_argument('method_name', metavar='method-name', type=str,
+                        help='The method of the script to invoke')
+    parser.add_argument('output_file', metavar='output-file', type=str,
+                        help='The file to generate')
+    parser.add_argument('dep_file', metavar='dep-file', type=str,
+                        help='File to write any additional make dependencies to')
+    parser.add_argument('additional_arguments', metavar='arg',
+                        nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
+                        help="Additional arguments to the script's main() method")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    script = args.python_script
+    # Permit the script to import modules from the same directory in which it
+    # resides.  The justification for doing this is that if we were invoking
+    # the script as:
+    #
+    #    python script arg1...
+    #
+    # then importing modules from the script's directory would come for free.
+    # Since we're invoking the script in a roundabout way, we provide this
+    # bit of convenience.
+    sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(script))
+    with open(script, 'r') as fh:
+        module = imp.load_module('script', fh, script,
+                                 ('.py', 'r', imp.PY_SOURCE))
+    method = args.method_name
+    if not hasattr(module, method):
+        print('Error: script "{0}" is missing a {1} method'.format(script, method),
+              file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    ret = 1
+    try:
+        with FileAvoidWrite(args.output_file) as output:
+            ret = module.__dict__[method](output, *args.additional_arguments)
+            # The following values indicate a statement of success:
+            #  - a set() (see below)
+            #  - 0
+            #  - False
+            #  - None
+            #
+            # Everything else is an error (so scripts can conveniently |return
+            # 1| or similar). If a set is returned, the elements of the set
+            # indicate additional dependencies that will be listed in the deps
+            # file. Python module imports are automatically included as
+            # dependencies.
+            if isinstance(ret, set):
+                deps = ret
+                # The script succeeded, so reset |ret| to indicate that.
+                ret = None
+            else:
+                deps = set()
+
+            # Only write out the dependencies if the script was successful
+            if not ret:
+                # Add dependencies on any python modules that were imported by
+                # the script.
+                deps |= set(iter_modules_in_path(buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+                                                 buildconfig.topobjdir))
+                mk = Makefile()
+                mk.create_rule([args.output_file]).add_dependencies(deps)
+                with FileAvoidWrite(args.dep_file) as dep_file:
+                    mk.dump(dep_file)
+        # Even when our file's contents haven't changed, we want to update
+        # the file's mtime so make knows this target isn't still older than
+        # whatever prerequisite caused it to be built this time around.
+        try:
+            os.utime(args.output_file, None)
+        except:
+            print('Error processing file "{0}"'.format(args.output_file),
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            traceback.print_exc()
+    except IOError as e:
+        print('Error opening file "{0}"'.format(e.filename), file=sys.stderr)
+        traceback.print_exc()
+        return 1
+    return ret
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_browsersearch.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_browsersearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..231abe9be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_browsersearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''
+Script to generate the browsersearch.json file for Fennec.
+
+This script follows these steps:
+
+1. Read the region.properties file in all the given source directories (see
+srcdir option). Merge all properties into a single dict accounting for the
+priority of source directories.
+
+2. Read the default search plugin from 'browser.search.defaultenginename'.
+
+3. Read the list of search plugins from the 'browser.search.order.INDEX'
+properties with values identifying particular search plugins by name.
+
+4. Read each region-specific default search plugin from each property named like
+'browser.search.defaultenginename.REGION'.
+
+5. Read the list of region-specific search plugins from the
+'browser.search.order.REGION.INDEX' properties with values identifying
+particular search plugins by name. Here, REGION is derived from a REGION for
+which we have seen a region-specific default plugin.
+
+6. Generate a JSON representation of the above information, and write the result
+to browsersearch.json in the locale-specific raw resource directory
+e.g. raw/browsersearch.json, raw-pt-rBR/browsersearch.json.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import (
+    absolute_import,
+    print_function,
+    unicode_literals,
+)
+
+import argparse
+import codecs
+import json
+import sys
+import os
+
+from mozbuild.dotproperties import (
+    DotProperties,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+def merge_properties(filename, srcdirs):
+    """Merges properties from the given file in the given source directories."""
+    properties = DotProperties()
+    for srcdir in srcdirs:
+        path = mozpath.join(srcdir, filename)
+        try:
+            properties.update(path)
+        except IOError:
+            # Ignore non-existing files
+            continue
+    return properties
+
+
+def main(args):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', default=False, action='store_true',
+                        help='be verbose')
+    parser.add_argument('--silent', '-s', default=False, action='store_true',
+                        help='be silent')
+    parser.add_argument('--srcdir', metavar='SRCDIR',
+                        action='append', required=True,
+                        help='directories to read inputs from, in order of priority')
+    parser.add_argument('output', metavar='OUTPUT',
+                        help='output')
+    opts = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    # Use reversed order so that the first srcdir has higher priority to override keys.
+    properties = merge_properties('region.properties', reversed(opts.srcdir))
+
+    # Default, not region-specific.
+    default = properties.get('browser.search.defaultenginename')
+    engines = properties.get_list('browser.search.order')
+
+    writer = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(sys.stdout)
+    if opts.verbose:
+        print('Read {len} engines: {engines}'.format(len=len(engines), engines=engines), file=writer)
+        print("Default engine is '{default}'.".format(default=default), file=writer)
+
+    browsersearch = {}
+    browsersearch['default'] = default
+    browsersearch['engines'] = engines
+
+    # This gets defaults, yes; but it also gets the list of regions known.
+    regions = properties.get_dict('browser.search.defaultenginename')
+
+    browsersearch['regions'] = {}
+    for region in regions.keys():
+        region_default = regions[region]
+        region_engines = properties.get_list('browser.search.order.{region}'.format(region=region))
+
+        if opts.verbose:
+            print("Region '{region}': Read {len} engines: {region_engines}".format(
+                len=len(region_engines), region=region, region_engines=region_engines), file=writer)
+            print("Region '{region}': Default engine is '{region_default}'.".format(
+                region=region, region_default=region_default), file=writer)
+
+        browsersearch['regions'][region] = {
+            'default': region_default,
+            'engines': region_engines,
+        }
+
+    # FileAvoidWrite creates its parent directories.
+    output = os.path.abspath(opts.output)
+    fh = FileAvoidWrite(output)
+    json.dump(browsersearch, fh)
+    existed, updated = fh.close()
+
+    if not opts.silent:
+        if updated:
+            print('{output} updated'.format(output=output))
+        else:
+            print('{output} already up-to-date'.format(output=output))
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_searchjson.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_searchjson.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..765a3550a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_searchjson.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import sys
+import json
+
+engines = []
+
+locale = sys.argv[2]
+output_file = sys.argv[3]
+
+output = open(output_file, 'w')
+
+with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
+  searchinfo = json.load(f)
+
+if locale in searchinfo["locales"]:
+  output.write(json.dumps(searchinfo["locales"][locale]))
+else:
+  output.write(json.dumps(searchinfo["default"]))
+
+output.close();
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_suggestedsites.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_suggestedsites.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96d824cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_suggestedsites.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+''' Script to generate the suggestedsites.json file for Fennec.
+
+This script follows these steps:
+
+1. Read the region.properties file in all the given source directories
+(see srcdir option). Merge all properties into a single dict accounting for
+the priority of source directories.
+
+2. Read the list of sites from the list 'browser.suggestedsites.list.INDEX' and
+'browser.suggestedsites.restricted.list.INDEX' properties with value of these keys
+being an identifier for each suggested site e.g. browser.suggestedsites.list.0=mozilla,
+browser.suggestedsites.list.1=fxmarketplace.
+
+3. For each site identifier defined by the list keys, look for matching branches
+containing the respective properties i.e. url, title, etc. For example,
+for a 'mozilla' identifier, we'll look for keys like:
+browser.suggestedsites.mozilla.url, browser.suggestedsites.mozilla.title, etc.
+
+4. Generate a JSON representation of each site, join them in a JSON array, and
+write the result to suggestedsites.json on the locale-specific raw resource
+directory e.g. raw/suggestedsites.json, raw-pt-rBR/suggestedsites.json.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import argparse
+import copy
+import json
+import sys
+import os
+
+from mozbuild.dotproperties import (
+    DotProperties,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+)
+from mozpack.files import (
+    FileFinder,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+def merge_properties(filename, srcdirs):
+    """Merges properties from the given file in the given source directories."""
+    properties = DotProperties()
+    for srcdir in srcdirs:
+        path = mozpath.join(srcdir, filename)
+        try:
+            properties.update(path)
+        except IOError:
+            # Ignore non-existing files
+            continue
+    return properties
+
+
+def main(args):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', default=False, action='store_true',
+                        help='be verbose')
+    parser.add_argument('--silent', '-s', default=False, action='store_true',
+                        help='be silent')
+    parser.add_argument('--android-package-name', metavar='NAME',
+                        required=True,
+                        help='Android package name')
+    parser.add_argument('--resources', metavar='RESOURCES',
+                        default=None,
+                        help='optional Android resource directory to find drawables in')
+    parser.add_argument('--srcdir', metavar='SRCDIR',
+                        action='append', required=True,
+                        help='directories to read inputs from, in order of priority')
+    parser.add_argument('output', metavar='OUTPUT',
+                        help='output')
+    opts = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    # Use reversed order so that the first srcdir has higher priority to override keys.
+    properties = merge_properties('region.properties', reversed(opts.srcdir))
+
+    # Keep these two in sync.
+    image_url_template = 'android.resource://%s/drawable/suggestedsites_{name}' % opts.android_package_name
+    drawables_template = 'drawable*/suggestedsites_{name}.*'
+
+    # Load properties corresponding to each site name and define their
+    # respective image URL.
+    sites = []
+
+    def add_names(names, defaults={}):
+        for name in names:
+            site = copy.deepcopy(defaults)
+            site.update(properties.get_dict('browser.suggestedsites.{name}'.format(name=name), required_keys=('title', 'url', 'bgcolor')))
+            site['imageurl'] = image_url_template.format(name=name)
+            sites.append(site)
+
+            # Now check for existence of an appropriately named drawable.  If none
+            # exists, throw.  This stops a locale discovering, at runtime, that the
+            # corresponding drawable was not added to en-US.
+            if not opts.resources:
+                continue
+            resources = os.path.abspath(opts.resources)
+            finder = FileFinder(resources)
+            matches = [p for p, _ in finder.find(drawables_template.format(name=name))]
+            if not matches:
+                raise Exception("Could not find drawable in '{resources}' for '{name}'"
+                    .format(resources=resources, name=name))
+            else:
+                if opts.verbose:
+                    print("Found {len} drawables in '{resources}' for '{name}': {matches}"
+                          .format(len=len(matches), resources=resources, name=name, matches=matches))
+
+    # We want the lists to be ordered for reproducibility.  Each list has a
+    # "default" JSON list item which will be extended by the properties read.
+    lists = [
+        ('browser.suggestedsites.list', {}),
+        ('browser.suggestedsites.restricted.list', {'restricted': True}),
+    ]
+    if opts.verbose:
+        print('Reading {len} suggested site lists: {lists}'.format(len=len(lists), lists=[list_name for list_name, _ in lists]))
+
+    for (list_name, list_item_defaults) in lists:
+        names = properties.get_list(list_name)
+        if opts.verbose:
+            print('Reading {len} suggested sites from {list}: {names}'.format(len=len(names), list=list_name, names=names))
+        add_names(names, list_item_defaults)
+
+
+    # FileAvoidWrite creates its parent directories.
+    output = os.path.abspath(opts.output)
+    fh = FileAvoidWrite(output)
+    json.dump(sites, fh)
+    existed, updated = fh.close()
+
+    if not opts.silent:
+        if updated:
+            print('{output} updated'.format(output=output))
+        else:
+            print('{output} already up-to-date'.format(output=output))
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_symbols_file.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_symbols_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff6136bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/generate_symbols_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import buildconfig
+import os
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from mozbuild.util import DefinesAction
+
+
+def generate_symbols_file(output, *args):
+    ''' '''
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('input')
+    parser.add_argument('-D', action=DefinesAction)
+    parser.add_argument('-U', action='append', default=[])
+    args = parser.parse_args(args)
+    input = os.path.abspath(args.input)
+
+    pp = Preprocessor()
+    pp.context.update(buildconfig.defines)
+    if args.D:
+        pp.context.update(args.D)
+    for undefine in args.U:
+        if undefine in pp.context:
+            del pp.context[undefine]
+    # Hack until MOZ_DEBUG_FLAGS are simply part of buildconfig.defines
+    if buildconfig.substs['MOZ_DEBUG']:
+        pp.context['DEBUG'] = '1'
+    # Ensure @DATA@ works as expected (see the Windows section further below)
+    if buildconfig.substs['OS_TARGET'] == 'WINNT':
+        pp.context['DATA'] = 'DATA'
+    else:
+        pp.context['DATA'] = ''
+    pp.out = StringIO()
+    pp.do_filter('substitution')
+    pp.do_include(input)
+
+    symbols = [s.strip() for s in pp.out.getvalue().splitlines() if s.strip()]
+
+    if buildconfig.substs['OS_TARGET'] == 'WINNT':
+        # A def file is generated for MSVC link.exe that looks like the
+        # following:
+        # LIBRARY library.dll
+        # EXPORTS
+        #   symbol1
+        #   symbol2
+        #   ...
+        #
+        # link.exe however requires special markers for data symbols, so in
+        # that case the symbols look like:
+        #   data_symbol1 DATA
+        #   data_symbol2 DATA
+        #   ...
+        #
+        # In the input file, this is just annotated with the following syntax:
+        #   data_symbol1 @DATA@
+        #   data_symbol2 @DATA@
+        #   ...
+        # The DATA variable is "simply" expanded by the preprocessor, to
+        # nothing on non-Windows, such that we only get the symbol name on
+        # those platforms, and to DATA on Windows, so that the "DATA" part
+        # is, in fact, part of the symbol name as far as the symbols variable
+        # is concerned.
+        libname, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(output.name))
+        assert ext == '.def'
+        output.write('LIBRARY %s\nEXPORTS\n  %s\n'
+                     % (libname, '\n  '.join(symbols)))
+    elif buildconfig.substs['GCC_USE_GNU_LD']:
+        # A linker version script is generated for GNU LD that looks like the
+        # following:
+        # {
+        # global:
+        #   symbol1;
+        #   symbol2;
+        #   ...
+        # local:
+        #   *;
+        # };
+        output.write('{\nglobal:\n  %s;\nlocal:\n  *;\n};'
+                     % ';\n  '.join(symbols))
+    elif buildconfig.substs['OS_TARGET'] == 'Darwin':
+        # A list of symbols is generated for Apple ld that simply lists all
+        # symbols, with an underscore prefix.
+        output.write(''.join('_%s\n' % s for s in symbols))
+
+    return set(pp.includes)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/jar_maker.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/jar_maker.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e3c3c83e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/jar_maker.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+import mozbuild.jar
+
+
+def main(args):
+    return mozbuild.jar.main(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/make_dmg.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/make_dmg.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d77bf374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/make_dmg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+from mozbuild.base import MozbuildObject
+from mozpack import dmg
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+def make_dmg(source_directory, output_dmg):
+    build = MozbuildObject.from_environment()
+    extra_files = [
+        (os.path.join(build.distdir, 'branding', 'dsstore'), '.DS_Store'),
+        (os.path.join(build.distdir, 'branding', 'background.png'),
+         '.background/background.png'),
+        (os.path.join(build.distdir, 'branding', 'disk.icns'),
+         '.VolumeIcon.icns'),
+    ]
+    volume_name = build.substs['MOZ_APP_DISPLAYNAME']
+    dmg.create_dmg(source_directory, output_dmg, volume_name, extra_files)
+
+
+def main(args):
+    if len(args) != 2:
+        print('Usage: make_dmg.py <source directory> <output dmg>',
+              file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+    make_dmg(args[0], args[1])
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/output_searchplugins_list.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/output_searchplugins_list.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c20e2c732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/output_searchplugins_list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import sys
+import json
+
+engines = []
+
+locale = sys.argv[2]
+
+with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
+  searchinfo = json.load(f)
+
+if locale in searchinfo["locales"]:
+  for region in searchinfo["locales"][locale]:
+    engines = list(set(engines)|set(searchinfo["locales"][locale][region]["visibleDefaultEngines"]))
+else:
+  engines = searchinfo["default"]["visibleDefaultEngines"]
+
+print '\n'.join(engines)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/package_fennec_apk.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/package_fennec_apk.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecd5a9af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/package_fennec_apk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''
+Script to produce an Android package (.apk) for Fennec.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import argparse
+import buildconfig
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from mozpack.copier import Jarrer
+from mozpack.files import (
+    DeflatedFile,
+    File,
+    FileFinder,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarReader
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+def package_fennec_apk(inputs=[], omni_ja=None, classes_dex=None,
+                       lib_dirs=[],
+                       assets_dirs=[],
+                       features_dirs=[],
+                       root_files=[],
+                       verbose=False):
+    jarrer = Jarrer(optimize=False)
+
+    # First, take input files.  The contents of the later files overwrites the
+    # content of earlier files.
+    for input in inputs:
+        jar = JarReader(input)
+        for file in jar:
+            path = file.filename
+            if jarrer.contains(path):
+                jarrer.remove(path)
+            jarrer.add(path, DeflatedFile(file), compress=file.compressed)
+
+    def add(path, file, compress=None):
+        abspath = os.path.abspath(file.path)
+        if verbose:
+            print('Packaging %s from %s' % (path, file.path))
+        if not os.path.exists(abspath):
+            raise ValueError('File %s not found (looked for %s)' % \
+                             (file.path, abspath))
+        if jarrer.contains(path):
+            jarrer.remove(path)
+        jarrer.add(path, file, compress=compress)
+
+    for features_dir in features_dirs:
+        finder = FileFinder(features_dir, find_executables=False)
+        for p, f in finder.find('**'):
+            add(mozpath.join('assets', 'features', p), f, False)
+
+    for assets_dir in assets_dirs:
+        finder = FileFinder(assets_dir, find_executables=False)
+        for p, f in finder.find('**'):
+            compress = None  # Take default from Jarrer.
+            if p.endswith('.so'):
+                # Asset libraries are special.
+                if f.open().read(5)[1:] == '7zXZ':
+                    print('%s is already compressed' % p)
+                    # We need to store (rather than deflate) compressed libraries
+                    # (even if we don't compress them ourselves).
+                    compress = False
+                elif buildconfig.substs.get('XZ'):
+                    cmd = [buildconfig.substs.get('XZ'), '-zkf',
+                           mozpath.join(finder.base, p)]
+
+                    bcj = None
+                    if buildconfig.substs.get('MOZ_THUMB2'):
+                        bcj = '--armthumb'
+                    elif buildconfig.substs.get('CPU_ARCH') == 'arm':
+                        bcj = '--arm'
+                    elif buildconfig.substs.get('CPU_ARCH') == 'x86':
+                        bcj = '--x86'
+
+                    if bcj:
+                        cmd.extend([bcj, '--lzma2'])
+                    print('xz-compressing %s with %s' % (p, ' '.join(cmd)))
+                    subprocess.check_output(cmd)
+                    os.rename(f.path + '.xz', f.path)
+                    compress = False
+
+            add(mozpath.join('assets', p), f, compress=compress)
+
+    for lib_dir in lib_dirs:
+        finder = FileFinder(lib_dir, find_executables=False)
+        for p, f in finder.find('**'):
+            add(mozpath.join('lib', p), f)
+
+    for root_file in root_files:
+        add(os.path.basename(root_file), File(root_file))
+
+    if omni_ja:
+        add(mozpath.join('assets', 'omni.ja'), File(omni_ja), compress=False)
+
+    if classes_dex:
+        add('classes.dex', File(classes_dex))
+
+    return jarrer
+
+
+def main(args):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', default=False, action='store_true',
+                        help='be verbose')
+    parser.add_argument('--inputs', nargs='+',
+                        help='Input skeleton AP_ or APK file(s).')
+    parser.add_argument('-o', '--output',
+                        help='Output APK file.')
+    parser.add_argument('--omnijar', default=None,
+                        help='Optional omni.ja to pack into APK file.')
+    parser.add_argument('--classes-dex', default=None,
+                        help='Optional classes.dex to pack into APK file.')
+    parser.add_argument('--lib-dirs', nargs='*', default=[],
+                        help='Optional lib/ dirs to pack into APK file.')
+    parser.add_argument('--assets-dirs', nargs='*', default=[],
+                        help='Optional assets/ dirs to pack into APK file.')
+    parser.add_argument('--features-dirs', nargs='*', default=[],
+                        help='Optional features/ dirs to pack into APK file.')
+    parser.add_argument('--root-files', nargs='*', default=[],
+                        help='Optional files to pack into APK file root.')
+    args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    if buildconfig.substs.get('OMNIJAR_NAME') != 'assets/omni.ja':
+        raise ValueError("Don't know how package Fennec APKs when "
+                         " OMNIJAR_NAME is not 'assets/omni.jar'.")
+
+    jarrer = package_fennec_apk(inputs=args.inputs,
+                                omni_ja=args.omnijar,
+                                classes_dex=args.classes_dex,
+                                lib_dirs=args.lib_dirs,
+                                assets_dirs=args.assets_dirs,
+                                features_dirs=args.features_dirs,
+                                root_files=args.root_files,
+                                verbose=args.verbose)
+    jarrer.copy(args.output)
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/preprocessor.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/preprocessor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5a4d576b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/preprocessor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+
+
+def main(args):
+  pp = Preprocessor()
+  pp.handleCommandLine(args, True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/process_define_files.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/process_define_files.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6d0c1695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/process_define_files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from buildconfig import topobjdir
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from mozbuild.util import FileAvoidWrite
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+def process_define_file(output, input):
+    '''Creates the given config header. A config header is generated by
+    taking the corresponding source file and replacing some #define/#undef
+    occurences:
+        "#undef NAME" is turned into "#define NAME VALUE"
+        "#define NAME" is unchanged
+        "#define NAME ORIGINAL_VALUE" is turned into "#define NAME VALUE"
+        "#undef UNKNOWN_NAME" is turned into "/* #undef UNKNOWN_NAME */"
+        Whitespaces are preserved.
+
+    As a special rule, "#undef ALLDEFINES" is turned into "#define NAME
+    VALUE" for all the defined variables.
+    '''
+
+    path = os.path.abspath(input)
+
+    config = ConfigEnvironment.from_config_status(
+        mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'config.status'))
+
+    if mozpath.basedir(path,
+                       [mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'js/src')]) and \
+            not config.substs.get('JS_STANDALONE'):
+        config = ConfigEnvironment.from_config_status(
+            mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'js', 'src', 'config.status'))
+
+    with open(path, 'rU') as input:
+        r = re.compile('^\s*#\s*(?P<cmd>[a-z]+)(?:\s+(?P<name>\S+)(?:\s+(?P<value>\S+))?)?', re.U)
+        for l in input:
+            m = r.match(l)
+            if m:
+                cmd = m.group('cmd')
+                name = m.group('name')
+                value = m.group('value')
+                if name:
+                    if name == 'ALLDEFINES':
+                        if cmd == 'define':
+                            raise Exception(
+                                '`#define ALLDEFINES` is not allowed in a '
+                                'CONFIGURE_DEFINE_FILE')
+                        defines = '\n'.join(sorted(
+                            '#define %s %s' % (name, val)
+                            for name, val in config.defines.iteritems()
+                            if name not in config.non_global_defines))
+                        l = l[:m.start('cmd') - 1] \
+                            + defines + l[m.end('name'):]
+                    elif name in config.defines:
+                        if cmd == 'define' and value:
+                            l = l[:m.start('value')] \
+                                + str(config.defines[name]) \
+                                + l[m.end('value'):]
+                        elif cmd == 'undef':
+                            l = l[:m.start('cmd')] \
+                                + 'define' \
+                                + l[m.end('cmd'):m.end('name')] \
+                                + ' ' \
+                                + str(config.defines[name]) \
+                                + l[m.end('name'):]
+                    elif cmd == 'undef':
+                       l = '/* ' + l[:m.end('name')] + ' */' + l[m.end('name'):]
+
+            output.write(l)
+
+    return {path, config.source}
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='Process define files.')
+
+    parser.add_argument('input', help='Input define file.')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    return process_define_file(sys.stdout, args.input)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/process_install_manifest.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/process_install_manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e19fe4eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/process_install_manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileCopier,
+    FileRegistry,
+)
+from mozpack.files import (
+    BaseFile,
+    FileFinder,
+)
+from mozpack.manifests import (
+    InstallManifest,
+    InstallManifestNoSymlinks,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import DefinesAction
+
+
+COMPLETE = 'Elapsed: {elapsed:.2f}s; From {dest}: Kept {existing} existing; ' \
+    'Added/updated {updated}; ' \
+    'Removed {rm_files} files and {rm_dirs} directories.'
+
+
+def process_manifest(destdir, paths, track=None,
+        remove_unaccounted=True,
+        remove_all_directory_symlinks=True,
+        remove_empty_directories=True,
+        no_symlinks=False,
+        defines={}):
+
+    if track:
+        if os.path.exists(track):
+            # We use the same format as install manifests for the tracking
+            # data.
+            manifest = InstallManifest(path=track)
+            remove_unaccounted = FileRegistry()
+            dummy_file = BaseFile()
+
+            finder = FileFinder(destdir, find_executables=False,
+                                find_dotfiles=True)
+            for dest in manifest._dests:
+                for p, f in finder.find(dest):
+                    remove_unaccounted.add(p, dummy_file)
+
+        else:
+            # If tracking is enabled and there is no file, we don't want to
+            # be removing anything.
+            remove_unaccounted=False
+            remove_empty_directories=False
+            remove_all_directory_symlinks=False
+
+    manifest_cls = InstallManifestNoSymlinks if no_symlinks else InstallManifest
+    manifest = manifest_cls()
+    for path in paths:
+        manifest |= manifest_cls(path=path)
+
+    copier = FileCopier()
+    manifest.populate_registry(copier, defines_override=defines)
+    result = copier.copy(destdir,
+        remove_unaccounted=remove_unaccounted,
+        remove_all_directory_symlinks=remove_all_directory_symlinks,
+        remove_empty_directories=remove_empty_directories)
+
+    if track:
+        manifest.write(path=track)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='Process install manifest files.')
+
+    parser.add_argument('destdir', help='Destination directory.')
+    parser.add_argument('manifests', nargs='+', help='Path to manifest file(s).')
+    parser.add_argument('--no-remove', action='store_true',
+        help='Do not remove unaccounted files from destination.')
+    parser.add_argument('--no-remove-all-directory-symlinks', action='store_true',
+        help='Do not remove all directory symlinks from destination.')
+    parser.add_argument('--no-remove-empty-directories', action='store_true',
+        help='Do not remove empty directories from destination.')
+    parser.add_argument('--no-symlinks', action='store_true',
+        help='Do not install symbolic links. Always copy files')
+    parser.add_argument('--track', metavar="PATH",
+        help='Use installed files tracking information from the given path.')
+    parser.add_argument('-D', action=DefinesAction,
+        dest='defines', metavar="VAR[=VAL]",
+        help='Define a variable to override what is specified in the manifest')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    start = time.time()
+
+    result = process_manifest(args.destdir, args.manifests,
+        track=args.track, remove_unaccounted=not args.no_remove,
+        remove_all_directory_symlinks=not args.no_remove_all_directory_symlinks,
+        remove_empty_directories=not args.no_remove_empty_directories,
+        no_symlinks=args.no_symlinks,
+        defines=args.defines)
+
+    elapsed = time.time() - start
+
+    print(COMPLETE.format(
+        elapsed=elapsed,
+        dest=args.destdir,
+        existing=result.existing_files_count,
+        updated=result.updated_files_count,
+        rm_files=result.removed_files_count,
+        rm_dirs=result.removed_directories_count))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/test_archive.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/test_archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ec4dd2a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/test_archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This action is used to produce test archives.
+#
+# Ideally, the data in this file should be defined in moz.build files.
+# It is defined inline because this was easiest to make test archive
+# generation faster.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import itertools
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+
+from manifestparser import TestManifest
+from reftest import ReftestManifest
+
+from mozbuild.util import ensureParentDir
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarWriter
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+import buildconfig
+
+STAGE = mozpath.join(buildconfig.topobjdir, 'dist', 'test-stage')
+
+TEST_HARNESS_BINS = [
+    'BadCertServer',
+    'GenerateOCSPResponse',
+    'OCSPStaplingServer',
+    'SmokeDMD',
+    'certutil',
+    'crashinject',
+    'fileid',
+    'minidumpwriter',
+    'pk12util',
+    'screenshot',
+    'screentopng',
+    'ssltunnel',
+    'xpcshell',
+]
+
+# The fileid utility depends on mozglue. See bug 1069556.
+TEST_HARNESS_DLLS = [
+    'crashinjectdll',
+    'mozglue'
+]
+
+TEST_PLUGIN_DLLS = [
+    'npctrltest',
+    'npsecondtest',
+    'npswftest',
+    'nptest',
+    'nptestjava',
+    'npthirdtest',
+]
+
+TEST_PLUGIN_DIRS = [
+    'JavaTest.plugin/**',
+    'SecondTest.plugin/**',
+    'Test.plugin/**',
+    'ThirdTest.plugin/**',
+    'npctrltest.plugin/**',
+    'npswftest.plugin/**',
+]
+
+GMP_TEST_PLUGIN_DIRS = [
+    'gmp-clearkey/**',
+    'gmp-fake/**',
+    'gmp-fakeopenh264/**',
+]
+
+
+ARCHIVE_FILES = {
+    'common': [
+        {
+            'source': STAGE,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': '**',
+            'ignore': [
+                'cppunittest/**',
+                'gtest/**',
+                'mochitest/**',
+                'reftest/**',
+                'talos/**',
+                'web-platform/**',
+                'xpcshell/**',
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '_tests',
+            'pattern': 'modules/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing/marionette',
+            'patterns': [
+                'client/**',
+                'harness/**',
+                'puppeteer/**',
+                'mach_test_package_commands.py',
+            ],
+            'dest': 'marionette',
+            'ignore': [
+                'client/docs',
+                'harness/marionette_harness/tests',
+                'puppeteer/firefox/docs',
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'manifests': [
+                'testing/marionette/harness/marionette_harness/tests/unit-tests.ini',
+                'testing/marionette/harness/marionette_harness/tests/webapi-tests.ini',
+            ],
+            # We also need the manifests and harness_unit tests
+            'pattern': 'testing/marionette/harness/marionette_harness/tests/**',
+            'dest': 'marionette/tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '_tests',
+            'pattern': 'mozbase/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'firefox-ui/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'dom/media/test/external',
+            'pattern': '**',
+            'dest': 'external-media-tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'js/src',
+            'pattern': 'jit-test/**',
+            'dest': 'jit-test',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'js/src/tests',
+            'pattern': 'ecma_6/**',
+            'dest': 'jit-test/tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'js/src/tests',
+            'pattern': 'js1_8_5/**',
+            'dest': 'jit-test/tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'js/src/tests',
+            'pattern': 'lib/**',
+            'dest': 'jit-test/tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'js/src',
+            'pattern': 'jsapi.h',
+            'dest': 'jit-test',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'tps/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'services/sync/',
+            'pattern': 'tps/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'services/sync/tests/tps',
+            'pattern': '**',
+            'dest': 'tps/tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing/web-platform/tests/tools/wptserve',
+            'pattern': '**',
+            'dest': 'tools/wptserve',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mozinfo.json',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'dist/bin',
+            'patterns': [
+                '%s%s' % (f, buildconfig.substs['BIN_SUFFIX'])
+                for f in TEST_HARNESS_BINS
+            ] + [
+                '%s%s%s' % (buildconfig.substs['DLL_PREFIX'], f, buildconfig.substs['DLL_SUFFIX'])
+                for f in TEST_HARNESS_DLLS
+            ],
+            'dest': 'bin',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'dist/plugins',
+            'patterns': [
+                '%s%s%s' % (buildconfig.substs['DLL_PREFIX'], f, buildconfig.substs['DLL_SUFFIX'])
+                for f in TEST_PLUGIN_DLLS
+            ],
+            'dest': 'bin/plugins',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'dist/plugins',
+            'patterns': TEST_PLUGIN_DIRS,
+            'dest': 'bin/plugins',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'dist/bin',
+            'patterns': GMP_TEST_PLUGIN_DIRS,
+            'dest': 'bin/plugins',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'dist/bin',
+            'patterns': [
+                'dmd.py',
+                'fix_linux_stack.py',
+                'fix_macosx_stack.py',
+                'fix_stack_using_bpsyms.py',
+            ],
+            'dest': 'bin',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'dist/bin/components',
+            'patterns': [
+                'httpd.js',
+                'httpd.manifest',
+                'test_necko.xpt',
+            ],
+            'dest': 'bin/components',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'build/pgo/certs',
+            'pattern': '**',
+            'dest': 'certs',
+        }
+    ],
+    'cppunittest': [
+        {
+            'source': STAGE,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'cppunittest/**',
+        },
+        # We don't ship these files if startup cache is disabled, which is
+        # rare. But it shouldn't matter for test archives.
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'startupcache/test',
+            'pattern': 'TestStartupCacheTelemetry.*',
+            'dest': 'cppunittest',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'runcppunittests.py',
+            'dest': 'cppunittest',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'remotecppunittests.py',
+            'dest': 'cppunittest',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'cppunittest.ini',
+            'dest': 'cppunittest',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mozinfo.json',
+            'dest': 'cppunittest',
+        },
+    ],
+    'gtest': [
+        {
+            'source': STAGE,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'gtest/**',
+        },
+    ],
+    'mochitest': [
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '_tests/testing',
+            'pattern': 'mochitest/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': STAGE,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mochitest/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mozinfo.json',
+            'dest': 'mochitest'
+        }
+    ],
+    'mozharness': [
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'mozharness/**',
+        },
+    ],
+    'reftest': [
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '_tests',
+            'pattern': 'reftest/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mozinfo.json',
+            'dest': 'reftest',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'manifests': [
+                'layout/reftests/reftest.list',
+                'testing/crashtest/crashtests.list',
+            ],
+            'dest': 'reftest/tests',
+        }
+    ],
+    'talos': [
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'talos/**',
+        },
+    ],
+    'web-platform': [
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'web-platform/meta/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'web-platform/mozilla/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing',
+            'pattern': 'web-platform/tests/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '_tests',
+            'pattern': 'web-platform/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mozinfo.json',
+            'dest': 'web-platform',
+        },
+    ],
+    'xpcshell': [
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '_tests/xpcshell',
+            'pattern': '**',
+            'dest': 'xpcshell/tests',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topsrcdir,
+            'base': 'testing/xpcshell',
+            'patterns': [
+                'head.js',
+                'mach_test_package_commands.py',
+                'moz-http2/**',
+                'moz-spdy/**',
+                'node-http2/**',
+                'node-spdy/**',
+                'remotexpcshelltests.py',
+                'runtestsb2g.py',
+                'runxpcshelltests.py',
+                'xpcshellcommandline.py',
+            ],
+            'dest': 'xpcshell',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': STAGE,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'xpcshell/**',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': '',
+            'pattern': 'mozinfo.json',
+            'dest': 'xpcshell',
+        },
+        {
+            'source': buildconfig.topobjdir,
+            'base': 'build',
+            'pattern': 'automation.py',
+            'dest': 'xpcshell',
+        },
+    ],
+}
+
+
+# "common" is our catch all archive and it ignores things from other archives.
+# Verify nothing sneaks into ARCHIVE_FILES without a corresponding exclusion
+# rule in the "common" archive.
+for k, v in ARCHIVE_FILES.items():
+    # Skip mozharness because it isn't staged.
+    if k in ('common', 'mozharness'):
+        continue
+
+    ignores = set(itertools.chain(*(e.get('ignore', [])
+                                  for e in ARCHIVE_FILES['common'])))
+
+    if not any(p.startswith('%s/' % k) for p in ignores):
+        raise Exception('"common" ignore list probably should contain %s' % k)
+
+
+def find_files(archive):
+    for entry in ARCHIVE_FILES[archive]:
+        source = entry['source']
+        dest = entry.get('dest')
+        base = entry.get('base', '')
+
+        pattern = entry.get('pattern')
+        patterns = entry.get('patterns', [])
+        if pattern:
+            patterns.append(pattern)
+
+        manifest = entry.get('manifest')
+        manifests = entry.get('manifests', [])
+        if manifest:
+            manifests.append(manifest)
+        if manifests:
+            dirs = find_manifest_dirs(buildconfig.topsrcdir, manifests)
+            patterns.extend({'{}/**'.format(d) for d in dirs})
+
+        ignore = list(entry.get('ignore', []))
+        ignore.extend([
+            '**/.flake8',
+            '**/.mkdir.done',
+            '**/*.pyc',
+        ])
+
+        common_kwargs = {
+            'find_executables': False,
+            'find_dotfiles': True,
+            'ignore': ignore,
+        }
+
+        finder = FileFinder(os.path.join(source, base), **common_kwargs)
+
+        for pattern in patterns:
+            for p, f in finder.find(pattern):
+                if dest:
+                    p = mozpath.join(dest, p)
+                yield p, f
+
+
+def find_manifest_dirs(topsrcdir, manifests):
+    """Routine to retrieve directories specified in a manifest, relative to topsrcdir.
+
+    It does not recurse into manifests, as we currently have no need for that.
+    """
+    dirs = set()
+
+    for p in manifests:
+        p = os.path.join(topsrcdir, p)
+
+        if p.endswith('.ini'):
+            test_manifest = TestManifest()
+            test_manifest.read(p)
+            dirs |= set([os.path.dirname(m) for m in test_manifest.manifests()])
+
+        elif p.endswith('.list'):
+            m = ReftestManifest()
+            m.load(p)
+            dirs |= m.dirs
+
+        else:
+            raise Exception('"{}" is not a supported manifest format.'.format(
+                os.path.splitext(p)[1]))
+
+    dirs = {mozpath.normpath(d[len(topsrcdir):]).lstrip('/') for d in dirs}
+
+    # Filter out children captured by parent directories because duplicates
+    # will confuse things later on.
+    def parents(p):
+        while True:
+            p = mozpath.dirname(p)
+            if not p:
+                break
+            yield p
+
+    seen = set()
+    for d in sorted(dirs, key=len):
+        if not any(p in seen for p in parents(d)):
+            seen.add(d)
+
+    return sorted(seen)
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='Produce test archives')
+    parser.add_argument('archive', help='Which archive to generate')
+    parser.add_argument('outputfile', help='File to write output to')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    if not args.outputfile.endswith('.zip'):
+        raise Exception('expected zip output file')
+
+    file_count = 0
+    t_start = time.time()
+    ensureParentDir(args.outputfile)
+    with open(args.outputfile, 'wb') as fh:
+        # Experimentation revealed that level 5 is significantly faster and has
+        # marginally larger sizes than higher values and is the sweet spot
+        # for optimal compression. Read the detailed commit message that
+        # introduced this for raw numbers.
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=fh, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+            res = find_files(args.archive)
+            for p, f in res:
+                writer.add(p.encode('utf-8'), f.read(), mode=f.mode, skip_duplicates=True)
+                file_count += 1
+
+    duration = time.time() - t_start
+    zip_size = os.path.getsize(args.outputfile)
+    basename = os.path.basename(args.outputfile)
+    print('Wrote %d files in %d bytes to %s in %.2fs' % (
+          file_count, zip_size, basename, duration))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/webidl.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/webidl.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d595c728e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/webidl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+from mozwebidlcodegen import BuildSystemWebIDL
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    """Perform WebIDL code generation required by the build system."""
+    manager = BuildSystemWebIDL.from_environment().manager
+    manager.generate_build_files()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpccheck.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpccheck.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3170a8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpccheck.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''A generic script to verify all test files are in the
+corresponding .ini file.
+
+Usage: xpccheck.py <directory> [<directory> ...]
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import os
+from glob import glob
+import manifestparser
+
+def getIniTests(testdir):
+  mp = manifestparser.ManifestParser(strict=False)
+  mp.read(os.path.join(testdir, 'xpcshell.ini'))
+  return mp.tests
+
+def verifyDirectory(initests, directory):
+  files = glob(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(directory), "test_*"))
+  for f in files:
+    if (not os.path.isfile(f)):
+      continue
+
+    name = os.path.basename(f)
+    if name.endswith('.in'):
+      name = name[:-3]
+
+    if not name.endswith('.js'):
+      continue
+
+    found = False
+    for test in initests:
+      if os.path.join(os.path.abspath(directory), name) == test['path']:
+        found = True
+        break
+   
+    if not found:
+      print >>sys.stderr, "TEST-UNEXPECTED-FAIL | xpccheck | test %s is missing from test manifest %s!" % (name, os.path.join(directory, 'xpcshell.ini'))
+      sys.exit(1)
+
+def verifyIniFile(initests, directory):
+  files = glob(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(directory), "test_*"))
+  for test in initests:
+    name = test['path'].split('/')[-1]
+
+    found = False
+    for f in files:
+
+      fname = f.split('/')[-1]
+      if fname.endswith('.in'):
+        fname = '.in'.join(fname.split('.in')[:-1])
+
+      if os.path.join(os.path.abspath(directory), fname) == test['path']:
+        found = True
+        break
+
+    if not found:
+      print >>sys.stderr, "TEST-UNEXPECTED-FAIL | xpccheck | found %s in xpcshell.ini and not in directory '%s'" % (name, directory)
+      sys.exit(1)
+
+def main(argv):
+  if len(argv) < 2:
+    print >>sys.stderr, "Usage: xpccheck.py <topsrcdir> <directory> [<directory> ...]"
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+  topsrcdir = argv[0]
+  for d in argv[1:]:
+    # xpcshell-unpack is a copy of xpcshell sibling directory and in the Makefile
+    # we copy all files (including xpcshell.ini from the sibling directory.
+    if d.endswith('toolkit/mozapps/extensions/test/xpcshell-unpack'):
+      continue
+
+    initests = getIniTests(d)
+    verifyDirectory(initests, d)
+    verifyIniFile(initests, d)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpidl-process.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpidl-process.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..07ea3cf96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpidl-process.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This script is used to generate an output header and xpt file for
+# input IDL file(s). It's purpose is to directly support the build
+# system. The API will change to meet the needs of the build system.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import sys
+
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from buildconfig import topsrcdir
+from xpidl.header import print_header
+from xpidl.typelib import write_typelib
+from xpidl.xpidl import IDLParser
+from xpt import xpt_link
+
+from mozbuild.makeutil import Makefile
+from mozbuild.pythonutil import iter_modules_in_path
+from mozbuild.util import FileAvoidWrite
+
+
+def process(input_dir, inc_paths, cache_dir, header_dir, xpt_dir, deps_dir, module, stems):
+    p = IDLParser(outputdir=cache_dir)
+
+    xpts = {}
+    mk = Makefile()
+    rule = mk.create_rule()
+
+    # Write out dependencies for Python modules we import. If this list isn't
+    # up to date, we will not re-process XPIDL files if the processor changes.
+    rule.add_dependencies(iter_modules_in_path(topsrcdir))
+
+    for stem in stems:
+        path = os.path.join(input_dir, '%s.idl' % stem)
+        idl_data = open(path).read()
+
+        idl = p.parse(idl_data, filename=path)
+        idl.resolve([input_dir] + inc_paths, p)
+
+        header_path = os.path.join(header_dir, '%s.h' % stem)
+
+        xpt = BytesIO()
+        write_typelib(idl, xpt, path)
+        xpt.seek(0)
+        xpts[stem] = xpt
+
+        rule.add_dependencies(idl.deps)
+
+        with FileAvoidWrite(header_path) as fh:
+            print_header(idl, fh, path)
+
+    # TODO use FileAvoidWrite once it supports binary mode.
+    xpt_path = os.path.join(xpt_dir, '%s.xpt' % module)
+    xpt_link(xpts.values()).write(xpt_path)
+
+    rule.add_targets([xpt_path])
+    if deps_dir:
+        deps_path = os.path.join(deps_dir, '%s.pp' % module)
+        with FileAvoidWrite(deps_path) as fh:
+            mk.dump(fh)
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--cache-dir',
+        help='Directory in which to find or write cached lexer data.')
+    parser.add_argument('--depsdir',
+        help='Directory in which to write dependency files.')
+    parser.add_argument('inputdir',
+        help='Directory in which to find source .idl files.')
+    parser.add_argument('headerdir',
+        help='Directory in which to write header files.')
+    parser.add_argument('xptdir',
+        help='Directory in which to write xpt file.')
+    parser.add_argument('module',
+        help='Final module name to use for linked output xpt file.')
+    parser.add_argument('idls', nargs='+',
+        help='Source .idl file(s). Specified as stems only.')
+    parser.add_argument('-I', dest='incpath', action='append', default=[],
+        help='Extra directories where to look for included .idl files.')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    process(args.inputdir, args.incpath, args.cache_dir, args.headerdir,
+        args.xptdir, args.depsdir, args.module, args.idls)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/zip.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/zip.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..143d7766e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/zip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This script creates a zip file, but will also strip any binaries
+# it finds before adding them to the zip.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from mozpack.copier import Jarrer
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+
+import argparse
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import sys
+
+def main(args):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("-C", metavar='DIR', default=".",
+                        help="Change to given directory before considering "
+                        "other paths")
+    parser.add_argument("zip", help="Path to zip file to write")
+    parser.add_argument("input", nargs="+",
+                        help="Path to files to add to zip")
+    args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    jarrer = Jarrer(optimize=False)
+
+    with errors.accumulate():
+        finder = FileFinder(args.C)
+        for path in args.input:
+            for p, f in finder.find(path):
+                jarrer.add(p, f)
+        jarrer.copy(mozpath.join(args.C, args.zip))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/android_version_code.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/android_version_code.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69ce22b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/android_version_code.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import argparse
+import math
+import sys
+import time
+
+# Builds before this build ID use the v0 version scheme.  Builds after this
+# build ID use the v1 version scheme.
+V1_CUTOFF = 20150801000000 # YYYYmmddHHMMSS
+
+def android_version_code_v0(buildid, cpu_arch=None, min_sdk=0, max_sdk=0):
+    base = int(str(buildid)[:10])
+    # None is interpreted as arm.
+    if not cpu_arch or cpu_arch in ['armeabi', 'armeabi-v7a']:
+        # Increment by MIN_SDK_VERSION -- this adds 9 to every build ID as a
+        # minimum.  Our split APK starts at 15.
+        return base + min_sdk + 0
+    elif cpu_arch in ['x86']:
+        # Increment the version code by 3 for x86 builds so they are offered to
+        # x86 phones that have ARM emulators, beating the 2-point advantage that
+        # the v15+ ARMv7 APK has.  If we change our splits in the future, we'll
+        # need to do this further still.
+        return base + min_sdk + 3
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Don't know how to compute android:versionCode "
+                         "for CPU arch %s" % cpu_arch)
+
+def android_version_code_v1(buildid, cpu_arch=None, min_sdk=0, max_sdk=0):
+    '''Generate a v1 android:versionCode.
+
+    The important consideration is that version codes be monotonically
+    increasing (per Android package name) for all published builds.  The input
+    build IDs are based on timestamps and hence are always monotonically
+    increasing.
+
+    The generated v1 version codes look like (in binary):
+
+    0111 1000 0010 tttt tttt tttt tttt txpg
+
+    The 17 bits labelled 't' represent the number of hours since midnight on
+    September 1, 2015.  (2015090100 in YYYYMMMDDHH format.)  This yields a
+    little under 15 years worth of hourly build identifiers, since 2**17 / (366
+    * 24) =~ 14.92.
+
+    The bits labelled 'x', 'p', and 'g' are feature flags.
+
+    The bit labelled 'x' is 1 if the build is for an x86 architecture and 0
+    otherwise, which means the build is for an ARM architecture.  (Fennec no
+    longer supports ARMv6, so ARM is equivalent to ARMv7 and above.)
+
+    The bit labelled 'p' is a placeholder that is always 0 (for now).
+
+    Firefox no longer supports API 14 or earlier.
+
+    This version code computation allows for a split on API levels that allowed
+    us to ship builds specifically for Gingerbread (API 9-10); we preserve
+    that functionality for sanity's sake, and to allow us to reintroduce a
+    split in the future.
+
+    At present, the bit labelled 'g' is 1 if the build is an ARM build
+    targeting API 15+, which will always be the case.
+
+    We throw an explanatory exception when we are within one calendar year of
+    running out of build events.  This gives lots of time to update the version
+    scheme.  The responsible individual should then bump the range (to allow
+    builds to continue) and use the time remaining to update the version scheme
+    via the reserved high order bits.
+
+    N.B.: the reserved 0 bit to the left of the highest order 't' bit can,
+    sometimes, be used to bump the version scheme.  In addition, by reducing the
+    granularity of the build identifiers (for example, moving to identifying
+    builds every 2 or 4 hours), the version scheme may be adjusted further still
+    without losing a (valuable) high order bit.
+    '''
+    def hours_since_cutoff(buildid):
+        # The ID is formatted like YYYYMMDDHHMMSS (using
+        # datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S'); see build/variables.py).
+        # The inverse function is time.strptime.
+        # N.B.: the time module expresses time as decimal seconds since the
+        # epoch.
+        fmt = '%Y%m%d%H%M%S'
+        build = time.strptime(str(buildid), fmt)
+        cutoff = time.strptime(str(V1_CUTOFF), fmt)
+        return int(math.floor((time.mktime(build) - time.mktime(cutoff)) / (60.0 * 60.0)))
+
+    # Of the 21 low order bits, we take 17 bits for builds.
+    base = hours_since_cutoff(buildid)
+    if base < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Something has gone horribly wrong: cannot calculate "
+                         "android:versionCode from build ID %s: hours underflow "
+                         "bits allotted!" % buildid)
+    if base > 2**17:
+        raise ValueError("Something has gone horribly wrong: cannot calculate "
+                         "android:versionCode from build ID %s: hours overflow "
+                         "bits allotted!" % buildid)
+    if base > 2**17 - 366 * 24:
+        raise ValueError("Running out of low order bits calculating "
+                         "android:versionCode from build ID %s: "
+                         "; YOU HAVE ONE YEAR TO UPDATE THE VERSION SCHEME." % buildid)
+
+    version = 0b1111000001000000000000000000000
+    # We reserve 1 "middle" high order bit for the future, and 3 low order bits
+    # for architecture and APK splits.
+    version |= base << 3
+
+    # None is interpreted as arm.
+    if not cpu_arch or cpu_arch in ['armeabi', 'armeabi-v7a']:
+        # 0 is interpreted as SDK 9.
+        if not min_sdk or min_sdk == 9:
+            pass
+        # This used to compare to 11. The 15+ APK directly supersedes 11+, so
+        # we reuse this check.
+        elif min_sdk == 15:
+            version |= 1 << 0
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Don't know how to compute android:versionCode "
+                             "for CPU arch %s and min SDK %s" % (cpu_arch, min_sdk))
+    elif cpu_arch in ['x86']:
+        version |= 1 << 2
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Don't know how to compute android:versionCode "
+                         "for CPU arch %s" % cpu_arch)
+
+    return version
+
+def android_version_code(buildid, *args, **kwargs):
+    base = int(str(buildid))
+    if base < V1_CUTOFF:
+        return android_version_code_v0(buildid, *args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return android_version_code_v1(buildid, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def main(argv):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('Generate an android:versionCode',
+                                     add_help=False)
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', action='store_true',
+                        default=False,
+                        help='Be verbose')
+    parser.add_argument('--with-android-cpu-arch', dest='cpu_arch',
+                        choices=['armeabi', 'armeabi-v7a', 'mips', 'x86'],
+                        help='The target CPU architecture')
+    parser.add_argument('--with-android-min-sdk-version', dest='min_sdk',
+                        type=int, default=0,
+                        help='The minimum target SDK')
+    parser.add_argument('--with-android-max-sdk-version', dest='max_sdk',
+                        type=int, default=0,
+                        help='The maximum target SDK')
+    parser.add_argument('buildid', type=int,
+                        help='The input build ID')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    code = android_version_code(args.buildid,
+        cpu_arch=args.cpu_arch,
+        min_sdk=args.min_sdk,
+        max_sdk=args.max_sdk)
+    print(code)
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02538938f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1089 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''
+Fetch build artifacts from a Firefox tree.
+
+This provides an (at-the-moment special purpose) interface to download Android
+artifacts from Mozilla's Task Cluster.
+
+This module performs the following steps:
+
+* find a candidate hg parent revision.  At one time we used the local pushlog,
+  which required the mozext hg extension.  This isn't feasible with git, and it
+  is only mildly less efficient to not use the pushlog, so we don't use it even
+  when querying hg.
+
+* map the candidate parent to candidate Task Cluster tasks and artifact
+  locations.  Pushlog entries might not correspond to tasks (yet), and those
+  tasks might not produce the desired class of artifacts.
+
+* fetch fresh Task Cluster artifacts and purge old artifacts, using a simple
+  Least Recently Used cache.
+
+* post-process fresh artifacts, to speed future installation.  In particular,
+  extract relevant files from Mac OS X DMG files into a friendly archive format
+  so we don't have to mount DMG files frequently.
+
+The bulk of the complexity is in managing and persisting several caches.  If
+we found a Python LRU cache that pickled cleanly, we could remove a lot of
+this code!  Sadly, I found no such candidate implementations, so we pickle
+pylru caches manually.
+
+None of the instances (or the underlying caches) are safe for concurrent use.
+A future need, perhaps.
+
+This module requires certain modules be importable from the ambient Python
+environment.  |mach artifact| ensures these modules are available, but other
+consumers will need to arrange this themselves.
+'''
+
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import collections
+import functools
+import glob
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import operator
+import os
+import pickle
+import re
+import requests
+import shutil
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+import urlparse
+import zipfile
+
+import pylru
+import taskcluster
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    ensureParentDir,
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+)
+import mozinstall
+from mozpack.files import (
+    JarFinder,
+    TarFinder,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import (
+    JarReader,
+    JarWriter,
+)
+from mozpack.packager.unpack import UnpackFinder
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozregression.download_manager import (
+    DownloadManager,
+)
+from mozregression.persist_limit import (
+    PersistLimit,
+)
+
+NUM_PUSHHEADS_TO_QUERY_PER_PARENT = 50  # Number of candidate pushheads to cache per parent changeset.
+
+# Number of parent changesets to consider as possible pushheads.
+# There isn't really such a thing as a reasonable default here, because we don't
+# know how many pushheads we'll need to look at to find a build with our artifacts,
+# and we don't know how many changesets will be in each push. For now we assume
+# we'll find a build in the last 50 pushes, assuming each push contains 10 changesets.
+NUM_REVISIONS_TO_QUERY = 500
+
+MAX_CACHED_TASKS = 400  # Number of pushheads to cache Task Cluster task data for.
+
+# Number of downloaded artifacts to cache.  Each artifact can be very large,
+# so don't make this to large!  TODO: make this a size (like 500 megs) rather than an artifact count.
+MAX_CACHED_ARTIFACTS = 6
+
+# Downloaded artifacts are cached, and a subset of their contents extracted for
+# easy installation.  This is most noticeable on Mac OS X: since mounting and
+# copying from DMG files is very slow, we extract the desired binaries to a
+# separate archive for fast re-installation.
+PROCESSED_SUFFIX = '.processed.jar'
+
+CANDIDATE_TREES = (
+    'mozilla-central',
+    'integration/mozilla-inbound',
+    'releases/mozilla-aurora'
+)
+
+class ArtifactJob(object):
+    # These are a subset of TEST_HARNESS_BINS in testing/mochitest/Makefile.in.
+    # Each item is a pair of (pattern, (src_prefix, dest_prefix), where src_prefix
+    # is the prefix of the pattern relevant to its location in the archive, and
+    # dest_prefix is the prefix to be added that will yield the final path relative
+    # to dist/.
+    test_artifact_patterns = {
+        ('bin/BadCertServer', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/GenerateOCSPResponse', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/OCSPStaplingServer', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/certutil', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/fileid', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/pk12util', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/ssltunnel', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/xpcshell', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/plugins/*', ('bin/plugins', 'plugins'))
+    }
+
+    # We can tell our input is a test archive by this suffix, which happens to
+    # be the same across platforms.
+    _test_archive_suffix = '.common.tests.zip'
+
+    def __init__(self, package_re, tests_re, log=None, download_symbols=False):
+        self._package_re = re.compile(package_re)
+        self._tests_re = None
+        if tests_re:
+            self._tests_re = re.compile(tests_re)
+        self._log = log
+        self._symbols_archive_suffix = None
+        if download_symbols:
+            self._symbols_archive_suffix = 'crashreporter-symbols.zip'
+
+    def log(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self._log:
+            self._log(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def find_candidate_artifacts(self, artifacts):
+        # TODO: Handle multiple artifacts, taking the latest one.
+        tests_artifact = None
+        for artifact in artifacts:
+            name = artifact['name']
+            if self._package_re and self._package_re.match(name):
+                yield name
+            elif self._tests_re and self._tests_re.match(name):
+                tests_artifact = name
+                yield name
+            elif self._symbols_archive_suffix and name.endswith(self._symbols_archive_suffix):
+                yield name
+            else:
+                self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                         {'name': name},
+                         'Not yielding artifact named {name} as a candidate artifact')
+        if self._tests_re and not tests_artifact:
+            raise ValueError('Expected tests archive matching "{re}", but '
+                             'found none!'.format(re=self._tests_re))
+
+    def process_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        if filename.endswith(ArtifactJob._test_archive_suffix) and self._tests_re:
+            return self.process_tests_artifact(filename, processed_filename)
+        if self._symbols_archive_suffix and filename.endswith(self._symbols_archive_suffix):
+            return self.process_symbols_archive(filename, processed_filename)
+        return self.process_package_artifact(filename, processed_filename)
+
+    def process_package_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclasses must specialize process_package_artifact!")
+
+    def process_tests_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        added_entry = False
+
+        with JarWriter(file=processed_filename, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+            reader = JarReader(filename)
+            for filename, entry in reader.entries.iteritems():
+                for pattern, (src_prefix, dest_prefix) in self.test_artifact_patterns:
+                    if not mozpath.match(filename, pattern):
+                        continue
+                    destpath = mozpath.relpath(filename, src_prefix)
+                    destpath = mozpath.join(dest_prefix, destpath)
+                    self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                             {'destpath': destpath},
+                             'Adding {destpath} to processed archive')
+                    mode = entry['external_attr'] >> 16
+                    writer.add(destpath.encode('utf-8'), reader[filename], mode=mode)
+                    added_entry = True
+
+        if not added_entry:
+            raise ValueError('Archive format changed! No pattern from "{patterns}"'
+                             'matched an archive path.'.format(
+                                 patterns=LinuxArtifactJob.test_artifact_patterns))
+
+    def process_symbols_archive(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        with JarWriter(file=processed_filename, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+            reader = JarReader(filename)
+            for filename in reader.entries:
+                destpath = mozpath.join('crashreporter-symbols', filename)
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                         {'destpath': destpath},
+                         'Adding {destpath} to processed archive')
+                writer.add(destpath.encode('utf-8'), reader[filename])
+
+class AndroidArtifactJob(ArtifactJob):
+
+    product = 'mobile'
+
+    package_artifact_patterns = {
+        'application.ini',
+        'platform.ini',
+        '**/*.so',
+        '**/interfaces.xpt',
+    }
+
+    def process_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        # Extract all .so files into the root, which will get copied into dist/bin.
+        with JarWriter(file=processed_filename, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+            for p, f in UnpackFinder(JarFinder(filename, JarReader(filename))):
+                if not any(mozpath.match(p, pat) for pat in self.package_artifact_patterns):
+                    continue
+
+                dirname, basename = os.path.split(p)
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                    {'basename': basename},
+                   'Adding {basename} to processed archive')
+
+                basedir = 'bin'
+                if not basename.endswith('.so'):
+                    basedir = mozpath.join('bin', dirname.lstrip('assets/'))
+                basename = mozpath.join(basedir, basename)
+                writer.add(basename.encode('utf-8'), f.open())
+
+
+class LinuxArtifactJob(ArtifactJob):
+
+    product = 'firefox'
+
+    package_artifact_patterns = {
+        'firefox/application.ini',
+        'firefox/crashreporter',
+        'firefox/dependentlibs.list',
+        'firefox/firefox',
+        'firefox/firefox-bin',
+        'firefox/minidump-analyzer',
+        'firefox/platform.ini',
+        'firefox/plugin-container',
+        'firefox/updater',
+        'firefox/**/*.so',
+        'firefox/**/interfaces.xpt',
+    }
+
+    def process_package_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        added_entry = False
+
+        with JarWriter(file=processed_filename, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+            with tarfile.open(filename) as reader:
+                for p, f in UnpackFinder(TarFinder(filename, reader)):
+                    if not any(mozpath.match(p, pat) for pat in self.package_artifact_patterns):
+                        continue
+
+                    # We strip off the relative "firefox/" bit from the path,
+                    # but otherwise preserve it.
+                    destpath = mozpath.join('bin',
+                                            mozpath.relpath(p, "firefox"))
+                    self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                             {'destpath': destpath},
+                             'Adding {destpath} to processed archive')
+                    writer.add(destpath.encode('utf-8'), f.open(), mode=f.mode)
+                    added_entry = True
+
+        if not added_entry:
+            raise ValueError('Archive format changed! No pattern from "{patterns}" '
+                             'matched an archive path.'.format(
+                                 patterns=LinuxArtifactJob.package_artifact_patterns))
+
+
+class MacArtifactJob(ArtifactJob):
+
+    product = 'firefox'
+
+    def process_package_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'tempdir': tempdir},
+                'Unpacking DMG into {tempdir}')
+            mozinstall.install(filename, tempdir) # Doesn't handle already mounted DMG files nicely:
+
+            # InstallError: Failed to install "/Users/nalexander/.mozbuild/package-frontend/b38eeeb54cdcf744-firefox-44.0a1.en-US.mac.dmg (local variable 'appDir' referenced before assignment)"
+
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/mobile/android/mach_commands.py", line 250, in artifact_install
+            #     return artifacts.install_from(source, self.distdir)
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py", line 457, in install_from
+            #     return self.install_from_hg(source, distdir)
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py", line 445, in install_from_hg
+            #     return self.install_from_url(url, distdir)
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py", line 418, in install_from_url
+            #     return self.install_from_file(filename, distdir)
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/artifacts.py", line 336, in install_from_file
+            #     mozinstall.install(filename, tempdir)
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/objdir-dce/_virtualenv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/mozinstall/mozinstall.py", line 117, in install
+            #     install_dir = _install_dmg(src, dest)
+            #   File "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko/objdir-dce/_virtualenv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/mozinstall/mozinstall.py", line 261, in _install_dmg
+            #     subprocess.call('hdiutil detach %s -quiet' % appDir,
+
+            bundle_dirs = glob.glob(mozpath.join(tempdir, '*.app'))
+            if len(bundle_dirs) != 1:
+                raise ValueError('Expected one source bundle, found: {}'.format(bundle_dirs))
+            [source] = bundle_dirs
+
+            # These get copied into dist/bin without the path, so "root/a/b/c" -> "dist/bin/c".
+            paths_no_keep_path = ('Contents/MacOS', [
+                'crashreporter.app/Contents/MacOS/crashreporter',
+                'crashreporter.app/Contents/MacOS/minidump-analyzer',
+                'firefox',
+                'firefox-bin',
+                'libfreebl3.dylib',
+                'liblgpllibs.dylib',
+                # 'liblogalloc.dylib',
+                'libmozglue.dylib',
+                'libnss3.dylib',
+                'libnssckbi.dylib',
+                'libnssdbm3.dylib',
+                'libplugin_child_interpose.dylib',
+                # 'libreplace_jemalloc.dylib',
+                # 'libreplace_malloc.dylib',
+                'libmozavutil.dylib',
+                'libmozavcodec.dylib',
+                'libsoftokn3.dylib',
+                'plugin-container.app/Contents/MacOS/plugin-container',
+                'updater.app/Contents/MacOS/org.mozilla.updater',
+                # 'xpcshell',
+                'XUL',
+            ])
+
+            # These get copied into dist/bin with the path, so "root/a/b/c" -> "dist/bin/a/b/c".
+            paths_keep_path = ('Contents/Resources', [
+                'browser/components/libbrowsercomps.dylib',
+                'dependentlibs.list',
+                # 'firefox',
+                'gmp-clearkey/0.1/libclearkey.dylib',
+                # 'gmp-fake/1.0/libfake.dylib',
+                # 'gmp-fakeopenh264/1.0/libfakeopenh264.dylib',
+                '**/interfaces.xpt',
+            ])
+
+            with JarWriter(file=processed_filename, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+                root, paths = paths_no_keep_path
+                finder = UnpackFinder(mozpath.join(source, root))
+                for path in paths:
+                    for p, f in finder.find(path):
+                        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                            {'path': p},
+                            'Adding {path} to processed archive')
+                        destpath = mozpath.join('bin', os.path.basename(p))
+                        writer.add(destpath.encode('utf-8'), f, mode=f.mode)
+
+                root, paths = paths_keep_path
+                finder = UnpackFinder(mozpath.join(source, root))
+                for path in paths:
+                    for p, f in finder.find(path):
+                        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                            {'path': p},
+                            'Adding {path} to processed archive')
+                        destpath = mozpath.join('bin', p)
+                        writer.add(destpath.encode('utf-8'), f.open(), mode=f.mode)
+
+        finally:
+            try:
+                shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                self.log(logging.WARN, 'artifact',
+                    {'tempdir': tempdir},
+                    'Unable to delete {tempdir}')
+                pass
+
+
+class WinArtifactJob(ArtifactJob):
+    package_artifact_patterns = {
+        'firefox/dependentlibs.list',
+        'firefox/platform.ini',
+        'firefox/application.ini',
+        'firefox/**/*.dll',
+        'firefox/*.exe',
+        'firefox/**/interfaces.xpt',
+    }
+
+    product = 'firefox'
+
+    # These are a subset of TEST_HARNESS_BINS in testing/mochitest/Makefile.in.
+    test_artifact_patterns = {
+        ('bin/BadCertServer.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/GenerateOCSPResponse.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/OCSPStaplingServer.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/certutil.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/fileid.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/pk12util.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/ssltunnel.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/xpcshell.exe', ('bin', 'bin')),
+        ('bin/plugins/*', ('bin/plugins', 'plugins'))
+    }
+
+    def process_package_artifact(self, filename, processed_filename):
+        added_entry = False
+        with JarWriter(file=processed_filename, optimize=False, compress_level=5) as writer:
+            for p, f in UnpackFinder(JarFinder(filename, JarReader(filename))):
+                if not any(mozpath.match(p, pat) for pat in self.package_artifact_patterns):
+                    continue
+
+                # strip off the relative "firefox/" bit from the path:
+                basename = mozpath.relpath(p, "firefox")
+                basename = mozpath.join('bin', basename)
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                    {'basename': basename},
+                    'Adding {basename} to processed archive')
+                writer.add(basename.encode('utf-8'), f.open(), mode=f.mode)
+                added_entry = True
+
+        if not added_entry:
+            raise ValueError('Archive format changed! No pattern from "{patterns}"'
+                             'matched an archive path.'.format(
+                                 patterns=self.artifact_patterns))
+
+# Keep the keys of this map in sync with the |mach artifact| --job
+# options.  The keys of this map correspond to entries at
+# https://tools.taskcluster.net/index/artifacts/#gecko.v2.mozilla-central.latest/gecko.v2.mozilla-central.latest
+# The values correpsond to a pair of (<package regex>, <test archive regex>).
+JOB_DETAILS = {
+    'android-api-15-opt': (AndroidArtifactJob, ('public/build/target.apk',
+                                                None)),
+    'android-api-15-debug': (AndroidArtifactJob, ('public/build/target.apk',
+                                                  None)),
+    'android-x86-opt': (AndroidArtifactJob, ('public/build/target.apk',
+                                         None)),
+    'linux-opt': (LinuxArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.linux-i686\.tar\.bz2',
+                                     'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'linux-debug': (LinuxArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.linux-i686\.tar\.bz2',
+                                 'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'linux64-opt': (LinuxArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.linux-x86_64\.tar\.bz2',
+                                       'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'linux64-debug': (LinuxArtifactJob, ('public/build/target\.tar\.bz2',
+                                         'public/build/target\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'macosx64-opt': (MacArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.mac\.dmg',
+                                      'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'macosx64-debug': (MacArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.mac64\.dmg',
+                                  'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'win32-opt': (WinArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.win32.zip',
+                                   'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'win32-debug': (WinArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.win32.zip',
+                               'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'win64-opt': (WinArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.win64.zip',
+                                   'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+    'win64-debug': (WinArtifactJob, ('public/build/firefox-(.*)\.win64.zip',
+                               'public/build/firefox-(.*)\.common\.tests\.zip')),
+}
+
+
+
+def get_job_details(job, log=None, download_symbols=False):
+    cls, (package_re, tests_re) = JOB_DETAILS[job]
+    return cls(package_re, tests_re, log=log, download_symbols=download_symbols)
+
+def cachedmethod(cachefunc):
+    '''Decorator to wrap a class or instance method with a memoizing callable that
+    saves results in a (possibly shared) cache.
+    '''
+    def decorator(method):
+        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            mapping = cachefunc(self)
+            if mapping is None:
+                return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            key = (method.__name__, args, tuple(sorted(kwargs.items())))
+            try:
+                value = mapping[key]
+                return value
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            result = method(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            mapping[key] = result
+            return result
+        return functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, method)
+    return decorator
+
+
+class CacheManager(object):
+    '''Maintain an LRU cache.  Provide simple persistence, including support for
+    loading and saving the state using a "with" block.  Allow clearing the cache
+    and printing the cache for debugging.
+
+    Provide simple logging.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, cache_name, cache_size, cache_callback=None, log=None, skip_cache=False):
+        self._skip_cache = skip_cache
+        self._cache = pylru.lrucache(cache_size, callback=cache_callback)
+        self._cache_filename = mozpath.join(cache_dir, cache_name + '-cache.pickle')
+        self._log = log
+
+    def log(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self._log:
+            self._log(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def load_cache(self):
+        if self._skip_cache:
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                {},
+                'Skipping cache: ignoring load_cache!')
+            return
+
+        try:
+            items = pickle.load(open(self._cache_filename, 'rb'))
+            for key, value in items:
+                self._cache[key] = value
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Corrupt cache, perhaps?  Sadly, pickle raises many different
+            # exceptions, so it's not worth trying to be fine grained here.
+            # We ignore any exception, so the cache is effectively dropped.
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'filename': self._cache_filename, 'exception': repr(e)},
+                'Ignoring exception unpickling cache file {filename}: {exception}')
+            pass
+
+    def dump_cache(self):
+        if self._skip_cache:
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                {},
+                'Skipping cache: ignoring dump_cache!')
+            return
+
+        ensureParentDir(self._cache_filename)
+        pickle.dump(list(reversed(list(self._cache.items()))), open(self._cache_filename, 'wb'), -1)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        if self._skip_cache:
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                {},
+                'Skipping cache: ignoring clear_cache!')
+            return
+
+        with self:
+            self._cache.clear()
+
+    def print_cache(self):
+        with self:
+            for item in self._cache.items():
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                    {'item': item},
+                    '{item}')
+
+    def print_last_item(self, args, sorted_kwargs, result):
+        # By default, show nothing.
+        pass
+
+    def print_last(self):
+        # We use the persisted LRU caches to our advantage.  The first item is
+        # most recent.
+        with self:
+            item = next(self._cache.items(), None)
+            if item is not None:
+                (name, args, sorted_kwargs), result = item
+                self.print_last_item(args, sorted_kwargs, result)
+            else:
+                self.log(logging.WARN, 'artifact',
+                    {},
+                    'No last cached item found.')
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.load_cache()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.dump_cache()
+
+class PushheadCache(CacheManager):
+    '''Helps map tree/revision pairs to parent pushheads according to the pushlog.'''
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, log=None, skip_cache=False):
+        CacheManager.__init__(self, cache_dir, 'pushhead_cache', MAX_CACHED_TASKS, log=log, skip_cache=skip_cache)
+
+    @cachedmethod(operator.attrgetter('_cache'))
+    def parent_pushhead_id(self, tree, revision):
+        cset_url_tmpl = ('https://hg.mozilla.org/{tree}/json-pushes?'
+                         'changeset={changeset}&version=2&tipsonly=1')
+        req = requests.get(cset_url_tmpl.format(tree=tree, changeset=revision),
+                           headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})
+        if req.status_code not in range(200, 300):
+            raise ValueError
+        result = req.json()
+        [found_pushid] = result['pushes'].keys()
+        return int(found_pushid)
+
+    @cachedmethod(operator.attrgetter('_cache'))
+    def pushid_range(self, tree, start, end):
+        pushid_url_tmpl = ('https://hg.mozilla.org/{tree}/json-pushes?'
+                           'startID={start}&endID={end}&version=2&tipsonly=1')
+
+        req = requests.get(pushid_url_tmpl.format(tree=tree, start=start,
+                                                  end=end),
+                           headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})
+        result = req.json()
+        return [
+            p['changesets'][-1] for p in result['pushes'].values()
+        ]
+
+class TaskCache(CacheManager):
+    '''Map candidate pushheads to Task Cluster task IDs and artifact URLs.'''
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, log=None, skip_cache=False):
+        CacheManager.__init__(self, cache_dir, 'artifact_url', MAX_CACHED_TASKS, log=log, skip_cache=skip_cache)
+        self._index = taskcluster.Index()
+        self._queue = taskcluster.Queue()
+
+    @cachedmethod(operator.attrgetter('_cache'))
+    def artifact_urls(self, tree, job, rev, download_symbols):
+        try:
+            artifact_job = get_job_details(job, log=self._log, download_symbols=download_symbols)
+        except KeyError:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'job': job},
+                'Unknown job {job}')
+            raise KeyError("Unknown job")
+
+        # Grab the second part of the repo name, which is generally how things
+        # are indexed. Eg: 'integration/mozilla-inbound' is indexed as
+        # 'mozilla-inbound'
+        tree = tree.split('/')[1] if '/' in tree else tree
+
+        namespace = 'gecko.v2.{tree}.revision.{rev}.{product}.{job}'.format(
+            rev=rev,
+            tree=tree,
+            product=artifact_job.product,
+            job=job,
+        )
+        self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                 {'namespace': namespace},
+                 'Searching Taskcluster index with namespace: {namespace}')
+        try:
+            task = self._index.findTask(namespace)
+        except Exception:
+            # Not all revisions correspond to pushes that produce the job we
+            # care about; and even those that do may not have completed yet.
+            raise ValueError('Task for {namespace} does not exist (yet)!'.format(namespace=namespace))
+        taskId = task['taskId']
+
+        artifacts = self._queue.listLatestArtifacts(taskId)['artifacts']
+
+        urls = []
+        for artifact_name in artifact_job.find_candidate_artifacts(artifacts):
+            # We can easily extract the task ID from the URL.  We can't easily
+            # extract the build ID; we use the .ini files embedded in the
+            # downloaded artifact for this.  We could also use the uploaded
+            # public/build/buildprops.json for this purpose.
+            url = self._queue.buildUrl('getLatestArtifact', taskId, artifact_name)
+            urls.append(url)
+        if not urls:
+            raise ValueError('Task for {namespace} existed, but no artifacts found!'.format(namespace=namespace))
+        return urls
+
+    def print_last_item(self, args, sorted_kwargs, result):
+        tree, job, rev = args
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'rev': rev},
+            'Last installed binaries from hg parent revision {rev}')
+
+
+class ArtifactCache(CacheManager):
+    '''Fetch Task Cluster artifact URLs and purge least recently used artifacts from disk.'''
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, log=None, skip_cache=False):
+        # TODO: instead of storing N artifact packages, store M megabytes.
+        CacheManager.__init__(self, cache_dir, 'fetch', MAX_CACHED_ARTIFACTS, cache_callback=self.delete_file, log=log, skip_cache=skip_cache)
+        self._cache_dir = cache_dir
+        size_limit = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 # 1Gb in bytes.
+        file_limit = 4 # But always keep at least 4 old artifacts around.
+        persist_limit = PersistLimit(size_limit, file_limit)
+        self._download_manager = DownloadManager(self._cache_dir, persist_limit=persist_limit)
+        self._last_dl_update = -1
+
+    def delete_file(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            os.remove(value)
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'filename': value},
+                'Purged artifact {filename}')
+        except (OSError, IOError):
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            os.remove(value + PROCESSED_SUFFIX)
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'filename': value + PROCESSED_SUFFIX},
+                'Purged processed artifact {filename}')
+        except (OSError, IOError):
+            pass
+
+    @cachedmethod(operator.attrgetter('_cache'))
+    def fetch(self, url, force=False):
+        # We download to a temporary name like HASH[:16]-basename to
+        # differentiate among URLs with the same basenames.  We used to then
+        # extract the build ID from the downloaded artifact and use it to make a
+        # human readable unique name, but extracting build IDs is time consuming
+        # (especially on Mac OS X, where we must mount a large DMG file).
+        hash = hashlib.sha256(url).hexdigest()[:16]
+        fname = hash + '-' + os.path.basename(url)
+
+        path = os.path.abspath(mozpath.join(self._cache_dir, fname))
+        if self._skip_cache and os.path.exists(path):
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                {'path': path},
+                'Skipping cache: removing cached downloaded artifact {path}')
+            os.remove(path)
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'path': path},
+            'Downloading to temporary location {path}')
+        try:
+            dl = self._download_manager.download(url, fname)
+
+            def download_progress(dl, bytes_so_far, total_size):
+                percent = (float(bytes_so_far) / total_size) * 100
+                now = int(percent / 5)
+                if now == self._last_dl_update:
+                    return
+                self._last_dl_update = now
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                         {'bytes_so_far': bytes_so_far, 'total_size': total_size, 'percent': percent},
+                         'Downloading... {percent:02.1f} %')
+
+            if dl:
+                dl.set_progress(download_progress)
+                dl.wait()
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'path': os.path.abspath(mozpath.join(self._cache_dir, fname))},
+                'Downloaded artifact to {path}')
+            return os.path.abspath(mozpath.join(self._cache_dir, fname))
+        finally:
+            # Cancel any background downloads in progress.
+            self._download_manager.cancel()
+
+    def print_last_item(self, args, sorted_kwargs, result):
+        url, = args
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'url': url},
+            'Last installed binaries from url {url}')
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'filename': result},
+            'Last installed binaries from local file {filename}')
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'filename': result + PROCESSED_SUFFIX},
+            'Last installed binaries from local processed file {filename}')
+
+
+class Artifacts(object):
+    '''Maintain state to efficiently fetch build artifacts from a Firefox tree.'''
+
+    def __init__(self, tree, substs, defines, job=None, log=None,
+                 cache_dir='.', hg=None, git=None, skip_cache=False,
+                 topsrcdir=None):
+        if (hg and git) or (not hg and not git):
+            raise ValueError("Must provide path to exactly one of hg and git")
+
+        self._substs = substs
+        self._download_symbols = self._substs.get('MOZ_ARTIFACT_BUILD_SYMBOLS', False)
+        self._defines = defines
+        self._tree = tree
+        self._job = job or self._guess_artifact_job()
+        self._log = log
+        self._hg = hg
+        self._git = git
+        self._cache_dir = cache_dir
+        self._skip_cache = skip_cache
+        self._topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+
+        try:
+            self._artifact_job = get_job_details(self._job, log=self._log, download_symbols=self._download_symbols)
+        except KeyError:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'job': self._job},
+                'Unknown job {job}')
+            raise KeyError("Unknown job")
+
+        self._task_cache = TaskCache(self._cache_dir, log=self._log, skip_cache=self._skip_cache)
+        self._artifact_cache = ArtifactCache(self._cache_dir, log=self._log, skip_cache=self._skip_cache)
+        self._pushhead_cache = PushheadCache(self._cache_dir, log=self._log, skip_cache=self._skip_cache)
+
+    def log(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self._log:
+            self._log(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _guess_artifact_job(self):
+        # Add the "-debug" suffix to the guessed artifact job name
+        # if MOZ_DEBUG is enabled.
+        if self._substs.get('MOZ_DEBUG'):
+            target_suffix = '-debug'
+        else:
+            target_suffix = '-opt'
+
+        if self._substs.get('MOZ_BUILD_APP', '') == 'mobile/android':
+            if self._substs['ANDROID_CPU_ARCH'] == 'x86':
+                return 'android-x86-opt'
+            return 'android-api-15' + target_suffix
+
+        target_64bit = False
+        if self._substs['target_cpu'] == 'x86_64':
+            target_64bit = True
+
+        if self._defines.get('XP_LINUX', False):
+            return ('linux64' if target_64bit else 'linux') + target_suffix
+        if self._defines.get('XP_WIN', False):
+            return ('win64' if target_64bit else 'win32') + target_suffix
+        if self._defines.get('XP_MACOSX', False):
+            # We only produce unified builds in automation, so the target_cpu
+            # check is not relevant.
+            return 'macosx64' + target_suffix
+        raise Exception('Cannot determine default job for |mach artifact|!')
+
+    def _pushheads_from_rev(self, rev, count):
+        """Queries hg.mozilla.org's json-pushlog for pushheads that are nearby
+        ancestors or `rev`. Multiple trees are queried, as the `rev` may
+        already have been pushed to multiple repositories. For each repository
+        containing `rev`, the pushhead introducing `rev` and the previous
+        `count` pushheads from that point are included in the output.
+        """
+
+        with self._pushhead_cache as pushhead_cache:
+            found_pushids = {}
+            for tree in CANDIDATE_TREES:
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                         {'tree': tree,
+                          'rev': rev},
+                         'Attempting to find a pushhead containing {rev} on {tree}.')
+                try:
+                    pushid = pushhead_cache.parent_pushhead_id(tree, rev)
+                    found_pushids[tree] = pushid
+                except ValueError:
+                    continue
+
+            candidate_pushheads = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+            for tree, pushid in found_pushids.iteritems():
+                end = pushid
+                start = pushid - NUM_PUSHHEADS_TO_QUERY_PER_PARENT
+
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                         {'tree': tree,
+                          'pushid': pushid,
+                          'num': NUM_PUSHHEADS_TO_QUERY_PER_PARENT},
+                         'Retrieving the last {num} pushheads starting with id {pushid} on {tree}')
+                for pushhead in pushhead_cache.pushid_range(tree, start, end):
+                    candidate_pushheads[pushhead].append(tree)
+
+        return candidate_pushheads
+
+    def _get_hg_revisions_from_git(self):
+        rev_list = subprocess.check_output([
+            self._git, 'rev-list', '--topo-order',
+            '--max-count={num}'.format(num=NUM_REVISIONS_TO_QUERY),
+            'HEAD',
+        ], cwd=self._topsrcdir)
+
+        hg_hash_list = subprocess.check_output([
+            self._git, 'cinnabar', 'git2hg'
+        ] + rev_list.splitlines(), cwd=self._topsrcdir)
+
+        zeroes = "0" * 40
+
+        hashes = []
+        for hg_hash in hg_hash_list.splitlines():
+            hg_hash = hg_hash.strip()
+            if not hg_hash or hg_hash == zeroes:
+                continue
+            hashes.append(hg_hash)
+        return hashes
+
+    def _get_recent_public_revisions(self):
+        """Returns recent ancestors of the working parent that are likely to
+        to be known to Mozilla automation.
+
+        If we're using git, retrieves hg revisions from git-cinnabar.
+        """
+        if self._git:
+            return self._get_hg_revisions_from_git()
+
+        return subprocess.check_output([
+            self._hg, 'log',
+            '--template', '{node}\n',
+            '-r', 'last(public() and ::., {num})'.format(
+                num=NUM_REVISIONS_TO_QUERY)
+        ], cwd=self._topsrcdir).splitlines()
+
+    def _find_pushheads(self):
+        """Returns an iterator of recent pushhead revisions, starting with the
+        working parent.
+        """
+
+        last_revs = self._get_recent_public_revisions()
+        candidate_pushheads = self._pushheads_from_rev(last_revs[0].rstrip(),
+                                                       NUM_PUSHHEADS_TO_QUERY_PER_PARENT)
+        count = 0
+        for rev in last_revs:
+            rev = rev.rstrip()
+            if not rev:
+                continue
+            if rev not in candidate_pushheads:
+                continue
+            count += 1
+            yield candidate_pushheads[rev], rev
+
+        if not count:
+            raise Exception('Could not find any candidate pushheads in the last {num} revisions.\n'
+                            'Search started with {rev}, which must be known to Mozilla automation.\n\n'
+                            'see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Artifact_builds'.format(
+                                rev=last_revs[0], num=NUM_PUSHHEADS_TO_QUERY_PER_PARENT))
+
+    def find_pushhead_artifacts(self, task_cache, job, tree, pushhead):
+        try:
+            urls = task_cache.artifact_urls(tree, job, pushhead, self._download_symbols)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+        if urls:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                     {'pushhead': pushhead,
+                      'tree': tree},
+                     'Installing from remote pushhead {pushhead} on {tree}')
+            return urls
+        return None
+
+    def install_from_file(self, filename, distdir):
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'filename': filename},
+            'Installing from {filename}')
+
+        # Do we need to post-process?
+        processed_filename = filename + PROCESSED_SUFFIX
+
+        if self._skip_cache and os.path.exists(processed_filename):
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                {'path': processed_filename},
+                'Skipping cache: removing cached processed artifact {path}')
+            os.remove(processed_filename)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(processed_filename):
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'filename': filename},
+                'Processing contents of {filename}')
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                {'processed_filename': processed_filename},
+                'Writing processed {processed_filename}')
+            self._artifact_job.process_artifact(filename, processed_filename)
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'processed_filename': processed_filename},
+            'Installing from processed {processed_filename}')
+
+        # Copy all .so files, avoiding modification where possible.
+        ensureParentDir(mozpath.join(distdir, '.dummy'))
+
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(processed_filename) as zf:
+            for info in zf.infolist():
+                if info.filename.endswith('.ini'):
+                    continue
+                n = mozpath.join(distdir, info.filename)
+                fh = FileAvoidWrite(n, mode='rb')
+                shutil.copyfileobj(zf.open(info), fh)
+                file_existed, file_updated = fh.close()
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                    {'updating': 'Updating' if file_updated else 'Not updating', 'filename': n},
+                    '{updating} {filename}')
+                if not file_existed or file_updated:
+                    # Libraries and binaries may need to be marked executable,
+                    # depending on platform.
+                    perms = info.external_attr >> 16 # See http://stackoverflow.com/a/434689.
+                    perms |= stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IROTH # u+w, a+r.
+                    os.chmod(n, perms)
+        return 0
+
+    def install_from_url(self, url, distdir):
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {'url': url},
+            'Installing from {url}')
+        with self._artifact_cache as artifact_cache:  # The with block handles persistence.
+            filename = artifact_cache.fetch(url)
+        return self.install_from_file(filename, distdir)
+
+    def _install_from_hg_pushheads(self, hg_pushheads, distdir):
+        """Iterate pairs (hg_hash, {tree-set}) associating hg revision hashes
+        and tree-sets they are known to be in, trying to download and
+        install from each.
+        """
+
+        urls = None
+        count = 0
+        # with blocks handle handle persistence.
+        with self._task_cache as task_cache:
+            for trees, hg_hash in hg_pushheads:
+                for tree in trees:
+                    count += 1
+                    self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'artifact',
+                             {'hg_hash': hg_hash,
+                              'tree': tree},
+                             'Trying to find artifacts for hg revision {hg_hash} on tree {tree}.')
+                    urls = self.find_pushhead_artifacts(task_cache, self._job, tree, hg_hash)
+                    if urls:
+                        for url in urls:
+                            if self.install_from_url(url, distdir):
+                                return 1
+                        return 0
+
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, 'artifact',
+                 {'count': count},
+                 'Tried {count} pushheads, no built artifacts found.')
+        return 1
+
+    def install_from_recent(self, distdir):
+        hg_pushheads = self._find_pushheads()
+        return self._install_from_hg_pushheads(hg_pushheads, distdir)
+
+    def install_from_revset(self, revset, distdir):
+        if self._hg:
+            revision = subprocess.check_output([self._hg, 'log', '--template', '{node}\n',
+                                                '-r', revset], cwd=self._topsrcdir).strip()
+            if len(revision.split('\n')) != 1:
+                raise ValueError('hg revision specification must resolve to exactly one commit')
+        else:
+            revision = subprocess.check_output([self._git, 'rev-parse', revset], cwd=self._topsrcdir).strip()
+            revision = subprocess.check_output([self._git, 'cinnabar', 'git2hg', revision], cwd=self._topsrcdir).strip()
+            if len(revision.split('\n')) != 1:
+                raise ValueError('hg revision specification must resolve to exactly one commit')
+            if revision == "0" * 40:
+                raise ValueError('git revision specification must resolve to a commit known to hg')
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+                 {'revset': revset,
+                  'revision': revision},
+                 'Will only accept artifacts from a pushhead at {revision} '
+                 '(matched revset "{revset}").')
+        pushheads = [(list(CANDIDATE_TREES), revision)]
+        return self._install_from_hg_pushheads(pushheads, distdir)
+
+    def install_from(self, source, distdir):
+        """Install artifacts from a ``source`` into the given ``distdir``.
+        """
+        if source and os.path.isfile(source):
+            return self.install_from_file(source, distdir)
+        elif source and urlparse.urlparse(source).scheme:
+            return self.install_from_url(source, distdir)
+        else:
+            if source is None and 'MOZ_ARTIFACT_REVISION' in os.environ:
+                source = os.environ['MOZ_ARTIFACT_REVISION']
+
+            if source:
+                return self.install_from_revset(source, distdir)
+
+            return self.install_from_recent(distdir)
+
+
+    def print_last(self):
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {},
+            'Printing last used artifact details.')
+        self._task_cache.print_last()
+        self._artifact_cache.print_last()
+        self._pushhead_cache.print_last()
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {},
+            'Deleting cached artifacts and caches.')
+        self._task_cache.clear_cache()
+        self._artifact_cache.clear_cache()
+        self._pushhead_cache.clear_cache()
+
+    def print_cache(self):
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'artifact',
+            {},
+            'Printing cached artifacts and caches.')
+        self._task_cache.print_cache()
+        self._artifact_cache.print_cache()
+        self._pushhead_cache.print_cache()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64bcb87d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+backends = {
+    'AndroidEclipse': 'mozbuild.backend.android_eclipse',
+    'ChromeMap': 'mozbuild.codecoverage.chrome_map',
+    'CompileDB': 'mozbuild.compilation.database',
+    'CppEclipse': 'mozbuild.backend.cpp_eclipse',
+    'FasterMake': 'mozbuild.backend.fastermake',
+    'FasterMake+RecursiveMake': None,
+    'RecursiveMake': 'mozbuild.backend.recursivemake',
+    'Tup': 'mozbuild.backend.tup',
+    'VisualStudio': 'mozbuild.backend.visualstudio',
+}
+
+
+def get_backend_class(name):
+    if '+' in name:
+        from mozbuild.backend.base import HybridBackend
+        return HybridBackend(*(get_backend_class(name)
+                               for name in name.split('+')))
+
+    class_name = '%sBackend' % name
+    module = __import__(backends[name], globals(), locals(), [class_name])
+    return getattr(module, class_name)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/android_eclipse.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/android_eclipse.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f17eb8d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/android_eclipse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import itertools
+import os
+import time
+import types
+import xml.dom.minidom as minidom
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+
+from mozpack.copier import FileCopier
+from mozpack.files import (FileFinder, PreprocessedFile)
+from mozpack.manifests import InstallManifest
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from .common import CommonBackend
+from ..frontend.data import (
+    AndroidEclipseProjectData,
+    ContextDerived,
+    ContextWrapped,
+)
+from ..makeutil import Makefile
+from ..util import ensureParentDir
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    ExecutionSummary,
+    MachCommandConditions,
+)
+
+
+def pretty_print(element):
+    """Return a pretty-printed XML string for an Element.
+    """
+    s = ET.tostring(element, 'utf-8')
+    # minidom wraps element in a Document node; firstChild strips it.
+    return minidom.parseString(s).firstChild.toprettyxml(indent='  ')
+
+
+class AndroidEclipseBackend(CommonBackend):
+    """Backend that generates Android Eclipse project files.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        if not MachCommandConditions.is_android(environment):
+            raise Exception(
+                'The Android Eclipse backend is not available with this '
+                'configuration.')
+
+        super(AndroidEclipseBackend, self).__init__(environment)
+
+    def summary(self):
+        return ExecutionSummary(
+            'AndroidEclipse backend executed in {execution_time:.2f}s\n'
+            'Wrote {projects:d} Android Eclipse projects to {path:s}; '
+            '{created:d} created; {updated:d} updated',
+            execution_time=self._execution_time,
+            projects=self._created_count + self._updated_count,
+            path=mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse'),
+            created=self._created_count,
+            updated=self._updated_count,
+        )
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        """Write out Android Eclipse project files."""
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, ContextDerived):
+            return False
+
+        if CommonBackend.consume_object(self, obj):
+            # If CommonBackend acknowledged the object, we're done with it.
+            return True
+
+        # Handle the one case we care about specially.
+        if isinstance(obj, ContextWrapped) and isinstance(obj.wrapped, AndroidEclipseProjectData):
+            self._process_android_eclipse_project_data(obj.wrapped, obj.srcdir, obj.objdir)
+
+        # We don't want to handle most things, so we just acknowledge all objects
+        return True
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        """The common backend handles WebIDL and test files. We don't handle
+        these, so we don't call our superclass.
+        """
+
+    def _Element_for_classpathentry(self, cpe):
+        """Turn a ClassPathEntry into an XML Element, like one of:
+        <classpathentry including="**/*.java" kind="src" path="preprocessed"/>
+        <classpathentry including="**/*.java" excluding="org/mozilla/gecko/Excluded.java|org/mozilla/gecko/SecondExcluded.java" kind="src" path="src"/>
+        <classpathentry including="**/*.java" kind="src" path="thirdparty">
+            <attributes>
+                <attribute name="ignore_optional_problems" value="true"/>
+            </attributes>
+        </classpathentry>
+        """
+        e = ET.Element('classpathentry')
+        e.set('kind', 'src')
+        e.set('including', '**/*.java')
+        e.set('path', cpe.path)
+        if cpe.exclude_patterns:
+            e.set('excluding', '|'.join(sorted(cpe.exclude_patterns)))
+        if cpe.ignore_warnings:
+            attrs = ET.SubElement(e, 'attributes')
+            attr = ET.SubElement(attrs, 'attribute')
+            attr.set('name', 'ignore_optional_problems')
+            attr.set('value', 'true')
+        return e
+
+    def _Element_for_referenced_project(self, name):
+        """Turn a referenced project name into an XML Element, like:
+        <classpathentry combineaccessrules="false" kind="src" path="/Fennec"/>
+        """
+        e = ET.Element('classpathentry')
+        e.set('kind', 'src')
+        e.set('combineaccessrules', 'false')
+         # All project directories are in the same root; this
+         # reference is absolute in the Eclipse namespace.
+        e.set('path', '/' + name)
+        return e
+
+    def _Element_for_extra_jar(self, name):
+        """Turn a referenced JAR name into an XML Element, like:
+        <classpathentry exported="true" kind="lib" path="/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/build/mobile/robocop/robotium-solo-4.3.1.jar"/>
+        """
+        e = ET.Element('classpathentry')
+        e.set('kind', 'lib')
+        e.set('exported', 'true')
+        e.set('path', name)
+        return e
+
+    def _Element_for_filtered_resources(self, filtered_resources):
+        """Turn a list of filtered resource arguments like
+        ['1.0-projectRelativePath-matches-false-false-*org/mozilla/gecko/resources/**']
+        into an XML Element, like:
+        <filteredResources>
+          <filter>
+            <id>1393009101322</id>
+            <name></name>
+            <type>30</type>
+            <matcher>
+              <id>org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter</id>
+              <arguments>1.0-projectRelativePath-matches-false-false-*org/mozilla/gecko/resources/**</arguments>
+            </matcher>
+          </filter>
+        </filteredResources>
+
+        The id is random; the values are magic."""
+
+        id = int(1000 * time.time())
+        filteredResources = ET.Element('filteredResources')
+        for arg in sorted(filtered_resources):
+            e = ET.SubElement(filteredResources, 'filter')
+            ET.SubElement(e, 'id').text = str(id)
+            id += 1
+            ET.SubElement(e, 'name')
+            ET.SubElement(e, 'type').text = '30' # It's magic!
+            matcher = ET.SubElement(e, 'matcher')
+            ET.SubElement(matcher, 'id').text = 'org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter'
+            ET.SubElement(matcher, 'arguments').text = str(arg)
+        return filteredResources
+
+    def _manifest_for_project(self, srcdir, project):
+        manifest = InstallManifest()
+
+        if project.manifest:
+            manifest.add_copy(mozpath.join(srcdir, project.manifest), 'AndroidManifest.xml')
+
+        if project.res:
+            manifest.add_symlink(mozpath.join(srcdir, project.res), 'res')
+        else:
+            # Eclipse expects a res directory no matter what, so we
+            # make an empty directory if the project doesn't specify.
+            res = os.path.abspath(mozpath.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                'templates', 'android_eclipse_empty_resource_directory'))
+            manifest.add_pattern_copy(res, '.**', 'res')
+
+        if project.assets:
+            manifest.add_symlink(mozpath.join(srcdir, project.assets), 'assets')
+
+        for cpe in project._classpathentries:
+            manifest.add_symlink(mozpath.join(srcdir, cpe.srcdir), cpe.dstdir)
+
+        # JARs and native libraries go in the same place. For now, we're adding
+        # class path entries with the full path to required JAR files (which
+        # makes sense for JARs in the source directory, but probably doesn't for
+        # JARs in the object directory). This could be a problem because we only
+        # know the contents of (a subdirectory of) libs/ after a successful
+        # build and package, which is after build-backend time. At the cost of
+        # some flexibility, we explicitly copy certain libraries here; if the
+        # libraries aren't present -- namely, when the tree hasn't been packaged
+        # -- this fails. That's by design, to avoid crashes on device caused by
+        # missing native libraries.
+        for src, dst in project.libs:
+            manifest.add_copy(mozpath.join(srcdir, src), dst)
+
+        return manifest
+
+    def _process_android_eclipse_project_data(self, data, srcdir, objdir):
+        # This can't be relative to the environment's topsrcdir,
+        # because during testing topsrcdir is faked.
+        template_directory = os.path.abspath(mozpath.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+            'templates', 'android_eclipse'))
+
+        project_directory = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', data.name)
+        manifest_path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', '%s.manifest' % data.name)
+
+        manifest = self._manifest_for_project(srcdir, data)
+        ensureParentDir(manifest_path)
+        manifest.write(path=manifest_path)
+
+        classpathentries = []
+        for cpe in sorted(data._classpathentries, key=lambda x: x.path):
+            e = self._Element_for_classpathentry(cpe)
+            classpathentries.append(ET.tostring(e))
+
+        for name in sorted(data.referenced_projects):
+            e = self._Element_for_referenced_project(name)
+            classpathentries.append(ET.tostring(e))
+
+        for name in sorted(data.extra_jars):
+            e = self._Element_for_extra_jar(mozpath.join(srcdir, name))
+            classpathentries.append(ET.tostring(e))
+
+        defines = {}
+        defines['IDE_OBJDIR'] = objdir
+        defines['IDE_TOPOBJDIR'] = self.environment.topobjdir
+        defines['IDE_SRCDIR'] = srcdir
+        defines['IDE_TOPSRCDIR'] = self.environment.topsrcdir
+        defines['IDE_PROJECT_NAME'] = data.name
+        defines['IDE_PACKAGE_NAME'] = data.package_name
+        defines['IDE_PROJECT_DIRECTORY'] = project_directory
+        defines['IDE_RELSRCDIR'] = mozpath.relpath(srcdir, self.environment.topsrcdir)
+        defines['IDE_CLASSPATH_ENTRIES'] = '\n'.join('\t' + cpe for cpe in classpathentries)
+        defines['IDE_RECURSIVE_MAKE_TARGETS'] = ' '.join(sorted(data.recursive_make_targets))
+        # Like android.library=true
+        defines['IDE_PROJECT_LIBRARY_SETTING'] = 'android.library=true' if data.is_library else ''
+        # Like android.library.reference.1=FennecBrandingResources
+        defines['IDE_PROJECT_LIBRARY_REFERENCES'] = '\n'.join(
+            'android.library.reference.%s=%s' % (i + 1, ref)
+            for i, ref in enumerate(sorted(data.included_projects)))
+        if data.filtered_resources:
+            filteredResources = self._Element_for_filtered_resources(data.filtered_resources)
+            defines['IDE_PROJECT_FILTERED_RESOURCES'] = pretty_print(filteredResources).strip()
+        else:
+            defines['IDE_PROJECT_FILTERED_RESOURCES'] = ''
+        defines['ANDROID_TARGET_SDK'] = self.environment.substs['ANDROID_TARGET_SDK']
+        defines['MOZ_ANDROID_MIN_SDK_VERSION'] = self.environment.defines['MOZ_ANDROID_MIN_SDK_VERSION']
+
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        finder = FileFinder(template_directory)
+        for input_filename, f in itertools.chain(finder.find('**'), finder.find('.**')):
+            if input_filename == 'AndroidManifest.xml' and not data.is_library:
+                # Main projects supply their own manifests.
+                continue
+            copier.add(input_filename, PreprocessedFile(
+                mozpath.join(finder.base, input_filename),
+                depfile_path=None,
+                marker='#',
+                defines=defines,
+                extra_depends={mozpath.join(finder.base, input_filename)}))
+
+        # When we re-create the build backend, we kill everything that was there.
+        if os.path.isdir(project_directory):
+            self._updated_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._created_count += 1
+        copier.copy(project_directory, skip_if_older=False, remove_unaccounted=True)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/base.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5e0c2d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+from abc import (
+    ABCMeta,
+    abstractmethod,
+)
+
+import errno
+import itertools
+import os
+import time
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+from mach.mixin.logging import LoggingMixin
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from ..preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from ..pythonutil import iter_modules_in_path
+from ..util import (
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+    simple_diff,
+)
+from ..frontend.data import ContextDerived
+from .configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from mozbuild.base import ExecutionSummary
+
+
+class BuildBackend(LoggingMixin):
+    """Abstract base class for build backends.
+
+    A build backend is merely a consumer of the build configuration (the output
+    of the frontend processing). It does something with said data. What exactly
+    is the discretion of the specific implementation.
+    """
+
+    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        assert isinstance(environment, ConfigEnvironment)
+
+        self.populate_logger()
+
+        self.environment = environment
+
+        # Files whose modification should cause a new read and backend
+        # generation.
+        self.backend_input_files = set()
+
+        # Files generated by the backend.
+        self._backend_output_files = set()
+
+        self._environments = {}
+        self._environments[environment.topobjdir] = environment
+
+        # The number of backend files created.
+        self._created_count = 0
+
+        # The number of backend files updated.
+        self._updated_count = 0
+
+        # The number of unchanged backend files.
+        self._unchanged_count = 0
+
+        # The number of deleted backend files.
+        self._deleted_count = 0
+
+        # The total wall time spent in the backend. This counts the time the
+        # backend writes out files, etc.
+        self._execution_time = 0.0
+
+        # Mapping of changed file paths to diffs of the changes.
+        self.file_diffs = {}
+
+        self.dry_run = False
+
+        self._init()
+
+    def summary(self):
+        return ExecutionSummary(
+            self.__class__.__name__.replace('Backend', '') +
+            ' backend executed in {execution_time:.2f}s\n  '
+            '{total:d} total backend files; '
+            '{created:d} created; '
+            '{updated:d} updated; '
+            '{unchanged:d} unchanged; '
+            '{deleted:d} deleted',
+            execution_time=self._execution_time,
+            total=self._created_count + self._updated_count +
+            self._unchanged_count,
+            created=self._created_count,
+            updated=self._updated_count,
+            unchanged=self._unchanged_count,
+            deleted=self._deleted_count)
+
+    def _init(self):
+        """Hook point for child classes to perform actions during __init__.
+
+        This exists so child classes don't need to implement __init__.
+        """
+
+    def consume(self, objs):
+        """Consume a stream of TreeMetadata instances.
+
+        This is the main method of the interface. This is what takes the
+        frontend output and does something with it.
+
+        Child classes are not expected to implement this method. Instead, the
+        base class consumes objects and calls methods (possibly) implemented by
+        child classes.
+        """
+
+        # Previously generated files.
+        list_file = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'backend.%s'
+                                 % self.__class__.__name__)
+        backend_output_list = set()
+        if os.path.exists(list_file):
+            with open(list_file) as fh:
+                backend_output_list.update(mozpath.normsep(p)
+                                           for p in fh.read().splitlines())
+
+        for obj in objs:
+            obj_start = time.time()
+            if (not self.consume_object(obj) and
+                    not isinstance(self, PartialBackend)):
+                raise Exception('Unhandled object of type %s' % type(obj))
+            self._execution_time += time.time() - obj_start
+
+            if (isinstance(obj, ContextDerived) and
+                    not isinstance(self, PartialBackend)):
+                self.backend_input_files |= obj.context_all_paths
+
+        # Pull in all loaded Python as dependencies so any Python changes that
+        # could influence our output result in a rescan.
+        self.backend_input_files |= set(iter_modules_in_path(
+            self.environment.topsrcdir, self.environment.topobjdir))
+
+        finished_start = time.time()
+        self.consume_finished()
+        self._execution_time += time.time() - finished_start
+
+        # Purge backend files created in previous run, but not created anymore
+        delete_files = backend_output_list - self._backend_output_files
+        for path in delete_files:
+            full_path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, path)
+            try:
+                with open(full_path, 'r') as existing:
+                    old_content = existing.read()
+                    if old_content:
+                        self.file_diffs[full_path] = simple_diff(
+                            full_path, old_content.splitlines(), None)
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.unlink(full_path)
+                self._deleted_count += 1
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        # Remove now empty directories
+        for dir in set(mozpath.dirname(d) for d in delete_files):
+            try:
+                os.removedirs(dir)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+        # Write out the list of backend files generated, if it changed.
+        if self._deleted_count or self._created_count or \
+                not os.path.exists(list_file):
+            with self._write_file(list_file) as fh:
+                fh.write('\n'.join(sorted(self._backend_output_files)))
+        else:
+            # Always update its mtime.
+            with open(list_file, 'a'):
+                os.utime(list_file, None)
+
+        # Write out the list of input files for the backend
+        with self._write_file('%s.in' % list_file) as fh:
+            fh.write('\n'.join(sorted(
+                mozpath.normsep(f) for f in self.backend_input_files)))
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        """Consumes an individual TreeMetadata instance.
+
+        This is the main method used by child classes to react to build
+        metadata.
+        """
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        """Called when consume() has completed handling all objects."""
+
+    def build(self, config, output, jobs, verbose):
+        """Called when 'mach build' is executed.
+
+        This should return the status value of a subprocess, where 0 denotes
+        success and any other value is an error code. A return value of None
+        indicates that the default 'make -f client.mk' should run.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _write_file(self, path=None, fh=None, mode='rU'):
+        """Context manager to write a file.
+
+        This is a glorified wrapper around FileAvoidWrite with integration to
+        update the summary data on this instance.
+
+        Example usage:
+
+            with self._write_file('foo.txt') as fh:
+                fh.write('hello world')
+        """
+
+        if path is not None:
+            assert fh is None
+            fh = FileAvoidWrite(path, capture_diff=True, dry_run=self.dry_run,
+                                mode=mode)
+        else:
+            assert fh is not None
+
+        dirname = mozpath.dirname(fh.name)
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(dirname)
+        except OSError as error:
+            if error.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+        yield fh
+
+        self._backend_output_files.add(mozpath.relpath(fh.name, self.environment.topobjdir))
+        existed, updated = fh.close()
+        if fh.diff:
+            self.file_diffs[fh.name] = fh.diff
+        if not existed:
+            self._created_count += 1
+        elif updated:
+            self._updated_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._unchanged_count += 1
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _get_preprocessor(self, obj):
+        '''Returns a preprocessor with a few predefined values depending on
+        the given BaseConfigSubstitution(-like) object, and all the substs
+        in the current environment.'''
+        pp = Preprocessor()
+        srcdir = mozpath.dirname(obj.input_path)
+        pp.context.update({
+            k: ' '.join(v) if isinstance(v, list) else v
+            for k, v in obj.config.substs.iteritems()
+        })
+        pp.context.update(
+            top_srcdir=obj.topsrcdir,
+            topobjdir=obj.topobjdir,
+            srcdir=srcdir,
+            relativesrcdir=mozpath.relpath(srcdir, obj.topsrcdir) or '.',
+            DEPTH=mozpath.relpath(obj.topobjdir, mozpath.dirname(obj.output_path)) or '.',
+        )
+        pp.do_filter('attemptSubstitution')
+        pp.setMarker(None)
+        with self._write_file(obj.output_path) as fh:
+            pp.out = fh
+            yield pp
+
+
+class PartialBackend(BuildBackend):
+    """A PartialBackend is a BuildBackend declaring that its consume_object
+    method may not handle all build configuration objects it's passed, and
+    that it's fine."""
+
+
+def HybridBackend(*backends):
+    """A HybridBackend is the combination of one or more PartialBackends
+    with a non-partial BuildBackend.
+
+    Build configuration objects are passed to each backend, stopping at the
+    first of them that declares having handled them.
+    """
+    assert len(backends) >= 2
+    assert all(issubclass(b, PartialBackend) for b in backends[:-1])
+    assert not(issubclass(backends[-1], PartialBackend))
+    assert all(issubclass(b, BuildBackend) for b in backends)
+
+    class TheHybridBackend(BuildBackend):
+        def __init__(self, environment):
+            self._backends = [b(environment) for b in backends]
+            super(TheHybridBackend, self).__init__(environment)
+
+        def consume_object(self, obj):
+            return any(b.consume_object(obj) for b in self._backends)
+
+        def consume_finished(self):
+            for backend in self._backends:
+                backend.consume_finished()
+
+            for attr in ('_execution_time', '_created_count', '_updated_count',
+                         '_unchanged_count', '_deleted_count'):
+                setattr(self, attr,
+                        sum(getattr(b, attr) for b in self._backends))
+
+            for b in self._backends:
+                self.file_diffs.update(b.file_diffs)
+                for attr in ('backend_input_files', '_backend_output_files'):
+                    files = getattr(self, attr)
+                    files |= getattr(b, attr)
+
+    name = '+'.join(itertools.chain(
+        (b.__name__.replace('Backend', '') for b in backends[:1]),
+        (b.__name__ for b in backends[-1:])
+    ))
+
+    return type(str(name), (TheHybridBackend,), {})
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/common.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12b2a27c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import cPickle as pickle
+import itertools
+import json
+import os
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mozbuild.backend.base import BuildBackend
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    Context,
+    Path,
+    RenamedSourcePath,
+    VARIABLES,
+)
+from mozbuild.frontend.data import (
+    BaseProgram,
+    ChromeManifestEntry,
+    ConfigFileSubstitution,
+    ExampleWebIDLInterface,
+    IPDLFile,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+    FinalTargetFiles,
+    GeneratedEventWebIDLFile,
+    GeneratedWebIDLFile,
+    PreprocessedTestWebIDLFile,
+    PreprocessedWebIDLFile,
+    SharedLibrary,
+    TestManifest,
+    TestWebIDLFile,
+    UnifiedSources,
+    XPIDLFile,
+    WebIDLFile,
+)
+from mozbuild.jar import (
+    DeprecatedJarManifest,
+    JarManifestParser,
+)
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import parse_manifest_line
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+from mozbuild.util import group_unified_files
+
+class XPIDLManager(object):
+    """Helps manage XPCOM IDLs in the context of the build system."""
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = config
+        self.topsrcdir = config.topsrcdir
+        self.topobjdir = config.topobjdir
+
+        self.idls = {}
+        self.modules = {}
+        self.interface_manifests = {}
+        self.chrome_manifests = set()
+
+    def register_idl(self, idl, allow_existing=False):
+        """Registers an IDL file with this instance.
+
+        The IDL file will be built, installed, etc.
+        """
+        basename = mozpath.basename(idl.source_path)
+        root = mozpath.splitext(basename)[0]
+        xpt = '%s.xpt' % idl.module
+        manifest = mozpath.join(idl.install_target, 'components', 'interfaces.manifest')
+        chrome_manifest = mozpath.join(idl.install_target, 'chrome.manifest')
+
+        entry = {
+            'source': idl.source_path,
+            'module': idl.module,
+            'basename': basename,
+            'root': root,
+            'manifest': manifest,
+        }
+
+        if not allow_existing and entry['basename'] in self.idls:
+            raise Exception('IDL already registered: %s' % entry['basename'])
+
+        self.idls[entry['basename']] = entry
+        t = self.modules.setdefault(entry['module'], (idl.install_target, set()))
+        t[1].add(entry['root'])
+
+        if idl.add_to_manifest:
+            self.interface_manifests.setdefault(manifest, set()).add(xpt)
+            self.chrome_manifests.add(chrome_manifest)
+
+
+class WebIDLCollection(object):
+    """Collects WebIDL info referenced during the build."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.sources = set()
+        self.generated_sources = set()
+        self.generated_events_sources = set()
+        self.preprocessed_sources = set()
+        self.test_sources = set()
+        self.preprocessed_test_sources = set()
+        self.example_interfaces = set()
+
+    def all_regular_sources(self):
+        return self.sources | self.generated_sources | \
+            self.generated_events_sources | self.preprocessed_sources
+
+    def all_regular_basenames(self):
+        return [os.path.basename(source) for source in self.all_regular_sources()]
+
+    def all_regular_stems(self):
+        return [os.path.splitext(b)[0] for b in self.all_regular_basenames()]
+
+    def all_regular_bindinggen_stems(self):
+        for stem in self.all_regular_stems():
+            yield '%sBinding' % stem
+
+        for source in self.generated_events_sources:
+            yield os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(source))[0]
+
+    def all_regular_cpp_basenames(self):
+        for stem in self.all_regular_bindinggen_stems():
+            yield '%s.cpp' % stem
+
+    def all_test_sources(self):
+        return self.test_sources | self.preprocessed_test_sources
+
+    def all_test_basenames(self):
+        return [os.path.basename(source) for source in self.all_test_sources()]
+
+    def all_test_stems(self):
+        return [os.path.splitext(b)[0] for b in self.all_test_basenames()]
+
+    def all_test_cpp_basenames(self):
+        return ['%sBinding.cpp' % s for s in self.all_test_stems()]
+
+    def all_static_sources(self):
+        return self.sources | self.generated_events_sources | \
+            self.test_sources
+
+    def all_non_static_sources(self):
+        return self.generated_sources | self.all_preprocessed_sources()
+
+    def all_non_static_basenames(self):
+        return [os.path.basename(s) for s in self.all_non_static_sources()]
+
+    def all_preprocessed_sources(self):
+        return self.preprocessed_sources | self.preprocessed_test_sources
+
+    def all_sources(self):
+        return set(self.all_regular_sources()) | set(self.all_test_sources())
+
+    def all_basenames(self):
+        return [os.path.basename(source) for source in self.all_sources()]
+
+    def all_stems(self):
+        return [os.path.splitext(b)[0] for b in self.all_basenames()]
+
+    def generated_events_basenames(self):
+        return [os.path.basename(s) for s in self.generated_events_sources]
+
+    def generated_events_stems(self):
+        return [os.path.splitext(b)[0] for b in self.generated_events_basenames()]
+
+
+class TestManager(object):
+    """Helps hold state related to tests."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = config
+        self.topsrcdir = mozpath.normpath(config.topsrcdir)
+
+        self.tests_by_path = defaultdict(list)
+        self.installs_by_path = defaultdict(list)
+        self.deferred_installs = set()
+        self.manifest_defaults = {}
+
+    def add(self, t, flavor, topsrcdir):
+        t = dict(t)
+        t['flavor'] = flavor
+
+        path = mozpath.normpath(t['path'])
+        assert mozpath.basedir(path, [topsrcdir])
+
+        key = path[len(topsrcdir)+1:]
+        t['file_relpath'] = key
+        t['dir_relpath'] = mozpath.dirname(key)
+
+        self.tests_by_path[key].append(t)
+
+    def add_defaults(self, manifest):
+        if not hasattr(manifest, 'manifest_defaults'):
+            return
+        for sub_manifest, defaults in manifest.manifest_defaults.items():
+            self.manifest_defaults[sub_manifest] = defaults
+
+    def add_installs(self, obj, topsrcdir):
+        for src, (dest, _) in obj.installs.iteritems():
+            key = src[len(topsrcdir)+1:]
+            self.installs_by_path[key].append((src, dest))
+        for src, pat, dest in obj.pattern_installs:
+            key = mozpath.join(src[len(topsrcdir)+1:], pat)
+            self.installs_by_path[key].append((src, pat, dest))
+        for path in obj.deferred_installs:
+            self.deferred_installs.add(path[2:])
+
+
+class BinariesCollection(object):
+    """Tracks state of binaries produced by the build."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.shared_libraries = []
+        self.programs = []
+
+
+class CommonBackend(BuildBackend):
+    """Holds logic common to all build backends."""
+
+    def _init(self):
+        self._idl_manager = XPIDLManager(self.environment)
+        self._test_manager = TestManager(self.environment)
+        self._webidls = WebIDLCollection()
+        self._binaries = BinariesCollection()
+        self._configs = set()
+        self._ipdl_sources = set()
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        self._configs.add(obj.config)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, TestManifest):
+            for test in obj.tests:
+                self._test_manager.add(test, obj.flavor, obj.topsrcdir)
+            self._test_manager.add_defaults(obj.manifest)
+            self._test_manager.add_installs(obj, obj.topsrcdir)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, XPIDLFile):
+            # TODO bug 1240134 tracks not processing XPIDL files during
+            # artifact builds.
+            self._idl_manager.register_idl(obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ConfigFileSubstitution):
+            # Do not handle ConfigFileSubstitution for Makefiles. Leave that
+            # to other
+            if mozpath.basename(obj.output_path) == 'Makefile':
+                return False
+            with self._get_preprocessor(obj) as pp:
+                pp.do_include(obj.input_path)
+            self.backend_input_files.add(obj.input_path)
+
+        # We should consider aggregating WebIDL types in emitter.py.
+        elif isinstance(obj, WebIDLFile):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.sources.add(mozpath.join(obj.srcdir, obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, GeneratedEventWebIDLFile):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.generated_events_sources.add(mozpath.join(
+                obj.srcdir, obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, TestWebIDLFile):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.test_sources.add(mozpath.join(obj.srcdir,
+                obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, PreprocessedTestWebIDLFile):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.preprocessed_test_sources.add(mozpath.join(
+                obj.srcdir, obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, GeneratedWebIDLFile):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.generated_sources.add(mozpath.join(obj.srcdir,
+                obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, PreprocessedWebIDLFile):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.preprocessed_sources.add(mozpath.join(
+                obj.srcdir, obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ExampleWebIDLInterface):
+            # WebIDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._webidls.example_interfaces.add(obj.name)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, IPDLFile):
+            # IPDL isn't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            self._ipdl_sources.add(mozpath.join(obj.srcdir, obj.basename))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, UnifiedSources):
+            # Unified sources aren't relevant to artifact builds.
+            if self.environment.is_artifact_build:
+                return True
+
+            if obj.have_unified_mapping:
+                self._write_unified_files(obj.unified_source_mapping, obj.objdir)
+            if hasattr(self, '_process_unified_sources'):
+                self._process_unified_sources(obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, BaseProgram):
+            self._binaries.programs.append(obj)
+            return False
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary):
+            self._binaries.shared_libraries.append(obj)
+            return False
+
+        else:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        if len(self._idl_manager.idls):
+            self._handle_idl_manager(self._idl_manager)
+
+        self._handle_webidl_collection(self._webidls)
+
+        sorted_ipdl_sources = list(sorted(self._ipdl_sources))
+
+        def files_from(ipdl):
+            base = mozpath.basename(ipdl)
+            root, ext = mozpath.splitext(base)
+
+            # Both .ipdl and .ipdlh become .cpp files
+            files = ['%s.cpp' % root]
+            if ext == '.ipdl':
+                # .ipdl also becomes Child/Parent.cpp files
+                files.extend(['%sChild.cpp' % root,
+                              '%sParent.cpp' % root])
+            return files
+
+        ipdl_dir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'ipc', 'ipdl')
+
+        ipdl_cppsrcs = list(itertools.chain(*[files_from(p) for p in sorted_ipdl_sources]))
+        unified_source_mapping = list(group_unified_files(ipdl_cppsrcs,
+                                                          unified_prefix='UnifiedProtocols',
+                                                          unified_suffix='cpp',
+                                                          files_per_unified_file=16))
+
+        self._write_unified_files(unified_source_mapping, ipdl_dir, poison_windows_h=False)
+        self._handle_ipdl_sources(ipdl_dir, sorted_ipdl_sources, unified_source_mapping)
+
+        for config in self._configs:
+            self.backend_input_files.add(config.source)
+
+        # Write out a machine-readable file describing every test.
+        topobjdir = self.environment.topobjdir
+        with self._write_file(mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'all-tests.pkl'), mode='rb') as fh:
+            pickle.dump(dict(self._test_manager.tests_by_path), fh, protocol=2)
+
+        with self._write_file(mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'test-defaults.pkl'), mode='rb') as fh:
+            pickle.dump(self._test_manager.manifest_defaults, fh, protocol=2)
+
+        path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'test-installs.pkl')
+        with self._write_file(path, mode='rb') as fh:
+            pickle.dump({k: v for k, v in self._test_manager.installs_by_path.items()
+                         if k in self._test_manager.deferred_installs},
+                        fh,
+                        protocol=2)
+
+        # Write out a machine-readable file describing binaries.
+        with self._write_file(mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'binaries.json')) as fh:
+            d = {
+                'shared_libraries': [s.to_dict() for s in self._binaries.shared_libraries],
+                'programs': [p.to_dict() for p in self._binaries.programs],
+            }
+            json.dump(d, fh, sort_keys=True, indent=4)
+
+    def _handle_webidl_collection(self, webidls):
+        if not webidls.all_stems():
+            return
+
+        bindings_dir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dom', 'bindings')
+
+        all_inputs = set(webidls.all_static_sources())
+        for s in webidls.all_non_static_basenames():
+            all_inputs.add(mozpath.join(bindings_dir, s))
+
+        generated_events_stems = webidls.generated_events_stems()
+        exported_stems = webidls.all_regular_stems()
+
+        # The WebIDL manager reads configuration from a JSON file. So, we
+        # need to write this file early.
+        o = dict(
+            webidls=sorted(all_inputs),
+            generated_events_stems=sorted(generated_events_stems),
+            exported_stems=sorted(exported_stems),
+            example_interfaces=sorted(webidls.example_interfaces),
+        )
+
+        file_lists = mozpath.join(bindings_dir, 'file-lists.json')
+        with self._write_file(file_lists) as fh:
+            json.dump(o, fh, sort_keys=True, indent=2)
+
+        import mozwebidlcodegen
+
+        manager = mozwebidlcodegen.create_build_system_manager(
+            self.environment.topsrcdir,
+            self.environment.topobjdir,
+            mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist')
+        )
+
+        # Bindings are compiled in unified mode to speed up compilation and
+        # to reduce linker memory size. Note that test bindings are separated
+        # from regular ones so tests bindings aren't shipped.
+        unified_source_mapping = list(group_unified_files(webidls.all_regular_cpp_basenames(),
+                                                          unified_prefix='UnifiedBindings',
+                                                          unified_suffix='cpp',
+                                                          files_per_unified_file=32))
+        self._write_unified_files(unified_source_mapping, bindings_dir,
+                                  poison_windows_h=True)
+        self._handle_webidl_build(bindings_dir, unified_source_mapping,
+                                  webidls,
+                                  manager.expected_build_output_files(),
+                                  manager.GLOBAL_DEFINE_FILES)
+
+    def _write_unified_file(self, unified_file, source_filenames,
+                            output_directory, poison_windows_h=False):
+        with self._write_file(mozpath.join(output_directory, unified_file)) as f:
+            f.write('#define MOZ_UNIFIED_BUILD\n')
+            includeTemplate = '#include "%(cppfile)s"'
+            if poison_windows_h:
+                includeTemplate += (
+                    '\n'
+                    '#ifdef _WINDOWS_\n'
+                    '#error "%(cppfile)s included windows.h"\n'
+                    "#endif")
+            includeTemplate += (
+                '\n'
+                '#ifdef PL_ARENA_CONST_ALIGN_MASK\n'
+                '#error "%(cppfile)s uses PL_ARENA_CONST_ALIGN_MASK, '
+                'so it cannot be built in unified mode."\n'
+                '#undef PL_ARENA_CONST_ALIGN_MASK\n'
+                '#endif\n'
+                '#ifdef INITGUID\n'
+                '#error "%(cppfile)s defines INITGUID, '
+                'so it cannot be built in unified mode."\n'
+                '#undef INITGUID\n'
+                '#endif')
+            f.write('\n'.join(includeTemplate % { "cppfile": s } for
+                              s in source_filenames))
+
+    def _write_unified_files(self, unified_source_mapping, output_directory,
+                             poison_windows_h=False):
+        for unified_file, source_filenames in unified_source_mapping:
+            self._write_unified_file(unified_file, source_filenames,
+                                     output_directory, poison_windows_h)
+
+    def _consume_jar_manifest(self, obj):
+        # Ideally, this would all be handled somehow in the emitter, but
+        # this would require all the magic surrounding l10n and addons in
+        # the recursive make backend to die, which is not going to happen
+        # any time soon enough.
+        # Notably missing:
+        # - DEFINES from config/config.mk
+        # - L10n support
+        # - The equivalent of -e when USE_EXTENSION_MANIFEST is set in
+        #   moz.build, but it doesn't matter in dist/bin.
+        pp = Preprocessor()
+        if obj.defines:
+            pp.context.update(obj.defines.defines)
+        pp.context.update(self.environment.defines)
+        pp.context.update(
+            AB_CD='en-US',
+            BUILD_FASTER=1,
+        )
+        pp.out = JarManifestParser()
+        try:
+            pp.do_include(obj.path.full_path)
+        except DeprecatedJarManifest as e:
+            raise DeprecatedJarManifest('Parsing error while processing %s: %s'
+                                        % (obj.path.full_path, e.message))
+        self.backend_input_files |= pp.includes
+
+        for jarinfo in pp.out:
+            jar_context = Context(
+                allowed_variables=VARIABLES, config=obj._context.config)
+            jar_context.push_source(obj._context.main_path)
+            jar_context.push_source(obj.path.full_path)
+
+            install_target = obj.install_target
+            if jarinfo.base:
+                install_target = mozpath.normpath(
+                    mozpath.join(install_target, jarinfo.base))
+            jar_context['FINAL_TARGET'] = install_target
+            if obj.defines:
+                jar_context['DEFINES'] = obj.defines.defines
+            files = jar_context['FINAL_TARGET_FILES']
+            files_pp = jar_context['FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES']
+
+            for e in jarinfo.entries:
+                if e.is_locale:
+                    if jarinfo.relativesrcdir:
+                        src = '/%s' % jarinfo.relativesrcdir
+                    else:
+                        src = ''
+                    src = mozpath.join(src, 'en-US', e.source)
+                else:
+                    src = e.source
+
+                src = Path(jar_context, src)
+
+                if '*' not in e.source and not os.path.exists(src.full_path):
+                    if e.is_locale:
+                        raise Exception(
+                            '%s: Cannot find %s' % (obj.path, e.source))
+                    if e.source.startswith('/'):
+                        src = Path(jar_context, '!' + e.source)
+                    else:
+                        # This actually gets awkward if the jar.mn is not
+                        # in the same directory as the moz.build declaring
+                        # it, but it's how it works in the recursive make,
+                        # not that anything relies on that, but it's simpler.
+                        src = Path(obj._context, '!' + e.source)
+
+                output_basename = mozpath.basename(e.output)
+                if output_basename != src.target_basename:
+                    src = RenamedSourcePath(jar_context,
+                                            (src, output_basename))
+                path = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.join(jarinfo.name, e.output))
+
+                if e.preprocess:
+                    if '*' in e.source:
+                        raise Exception('%s: Wildcards are not supported with '
+                                        'preprocessing' % obj.path)
+                    files_pp[path] += [src]
+                else:
+                    files[path] += [src]
+
+            if files:
+                self.consume_object(FinalTargetFiles(jar_context, files))
+            if files_pp:
+                self.consume_object(
+                    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles(jar_context, files_pp))
+
+            for m in jarinfo.chrome_manifests:
+                entry = parse_manifest_line(
+                    mozpath.dirname(jarinfo.name),
+                    m.replace('%', mozpath.basename(jarinfo.name) + '/'))
+                self.consume_object(ChromeManifestEntry(
+                    jar_context, '%s.manifest' % jarinfo.name, entry))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/configenvironment.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/configenvironment.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..331309af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/configenvironment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from collections import Iterable
+from types import StringTypes, ModuleType
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mozbuild.util import ReadOnlyDict
+from mozbuild.shellutil import quote as shell_quote
+
+
+if sys.version_info.major == 2:
+    text_type = unicode
+else:
+    text_type = str
+
+
+class BuildConfig(object):
+    """Represents the output of configure."""
+
+    _CODE_CACHE = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.topsrcdir = None
+        self.topobjdir = None
+        self.defines = {}
+        self.non_global_defines = []
+        self.substs = {}
+        self.files = []
+        self.mozconfig = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config_status(cls, path):
+        """Create an instance from a config.status file."""
+        code_cache = cls._CODE_CACHE
+        mtime = os.path.getmtime(path)
+
+        # cache the compiled code as it can be reused
+        # we cache it the first time, or if the file changed
+        if not path in code_cache or code_cache[path][0] != mtime:
+            # Add config.status manually to sys.modules so it gets picked up by
+            # iter_modules_in_path() for automatic dependencies.
+            mod = ModuleType('config.status')
+            mod.__file__ = path
+            sys.modules['config.status'] = mod
+
+            with open(path, 'rt') as fh:
+                source = fh.read()
+                code_cache[path] = (
+                    mtime,
+                    compile(source, path, 'exec', dont_inherit=1)
+                )
+
+        g = {
+            '__builtins__': __builtins__,
+            '__file__': path,
+        }
+        l = {}
+        exec(code_cache[path][1], g, l)
+
+        config = BuildConfig()
+
+        for name in l['__all__']:
+            setattr(config, name, l[name])
+
+        return config
+
+
+class ConfigEnvironment(object):
+    """Perform actions associated with a configured but bare objdir.
+
+    The purpose of this class is to preprocess files from the source directory
+    and output results in the object directory.
+
+    There are two types of files: config files and config headers,
+    each treated through a different member function.
+
+    Creating a ConfigEnvironment requires a few arguments:
+      - topsrcdir and topobjdir are, respectively, the top source and
+        the top object directory.
+      - defines is a dict filled from AC_DEFINE and AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED in
+        autoconf.
+      - non_global_defines are a list of names appearing in defines above
+        that are not meant to be exported in ACDEFINES (see below)
+      - substs is a dict filled from AC_SUBST in autoconf.
+
+    ConfigEnvironment automatically defines one additional substs variable
+    from all the defines not appearing in non_global_defines:
+      - ACDEFINES contains the defines in the form -DNAME=VALUE, for use on
+        preprocessor command lines. The order in which defines were given
+        when creating the ConfigEnvironment is preserved.
+    and two other additional subst variables from all the other substs:
+      - ALLSUBSTS contains the substs in the form NAME = VALUE, in sorted
+        order, for use in autoconf.mk. It includes ACDEFINES
+        Only substs with a VALUE are included, such that the resulting file
+        doesn't change when new empty substs are added.
+        This results in less invalidation of build dependencies in the case
+        of autoconf.mk..
+      - ALLEMPTYSUBSTS contains the substs with an empty value, in the form
+        NAME =.
+
+    ConfigEnvironment expects a "top_srcdir" subst to be set with the top
+    source directory, in msys format on windows. It is used to derive a
+    "srcdir" subst when treating config files. It can either be an absolute
+    path or a path relative to the topobjdir.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, topsrcdir, topobjdir, defines=None,
+        non_global_defines=None, substs=None, source=None, mozconfig=None):
+
+        if not source:
+            source = mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'config.status')
+        self.source = source
+        self.defines = ReadOnlyDict(defines or {})
+        self.non_global_defines = non_global_defines or []
+        self.substs = dict(substs or {})
+        self.topsrcdir = mozpath.abspath(topsrcdir)
+        self.topobjdir = mozpath.abspath(topobjdir)
+        self.mozconfig = mozpath.abspath(mozconfig) if mozconfig else None
+        self.lib_prefix = self.substs.get('LIB_PREFIX', '')
+        if 'LIB_SUFFIX' in self.substs:
+            self.lib_suffix = '.%s' % self.substs['LIB_SUFFIX']
+        self.dll_prefix = self.substs.get('DLL_PREFIX', '')
+        self.dll_suffix = self.substs.get('DLL_SUFFIX', '')
+        if self.substs.get('IMPORT_LIB_SUFFIX'):
+            self.import_prefix = self.lib_prefix
+            self.import_suffix = '.%s' % self.substs['IMPORT_LIB_SUFFIX']
+        else:
+            self.import_prefix = self.dll_prefix
+            self.import_suffix = self.dll_suffix
+
+        global_defines = [name for name in self.defines
+            if not name in self.non_global_defines]
+        self.substs['ACDEFINES'] = ' '.join(['-D%s=%s' % (name,
+            shell_quote(self.defines[name]).replace('$', '$$'))
+            for name in sorted(global_defines)])
+        def serialize(obj):
+            if isinstance(obj, StringTypes):
+                return obj
+            if isinstance(obj, Iterable):
+                return ' '.join(obj)
+            raise Exception('Unhandled type %s', type(obj))
+        self.substs['ALLSUBSTS'] = '\n'.join(sorted(['%s = %s' % (name,
+            serialize(self.substs[name])) for name in self.substs if self.substs[name]]))
+        self.substs['ALLEMPTYSUBSTS'] = '\n'.join(sorted(['%s =' % name
+            for name in self.substs if not self.substs[name]]))
+
+        self.substs = ReadOnlyDict(self.substs)
+
+        self.external_source_dir = None
+        external = self.substs.get('EXTERNAL_SOURCE_DIR', '')
+        if external:
+            external = mozpath.normpath(external)
+            if not os.path.isabs(external):
+                external = mozpath.join(self.topsrcdir, external)
+            self.external_source_dir = mozpath.normpath(external)
+
+        # Populate a Unicode version of substs. This is an optimization to make
+        # moz.build reading faster, since each sandbox needs a Unicode version
+        # of these variables and doing it over a thousand times is a hotspot
+        # during sandbox execution!
+        # Bug 844509 tracks moving everything to Unicode.
+        self.substs_unicode = {}
+
+        def decode(v):
+            if not isinstance(v, text_type):
+                try:
+                    return v.decode('utf-8')
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    return v.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+        for k, v in self.substs.items():
+            if not isinstance(v, StringTypes):
+                if isinstance(v, Iterable):
+                    type(v)(decode(i) for i in v)
+            elif not isinstance(v, text_type):
+                v = decode(v)
+
+            self.substs_unicode[k] = v
+
+        self.substs_unicode = ReadOnlyDict(self.substs_unicode)
+
+    @property
+    def is_artifact_build(self):
+        return self.substs.get('MOZ_ARTIFACT_BUILDS', False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config_status(path):
+        config = BuildConfig.from_config_status(path)
+
+        return ConfigEnvironment(config.topsrcdir, config.topobjdir,
+            config.defines, config.non_global_defines, config.substs, path)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/cpp_eclipse.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/cpp_eclipse.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbdbdde8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/cpp_eclipse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,698 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import random
+import os
+import subprocess
+import types
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from .common import CommonBackend
+
+from ..frontend.data import (
+    Defines,
+)
+from mozbuild.base import ExecutionSummary
+
+# TODO Have ./mach eclipse generate the workspace and index it:
+# /Users/bgirard/mozilla/eclipse/eclipse/eclipse/eclipse -application org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.headlessbuild -data $PWD/workspace -importAll $PWD/eclipse
+# Open eclipse:
+# /Users/bgirard/mozilla/eclipse/eclipse/eclipse/eclipse -data $PWD/workspace
+
+class CppEclipseBackend(CommonBackend):
+    """Backend that generates Cpp Eclipse project files.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            raise Exception('Eclipse is not supported on Windows. '
+                            'Consider using Visual Studio instead.')
+        super(CppEclipseBackend, self).__init__(environment)
+
+    def _init(self):
+        CommonBackend._init(self)
+
+        self._paths_to_defines = {}
+        self._project_name = 'Gecko'
+        self._workspace_dir = self._get_workspace_path()
+        self._project_dir = os.path.join(self._workspace_dir, self._project_name)
+        self._overwriting_workspace = os.path.isdir(self._workspace_dir)
+
+        self._macbundle = self.environment.substs['MOZ_MACBUNDLE_NAME']
+        self._appname = self.environment.substs['MOZ_APP_NAME']
+        self._bin_suffix = self.environment.substs['BIN_SUFFIX']
+        self._cxx = self.environment.substs['CXX']
+        # Note: We need the C Pre Processor (CPP) flags, not the CXX flags
+        self._cppflags = self.environment.substs.get('CPPFLAGS', '')
+
+    def summary(self):
+        return ExecutionSummary(
+            'CppEclipse backend executed in {execution_time:.2f}s\n'
+            'Generated Cpp Eclipse workspace in "{workspace:s}".\n'
+            'If missing, import the project using File > Import > General > Existing Project into workspace\n'
+            '\n'
+            'Run with: eclipse -data {workspace:s}\n',
+            execution_time=self._execution_time,
+            workspace=self._workspace_dir)
+
+    def _get_workspace_path(self):
+        return CppEclipseBackend.get_workspace_path(self.environment.topsrcdir, self.environment.topobjdir)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_workspace_path(topsrcdir, topobjdir):
+        # Eclipse doesn't support having the workspace inside the srcdir.
+        # Since most people have their objdir inside their srcdir it's easier
+        # and more consistent to just put the workspace along side the srcdir
+        srcdir_parent = os.path.dirname(topsrcdir)
+        workspace_dirname = "eclipse_" + os.path.basename(topobjdir)
+        return os.path.join(srcdir_parent, workspace_dirname)
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        reldir = getattr(obj, 'relativedir', None)
+
+        # Note that unlike VS, Eclipse' indexer seem to crawl the headers and
+        # isn't picky about the local includes.
+        if isinstance(obj, Defines):
+            self._paths_to_defines.setdefault(reldir, {}).update(obj.defines)
+
+        return True
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        settings_dir = os.path.join(self._project_dir, '.settings')
+        launch_dir = os.path.join(self._project_dir, 'RunConfigurations')
+        workspace_settings_dir = os.path.join(self._workspace_dir, '.metadata/.plugins/org.eclipse.core.runtime/.settings')
+        workspace_language_dir = os.path.join(self._workspace_dir, '.metadata/.plugins/org.eclipse.cdt.core')
+
+        for dir_name in [self._project_dir, settings_dir, launch_dir, workspace_settings_dir, workspace_language_dir]:
+            try:
+                os.makedirs(dir_name)
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                    raise
+
+        project_path = os.path.join(self._project_dir, '.project')
+        with open(project_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            self._write_project(fh)
+
+        cproject_path = os.path.join(self._project_dir, '.cproject')
+        with open(cproject_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            self._write_cproject(fh)
+
+        language_path = os.path.join(settings_dir, 'language.settings.xml')
+        with open(language_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            self._write_language_settings(fh)
+
+        workspace_language_path = os.path.join(workspace_language_dir, 'language.settings.xml')
+        with open(workspace_language_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            workspace_lang_settings = WORKSPACE_LANGUAGE_SETTINGS_TEMPLATE
+            workspace_lang_settings = workspace_lang_settings.replace("@COMPILER_FLAGS@", self._cxx + " " + self._cppflags);
+            fh.write(workspace_lang_settings)
+
+        self._write_launch_files(launch_dir)
+
+        # This will show up as an 'unmanged' formatter. This can be named by generating
+        # another file.
+        formatter_prefs_path = os.path.join(settings_dir, 'org.eclipse.cdt.core.prefs')
+        with open(formatter_prefs_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write(FORMATTER_SETTINGS);
+
+        editor_prefs_path = os.path.join(workspace_settings_dir, "org.eclipse.ui.editors.prefs");
+        with open(editor_prefs_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write(EDITOR_SETTINGS);
+
+        # Now import the project into the workspace
+        self._import_project()
+
+    def _import_project(self):
+        # If the workspace already exists then don't import the project again because
+        # eclipse doesn't handle this properly
+        if self._overwriting_workspace:
+            return
+
+        # We disable the indexer otherwise we're forced to index
+        # the whole codebase when importing the project. Indexing the project can take 20 minutes.
+        self._write_noindex()
+
+        try:
+            process = subprocess.check_call(
+                             ["eclipse", "-application", "-nosplash",
+                              "org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.headlessbuild",
+                              "-data", self._workspace_dir, "-importAll", self._project_dir])
+        finally:
+            self._remove_noindex()
+
+    def _write_noindex(self):
+        noindex_path = os.path.join(self._project_dir, '.settings/org.eclipse.cdt.core.prefs')
+        with open(noindex_path, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write(NOINDEX_TEMPLATE);
+
+    def _remove_noindex(self):
+        noindex_path = os.path.join(self._project_dir, '.settings/org.eclipse.cdt.core.prefs')
+        os.remove(noindex_path)
+
+    def _define_entry(self, name, value):
+        define = ET.Element('entry')
+        define.set('kind', 'macro')
+        define.set('name', name)
+        define.set('value', value)
+        return ET.tostring(define)
+
+    def _write_language_settings(self, fh):
+        settings = LANGUAGE_SETTINGS_TEMPLATE
+
+        settings = settings.replace('@GLOBAL_INCLUDE_PATH@', os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist/include'))
+        settings = settings.replace('@NSPR_INCLUDE_PATH@', os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist/include/nspr'))
+        settings = settings.replace('@IPDL_INCLUDE_PATH@', os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'ipc/ipdl/_ipdlheaders'))
+        settings = settings.replace('@PREINCLUDE_FILE_PATH@', os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist/include/mozilla-config.h'))
+        settings = settings.replace('@DEFINE_MOZILLA_INTERNAL_API@', self._define_entry('MOZILLA_INTERNAL_API', '1'))
+        settings = settings.replace("@COMPILER_FLAGS@", self._cxx + " " + self._cppflags);
+
+        fh.write(settings)
+
+    def _write_launch_files(self, launch_dir):
+        bin_dir = os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist')
+
+        # TODO Improve binary detection
+        if self._macbundle:
+            exe_path = os.path.join(bin_dir, self._macbundle, 'Contents/MacOS')
+        else:
+            exe_path = os.path.join(bin_dir, 'bin')
+
+        exe_path = os.path.join(exe_path, self._appname + self._bin_suffix)
+
+        if self.environment.substs['MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT'] != 'gonk':
+            main_gecko_launch = os.path.join(launch_dir, 'gecko.launch')
+            with open(main_gecko_launch, 'wb') as fh:
+                launch = GECKO_LAUNCH_CONFIG_TEMPLATE
+                launch = launch.replace('@LAUNCH_PROGRAM@', exe_path)
+                launch = launch.replace('@LAUNCH_ARGS@', '-P -no-remote')
+                fh.write(launch)
+
+        if self.environment.substs['MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT'] == 'gonk':
+            b2g_flash = os.path.join(launch_dir, 'b2g-flash.launch')
+            with open(b2g_flash, 'wb') as fh:
+                # We assume that the srcdir is inside the b2g tree.
+                # If that's not the case the user can always adjust the path
+                # from the eclipse IDE.
+                fastxul_path = os.path.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, '..', 'scripts', 'fastxul.sh')
+                launch = B2GFLASH_LAUNCH_CONFIG_TEMPLATE
+                launch = launch.replace('@LAUNCH_PROGRAM@', fastxul_path)
+                launch = launch.replace('@OBJDIR@', self.environment.topobjdir)
+                fh.write(launch)
+
+        #TODO Add more launch configs (and delegate calls to mach)
+
+    def _write_project(self, fh):
+        project = PROJECT_TEMPLATE;
+
+        project = project.replace('@PROJECT_NAME@', self._project_name)
+        project = project.replace('@PROJECT_TOPSRCDIR@', self.environment.topsrcdir)
+        fh.write(project)
+
+    def _write_cproject(self, fh):
+        cproject_header = CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_HEADER
+        cproject_header = cproject_header.replace('@PROJECT_TOPSRCDIR@', self.environment.topobjdir)
+        cproject_header = cproject_header.replace('@MACH_COMMAND@', os.path.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, 'mach'))
+        fh.write(cproject_header)
+
+        for path, defines in self._paths_to_defines.items():
+            folderinfo = CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOLDER_INFO_HEADER
+            folderinfo = folderinfo.replace('@FOLDER_ID@', str(random.randint(1000000, 99999999999)))
+            folderinfo = folderinfo.replace('@FOLDER_NAME@', 'tree/' + path)
+            fh.write(folderinfo)
+            for k, v in defines.items():
+                define = ET.Element('listOptionValue')
+                define.set('builtIn', 'false')
+                define.set('value', str(k) + "=" + str(v))
+                fh.write(ET.tostring(define))
+            fh.write(CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOLDER_INFO_FOOTER)
+
+
+        fh.write(CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOOTER)
+
+
+PROJECT_TEMPLATE = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<projectDescription>
+        <name>@PROJECT_NAME@</name>
+        <comment></comment>
+        <projects>
+        </projects>
+        <buildSpec>
+                <buildCommand>
+                        <name>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.genmakebuilder</name>
+                        <triggers>clean,full,incremental,</triggers>
+                        <arguments>
+                        </arguments>
+                </buildCommand>
+                <buildCommand>
+                        <name>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.ScannerConfigBuilder</name>
+                        <triggers></triggers>
+			<arguments>
+			</arguments>
+                </buildCommand>
+        </buildSpec>
+        <natures>
+                <nature>org.eclipse.cdt.core.cnature</nature>
+                <nature>org.eclipse.cdt.core.ccnature</nature>
+                <nature>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.managedBuildNature</nature>
+                <nature>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.ScannerConfigNature</nature>
+        </natures>
+        <linkedResources>
+                <link>
+                        <name>tree</name>
+                        <type>2</type>
+                        <location>@PROJECT_TOPSRCDIR@</location>
+                </link>
+        </linkedResources>
+        <filteredResources>
+                <filter>
+                        <id>17111971</id>
+                        <name>tree</name>
+                        <type>30</type>
+                        <matcher>
+                                <id>org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter</id>
+                                <arguments>1.0-name-matches-false-false-obj-*</arguments>
+                        </matcher>
+                </filter>
+                <filter>
+                        <id>14081994</id>
+                        <name>tree</name>
+                        <type>22</type>
+                        <matcher>
+                                <id>org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter</id>
+                                <arguments>1.0-name-matches-false-false-*.rej</arguments>
+                        </matcher>
+                </filter>
+                <filter>
+                        <id>25121970</id>
+                        <name>tree</name>
+                        <type>22</type>
+                        <matcher>
+                                <id>org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter</id>
+                                <arguments>1.0-name-matches-false-false-*.orig</arguments>
+                        </matcher>
+                </filter>
+                <filter>
+                        <id>10102004</id>
+                        <name>tree</name>
+                        <type>10</type>
+                        <matcher>
+                                <id>org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter</id>
+                                <arguments>1.0-name-matches-false-false-.hg</arguments>
+                        </matcher>
+                </filter>
+                <filter>
+                        <id>23122002</id>
+                        <name>tree</name>
+                        <type>22</type>
+                        <matcher>
+                                <id>org.eclipse.ui.ide.multiFilter</id>
+                                <arguments>1.0-name-matches-false-false-*.pyc</arguments>
+                        </matcher>
+                </filter>
+        </filteredResources>
+</projectDescription>
+"""
+
+CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_HEADER = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<?fileVersion 4.0.0?>
+
+<cproject storage_type_id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.XmlProjectDescriptionStorage">
+        <storageModule moduleId="org.eclipse.cdt.core.settings">
+                <cconfiguration id="0.1674256904">
+                        <storageModule buildSystemId="org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.configurationDataProvider" id="0.1674256904" moduleId="org.eclipse.cdt.core.settings" name="Default">
+                                <externalSettings/>
+                                <extensions>
+                                        <extension id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.VCErrorParser" point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ErrorParser"/>
+                                        <extension id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.GmakeErrorParser" point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ErrorParser"/>
+                                        <extension id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.CWDLocator" point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ErrorParser"/>
+                                        <extension id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.GCCErrorParser" point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ErrorParser"/>
+                                        <extension id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.GASErrorParser" point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ErrorParser"/>
+                                        <extension id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.GLDErrorParser" point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ErrorParser"/>
+                                </extensions>
+                        </storageModule>
+                        <storageModule moduleId="cdtBuildSystem" version="4.0.0">
+                                <configuration artifactName="${ProjName}" buildProperties="" description="" id="0.1674256904" name="Default" parent="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.prefbase.cfg">
+                                        <folderInfo id="0.1674256904." name="/" resourcePath="">
+                                                <toolChain id="cdt.managedbuild.toolchain.gnu.cross.exe.debug.1276586933" name="Cross GCC" superClass="cdt.managedbuild.toolchain.gnu.cross.exe.debug">
+                                                        <targetPlatform archList="all" binaryParser="org.eclipse.cdt.core.ELF" id="cdt.managedbuild.targetPlatform.gnu.cross.710759961" isAbstract="false" osList="all" superClass="cdt.managedbuild.targetPlatform.gnu.cross"/>
+							<builder arguments="--log-no-times build" buildPath="@PROJECT_TOPSRCDIR@" command="@MACH_COMMAND@" enableCleanBuild="false" incrementalBuildTarget="binaries" id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.default.builder.1437267827" keepEnvironmentInBuildfile="false" name="Gnu Make Builder" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.default.builder"/>
+                                                </toolChain>
+                                        </folderInfo>
+"""
+CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOLDER_INFO_HEADER = """
+					<folderInfo id="0.1674256904.@FOLDER_ID@" name="/" resourcePath="@FOLDER_NAME@">
+						<toolChain id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.prefbase.toolchain.1022318069" name="No ToolChain" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.prefbase.toolchain" unusedChildren="">
+							<tool id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.libs.1259030812" name="holder for library settings" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.libs.1800697532"/>
+							<tool id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.1407291069" name="GNU C++" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.582514939">
+								<option id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.symbols.1907658087" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.symbols" valueType="definedSymbols">
+"""
+CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOLDER_INFO_DEFINE = """
+									<listOptionValue builtIn="false" value="@FOLDER_DEFINE@"/>
+"""
+CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOLDER_INFO_FOOTER = """
+								</option>
+								<inputType id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.inType.440601711" languageId="org.eclipse.cdt.core.g++" languageName="GNU C++" sourceContentType="org.eclipse.cdt.core.cxxSource,org.eclipse.cdt.core.cxxHeader" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.inType"/>
+							</tool>
+						</toolChain>
+					</folderInfo>
+"""
+CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FILEINFO = """                                        <fileInfo id="0.1674256904.474736658" name="Layers.cpp" rcbsApplicability="disable" resourcePath="tree/gfx/layers/Layers.cpp" toolsToInvoke="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.582514939.463639939">
+                                                <tool id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.582514939.463639939" name="GNU C++" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.582514939">
+                                                        <option id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.symbols.232300236" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.symbols" valueType="definedSymbols">
+                                                                <listOptionValue builtIn="false" value="BENWA=BENWAVAL"/>
+                                                        </option>
+                                                        <inputType id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.inType.1942876228" languageId="org.eclipse.cdt.core.g++" languageName="GNU C++" sourceContentType="org.eclipse.cdt.core.cxxSource,org.eclipse.cdt.core.cxxHeader" superClass="org.eclipse.cdt.build.core.settings.holder.inType"/>
+                                                </tool>
+                                        </fileInfo>
+"""
+CPROJECT_TEMPLATE_FOOTER = """                                </configuration>
+                        </storageModule>
+                        <storageModule moduleId="org.eclipse.cdt.core.externalSettings"/>
+                </cconfiguration>
+        </storageModule>
+        <storageModule moduleId="cdtBuildSystem" version="4.0.0">
+                <project id="Empty.null.1281234804" name="Empty"/>
+        </storageModule>
+        <storageModule moduleId="scannerConfiguration">
+                <autodiscovery enabled="true" problemReportingEnabled="true" selectedProfileId=""/>
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+                        <autodiscovery enabled="true" problemReportingEnabled="true" selectedProfileId=""/>
+                </scannerConfigBuildInfo>
+        </storageModule>
+        <storageModule moduleId="refreshScope" versionNumber="2">
+                <configuration configurationName="Default"/>
+        </storageModule>
+        <storageModule moduleId="org.eclipse.cdt.core.LanguageSettingsProviders"/>
+</cproject>
+"""
+
+WORKSPACE_LANGUAGE_SETTINGS_TEMPLATE = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<plugin>
+        <extension point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.LanguageSettingsProvider">
+                <provider class="org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.language.settings.providers.GCCBuiltinSpecsDetector" console="true" id="org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.GCCBuiltinSpecsDetector" keep-relative-paths="false" name="CDT GCC Built-in Compiler Settings" parameter="@COMPILER_FLAGS@ -E -P -v -dD &quot;${INPUTS}&quot;">
+                        <language-scope id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.gcc"/>
+                        <language-scope id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.g++"/>
+                </provider>
+        </extension>
+</plugin>
+"""
+
+LANGUAGE_SETTINGS_TEMPLATE = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<project>
+        <configuration id="0.1674256904" name="Default">
+                <extension point="org.eclipse.cdt.core.LanguageSettingsProvider">
+                        <provider class="org.eclipse.cdt.core.language.settings.providers.LanguageSettingsGenericProvider" id="org.eclipse.cdt.ui.UserLanguageSettingsProvider" name="CDT User Setting Entries" prefer-non-shared="true" store-entries-with-project="true">
+                                <language id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.g++">
+                                        <resource project-relative-path="">
+                                                <entry kind="includePath" name="@GLOBAL_INCLUDE_PATH@">
+                                                        <flag value="LOCAL"/>
+                                                </entry>
+                                                <entry kind="includePath" name="@NSPR_INCLUDE_PATH@">
+                                                        <flag value="LOCAL"/>
+                                                </entry>
+                                                <entry kind="includePath" name="@IPDL_INCLUDE_PATH@">
+                                                        <flag value="LOCAL"/>
+                                                </entry>
+                                                <entry kind="includeFile" name="@PREINCLUDE_FILE_PATH@">
+                                                        <flag value="LOCAL"/>
+                                                </entry>
+                                                <!--
+                                                  Because of https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Eclipse_CDT#Headers_are_only_parsed_once
+                                                  we need to make sure headers are parsed with MOZILLA_INTERNAL_API to make sure
+                                                  the indexer gets the version that is used in most of the true. This means that
+                                                  MOZILLA_EXTERNAL_API code will suffer.
+                                                -->
+                                                @DEFINE_MOZILLA_INTERNAL_API@
+                                        </resource>
+                                </language>
+                        </provider>
+                        <provider class="org.eclipse.cdt.internal.build.crossgcc.CrossGCCBuiltinSpecsDetector" console="false" env-hash="-859273372804152468" id="org.eclipse.cdt.build.crossgcc.CrossGCCBuiltinSpecsDetector" keep-relative-paths="false" name="CDT Cross GCC Built-in Compiler Settings" parameter="@COMPILER_FLAGS@ -E -P -v -dD &quot;${INPUTS}&quot; -std=c++11" prefer-non-shared="true" store-entries-with-project="true">
+                             <language-scope id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.gcc"/>
+                             <language-scope id="org.eclipse.cdt.core.g++"/>
+                        </provider>
+                        <provider-reference id="org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.MBSLanguageSettingsProvider" ref="shared-provider"/>
+                </extension>
+        </configuration>
+</project>
+"""
+
+GECKO_LAUNCH_CONFIG_TEMPLATE = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<launchConfiguration type="org.eclipse.cdt.launch.applicationLaunchType">
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.cdt.dsf.gdb.AUTO_SOLIB" value="true"/>
+<listAttribute key="org.eclipse.cdt.dsf.gdb.AUTO_SOLIB_LIST"/>
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+<listEntry value="/gecko"/>
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+</listAttribute>
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.debug.ui.ATTR_LAUNCH_IN_BACKGROUND" value="false"/>
+<stringAttribute key="process_factory_id" value="org.eclipse.cdt.dsf.gdb.GdbProcessFactory"/>
+</launchConfiguration>
+"""
+
+B2GFLASH_LAUNCH_CONFIG_TEMPLATE = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<launchConfiguration type="org.eclipse.cdt.launch.applicationLaunchType">
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.cdt.dsf.gdb.AUTO_SOLIB" value="true"/>
+<listAttribute key="org.eclipse.cdt.dsf.gdb.AUTO_SOLIB_LIST"/>
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+<stringAttribute key="process_factory_id" value="org.eclipse.cdt.dsf.gdb.GdbProcessFactory"/>
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+
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+lineNumberRuler=true
+overviewRuler_migration=migrated_3.1
+printMargin=true
+printMarginColumn=80
+showCarriageReturn=false
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+showWhitespaceCharacters=true
+spacesForTabs=true
+tabWidth=2
+undoHistorySize=200
+"""
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+FORMATTER_SETTINGS = """eclipse.preferences.version=1
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+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_cast=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_catch=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_exception_specification=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_for=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_if=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_method_declaration=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_method_invocation=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_parenthesized_expression=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_switch=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_closing_paren_in_while=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_colon_in_base_clause=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_colon_in_case=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_colon_in_conditional=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_colon_in_default=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_colon_in_labeled_statement=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_array_initializer=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_base_types=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_declarator_list=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_enum_declarations=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_expression_list=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_method_declaration_parameters=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_method_declaration_throws=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_method_invocation_arguments=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_template_arguments=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_comma_in_template_parameters=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_angle_bracket_in_template_arguments=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_angle_bracket_in_template_parameters=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_brace_in_array_initializer=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_brace_in_block=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_brace_in_method_declaration=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_brace_in_namespace_declaration=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_brace_in_switch=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_brace_in_type_declaration=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_bracket=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_catch=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_exception_specification=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_for=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_if=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_method_declaration=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_method_invocation=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_parenthesized_expression=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_switch=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_opening_paren_in_while=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_postfix_operator=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_prefix_operator=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_question_in_conditional=insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_semicolon=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_semicolon_in_for=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_before_unary_operator=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_between_empty_braces_in_array_initializer=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_between_empty_brackets=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_between_empty_parens_in_exception_specification=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_between_empty_parens_in_method_declaration=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.insert_space_between_empty_parens_in_method_invocation=do not insert
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.join_wrapped_lines=false
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.keep_else_statement_on_same_line=false
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.keep_empty_array_initializer_on_one_line=false
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.keep_imple_if_on_one_line=false
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.keep_then_statement_on_same_line=false
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.lineSplit=80
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.number_of_empty_lines_to_preserve=1
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.put_empty_statement_on_new_line=true
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.tabulation.char=space
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.tabulation.size=2
+org.eclipse.cdt.core.formatter.use_tabs_only_for_leading_indentations=false
+"""
+
+NOINDEX_TEMPLATE = """eclipse.preferences.version=1
+indexer/indexerId=org.eclipse.cdt.core.nullIndexer
+"""
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/fastermake.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/fastermake.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d55928e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/fastermake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals, print_function
+
+from mozbuild.backend.base import PartialBackend
+from mozbuild.backend.common import CommonBackend
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    ObjDirPath,
+)
+from mozbuild.frontend.data import (
+    ChromeManifestEntry,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+    FinalTargetFiles,
+    JARManifest,
+    XPIDLFile,
+)
+from mozbuild.makeutil import Makefile
+from mozbuild.util import OrderedDefaultDict
+from mozpack.manifests import InstallManifest
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+class FasterMakeBackend(CommonBackend, PartialBackend):
+    def _init(self):
+        super(FasterMakeBackend, self)._init()
+
+        self._manifest_entries = OrderedDefaultDict(set)
+
+        self._install_manifests = OrderedDefaultDict(InstallManifest)
+
+        self._dependencies = OrderedDefaultDict(list)
+
+        self._has_xpidl = False
+
+    def _add_preprocess(self, obj, path, dest, target=None, **kwargs):
+        if target is None:
+            target = mozpath.basename(path)
+        # This matches what PP_TARGETS do in config/rules.
+        if target.endswith('.in'):
+            target = target[:-3]
+        if target.endswith('.css'):
+            kwargs['marker'] = '%'
+        depfile = mozpath.join(
+            self.environment.topobjdir, 'faster', '.deps',
+            mozpath.join(obj.install_target, dest, target).replace('/', '_'))
+        self._install_manifests[obj.install_target].add_preprocess(
+            mozpath.join(obj.srcdir, path),
+            mozpath.join(dest, target),
+            depfile,
+            **kwargs)
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, JARManifest) and \
+                obj.install_target.startswith('dist/bin'):
+            self._consume_jar_manifest(obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, (FinalTargetFiles,
+                              FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles)) and \
+                obj.install_target.startswith('dist/bin'):
+            defines = obj.defines or {}
+            if defines:
+                defines = defines.defines
+            for path, files in obj.files.walk():
+                for f in files:
+                    if isinstance(obj, FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles):
+                        self._add_preprocess(obj, f.full_path, path,
+                                             target=f.target_basename,
+                                             defines=defines)
+                    elif '*' in f:
+                        def _prefix(s):
+                            for p in mozpath.split(s):
+                                if '*' not in p:
+                                    yield p + '/'
+                        prefix = ''.join(_prefix(f.full_path))
+
+                        self._install_manifests[obj.install_target] \
+                            .add_pattern_symlink(
+                                prefix,
+                                f.full_path[len(prefix):],
+                                mozpath.join(path, f.target_basename))
+                    else:
+                        self._install_manifests[obj.install_target].add_symlink(
+                            f.full_path,
+                            mozpath.join(path, f.target_basename)
+                        )
+                    if isinstance(f, ObjDirPath):
+                        dep_target = 'install-%s' % obj.install_target
+                        self._dependencies[dep_target].append(
+                            mozpath.relpath(f.full_path,
+                                            self.environment.topobjdir))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ChromeManifestEntry) and \
+                obj.install_target.startswith('dist/bin'):
+            top_level = mozpath.join(obj.install_target, 'chrome.manifest')
+            if obj.path != top_level:
+                entry = 'manifest %s' % mozpath.relpath(obj.path,
+                                                        obj.install_target)
+                self._manifest_entries[top_level].add(entry)
+            self._manifest_entries[obj.path].add(str(obj.entry))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, XPIDLFile):
+            self._has_xpidl = True
+            # We're not actually handling XPIDL files.
+            return False
+
+        else:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        mk = Makefile()
+        # Add the default rule at the very beginning.
+        mk.create_rule(['default'])
+        mk.add_statement('TOPSRCDIR = %s' % self.environment.topsrcdir)
+        mk.add_statement('TOPOBJDIR = %s' % self.environment.topobjdir)
+        if not self._has_xpidl:
+            mk.add_statement('NO_XPIDL = 1')
+
+        # Add a few necessary variables inherited from configure
+        for var in (
+            'PYTHON',
+            'ACDEFINES',
+            'MOZ_BUILD_APP',
+            'MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT',
+        ):
+            value = self.environment.substs.get(var)
+            if value is not None:
+                mk.add_statement('%s = %s' % (var, value))
+
+        install_manifests_bases = self._install_manifests.keys()
+
+        # Add information for chrome manifest generation
+        manifest_targets = []
+
+        for target, entries in self._manifest_entries.iteritems():
+            manifest_targets.append(target)
+            install_target = mozpath.basedir(target, install_manifests_bases)
+            self._install_manifests[install_target].add_content(
+                ''.join('%s\n' % e for e in sorted(entries)),
+                mozpath.relpath(target, install_target))
+
+        # Add information for install manifests.
+        mk.add_statement('INSTALL_MANIFESTS = %s'
+                         % ' '.join(self._install_manifests.keys()))
+
+        # Add dependencies we infered:
+        for target, deps in self._dependencies.iteritems():
+            mk.create_rule([target]).add_dependencies(
+                '$(TOPOBJDIR)/%s' % d for d in deps)
+
+        mk.add_statement('include $(TOPSRCDIR)/config/faster/rules.mk')
+
+        for base, install_manifest in self._install_manifests.iteritems():
+            with self._write_file(
+                    mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'faster',
+                                 'install_%s' % base.replace('/', '_'))) as fh:
+                install_manifest.write(fileobj=fh)
+
+        with self._write_file(
+                mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'faster',
+                             'Makefile')) as fh:
+            mk.dump(fh, removal_guard=False)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/mach_commands.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/mach_commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5608d40b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/mach_commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import which
+
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    MachCommandBase,
+)
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+@CommandProvider
+class MachCommands(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('ide', category='devenv',
+        description='Generate a project and launch an IDE.')
+    @CommandArgument('ide', choices=['eclipse', 'visualstudio', 'androidstudio', 'intellij'])
+    @CommandArgument('args', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
+    def eclipse(self, ide, args):
+        if ide == 'eclipse':
+            backend = 'CppEclipse'
+        elif ide == 'visualstudio':
+            backend = 'VisualStudio'
+        elif ide == 'androidstudio' or ide == 'intellij':
+            # The build backend for Android Studio and IntelliJ is just the regular one.
+            backend = 'RecursiveMake'
+
+        if ide == 'eclipse':
+            try:
+                which.which('eclipse')
+            except which.WhichError:
+                print('Eclipse CDT 8.4 or later must be installed in your PATH.')
+                print('Download: http://www.eclipse.org/cdt/downloads.php')
+                return 1
+        elif ide == 'androidstudio' or ide =='intellij':
+            studio = ['studio'] if ide == 'androidstudio' else ['idea']
+            if sys.platform != 'darwin':
+                try:
+                    which.which(studio[0])
+                except:
+                    self.print_ide_error(ide)
+                    return 1
+            else:
+                # In order of preference!
+                for d in self.get_mac_ide_preferences(ide):
+                    if os.path.isdir(d):
+                        studio = ['open', '-a', d]
+                        break
+                else:
+                    print('Android Studio or IntelliJ IDEA 14 is not installed in /Applications.')
+                    return 1
+
+        # Here we refresh the whole build. 'build export' is sufficient here and is probably more
+        # correct but it's also nice having a single target to get a fully built and indexed
+        # project (gives a easy target to use before go out to lunch).
+        res = self._mach_context.commands.dispatch('build', self._mach_context)
+        if res != 0:
+            return 1
+
+        if ide in ('androidstudio', 'intellij'):
+            res = self._mach_context.commands.dispatch('package', self._mach_context)
+            if res != 0:
+                return 1
+        else:
+            # Generate or refresh the IDE backend.
+            python = self.virtualenv_manager.python_path
+            config_status = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'config.status')
+            args = [python, config_status, '--backend=%s' % backend]
+            res = self._run_command_in_objdir(args=args, pass_thru=True, ensure_exit_code=False)
+            if res != 0:
+                return 1
+
+
+        if ide == 'eclipse':
+            eclipse_workspace_dir = self.get_eclipse_workspace_path()
+            process = subprocess.check_call(['eclipse', '-data', eclipse_workspace_dir])
+        elif ide == 'visualstudio':
+            visual_studio_workspace_dir = self.get_visualstudio_workspace_path()
+            process = subprocess.check_call(['explorer.exe', visual_studio_workspace_dir])
+        elif ide == 'androidstudio' or ide == 'intellij':
+            gradle_dir = None
+            if self.is_gradle_project_already_imported():
+                gradle_dir = self.get_gradle_project_path()
+            else:
+                gradle_dir = self.get_gradle_import_path()
+            process = subprocess.check_call(studio + [gradle_dir])
+
+    def get_eclipse_workspace_path(self):
+        from mozbuild.backend.cpp_eclipse import CppEclipseBackend
+        return CppEclipseBackend.get_workspace_path(self.topsrcdir, self.topobjdir)
+
+    def get_visualstudio_workspace_path(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'msvc', 'mozilla.sln')
+
+    def get_gradle_project_path(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'mobile', 'android', 'gradle')
+
+    def get_gradle_import_path(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.get_gradle_project_path(), 'build.gradle')
+
+    def is_gradle_project_already_imported(self):
+        gradle_project_path = os.path.join(self.get_gradle_project_path(), '.idea')
+        return os.path.exists(gradle_project_path)
+
+    def get_mac_ide_preferences(self, ide):
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            if ide == 'androidstudio':
+                return ['/Applications/Android Studio.app']
+            else:
+                return [
+                    '/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA 14 EAP.app',
+                    '/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA 14.app',
+                    '/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA 14 CE EAP.app',
+                    '/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA 14 CE.app']
+
+    def print_ide_error(self, ide):
+        if ide == 'androidstudio':
+            print('Android Studio is not installed in your PATH.')
+            print('You can generate a command-line launcher from Android Studio->Tools->Create Command-line launcher with script name \'studio\'')
+        elif ide == 'intellij':
+            print('IntelliJ is not installed in your PATH.')
+            print('You can generate a command-line launcher from IntelliJ IDEA->Tools->Create Command-line launcher with script name \'idea\'')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/recursivemake.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/recursivemake.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..132dcf944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/recursivemake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1513 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+    namedtuple,
+)
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from itertools import chain
+
+from mozpack.manifests import (
+    InstallManifest,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    AbsolutePath,
+    Path,
+    RenamedSourcePath,
+    SourcePath,
+    ObjDirPath,
+)
+from .common import CommonBackend
+from ..frontend.data import (
+    AndroidAssetsDirs,
+    AndroidResDirs,
+    AndroidExtraResDirs,
+    AndroidExtraPackages,
+    AndroidEclipseProjectData,
+    ChromeManifestEntry,
+    ConfigFileSubstitution,
+    ContextDerived,
+    ContextWrapped,
+    Defines,
+    DirectoryTraversal,
+    ExternalLibrary,
+    FinalTargetFiles,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+    GeneratedFile,
+    GeneratedSources,
+    HostDefines,
+    HostLibrary,
+    HostProgram,
+    HostSimpleProgram,
+    HostSources,
+    InstallationTarget,
+    JARManifest,
+    JavaJarData,
+    Library,
+    LocalInclude,
+    ObjdirFiles,
+    ObjdirPreprocessedFiles,
+    PerSourceFlag,
+    Program,
+    RustLibrary,
+    SharedLibrary,
+    SimpleProgram,
+    Sources,
+    StaticLibrary,
+    TestManifest,
+    VariablePassthru,
+    XPIDLFile,
+)
+from ..util import (
+    ensureParentDir,
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+)
+from ..makeutil import Makefile
+from mozbuild.shellutil import quote as shell_quote
+
+MOZBUILD_VARIABLES = [
+    b'ANDROID_APK_NAME',
+    b'ANDROID_APK_PACKAGE',
+    b'ANDROID_ASSETS_DIRS',
+    b'ANDROID_EXTRA_PACKAGES',
+    b'ANDROID_EXTRA_RES_DIRS',
+    b'ANDROID_GENERATED_RESFILES',
+    b'ANDROID_RES_DIRS',
+    b'ASFLAGS',
+    b'CMSRCS',
+    b'CMMSRCS',
+    b'CPP_UNIT_TESTS',
+    b'DIRS',
+    b'DIST_INSTALL',
+    b'EXTRA_DSO_LDOPTS',
+    b'EXTRA_JS_MODULES',
+    b'EXTRA_PP_COMPONENTS',
+    b'EXTRA_PP_JS_MODULES',
+    b'FORCE_SHARED_LIB',
+    b'FORCE_STATIC_LIB',
+    b'FINAL_LIBRARY',
+    b'HOST_CFLAGS',
+    b'HOST_CSRCS',
+    b'HOST_CMMSRCS',
+    b'HOST_CXXFLAGS',
+    b'HOST_EXTRA_LIBS',
+    b'HOST_LIBRARY_NAME',
+    b'HOST_PROGRAM',
+    b'HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS',
+    b'IS_COMPONENT',
+    b'JAR_MANIFEST',
+    b'JAVA_JAR_TARGETS',
+    b'LD_VERSION_SCRIPT',
+    b'LIBRARY_NAME',
+    b'LIBS',
+    b'MAKE_FRAMEWORK',
+    b'MODULE',
+    b'NO_DIST_INSTALL',
+    b'NO_EXPAND_LIBS',
+    b'NO_INTERFACES_MANIFEST',
+    b'NO_JS_MANIFEST',
+    b'OS_LIBS',
+    b'PARALLEL_DIRS',
+    b'PREF_JS_EXPORTS',
+    b'PROGRAM',
+    b'PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS',
+    b'RESOURCE_FILES',
+    b'SDK_HEADERS',
+    b'SDK_LIBRARY',
+    b'SHARED_LIBRARY_LIBS',
+    b'SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME',
+    b'SIMPLE_PROGRAMS',
+    b'SONAME',
+    b'STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME',
+    b'TEST_DIRS',
+    b'TOOL_DIRS',
+    # XXX config/Makefile.in specifies this in a make invocation
+    #'USE_EXTENSION_MANIFEST',
+    b'XPCSHELL_TESTS',
+    b'XPIDL_MODULE',
+]
+
+DEPRECATED_VARIABLES = [
+    b'ANDROID_RESFILES',
+    b'EXPORT_LIBRARY',
+    b'EXTRA_LIBS',
+    b'HOST_LIBS',
+    b'LIBXUL_LIBRARY',
+    b'MOCHITEST_A11Y_FILES',
+    b'MOCHITEST_BROWSER_FILES',
+    b'MOCHITEST_BROWSER_FILES_PARTS',
+    b'MOCHITEST_CHROME_FILES',
+    b'MOCHITEST_FILES',
+    b'MOCHITEST_FILES_PARTS',
+    b'MOCHITEST_METRO_FILES',
+    b'MOCHITEST_ROBOCOP_FILES',
+    b'MODULE_OPTIMIZE_FLAGS',
+    b'MOZ_CHROME_FILE_FORMAT',
+    b'SHORT_LIBNAME',
+    b'TESTING_JS_MODULES',
+    b'TESTING_JS_MODULE_DIR',
+]
+
+MOZBUILD_VARIABLES_MESSAGE = 'It should only be defined in moz.build files.'
+
+DEPRECATED_VARIABLES_MESSAGE = (
+    'This variable has been deprecated. It does nothing. It must be removed '
+    'in order to build.'
+)
+
+
+def make_quote(s):
+    return s.replace('#', '\#').replace('$', '$$')
+
+
+class BackendMakeFile(object):
+    """Represents a generated backend.mk file.
+
+    This is both a wrapper around a file handle as well as a container that
+    holds accumulated state.
+
+    It's worth taking a moment to explain the make dependencies. The
+    generated backend.mk as well as the Makefile.in (if it exists) are in the
+    GLOBAL_DEPS list. This means that if one of them changes, all targets
+    in that Makefile are invalidated. backend.mk also depends on all of its
+    input files.
+
+    It's worth considering the effect of file mtimes on build behavior.
+
+    Since we perform an "all or none" traversal of moz.build files (the whole
+    tree is scanned as opposed to individual files), if we were to blindly
+    write backend.mk files, the net effect of updating a single mozbuild file
+    in the tree is all backend.mk files have new mtimes. This would in turn
+    invalidate all make targets across the whole tree! This would effectively
+    undermine incremental builds as any mozbuild change would cause the entire
+    tree to rebuild!
+
+    The solution is to not update the mtimes of backend.mk files unless they
+    actually change. We use FileAvoidWrite to accomplish this.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, srcdir, objdir, environment, topsrcdir, topobjdir):
+        self.topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+        self.srcdir = srcdir
+        self.objdir = objdir
+        self.relobjdir = mozpath.relpath(objdir, topobjdir)
+        self.environment = environment
+        self.name = mozpath.join(objdir, 'backend.mk')
+
+        self.xpt_name = None
+
+        self.fh = FileAvoidWrite(self.name, capture_diff=True)
+        self.fh.write('# THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. DO NOT EDIT.\n')
+        self.fh.write('\n')
+
+    def write(self, buf):
+        self.fh.write(buf)
+
+    def write_once(self, buf):
+        if isinstance(buf, unicode):
+            buf = buf.encode('utf-8')
+        if b'\n' + buf not in self.fh.getvalue():
+            self.write(buf)
+
+    # For compatibility with makeutil.Makefile
+    def add_statement(self, stmt):
+        self.write('%s\n' % stmt)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.xpt_name:
+            # We just recompile all xpidls because it's easier and less error
+            # prone.
+            self.fh.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS += export\n')
+            self.fh.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS_export += xpidl\n')
+            self.fh.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS_export_xpidl_DIRECTORY = '
+                '$(DEPTH)/xpcom/xpidl\n')
+            self.fh.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS_export_xpidl_TARGETS += '
+                'export\n')
+
+        return self.fh.close()
+
+    @property
+    def diff(self):
+        return self.fh.diff
+
+
+class RecursiveMakeTraversal(object):
+    """
+    Helper class to keep track of how the "traditional" recursive make backend
+    recurses subdirectories. This is useful until all adhoc rules are removed
+    from Makefiles.
+
+    Each directory may have one or more types of subdirectories:
+        - (normal) dirs
+        - tests
+    """
+    SubDirectoryCategories = ['dirs', 'tests']
+    SubDirectoriesTuple = namedtuple('SubDirectories', SubDirectoryCategories)
+    class SubDirectories(SubDirectoriesTuple):
+        def __new__(self):
+            return RecursiveMakeTraversal.SubDirectoriesTuple.__new__(self, [], [])
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._traversal = {}
+
+    def add(self, dir, dirs=[], tests=[]):
+        """
+        Adds a directory to traversal, registering its subdirectories,
+        sorted by categories. If the directory was already added to
+        traversal, adds the new subdirectories to the already known lists.
+        """
+        subdirs = self._traversal.setdefault(dir, self.SubDirectories())
+        for key, value in (('dirs', dirs), ('tests', tests)):
+            assert(key in self.SubDirectoryCategories)
+            getattr(subdirs, key).extend(value)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def default_filter(current, subdirs):
+        """
+        Default filter for use with compute_dependencies and traverse.
+        """
+        return current, [], subdirs.dirs + subdirs.tests
+
+    def call_filter(self, current, filter):
+        """
+        Helper function to call a filter from compute_dependencies and
+        traverse.
+        """
+        return filter(current, self._traversal.get(current,
+            self.SubDirectories()))
+
+    def compute_dependencies(self, filter=None):
+        """
+        Compute make dependencies corresponding to the registered directory
+        traversal.
+
+        filter is a function with the following signature:
+            def filter(current, subdirs)
+        where current is the directory being traversed, and subdirs the
+        SubDirectories instance corresponding to it.
+        The filter function returns a tuple (filtered_current, filtered_parallel,
+        filtered_dirs) where filtered_current is either current or None if
+        the current directory is to be skipped, and filtered_parallel and
+        filtered_dirs are lists of parallel directories and sequential
+        directories, which can be rearranged from whatever is given in the
+        SubDirectories members.
+
+        The default filter corresponds to a default recursive traversal.
+        """
+        filter = filter or self.default_filter
+
+        deps = {}
+
+        def recurse(start_node, prev_nodes=None):
+            current, parallel, sequential = self.call_filter(start_node, filter)
+            if current is not None:
+                if start_node != '':
+                    deps[start_node] = prev_nodes
+                prev_nodes = (start_node,)
+            if not start_node in self._traversal:
+                return prev_nodes
+            parallel_nodes = []
+            for node in parallel:
+                nodes = recurse(node, prev_nodes)
+                if nodes and nodes != ('',):
+                    parallel_nodes.extend(nodes)
+            if parallel_nodes:
+                prev_nodes = tuple(parallel_nodes)
+            for dir in sequential:
+                prev_nodes = recurse(dir, prev_nodes)
+            return prev_nodes
+
+        return recurse(''), deps
+
+    def traverse(self, start, filter=None):
+        """
+        Iterate over the filtered subdirectories, following the traditional
+        make traversal order.
+        """
+        if filter is None:
+            filter = self.default_filter
+
+        current, parallel, sequential = self.call_filter(start, filter)
+        if current is not None:
+            yield start
+        if not start in self._traversal:
+            return
+        for node in parallel:
+            for n in self.traverse(node, filter):
+                yield n
+        for dir in sequential:
+            for d in self.traverse(dir, filter):
+                yield d
+
+    def get_subdirs(self, dir):
+        """
+        Returns all direct subdirectories under the given directory.
+        """
+        return self._traversal.get(dir, self.SubDirectories())
+
+
+class RecursiveMakeBackend(CommonBackend):
+    """Backend that integrates with the existing recursive make build system.
+
+    This backend facilitates the transition from Makefile.in to moz.build
+    files.
+
+    This backend performs Makefile.in -> Makefile conversion. It also writes
+    out .mk files containing content derived from moz.build files. Both are
+    consumed by the recursive make builder.
+
+    This backend may eventually evolve to write out non-recursive make files.
+    However, as long as there are Makefile.in files in the tree, we are tied to
+    recursive make and thus will need this backend.
+    """
+
+    def _init(self):
+        CommonBackend._init(self)
+
+        self._backend_files = {}
+        self._idl_dirs = set()
+
+        self._makefile_in_count = 0
+        self._makefile_out_count = 0
+
+        self._test_manifests = {}
+
+        self.backend_input_files.add(mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir,
+            'config', 'autoconf.mk'))
+
+        self._install_manifests = defaultdict(InstallManifest)
+        # The build system relies on some install manifests always existing
+        # even if they are empty, because the directories are still filled
+        # by the build system itself, and the install manifests are only
+        # used for a "magic" rm -rf.
+        self._install_manifests['dist_public']
+        self._install_manifests['dist_private']
+        self._install_manifests['dist_sdk']
+
+        self._traversal = RecursiveMakeTraversal()
+        self._compile_graph = defaultdict(set)
+
+        self._no_skip = {
+            'export': set(),
+            'libs': set(),
+            'misc': set(),
+            'tools': set(),
+        }
+
+    def summary(self):
+        summary = super(RecursiveMakeBackend, self).summary()
+        summary.extend('; {makefile_in:d} -> {makefile_out:d} Makefile',
+                       makefile_in=self._makefile_in_count,
+                       makefile_out=self._makefile_out_count)
+        return summary
+
+    def _get_backend_file_for(self, obj):
+        if obj.objdir not in self._backend_files:
+            self._backend_files[obj.objdir] = \
+                BackendMakeFile(obj.srcdir, obj.objdir, obj.config,
+                    obj.topsrcdir, self.environment.topobjdir)
+        return self._backend_files[obj.objdir]
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        """Write out build files necessary to build with recursive make."""
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, ContextDerived):
+            return False
+
+        backend_file = self._get_backend_file_for(obj)
+
+        consumed = CommonBackend.consume_object(self, obj)
+
+        # CommonBackend handles XPIDLFile and TestManifest, but we want to do
+        # some extra things for them.
+        if isinstance(obj, XPIDLFile):
+            backend_file.xpt_name = '%s.xpt' % obj.module
+            self._idl_dirs.add(obj.relobjdir)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, TestManifest):
+            self._process_test_manifest(obj, backend_file)
+
+        # If CommonBackend acknowledged the object, we're done with it.
+        if consumed:
+            return True
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, Defines):
+            self.consume_object(obj.defines)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, DirectoryTraversal):
+            self._process_directory_traversal(obj, backend_file)
+        elif isinstance(obj, ConfigFileSubstitution):
+            # Other ConfigFileSubstitution should have been acked by
+            # CommonBackend.
+            assert os.path.basename(obj.output_path) == 'Makefile'
+            self._create_makefile(obj)
+        elif isinstance(obj, (Sources, GeneratedSources)):
+            suffix_map = {
+                '.s': 'ASFILES',
+                '.c': 'CSRCS',
+                '.m': 'CMSRCS',
+                '.mm': 'CMMSRCS',
+                '.cpp': 'CPPSRCS',
+                '.rs': 'RSSRCS',
+                '.S': 'SSRCS',
+            }
+            variables = [suffix_map[obj.canonical_suffix]]
+            if isinstance(obj, GeneratedSources):
+                variables.append('GARBAGE')
+                base = backend_file.objdir
+            else:
+                base = backend_file.srcdir
+            for f in sorted(obj.files):
+                f = mozpath.relpath(f, base)
+                for var in variables:
+                    backend_file.write('%s += %s\n' % (var, f))
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostSources):
+            suffix_map = {
+                '.c': 'HOST_CSRCS',
+                '.mm': 'HOST_CMMSRCS',
+                '.cpp': 'HOST_CPPSRCS',
+            }
+            var = suffix_map[obj.canonical_suffix]
+            for f in sorted(obj.files):
+                backend_file.write('%s += %s\n' % (
+                    var, mozpath.relpath(f, backend_file.srcdir)))
+        elif isinstance(obj, VariablePassthru):
+            # Sorted so output is consistent and we don't bump mtimes.
+            for k, v in sorted(obj.variables.items()):
+                if k == 'HAS_MISC_RULE':
+                    self._no_skip['misc'].add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(v, list):
+                    for item in v:
+                        backend_file.write(
+                            '%s += %s\n' % (k, make_quote(shell_quote(item))))
+                elif isinstance(v, bool):
+                    if v:
+                        backend_file.write('%s := 1\n' % k)
+                else:
+                    backend_file.write('%s := %s\n' % (k, v))
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostDefines):
+            self._process_defines(obj, backend_file, which='HOST_DEFINES')
+        elif isinstance(obj, Defines):
+            self._process_defines(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, GeneratedFile):
+            export_suffixes = (
+                '.c',
+                '.cpp',
+                '.h',
+                '.inc',
+                '.py',
+            )
+            tier = 'export' if any(f.endswith(export_suffixes) for f in obj.outputs) else 'misc'
+            self._no_skip[tier].add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+            first_output = obj.outputs[0]
+            dep_file = "%s.pp" % first_output
+            backend_file.write('%s:: %s\n' % (tier, first_output))
+            for output in obj.outputs:
+                if output != first_output:
+                    backend_file.write('%s: %s ;\n' % (output, first_output))
+                backend_file.write('GARBAGE += %s\n' % output)
+            backend_file.write('EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += %s\n' % dep_file)
+            if obj.script:
+                backend_file.write("""{output}: {script}{inputs}{backend}
+\t$(REPORT_BUILD)
+\t$(call py_action,file_generate,{script} {method} {output} $(MDDEPDIR)/{dep_file}{inputs}{flags})
+
+""".format(output=first_output,
+           dep_file=dep_file,
+           inputs=' ' + ' '.join([self._pretty_path(f, backend_file) for f in obj.inputs]) if obj.inputs else '',
+           flags=' ' + ' '.join(obj.flags) if obj.flags else '',
+           backend=' backend.mk' if obj.flags else '',
+           script=obj.script,
+           method=obj.method))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, JARManifest):
+            self._no_skip['libs'].add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+            backend_file.write('JAR_MANIFEST := %s\n' % obj.path.full_path)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, Program):
+            self._process_program(obj.program, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostProgram):
+            self._process_host_program(obj.program, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, SimpleProgram):
+            self._process_simple_program(obj, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostSimpleProgram):
+            self._process_host_simple_program(obj.program, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, LocalInclude):
+            self._process_local_include(obj.path, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, PerSourceFlag):
+            self._process_per_source_flag(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, InstallationTarget):
+            self._process_installation_target(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ContextWrapped):
+            # Process a rich build system object from the front-end
+            # as-is.  Please follow precedent and handle CamelCaseData
+            # in a function named _process_camel_case_data.  At some
+            # point in the future, this unwrapping process may be
+            # automated.
+            if isinstance(obj.wrapped, JavaJarData):
+                self._process_java_jar_data(obj.wrapped, backend_file)
+            elif isinstance(obj.wrapped, AndroidEclipseProjectData):
+                self._process_android_eclipse_project_data(obj.wrapped, backend_file)
+            else:
+                return False
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, RustLibrary):
+            self.backend_input_files.add(obj.cargo_file)
+            self._process_rust_library(obj, backend_file)
+            # No need to call _process_linked_libraries, because Rust
+            # libraries are self-contained objects at this point.
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary):
+            self._process_shared_library(obj, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, StaticLibrary):
+            self._process_static_library(obj, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostLibrary):
+            self._process_host_library(obj, backend_file)
+            self._process_linked_libraries(obj, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, FinalTargetFiles):
+            self._process_final_target_files(obj, obj.files, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles):
+            self._process_final_target_pp_files(obj, obj.files, backend_file, 'DIST_FILES')
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ObjdirFiles):
+            self._process_objdir_files(obj, obj.files, backend_file)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ObjdirPreprocessedFiles):
+            self._process_final_target_pp_files(obj, obj.files, backend_file, 'OBJDIR_PP_FILES')
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, AndroidResDirs):
+            # Order matters.
+            for p in obj.paths:
+                backend_file.write('ANDROID_RES_DIRS += %s\n' % p.full_path)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, AndroidAssetsDirs):
+            # Order matters.
+            for p in obj.paths:
+                backend_file.write('ANDROID_ASSETS_DIRS += %s\n' % p.full_path)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, AndroidExtraResDirs):
+            # Order does not matter.
+            for p in sorted(set(p.full_path for p in obj.paths)):
+                backend_file.write('ANDROID_EXTRA_RES_DIRS += %s\n' % p)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, AndroidExtraPackages):
+            # Order does not matter.
+            for p in sorted(set(obj.packages)):
+                backend_file.write('ANDROID_EXTRA_PACKAGES += %s\n' % p)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, ChromeManifestEntry):
+            self._process_chrome_manifest_entry(obj, backend_file)
+
+        else:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _fill_root_mk(self):
+        """
+        Create two files, root.mk and root-deps.mk, the first containing
+        convenience variables, and the other dependency definitions for a
+        hopefully proper directory traversal.
+        """
+        for tier, no_skip in self._no_skip.items():
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'fill_root_mk', {
+                'number': len(no_skip), 'tier': tier
+                }, 'Using {number} directories during {tier}')
+
+        def should_skip(tier, dir):
+            if tier in self._no_skip:
+                return dir not in self._no_skip[tier]
+            return False
+
+        # Traverse directories in parallel, and skip static dirs
+        def parallel_filter(current, subdirs):
+            all_subdirs = subdirs.dirs + subdirs.tests
+            if should_skip(tier, current) or current.startswith('subtiers/'):
+                current = None
+            return current, all_subdirs, []
+
+        # build everything in parallel, including static dirs
+        # Because of bug 925236 and possible other unknown race conditions,
+        # don't parallelize the libs tier.
+        def libs_filter(current, subdirs):
+            if should_skip('libs', current) or current.startswith('subtiers/'):
+                current = None
+            return current, [], subdirs.dirs + subdirs.tests
+
+        # Because of bug 925236 and possible other unknown race conditions,
+        # don't parallelize the tools tier. There aren't many directories for
+        # this tier anyways.
+        def tools_filter(current, subdirs):
+            if should_skip('tools', current) or current.startswith('subtiers/'):
+                current = None
+            return current, [], subdirs.dirs + subdirs.tests
+
+        filters = [
+            ('export', parallel_filter),
+            ('libs', libs_filter),
+            ('misc', parallel_filter),
+            ('tools', tools_filter),
+        ]
+
+        root_deps_mk = Makefile()
+
+        # Fill the dependencies for traversal of each tier.
+        for tier, filter in filters:
+            main, all_deps = \
+                self._traversal.compute_dependencies(filter)
+            for dir, deps in all_deps.items():
+                if deps is not None or (dir in self._idl_dirs \
+                                        and tier == 'export'):
+                    rule = root_deps_mk.create_rule(['%s/%s' % (dir, tier)])
+                if deps:
+                    rule.add_dependencies('%s/%s' % (d, tier) for d in deps if d)
+                if dir in self._idl_dirs and tier == 'export':
+                    rule.add_dependencies(['xpcom/xpidl/%s' % tier])
+            rule = root_deps_mk.create_rule(['recurse_%s' % tier])
+            if main:
+                rule.add_dependencies('%s/%s' % (d, tier) for d in main)
+
+        all_compile_deps = reduce(lambda x,y: x|y,
+            self._compile_graph.values()) if self._compile_graph else set()
+        compile_roots = set(self._compile_graph.keys()) - all_compile_deps
+
+        rule = root_deps_mk.create_rule(['recurse_compile'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(compile_roots)
+        for target, deps in sorted(self._compile_graph.items()):
+            if deps:
+                rule = root_deps_mk.create_rule([target])
+                rule.add_dependencies(deps)
+
+        root_mk = Makefile()
+
+        # Fill root.mk with the convenience variables.
+        for tier, filter in filters:
+            all_dirs = self._traversal.traverse('', filter)
+            root_mk.add_statement('%s_dirs := %s' % (tier, ' '.join(all_dirs)))
+
+        # Need a list of compile targets because we can't use pattern rules:
+        # https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?42833
+        root_mk.add_statement('compile_targets := %s' % ' '.join(sorted(
+            set(self._compile_graph.keys()) | all_compile_deps)))
+
+        root_mk.add_statement('include root-deps.mk')
+
+        with self._write_file(
+                mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'root.mk')) as root:
+            root_mk.dump(root, removal_guard=False)
+
+        with self._write_file(
+                mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'root-deps.mk')) as root_deps:
+            root_deps_mk.dump(root_deps, removal_guard=False)
+
+    def _add_unified_build_rules(self, makefile, unified_source_mapping,
+                                 unified_files_makefile_variable='unified_files',
+                                 include_curdir_build_rules=True):
+
+        # In case it's a generator.
+        unified_source_mapping = sorted(unified_source_mapping)
+
+        explanation = "\n" \
+            "# We build files in 'unified' mode by including several files\n" \
+            "# together into a single source file.  This cuts down on\n" \
+            "# compilation times and debug information size."
+        makefile.add_statement(explanation)
+
+        all_sources = ' '.join(source for source, _ in unified_source_mapping)
+        makefile.add_statement('%s := %s' % (unified_files_makefile_variable,
+                                             all_sources))
+
+        if include_curdir_build_rules:
+            makefile.add_statement('\n'
+                '# Make sometimes gets confused between "foo" and "$(CURDIR)/foo".\n'
+                '# Help it out by explicitly specifiying dependencies.')
+            makefile.add_statement('all_absolute_unified_files := \\\n'
+                                   '  $(addprefix $(CURDIR)/,$(%s))'
+                                   % unified_files_makefile_variable)
+            rule = makefile.create_rule(['$(all_absolute_unified_files)'])
+            rule.add_dependencies(['$(CURDIR)/%: %'])
+
+    def _check_blacklisted_variables(self, makefile_in, makefile_content):
+        if b'EXTERNALLY_MANAGED_MAKE_FILE' in makefile_content:
+            # Bypass the variable restrictions for externally managed makefiles.
+            return
+
+        for l in makefile_content.splitlines():
+            l = l.strip()
+            # Don't check comments
+            if l.startswith(b'#'):
+                continue
+            for x in chain(MOZBUILD_VARIABLES, DEPRECATED_VARIABLES):
+                if x not in l:
+                    continue
+
+                # Finding the variable name in the Makefile is not enough: it
+                # may just appear as part of something else, like DIRS appears
+                # in GENERATED_DIRS.
+                if re.search(r'\b%s\s*[:?+]?=' % x, l):
+                    if x in MOZBUILD_VARIABLES:
+                        message = MOZBUILD_VARIABLES_MESSAGE
+                    else:
+                        message = DEPRECATED_VARIABLES_MESSAGE
+                    raise Exception('Variable %s is defined in %s. %s'
+                                    % (x, makefile_in, message))
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        CommonBackend.consume_finished(self)
+
+        for objdir, backend_file in sorted(self._backend_files.items()):
+            srcdir = backend_file.srcdir
+            with self._write_file(fh=backend_file) as bf:
+                makefile_in = mozpath.join(srcdir, 'Makefile.in')
+                makefile = mozpath.join(objdir, 'Makefile')
+
+                # If Makefile.in exists, use it as a template. Otherwise,
+                # create a stub.
+                stub = not os.path.exists(makefile_in)
+                if not stub:
+                    self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'substitute_makefile',
+                        {'path': makefile}, 'Substituting makefile: {path}')
+                    self._makefile_in_count += 1
+
+                    # In the export and libs tiers, we don't skip directories
+                    # containing a Makefile.in.
+                    # topobjdir is handled separatedly, don't do anything for
+                    # it.
+                    if bf.relobjdir:
+                        for tier in ('export', 'libs',):
+                            self._no_skip[tier].add(bf.relobjdir)
+                else:
+                    self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'stub_makefile',
+                        {'path': makefile}, 'Creating stub Makefile: {path}')
+
+                obj = self.Substitution()
+                obj.output_path = makefile
+                obj.input_path = makefile_in
+                obj.topsrcdir = backend_file.topsrcdir
+                obj.topobjdir = bf.environment.topobjdir
+                obj.config = bf.environment
+                self._create_makefile(obj, stub=stub)
+                with open(obj.output_path) as fh:
+                    content = fh.read()
+                    # Skip every directory but those with a Makefile
+                    # containing a tools target, or XPI_PKGNAME or
+                    # INSTALL_EXTENSION_ID.
+                    for t in (b'XPI_PKGNAME', b'INSTALL_EXTENSION_ID',
+                            b'tools'):
+                        if t not in content:
+                            continue
+                        if t == b'tools' and not re.search('(?:^|\s)tools.*::', content, re.M):
+                            continue
+                        if objdir == self.environment.topobjdir:
+                            continue
+                        self._no_skip['tools'].add(mozpath.relpath(objdir,
+                            self.environment.topobjdir))
+
+                    # Detect any Makefile.ins that contain variables on the
+                    # moz.build-only list
+                    self._check_blacklisted_variables(makefile_in, content)
+
+        self._fill_root_mk()
+
+        # Make the master test manifest files.
+        for flavor, t in self._test_manifests.items():
+            install_prefix, manifests = t
+            manifest_stem = mozpath.join(install_prefix, '%s.ini' % flavor)
+            self._write_master_test_manifest(mozpath.join(
+                self.environment.topobjdir, '_tests', manifest_stem),
+                manifests)
+
+            # Catch duplicate inserts.
+            try:
+                self._install_manifests['_tests'].add_optional_exists(manifest_stem)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        self._write_manifests('install', self._install_manifests)
+
+        ensureParentDir(mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist', 'foo'))
+
+    def _pretty_path_parts(self, path, backend_file):
+        assert isinstance(path, Path)
+        if isinstance(path, SourcePath):
+            if path.full_path.startswith(backend_file.srcdir):
+                return '$(srcdir)', path.full_path[len(backend_file.srcdir):]
+            if path.full_path.startswith(backend_file.topsrcdir):
+                return '$(topsrcdir)', path.full_path[len(backend_file.topsrcdir):]
+        elif isinstance(path, ObjDirPath):
+            if path.full_path.startswith(backend_file.objdir):
+                return '', path.full_path[len(backend_file.objdir) + 1:]
+            if path.full_path.startswith(self.environment.topobjdir):
+                return '$(DEPTH)', path.full_path[len(self.environment.topobjdir):]
+
+        return '', path.full_path
+
+    def _pretty_path(self, path, backend_file):
+        return ''.join(self._pretty_path_parts(path, backend_file))
+
+    def _process_unified_sources(self, obj):
+        backend_file = self._get_backend_file_for(obj)
+
+        suffix_map = {
+            '.c': 'UNIFIED_CSRCS',
+            '.mm': 'UNIFIED_CMMSRCS',
+            '.cpp': 'UNIFIED_CPPSRCS',
+        }
+
+        var = suffix_map[obj.canonical_suffix]
+        non_unified_var = var[len('UNIFIED_'):]
+
+        if obj.have_unified_mapping:
+            self._add_unified_build_rules(backend_file,
+                                          obj.unified_source_mapping,
+                                          unified_files_makefile_variable=var,
+                                          include_curdir_build_rules=False)
+            backend_file.write('%s += $(%s)\n' % (non_unified_var, var))
+        else:
+            # Sorted so output is consistent and we don't bump mtimes.
+            source_files = list(sorted(obj.files))
+
+            backend_file.write('%s += %s\n' % (
+                    non_unified_var, ' '.join(source_files)))
+
+    def _process_directory_traversal(self, obj, backend_file):
+        """Process a data.DirectoryTraversal instance."""
+        fh = backend_file.fh
+
+        def relativize(base, dirs):
+            return (mozpath.relpath(d.translated, base) for d in dirs)
+
+        if obj.dirs:
+            fh.write('DIRS := %s\n' % ' '.join(
+                relativize(backend_file.objdir, obj.dirs)))
+            self._traversal.add(backend_file.relobjdir,
+                dirs=relativize(self.environment.topobjdir, obj.dirs))
+
+        # The directory needs to be registered whether subdirectories have been
+        # registered or not.
+        self._traversal.add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+
+    def _process_defines(self, obj, backend_file, which='DEFINES'):
+        """Output the DEFINES rules to the given backend file."""
+        defines = list(obj.get_defines())
+        if defines:
+            defines = ' '.join(shell_quote(d) for d in defines)
+            backend_file.write_once('%s += %s\n' % (which, defines))
+
+    def _process_installation_target(self, obj, backend_file):
+        # A few makefiles need to be able to override the following rules via
+        # make XPI_NAME=blah commands, so we default to the lazy evaluation as
+        # much as possible here to avoid breaking things.
+        if obj.xpiname:
+            backend_file.write('XPI_NAME = %s\n' % (obj.xpiname))
+        if obj.subdir:
+            backend_file.write('DIST_SUBDIR = %s\n' % (obj.subdir))
+        if obj.target and not obj.is_custom():
+            backend_file.write('FINAL_TARGET = $(DEPTH)/%s\n' % (obj.target))
+        else:
+            backend_file.write('FINAL_TARGET = $(if $(XPI_NAME),$(DIST)/xpi-stage/$(XPI_NAME),$(DIST)/bin)$(DIST_SUBDIR:%=/%)\n')
+
+        if not obj.enabled:
+            backend_file.write('NO_DIST_INSTALL := 1\n')
+
+    def _handle_idl_manager(self, manager):
+        build_files = self._install_manifests['xpidl']
+
+        for p in ('Makefile', 'backend.mk', '.deps/.mkdir.done'):
+            build_files.add_optional_exists(p)
+
+        for idl in manager.idls.values():
+            self._install_manifests['dist_idl'].add_symlink(idl['source'],
+                idl['basename'])
+            self._install_manifests['dist_include'].add_optional_exists('%s.h'
+                % idl['root'])
+
+        for module in manager.modules:
+            build_files.add_optional_exists(mozpath.join('.deps',
+                '%s.pp' % module))
+
+        modules = manager.modules
+        xpt_modules = sorted(modules.keys())
+        xpt_files = set()
+        registered_xpt_files = set()
+
+        mk = Makefile()
+
+        for module in xpt_modules:
+            install_target, sources = modules[module]
+            deps = sorted(sources)
+
+            # It may seem strange to have the .idl files listed as
+            # prerequisites both here and in the auto-generated .pp files.
+            # It is necessary to list them here to handle the case where a
+            # new .idl is added to an xpt. If we add a new .idl and nothing
+            # else has changed, the new .idl won't be referenced anywhere
+            # except in the command invocation. Therefore, the .xpt won't
+            # be rebuilt because the dependencies say it is up to date. By
+            # listing the .idls here, we ensure the make file has a
+            # reference to the new .idl. Since the new .idl presumably has
+            # an mtime newer than the .xpt, it will trigger xpt generation.
+            xpt_path = '$(DEPTH)/%s/components/%s.xpt' % (install_target, module)
+            xpt_files.add(xpt_path)
+            mk.add_statement('%s_deps = %s' % (module, ' '.join(deps)))
+
+            if install_target.startswith('dist/'):
+                path = mozpath.relpath(xpt_path, '$(DEPTH)/dist')
+                prefix, subpath = path.split('/', 1)
+                key = 'dist_%s' % prefix
+
+                self._install_manifests[key].add_optional_exists(subpath)
+
+        rules = StringIO()
+        mk.dump(rules, removal_guard=False)
+
+        interfaces_manifests = []
+        dist_dir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist')
+        for manifest, entries in manager.interface_manifests.items():
+            interfaces_manifests.append(mozpath.join('$(DEPTH)', manifest))
+            for xpt in sorted(entries):
+                registered_xpt_files.add(mozpath.join(
+                    '$(DEPTH)', mozpath.dirname(manifest), xpt))
+
+            if install_target.startswith('dist/'):
+                path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, manifest)
+                path = mozpath.relpath(path, dist_dir)
+                prefix, subpath = path.split('/', 1)
+                key = 'dist_%s' % prefix
+                self._install_manifests[key].add_optional_exists(subpath)
+
+        chrome_manifests = [mozpath.join('$(DEPTH)', m) for m in sorted(manager.chrome_manifests)]
+
+        # Create dependency for output header so we force regeneration if the
+        # header was deleted. This ideally should not be necessary. However,
+        # some processes (such as PGO at the time this was implemented) wipe
+        # out dist/include without regard to our install manifests.
+
+        obj = self.Substitution()
+        obj.output_path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'config',
+            'makefiles', 'xpidl', 'Makefile')
+        obj.input_path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, 'config',
+            'makefiles', 'xpidl', 'Makefile.in')
+        obj.topsrcdir = self.environment.topsrcdir
+        obj.topobjdir = self.environment.topobjdir
+        obj.config = self.environment
+        self._create_makefile(obj, extra=dict(
+            chrome_manifests = ' '.join(chrome_manifests),
+            interfaces_manifests = ' '.join(interfaces_manifests),
+            xpidl_rules=rules.getvalue(),
+            xpidl_modules=' '.join(xpt_modules),
+            xpt_files=' '.join(sorted(xpt_files - registered_xpt_files)),
+            registered_xpt_files=' '.join(sorted(registered_xpt_files)),
+        ))
+
+    def _process_program(self, program, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write('PROGRAM = %s\n' % program)
+
+    def _process_host_program(self, program, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write('HOST_PROGRAM = %s\n' % program)
+
+    def _process_simple_program(self, obj, backend_file):
+        if obj.is_unit_test:
+            backend_file.write('CPP_UNIT_TESTS += %s\n' % obj.program)
+        else:
+            backend_file.write('SIMPLE_PROGRAMS += %s\n' % obj.program)
+
+    def _process_host_simple_program(self, program, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write('HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS += %s\n' % program)
+
+    def _process_test_manifest(self, obj, backend_file):
+        # Much of the logic in this function could be moved to CommonBackend.
+        self.backend_input_files.add(mozpath.join(obj.topsrcdir,
+            obj.manifest_relpath))
+
+        # Don't allow files to be defined multiple times unless it is allowed.
+        # We currently allow duplicates for non-test files or test files if
+        # the manifest is listed as a duplicate.
+        for source, (dest, is_test) in obj.installs.items():
+            try:
+                self._install_manifests['_test_files'].add_symlink(source, dest)
+            except ValueError:
+                if not obj.dupe_manifest and is_test:
+                    raise
+
+        for base, pattern, dest in obj.pattern_installs:
+            try:
+                self._install_manifests['_test_files'].add_pattern_symlink(base,
+                    pattern, dest)
+            except ValueError:
+                if not obj.dupe_manifest:
+                    raise
+
+        for dest in obj.external_installs:
+            try:
+                self._install_manifests['_test_files'].add_optional_exists(dest)
+            except ValueError:
+                if not obj.dupe_manifest:
+                    raise
+
+        m = self._test_manifests.setdefault(obj.flavor,
+            (obj.install_prefix, set()))
+        m[1].add(obj.manifest_obj_relpath)
+
+        try:
+            from reftest import ReftestManifest
+
+            if isinstance(obj.manifest, ReftestManifest):
+                # Mark included files as part of the build backend so changes
+                # result in re-config.
+                self.backend_input_files |= obj.manifest.manifests
+        except ImportError:
+            # Ignore errors caused by the reftest module not being present.
+            # This can happen when building SpiderMonkey standalone, for example.
+            pass
+
+    def _process_local_include(self, local_include, backend_file):
+        d, path = self._pretty_path_parts(local_include, backend_file)
+        if isinstance(local_include, ObjDirPath) and not d:
+            # path doesn't start with a slash in this case
+            d = '$(CURDIR)/'
+        elif d == '$(DEPTH)':
+            d = '$(topobjdir)'
+        quoted_path = shell_quote(path) if path else path
+        if quoted_path != path:
+            path = quoted_path[0] + d + quoted_path[1:]
+        else:
+            path = d + path
+        backend_file.write('LOCAL_INCLUDES += -I%s\n' % path)
+
+    def _process_per_source_flag(self, per_source_flag, backend_file):
+        for flag in per_source_flag.flags:
+            backend_file.write('%s_FLAGS += %s\n' % (mozpath.basename(per_source_flag.file_name), flag))
+
+    def _process_java_jar_data(self, jar, backend_file):
+        target = jar.name
+        backend_file.write('JAVA_JAR_TARGETS += %s\n' % target)
+        backend_file.write('%s_DEST := %s.jar\n' % (target, jar.name))
+        if jar.sources:
+            backend_file.write('%s_JAVAFILES := %s\n' %
+                (target, ' '.join(jar.sources)))
+        if jar.generated_sources:
+            backend_file.write('%s_PP_JAVAFILES := %s\n' %
+                (target, ' '.join(mozpath.join('generated', f) for f in jar.generated_sources)))
+        if jar.extra_jars:
+            backend_file.write('%s_EXTRA_JARS := %s\n' %
+                (target, ' '.join(sorted(set(jar.extra_jars)))))
+        if jar.javac_flags:
+            backend_file.write('%s_JAVAC_FLAGS := %s\n' %
+                (target, ' '.join(jar.javac_flags)))
+
+    def _process_android_eclipse_project_data(self, project, backend_file):
+        # We add a single target to the backend.mk corresponding to
+        # the moz.build defining the Android Eclipse project. This
+        # target depends on some targets to be fresh, and installs a
+        # manifest generated by the Android Eclipse build backend. The
+        # manifests for all projects live in $TOPOBJDIR/android_eclipse
+        # and are installed into subdirectories thereof.
+
+        project_directory = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', project.name)
+        manifest_path = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', '%s.manifest' % project.name)
+
+        fragment = Makefile()
+        rule = fragment.create_rule(targets=['ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_%s' % project.name])
+        rule.add_dependencies(project.recursive_make_targets)
+        args = ['--no-remove',
+            '--no-remove-all-directory-symlinks',
+            '--no-remove-empty-directories',
+            project_directory,
+            manifest_path]
+        rule.add_commands(['$(call py_action,process_install_manifest,%s)' % ' '.join(args)])
+        fragment.dump(backend_file.fh, removal_guard=False)
+
+    def _process_shared_library(self, libdef, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write_once('LIBRARY_NAME := %s\n' % libdef.basename)
+        backend_file.write('FORCE_SHARED_LIB := 1\n')
+        backend_file.write('IMPORT_LIBRARY := %s\n' % libdef.import_name)
+        backend_file.write('SHARED_LIBRARY := %s\n' % libdef.lib_name)
+        if libdef.variant == libdef.COMPONENT:
+            backend_file.write('IS_COMPONENT := 1\n')
+        if libdef.soname:
+            backend_file.write('DSO_SONAME := %s\n' % libdef.soname)
+        if libdef.is_sdk:
+            backend_file.write('SDK_LIBRARY := %s\n' % libdef.import_name)
+        if libdef.symbols_file:
+            backend_file.write('SYMBOLS_FILE := %s\n' % libdef.symbols_file)
+        if not libdef.cxx_link:
+            backend_file.write('LIB_IS_C_ONLY := 1\n')
+
+    def _process_static_library(self, libdef, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write_once('LIBRARY_NAME := %s\n' % libdef.basename)
+        backend_file.write('FORCE_STATIC_LIB := 1\n')
+        backend_file.write('REAL_LIBRARY := %s\n' % libdef.lib_name)
+        if libdef.is_sdk:
+            backend_file.write('SDK_LIBRARY := %s\n' % libdef.import_name)
+        if libdef.no_expand_lib:
+            backend_file.write('NO_EXPAND_LIBS := 1\n')
+
+    def _process_rust_library(self, libdef, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write_once('RUST_LIBRARY_FILE := %s\n' % libdef.import_name)
+        backend_file.write('CARGO_FILE := $(srcdir)/Cargo.toml')
+
+    def _process_host_library(self, libdef, backend_file):
+        backend_file.write('HOST_LIBRARY_NAME = %s\n' % libdef.basename)
+
+    def _build_target_for_obj(self, obj):
+        return '%s/%s' % (mozpath.relpath(obj.objdir,
+            self.environment.topobjdir), obj.KIND)
+
+    def _process_linked_libraries(self, obj, backend_file):
+        def write_shared_and_system_libs(lib):
+            for l in lib.linked_libraries:
+                if isinstance(l, (StaticLibrary, RustLibrary)):
+                    write_shared_and_system_libs(l)
+                else:
+                    backend_file.write_once('SHARED_LIBS += %s/%s\n'
+                        % (pretty_relpath(l), l.import_name))
+            for l in lib.linked_system_libs:
+                backend_file.write_once('OS_LIBS += %s\n' % l)
+
+        def pretty_relpath(lib):
+            return '$(DEPTH)/%s' % mozpath.relpath(lib.objdir, topobjdir)
+
+        topobjdir = mozpath.normsep(obj.topobjdir)
+        # This will create the node even if there aren't any linked libraries.
+        build_target = self._build_target_for_obj(obj)
+        self._compile_graph[build_target]
+
+        for lib in obj.linked_libraries:
+            if not isinstance(lib, ExternalLibrary):
+                self._compile_graph[build_target].add(
+                    self._build_target_for_obj(lib))
+            relpath = pretty_relpath(lib)
+            if isinstance(obj, Library):
+                if isinstance(lib, RustLibrary):
+                    # We don't need to do anything here; we will handle
+                    # linkage for any RustLibrary elsewhere.
+                    continue
+                elif isinstance(lib, StaticLibrary):
+                    backend_file.write_once('STATIC_LIBS += %s/%s\n'
+                                        % (relpath, lib.import_name))
+                    if isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary):
+                        write_shared_and_system_libs(lib)
+                elif isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary):
+                    assert lib.variant != lib.COMPONENT
+                    backend_file.write_once('SHARED_LIBS += %s/%s\n'
+                                        % (relpath, lib.import_name))
+            elif isinstance(obj, (Program, SimpleProgram)):
+                if isinstance(lib, StaticLibrary):
+                    backend_file.write_once('STATIC_LIBS += %s/%s\n'
+                                        % (relpath, lib.import_name))
+                    write_shared_and_system_libs(lib)
+                else:
+                    assert lib.variant != lib.COMPONENT
+                    backend_file.write_once('SHARED_LIBS += %s/%s\n'
+                                        % (relpath, lib.import_name))
+            elif isinstance(obj, (HostLibrary, HostProgram, HostSimpleProgram)):
+                assert isinstance(lib, HostLibrary)
+                backend_file.write_once('HOST_LIBS += %s/%s\n'
+                                   % (relpath, lib.import_name))
+
+        # We have to link any Rust libraries after all intermediate static
+        # libraries have been listed to ensure that the Rust libraries are
+        # searched after the C/C++ objects that might reference Rust symbols.
+        if isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary):
+            self._process_rust_libraries(obj, backend_file, pretty_relpath)
+
+        for lib in obj.linked_system_libs:
+            if obj.KIND == 'target':
+                backend_file.write_once('OS_LIBS += %s\n' % lib)
+            else:
+                backend_file.write_once('HOST_EXTRA_LIBS += %s\n' % lib)
+
+        # Process library-based defines
+        self._process_defines(obj.lib_defines, backend_file)
+
+    def _process_rust_libraries(self, obj, backend_file, pretty_relpath):
+        assert isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary)
+
+        # If this library does not depend on any Rust libraries, then we are done.
+        direct_linked = [l for l in obj.linked_libraries if isinstance(l, RustLibrary)]
+        if not direct_linked:
+            return
+
+        # We should have already checked this in Linkable.link_library.
+        assert len(direct_linked) == 1
+
+        # TODO: see bug 1310063 for checking dependencies are set up correctly.
+
+        direct_linked = direct_linked[0]
+        backend_file.write('RUST_STATIC_LIB_FOR_SHARED_LIB := %s/%s\n' %
+                           (pretty_relpath(direct_linked), direct_linked.import_name))
+
+    def _process_final_target_files(self, obj, files, backend_file):
+        target = obj.install_target
+        path = mozpath.basedir(target, (
+            'dist/bin',
+            'dist/xpi-stage',
+            '_tests',
+            'dist/include',
+            'dist/branding',
+            'dist/sdk',
+        ))
+        if not path:
+            raise Exception("Cannot install to " + target)
+
+        manifest = path.replace('/', '_')
+        install_manifest = self._install_manifests[manifest]
+        reltarget = mozpath.relpath(target, path)
+
+        # Also emit the necessary rules to create $(DIST)/branding during
+        # partial tree builds. The locale makefiles rely on this working.
+        if path == 'dist/branding':
+            backend_file.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS += export\n')
+            backend_file.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS_export += branding\n')
+            backend_file.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS_export_branding_DIRECTORY = $(DEPTH)\n')
+            backend_file.write('NONRECURSIVE_TARGETS_export_branding_TARGETS += install-dist/branding\n')
+
+        for path, files in files.walk():
+            target_var = (mozpath.join(target, path)
+                          if path else target).replace('/', '_')
+            have_objdir_files = False
+            for f in files:
+                assert not isinstance(f, RenamedSourcePath)
+                dest = mozpath.join(reltarget, path, f.target_basename)
+                if not isinstance(f, ObjDirPath):
+                    if '*' in f:
+                        if f.startswith('/') or isinstance(f, AbsolutePath):
+                            basepath, wild = os.path.split(f.full_path)
+                            if '*' in basepath:
+                                raise Exception("Wildcards are only supported in the filename part of "
+                                                "srcdir-relative or absolute paths.")
+
+                            install_manifest.add_pattern_symlink(basepath, wild, path)
+                        else:
+                            install_manifest.add_pattern_symlink(f.srcdir, f, path)
+                    else:
+                        install_manifest.add_symlink(f.full_path, dest)
+                else:
+                    install_manifest.add_optional_exists(dest)
+                    backend_file.write('%s_FILES += %s\n' % (
+                        target_var, self._pretty_path(f, backend_file)))
+                    have_objdir_files = True
+            if have_objdir_files:
+                tier = 'export' if obj.install_target == 'dist/include' else 'misc'
+                self._no_skip[tier].add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+                backend_file.write('%s_DEST := $(DEPTH)/%s\n'
+                                   % (target_var,
+                                      mozpath.join(target, path)))
+                backend_file.write('%s_TARGET := %s\n' % (target_var, tier))
+                backend_file.write('INSTALL_TARGETS += %s\n' % target_var)
+
+    def _process_final_target_pp_files(self, obj, files, backend_file, name):
+        # Bug 1177710 - We'd like to install these via manifests as
+        # preprocessed files. But they currently depend on non-standard flags
+        # being added via some Makefiles, so for now we just pass them through
+        # to the underlying Makefile.in.
+        #
+        # Note that if this becomes a manifest, OBJDIR_PP_FILES will likely
+        # still need to use PP_TARGETS internally because we can't have an
+        # install manifest for the root of the objdir.
+        for i, (path, files) in enumerate(files.walk()):
+            self._no_skip['misc'].add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+            var = '%s_%d' % (name, i)
+            for f in files:
+                backend_file.write('%s += %s\n' % (
+                    var, self._pretty_path(f, backend_file)))
+            backend_file.write('%s_PATH := $(DEPTH)/%s\n'
+                               % (var, mozpath.join(obj.install_target, path)))
+            backend_file.write('%s_TARGET := misc\n' % var)
+            backend_file.write('PP_TARGETS += %s\n' % var)
+
+    def _process_objdir_files(self, obj, files, backend_file):
+        # We can't use an install manifest for the root of the objdir, since it
+        # would delete all the other files that get put there by the build
+        # system.
+        for i, (path, files) in enumerate(files.walk()):
+            self._no_skip['misc'].add(backend_file.relobjdir)
+            for f in files:
+                backend_file.write('OBJDIR_%d_FILES += %s\n' % (
+                    i, self._pretty_path(f, backend_file)))
+            backend_file.write('OBJDIR_%d_DEST := $(topobjdir)/%s\n' % (i, path))
+            backend_file.write('OBJDIR_%d_TARGET := misc\n' % i)
+            backend_file.write('INSTALL_TARGETS += OBJDIR_%d\n' % i)
+
+    def _process_chrome_manifest_entry(self, obj, backend_file):
+        fragment = Makefile()
+        rule = fragment.create_rule(targets=['misc:'])
+
+        top_level = mozpath.join(obj.install_target, 'chrome.manifest')
+        if obj.path != top_level:
+            args = [
+                mozpath.join('$(DEPTH)', top_level),
+                make_quote(shell_quote('manifest %s' %
+                                       mozpath.relpath(obj.path,
+                                                       obj.install_target))),
+            ]
+            rule.add_commands(['$(call py_action,buildlist,%s)' %
+                               ' '.join(args)])
+        args = [
+            mozpath.join('$(DEPTH)', obj.path),
+            make_quote(shell_quote(str(obj.entry))),
+        ]
+        rule.add_commands(['$(call py_action,buildlist,%s)' % ' '.join(args)])
+        fragment.dump(backend_file.fh, removal_guard=False)
+
+        self._no_skip['misc'].add(obj.relativedir)
+
+    def _write_manifests(self, dest, manifests):
+        man_dir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, '_build_manifests',
+            dest)
+
+        for k, manifest in manifests.items():
+            with self._write_file(mozpath.join(man_dir, k)) as fh:
+                manifest.write(fileobj=fh)
+
+    def _write_master_test_manifest(self, path, manifests):
+        with self._write_file(path) as master:
+            master.write(
+                '; THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. DO NOT MODIFY BY HAND.\n\n')
+
+            for manifest in sorted(manifests):
+                master.write('[include:%s]\n' % manifest)
+
+    class Substitution(object):
+        """BaseConfigSubstitution-like class for use with _create_makefile."""
+        __slots__ = (
+            'input_path',
+            'output_path',
+            'topsrcdir',
+            'topobjdir',
+            'config',
+        )
+
+    def _create_makefile(self, obj, stub=False, extra=None):
+        '''Creates the given makefile. Makefiles are treated the same as
+        config files, but some additional header and footer is added to the
+        output.
+
+        When the stub argument is True, no source file is used, and a stub
+        makefile with the default header and footer only is created.
+        '''
+        with self._get_preprocessor(obj) as pp:
+            if extra:
+                pp.context.update(extra)
+            if not pp.context.get('autoconfmk', ''):
+                pp.context['autoconfmk'] = 'autoconf.mk'
+            pp.handleLine(b'# THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. DO NOT MODIFY BY HAND.\n');
+            pp.handleLine(b'DEPTH := @DEPTH@\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'topobjdir := @topobjdir@\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'topsrcdir := @top_srcdir@\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'srcdir := @srcdir@\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'VPATH := @srcdir@\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'relativesrcdir := @relativesrcdir@\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'include $(DEPTH)/config/@autoconfmk@\n')
+            if not stub:
+                pp.do_include(obj.input_path)
+            # Empty line to avoid failures when last line in Makefile.in ends
+            # with a backslash.
+            pp.handleLine(b'\n')
+            pp.handleLine(b'include $(topsrcdir)/config/recurse.mk\n')
+        if not stub:
+            # Adding the Makefile.in here has the desired side-effect
+            # that if the Makefile.in disappears, this will force
+            # moz.build traversal. This means that when we remove empty
+            # Makefile.in files, the old file will get replaced with
+            # the autogenerated one automatically.
+            self.backend_input_files.add(obj.input_path)
+
+        self._makefile_out_count += 1
+
+    def _handle_linked_rust_crates(self, obj, extern_crate_file):
+        backend_file = self._get_backend_file_for(obj)
+
+        backend_file.write('RS_STATICLIB_CRATE_SRC := %s\n' % extern_crate_file)
+
+    def _handle_ipdl_sources(self, ipdl_dir, sorted_ipdl_sources,
+                             unified_ipdl_cppsrcs_mapping):
+        # Write out a master list of all IPDL source files.
+        mk = Makefile()
+
+        mk.add_statement('ALL_IPDLSRCS := %s' % ' '.join(sorted_ipdl_sources))
+
+        self._add_unified_build_rules(mk, unified_ipdl_cppsrcs_mapping,
+                                      unified_files_makefile_variable='CPPSRCS')
+
+        mk.add_statement('IPDLDIRS := %s' % ' '.join(sorted(set(mozpath.dirname(p)
+            for p in self._ipdl_sources))))
+
+        with self._write_file(mozpath.join(ipdl_dir, 'ipdlsrcs.mk')) as ipdls:
+            mk.dump(ipdls, removal_guard=False)
+
+    def _handle_webidl_build(self, bindings_dir, unified_source_mapping,
+                             webidls, expected_build_output_files,
+                             global_define_files):
+        include_dir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist',
+            'include')
+        for f in expected_build_output_files:
+            if f.startswith(include_dir):
+                self._install_manifests['dist_include'].add_optional_exists(
+                    mozpath.relpath(f, include_dir))
+
+        # We pass WebIDL info to make via a completely generated make file.
+        mk = Makefile()
+        mk.add_statement('nonstatic_webidl_files := %s' % ' '.join(
+            sorted(webidls.all_non_static_basenames())))
+        mk.add_statement('globalgen_sources := %s' % ' '.join(
+            sorted(global_define_files)))
+        mk.add_statement('test_sources := %s' % ' '.join(
+            sorted('%sBinding.cpp' % s for s in webidls.all_test_stems())))
+
+        # Add rules to preprocess bindings.
+        # This should ideally be using PP_TARGETS. However, since the input
+        # filenames match the output filenames, the existing PP_TARGETS rules
+        # result in circular dependencies and other make weirdness. One
+        # solution is to rename the input or output files repsectively. See
+        # bug 928195 comment 129.
+        for source in sorted(webidls.all_preprocessed_sources()):
+            basename = os.path.basename(source)
+            rule = mk.create_rule([basename])
+            rule.add_dependencies([source, '$(GLOBAL_DEPS)'])
+            rule.add_commands([
+                # Remove the file before writing so bindings that go from
+                # static to preprocessed don't end up writing to a symlink,
+                # which would modify content in the source directory.
+                '$(RM) $@',
+                '$(call py_action,preprocessor,$(DEFINES) $(ACDEFINES) '
+                    '$< -o $@)'
+            ])
+
+        self._add_unified_build_rules(mk,
+            unified_source_mapping,
+            unified_files_makefile_variable='unified_binding_cpp_files')
+
+        webidls_mk = mozpath.join(bindings_dir, 'webidlsrcs.mk')
+        with self._write_file(webidls_mk) as fh:
+            mk.dump(fh, removal_guard=False)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.classpath b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.classpath
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c51c539c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.classpath
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#filter substitution
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<classpath>
+	<classpathentry kind="src" path="gen"/>
+	<classpathentry exported="true" kind="con" path="com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ANDROID_FRAMEWORK"/>
+	<classpathentry exported="true" kind="con" path="com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.LIBRARIES"/>
+	<classpathentry exported="true" kind="con" path="com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.DEPENDENCIES"/>
+	<classpathentry kind="output" path="bin/classes"/>
+@IDE_CLASSPATH_ENTRIES@
+</classpath>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ApkBuilder.launch b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ApkBuilder.launch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3005dee45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ApkBuilder.launch
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#filter substitution
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<launchConfiguration type="org.eclipse.ant.AntBuilderLaunchConfigurationType">
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_BUILDER_ENABLED" value="false"/>
+<stringAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_DISABLED_BUILDER" value="com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ApkBuilder"/>
+<mapAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TOOL_ARGUMENTS"/>
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TRIGGERS_CONFIGURED" value="true"/>
+</launchConfiguration>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.PreCompilerBuilder.launch b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.PreCompilerBuilder.launch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fa599f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.PreCompilerBuilder.launch
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#filter substitution
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<launchConfiguration type="org.eclipse.ant.AntBuilderLaunchConfigurationType">
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_BUILDER_ENABLED" value="false"/>
+<stringAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_DISABLED_BUILDER" value="com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.PreCompilerBuilder"/>
+<mapAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TOOL_ARGUMENTS"/>
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TRIGGERS_CONFIGURED" value="true"/>
+</launchConfiguration>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ResourceManagerBuilder.launch b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ResourceManagerBuilder.launch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20d1c3f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ResourceManagerBuilder.launch
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#filter substitution
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<launchConfiguration type="org.eclipse.ant.AntBuilderLaunchConfigurationType">
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_BUILDER_ENABLED" value="false"/>
+<stringAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_DISABLED_BUILDER" value="com.android.ide.eclipse.adt.ResourceManagerBuilder"/>
+<mapAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TOOL_ARGUMENTS"/>
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TRIGGERS_CONFIGURED" value="true"/>
+</launchConfiguration>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder.launch b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder.launch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed5bf6885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/.externalToolBuilders/org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder.launch
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#filter substitution
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<launchConfiguration type="org.eclipse.ant.AntBuilderLaunchConfigurationType">
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_BUILDER_ENABLED" value="true"/>
+<stringAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_DISABLED_BUILDER" value="org.eclipse.jdt.core.javabuilder"/>
+<mapAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TOOL_ARGUMENTS"/>
+<booleanAttribute key="org.eclipse.ui.externaltools.ATTR_TRIGGERS_CONFIGURED" value="true"/>
+</launchConfiguration>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/AndroidManifest.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57d8aca8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#filter substitution
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    package="@IDE_PACKAGE_NAME@"
+    android:versionCode="1"
+    android:versionName="1.0" >
+
+    <uses-sdk
+        android:minSdkVersion="@MOZ_ANDROID_MIN_SDK_VERSION@"
+        android:targetSdkVersion="@ANDROID_TARGET_SDK@" />
+
+</manifest>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/gen/tmp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/gen/tmp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1c78936f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/gen/tmp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#filter substitution
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/lint.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/lint.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43ad15dc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/lint.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#filter substitution
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<lint>
+    <issue id="NewApi" severity="ignore" />
+</lint>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/project.properties b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/project.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2106d9646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse/project.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#filter substitution
+# This file is automatically generated by Android Tools.
+# Do not modify this file -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE ERASED!
+#
+# This file must be checked in Version Control Systems.
+#
+# To customize properties used by the Ant build system edit
+# "ant.properties", and override values to adapt the script to your
+# project structure.
+
+# Project target.
+target=android-L
+@IDE_PROJECT_LIBRARY_SETTING@
+@IDE_PROJECT_LIBRARY_REFERENCES@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse_empty_resource_directory/.not_an_android_resource b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse_empty_resource_directory/.not_an_android_resource
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ffce0692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/templates/android_eclipse_empty_resource_directory/.not_an_android_resource
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+This file is named such that it is ignored by Android aapt. The file
+itself ensures that the AndroidEclipse build backend can create an
+empty res/ directory for projects explicitly specifying that it has no
+resource directory.  This is necessary because the Android Eclipse
+plugin requires that each project have a res/ directory.
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/tup.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/tup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f7250eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/tup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozbuild.base import MozbuildObject
+from mozbuild.backend.base import PartialBackend, HybridBackend
+from mozbuild.backend.recursivemake import RecursiveMakeBackend
+from mozbuild.shellutil import quote as shell_quote
+
+from .common import CommonBackend
+from ..frontend.data import (
+    ContextDerived,
+    Defines,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+    GeneratedFile,
+    HostDefines,
+    ObjdirPreprocessedFiles,
+)
+from ..util import (
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+)
+
+
+class BackendTupfile(object):
+    """Represents a generated Tupfile.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, srcdir, objdir, environment, topsrcdir, topobjdir):
+        self.topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+        self.srcdir = srcdir
+        self.objdir = objdir
+        self.relobjdir = mozpath.relpath(objdir, topobjdir)
+        self.environment = environment
+        self.name = mozpath.join(objdir, 'Tupfile')
+        self.rules_included = False
+        self.shell_exported = False
+        self.defines = []
+        self.host_defines = []
+        self.delayed_generated_files = []
+
+        self.fh = FileAvoidWrite(self.name, capture_diff=True)
+        self.fh.write('# THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. DO NOT EDIT.\n')
+        self.fh.write('\n')
+
+    def write(self, buf):
+        self.fh.write(buf)
+
+    def include_rules(self):
+        if not self.rules_included:
+            self.write('include_rules\n')
+            self.rules_included = True
+
+    def rule(self, cmd, inputs=None, outputs=None, display=None, extra_outputs=None, check_unchanged=False):
+        inputs = inputs or []
+        outputs = outputs or []
+        display = display or ""
+        self.include_rules()
+        flags = ""
+        if check_unchanged:
+            # This flag causes tup to compare the outputs with the previous run
+            # of the command, and skip the rest of the DAG for any that are the
+            # same.
+            flags += "o"
+
+        if display:
+            caret_text = flags + ' ' + display
+        else:
+            caret_text = flags
+
+        self.write(': %(inputs)s |> %(display)s%(cmd)s |> %(outputs)s%(extra_outputs)s\n' % {
+            'inputs': ' '.join(inputs),
+            'display': '^%s^ ' % caret_text if caret_text else '',
+            'cmd': ' '.join(cmd),
+            'outputs': ' '.join(outputs),
+            'extra_outputs': ' | ' + ' '.join(extra_outputs) if extra_outputs else '',
+        })
+
+    def export_shell(self):
+        if not self.shell_exported:
+            # These are used by mach/mixin/process.py to determine the current
+            # shell.
+            for var in ('SHELL', 'MOZILLABUILD', 'COMSPEC'):
+                self.write('export %s\n' % var)
+            self.shell_exported = True
+
+    def close(self):
+        return self.fh.close()
+
+    @property
+    def diff(self):
+        return self.fh.diff
+
+
+class TupOnly(CommonBackend, PartialBackend):
+    """Backend that generates Tupfiles for the tup build system.
+    """
+
+    def _init(self):
+        CommonBackend._init(self)
+
+        self._backend_files = {}
+        self._cmd = MozbuildObject.from_environment()
+
+    def _get_backend_file(self, relativedir):
+        objdir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, relativedir)
+        srcdir = mozpath.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, relativedir)
+        if objdir not in self._backend_files:
+            self._backend_files[objdir] = \
+                    BackendTupfile(srcdir, objdir, self.environment,
+                                   self.environment.topsrcdir, self.environment.topobjdir)
+        return self._backend_files[objdir]
+
+    def _get_backend_file_for(self, obj):
+        return self._get_backend_file(obj.relativedir)
+
+    def _py_action(self, action):
+        cmd = [
+            '$(PYTHON)',
+            '-m',
+            'mozbuild.action.%s' % action,
+        ]
+        return cmd
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        """Write out build files necessary to build with tup."""
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, ContextDerived):
+            return False
+
+        consumed = CommonBackend.consume_object(self, obj)
+
+        # Even if CommonBackend acknowledged the object, we still need to let
+        # the RecursiveMake backend also handle these objects.
+        if consumed:
+            return False
+
+        backend_file = self._get_backend_file_for(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, GeneratedFile):
+            # These files are already generated by make before tup runs.
+            skip_files = (
+                'buildid.h',
+                'source-repo.h',
+            )
+            if any(f in skip_files for f in obj.outputs):
+                # Let the RecursiveMake backend handle these.
+                return False
+
+            if 'application.ini.h' in obj.outputs:
+                # application.ini.h is a special case since we need to process
+                # the FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES for application.ini before running
+                # the GENERATED_FILES script, and tup doesn't handle the rules
+                # out of order.
+                backend_file.delayed_generated_files.append(obj)
+            else:
+                self._process_generated_file(backend_file, obj)
+        elif isinstance(obj, Defines):
+            self._process_defines(backend_file, obj)
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostDefines):
+            self._process_defines(backend_file, obj, host=True)
+        elif isinstance(obj, FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles):
+            self._process_final_target_pp_files(obj, backend_file)
+        elif isinstance(obj, ObjdirPreprocessedFiles):
+            self._process_final_target_pp_files(obj, backend_file)
+
+        return True
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        CommonBackend.consume_finished(self)
+
+        for objdir, backend_file in sorted(self._backend_files.items()):
+            for obj in backend_file.delayed_generated_files:
+                self._process_generated_file(backend_file, obj)
+            with self._write_file(fh=backend_file):
+                pass
+
+        with self._write_file(mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'Tuprules.tup')) as fh:
+            acdefines = [name for name in self.environment.defines
+                if not name in self.environment.non_global_defines]
+            acdefines_flags = ' '.join(['-D%s=%s' % (name,
+                shell_quote(self.environment.defines[name]))
+                for name in sorted(acdefines)])
+            # TODO: AB_CD only exists in Makefiles at the moment.
+            acdefines_flags += ' -DAB_CD=en-US'
+
+            fh.write('MOZ_OBJ_ROOT = $(TUP_CWD)\n')
+            fh.write('DIST = $(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/dist\n')
+            fh.write('ACDEFINES = %s\n' % acdefines_flags)
+            fh.write('topsrcdir = $(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/%s\n' % (
+                os.path.relpath(self.environment.topsrcdir, self.environment.topobjdir)
+            ))
+            fh.write('PYTHON = $(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/_virtualenv/bin/python -B\n')
+            fh.write('PYTHON_PATH = $(PYTHON) $(topsrcdir)/config/pythonpath.py\n')
+            fh.write('PLY_INCLUDE = -I$(topsrcdir)/other-licenses/ply\n')
+            fh.write('IDL_PARSER_DIR = $(topsrcdir)/xpcom/idl-parser\n')
+            fh.write('IDL_PARSER_CACHE_DIR = $(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/xpcom/idl-parser/xpidl\n')
+
+        # Run 'tup init' if necessary.
+        if not os.path.exists(mozpath.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, ".tup")):
+            tup = self.environment.substs.get('TUP', 'tup')
+            self._cmd.run_process(cwd=self.environment.topsrcdir, log_name='tup', args=[tup, 'init'])
+
+    def _process_generated_file(self, backend_file, obj):
+        # TODO: These are directories that don't work in the tup backend
+        # yet, because things they depend on aren't built yet.
+        skip_directories = (
+            'layout/style/test', # HostSimplePrograms
+            'toolkit/library', # libxul.so
+        )
+        if obj.script and obj.method and obj.relobjdir not in skip_directories:
+            backend_file.export_shell()
+            cmd = self._py_action('file_generate')
+            cmd.extend([
+                obj.script,
+                obj.method,
+                obj.outputs[0],
+                '%s.pp' % obj.outputs[0], # deps file required
+            ])
+            full_inputs = [f.full_path for f in obj.inputs]
+            cmd.extend(full_inputs)
+
+            outputs = []
+            outputs.extend(obj.outputs)
+            outputs.append('%s.pp' % obj.outputs[0])
+
+            backend_file.rule(
+                display='python {script}:{method} -> [%o]'.format(script=obj.script, method=obj.method),
+                cmd=cmd,
+                inputs=full_inputs,
+                outputs=outputs,
+            )
+
+    def _process_defines(self, backend_file, obj, host=False):
+        defines = list(obj.get_defines())
+        if defines:
+            if host:
+                backend_file.host_defines = defines
+            else:
+                backend_file.defines = defines
+
+    def _process_final_target_pp_files(self, obj, backend_file):
+        for i, (path, files) in enumerate(obj.files.walk()):
+            for f in files:
+                self._preprocess(backend_file, f.full_path,
+                                 destdir=mozpath.join(self.environment.topobjdir, obj.install_target, path))
+
+    def _handle_idl_manager(self, manager):
+        backend_file = self._get_backend_file('xpcom/xpidl')
+        backend_file.export_shell()
+
+        for module, data in sorted(manager.modules.iteritems()):
+            dest, idls = data
+            cmd = [
+                '$(PYTHON_PATH)',
+                '$(PLY_INCLUDE)',
+                '-I$(IDL_PARSER_DIR)',
+                '-I$(IDL_PARSER_CACHE_DIR)',
+                '$(topsrcdir)/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/action/xpidl-process.py',
+                '--cache-dir', '$(IDL_PARSER_CACHE_DIR)',
+                '$(DIST)/idl',
+                '$(DIST)/include',
+                '$(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/%s/components' % dest,
+                module,
+            ]
+            cmd.extend(sorted(idls))
+
+            outputs = ['$(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/%s/components/%s.xpt' % (dest, module)]
+            outputs.extend(['$(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/dist/include/%s.h' % f for f in sorted(idls)])
+            backend_file.rule(
+                inputs=[
+                    '$(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/xpcom/idl-parser/xpidl/xpidllex.py',
+                    '$(MOZ_OBJ_ROOT)/xpcom/idl-parser/xpidl/xpidlyacc.py',
+                ],
+                display='XPIDL %s' % module,
+                cmd=cmd,
+                outputs=outputs,
+            )
+
+    def _preprocess(self, backend_file, input_file, destdir=None):
+        cmd = self._py_action('preprocessor')
+        cmd.extend(backend_file.defines)
+        cmd.extend(['$(ACDEFINES)', '%f', '-o', '%o'])
+
+        base_input = mozpath.basename(input_file)
+        if base_input.endswith('.in'):
+            base_input = mozpath.splitext(base_input)[0]
+        output = mozpath.join(destdir, base_input) if destdir else base_input
+
+        backend_file.rule(
+            inputs=[input_file],
+            display='Preprocess %o',
+            cmd=cmd,
+            outputs=[output],
+        )
+
+    def _handle_ipdl_sources(self, ipdl_dir, sorted_ipdl_sources,
+                             unified_ipdl_cppsrcs_mapping):
+        # TODO: This isn't implemented yet in the tup backend, but it is called
+        # by the CommonBackend.
+        pass
+
+    def _handle_webidl_build(self, bindings_dir, unified_source_mapping,
+                             webidls, expected_build_output_files,
+                             global_define_files):
+        backend_file = self._get_backend_file('dom/bindings')
+        backend_file.export_shell()
+
+        for source in sorted(webidls.all_preprocessed_sources()):
+            self._preprocess(backend_file, source)
+
+        cmd = self._py_action('webidl')
+        cmd.append(mozpath.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, 'dom', 'bindings'))
+
+        # The WebIDLCodegenManager knows all of the .cpp and .h files that will
+        # be created (expected_build_output_files), but there are a few
+        # additional files that are also created by the webidl py_action.
+        outputs = [
+            '_cache/webidlyacc.py',
+            'codegen.json',
+            'codegen.pp',
+            'parser.out',
+        ]
+        outputs.extend(expected_build_output_files)
+
+        backend_file.rule(
+            display='WebIDL code generation',
+            cmd=cmd,
+            inputs=webidls.all_non_static_basenames(),
+            outputs=outputs,
+            check_unchanged=True,
+        )
+
+
+class TupBackend(HybridBackend(TupOnly, RecursiveMakeBackend)):
+    def build(self, config, output, jobs, verbose):
+        status = config._run_make(directory=self.environment.topobjdir, target='tup',
+                                  line_handler=output.on_line, log=False, print_directory=False,
+                                  ensure_exit_code=False, num_jobs=jobs, silent=not verbose)
+        return status
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/visualstudio.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/visualstudio.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86e97d13d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/backend/visualstudio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file contains a build backend for generating Visual Studio project
+# files.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import errno
+import os
+import re
+import types
+import uuid
+
+from xml.dom import getDOMImplementation
+
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+
+from .common import CommonBackend
+from ..frontend.data import (
+    Defines,
+    GeneratedSources,
+    HostProgram,
+    HostSources,
+    Library,
+    LocalInclude,
+    Program,
+    Sources,
+    UnifiedSources,
+)
+from mozbuild.base import ExecutionSummary
+
+
+MSBUILD_NAMESPACE = 'http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003'
+
+def get_id(name):
+    return str(uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_URL, name)).upper()
+
+def visual_studio_product_to_solution_version(version):
+    if version == '2015':
+        return '12.00', '14'
+    else:
+        raise Exception('Unknown version seen: %s' % version)
+
+def visual_studio_product_to_platform_toolset_version(version):
+    if version == '2015':
+        return 'v140'
+    else:
+        raise Exception('Unknown version seen: %s' % version)
+
+class VisualStudioBackend(CommonBackend):
+    """Generate Visual Studio project files.
+
+    This backend is used to produce Visual Studio projects and a solution
+    to foster developing Firefox with Visual Studio.
+
+    This backend is currently considered experimental. There are many things
+    not optimal about how it works.
+    """
+
+    def _init(self):
+        CommonBackend._init(self)
+
+        # These should eventually evolve into parameters.
+        self._out_dir = os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'msvc')
+        self._projsubdir = 'projects'
+
+        self._version = self.environment.substs.get('MSVS_VERSION', '2015')
+
+        self._paths_to_sources = {}
+        self._paths_to_includes = {}
+        self._paths_to_defines = {}
+        self._paths_to_configs = {}
+        self._libs_to_paths = {}
+        self._progs_to_paths = {}
+
+    def summary(self):
+        return ExecutionSummary(
+            'VisualStudio backend executed in {execution_time:.2f}s\n'
+            'Generated Visual Studio solution at {path:s}',
+            execution_time=self._execution_time,
+            path=os.path.join(self._out_dir, 'mozilla.sln'))
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        reldir = getattr(obj, 'relativedir', None)
+
+        if hasattr(obj, 'config') and reldir not in self._paths_to_configs:
+            self._paths_to_configs[reldir] = obj.config
+
+        if isinstance(obj, Sources):
+            self._add_sources(reldir, obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, HostSources):
+            self._add_sources(reldir, obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, GeneratedSources):
+            self._add_sources(reldir, obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, UnifiedSources):
+            # XXX we should be letting CommonBackend.consume_object call this
+            # for us instead.
+            self._process_unified_sources(obj);
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, Library):
+            self._libs_to_paths[obj.basename] = reldir
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, Program) or isinstance(obj, HostProgram):
+            self._progs_to_paths[obj.program] = reldir
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, Defines):
+            self._paths_to_defines.setdefault(reldir, {}).update(obj.defines)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, LocalInclude):
+            includes = self._paths_to_includes.setdefault(reldir, [])
+            includes.append(obj.path.full_path)
+
+        # Just acknowledge everything.
+        return True
+
+    def _add_sources(self, reldir, obj):
+        s = self._paths_to_sources.setdefault(reldir, set())
+        s.update(obj.files)
+
+    def _process_unified_sources(self, obj):
+        reldir = getattr(obj, 'relativedir', None)
+
+        s = self._paths_to_sources.setdefault(reldir, set())
+        s.update(obj.files)
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        out_dir = self._out_dir
+        out_proj_dir = os.path.join(self._out_dir, self._projsubdir)
+
+        projects = self._write_projects_for_sources(self._libs_to_paths,
+            "library", out_proj_dir)
+        projects.update(self._write_projects_for_sources(self._progs_to_paths,
+            "binary", out_proj_dir))
+
+        # Generate projects that can be used to build common targets.
+        for target in ('export', 'binaries', 'tools', 'full'):
+            basename = 'target_%s' % target
+            command = '$(SolutionDir)\\mach.bat build'
+            if target != 'full':
+                command += ' %s' % target
+
+            project_id = self._write_vs_project(out_proj_dir, basename, target,
+                build_command=command,
+                clean_command='$(SolutionDir)\\mach.bat build clean')
+
+            projects[basename] = (project_id, basename, target)
+
+        # A project that can be used to regenerate the visual studio projects.
+        basename = 'target_vs'
+        project_id = self._write_vs_project(out_proj_dir, basename, 'visual-studio',
+            build_command='$(SolutionDir)\\mach.bat build-backend -b VisualStudio')
+        projects[basename] = (project_id, basename, 'visual-studio')
+
+        # Write out a shared property file with common variables.
+        props_path = os.path.join(out_proj_dir, 'mozilla.props')
+        with self._write_file(props_path, mode='rb') as fh:
+            self._write_props(fh)
+
+        # Generate some wrapper scripts that allow us to invoke mach inside
+        # a MozillaBuild-like environment. We currently only use the batch
+        # script. We'd like to use the PowerShell script. However, it seems
+        # to buffer output from within Visual Studio (surely this is
+        # configurable) and the default execution policy of PowerShell doesn't
+        # allow custom scripts to be executed.
+        with self._write_file(os.path.join(out_dir, 'mach.bat'), mode='rb') as fh:
+            self._write_mach_batch(fh)
+
+        with self._write_file(os.path.join(out_dir, 'mach.ps1'), mode='rb') as fh:
+            self._write_mach_powershell(fh)
+
+        # Write out a solution file to tie it all together.
+        solution_path = os.path.join(out_dir, 'mozilla.sln')
+        with self._write_file(solution_path, mode='rb') as fh:
+            self._write_solution(fh, projects)
+
+    def _write_projects_for_sources(self, sources, prefix, out_dir):
+        projects = {}
+        for item, path in sorted(sources.items()):
+            config = self._paths_to_configs.get(path, None)
+            sources = self._paths_to_sources.get(path, set())
+            sources = set(os.path.join('$(TopSrcDir)', path, s) for s in sources)
+            sources = set(os.path.normpath(s) for s in sources)
+
+            finder = FileFinder(os.path.join(self.environment.topsrcdir, path),
+                find_executables=False)
+
+            headers = [t[0] for t in finder.find('*.h')]
+            headers = [os.path.normpath(os.path.join('$(TopSrcDir)',
+                path, f)) for f in headers]
+
+            includes = [
+                os.path.join('$(TopSrcDir)', path),
+                os.path.join('$(TopObjDir)', path),
+            ]
+            includes.extend(self._paths_to_includes.get(path, []))
+            includes.append('$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\include\\nss')
+            includes.append('$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\include')
+
+            for v in ('NSPR_CFLAGS', 'NSS_CFLAGS', 'MOZ_JPEG_CFLAGS',
+                    'MOZ_PNG_CFLAGS', 'MOZ_ZLIB_CFLAGS', 'MOZ_PIXMAN_CFLAGS'):
+                if not config:
+                    break
+
+                args = config.substs.get(v, [])
+
+                for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+                    if arg.startswith('-I'):
+                        includes.append(os.path.normpath(arg[2:]))
+
+            # Pull in system defaults.
+            includes.append('$(DefaultIncludes)')
+
+            includes = [os.path.normpath(i) for i in includes]
+
+            defines = []
+            for k, v in self._paths_to_defines.get(path, {}).items():
+                if v is True:
+                    defines.append(k)
+                else:
+                    defines.append('%s=%s' % (k, v))
+
+            debugger=None
+            if prefix == 'binary':
+                if item.startswith(self.environment.substs['MOZ_APP_NAME']):
+                    debugger = ('$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\bin\\%s' % item, '-no-remote')
+                else:
+                    debugger = ('$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\bin\\%s' % item, '')
+
+            basename = '%s_%s' % (prefix, item)
+
+            project_id = self._write_vs_project(out_dir, basename, item,
+                includes=includes,
+                forced_includes=['$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\include\\mozilla-config.h'],
+                defines=defines,
+                headers=headers,
+                sources=sources,
+                debugger=debugger)
+
+            projects[basename] = (project_id, basename, item)
+
+        return projects
+
+    def _write_solution(self, fh, projects):
+        # Visual Studio appears to write out its current version in the
+        # solution file. Instead of trying to figure out what version it will
+        # write, try to parse the version out of the existing file and use it
+        # verbatim.
+        vs_version = None
+        try:
+            with open(fh.name, 'rb') as sfh:
+                for line in sfh:
+                    if line.startswith(b'VisualStudioVersion = '):
+                        vs_version = line.split(b' = ', 1)[1].strip()
+        except IOError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                raise
+
+        format_version, comment_version = visual_studio_product_to_solution_version(self._version)
+        # This is a Visual C++ Project type.
+        project_type = '8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942'
+
+        # Visual Studio seems to require this header.
+        fh.write('Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version %s\r\n' %
+                 format_version)
+        fh.write('# Visual Studio %s\r\n' % comment_version)
+
+        if vs_version:
+            fh.write('VisualStudioVersion = %s\r\n' % vs_version)
+
+        # Corresponds to VS2013.
+        fh.write('MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 12.0.31101.0\r\n')
+
+        binaries_id = projects['target_binaries'][0]
+
+        # Write out entries for each project.
+        for key in sorted(projects):
+            project_id, basename, name = projects[key]
+            path = os.path.join(self._projsubdir, '%s.vcxproj' % basename)
+
+            fh.write('Project("{%s}") = "%s", "%s", "{%s}"\r\n' % (
+                project_type, name, path, project_id))
+
+            # Make all libraries depend on the binaries target.
+            if key.startswith('library_'):
+                fh.write('\tProjectSection(ProjectDependencies) = postProject\r\n')
+                fh.write('\t\t{%s} = {%s}\r\n' % (binaries_id, binaries_id))
+                fh.write('\tEndProjectSection\r\n')
+
+            fh.write('EndProject\r\n')
+
+        # Write out solution folders for organizing things.
+
+        # This is the UUID you use for solution folders.
+        container_id = '2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8'
+
+        def write_container(desc):
+            cid = get_id(desc.encode('utf-8'))
+            fh.write('Project("{%s}") = "%s", "%s", "{%s}"\r\n' % (
+                container_id, desc, desc, cid))
+            fh.write('EndProject\r\n')
+
+            return cid
+
+        library_id = write_container('Libraries')
+        target_id = write_container('Build Targets')
+        binary_id = write_container('Binaries')
+
+        fh.write('Global\r\n')
+
+        # Make every project a member of our one configuration.
+        fh.write('\tGlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution\r\n')
+        fh.write('\t\tBuild|Win32 = Build|Win32\r\n')
+        fh.write('\tEndGlobalSection\r\n')
+
+        # Set every project's active configuration to the one configuration and
+        # set up the default build project.
+        fh.write('\tGlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution\r\n')
+        for name, project in sorted(projects.items()):
+            fh.write('\t\t{%s}.Build|Win32.ActiveCfg = Build|Win32\r\n' % project[0])
+
+            # Only build the full build target by default.
+            # It's important we don't write multiple entries here because they
+            # conflict!
+            if name == 'target_full':
+                fh.write('\t\t{%s}.Build|Win32.Build.0 = Build|Win32\r\n' % project[0])
+
+        fh.write('\tEndGlobalSection\r\n')
+
+        fh.write('\tGlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution\r\n')
+        fh.write('\t\tHideSolutionNode = FALSE\r\n')
+        fh.write('\tEndGlobalSection\r\n')
+
+        # Associate projects with containers.
+        fh.write('\tGlobalSection(NestedProjects) = preSolution\r\n')
+        for key in sorted(projects):
+            project_id = projects[key][0]
+
+            if key.startswith('library_'):
+                container_id = library_id
+            elif key.startswith('target_'):
+                container_id = target_id
+            elif key.startswith('binary_'):
+                container_id = binary_id
+            else:
+                raise Exception('Unknown project type: %s' % key)
+
+            fh.write('\t\t{%s} = {%s}\r\n' % (project_id, container_id))
+        fh.write('\tEndGlobalSection\r\n')
+
+        fh.write('EndGlobal\r\n')
+
+    def _write_props(self, fh):
+        impl = getDOMImplementation()
+        doc = impl.createDocument(MSBUILD_NAMESPACE, 'Project', None)
+
+        project = doc.documentElement
+        project.setAttribute('xmlns', MSBUILD_NAMESPACE)
+        project.setAttribute('ToolsVersion', '4.0')
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ImportGroup'))
+        ig.setAttribute('Label', 'PropertySheets')
+
+        pg = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('PropertyGroup'))
+        pg.setAttribute('Label', 'UserMacros')
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ItemGroup'))
+
+        def add_var(k, v):
+            e = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement(k))
+            e.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(v))
+
+            e = ig.appendChild(doc.createElement('BuildMacro'))
+            e.setAttribute('Include', k)
+
+            e = e.appendChild(doc.createElement('Value'))
+            e.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('$(%s)' % k))
+
+        add_var('TopObjDir', os.path.normpath(self.environment.topobjdir))
+        add_var('TopSrcDir', os.path.normpath(self.environment.topsrcdir))
+        add_var('PYTHON', '$(TopObjDir)\\_virtualenv\\Scripts\\python.exe')
+        add_var('MACH', '$(TopSrcDir)\\mach')
+
+        # From MozillaBuild.
+        add_var('DefaultIncludes', os.environ.get('INCLUDE', ''))
+
+        fh.write(b'\xef\xbb\xbf')
+        doc.writexml(fh, addindent='  ', newl='\r\n')
+
+    def _relevant_environment_variables(self):
+        # Write out the environment variables, presumably coming from
+        # MozillaBuild.
+        for k, v in sorted(os.environ.items()):
+            if not re.match('^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$', k):
+                continue
+
+            if k in ('OLDPWD', 'PS1'):
+                continue
+
+            if k.startswith('_'):
+                continue
+
+            yield k, v
+
+        yield 'TOPSRCDIR', self.environment.topsrcdir
+        yield 'TOPOBJDIR', self.environment.topobjdir
+
+    def _write_mach_powershell(self, fh):
+        for k, v in self._relevant_environment_variables():
+            fh.write(b'$env:%s = "%s"\r\n' % (k, v))
+
+        relpath = os.path.relpath(self.environment.topsrcdir,
+            self.environment.topobjdir).replace('\\', '/')
+
+        fh.write(b'$bashargs = "%s/mach", "--log-no-times"\r\n' % relpath)
+        fh.write(b'$bashargs = $bashargs + $args\r\n')
+
+        fh.write(b"$expanded = $bashargs -join ' '\r\n")
+        fh.write(b'$procargs = "-c", $expanded\r\n')
+
+        fh.write(b'Start-Process -WorkingDirectory $env:TOPOBJDIR '
+            b'-FilePath $env:MOZILLABUILD\\msys\\bin\\bash '
+            b'-ArgumentList $procargs '
+            b'-Wait -NoNewWindow\r\n')
+
+    def _write_mach_batch(self, fh):
+        """Write out a batch script that builds the tree.
+
+        The script "bootstraps" into the MozillaBuild environment by setting
+        the environment variables that are active in the current MozillaBuild
+        environment. Then, it builds the tree.
+        """
+        for k, v in self._relevant_environment_variables():
+            fh.write(b'SET "%s=%s"\r\n' % (k, v))
+
+        fh.write(b'cd %TOPOBJDIR%\r\n')
+
+        # We need to convert Windows-native paths to msys paths. Easiest way is
+        # relative paths, since munging c:\ to /c/ is slightly more
+        # complicated.
+        relpath = os.path.relpath(self.environment.topsrcdir,
+            self.environment.topobjdir).replace('\\', '/')
+
+        # We go through mach because it has the logic for choosing the most
+        # appropriate build tool.
+        fh.write(b'"%%MOZILLABUILD%%\\msys\\bin\\bash" '
+            b'-c "%s/mach --log-no-times %%1 %%2 %%3 %%4 %%5 %%6 %%7"' % relpath)
+
+    def _write_vs_project(self, out_dir, basename, name, **kwargs):
+        root = '%s.vcxproj' % basename
+        project_id = get_id(basename.encode('utf-8'))
+
+        with self._write_file(os.path.join(out_dir, root), mode='rb') as fh:
+            project_id, name = VisualStudioBackend.write_vs_project(fh,
+                self._version, project_id, name, **kwargs)
+
+        with self._write_file(os.path.join(out_dir, '%s.user' % root), mode='rb') as fh:
+            fh.write('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>\r\n')
+            fh.write('<Project ToolsVersion="4.0" xmlns="%s">\r\n' %
+                MSBUILD_NAMESPACE)
+            fh.write('</Project>\r\n')
+
+        return project_id
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def write_vs_project(fh, version, project_id, name, includes=[],
+        forced_includes=[], defines=[],
+        build_command=None, clean_command=None,
+        debugger=None, headers=[], sources=[]):
+
+        impl = getDOMImplementation()
+        doc = impl.createDocument(MSBUILD_NAMESPACE, 'Project', None)
+
+        project = doc.documentElement
+        project.setAttribute('DefaultTargets', 'Build')
+        project.setAttribute('ToolsVersion', '4.0')
+        project.setAttribute('xmlns', MSBUILD_NAMESPACE)
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ItemGroup'))
+        ig.setAttribute('Label', 'ProjectConfigurations')
+
+        pc = ig.appendChild(doc.createElement('ProjectConfiguration'))
+        pc.setAttribute('Include', 'Build|Win32')
+
+        c = pc.appendChild(doc.createElement('Configuration'))
+        c.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('Build'))
+
+        p = pc.appendChild(doc.createElement('Platform'))
+        p.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('Win32'))
+
+        pg = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('PropertyGroup'))
+        pg.setAttribute('Label', 'Globals')
+
+        n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('ProjectName'))
+        n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(name))
+
+        k = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('Keyword'))
+        k.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('MakeFileProj'))
+
+        g = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('ProjectGuid'))
+        g.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('{%s}' % project_id))
+
+        rn = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('RootNamespace'))
+        rn.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('mozilla'))
+
+        pts = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('PlatformToolset'))
+        pts.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(visual_studio_product_to_platform_toolset_version(version)))
+
+        i = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('Import'))
+        i.setAttribute('Project', '$(VCTargetsPath)\\Microsoft.Cpp.Default.props')
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ImportGroup'))
+        ig.setAttribute('Label', 'ExtensionTargets')
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ImportGroup'))
+        ig.setAttribute('Label', 'ExtensionSettings')
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ImportGroup'))
+        ig.setAttribute('Label', 'PropertySheets')
+        i = ig.appendChild(doc.createElement('Import'))
+        i.setAttribute('Project', 'mozilla.props')
+
+        pg = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('PropertyGroup'))
+        pg.setAttribute('Label', 'Configuration')
+        ct = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('ConfigurationType'))
+        ct.appendChild(doc.createTextNode('Makefile'))
+
+        pg = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('PropertyGroup'))
+        pg.setAttribute('Condition', "'$(Configuration)|$(Platform)'=='Build|Win32'")
+
+        if build_command:
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('NMakeBuildCommandLine'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(build_command))
+
+        if clean_command:
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('NMakeCleanCommandLine'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(clean_command))
+
+        if includes:
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('NMakeIncludeSearchPath'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(';'.join(includes)))
+
+        if forced_includes:
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('NMakeForcedIncludes'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(';'.join(forced_includes)))
+
+        if defines:
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('NMakePreprocessorDefinitions'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(';'.join(defines)))
+
+        if debugger:
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('LocalDebuggerCommand'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(debugger[0]))
+
+            n = pg.appendChild(doc.createElement('LocalDebuggerCommandArguments'))
+            n.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(debugger[1]))
+
+        i = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('Import'))
+        i.setAttribute('Project', '$(VCTargetsPath)\\Microsoft.Cpp.props')
+
+        i = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('Import'))
+        i.setAttribute('Project', '$(VCTargetsPath)\\Microsoft.Cpp.targets')
+
+        # Now add files to the project.
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ItemGroup'))
+        for header in sorted(headers or []):
+            n = ig.appendChild(doc.createElement('ClInclude'))
+            n.setAttribute('Include', header)
+
+        ig = project.appendChild(doc.createElement('ItemGroup'))
+        for source in sorted(sources or []):
+            n = ig.appendChild(doc.createElement('ClCompile'))
+            n.setAttribute('Include', source)
+
+        fh.write(b'\xef\xbb\xbf')
+        doc.writexml(fh, addindent='  ', newl='\r\n')
+
+        return project_id, name
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/base.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a50b8ff89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,850 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import json
+import logging
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import multiprocessing
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import which
+
+from mach.mixin.logging import LoggingMixin
+from mach.mixin.process import ProcessExecutionMixin
+from mozversioncontrol import get_repository_object
+
+from .backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from .controller.clobber import Clobberer
+from .mozconfig import (
+    MozconfigFindException,
+    MozconfigLoadException,
+    MozconfigLoader,
+)
+from .util import memoized_property
+from .virtualenv import VirtualenvManager
+
+
+_config_guess_output = []
+
+
+def ancestors(path):
+    """Emit the parent directories of a path."""
+    while path:
+        yield path
+        newpath = os.path.dirname(path)
+        if newpath == path:
+            break
+        path = newpath
+
+def samepath(path1, path2):
+    if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
+        return os.path.samefile(path1, path2)
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path1)) == \
+        os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path2))
+
+class BadEnvironmentException(Exception):
+    """Base class for errors raised when the build environment is not sane."""
+
+
+class BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException(BadEnvironmentException):
+    """Raised when we could not find a build environment."""
+
+
+class ObjdirMismatchException(BadEnvironmentException):
+    """Raised when the current dir is an objdir and doesn't match the mozconfig."""
+    def __init__(self, objdir1, objdir2):
+        self.objdir1 = objdir1
+        self.objdir2 = objdir2
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Objdir mismatch: %s != %s" % (self.objdir1, self.objdir2)
+
+
+class MozbuildObject(ProcessExecutionMixin):
+    """Base class providing basic functionality useful to many modules.
+
+    Modules in this package typically require common functionality such as
+    accessing the current config, getting the location of the source directory,
+    running processes, etc. This classes provides that functionality. Other
+    modules can inherit from this class to obtain this functionality easily.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, topsrcdir, settings, log_manager, topobjdir=None,
+                 mozconfig=MozconfigLoader.AUTODETECT):
+        """Create a new Mozbuild object instance.
+
+        Instances are bound to a source directory, a ConfigSettings instance,
+        and a LogManager instance. The topobjdir may be passed in as well. If
+        it isn't, it will be calculated from the active mozconfig.
+        """
+        self.topsrcdir = mozpath.normsep(topsrcdir)
+        self.settings = settings
+
+        self.populate_logger()
+        self.log_manager = log_manager
+
+        self._make = None
+        self._topobjdir = mozpath.normsep(topobjdir) if topobjdir else topobjdir
+        self._mozconfig = mozconfig
+        self._config_environment = None
+        self._virtualenv_manager = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environment(cls, cwd=None, detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=True):
+        """Create a MozbuildObject by detecting the proper one from the env.
+
+        This examines environment state like the current working directory and
+        creates a MozbuildObject from the found source directory, mozconfig, etc.
+
+        The role of this function is to identify a topsrcdir, topobjdir, and
+        mozconfig file.
+
+        If the current working directory is inside a known objdir, we always
+        use the topsrcdir and mozconfig associated with that objdir.
+
+        If the current working directory is inside a known srcdir, we use that
+        topsrcdir and look for mozconfigs using the default mechanism, which
+        looks inside environment variables.
+
+        If the current Python interpreter is running from a virtualenv inside
+        an objdir, we use that as our objdir.
+
+        If we're not inside a srcdir or objdir, an exception is raised.
+
+        detect_virtualenv_mozinfo determines whether we should look for a
+        mozinfo.json file relative to the virtualenv directory. This was
+        added to facilitate testing. Callers likely shouldn't change the
+        default.
+        """
+
+        cwd = cwd or os.getcwd()
+        topsrcdir = None
+        topobjdir = None
+        mozconfig = MozconfigLoader.AUTODETECT
+
+        def load_mozinfo(path):
+            info = json.load(open(path, 'rt'))
+            topsrcdir = info.get('topsrcdir')
+            topobjdir = os.path.dirname(path)
+            mozconfig = info.get('mozconfig')
+            return topsrcdir, topobjdir, mozconfig
+
+        for dir_path in ancestors(cwd):
+            # If we find a mozinfo.json, we are in the objdir.
+            mozinfo_path = os.path.join(dir_path, 'mozinfo.json')
+            if os.path.isfile(mozinfo_path):
+                topsrcdir, topobjdir, mozconfig = load_mozinfo(mozinfo_path)
+                break
+
+            # We choose an arbitrary file as an indicator that this is a
+            # srcdir. We go with ourself because why not!
+            our_path = os.path.join(dir_path, 'python', 'mozbuild', 'mozbuild', 'base.py')
+            if os.path.isfile(our_path):
+                topsrcdir = dir_path
+                break
+
+        # See if we're running from a Python virtualenv that's inside an objdir.
+        mozinfo_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.prefix), "mozinfo.json")
+        if detect_virtualenv_mozinfo and os.path.isfile(mozinfo_path):
+            topsrcdir, topobjdir, mozconfig = load_mozinfo(mozinfo_path)
+
+        # If we were successful, we're only guaranteed to find a topsrcdir. If
+        # we couldn't find that, there's nothing we can do.
+        if not topsrcdir:
+            raise BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException(
+                'Could not find Mozilla source tree or build environment.')
+
+        topsrcdir = mozpath.normsep(topsrcdir)
+        if topobjdir:
+            topobjdir = mozpath.normsep(os.path.normpath(topobjdir))
+
+            if topsrcdir == topobjdir:
+                raise BadEnvironmentException('The object directory appears '
+                    'to be the same as your source directory (%s). This build '
+                    'configuration is not supported.' % topsrcdir)
+
+        # If we can't resolve topobjdir, oh well. We'll figure out when we need
+        # one.
+        return cls(topsrcdir, None, None, topobjdir=topobjdir,
+                   mozconfig=mozconfig)
+
+    def resolve_mozconfig_topobjdir(self, default=None):
+        topobjdir = self.mozconfig['topobjdir'] or default
+        if not topobjdir:
+            return None
+
+        if '@CONFIG_GUESS@' in topobjdir:
+            topobjdir = topobjdir.replace('@CONFIG_GUESS@',
+                self.resolve_config_guess())
+
+        if not os.path.isabs(topobjdir):
+            topobjdir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, topobjdir))
+
+        return mozpath.normsep(os.path.normpath(topobjdir))
+
+    @property
+    def topobjdir(self):
+        if self._topobjdir is None:
+            self._topobjdir = self.resolve_mozconfig_topobjdir(
+                default='obj-@CONFIG_GUESS@')
+
+        return self._topobjdir
+
+    @property
+    def virtualenv_manager(self):
+        if self._virtualenv_manager is None:
+            self._virtualenv_manager = VirtualenvManager(self.topsrcdir,
+                self.topobjdir, os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_virtualenv'),
+                sys.stdout, os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, 'build',
+                'virtualenv_packages.txt'))
+
+        return self._virtualenv_manager
+
+    @property
+    def mozconfig(self):
+        """Returns information about the current mozconfig file.
+
+        This a dict as returned by MozconfigLoader.read_mozconfig()
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self._mozconfig, dict):
+            loader = MozconfigLoader(self.topsrcdir)
+            self._mozconfig = loader.read_mozconfig(path=self._mozconfig,
+                moz_build_app=os.environ.get('MOZ_CURRENT_PROJECT'))
+
+        return self._mozconfig
+
+    @property
+    def config_environment(self):
+        """Returns the ConfigEnvironment for the current build configuration.
+
+        This property is only available once configure has executed.
+
+        If configure's output is not available, this will raise.
+        """
+        if self._config_environment:
+            return self._config_environment
+
+        config_status = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'config.status')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(config_status):
+            raise BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException('config.status not available. Run configure.')
+
+        self._config_environment = \
+            ConfigEnvironment.from_config_status(config_status)
+
+        return self._config_environment
+
+    @property
+    def defines(self):
+        return self.config_environment.defines
+
+    @property
+    def non_global_defines(self):
+        return self.config_environment.non_global_defines
+
+    @property
+    def substs(self):
+        return self.config_environment.substs
+
+    @property
+    def distdir(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'dist')
+
+    @property
+    def bindir(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'dist', 'bin')
+
+    @property
+    def includedir(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'dist', 'include')
+
+    @property
+    def statedir(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '.mozbuild')
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def extra_environment_variables(self):
+        '''Some extra environment variables are stored in .mozconfig.mk.
+        This functions extracts and returns them.'''
+        from mozbuild import shellutil
+        mozconfig_mk = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '.mozconfig.mk')
+        env = {}
+        with open(mozconfig_mk) as fh:
+            for line in fh:
+                if line.startswith('export '):
+                    exports = shellutil.split(line)[1:]
+                    for e in exports:
+                        if '=' in e:
+                            key, value = e.split('=')
+                            env[key] = value
+        return env
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def repository(self):
+        '''Get a `mozversioncontrol.Repository` object for the
+        top source directory.'''
+        return get_repository_object(self.topsrcdir)
+
+    def is_clobber_needed(self):
+        if not os.path.exists(self.topobjdir):
+            return False
+        return Clobberer(self.topsrcdir, self.topobjdir).clobber_needed()
+
+    def get_binary_path(self, what='app', validate_exists=True, where='default'):
+        """Obtain the path to a compiled binary for this build configuration.
+
+        The what argument is the program or tool being sought after. See the
+        code implementation for supported values.
+
+        If validate_exists is True (the default), we will ensure the found path
+        exists before returning, raising an exception if it doesn't.
+
+        If where is 'staged-package', we will return the path to the binary in
+        the package staging directory.
+
+        If no arguments are specified, we will return the main binary for the
+        configured XUL application.
+        """
+
+        if where not in ('default', 'staged-package'):
+            raise Exception("Don't know location %s" % where)
+
+        substs = self.substs
+
+        stem = self.distdir
+        if where == 'staged-package':
+            stem = os.path.join(stem, substs['MOZ_APP_NAME'])
+
+        if substs['OS_ARCH'] == 'Darwin':
+            if substs['MOZ_BUILD_APP'] == 'xulrunner':
+                stem = os.path.join(stem, 'XUL.framework');
+            else:
+                stem = os.path.join(stem, substs['MOZ_MACBUNDLE_NAME'], 'Contents',
+                    'MacOS')
+        elif where == 'default':
+            stem = os.path.join(stem, 'bin')
+
+        leaf = None
+
+        leaf = (substs['MOZ_APP_NAME'] if what == 'app' else what) + substs['BIN_SUFFIX']
+        path = os.path.join(stem, leaf)
+
+        if validate_exists and not os.path.exists(path):
+            raise Exception('Binary expected at %s does not exist.' % path)
+
+        return path
+
+    def resolve_config_guess(self):
+        make_extra = self.mozconfig['make_extra'] or []
+        make_extra = dict(m.split('=', 1) for m in make_extra)
+
+        config_guess = make_extra.get('CONFIG_GUESS', None)
+
+        if config_guess:
+            return config_guess
+
+        # config.guess results should be constant for process lifetime. Cache
+        # it.
+        if _config_guess_output:
+            return _config_guess_output[0]
+
+        p = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, 'build', 'autoconf', 'config.guess')
+
+        # This is a little kludgy. We need access to the normalize_command
+        # function. However, that's a method of a mach mixin, so we need a
+        # class instance. Ideally the function should be accessible as a
+        # standalone function.
+        o = MozbuildObject(self.topsrcdir, None, None, None)
+        args = o._normalize_command([p], True)
+
+        _config_guess_output.append(
+                subprocess.check_output(args, cwd=self.topsrcdir).strip())
+        return _config_guess_output[0]
+
+    def notify(self, msg):
+        """Show a desktop notification with the supplied message
+
+        On Linux and Mac, this will show a desktop notification with the message,
+        but on Windows we can only flash the screen.
+        """
+        moz_nospam = os.environ.get('MOZ_NOSPAM')
+        if moz_nospam:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            if sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
+                try:
+                    notifier = which.which('terminal-notifier')
+                except which.WhichError:
+                    raise Exception('Install terminal-notifier to get '
+                        'a notification when the build finishes.')
+                self.run_process([notifier, '-title',
+                    'Mozilla Build System', '-group', 'mozbuild',
+                    '-message', msg], ensure_exit_code=False)
+            elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+                try:
+                    import dbus
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise Exception('Install the python dbus module to '
+                        'get a notification when the build finishes.')
+                bus = dbus.SessionBus()
+                notify = bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.Notifications',
+                                        '/org/freedesktop/Notifications')
+                method = notify.get_dbus_method('Notify',
+                                                'org.freedesktop.Notifications')
+                method('Mozilla Build System', 0, '', msg, '', [], [], -1)
+            elif sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+                from ctypes import Structure, windll, POINTER, sizeof
+                from ctypes.wintypes import DWORD, HANDLE, WINFUNCTYPE, BOOL, UINT
+                class FLASHWINDOW(Structure):
+                    _fields_ = [("cbSize", UINT),
+                                ("hwnd", HANDLE),
+                                ("dwFlags", DWORD),
+                                ("uCount", UINT),
+                                ("dwTimeout", DWORD)]
+                FlashWindowExProto = WINFUNCTYPE(BOOL, POINTER(FLASHWINDOW))
+                FlashWindowEx = FlashWindowExProto(("FlashWindowEx", windll.user32))
+                FLASHW_CAPTION = 0x01
+                FLASHW_TRAY = 0x02
+                FLASHW_TIMERNOFG = 0x0C
+
+                # GetConsoleWindows returns NULL if no console is attached. We
+                # can't flash nothing.
+                console = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow()
+                if not console:
+                    return
+
+                params = FLASHWINDOW(sizeof(FLASHWINDOW),
+                                    console,
+                                    FLASHW_CAPTION | FLASHW_TRAY | FLASHW_TIMERNOFG, 3, 0)
+                FlashWindowEx(params)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.log(logging.WARNING, 'notifier-failed', {'error':
+                e.message}, 'Notification center failed: {error}')
+
+    def _ensure_objdir_exists(self):
+        if os.path.isdir(self.statedir):
+            return
+
+        os.makedirs(self.statedir)
+
+    def _ensure_state_subdir_exists(self, subdir):
+        path = os.path.join(self.statedir, subdir)
+
+        if os.path.isdir(path):
+            return
+
+        os.makedirs(path)
+
+    def _get_state_filename(self, filename, subdir=None):
+        path = self.statedir
+
+        if subdir:
+            path = os.path.join(path, subdir)
+
+        return os.path.join(path, filename)
+
+    def _wrap_path_argument(self, arg):
+        return PathArgument(arg, self.topsrcdir, self.topobjdir)
+
+    def _run_make(self, directory=None, filename=None, target=None, log=True,
+            srcdir=False, allow_parallel=True, line_handler=None,
+            append_env=None, explicit_env=None, ignore_errors=False,
+            ensure_exit_code=0, silent=True, print_directory=True,
+            pass_thru=False, num_jobs=0):
+        """Invoke make.
+
+        directory -- Relative directory to look for Makefile in.
+        filename -- Explicit makefile to run.
+        target -- Makefile target(s) to make. Can be a string or iterable of
+            strings.
+        srcdir -- If True, invoke make from the source directory tree.
+            Otherwise, make will be invoked from the object directory.
+        silent -- If True (the default), run make in silent mode.
+        print_directory -- If True (the default), have make print directories
+        while doing traversal.
+        """
+        self._ensure_objdir_exists()
+
+        args = self._make_path()
+
+        if directory:
+            args.extend(['-C', directory.replace(os.sep, '/')])
+
+        if filename:
+            args.extend(['-f', filename])
+
+        if num_jobs == 0 and self.mozconfig['make_flags']:
+            flags = iter(self.mozconfig['make_flags'])
+            for flag in flags:
+                if flag == '-j':
+                    try:
+                        flag = flags.next()
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        break
+                    try:
+                        num_jobs = int(flag)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        args.append(flag)
+                elif flag.startswith('-j'):
+                    try:
+                        num_jobs = int(flag[2:])
+                    except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    args.append(flag)
+
+        if allow_parallel:
+            if num_jobs > 0:
+                args.append('-j%d' % num_jobs)
+            else:
+                args.append('-j%d' % multiprocessing.cpu_count())
+        elif num_jobs > 0:
+            args.append('MOZ_PARALLEL_BUILD=%d' % num_jobs)
+
+        if ignore_errors:
+            args.append('-k')
+
+        if silent:
+            args.append('-s')
+
+        # Print entering/leaving directory messages. Some consumers look at
+        # these to measure progress.
+        if print_directory:
+            args.append('-w')
+
+        if isinstance(target, list):
+            args.extend(target)
+        elif target:
+            args.append(target)
+
+        fn = self._run_command_in_objdir
+
+        if srcdir:
+            fn = self._run_command_in_srcdir
+
+        append_env = dict(append_env or ())
+        append_env[b'MACH'] = '1'
+
+        params = {
+            'args': args,
+            'line_handler': line_handler,
+            'append_env': append_env,
+            'explicit_env': explicit_env,
+            'log_level': logging.INFO,
+            'require_unix_environment': False,
+            'ensure_exit_code': ensure_exit_code,
+            'pass_thru': pass_thru,
+
+            # Make manages its children, so mozprocess doesn't need to bother.
+            # Having mozprocess manage children can also have side-effects when
+            # building on Windows. See bug 796840.
+            'ignore_children': True,
+        }
+
+        if log:
+            params['log_name'] = 'make'
+
+        return fn(**params)
+
+    def _make_path(self):
+        baseconfig = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, 'config', 'baseconfig.mk')
+
+        def is_xcode_lisense_error(output):
+            return self._is_osx() and 'Agreeing to the Xcode' in output
+
+        def validate_make(make):
+            if os.path.exists(baseconfig) and os.path.exists(make):
+                cmd = [make, '-f', baseconfig]
+                if self._is_windows():
+                    cmd.append('HOST_OS_ARCH=WINNT')
+                try:
+                    subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+                except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                    return False, is_xcode_lisense_error(e.output)
+                return True, False
+            return False, False
+
+        xcode_lisense_error = False
+        possible_makes = ['gmake', 'make', 'mozmake', 'gnumake', 'mingw32-make']
+
+        if 'MAKE' in os.environ:
+            make = os.environ['MAKE']
+            possible_makes.insert(0, make)
+
+        for test in possible_makes:
+            if os.path.isabs(test):
+                make = test
+            else:
+                try:
+                    make = which.which(test)
+                except which.WhichError:
+                    continue
+            result, xcode_lisense_error_tmp = validate_make(make)
+            if result:
+                return [make]
+            if xcode_lisense_error_tmp:
+                xcode_lisense_error = True
+
+        if xcode_lisense_error:
+            raise Exception('Xcode requires accepting to the license agreement.\n'
+                'Please run Xcode and accept the license agreement.')
+
+        if self._is_windows():
+            raise Exception('Could not find a suitable make implementation.\n'
+                'Please use MozillaBuild 1.9 or newer')
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Could not find a suitable make implementation.')
+
+    def _run_command_in_srcdir(self, **args):
+        return self.run_process(cwd=self.topsrcdir, **args)
+
+    def _run_command_in_objdir(self, **args):
+        return self.run_process(cwd=self.topobjdir, **args)
+
+    def _is_windows(self):
+        return os.name in ('nt', 'ce')
+
+    def _is_osx(self):
+        return 'darwin' in str(sys.platform).lower()
+
+    def _spawn(self, cls):
+        """Create a new MozbuildObject-derived class instance from ourselves.
+
+        This is used as a convenience method to create other
+        MozbuildObject-derived class instances. It can only be used on
+        classes that have the same constructor arguments as us.
+        """
+
+        return cls(self.topsrcdir, self.settings, self.log_manager,
+            topobjdir=self.topobjdir)
+
+    def _activate_virtualenv(self):
+        self.virtualenv_manager.ensure()
+        self.virtualenv_manager.activate()
+
+
+class MachCommandBase(MozbuildObject):
+    """Base class for mach command providers that wish to be MozbuildObjects.
+
+    This provides a level of indirection so MozbuildObject can be refactored
+    without having to change everything that inherits from it.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        # Attempt to discover topobjdir through environment detection, as it is
+        # more reliable than mozconfig when cwd is inside an objdir.
+        topsrcdir = context.topdir
+        topobjdir = None
+        detect_virtualenv_mozinfo = True
+        if hasattr(context, 'detect_virtualenv_mozinfo'):
+            detect_virtualenv_mozinfo = getattr(context,
+                'detect_virtualenv_mozinfo')
+        try:
+            dummy = MozbuildObject.from_environment(cwd=context.cwd,
+                detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=detect_virtualenv_mozinfo)
+            topsrcdir = dummy.topsrcdir
+            topobjdir = dummy._topobjdir
+            if topobjdir:
+                # If we're inside a objdir and the found mozconfig resolves to
+                # another objdir, we abort. The reasoning here is that if you
+                # are inside an objdir you probably want to perform actions on
+                # that objdir, not another one. This prevents accidental usage
+                # of the wrong objdir when the current objdir is ambiguous.
+                config_topobjdir = dummy.resolve_mozconfig_topobjdir()
+
+                try:
+                    universal_bin = dummy.substs.get('UNIVERSAL_BINARY')
+                except:
+                    universal_bin = False
+
+                if config_topobjdir and not (samepath(topobjdir, config_topobjdir) or
+                        universal_bin and topobjdir.startswith(config_topobjdir)):
+                    raise ObjdirMismatchException(topobjdir, config_topobjdir)
+        except BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException:
+            pass
+        except ObjdirMismatchException as e:
+            print('Ambiguous object directory detected. We detected that '
+                'both %s and %s could be object directories. This is '
+                'typically caused by having a mozconfig pointing to a '
+                'different object directory from the current working '
+                'directory. To solve this problem, ensure you do not have a '
+                'default mozconfig in searched paths.' % (e.objdir1,
+                    e.objdir2))
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        except MozconfigLoadException as e:
+            print('Error loading mozconfig: ' + e.path)
+            print('')
+            print(e.message)
+            if e.output:
+                print('')
+                print('mozconfig output:')
+                print('')
+                for line in e.output:
+                    print(line)
+
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        MozbuildObject.__init__(self, topsrcdir, context.settings,
+            context.log_manager, topobjdir=topobjdir)
+
+        self._mach_context = context
+
+        # Incur mozconfig processing so we have unified error handling for
+        # errors. Otherwise, the exceptions could bubble back to mach's error
+        # handler.
+        try:
+            self.mozconfig
+
+        except MozconfigFindException as e:
+            print(e.message)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        except MozconfigLoadException as e:
+            print('Error loading mozconfig: ' + e.path)
+            print('')
+            print(e.message)
+            if e.output:
+                print('')
+                print('mozconfig output:')
+                print('')
+                for line in e.output:
+                    print(line)
+
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        # Always keep a log of the last command, but don't do that for mach
+        # invokations from scripts (especially not the ones done by the build
+        # system itself).
+        if (os.isatty(sys.stdout.fileno()) and
+                not getattr(self, 'NO_AUTO_LOG', False)):
+            self._ensure_state_subdir_exists('.')
+            logfile = self._get_state_filename('last_log.json')
+            try:
+                fd = open(logfile, "wb")
+                self.log_manager.add_json_handler(fd)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.log(logging.WARNING, 'mach', {'error': e},
+                         'Log will not be kept for this command: {error}.')
+
+
+class MachCommandConditions(object):
+    """A series of commonly used condition functions which can be applied to
+    mach commands with providers deriving from MachCommandBase.
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_firefox(cls):
+        """Must have a Firefox build."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            return cls.substs.get('MOZ_BUILD_APP') == 'browser'
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_mulet(cls):
+        """Must have a Mulet build."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            return cls.substs.get('MOZ_BUILD_APP') == 'b2g/dev'
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_b2g(cls):
+        """Must have a B2G build."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            return cls.substs.get('MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT') == 'gonk'
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_b2g_desktop(cls):
+        """Must have a B2G desktop build."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            return cls.substs.get('MOZ_BUILD_APP') == 'b2g' and \
+                   cls.substs.get('MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT') != 'gonk'
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_emulator(cls):
+        """Must have a B2G build with an emulator configured."""
+        try:
+            return MachCommandConditions.is_b2g(cls) and \
+                   cls.device_name.startswith('emulator')
+        except AttributeError:
+            return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_android(cls):
+        """Must have an Android build."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            return cls.substs.get('MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT') == 'android'
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_hg(cls):
+        """Must have a mercurial source checkout."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            top_srcdir = cls.substs.get('top_srcdir')
+            return top_srcdir and os.path.isdir(os.path.join(top_srcdir, '.hg'))
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_git(cls):
+        """Must have a git source checkout."""
+        if hasattr(cls, 'substs'):
+            top_srcdir = cls.substs.get('top_srcdir')
+            return top_srcdir and os.path.isdir(os.path.join(top_srcdir, '.git'))
+        return False
+
+
+class PathArgument(object):
+    """Parse a filesystem path argument and transform it in various ways."""
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, topsrcdir, topobjdir, cwd=None):
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+        self.topobjdir = topobjdir
+        self.cwd = os.getcwd() if cwd is None else cwd
+
+    def relpath(self):
+        """Return a path relative to the topsrcdir or topobjdir.
+
+        If the argument is a path to a location in one of the base directories
+        (topsrcdir or topobjdir), then strip off the base directory part and
+        just return the path within the base directory."""
+
+        abspath = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.cwd, self.arg))
+
+        # If that path is within topsrcdir or topobjdir, return an equivalent
+        # path relative to that base directory.
+        for base_dir in [self.topobjdir, self.topsrcdir]:
+            if abspath.startswith(os.path.abspath(base_dir)):
+                return mozpath.relpath(abspath, base_dir)
+
+        return mozpath.normsep(self.arg)
+
+    def srcdir_path(self):
+        return mozpath.join(self.topsrcdir, self.relpath())
+
+    def objdir_path(self):
+        return mozpath.join(self.topobjdir, self.relpath())
+
+
+class ExecutionSummary(dict):
+    """Helper for execution summaries."""
+
+    def __init__(self, summary_format, **data):
+        self._summary_format = ''
+        assert 'execution_time' in data
+        self.extend(summary_format, **data)
+
+    def extend(self, summary_format, **data):
+        self._summary_format += summary_format
+        self.update(data)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._summary_format.format(**self)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return self[key]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/chrome_map.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/chrome_map.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81c3c9a07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/chrome_map.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import json
+import os
+import urlparse
+
+from mach.config import ConfigSettings
+from mach.logging import LoggingManager
+from mozbuild.backend.common import CommonBackend
+from mozbuild.base import MozbuildObject
+from mozbuild.frontend.data import (
+    FinalTargetFiles,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+)
+from mozbuild.frontend.data import JARManifest, ChromeManifestEntry
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    Manifest,
+    ManifestChrome,
+    ManifestOverride,
+    ManifestResource,
+    parse_manifest,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+class ChromeManifestHandler(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.overrides = {}
+        self.chrome_mapping = defaultdict(set)
+
+    def handle_manifest_entry(self, entry):
+        format_strings = {
+            "content": "chrome://%s/content/",
+            "resource": "resource://%s/",
+            "locale": "chrome://%s/locale/",
+            "skin": "chrome://%s/skin/",
+        }
+
+        if isinstance(entry, (ManifestChrome, ManifestResource)):
+            if isinstance(entry, ManifestResource):
+                dest = entry.target
+                url = urlparse.urlparse(dest)
+                if not url.scheme:
+                    dest = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(entry.base, dest))
+                if url.scheme == 'file':
+                    dest = mozpath.normpath(url.path)
+            else:
+                dest = mozpath.normpath(entry.path)
+
+            base_uri = format_strings[entry.type] % entry.name
+            self.chrome_mapping[base_uri].add(dest)
+        if isinstance(entry, ManifestOverride):
+            self.overrides[entry.overloaded] = entry.overload
+        if isinstance(entry, Manifest):
+            for e in parse_manifest(None, entry.path):
+                self.handle_manifest_entry(e)
+
+class ChromeMapBackend(CommonBackend):
+    def _init(self):
+        CommonBackend._init(self)
+
+        log_manager = LoggingManager()
+        self._cmd = MozbuildObject(self.environment.topsrcdir, ConfigSettings(),
+                                   log_manager, self.environment.topobjdir)
+        self._install_mapping = {}
+        self.manifest_handler = ChromeManifestHandler()
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, JARManifest):
+            self._consume_jar_manifest(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, ChromeManifestEntry):
+            self.manifest_handler.handle_manifest_entry(obj.entry)
+        if isinstance(obj, (FinalTargetFiles,
+                            FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles)):
+            self._handle_final_target_files(obj)
+        return True
+
+    def _handle_final_target_files(self, obj):
+        for path, files in obj.files.walk():
+            for f in files:
+                dest = mozpath.join(obj.install_target, path, f.target_basename)
+                is_pp = isinstance(obj,
+                                   FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles)
+                self._install_mapping[dest] = f.full_path, is_pp
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        # Our result has three parts:
+        #  A map from url prefixes to objdir directories:
+        #  { "chrome://mozapps/content/": [ "dist/bin/chrome/toolkit/content/mozapps" ], ... }
+        #  A map of overrides.
+        #  A map from objdir paths to sourcedir paths, and a flag for whether the source was preprocessed:
+        #  { "dist/bin/browser/chrome/browser/content/browser/aboutSessionRestore.js":
+        #    [ "$topsrcdir/browser/components/sessionstore/content/aboutSessionRestore.js", false ], ... }
+        outputfile = os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'chrome-map.json')
+        with self._write_file(outputfile) as fh:
+            chrome_mapping = self.manifest_handler.chrome_mapping
+            overrides = self.manifest_handler.overrides
+            json.dump([
+                {k: list(v) for k, v in chrome_mapping.iteritems()},
+                overrides,
+                self._install_mapping,
+            ], fh, sort_keys=True, indent=2)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/packager.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/packager.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a4f359f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/codecoverage/packager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from mozpack.copier import Jarrer
+
+def package_gcno_tree(root, output_file):
+    # XXX JarWriter doesn't support unicode strings, see bug 1056859
+    if isinstance(root, unicode):
+        root = root.encode('utf-8')
+
+    finder = FileFinder(root)
+    jarrer = Jarrer(optimize=False)
+    for p, f in finder.find("**/*.gcno"):
+        jarrer.add(p, f)
+    jarrer.copy(output_file)
+
+
+def cli(args=sys.argv[1:]):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('-o', '--output-file',
+                        dest='output_file',
+                        help='Path to save packaged data to.')
+    parser.add_argument('--root',
+                        dest='root',
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Root directory to search from.')
+    args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    if not args.root:
+        from buildconfig import topobjdir
+        args.root = topobjdir
+
+    return package_gcno_tree(args.root, args.output_file)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(cli())
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/codecomplete.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/codecomplete.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05583961a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/codecomplete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This modules provides functionality for dealing with code completion.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.base import MachCommandBase
+from mozbuild.shellutil import (
+    split as shell_split,
+    quote as shell_quote,
+)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Introspection(MachCommandBase):
+    """Instropection commands."""
+
+    @Command('compileflags', category='devenv',
+        description='Display the compilation flags for a given source file')
+    @CommandArgument('what', default=None,
+        help='Source file to display compilation flags for')
+    def compileflags(self, what):
+        from mozbuild.util import resolve_target_to_make
+        from mozbuild.compilation import util
+
+        if not util.check_top_objdir(self.topobjdir):
+            return 1
+
+        path_arg = self._wrap_path_argument(what)
+
+        make_dir, make_target = resolve_target_to_make(self.topobjdir,
+            path_arg.relpath())
+
+        if make_dir is None and make_target is None:
+            return 1
+
+        build_vars = util.get_build_vars(make_dir, self)
+
+        if what.endswith('.c'):
+            cc = 'CC'
+            name = 'COMPILE_CFLAGS'
+        else:
+            cc = 'CXX'
+            name = 'COMPILE_CXXFLAGS'
+
+        if name not in build_vars:
+            return
+
+        # Drop the first flag since that is the pathname of the compiler.
+        flags = (shell_split(build_vars[cc]) + shell_split(build_vars[name]))[1:]
+
+        print(' '.join(shell_quote(arg)
+                       for arg in util.sanitize_cflags(flags)))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/database.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/database.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4193e1bcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This modules provides functionality for dealing with code completion.
+
+import os
+import types
+
+from mozbuild.compilation import util
+from mozbuild.backend.common import CommonBackend
+from mozbuild.frontend.data import (
+    Sources,
+    GeneratedSources,
+    DirectoryTraversal,
+    Defines,
+    Linkable,
+    LocalInclude,
+    VariablePassthru,
+    SimpleProgram,
+)
+from mozbuild.shellutil import (
+    quote as shell_quote,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import expand_variables
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+    OrderedDict,
+)
+
+
+class CompileDBBackend(CommonBackend):
+    def _init(self):
+        CommonBackend._init(self)
+        if not util.check_top_objdir(self.environment.topobjdir):
+            raise Exception()
+
+        # The database we're going to dump out to.
+        self._db = OrderedDict()
+
+        # The cache for per-directory flags
+        self._flags = {}
+
+        self._envs = {}
+        self._includes = defaultdict(list)
+        self._defines = defaultdict(list)
+        self._local_flags = defaultdict(dict)
+        self._extra_includes = defaultdict(list)
+        self._gyp_dirs = set()
+        self._dist_include_testing = '-I%s' % mozpath.join(
+            self.environment.topobjdir, 'dist', 'include', 'testing')
+
+    def consume_object(self, obj):
+        # Those are difficult directories, that will be handled later.
+        if obj.relativedir in (
+                'build/unix/elfhack',
+                'build/unix/elfhack/inject',
+                'build/clang-plugin',
+                'build/clang-plugin/tests',
+                'security/sandbox/win/wow_helper',
+                'toolkit/crashreporter/google-breakpad/src/common'):
+            return True
+
+        consumed = CommonBackend.consume_object(self, obj)
+
+        if consumed:
+            return True
+
+        if isinstance(obj, DirectoryTraversal):
+            self._envs[obj.objdir] = obj.config
+            for var in ('STL_FLAGS', 'VISIBILITY_FLAGS', 'WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS'):
+                value = obj.config.substs.get(var)
+                if value:
+                    self._local_flags[obj.objdir][var] = value
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, (Sources, GeneratedSources)):
+            # For other sources, include each source file.
+            for f in obj.files:
+                self._build_db_line(obj.objdir, obj.relativedir, obj.config, f,
+                                    obj.canonical_suffix)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, LocalInclude):
+            self._includes[obj.objdir].append('-I%s' % mozpath.normpath(
+                obj.path.full_path))
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, Linkable):
+            if isinstance(obj.defines, Defines): # As opposed to HostDefines
+                for d in obj.defines.get_defines():
+                    if d not in self._defines[obj.objdir]:
+                        self._defines[obj.objdir].append(d)
+            self._defines[obj.objdir].extend(obj.lib_defines.get_defines())
+            if isinstance(obj, SimpleProgram) and obj.is_unit_test:
+                if (self._dist_include_testing not in
+                        self._extra_includes[obj.objdir]):
+                    self._extra_includes[obj.objdir].append(
+                        self._dist_include_testing)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, VariablePassthru):
+            if obj.variables.get('IS_GYP_DIR'):
+                self._gyp_dirs.add(obj.objdir)
+            for var in ('MOZBUILD_CFLAGS', 'MOZBUILD_CXXFLAGS',
+                        'MOZBUILD_CMFLAGS', 'MOZBUILD_CMMFLAGS',
+                        'RTL_FLAGS', 'VISIBILITY_FLAGS'):
+                if var in obj.variables:
+                    self._local_flags[obj.objdir][var] = obj.variables[var]
+            if (obj.variables.get('DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING') and
+                    'STL_FLAGS' in self._local_flags[obj.objdir]):
+                del self._local_flags[obj.objdir]['STL_FLAGS']
+            if (obj.variables.get('ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS') and
+                    'WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS' in self._local_flags[obj.objdir]):
+                del self._local_flags[obj.objdir]['WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS']
+
+        return True
+
+    def consume_finished(self):
+        CommonBackend.consume_finished(self)
+
+        db = []
+
+        for (directory, filename), cmd in self._db.iteritems():
+            env = self._envs[directory]
+            cmd = list(cmd)
+            cmd.append(filename)
+            local_extra = list(self._extra_includes[directory])
+            if directory not in self._gyp_dirs:
+                for var in (
+                    'NSPR_CFLAGS',
+                    'NSS_CFLAGS',
+                    'MOZ_JPEG_CFLAGS',
+                    'MOZ_PNG_CFLAGS',
+                    'MOZ_ZLIB_CFLAGS',
+                    'MOZ_PIXMAN_CFLAGS',
+                ):
+                    f = env.substs.get(var)
+                    if f:
+                        local_extra.extend(f)
+            variables = {
+                'LOCAL_INCLUDES': self._includes[directory],
+                'DEFINES': self._defines[directory],
+                'EXTRA_INCLUDES': local_extra,
+                'DIST': mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'dist'),
+                'DEPTH': env.topobjdir,
+                'MOZILLA_DIR': env.topsrcdir,
+                'topsrcdir': env.topsrcdir,
+                'topobjdir': env.topobjdir,
+            }
+            variables.update(self._local_flags[directory])
+            c = []
+            for a in cmd:
+                a = expand_variables(a, variables).split()
+                if not a:
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(a, types.StringTypes):
+                    c.append(a)
+                else:
+                    c.extend(a)
+            db.append({
+                'directory': directory,
+                'command': ' '.join(shell_quote(a) for a in c),
+                'file': filename,
+            })
+
+        import json
+        # Output the database (a JSON file) to objdir/compile_commands.json
+        outputfile = os.path.join(self.environment.topobjdir, 'compile_commands.json')
+        with self._write_file(outputfile) as jsonout:
+            json.dump(db, jsonout, indent=0)
+
+    def _process_unified_sources(self, obj):
+        # For unified sources, only include the unified source file.
+        # Note that unified sources are never used for host sources.
+        for f in obj.unified_source_mapping:
+            self._build_db_line(obj.objdir, obj.relativedir, obj.config, f[0],
+                                obj.canonical_suffix)
+
+    def _handle_idl_manager(self, idl_manager):
+        pass
+
+    def _handle_ipdl_sources(self, ipdl_dir, sorted_ipdl_sources,
+                             unified_ipdl_cppsrcs_mapping):
+        for f in unified_ipdl_cppsrcs_mapping:
+            self._build_db_line(ipdl_dir, None, self.environment, f[0],
+                                '.cpp')
+
+    def _handle_webidl_build(self, bindings_dir, unified_source_mapping,
+                             webidls, expected_build_output_files,
+                             global_define_files):
+        for f in unified_source_mapping:
+            self._build_db_line(bindings_dir, None, self.environment, f[0],
+                                '.cpp')
+
+    COMPILERS = {
+        '.c': 'CC',
+        '.cpp': 'CXX',
+        '.m': 'CC',
+        '.mm': 'CXX',
+    }
+
+    CFLAGS = {
+        '.c': 'CFLAGS',
+        '.cpp': 'CXXFLAGS',
+        '.m': 'CFLAGS',
+        '.mm': 'CXXFLAGS',
+    }
+
+    def _build_db_line(self, objdir, reldir, cenv, filename, canonical_suffix):
+        if canonical_suffix not in self.COMPILERS:
+            return
+        db = self._db.setdefault((objdir, filename),
+            cenv.substs[self.COMPILERS[canonical_suffix]].split() +
+            ['-o', '/dev/null', '-c'])
+        reldir = reldir or mozpath.relpath(objdir, cenv.topobjdir)
+
+        def append_var(name):
+            value = cenv.substs.get(name)
+            if not value:
+                return
+            if isinstance(value, types.StringTypes):
+                value = value.split()
+            db.extend(value)
+
+        if canonical_suffix in ('.mm', '.cpp'):
+            db.append('$(STL_FLAGS)')
+
+        db.extend((
+            '$(VISIBILITY_FLAGS)',
+            '$(DEFINES)',
+            '-I%s' % mozpath.join(cenv.topsrcdir, reldir),
+            '-I%s' % objdir,
+            '$(LOCAL_INCLUDES)',
+            '-I%s/dist/include' % cenv.topobjdir,
+            '$(EXTRA_INCLUDES)',
+        ))
+        append_var('DSO_CFLAGS')
+        append_var('DSO_PIC_CFLAGS')
+        if canonical_suffix in ('.c', '.cpp'):
+            db.append('$(RTL_FLAGS)')
+        append_var('OS_COMPILE_%s' % self.CFLAGS[canonical_suffix])
+        append_var('OS_CPPFLAGS')
+        append_var('OS_%s' % self.CFLAGS[canonical_suffix])
+        append_var('MOZ_DEBUG_FLAGS')
+        append_var('MOZ_OPTIMIZE_FLAGS')
+        append_var('MOZ_FRAMEPTR_FLAGS')
+        db.append('$(WARNINGS_AS_ERRORS)')
+        db.append('$(MOZBUILD_%s)' % self.CFLAGS[canonical_suffix])
+        if canonical_suffix == '.m':
+            append_var('OS_COMPILE_CMFLAGS')
+            db.append('$(MOZBUILD_CMFLAGS)')
+        elif canonical_suffix == '.mm':
+            append_var('OS_COMPILE_CMMFLAGS')
+            db.append('$(MOZBUILD_CMMFLAGS)')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/util.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32ff2f876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+from mozbuild import shellutil
+
+def check_top_objdir(topobjdir):
+    top_make = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'Makefile')
+    if not os.path.exists(top_make):
+        print('Your tree has not been built yet. Please run '
+            '|mach build| with no arguments.')
+        return False
+    return True
+
+def get_build_vars(directory, cmd):
+    build_vars = {}
+
+    def on_line(line):
+        elements = [s.strip() for s in line.split('=', 1)]
+
+        if len(elements) != 2:
+            return
+
+        build_vars[elements[0]] = elements[1]
+
+    try:
+        old_logger = cmd.log_manager.replace_terminal_handler(None)
+        cmd._run_make(directory=directory, target='showbuild', log=False,
+                print_directory=False, allow_parallel=False, silent=True,
+                line_handler=on_line)
+    finally:
+        cmd.log_manager.replace_terminal_handler(old_logger)
+
+    return build_vars
+
+def sanitize_cflags(flags):
+    # We filter out -Xclang arguments as clang based tools typically choke on
+    # passing these flags down to the clang driver.  -Xclang tells the clang
+    # driver driver to pass whatever comes after it down to clang cc1, which is
+    # why we skip -Xclang and the argument immediately after it.  Here is an
+    # example: the following two invocations pass |-foo -bar -baz| to cc1:
+    # clang -cc1 -foo -bar -baz
+    # clang -Xclang -foo -Xclang -bar -Xclang -baz
+    sanitized = []
+    saw_xclang = False
+    for flag in flags:
+        if flag == '-Xclang':
+            saw_xclang = True
+        elif saw_xclang:
+            saw_xclang = False
+        else:
+            sanitized.append(flag)
+    return sanitized
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/warnings.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fb20ccbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/compilation/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This modules provides functionality for dealing with compiler warnings.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import errno
+import json
+import os
+import re
+
+from mozbuild.util import hash_file
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+# Regular expression to strip ANSI color sequences from a string. This is
+# needed to properly analyze Clang compiler output, which may be colorized.
+# It assumes ANSI escape sequences.
+RE_STRIP_COLORS = re.compile(r'\x1b\[[\d;]+m')
+
+# This captures Clang diagnostics with the standard formatting.
+RE_CLANG_WARNING = re.compile(r"""
+    (?P<file>[^:]+)
+    :
+    (?P<line>\d+)
+    :
+    (?P<column>\d+)
+    :
+    \swarning:\s
+    (?P<message>.+)
+    \[(?P<flag>[^\]]+)
+    """, re.X)
+
+# This captures Visual Studio's warning format.
+RE_MSVC_WARNING = re.compile(r"""
+    (?P<file>.*)
+    \((?P<line>\d+)\)
+    \s?:\swarning\s
+    (?P<flag>[^:]+)
+    :\s
+    (?P<message>.*)
+    """, re.X)
+
+IN_FILE_INCLUDED_FROM = 'In file included from '
+
+
+class CompilerWarning(dict):
+    """Represents an individual compiler warning."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        dict.__init__(self)
+
+        self['filename'] = None
+        self['line'] = None
+        self['column'] = None
+        self['message'] = None
+        self['flag'] = None
+
+    # Since we inherit from dict, functools.total_ordering gets confused.
+    # Thus, we define a key function, a generic comparison, and then
+    # implement all the rich operators with those; approach is from:
+    # http://regebro.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/python-implementing-rich-comparison-the-correct-way/
+    def _cmpkey(self):
+        return (self['filename'], self['line'], self['column'])
+
+    def _compare(self, other, func):
+        if not isinstance(other, CompilerWarning):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return func(self._cmpkey(), other._cmpkey())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s,o: s == o)
+
+    def __neq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s,o: s != o)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s,o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s,o: s <= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s,o: s > o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s,o: s >= o)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """Define so this can exist inside a set, etc."""
+        return hash(tuple(sorted(self.items())))
+
+
+class WarningsDatabase(object):
+    """Holds a collection of warnings.
+
+    The warnings database is a semi-intelligent container that holds warnings
+    encountered during builds.
+
+    The warnings database is backed by a JSON file. But, that is transparent
+    to consumers.
+
+    Under most circumstances, the warnings database is insert only. When a
+    warning is encountered, the caller simply blindly inserts it into the
+    database. The database figures out whether it is a dupe, etc.
+
+    During the course of development, it is common for warnings to change
+    slightly as source code changes. For example, line numbers will disagree.
+    The WarningsDatabase handles this by storing the hash of a file a warning
+    occurred in. At warning insert time, if the hash of the file does not match
+    what is stored in the database, the existing warnings for that file are
+    purged from the database.
+
+    Callers should periodically prune old, invalid warnings from the database
+    by calling prune(). A good time to do this is at the end of a build.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Create an empty database."""
+        self._files = {}
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        i = 0
+        for value in self._files.values():
+            i += len(value['warnings'])
+
+        return i
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for value in self._files.values():
+            for warning in value['warnings']:
+                yield warning
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        for value in self._files.values():
+            for warning in value['warnings']:
+                if warning == item:
+                    return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def warnings(self):
+        """All the CompilerWarning instances in this database."""
+        for value in self._files.values():
+            for w in value['warnings']:
+                yield w
+
+    def type_counts(self, dirpath=None):
+        """Returns a mapping of warning types to their counts."""
+
+        types = {}
+        for value in self._files.values():
+            for warning in value['warnings']:
+                if dirpath and not mozpath.normsep(warning['filename']).startswith(dirpath):
+                    continue
+                flag = warning['flag']
+                count = types.get(flag, 0)
+                count += 1
+
+                types[flag] = count
+
+        return types
+
+    def has_file(self, filename):
+        """Whether we have any warnings for the specified file."""
+        return filename in self._files
+
+    def warnings_for_file(self, filename):
+        """Obtain the warnings for the specified file."""
+        f = self._files.get(filename, {'warnings': []})
+
+        for warning in f['warnings']:
+            yield warning
+
+    def insert(self, warning, compute_hash=True):
+        assert isinstance(warning, CompilerWarning)
+
+        filename = warning['filename']
+
+        new_hash = None
+
+        if compute_hash:
+            new_hash = hash_file(filename)
+
+        if filename in self._files:
+            if new_hash != self._files[filename]['hash']:
+                del self._files[filename]
+
+        value = self._files.get(filename, {
+            'hash': new_hash,
+            'warnings': set(),
+        })
+
+        value['warnings'].add(warning)
+
+        self._files[filename] = value
+
+    def prune(self):
+        """Prune the contents of the database.
+
+        This removes warnings that are no longer valid. A warning is no longer
+        valid if the file it was in no longer exists or if the content has
+        changed.
+
+        The check for changed content catches the case where a file previously
+        contained warnings but no longer does.
+        """
+
+        # Need to calculate up front since we are mutating original object.
+        filenames = self._files.keys()
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if not os.path.exists(filename):
+                del self._files[filename]
+                continue
+
+            if self._files[filename]['hash'] is None:
+                continue
+
+            current_hash = hash_file(filename)
+            if current_hash != self._files[filename]['hash']:
+                del self._files[filename]
+                continue
+
+    def serialize(self, fh):
+        """Serialize the database to an open file handle."""
+        obj = {'files': {}}
+
+        # All this hackery because JSON can't handle sets.
+        for k, v in self._files.iteritems():
+            obj['files'][k] = {}
+
+            for k2, v2 in v.iteritems():
+                normalized = v2
+
+                if k2 == 'warnings':
+                    normalized = [w for w in v2]
+
+                obj['files'][k][k2] = normalized
+
+        json.dump(obj, fh, indent=2)
+
+    def deserialize(self, fh):
+        """Load serialized content from a handle into the current instance."""
+        obj = json.load(fh)
+
+        self._files = obj['files']
+
+        # Normalize data types.
+        for filename, value in self._files.iteritems():
+            for k, v in value.iteritems():
+                if k != 'warnings':
+                    continue
+
+                normalized = set()
+                for d in v:
+                    w = CompilerWarning()
+                    w.update(d)
+                    normalized.add(w)
+
+                self._files[filename]['warnings'] = normalized
+
+    def load_from_file(self, filename):
+        """Load the database from a file."""
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as fh:
+            self.deserialize(fh)
+
+    def save_to_file(self, filename):
+        """Save the database to a file."""
+        try:
+            # Ensure the directory exists
+            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(filename))
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+        with open(filename, 'wb') as fh:
+            self.serialize(fh)
+
+
+class WarningsCollector(object):
+    """Collects warnings from text data.
+
+    Instances of this class receive data (usually the output of compiler
+    invocations) and parse it into warnings and add these warnings to a
+    database.
+
+    The collector works by incrementally receiving data, usually line-by-line
+    output from the compiler. Therefore, it can maintain state to parse
+    multi-line warning messages.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, database=None, objdir=None, resolve_files=True):
+        self.database = database
+        self.objdir = objdir
+        self.resolve_files = resolve_files
+        self.included_from = []
+
+        if database is None:
+            self.database = WarningsDatabase()
+
+    def process_line(self, line):
+        """Take a line of text and process it for a warning."""
+
+        filtered = RE_STRIP_COLORS.sub('', line)
+
+        # Clang warnings in files included from the one(s) being compiled will
+        # start with "In file included from /path/to/file:line:". Here, we
+        # record those.
+        if filtered.startswith(IN_FILE_INCLUDED_FROM):
+            included_from = filtered[len(IN_FILE_INCLUDED_FROM):]
+
+            parts = included_from.split(':')
+
+            self.included_from.append(parts[0])
+
+            return
+
+        warning = CompilerWarning()
+        filename = None
+
+        # TODO make more efficient so we run minimal regexp matches.
+        match_clang = RE_CLANG_WARNING.match(filtered)
+        match_msvc = RE_MSVC_WARNING.match(filtered)
+        if match_clang:
+            d = match_clang.groupdict()
+
+            filename = d['file']
+            warning['line'] = int(d['line'])
+            warning['column'] = int(d['column'])
+            warning['flag'] = d['flag']
+            warning['message'] = d['message'].rstrip()
+
+        elif match_msvc:
+            d = match_msvc.groupdict()
+
+            filename = d['file']
+            warning['line'] = int(d['line'])
+            warning['flag'] = d['flag']
+            warning['message'] = d['message'].rstrip()
+        else:
+            self.included_from = []
+            return None
+
+        filename = os.path.normpath(filename)
+
+        # Sometimes we get relative includes. These typically point to files in
+        # the object directory. We try to resolve the relative path.
+        if not os.path.isabs(filename):
+            filename = self._normalize_relative_path(filename)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(filename) and self.resolve_files:
+            raise Exception('Could not find file containing warning: %s' %
+                    filename)
+
+        warning['filename'] = filename
+
+        self.database.insert(warning, compute_hash=self.resolve_files)
+
+        return warning
+
+    def _normalize_relative_path(self, filename):
+        # Special case files in dist/include.
+        idx = filename.find('/dist/include')
+        if idx != -1:
+            return self.objdir + filename[idx:]
+
+        for included_from in self.included_from:
+            source_dir = os.path.dirname(included_from)
+
+            candidate = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(source_dir, filename))
+
+            if os.path.exists(candidate):
+                return candidate
+
+        return filename
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/config_status.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/config_status.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..343dcc3a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/config_status.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# Combined with build/autoconf/config.status.m4, ConfigStatus is an almost
+# drop-in replacement for autoconf 2.13's config.status, with features
+# borrowed from autoconf > 2.5, and additional features.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+import logging
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from mach.logging import LoggingManager
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from mozbuild.base import MachCommandConditions
+from mozbuild.frontend.emitter import TreeMetadataEmitter
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import BuildReader
+from mozbuild.mozinfo import write_mozinfo
+from itertools import chain
+
+from mozbuild.backend import (
+    backends,
+    get_backend_class,
+)
+
+
+log_manager = LoggingManager()
+
+
+ANDROID_IDE_ADVERTISEMENT = '''
+=============
+ADVERTISEMENT
+
+You are building Firefox for Android. After your build completes, you can open
+the top source directory in IntelliJ or Android Studio directly and build using
+Gradle.  See the documentation at
+
+https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Simple_Firefox_for_Android_build
+
+PLEASE BE AWARE THAT GRADLE AND INTELLIJ/ANDROID STUDIO SUPPORT IS EXPERIMENTAL.
+You should verify any changes using |mach build|.
+=============
+'''.strip()
+
+VISUAL_STUDIO_ADVERTISEMENT = '''
+===============================
+Visual Studio Support Available
+
+You are building Firefox on Windows. You can generate Visual Studio
+files by running:
+
+   mach build-backend --backend=VisualStudio
+
+===============================
+'''.strip()
+
+
+def config_status(topobjdir='.', topsrcdir='.', defines=None,
+                  non_global_defines=None, substs=None, source=None,
+                  mozconfig=None, args=sys.argv[1:]):
+    '''Main function, providing config.status functionality.
+
+    Contrary to config.status, it doesn't use CONFIG_FILES or CONFIG_HEADERS
+    variables.
+
+    Without the -n option, this program acts as config.status and considers
+    the current directory as the top object directory, even when config.status
+    is in a different directory. It will, however, treat the directory
+    containing config.status as the top object directory with the -n option.
+
+    The options to this function are passed when creating the
+    ConfigEnvironment. These lists, as well as the actual wrapper script
+    around this function, are meant to be generated by configure.
+    See build/autoconf/config.status.m4.
+    '''
+
+    if 'CONFIG_FILES' in os.environ:
+        raise Exception('Using the CONFIG_FILES environment variable is not '
+            'supported.')
+    if 'CONFIG_HEADERS' in os.environ:
+        raise Exception('Using the CONFIG_HEADERS environment variable is not '
+            'supported.')
+
+    if not os.path.isabs(topsrcdir):
+        raise Exception('topsrcdir must be defined as an absolute directory: '
+            '%s' % topsrcdir)
+
+    default_backends = ['RecursiveMake']
+    default_backends = (substs or {}).get('BUILD_BACKENDS', ['RecursiveMake'])
+
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', dest='verbose', action='store_true',
+                        help='display verbose output')
+    parser.add_argument('-n', dest='not_topobjdir', action='store_true',
+                        help='do not consider current directory as top object directory')
+    parser.add_argument('-d', '--diff', action='store_true',
+                        help='print diffs of changed files.')
+    parser.add_argument('-b', '--backend', nargs='+', choices=sorted(backends),
+                        default=default_backends,
+                        help='what backend to build (default: %s).' %
+                        ' '.join(default_backends))
+    parser.add_argument('--dry-run', action='store_true',
+                        help='do everything except writing files out.')
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    # Without -n, the current directory is meant to be the top object directory
+    if not options.not_topobjdir:
+        topobjdir = os.path.abspath('.')
+
+    env = ConfigEnvironment(topsrcdir, topobjdir, defines=defines,
+            non_global_defines=non_global_defines, substs=substs,
+            source=source, mozconfig=mozconfig)
+
+    # mozinfo.json only needs written if configure changes and configure always
+    # passes this environment variable.
+    if 'WRITE_MOZINFO' in os.environ:
+        write_mozinfo(os.path.join(topobjdir, 'mozinfo.json'), env, os.environ)
+
+    cpu_start = time.clock()
+    time_start = time.time()
+
+    # Make appropriate backend instances, defaulting to RecursiveMakeBackend,
+    # or what is in BUILD_BACKENDS.
+    selected_backends = [get_backend_class(b)(env) for b in options.backend]
+
+    if options.dry_run:
+        for b in selected_backends:
+            b.dry_run = True
+
+    reader = BuildReader(env)
+    emitter = TreeMetadataEmitter(env)
+    # This won't actually do anything because of the magic of generators.
+    definitions = emitter.emit(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+    log_level = logging.DEBUG if options.verbose else logging.INFO
+    log_manager.add_terminal_logging(level=log_level)
+    log_manager.enable_unstructured()
+
+    print('Reticulating splines...', file=sys.stderr)
+    if len(selected_backends) > 1:
+        definitions = list(definitions)
+
+    for the_backend in selected_backends:
+        the_backend.consume(definitions)
+
+    execution_time = 0.0
+    for obj in chain((reader, emitter), selected_backends):
+        summary = obj.summary()
+        print(summary, file=sys.stderr)
+        execution_time += summary.execution_time
+
+    cpu_time = time.clock() - cpu_start
+    wall_time = time.time() - time_start
+    efficiency = cpu_time / wall_time if wall_time else 100
+    untracked = wall_time - execution_time
+
+    print(
+        'Total wall time: {:.2f}s; CPU time: {:.2f}s; Efficiency: '
+        '{:.0%}; Untracked: {:.2f}s'.format(
+            wall_time, cpu_time, efficiency, untracked),
+        file=sys.stderr
+    )
+
+    if options.diff:
+        for the_backend in selected_backends:
+            for path, diff in sorted(the_backend.file_diffs.items()):
+                print('\n'.join(diff))
+
+    # Advertise Visual Studio if appropriate.
+    if os.name == 'nt' and 'VisualStudio' not in options.backend:
+        print(VISUAL_STUDIO_ADVERTISEMENT)
+
+    # Advertise Eclipse if it is appropriate.
+    if MachCommandConditions.is_android(env):
+        if 'AndroidEclipse' not in options.backend:
+            print(ANDROID_IDE_ADVERTISEMENT)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fe640cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,935 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import inspect
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import wraps
+from mozbuild.configure.options import (
+    CommandLineHelper,
+    ConflictingOptionError,
+    InvalidOptionError,
+    NegativeOptionValue,
+    Option,
+    OptionValue,
+    PositiveOptionValue,
+)
+from mozbuild.configure.help import HelpFormatter
+from mozbuild.configure.util import (
+    ConfigureOutputHandler,
+    getpreferredencoding,
+    LineIO,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    exec_,
+    memoize,
+    memoized_property,
+    ReadOnlyDict,
+    ReadOnlyNamespace,
+)
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+class ConfigureError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class SandboxDependsFunction(object):
+    '''Sandbox-visible representation of @depends functions.'''
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kwargs):
+        raise ConfigureError('The `%s` function may not be called'
+                             % self.__name__)
+
+
+class DependsFunction(object):
+    __slots__ = (
+        'func', 'dependencies', 'when', 'sandboxed', 'sandbox', '_result')
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, func, dependencies, when=None):
+        assert isinstance(sandbox, ConfigureSandbox)
+        self.func = func
+        self.dependencies = dependencies
+        self.sandboxed = wraps(func)(SandboxDependsFunction())
+        self.sandbox = sandbox
+        self.when = when
+        sandbox._depends[self.sandboxed] = self
+
+        # Only @depends functions with a dependency on '--help' are executed
+        # immediately. Everything else is queued for later execution.
+        if sandbox._help_option in dependencies:
+            sandbox._value_for(self)
+        elif not sandbox._help:
+            sandbox._execution_queue.append((sandbox._value_for, (self,)))
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.func.__name__
+
+    @property
+    def sandboxed_dependencies(self):
+        return [
+            d.sandboxed if isinstance(d, DependsFunction) else d
+            for d in self.dependencies
+        ]
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def result(self):
+        if self.when and not self.sandbox._value_for(self.when):
+            return None
+
+        resolved_args = [self.sandbox._value_for(d) for d in self.dependencies]
+        return self.func(*resolved_args)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s.%s %s(%s)>' % (
+            self.__class__.__module__,
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.name,
+            ', '.join(repr(d) for d in self.dependencies),
+        )
+
+
+class CombinedDependsFunction(DependsFunction):
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, func, dependencies):
+        @memoize
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args):
+            return func(args)
+
+        flatten_deps = []
+        for d in dependencies:
+            if isinstance(d, CombinedDependsFunction) and d.func == wrapper:
+                for d2 in d.dependencies:
+                    if d2 not in flatten_deps:
+                        flatten_deps.append(d2)
+            elif d not in flatten_deps:
+                flatten_deps.append(d)
+
+        # Automatically add a --help dependency if one of the dependencies
+        # depends on it.
+        for d in flatten_deps:
+            if (isinstance(d, DependsFunction) and
+                sandbox._help_option in d.dependencies):
+                flatten_deps.insert(0, sandbox._help_option)
+                break
+
+        super(CombinedDependsFunction, self).__init__(
+            sandbox, wrapper, flatten_deps)
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def result(self):
+        # Ignore --help for the combined result
+        deps = self.dependencies
+        if deps[0] == self.sandbox._help_option:
+            deps = deps[1:]
+        resolved_args = [self.sandbox._value_for(d) for d in deps]
+        return self.func(*resolved_args)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
+                self.func == other.func and
+                set(self.dependencies) == set(other.dependencies))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+class SandboxedGlobal(dict):
+    '''Identifiable dict type for use as function global'''
+
+
+def forbidden_import(*args, **kwargs):
+    raise ImportError('Importing modules is forbidden')
+
+
+class ConfigureSandbox(dict):
+    """Represents a sandbox for executing Python code for build configuration.
+    This is a different kind of sandboxing than the one used for moz.build
+    processing.
+
+    The sandbox has 9 primitives:
+    - option
+    - depends
+    - template
+    - imports
+    - include
+    - set_config
+    - set_define
+    - imply_option
+    - only_when
+
+    `option`, `include`, `set_config`, `set_define` and `imply_option` are
+    functions. `depends`, `template`, and `imports` are decorators. `only_when`
+    is a context_manager.
+
+    These primitives are declared as name_impl methods to this class and
+    the mapping name -> name_impl is done automatically in __getitem__.
+
+    Additional primitives should be frowned upon to keep the sandbox itself as
+    simple as possible. Instead, helpers should be created within the sandbox
+    with the existing primitives.
+
+    The sandbox is given, at creation, a dict where the yielded configuration
+    will be stored.
+
+        config = {}
+        sandbox = ConfigureSandbox(config)
+        sandbox.run(path)
+        do_stuff(config)
+    """
+
+    # The default set of builtins. We expose unicode as str to make sandboxed
+    # files more python3-ready.
+    BUILTINS = ReadOnlyDict({
+        b: __builtins__[b]
+        for b in ('None', 'False', 'True', 'int', 'bool', 'any', 'all', 'len',
+                  'list', 'tuple', 'set', 'dict', 'isinstance', 'getattr',
+                  'hasattr', 'enumerate', 'range', 'zip')
+    }, __import__=forbidden_import, str=unicode)
+
+    # Expose a limited set of functions from os.path
+    OS = ReadOnlyNamespace(path=ReadOnlyNamespace(**{
+        k: getattr(mozpath, k, getattr(os.path, k))
+        for k in ('abspath', 'basename', 'dirname', 'isabs', 'join',
+                  'normcase', 'normpath', 'realpath', 'relpath')
+    }))
+
+    def __init__(self, config, environ=os.environ, argv=sys.argv,
+                 stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, logger=None):
+        dict.__setitem__(self, '__builtins__', self.BUILTINS)
+
+        self._paths = []
+        self._all_paths = set()
+        self._templates = set()
+        # Associate SandboxDependsFunctions to DependsFunctions.
+        self._depends = {}
+        self._seen = set()
+        # Store the @imports added to a given function.
+        self._imports = {}
+
+        self._options = OrderedDict()
+        # Store raw option (as per command line or environment) for each Option
+        self._raw_options = OrderedDict()
+
+        # Store options added with `imply_option`, and the reason they were
+        # added (which can either have been given to `imply_option`, or
+        # inferred. Their order matters, so use a list.
+        self._implied_options = []
+
+        # Store all results from _prepare_function
+        self._prepared_functions = set()
+
+        # Queue of functions to execute, with their arguments
+        self._execution_queue = []
+
+        # Store the `when`s associated to some options.
+        self._conditions = {}
+
+        # A list of conditions to apply as a default `when` for every *_impl()
+        self._default_conditions = []
+
+        self._helper = CommandLineHelper(environ, argv)
+
+        assert isinstance(config, dict)
+        self._config = config
+
+        if logger is None:
+            logger = moz_logger = logging.getLogger('moz.configure')
+            logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+            formatter = logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s: %(message)s')
+            handler = ConfigureOutputHandler(stdout, stderr)
+            handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+            queue_debug = handler.queue_debug
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(logger, logging.Logger)
+            moz_logger = None
+            @contextmanager
+            def queue_debug():
+                yield
+
+        # Some callers will manage to log a bytestring with characters in it
+        # that can't be converted to ascii. Make our log methods robust to this
+        # by detecting the encoding that a producer is likely to have used.
+        encoding = getpreferredencoding()
+        def wrapped_log_method(logger, key):
+            method = getattr(logger, key)
+            if not encoding:
+                return method
+            def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
+                out_args = [
+                    arg.decode(encoding) if isinstance(arg, str) else arg
+                    for arg in args
+                ]
+                return method(*out_args, **kwargs)
+            return wrapped
+
+        log_namespace = {
+            k: wrapped_log_method(logger, k)
+            for k in ('debug', 'info', 'warning', 'error')
+        }
+        log_namespace['queue_debug'] = queue_debug
+        self.log_impl = ReadOnlyNamespace(**log_namespace)
+
+        self._help = None
+        self._help_option = self.option_impl('--help',
+                                             help='print this message')
+        self._seen.add(self._help_option)
+
+        self._always = DependsFunction(self, lambda: True, [])
+        self._never = DependsFunction(self, lambda: False, [])
+
+        if self._value_for(self._help_option):
+            self._help = HelpFormatter(argv[0])
+            self._help.add(self._help_option)
+        elif moz_logger:
+            handler = logging.FileHandler('config.log', mode='w', delay=True)
+            handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+    def include_file(self, path):
+        '''Include one file in the sandbox. Users of this class probably want
+
+        Note: this will execute all template invocations, as well as @depends
+        functions that depend on '--help', but nothing else.
+        '''
+
+        if self._paths:
+            path = mozpath.join(mozpath.dirname(self._paths[-1]), path)
+            path = mozpath.normpath(path)
+            if not mozpath.basedir(path, (mozpath.dirname(self._paths[0]),)):
+                raise ConfigureError(
+                    'Cannot include `%s` because it is not in a subdirectory '
+                    'of `%s`' % (path, mozpath.dirname(self._paths[0])))
+        else:
+            path = mozpath.realpath(mozpath.abspath(path))
+        if path in self._all_paths:
+            raise ConfigureError(
+                'Cannot include `%s` because it was included already.' % path)
+        self._paths.append(path)
+        self._all_paths.add(path)
+
+        source = open(path, 'rb').read()
+
+        code = compile(source, path, 'exec')
+
+        exec_(code, self)
+
+        self._paths.pop(-1)
+
+    def run(self, path=None):
+        '''Executes the given file within the sandbox, as well as everything
+        pending from any other included file, and ensure the overall
+        consistency of the executed script(s).'''
+        if path:
+            self.include_file(path)
+
+        for option in self._options.itervalues():
+            # All options must be referenced by some @depends function
+            if option not in self._seen:
+                raise ConfigureError(
+                    'Option `%s` is not handled ; reference it with a @depends'
+                    % option.option
+                )
+
+            self._value_for(option)
+
+        # All implied options should exist.
+        for implied_option in self._implied_options:
+            value = self._resolve(implied_option.value,
+                                  need_help_dependency=False)
+            if value is not None:
+                raise ConfigureError(
+                    '`%s`, emitted from `%s` line %d, is unknown.'
+                    % (implied_option.option, implied_option.caller[1],
+                       implied_option.caller[2]))
+
+        # All options should have been removed (handled) by now.
+        for arg in self._helper:
+            without_value = arg.split('=', 1)[0]
+            raise InvalidOptionError('Unknown option: %s' % without_value)
+
+        # Run the execution queue
+        for func, args in self._execution_queue:
+            func(*args)
+
+        if self._help:
+            with LineIO(self.log_impl.info) as out:
+                self._help.usage(out)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        impl = '%s_impl' % key
+        func = getattr(self, impl, None)
+        if func:
+            return func
+
+        return super(ConfigureSandbox, self).__getitem__(key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if (key in self.BUILTINS or key == '__builtins__' or
+                hasattr(self, '%s_impl' % key)):
+            raise KeyError('Cannot reassign builtins')
+
+        if inspect.isfunction(value) and value not in self._templates:
+            value, _ = self._prepare_function(value)
+
+        elif (not isinstance(value, SandboxDependsFunction) and
+                value not in self._templates and
+                not (inspect.isclass(value) and issubclass(value, Exception))):
+            raise KeyError('Cannot assign `%s` because it is neither a '
+                           '@depends nor a @template' % key)
+
+        return super(ConfigureSandbox, self).__setitem__(key, value)
+
+    def _resolve(self, arg, need_help_dependency=True):
+        if isinstance(arg, SandboxDependsFunction):
+            return self._value_for_depends(self._depends[arg],
+                                           need_help_dependency)
+        return arg
+
+    def _value_for(self, obj, need_help_dependency=False):
+        if isinstance(obj, SandboxDependsFunction):
+            assert obj in self._depends
+            return self._value_for_depends(self._depends[obj],
+                                           need_help_dependency)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, DependsFunction):
+            return self._value_for_depends(obj, need_help_dependency)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, Option):
+            return self._value_for_option(obj)
+
+        assert False
+
+    @memoize
+    def _value_for_depends(self, obj, need_help_dependency=False):
+        assert not inspect.isgeneratorfunction(obj.func)
+        return obj.result
+
+    @memoize
+    def _value_for_option(self, option):
+        implied = {}
+        for implied_option in self._implied_options[:]:
+            if implied_option.name not in (option.name, option.env):
+                continue
+            self._implied_options.remove(implied_option)
+
+            if (implied_option.when and
+                not self._value_for(implied_option.when)):
+                continue
+
+            value = self._resolve(implied_option.value,
+                                  need_help_dependency=False)
+
+            if value is not None:
+                if isinstance(value, OptionValue):
+                    pass
+                elif value is True:
+                    value = PositiveOptionValue()
+                elif value is False or value == ():
+                    value = NegativeOptionValue()
+                elif isinstance(value, types.StringTypes):
+                    value = PositiveOptionValue((value,))
+                elif isinstance(value, tuple):
+                    value = PositiveOptionValue(value)
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError("Unexpected type: '%s'"
+                                    % type(value).__name__)
+
+                opt = value.format(implied_option.option)
+                self._helper.add(opt, 'implied')
+                implied[opt] = implied_option
+
+        try:
+            value, option_string = self._helper.handle(option)
+        except ConflictingOptionError as e:
+            reason = implied[e.arg].reason
+            if isinstance(reason, Option):
+                reason = self._raw_options.get(reason) or reason.option
+                reason = reason.split('=', 1)[0]
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                "'%s' implied by '%s' conflicts with '%s' from the %s"
+                % (e.arg, reason, e.old_arg, e.old_origin))
+
+        if option_string:
+            self._raw_options[option] = option_string
+
+        when = self._conditions.get(option)
+        if (when and not self._value_for(when, need_help_dependency=True) and
+            value is not None and value.origin != 'default'):
+            if value.origin == 'environment':
+                # The value we return doesn't really matter, because of the
+                # requirement for @depends to have the same when.
+                return None
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                '%s is not available in this configuration'
+                % option_string.split('=', 1)[0])
+
+        return value
+
+    def _dependency(self, arg, callee_name, arg_name=None):
+        if isinstance(arg, types.StringTypes):
+            prefix, name, values = Option.split_option(arg)
+            if values != ():
+                raise ConfigureError("Option must not contain an '='")
+            if name not in self._options:
+                raise ConfigureError("'%s' is not a known option. "
+                                     "Maybe it's declared too late?"
+                                     % arg)
+            arg = self._options[name]
+            self._seen.add(arg)
+        elif isinstance(arg, SandboxDependsFunction):
+            assert arg in self._depends
+            arg = self._depends[arg]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot use object of type '%s' as %sargument to %s"
+                % (type(arg).__name__, '`%s` ' % arg_name if arg_name else '',
+                   callee_name))
+        return arg
+
+    def _normalize_when(self, when, callee_name):
+        if when is True:
+            when = self._always
+        elif when is False:
+            when = self._never
+        elif when is not None:
+            when = self._dependency(when, callee_name, 'when')
+
+        if self._default_conditions:
+            # Create a pseudo @depends function for the combination of all
+            # default conditions and `when`.
+            dependencies = [when] if when else []
+            dependencies.extend(self._default_conditions)
+            if len(dependencies) == 1:
+                return dependencies[0]
+            return CombinedDependsFunction(self, all, dependencies)
+        return when
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def only_when_impl(self, when):
+        '''Implementation of only_when()
+
+        `only_when` is a context manager that essentially makes calls to
+        other sandbox functions within the context block ignored.
+        '''
+        when = self._normalize_when(when, 'only_when')
+        if when and self._default_conditions[-1:] != [when]:
+            self._default_conditions.append(when)
+            yield
+            self._default_conditions.pop()
+        else:
+            yield
+
+    def option_impl(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        '''Implementation of option()
+        This function creates and returns an Option() object, passing it the
+        resolved arguments (uses the result of functions when functions are
+        passed). In most cases, the result of this function is not expected to
+        be used.
+        Command line argument/environment variable parsing for this Option is
+        handled here.
+        '''
+        when = self._normalize_when(kwargs.get('when'), 'option')
+        args = [self._resolve(arg) for arg in args]
+        kwargs = {k: self._resolve(v) for k, v in kwargs.iteritems()
+                                      if k != 'when'}
+        option = Option(*args, **kwargs)
+        if when:
+            self._conditions[option] = when
+        if option.name in self._options:
+            raise ConfigureError('Option `%s` already defined' % option.option)
+        if option.env in self._options:
+            raise ConfigureError('Option `%s` already defined' % option.env)
+        if option.name:
+            self._options[option.name] = option
+        if option.env:
+            self._options[option.env] = option
+
+        if self._help and (when is None or
+                           self._value_for(when, need_help_dependency=True)):
+            self._help.add(option)
+
+        return option
+
+    def depends_impl(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        '''Implementation of @depends()
+        This function is a decorator. It returns a function that subsequently
+        takes a function and returns a dummy function. The dummy function
+        identifies the actual function for the sandbox, while preventing
+        further function calls from within the sandbox.
+
+        @depends() takes a variable number of option strings or dummy function
+        references. The decorated function is called as soon as the decorator
+        is called, and the arguments it receives are the OptionValue or
+        function results corresponding to each of the arguments to @depends.
+        As an exception, when a HelpFormatter is attached, only functions that
+        have '--help' in their @depends argument list are called.
+
+        The decorated function is altered to use a different global namespace
+        for its execution. This different global namespace exposes a limited
+        set of functions from os.path.
+        '''
+        for k in kwargs:
+            if k != 'when':
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "depends_impl() got an unexpected keyword argument '%s'"
+                    % k)
+
+        when = self._normalize_when(kwargs.get('when'), '@depends')
+
+        if not when and not args:
+            raise ConfigureError('@depends needs at least one argument')
+
+        dependencies = tuple(self._dependency(arg, '@depends') for arg in args)
+
+        conditions = [
+            self._conditions[d]
+            for d in dependencies
+            if d in self._conditions and isinstance(d, Option)
+        ]
+        for c in conditions:
+            if c != when:
+                raise ConfigureError('@depends function needs the same `when` '
+                                     'as options it depends on')
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(func):
+                raise ConfigureError(
+                    'Cannot decorate generator functions with @depends')
+            func, glob = self._prepare_function(func)
+            depends = DependsFunction(self, func, dependencies, when=when)
+            return depends.sandboxed
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def include_impl(self, what, when=None):
+        '''Implementation of include().
+        Allows to include external files for execution in the sandbox.
+        It is possible to use a @depends function as argument, in which case
+        the result of the function is the file name to include. This latter
+        feature is only really meant for --enable-application/--enable-project.
+        '''
+        with self.only_when_impl(when):
+            what = self._resolve(what)
+            if what:
+                if not isinstance(what, types.StringTypes):
+                    raise TypeError("Unexpected type: '%s'" % type(what).__name__)
+                self.include_file(what)
+
+    def template_impl(self, func):
+        '''Implementation of @template.
+        This function is a decorator. Template functions are called
+        immediately. They are altered so that their global namespace exposes
+        a limited set of functions from os.path, as well as `depends` and
+        `option`.
+        Templates allow to simplify repetitive constructs, or to implement
+        helper decorators and somesuch.
+        '''
+        template, glob = self._prepare_function(func)
+        glob.update(
+            (k[:-len('_impl')], getattr(self, k))
+            for k in dir(self) if k.endswith('_impl') and k != 'template_impl'
+        )
+        glob.update((k, v) for k, v in self.iteritems() if k not in glob)
+
+        # Any function argument to the template must be prepared to be sandboxed.
+        # If the template itself returns a function (in which case, it's very
+        # likely a decorator), that function must be prepared to be sandboxed as
+        # well.
+        def wrap_template(template):
+            isfunction = inspect.isfunction
+
+            def maybe_prepare_function(obj):
+                if isfunction(obj):
+                    func, _ = self._prepare_function(obj)
+                    return func
+                return obj
+
+            # The following function may end up being prepared to be sandboxed,
+            # so it mustn't depend on anything from the global scope in this
+            # file. It can however depend on variables from the closure, thus
+            # maybe_prepare_function and isfunction are declared above to be
+            # available there.
+            @wraps(template)
+            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                args = [maybe_prepare_function(arg) for arg in args]
+                kwargs = {k: maybe_prepare_function(v)
+                          for k, v in kwargs.iteritems()}
+                ret = template(*args, **kwargs)
+                if isfunction(ret):
+                    # We can't expect the sandboxed code to think about all the
+                    # details of implementing decorators, so do some of the
+                    # work for them. If the function takes exactly one function
+                    # as argument and returns a function, it must be a
+                    # decorator, so mark the returned function as wrapping the
+                    # function passed in.
+                    if len(args) == 1 and not kwargs and isfunction(args[0]):
+                        ret = wraps(args[0])(ret)
+                    return wrap_template(ret)
+                return ret
+            return wrapper
+
+        wrapper = wrap_template(template)
+        self._templates.add(wrapper)
+        return wrapper
+
+    RE_MODULE = re.compile('^[a-zA-Z0-9_\.]+$')
+
+    def imports_impl(self, _import, _from=None, _as=None):
+        '''Implementation of @imports.
+        This decorator imports the given _import from the given _from module
+        optionally under a different _as name.
+        The options correspond to the various forms for the import builtin.
+            @imports('sys')
+            @imports(_from='mozpack', _import='path', _as='mozpath')
+        '''
+        for value, required in (
+                (_import, True), (_from, False), (_as, False)):
+
+            if not isinstance(value, types.StringTypes) and (
+                    required or value is not None):
+                raise TypeError("Unexpected type: '%s'" % type(value).__name__)
+            if value is not None and not self.RE_MODULE.match(value):
+                raise ValueError("Invalid argument to @imports: '%s'" % value)
+        if _as and '.' in _as:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid argument to @imports: '%s'" % _as)
+
+        def decorator(func):
+            if func in self._templates:
+                raise ConfigureError(
+                    '@imports must appear after @template')
+            if func in self._depends:
+                raise ConfigureError(
+                    '@imports must appear after @depends')
+            # For the imports to apply in the order they appear in the
+            # .configure file, we accumulate them in reverse order and apply
+            # them later.
+            imports = self._imports.setdefault(func, [])
+            imports.insert(0, (_from, _import, _as))
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def _apply_imports(self, func, glob):
+        for _from, _import, _as in self._imports.get(func, ()):
+            _from = '%s.' % _from if _from else ''
+            if _as:
+                glob[_as] = self._get_one_import('%s%s' % (_from, _import))
+            else:
+                what = _import.split('.')[0]
+                glob[what] = self._get_one_import('%s%s' % (_from, what))
+
+    def _get_one_import(self, what):
+        # The special `__sandbox__` module gives access to the sandbox
+        # instance.
+        if what == '__sandbox__':
+            return self
+        # Special case for the open() builtin, because otherwise, using it
+        # fails with "IOError: file() constructor not accessible in
+        # restricted mode"
+        if what == '__builtin__.open':
+            return lambda *args, **kwargs: open(*args, **kwargs)
+        # Until this proves to be a performance problem, just construct an
+        # import statement and execute it.
+        import_line = ''
+        if '.' in what:
+            _from, what = what.rsplit('.', 1)
+            import_line += 'from %s ' % _from
+        import_line += 'import %s as imported' % what
+        glob = {}
+        exec_(import_line, {}, glob)
+        return glob['imported']
+
+    def _resolve_and_set(self, data, name, value, when=None):
+        # Don't set anything when --help was on the command line
+        if self._help:
+            return
+        if when and not self._value_for(when):
+            return
+        name = self._resolve(name, need_help_dependency=False)
+        if name is None:
+            return
+        if not isinstance(name, types.StringTypes):
+            raise TypeError("Unexpected type: '%s'" % type(name).__name__)
+        if name in data:
+            raise ConfigureError(
+                "Cannot add '%s' to configuration: Key already "
+                "exists" % name)
+        value = self._resolve(value, need_help_dependency=False)
+        if value is not None:
+            data[name] = value
+
+    def set_config_impl(self, name, value, when=None):
+        '''Implementation of set_config().
+        Set the configuration items with the given name to the given value.
+        Both `name` and `value` can be references to @depends functions,
+        in which case the result from these functions is used. If the result
+        of either function is None, the configuration item is not set.
+        '''
+        when = self._normalize_when(when, 'set_config')
+
+        self._execution_queue.append((
+            self._resolve_and_set, (self._config, name, value, when)))
+
+    def set_define_impl(self, name, value, when=None):
+        '''Implementation of set_define().
+        Set the define with the given name to the given value. Both `name` and
+        `value` can be references to @depends functions, in which case the
+        result from these functions is used. If the result of either function
+        is None, the define is not set. If the result is False, the define is
+        explicitly undefined (-U).
+        '''
+        when = self._normalize_when(when, 'set_define')
+
+        defines = self._config.setdefault('DEFINES', {})
+        self._execution_queue.append((
+            self._resolve_and_set, (defines, name, value, when)))
+
+    def imply_option_impl(self, option, value, reason=None, when=None):
+        '''Implementation of imply_option().
+        Injects additional options as if they had been passed on the command
+        line. The `option` argument is a string as in option()'s `name` or
+        `env`. The option must be declared after `imply_option` references it.
+        The `value` argument indicates the value to pass to the option.
+        It can be:
+        - True. In this case `imply_option` injects the positive option
+          (--enable-foo/--with-foo).
+              imply_option('--enable-foo', True)
+              imply_option('--disable-foo', True)
+          are both equivalent to `--enable-foo` on the command line.
+
+        - False. In this case `imply_option` injects the negative option
+          (--disable-foo/--without-foo).
+              imply_option('--enable-foo', False)
+              imply_option('--disable-foo', False)
+          are both equivalent to `--disable-foo` on the command line.
+
+        - None. In this case `imply_option` does nothing.
+              imply_option('--enable-foo', None)
+              imply_option('--disable-foo', None)
+          are both equivalent to not passing any flag on the command line.
+
+        - a string or a tuple. In this case `imply_option` injects the positive
+          option with the given value(s).
+              imply_option('--enable-foo', 'a')
+              imply_option('--disable-foo', 'a')
+          are both equivalent to `--enable-foo=a` on the command line.
+              imply_option('--enable-foo', ('a', 'b'))
+              imply_option('--disable-foo', ('a', 'b'))
+          are both equivalent to `--enable-foo=a,b` on the command line.
+
+        Because imply_option('--disable-foo', ...) can be misleading, it is
+        recommended to use the positive form ('--enable' or '--with') for
+        `option`.
+
+        The `value` argument can also be (and usually is) a reference to a
+        @depends function, in which case the result of that function will be
+        used as per the descripted mapping above.
+
+        The `reason` argument indicates what caused the option to be implied.
+        It is necessary when it cannot be inferred from the `value`.
+        '''
+        # Don't do anything when --help was on the command line
+        if self._help:
+            return
+        if not reason and isinstance(value, SandboxDependsFunction):
+            deps = self._depends[value].dependencies
+            possible_reasons = [d for d in deps if d != self._help_option]
+            if len(possible_reasons) == 1:
+                if isinstance(possible_reasons[0], Option):
+                    reason = possible_reasons[0]
+        if not reason and (isinstance(value, (bool, tuple)) or
+                           isinstance(value, types.StringTypes)):
+            # A reason can be provided automatically when imply_option
+            # is called with an immediate value.
+            _, filename, line, _, _, _ = inspect.stack()[1]
+            reason = "imply_option at %s:%s" % (filename, line)
+
+        if not reason:
+            raise ConfigureError(
+                "Cannot infer what implies '%s'. Please add a `reason` to "
+                "the `imply_option` call."
+                % option)
+
+        when = self._normalize_when(when, 'imply_option')
+
+        prefix, name, values = Option.split_option(option)
+        if values != ():
+            raise ConfigureError("Implied option must not contain an '='")
+
+        self._implied_options.append(ReadOnlyNamespace(
+            option=option,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            name=name,
+            value=value,
+            caller=inspect.stack()[1],
+            reason=reason,
+            when=when,
+        ))
+
+    def _prepare_function(self, func):
+        '''Alter the given function global namespace with the common ground
+        for @depends, and @template.
+        '''
+        if not inspect.isfunction(func):
+            raise TypeError("Unexpected type: '%s'" % type(func).__name__)
+        if func in self._prepared_functions:
+            return func, func.func_globals
+
+        glob = SandboxedGlobal(
+            (k, v) for k, v in func.func_globals.iteritems()
+            if (inspect.isfunction(v) and v not in self._templates) or (
+                inspect.isclass(v) and issubclass(v, Exception))
+        )
+        glob.update(
+            __builtins__=self.BUILTINS,
+            __file__=self._paths[-1] if self._paths else '',
+            __name__=self._paths[-1] if self._paths else '',
+            os=self.OS,
+            log=self.log_impl,
+        )
+
+        # The execution model in the sandbox doesn't guarantee the execution
+        # order will always be the same for a given function, and if it uses
+        # variables from a closure that are changed after the function is
+        # declared, depending when the function is executed, the value of the
+        # variable can differ. For consistency, we force the function to use
+        # the value from the earliest it can be run, which is at declaration.
+        # Note this is not entirely bullet proof (if the value is e.g. a list,
+        # the list contents could have changed), but covers the bases.
+        closure = None
+        if func.func_closure:
+            def makecell(content):
+                def f():
+                    content
+                return f.func_closure[0]
+
+            closure = tuple(makecell(cell.cell_contents)
+                            for cell in func.func_closure)
+
+        new_func = wraps(func)(types.FunctionType(
+            func.func_code,
+            glob,
+            func.__name__,
+            func.func_defaults,
+            closure
+        ))
+        @wraps(new_func)
+        def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
+            if func in self._imports:
+                self._apply_imports(func, glob)
+                del self._imports[func]
+            return new_func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self._prepared_functions.add(wrapped)
+        return wrapped, glob
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/check_debug_ranges.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/check_debug_ranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca312dff4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/check_debug_ranges.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This script returns the number of items for the DW_AT_ranges corresponding
+# to a given compilation unit. This is used as a helper to find a bug in some
+# versions of GNU ld.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import re
+
+def get_range_for(compilation_unit, debug_info):
+    '''Returns the range offset for a given compilation unit
+       in a given debug_info.'''
+    name = ranges = ''
+    search_cu = False
+    for nfo in debug_info.splitlines():
+        if 'DW_TAG_compile_unit' in nfo:
+            search_cu = True
+        elif 'DW_TAG_' in nfo or not nfo.strip():
+            if name == compilation_unit and ranges != '':
+                return int(ranges, 16)
+            name = ranges = ''
+            search_cu = False
+        if search_cu:
+            if 'DW_AT_name' in nfo:
+                name = nfo.rsplit(None, 1)[1]
+            elif 'DW_AT_ranges' in nfo:
+                ranges = nfo.rsplit(None, 1)[1]
+    return None
+
+def get_range_length(range, debug_ranges):
+    '''Returns the number of items in the range starting at the
+       given offset.'''
+    length = 0
+    for line in debug_ranges.splitlines():
+        m = re.match('\s*([0-9a-fA-F]+)\s+([0-9a-fA-F]+)\s+([0-9a-fA-F]+)', line)
+        if m and int(m.group(1), 16) == range:
+            length += 1
+    return length
+
+def main(bin, compilation_unit):
+    p = subprocess.Popen(['objdump', '-W', bin], stdout = subprocess.PIPE, stderr = subprocess.PIPE)
+    (out, err) = p.communicate()
+    sections = re.split('\n(Contents of the|The section) ', out)
+    debug_info = [s for s in sections if s.startswith('.debug_info')]
+    debug_ranges = [s for s in sections if s.startswith('.debug_ranges')]
+    if not debug_ranges or not debug_info:
+        return 0
+
+    range = get_range_for(compilation_unit, debug_info[0])
+    if range is not None:
+        return get_range_length(range, debug_ranges[0])
+
+    return -1
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print main(*sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/constants.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfc7cf8ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from mozbuild.util import EnumString
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+
+CompilerType = EnumString.subclass(
+    'clang',
+    'clang-cl',
+    'gcc',
+    'msvc',
+)
+
+OS = EnumString.subclass(
+    'Android',
+    'DragonFly',
+    'FreeBSD',
+    'GNU',
+    'iOS',
+    'NetBSD',
+    'OpenBSD',
+    'OSX',
+    'WINNT',
+)
+
+Kernel = EnumString.subclass(
+    'Darwin',
+    'DragonFly',
+    'FreeBSD',
+    'kFreeBSD',
+    'Linux',
+    'NetBSD',
+    'OpenBSD',
+    'WINNT',
+)
+
+CPU_bitness = {
+    'aarch64': 64,
+    'Alpha': 32,
+    'arm': 32,
+    'hppa': 32,
+    'ia64': 64,
+    'mips32': 32,
+    'mips64': 64,
+    'ppc': 32,
+    'ppc64': 64,
+    's390': 32,
+    's390x': 64,
+    'sparc': 32,
+    'sparc64': 64,
+    'x86': 32,
+    'x86_64': 64,
+}
+
+CPU = EnumString.subclass(*CPU_bitness.keys())
+
+Endianness = EnumString.subclass(
+    'big',
+    'little',
+)
+
+WindowsBinaryType = EnumString.subclass(
+    'win32',
+    'win64',
+)
+
+# The order of those checks matter
+CPU_preprocessor_checks = OrderedDict((
+    ('x86', '__i386__ || _M_IX86'),
+    ('x86_64', '__x86_64__ || _M_X64'),
+    ('arm', '__arm__ || _M_ARM'),
+    ('aarch64', '__aarch64__'),
+    ('ia64', '__ia64__'),
+    ('s390x', '__s390x__'),
+    ('s390', '__s390__'),
+    ('ppc64', '__powerpc64__'),
+    ('ppc', '__powerpc__'),
+    ('Alpha', '__alpha__'),
+    ('hppa', '__hppa__'),
+    ('sparc64', '__sparc__ && __arch64__'),
+    ('sparc', '__sparc__'),
+    ('mips64', '__mips64'),
+    ('mips32', '__mips__'),
+))
+
+assert sorted(CPU_preprocessor_checks.keys()) == sorted(CPU.POSSIBLE_VALUES)
+
+kernel_preprocessor_checks = {
+    'Darwin': '__APPLE__',
+    'DragonFly': '__DragonFly__',
+    'FreeBSD': '__FreeBSD__',
+    'kFreeBSD': '__FreeBSD_kernel__',
+    'Linux': '__linux__',
+    'NetBSD': '__NetBSD__',
+    'OpenBSD': '__OpenBSD__',
+    'WINNT': '_WIN32 || __CYGWIN__',
+}
+
+assert sorted(kernel_preprocessor_checks.keys()) == sorted(Kernel.POSSIBLE_VALUES)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/help.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd7876fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+from mozbuild.configure.options import Option
+
+
+class HelpFormatter(object):
+    def __init__(self, argv0):
+        self.intro = ['Usage: %s [options]' % os.path.basename(argv0)]
+        self.options = ['Options: [defaults in brackets after descriptions]']
+        self.env = ['Environment variables:']
+
+    def add(self, option):
+        assert isinstance(option, Option)
+
+        if option.possible_origins == ('implied',):
+            # Don't display help if our option can only be implied.
+            return
+
+        # TODO: improve formatting
+        target = self.options if option.name else self.env
+        opt = option.option
+        if option.choices:
+            opt += '={%s}' % ','.join(option.choices)
+        help = option.help or ''
+        if len(option.default):
+            if help:
+                help += ' '
+            help += '[%s]' % ','.join(option.default)
+
+        if len(opt) > 24 or not help:
+            target.append('  %s' % opt)
+            if help:
+                target.append('%s%s' % (' ' * 28, help))
+        else:
+            target.append('  %-24s  %s' % (opt, help))
+
+    def usage(self, out):
+        print('\n\n'.join('\n'.join(t)
+                          for t in (self.intro, self.options, self.env)),
+              file=out)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/libstdcxx.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/libstdcxx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cab0ccb11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/libstdcxx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+
+# This script find the version of libstdc++ and prints it as single number
+# with 8 bits per element. For example, GLIBCXX_3.4.10 becomes
+# 3 << 16 | 4 << 8 | 10 = 197642. This format is easy to use
+# in the C preprocessor.
+
+# We find out both the host and target versions. Since the output
+# will be used from shell, we just print the two assignments and evaluate
+# them from shell.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import re
+
+re_for_ld = re.compile('.*\((.*)\).*')
+
+def parse_readelf_line(x):
+    """Return the version from a readelf line that looks like:
+    0x00ec: Rev: 1  Flags: none  Index: 8  Cnt: 2  Name: GLIBCXX_3.4.6
+    """
+    return x.split(':')[-1].split('_')[-1].strip()
+
+def parse_ld_line(x):
+    """Parse a line from the output of ld -t. The output of gold is just
+    the full path, gnu ld prints "-lstdc++ (path)".
+    """
+    t = re_for_ld.match(x)
+    if t:
+        return t.groups()[0].strip()
+    return x.strip()
+
+def split_ver(v):
+    """Covert the string '1.2.3' into the list [1,2,3]
+    """
+    return [int(x) for x in v.split('.')]
+
+def cmp_ver(a, b):
+    """Compare versions in the form 'a.b.c'
+    """
+    for (i, j) in zip(split_ver(a), split_ver(b)):
+        if i != j:
+            return i - j
+    return 0
+
+def encode_ver(v):
+    """Encode the version as a single number.
+    """
+    t = split_ver(v)
+    return t[0] << 16 | t[1] << 8 | t[2]
+
+def find_version(e):
+    """Given the value of environment variable CXX or HOST_CXX, find the
+    version of the libstdc++ it uses.
+    """
+    args = e.split()
+    args +=  ['-shared', '-Wl,-t']
+    p = subprocess.Popen(args, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    candidates = [x for x in p.stdout if 'libstdc++.so' in x]
+    if not candidates:
+        return ''
+    assert len(candidates) == 1
+    libstdcxx = parse_ld_line(candidates[-1])
+
+    p = subprocess.Popen(['readelf', '-V', libstdcxx], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    versions = [parse_readelf_line(x)
+                for x in p.stdout.readlines() if 'Name: GLIBCXX' in x]
+    last_version = sorted(versions, cmp = cmp_ver)[-1]
+    return encode_ver(last_version)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    cxx_env = os.environ['CXX']
+    print 'MOZ_LIBSTDCXX_TARGET_VERSION=%s' % find_version(cxx_env)
+    host_cxx_env = os.environ.get('HOST_CXX', cxx_env)
+    print 'MOZ_LIBSTDCXX_HOST_VERSION=%s' % find_version(host_cxx_env)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/lint.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/lint.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0a5c8328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/lint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from . import (
+    CombinedDependsFunction,
+    ConfigureError,
+    ConfigureSandbox,
+    DependsFunction,
+)
+from .lint_util import disassemble_as_iter
+from mozbuild.util import memoize
+
+
+class LintSandbox(ConfigureSandbox):
+    def __init__(self, environ=None, argv=None, stdout=None, stderr=None):
+        out = StringIO()
+        stdout = stdout or out
+        stderr = stderr or out
+        environ = environ or {}
+        argv = argv or []
+        self._wrapped = {}
+        super(LintSandbox, self).__init__({}, environ=environ, argv=argv,
+                                          stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
+
+    def run(self, path=None):
+        if path:
+            self.include_file(path)
+
+    def _missing_help_dependency(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, CombinedDependsFunction):
+            return False
+        if isinstance(obj, DependsFunction):
+            if (self._help_option in obj.dependencies or
+                obj in (self._always, self._never)):
+                return False
+            func, glob = self._wrapped[obj.func]
+            # We allow missing --help dependencies for functions that:
+            # - don't use @imports
+            # - don't have a closure
+            # - don't use global variables
+            if func in self._imports or func.func_closure:
+                return True
+            for op, arg in disassemble_as_iter(func):
+                if op in ('LOAD_GLOBAL', 'STORE_GLOBAL'):
+                    # There is a fake os module when one is not imported,
+                    # and it's allowed for functions without a --help
+                    # dependency.
+                    if arg == 'os' and glob.get('os') is self.OS:
+                        continue
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    @memoize
+    def _value_for_depends(self, obj, need_help_dependency=False):
+        with_help = self._help_option in obj.dependencies
+        if with_help:
+            for arg in obj.dependencies:
+                if self._missing_help_dependency(arg):
+                    raise ConfigureError(
+                        "`%s` depends on '--help' and `%s`. "
+                        "`%s` must depend on '--help'"
+                        % (obj.name, arg.name, arg.name))
+        elif ((self._help or need_help_dependency) and
+              self._missing_help_dependency(obj)):
+            raise ConfigureError("Missing @depends for `%s`: '--help'" %
+                                 obj.name)
+        return super(LintSandbox, self)._value_for_depends(
+            obj, need_help_dependency)
+
+    def _prepare_function(self, func):
+        wrapped, glob = super(LintSandbox, self)._prepare_function(func)
+        if wrapped not in self._wrapped:
+            self._wrapped[wrapped] = func, glob
+        return wrapped, glob
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/lint_util.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/lint_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1c2f8731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/lint_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import dis
+import inspect
+
+
+# dis.dis only outputs to stdout. This is a modified version that
+# returns an iterator.
+def disassemble_as_iter(co):
+    if inspect.ismethod(co):
+        co = co.im_func
+    if inspect.isfunction(co):
+        co = co.func_code
+    code = co.co_code
+    n = len(code)
+    i = 0
+    extended_arg = 0
+    free = None
+    while i < n:
+        c = code[i]
+        op = ord(c)
+        opname = dis.opname[op]
+        i += 1;
+        if op >= dis.HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+            arg = ord(code[i]) + ord(code[i + 1]) * 256 + extended_arg
+            extended_arg = 0
+            i += 2
+            if op == dis.EXTENDED_ARG:
+                extended_arg = arg * 65536L
+                continue
+            if op in dis.hasconst:
+                yield opname, co.co_consts[arg]
+            elif op in dis.hasname:
+                yield opname, co.co_names[arg]
+            elif op in dis.hasjrel:
+                yield opname, i + arg
+            elif op in dis.haslocal:
+                yield opname, co.co_varnames[arg]
+            elif op in dis.hascompare:
+                yield opname, dis.cmp_op[arg]
+            elif op in dis.hasfree:
+                if free is None:
+                    free = co.co_cellvars + co.co_freevars
+                yield opname, free[arg]
+            else:
+                yield opname, None
+        else:
+            yield opname, None
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/options.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/options.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4310c8627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import sys
+import types
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+
+def istupleofstrings(obj):
+    return isinstance(obj, tuple) and len(obj) and all(
+        isinstance(o, types.StringTypes) for o in obj)
+
+
+class OptionValue(tuple):
+    '''Represents the value of a configure option.
+
+    This class is not meant to be used directly. Use its subclasses instead.
+
+    The `origin` attribute holds where the option comes from (e.g. environment,
+    command line, or default)
+    '''
+    def __new__(cls, values=(), origin='unknown'):
+        return super(OptionValue, cls).__new__(cls, values)
+
+    def __init__(self, values=(), origin='unknown'):
+        self.origin = origin
+
+    def format(self, option):
+        if option.startswith('--'):
+            prefix, name, values = Option.split_option(option)
+            assert values == ()
+            for prefix_set in (
+                    ('disable', 'enable'),
+                    ('without', 'with'),
+            ):
+                if prefix in prefix_set:
+                    prefix = prefix_set[int(bool(self))]
+                    break
+            if prefix:
+                option = '--%s-%s' % (prefix, name)
+            elif self:
+                option = '--%s' % name
+            else:
+                return ''
+            if len(self):
+                return '%s=%s' % (option, ','.join(self))
+            return option
+        elif self and not len(self):
+            return '%s=1' % option
+        return '%s=%s' % (option, ','.join(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if type(other) != type(self):
+            return False
+        return super(OptionValue, self).__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s%s' % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                         super(OptionValue, self).__repr__())
+
+
+class PositiveOptionValue(OptionValue):
+    '''Represents the value for a positive option (--enable/--with/--foo)
+    in the form of a tuple for when values are given to the option (in the form
+    --option=value[,value2...].
+    '''
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return True
+
+
+class NegativeOptionValue(OptionValue):
+    '''Represents the value for a negative option (--disable/--without)
+
+    This is effectively an empty tuple with a `origin` attribute.
+    '''
+    def __new__(cls, origin='unknown'):
+        return super(NegativeOptionValue, cls).__new__(cls, origin=origin)
+
+    def __init__(self, origin='unknown'):
+        return super(NegativeOptionValue, self).__init__(origin=origin)
+
+
+class InvalidOptionError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ConflictingOptionError(InvalidOptionError):
+    def __init__(self, message, **format_data):
+        if format_data:
+            message = message.format(**format_data)
+        super(ConflictingOptionError, self).__init__(message)
+        for k, v in format_data.iteritems():
+            setattr(self, k, v)
+
+
+class Option(object):
+    '''Represents a configure option
+
+    A configure option can be a command line flag or an environment variable
+    or both.
+
+    - `name` is the full command line flag (e.g. --enable-foo).
+    - `env` is the environment variable name (e.g. ENV)
+    - `nargs` is the number of arguments the option may take. It can be a
+      number or the special values '?' (0 or 1), '*' (0 or more), or '+' (1 or
+      more).
+    - `default` can be used to give a default value to the option. When the
+      `name` of the option starts with '--enable-' or '--with-', the implied
+      default is an empty PositiveOptionValue. When it starts with '--disable-'
+      or '--without-', the implied default is a NegativeOptionValue.
+    - `choices` restricts the set of values that can be given to the option.
+    - `help` is the option description for use in the --help output.
+    - `possible_origins` is a tuple of strings that are origins accepted for
+      this option. Example origins are 'mozconfig', 'implied', and 'environment'.
+    '''
+    __slots__ = (
+        'id', 'prefix', 'name', 'env', 'nargs', 'default', 'choices', 'help',
+        'possible_origins',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, env=None, nargs=None, default=None,
+                 possible_origins=None, choices=None, help=None):
+        if not name and not env:
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                'At least an option name or an environment variable name must '
+                'be given')
+        if name:
+            if not isinstance(name, types.StringTypes):
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Option must be a string')
+            if not name.startswith('--'):
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Option must start with `--`')
+            if '=' in name:
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Option must not contain an `=`')
+            if not name.islower():
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Option must be all lowercase')
+        if env:
+            if not isinstance(env, types.StringTypes):
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    'Environment variable name must be a string')
+            if not env.isupper():
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    'Environment variable name must be all uppercase')
+        if nargs not in (None, '?', '*', '+') and not (
+                isinstance(nargs, int) and nargs >= 0):
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                "nargs must be a positive integer, '?', '*' or '+'")
+        if (not isinstance(default, types.StringTypes) and
+                not isinstance(default, (bool, types.NoneType)) and
+                not istupleofstrings(default)):
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                'default must be a bool, a string or a tuple of strings')
+        if choices and not istupleofstrings(choices):
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                'choices must be a tuple of strings')
+        if not help:
+            raise InvalidOptionError('A help string must be provided')
+        if possible_origins and not istupleofstrings(possible_origins):
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                'possible_origins must be a tuple of strings')
+        self.possible_origins = possible_origins
+
+        if name:
+            prefix, name, values = self.split_option(name)
+            assert values == ()
+
+            # --disable and --without options mean the default is enabled.
+            # --enable and --with options mean the default is disabled.
+            # However, we allow a default to be given so that the default
+            # can be affected by other factors.
+            if prefix:
+                if default is None:
+                    default = prefix in ('disable', 'without')
+                elif default is False:
+                    prefix = {
+                        'disable': 'enable',
+                        'without': 'with',
+                    }.get(prefix, prefix)
+                elif default is True:
+                    prefix = {
+                        'enable': 'disable',
+                        'with': 'without',
+                    }.get(prefix, prefix)
+        else:
+            prefix = ''
+
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.name = name
+        self.env = env
+        if default in (None, False):
+            self.default = NegativeOptionValue(origin='default')
+        elif isinstance(default, tuple):
+            self.default = PositiveOptionValue(default, origin='default')
+        elif default is True:
+            self.default = PositiveOptionValue(origin='default')
+        else:
+            self.default = PositiveOptionValue((default,), origin='default')
+        if nargs is None:
+            nargs = 0
+            if len(self.default) == 1:
+                nargs = '?'
+            elif len(self.default) > 1:
+                nargs = '*'
+            elif choices:
+                nargs = 1
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        has_choices = choices is not None
+        if isinstance(self.default, PositiveOptionValue):
+            if has_choices and len(self.default) == 0:
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    'A `default` must be given along with `choices`')
+            if not self._validate_nargs(len(self.default)):
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+            if has_choices and not all(d in choices for d in self.default):
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    'The `default` value must be one of %s' %
+                    ', '.join("'%s'" % c for c in choices))
+        elif has_choices:
+            maxargs = self.maxargs
+            if len(choices) < maxargs and maxargs != sys.maxint:
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Not enough `choices` for `nargs`')
+        self.choices = choices
+        self.help = help
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def split_option(option):
+        '''Split a flag or variable into a prefix, a name and values
+
+        Variables come in the form NAME=values (no prefix).
+        Flags come in the form --name=values or --prefix-name=values
+        where prefix is one of 'with', 'without', 'enable' or 'disable'.
+        The '=values' part is optional. Values are separated with commas.
+        '''
+        if not isinstance(option, types.StringTypes):
+            raise InvalidOptionError('Option must be a string')
+
+        elements = option.split('=', 1)
+        name = elements[0]
+        values = tuple(elements[1].split(',')) if len(elements) == 2 else ()
+        if name.startswith('--'):
+            name = name[2:]
+            if not name.islower():
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Option must be all lowercase')
+            elements = name.split('-', 1)
+            prefix = elements[0]
+            if len(elements) == 2 and prefix in ('enable', 'disable',
+                                                 'with', 'without'):
+                return prefix, elements[1], values
+        else:
+            if name.startswith('-'):
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    'Option must start with two dashes instead of one')
+            if name.islower():
+                raise InvalidOptionError(
+                    'Environment variable name must be all uppercase')
+        return '', name, values
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _join_option(prefix, name):
+        # The constraints around name and env in __init__ make it so that
+        # we can distinguish between flags and environment variables with
+        # islower/isupper.
+        if name.isupper():
+            assert not prefix
+            return name
+        elif prefix:
+            return '--%s-%s' % (prefix, name)
+        return '--%s' % name
+
+    @property
+    def option(self):
+        if self.prefix or self.name:
+            return self._join_option(self.prefix, self.name)
+        else:
+            return self.env
+
+    @property
+    def minargs(self):
+        if isinstance(self.nargs, int):
+            return self.nargs
+        return 1 if self.nargs == '+' else 0
+
+    @property
+    def maxargs(self):
+        if isinstance(self.nargs, int):
+            return self.nargs
+        return 1 if self.nargs == '?' else sys.maxint
+
+    def _validate_nargs(self, num):
+        minargs, maxargs = self.minargs, self.maxargs
+        return num >= minargs and num <= maxargs
+
+    def get_value(self, option=None, origin='unknown'):
+        '''Given a full command line option (e.g. --enable-foo=bar) or a
+        variable assignment (FOO=bar), returns the corresponding OptionValue.
+
+        Note: variable assignments can come from either the environment or
+        from the command line (e.g. `../configure CFLAGS=-O2`)
+        '''
+        if not option:
+            return self.default
+
+        if self.possible_origins and origin not in self.possible_origins:
+            raise InvalidOptionError(
+                '%s can not be set by %s. Values are accepted from: %s' %
+                (option, origin, ', '.join(self.possible_origins)))
+
+        prefix, name, values = self.split_option(option)
+        option = self._join_option(prefix, name)
+
+        assert name in (self.name, self.env)
+
+        if prefix in ('disable', 'without'):
+            if values != ():
+                raise InvalidOptionError('Cannot pass a value to %s' % option)
+            return NegativeOptionValue(origin=origin)
+
+        if name == self.env:
+            if values == ('',):
+                return NegativeOptionValue(origin=origin)
+            if self.nargs in (0, '?', '*') and values == ('1',):
+                return PositiveOptionValue(origin=origin)
+
+        values = PositiveOptionValue(values, origin=origin)
+
+        if not self._validate_nargs(len(values)):
+            raise InvalidOptionError('%s takes %s value%s' % (
+                option,
+                {
+                    '?': '0 or 1',
+                    '*': '0 or more',
+                    '+': '1 or more',
+                }.get(self.nargs, str(self.nargs)),
+                's' if (not isinstance(self.nargs, int) or
+                        self.nargs != 1) else ''
+            ))
+
+        if len(values) and self.choices:
+            relative_result = None
+            for val in values:
+                if self.nargs in ('+', '*'):
+                    if val.startswith(('+', '-')):
+                        if relative_result is None:
+                            relative_result = list(self.default)
+                        sign = val[0]
+                        val = val[1:]
+                        if sign == '+':
+                            if val not in relative_result:
+                                relative_result.append(val)
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                relative_result.remove(val)
+                            except ValueError:
+                                pass
+
+                if val not in self.choices:
+                    raise InvalidOptionError(
+                        "'%s' is not one of %s"
+                        % (val, ', '.join("'%s'" % c for c in self.choices)))
+
+            if relative_result is not None:
+                values = PositiveOptionValue(relative_result, origin=origin)
+
+        return values
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s.%s [%s]>' % (self.__class__.__module__,
+                                 self.__class__.__name__, self.option)
+
+
+class CommandLineHelper(object):
+    '''Helper class to handle the various ways options can be given either
+    on the command line of through the environment.
+
+    For instance, an Option('--foo', env='FOO') can be passed as --foo on the
+    command line, or as FOO=1 in the environment *or* on the command line.
+
+    If multiple variants are given, command line is prefered over the
+    environment, and if different values are given on the command line, the
+    last one wins. (This mimicks the behavior of autoconf, avoiding to break
+    existing mozconfigs using valid options in weird ways)
+
+    Extra options can be added afterwards through API calls. For those,
+    conflicting values will raise an exception.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, environ=os.environ, argv=sys.argv):
+        self._environ = dict(environ)
+        self._args = OrderedDict()
+        self._extra_args = OrderedDict()
+        self._origins = {}
+        self._last = 0
+
+        for arg in argv[1:]:
+            self.add(arg, 'command-line', self._args)
+
+    def add(self, arg, origin='command-line', args=None):
+        assert origin != 'default'
+        prefix, name, values = Option.split_option(arg)
+        if args is None:
+            args = self._extra_args
+        if args is self._extra_args and name in self._extra_args:
+            old_arg = self._extra_args[name][0]
+            old_prefix, _, old_values = Option.split_option(old_arg)
+            if prefix != old_prefix or values != old_values:
+                raise ConflictingOptionError(
+                    "Cannot add '{arg}' to the {origin} set because it "
+                    "conflicts with '{old_arg}' that was added earlier",
+                    arg=arg, origin=origin, old_arg=old_arg,
+                    old_origin=self._origins[old_arg])
+        self._last += 1
+        args[name] = arg, self._last
+        self._origins[arg] = origin
+
+    def _prepare(self, option, args):
+        arg = None
+        origin = 'command-line'
+        from_name = args.get(option.name)
+        from_env = args.get(option.env)
+        if from_name and from_env:
+            arg1, pos1 = from_name
+            arg2, pos2 = from_env
+            arg, pos = (arg1, pos1) if abs(pos1) > abs(pos2) else (arg2, pos2)
+            if args is self._extra_args and (option.get_value(arg1) !=
+                                             option.get_value(arg2)):
+                origin = self._origins[arg]
+                old_arg = arg2 if abs(pos1) > abs(pos2) else arg1
+                raise ConflictingOptionError(
+                    "Cannot add '{arg}' to the {origin} set because it "
+                    "conflicts with '{old_arg}' that was added earlier",
+                    arg=arg, origin=origin, old_arg=old_arg,
+                    old_origin=self._origins[old_arg])
+        elif from_name or from_env:
+            arg, pos = from_name if from_name else from_env
+        elif option.env and args is self._args:
+            env = self._environ.get(option.env)
+            if env is not None:
+                arg = '%s=%s' % (option.env, env)
+                origin = 'environment'
+
+        origin = self._origins.get(arg, origin)
+
+        for k in (option.name, option.env):
+            try:
+                del args[k]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+        return arg, origin
+
+    def handle(self, option):
+        '''Return the OptionValue corresponding to the given Option instance,
+        depending on the command line, environment, and extra arguments, and
+        the actual option or variable that set it.
+        Only works once for a given Option.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(option, Option)
+
+        arg, origin = self._prepare(option, self._args)
+        ret = option.get_value(arg, origin)
+
+        extra_arg, extra_origin = self._prepare(option, self._extra_args)
+        extra_ret = option.get_value(extra_arg, extra_origin)
+
+        if extra_ret.origin == 'default':
+            return ret, arg
+
+        if ret.origin != 'default' and extra_ret != ret:
+            raise ConflictingOptionError(
+                "Cannot add '{arg}' to the {origin} set because it conflicts "
+                "with {old_arg} from the {old_origin} set", arg=extra_arg,
+                origin=extra_ret.origin, old_arg=arg, old_origin=ret.origin)
+
+        return extra_ret, extra_arg
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for d in (self._args, self._extra_args):
+            for arg, pos in d.itervalues():
+                yield arg
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/util.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7a305282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/configure/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+import itertools
+import locale
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+from collections import deque
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+
+def getpreferredencoding():
+    # locale._parse_localename makes locale.getpreferredencoding
+    # return None when LC_ALL is C, instead of e.g. 'US-ASCII' or
+    # 'ANSI_X3.4-1968' when it uses nl_langinfo.
+    encoding = None
+    try:
+        encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()
+    except ValueError:
+        # On english OSX, LC_ALL is UTF-8 (not en-US.UTF-8), and
+        # that throws off locale._parse_localename, which ends up
+        # being used on e.g. homebrew python.
+        if os.environ.get('LC_ALL', '').upper() == 'UTF-8':
+            encoding = 'utf-8'
+    return encoding
+
+class Version(LooseVersion):
+    '''A simple subclass of distutils.version.LooseVersion.
+    Adds attributes for `major`, `minor`, `patch` for the first three
+    version components so users can easily pull out major/minor
+    versions, like:
+
+    v = Version('1.2b')
+    v.major == 1
+    v.minor == 2
+    v.patch == 0
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        # Can't use super, LooseVersion's base class is not a new-style class.
+        LooseVersion.__init__(self, version)
+        # Take the first three integer components, stopping at the first
+        # non-integer and padding the rest with zeroes.
+        (self.major, self.minor, self.patch) = list(itertools.chain(
+            itertools.takewhile(lambda x:isinstance(x, int), self.version),
+            (0, 0, 0)))[:3]
+
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        # LooseVersion checks isinstance(StringType), so work around it.
+        if isinstance(other, unicode):
+            other = other.encode('ascii')
+        return LooseVersion.__cmp__(self, other)
+
+
+class ConfigureOutputHandler(logging.Handler):
+    '''A logging handler class that sends info messages to stdout and other
+    messages to stderr.
+
+    Messages sent to stdout are not formatted with the attached Formatter.
+    Additionally, if they end with '... ', no newline character is printed,
+    making the next message printed follow the '... '.
+
+    Only messages above log level INFO (included) are logged.
+
+    Messages below that level can be kept until an ERROR message is received,
+    at which point the last `maxlen` accumulated messages below INFO are
+    printed out. This feature is only enabled under the `queue_debug` context
+    manager.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, maxlen=20):
+        super(ConfigureOutputHandler, self).__init__()
+
+        # Python has this feature where it sets the encoding of pipes to
+        # ascii, which blatantly fails when trying to print out non-ascii.
+        def fix_encoding(fh):
+            try:
+                isatty = fh.isatty()
+            except AttributeError:
+                isatty = True
+
+            if not isatty:
+                encoding = getpreferredencoding()
+                if encoding:
+                    return codecs.getwriter(encoding)(fh)
+            return fh
+
+        self._stdout = fix_encoding(stdout)
+        self._stderr = fix_encoding(stderr) if stdout != stderr else self._stdout
+        try:
+            fd1 = self._stdout.fileno()
+            fd2 = self._stderr.fileno()
+            self._same_output = self._is_same_output(fd1, fd2)
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._same_output = self._stdout == self._stderr
+        self._stdout_waiting = None
+        self._debug = deque(maxlen=maxlen + 1)
+        self._keep_if_debug = self.THROW
+        self._queue_is_active = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_same_output(fd1, fd2):
+        if fd1 == fd2:
+            return True
+        stat1 = os.fstat(fd1)
+        stat2 = os.fstat(fd2)
+        return stat1.st_ino == stat2.st_ino and stat1.st_dev == stat2.st_dev
+
+    # possible values for _stdout_waiting
+    WAITING = 1
+    INTERRUPTED = 2
+
+    # possible values for _keep_if_debug
+    THROW = 0
+    KEEP = 1
+    PRINT = 2
+
+    def emit(self, record):
+        try:
+            if record.levelno == logging.INFO:
+                stream = self._stdout
+                msg = record.getMessage()
+                if (self._stdout_waiting == self.INTERRUPTED and
+                        self._same_output):
+                    msg = ' ... %s' % msg
+                self._stdout_waiting = msg.endswith('... ')
+                if msg.endswith('... '):
+                    self._stdout_waiting = self.WAITING
+                else:
+                    self._stdout_waiting = None
+                    msg = '%s\n' % msg
+            elif (record.levelno < logging.INFO and
+                    self._keep_if_debug != self.PRINT):
+                if self._keep_if_debug == self.KEEP:
+                    self._debug.append(record)
+                return
+            else:
+                if record.levelno >= logging.ERROR and len(self._debug):
+                    self._emit_queue()
+
+                if self._stdout_waiting == self.WAITING and self._same_output:
+                    self._stdout_waiting = self.INTERRUPTED
+                    self._stdout.write('\n')
+                    self._stdout.flush()
+                stream = self._stderr
+                msg = '%s\n' % self.format(record)
+            stream.write(msg)
+            stream.flush()
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+            raise
+        except:
+            self.handleError(record)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def queue_debug(self):
+        if self._queue_is_active:
+            yield
+            return
+        self._queue_is_active = True
+        self._keep_if_debug = self.KEEP
+        try:
+            yield
+        except Exception:
+            self._emit_queue()
+            # The exception will be handled and very probably printed out by
+            # something upper in the stack.
+            raise
+        finally:
+            self._queue_is_active = False
+        self._keep_if_debug = self.THROW
+        self._debug.clear()
+
+    def _emit_queue(self):
+        self._keep_if_debug = self.PRINT
+        if len(self._debug) == self._debug.maxlen:
+            r = self._debug.popleft()
+            self.emit(logging.LogRecord(
+                r.name, r.levelno, r.pathname, r.lineno,
+                '<truncated - see config.log for full output>',
+                (), None))
+        while True:
+            try:
+                self.emit(self._debug.popleft())
+            except IndexError:
+                break
+        self._keep_if_debug = self.KEEP
+
+
+class LineIO(object):
+    '''File-like class that sends each line of the written data to a callback
+    (without carriage returns).
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, callback):
+        self._callback = callback
+        self._buf = ''
+        self._encoding = getpreferredencoding()
+
+    def write(self, buf):
+        if self._encoding and isinstance(buf, str):
+            buf = buf.decode(self._encoding)
+        lines = buf.splitlines()
+        if not lines:
+            return
+        if self._buf:
+            lines[0] = self._buf + lines[0]
+            self._buf = ''
+        if not buf.endswith('\n'):
+            self._buf = lines.pop()
+
+        for line in lines:
+            self._callback(line)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._buf:
+            self._callback(self._buf)
+            self._buf = ''
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/building.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/building.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..663f789b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/building.py
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import getpass
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import platform
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+import which
+
+from collections import (
+    namedtuple,
+    OrderedDict,
+)
+
+try:
+    import psutil
+except Exception:
+    psutil = None
+
+from mozsystemmonitor.resourcemonitor import SystemResourceMonitor
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from ..base import MozbuildObject
+
+from ..testing import install_test_files
+
+from ..compilation.warnings import (
+    WarningsCollector,
+    WarningsDatabase,
+)
+
+from textwrap import TextWrapper
+
+INSTALL_TESTS_CLOBBER = ''.join([TextWrapper().fill(line) + '\n' for line in
+'''
+The build system was unable to install tests because the CLOBBER file has \
+been updated. This means if you edited any test files, your changes may not \
+be picked up until a full/clobber build is performed.
+
+The easiest and fastest way to perform a clobber build is to run:
+
+ $ mach clobber
+ $ mach build
+
+If you did not modify any test files, it is safe to ignore this message \
+and proceed with running tests. To do this run:
+
+ $ touch {clobber_file}
+'''.splitlines()])
+
+
+
+BuildOutputResult = namedtuple('BuildOutputResult',
+    ('warning', 'state_changed', 'for_display'))
+
+
+class TierStatus(object):
+    """Represents the state and progress of tier traversal.
+
+    The build system is organized into linear phases called tiers. Each tier
+    executes in the order it was defined, 1 at a time.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, resources):
+        """Accepts a SystemResourceMonitor to record results against."""
+        self.tiers = OrderedDict()
+        self.tier_status = OrderedDict()
+        self.resources = resources
+
+    def set_tiers(self, tiers):
+        """Record the set of known tiers."""
+        for tier in tiers:
+            self.tiers[tier] = dict(
+                begin_time=None,
+                finish_time=None,
+                duration=None,
+            )
+            self.tier_status[tier] = None
+
+    def begin_tier(self, tier):
+        """Record that execution of a tier has begun."""
+        self.tier_status[tier] = 'active'
+        t = self.tiers[tier]
+        # We should ideally use a monotonic clock here. Unfortunately, we won't
+        # have one until Python 3.
+        t['begin_time'] = time.time()
+        self.resources.begin_phase(tier)
+
+    def finish_tier(self, tier):
+        """Record that execution of a tier has finished."""
+        self.tier_status[tier] = 'finished'
+        t = self.tiers[tier]
+        t['finish_time'] = time.time()
+        t['duration'] = self.resources.finish_phase(tier)
+
+    def tiered_resource_usage(self):
+        """Obtains an object containing resource usage for tiers.
+
+        The returned object is suitable for serialization.
+        """
+        o = []
+
+        for tier, state in self.tiers.items():
+            t_entry = dict(
+                name=tier,
+                start=state['begin_time'],
+                end=state['finish_time'],
+                duration=state['duration'],
+            )
+
+            self.add_resources_to_dict(t_entry, phase=tier)
+
+            o.append(t_entry)
+
+        return o
+
+    def add_resources_to_dict(self, entry, start=None, end=None, phase=None):
+        """Helper function to append resource information to a dict."""
+        cpu_percent = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_percent(start=start,
+            end=end, phase=phase, per_cpu=False)
+        cpu_times = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_times(start=start, end=end,
+            phase=phase, per_cpu=False)
+        io = self.resources.aggregate_io(start=start, end=end, phase=phase)
+
+        if cpu_percent is None:
+            return entry
+
+        entry['cpu_percent'] = cpu_percent
+        entry['cpu_times'] = list(cpu_times)
+        entry['io'] = list(io)
+
+        return entry
+
+    def add_resource_fields_to_dict(self, d):
+        for usage in self.resources.range_usage():
+            cpu_times = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_times(per_cpu=False)
+
+            d['cpu_times_fields'] = list(cpu_times._fields)
+            d['io_fields'] = list(usage.io._fields)
+            d['virt_fields'] = list(usage.virt._fields)
+            d['swap_fields'] = list(usage.swap._fields)
+
+            return d
+
+
+class BuildMonitor(MozbuildObject):
+    """Monitors the output of the build."""
+
+    def init(self, warnings_path):
+        """Create a new monitor.
+
+        warnings_path is a path of a warnings database to use.
+        """
+        self._warnings_path = warnings_path
+        self.resources = SystemResourceMonitor(poll_interval=1.0)
+        self._resources_started = False
+
+        self.tiers = TierStatus(self.resources)
+
+        self.warnings_database = WarningsDatabase()
+        if os.path.exists(warnings_path):
+            try:
+                self.warnings_database.load_from_file(warnings_path)
+            except ValueError:
+                os.remove(warnings_path)
+
+        self._warnings_collector = WarningsCollector(
+            database=self.warnings_database, objdir=self.topobjdir)
+
+        self.build_objects = []
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Record the start of the build."""
+        self.start_time = time.time()
+        self._finder_start_cpu = self._get_finder_cpu_usage()
+
+    def start_resource_recording(self):
+        # This should be merged into start() once bug 892342 lands.
+        self.resources.start()
+        self._resources_started = True
+
+    def on_line(self, line):
+        """Consume a line of output from the build system.
+
+        This will parse the line for state and determine whether more action is
+        needed.
+
+        Returns a BuildOutputResult instance.
+
+        In this named tuple, warning will be an object describing a new parsed
+        warning. Otherwise it will be None.
+
+        state_changed indicates whether the build system changed state with
+        this line. If the build system changed state, the caller may want to
+        query this instance for the current state in order to update UI, etc.
+
+        for_display is a boolean indicating whether the line is relevant to the
+        user. This is typically used to filter whether the line should be
+        presented to the user.
+        """
+        if line.startswith('BUILDSTATUS'):
+            args = line.split()[1:]
+
+            action = args.pop(0)
+            update_needed = True
+
+            if action == 'TIERS':
+                self.tiers.set_tiers(args)
+                update_needed = False
+            elif action == 'TIER_START':
+                tier = args[0]
+                self.tiers.begin_tier(tier)
+            elif action == 'TIER_FINISH':
+                tier, = args
+                self.tiers.finish_tier(tier)
+            elif action == 'OBJECT_FILE':
+                self.build_objects.append(args[0])
+                update_needed = False
+            else:
+                raise Exception('Unknown build status: %s' % action)
+
+            return BuildOutputResult(None, update_needed, False)
+
+        warning = None
+
+        try:
+            warning = self._warnings_collector.process_line(line)
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        return BuildOutputResult(warning, False, True)
+
+    def stop_resource_recording(self):
+        if self._resources_started:
+            self.resources.stop()
+
+        self._resources_started = False
+
+    def finish(self, record_usage=True):
+        """Record the end of the build."""
+        self.stop_resource_recording()
+        self.end_time = time.time()
+        self._finder_end_cpu = self._get_finder_cpu_usage()
+        self.elapsed = self.end_time - self.start_time
+
+        self.warnings_database.prune()
+        self.warnings_database.save_to_file(self._warnings_path)
+
+        if not record_usage:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            usage = self.get_resource_usage()
+            if not usage:
+                return
+
+            self.log_resource_usage(usage)
+            with open(self._get_state_filename('build_resources.json'), 'w') as fh:
+                json.dump(self.resources.as_dict(), fh, indent=2)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.log(logging.WARNING, 'build_resources_error',
+                {'msg': str(e)},
+                'Exception when writing resource usage file: {msg}')
+
+    def _get_finder_cpu_usage(self):
+        """Obtain the CPU usage of the Finder app on OS X.
+
+        This is used to detect high CPU usage.
+        """
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            return None
+
+        if not psutil:
+            return None
+
+        for proc in psutil.process_iter():
+            if proc.name != 'Finder':
+                continue
+
+            if proc.username != getpass.getuser():
+                continue
+
+            # Try to isolate system finder as opposed to other "Finder"
+            # processes.
+            if not proc.exe.endswith('CoreServices/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS/Finder'):
+                continue
+
+            return proc.get_cpu_times()
+
+        return None
+
+    def have_high_finder_usage(self):
+        """Determine whether there was high Finder CPU usage during the build.
+
+        Returns True if there was high Finder CPU usage, False if there wasn't,
+        or None if there is nothing to report.
+        """
+        if not self._finder_start_cpu:
+            return None, None
+
+        # We only measure if the measured range is sufficiently long.
+        if self.elapsed < 15:
+            return None, None
+
+        if not self._finder_end_cpu:
+            return None, None
+
+        start = self._finder_start_cpu
+        end = self._finder_end_cpu
+
+        start_total = start.user + start.system
+        end_total = end.user + end.system
+
+        cpu_seconds = end_total - start_total
+
+        # If Finder used more than 25% of 1 core during the build, report an
+        # error.
+        finder_percent = cpu_seconds / self.elapsed * 100
+
+        return finder_percent > 25, finder_percent
+
+    def have_excessive_swapping(self):
+        """Determine whether there was excessive swapping during the build.
+
+        Returns a tuple of (excessive, swap_in, swap_out). All values are None
+        if no swap information is available.
+        """
+        if not self.have_resource_usage:
+            return None, None, None
+
+        swap_in = sum(m.swap.sin for m in self.resources.measurements)
+        swap_out = sum(m.swap.sout for m in self.resources.measurements)
+
+        # The threshold of 1024 MB has been arbitrarily chosen.
+        #
+        # Choosing a proper value that is ideal for everyone is hard. We will
+        # likely iterate on the logic until people are generally satisfied.
+        # If a value is too low, the eventual warning produced does not carry
+        # much meaning. If the threshold is too high, people may not see the
+        # warning and the warning will thus be ineffective.
+        excessive = swap_in > 512 * 1048576 or swap_out > 512 * 1048576
+        return excessive, swap_in, swap_out
+
+    @property
+    def have_resource_usage(self):
+        """Whether resource usage is available."""
+        return self.resources.start_time is not None
+
+    def get_resource_usage(self):
+        """ Produce a data structure containing the low-level resource usage information.
+
+        This data structure can e.g. be serialized into JSON and saved for
+        subsequent analysis.
+
+        If no resource usage is available, None is returned.
+        """
+        if not self.have_resource_usage:
+            return None
+
+        cpu_percent = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_percent(phase=None,
+            per_cpu=False)
+        cpu_times = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_times(phase=None,
+            per_cpu=False)
+        io = self.resources.aggregate_io(phase=None)
+
+        o = dict(
+            version=3,
+            argv=sys.argv,
+            start=self.start_time,
+            end=self.end_time,
+            duration=self.end_time - self.start_time,
+            resources=[],
+            cpu_percent=cpu_percent,
+            cpu_times=cpu_times,
+            io=io,
+            objects=self.build_objects
+        )
+
+        o['tiers'] = self.tiers.tiered_resource_usage()
+
+        self.tiers.add_resource_fields_to_dict(o)
+
+        for usage in self.resources.range_usage():
+            cpu_percent = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_percent(usage.start,
+                usage.end, per_cpu=False)
+            cpu_times = self.resources.aggregate_cpu_times(usage.start,
+                usage.end, per_cpu=False)
+
+            entry = dict(
+                start=usage.start,
+                end=usage.end,
+                virt=list(usage.virt),
+                swap=list(usage.swap),
+            )
+
+            self.tiers.add_resources_to_dict(entry, start=usage.start,
+                    end=usage.end)
+
+            o['resources'].append(entry)
+
+
+        # If the imports for this file ran before the in-tree virtualenv
+        # was bootstrapped (for instance, for a clobber build in automation),
+        # psutil might not be available.
+        #
+        # Treat psutil as optional to avoid an outright failure to log resources
+        # TODO: it would be nice to collect data on the storage device as well
+        # in this case.
+        o['system'] = {}
+        if psutil:
+            o['system'].update(dict(
+                logical_cpu_count=psutil.cpu_count(),
+                physical_cpu_count=psutil.cpu_count(logical=False),
+                swap_total=psutil.swap_memory()[0],
+                vmem_total=psutil.virtual_memory()[0],
+            ))
+
+        return o
+
+    def log_resource_usage(self, usage):
+        """Summarize the resource usage of this build in a log message."""
+
+        if not usage:
+            return
+
+        params = dict(
+            duration=self.end_time - self.start_time,
+            cpu_percent=usage['cpu_percent'],
+            io_read_bytes=usage['io'].read_bytes,
+            io_write_bytes=usage['io'].write_bytes,
+            io_read_time=usage['io'].read_time,
+            io_write_time=usage['io'].write_time,
+        )
+
+        message = 'Overall system resources - Wall time: {duration:.0f}s; ' \
+            'CPU: {cpu_percent:.0f}%; ' \
+            'Read bytes: {io_read_bytes}; Write bytes: {io_write_bytes}; ' \
+            'Read time: {io_read_time}; Write time: {io_write_time}'
+
+        self.log(logging.WARNING, 'resource_usage', params, message)
+
+        excessive, sin, sout = self.have_excessive_swapping()
+        if excessive is not None and (sin or sout):
+            sin /= 1048576
+            sout /= 1048576
+            self.log(logging.WARNING, 'swap_activity',
+                {'sin': sin, 'sout': sout},
+                'Swap in/out (MB): {sin}/{sout}')
+
+    def ccache_stats(self):
+        ccache_stats = None
+
+        try:
+            ccache = which.which('ccache')
+            output = subprocess.check_output([ccache, '-s'])
+            ccache_stats = CCacheStats(output)
+        except which.WhichError:
+            pass
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.log(logging.WARNING, 'ccache', {'msg': str(e)}, '{msg}')
+
+        return ccache_stats
+
+
+class CCacheStats(object):
+    """Holds statistics from ccache.
+
+    Instances can be subtracted from each other to obtain differences.
+    print() or str() the object to show a ``ccache -s`` like output
+    of the captured stats.
+
+    """
+    STATS_KEYS = [
+        # (key, description)
+        # Refer to stats.c in ccache project for all the descriptions.
+        ('cache_hit_direct', 'cache hit (direct)'),
+        ('cache_hit_preprocessed', 'cache hit (preprocessed)'),
+        ('cache_hit_rate', 'cache hit rate'),
+        ('cache_miss', 'cache miss'),
+        ('link', 'called for link'),
+        ('preprocessing', 'called for preprocessing'),
+        ('multiple', 'multiple source files'),
+        ('stdout', 'compiler produced stdout'),
+        ('no_output', 'compiler produced no output'),
+        ('empty_output', 'compiler produced empty output'),
+        ('failed', 'compile failed'),
+        ('error', 'ccache internal error'),
+        ('preprocessor_error', 'preprocessor error'),
+        ('cant_use_pch', "can't use precompiled header"),
+        ('compiler_missing', "couldn't find the compiler"),
+        ('cache_file_missing', 'cache file missing'),
+        ('bad_args', 'bad compiler arguments'),
+        ('unsupported_lang', 'unsupported source language'),
+        ('compiler_check_failed', 'compiler check failed'),
+        ('autoconf', 'autoconf compile/link'),
+        ('unsupported_compiler_option', 'unsupported compiler option'),
+        ('out_stdout', 'output to stdout'),
+        ('out_device', 'output to a non-regular file'),
+        ('no_input', 'no input file'),
+        ('bad_extra_file', 'error hashing extra file'),
+        ('num_cleanups', 'cleanups performed'),
+        ('cache_files', 'files in cache'),
+        ('cache_size', 'cache size'),
+        ('cache_max_size', 'max cache size'),
+    ]
+
+    DIRECTORY_DESCRIPTION = "cache directory"
+    PRIMARY_CONFIG_DESCRIPTION = "primary config"
+    SECONDARY_CONFIG_DESCRIPTION = "secondary config      (readonly)"
+    ABSOLUTE_KEYS = {'cache_files', 'cache_size', 'cache_max_size'}
+    FORMAT_KEYS = {'cache_size', 'cache_max_size'}
+
+    GiB = 1024 ** 3
+    MiB = 1024 ** 2
+    KiB = 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, output=None):
+        """Construct an instance from the output of ccache -s."""
+        self._values = {}
+        self.cache_dir = ""
+        self.primary_config = ""
+        self.secondary_config = ""
+
+        if not output:
+            return
+
+        for line in output.splitlines():
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line:
+                self._parse_line(line)
+
+    def _parse_line(self, line):
+        if line.startswith(self.DIRECTORY_DESCRIPTION):
+            self.cache_dir = self._strip_prefix(line, self.DIRECTORY_DESCRIPTION)
+        elif line.startswith(self.PRIMARY_CONFIG_DESCRIPTION):
+            self.primary_config = self._strip_prefix(
+                line, self.PRIMARY_CONFIG_DESCRIPTION)
+        elif line.startswith(self.SECONDARY_CONFIG_DESCRIPTION):
+            self.secondary_config = self._strip_prefix(
+                line, self.SECONDARY_CONFIG_DESCRIPTION)
+        else:
+            for stat_key, stat_description in self.STATS_KEYS:
+                if line.startswith(stat_description):
+                    raw_value = self._strip_prefix(line, stat_description)
+                    self._values[stat_key] = self._parse_value(raw_value)
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError('Failed to parse ccache stats output: %s' % line)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _strip_prefix(line, prefix):
+        return line[len(prefix):].strip() if line.startswith(prefix) else line
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_value(raw_value):
+        value = raw_value.split()
+        unit = ''
+        if len(value) == 1:
+            numeric = value[0]
+        elif len(value) == 2:
+            numeric, unit = value
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Failed to parse ccache stats value: %s' % raw_value)
+
+        if '.' in numeric:
+            numeric = float(numeric)
+        else:
+            numeric = int(numeric)
+
+        if unit in ('GB', 'Gbytes'):
+            unit = CCacheStats.GiB
+        elif unit in ('MB', 'Mbytes'):
+            unit = CCacheStats.MiB
+        elif unit in ('KB', 'Kbytes'):
+            unit = CCacheStats.KiB
+        else:
+            unit = 1
+
+        return int(numeric * unit)
+
+    def hit_rate_message(self):
+        return 'ccache (direct) hit rate: {:.1%}; (preprocessed) hit rate: {:.1%}; miss rate: {:.1%}'.format(*self.hit_rates())
+
+    def hit_rates(self):
+        direct = self._values['cache_hit_direct']
+        preprocessed = self._values['cache_hit_preprocessed']
+        miss = self._values['cache_miss']
+        total = float(direct + preprocessed + miss)
+
+        if total > 0:
+            direct /= total
+            preprocessed /= total
+            miss /= total
+
+        return (direct, preprocessed, miss)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        result = CCacheStats()
+        result.cache_dir = self.cache_dir
+
+        for k, prefix in self.STATS_KEYS:
+            if k not in self._values and k not in other._values:
+                continue
+
+            our_value = self._values.get(k, 0)
+            other_value = other._values.get(k, 0)
+
+            if k in self.ABSOLUTE_KEYS:
+                result._values[k] = our_value
+            else:
+                result._values[k] = our_value - other_value
+
+        return result
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        LEFT_ALIGN = 34
+        lines = []
+
+        if self.cache_dir:
+            lines.append('%s%s' % (self.DIRECTORY_DESCRIPTION.ljust(LEFT_ALIGN),
+                                   self.cache_dir))
+
+        for stat_key, stat_description in self.STATS_KEYS:
+            if stat_key not in self._values:
+                continue
+
+            value = self._values[stat_key]
+
+            if stat_key in self.FORMAT_KEYS:
+                value = '%15s' % self._format_value(value)
+            else:
+                value = '%8u' % value
+
+            lines.append('%s%s' % (stat_description.ljust(LEFT_ALIGN), value))
+
+        return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        relative_values = [v for k, v in self._values.items()
+                           if k not in self.ABSOLUTE_KEYS]
+        return (all(v >= 0 for v in relative_values) and
+                any(v > 0 for v in relative_values))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _format_value(v):
+        if v > CCacheStats.GiB:
+            return '%.1f Gbytes' % (float(v) / CCacheStats.GiB)
+        elif v > CCacheStats.MiB:
+            return '%.1f Mbytes' % (float(v) / CCacheStats.MiB)
+        else:
+            return '%.1f Kbytes' % (float(v) / CCacheStats.KiB)
+
+
+class BuildDriver(MozbuildObject):
+    """Provides a high-level API for build actions."""
+
+    def install_tests(self, test_objs):
+        """Install test files."""
+
+        if self.is_clobber_needed():
+            print(INSTALL_TESTS_CLOBBER.format(
+                  clobber_file=os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'CLOBBER')))
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        if not test_objs:
+            # If we don't actually have a list of tests to install we install
+            # test and support files wholesale.
+            self._run_make(target='install-test-files', pass_thru=True,
+                           print_directory=False)
+        else:
+            install_test_files(mozpath.normpath(self.topsrcdir), self.topobjdir,
+                               '_tests', test_objs)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/clobber.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/clobber.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02f75c6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/controller/clobber.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function
+
+r'''This module contains code for managing clobbering of the tree.'''
+
+import errno
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import remove as mozfileremove
+from textwrap import TextWrapper
+
+
+CLOBBER_MESSAGE = ''.join([TextWrapper().fill(line) + '\n' for line in
+'''
+The CLOBBER file has been updated, indicating that an incremental build since \
+your last build will probably not work. A full/clobber build is required.
+
+The reason for the clobber is:
+
+{clobber_reason}
+
+Clobbering can be performed automatically. However, we didn't automatically \
+clobber this time because:
+
+{no_reason}
+
+The easiest and fastest way to clobber is to run:
+
+ $ mach clobber
+
+If you know this clobber doesn't apply to you or you're feeling lucky -- \
+Well, are ya? -- you can ignore this clobber requirement by running:
+
+ $ touch {clobber_file}
+'''.splitlines()])
+
+class Clobberer(object):
+    def __init__(self, topsrcdir, topobjdir):
+        """Create a new object to manage clobbering the tree.
+
+        It is bound to a top source directory and to a specific object
+        directory.
+        """
+        assert os.path.isabs(topsrcdir)
+        assert os.path.isabs(topobjdir)
+
+        self.topsrcdir = os.path.normpath(topsrcdir)
+        self.topobjdir = os.path.normpath(topobjdir)
+        self.src_clobber = os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'CLOBBER')
+        self.obj_clobber = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'CLOBBER')
+
+        # Try looking for mozilla/CLOBBER, for comm-central
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.src_clobber):
+            self.src_clobber = os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'mozilla', 'CLOBBER')
+
+        assert os.path.isfile(self.src_clobber)
+
+    def clobber_needed(self):
+        """Returns a bool indicating whether a tree clobber is required."""
+
+        # No object directory clobber file means we're good.
+        if not os.path.exists(self.obj_clobber):
+            return False
+
+        # Object directory clobber older than current is fine.
+        if os.path.getmtime(self.src_clobber) <= \
+            os.path.getmtime(self.obj_clobber):
+
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def clobber_cause(self):
+        """Obtain the cause why a clobber is required.
+
+        This reads the cause from the CLOBBER file.
+
+        This returns a list of lines describing why the clobber was required.
+        Each line is stripped of leading and trailing whitespace.
+        """
+        with open(self.src_clobber, 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = [l.strip() for l in fh.readlines()]
+            return [l for l in lines if l and not l.startswith('#')]
+
+    def have_winrm(self):
+        # `winrm -h` should print 'winrm version ...' and exit 1
+        try:
+            p = subprocess.Popen(['winrm.exe', '-h'],
+                                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+            return p.wait() == 1 and p.stdout.read().startswith('winrm')
+        except:
+            return False
+
+    def remove_objdir(self, full=True):
+        """Remove the object directory.
+
+        ``full`` controls whether to fully delete the objdir. If False,
+        some directories (e.g. Visual Studio Project Files) will not be
+        deleted.
+        """
+        # Top-level files and directories to not clobber by default.
+        no_clobber = {
+            '.mozbuild',
+            'msvc',
+        }
+
+        if full:
+            # mozfile doesn't like unicode arguments (bug 818783).
+            paths = [self.topobjdir.encode('utf-8')]
+        else:
+            try:
+                paths = []
+                for p in os.listdir(self.topobjdir):
+                    if p not in no_clobber:
+                        paths.append(os.path.join(self.topobjdir, p).encode('utf-8'))
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                    raise
+                return
+
+        procs = []
+        for p in sorted(paths):
+            path = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, p)
+            if sys.platform.startswith('win') and self.have_winrm() and os.path.isdir(path):
+                procs.append(subprocess.Popen(['winrm', '-rf', path]))
+            else:
+                # We use mozfile because it is faster than shutil.rmtree().
+                mozfileremove(path)
+
+        for p in procs:
+            p.wait()
+
+    def ensure_objdir_state(self):
+        """Ensure the CLOBBER file in the objdir exists.
+
+        This is called as part of the build to ensure the clobber information
+        is configured properly for the objdir.
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(self.topobjdir):
+            os.makedirs(self.topobjdir)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(self.obj_clobber):
+            # Simply touch the file.
+            with open(self.obj_clobber, 'a'):
+                pass
+
+    def maybe_do_clobber(self, cwd, allow_auto=False, fh=sys.stderr):
+        """Perform a clobber if it is required. Maybe.
+
+        This is the API the build system invokes to determine if a clobber
+        is needed and to automatically perform that clobber if we can.
+
+        This returns a tuple of (bool, bool, str). The elements are:
+
+          - Whether a clobber was/is required.
+          - Whether a clobber was performed.
+          - The reason why the clobber failed or could not be performed. This
+            will be None if no clobber is required or if we clobbered without
+            error.
+        """
+        assert cwd
+        cwd = os.path.normpath(cwd)
+
+        if not self.clobber_needed():
+            print('Clobber not needed.', file=fh)
+            self.ensure_objdir_state()
+            return False, False, None
+
+        # So a clobber is needed. We only perform a clobber if we are
+        # allowed to perform an automatic clobber (off by default) and if the
+        # current directory is not under the object directory. The latter is
+        # because operating systems, filesystems, and shell can throw fits
+        # if the current working directory is deleted from under you. While it
+        # can work in some scenarios, we take the conservative approach and
+        # never try.
+        if not allow_auto:
+            return True, False, \
+               self._message('Automatic clobbering is not enabled\n'
+                              '  (add "mk_add_options AUTOCLOBBER=1" to your '
+                              'mozconfig).')
+
+        if cwd.startswith(self.topobjdir) and cwd != self.topobjdir:
+            return True, False, self._message(
+                'Cannot clobber while the shell is inside the object directory.')
+
+        print('Automatically clobbering %s' % self.topobjdir, file=fh)
+        try:
+            self.remove_objdir(False)
+            self.ensure_objdir_state()
+            print('Successfully completed auto clobber.', file=fh)
+            return True, True, None
+        except (IOError) as error:
+            return True, False, self._message(
+                'Error when automatically clobbering: ' + str(error))
+
+    def _message(self, reason):
+        lines = [' ' + line for line in self.clobber_cause()]
+
+        return CLOBBER_MESSAGE.format(clobber_reason='\n'.join(lines),
+            no_reason='  ' + reason, clobber_file=self.obj_clobber)
+
+
+def main(args, env, cwd, fh=sys.stderr):
+    if len(args) != 2:
+        print('Usage: clobber.py topsrcdir topobjdir', file=fh)
+        return 1
+
+    topsrcdir, topobjdir = args
+
+    if not os.path.isabs(topsrcdir):
+        topsrcdir = os.path.abspath(topsrcdir)
+
+    if not os.path.isabs(topobjdir):
+        topobjdir = os.path.abspath(topobjdir)
+
+    auto = True if env.get('AUTOCLOBBER', False) else False
+    clobber = Clobberer(topsrcdir, topobjdir)
+    required, performed, message = clobber.maybe_do_clobber(cwd, auto, fh)
+
+    if not required or performed:
+        if performed and env.get('TINDERBOX_OUTPUT'):
+            print('TinderboxPrint: auto clobber', file=fh)
+        return 0
+
+    print(message, file=fh)
+    return 1
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:], os.environ, os.getcwd(), sys.stdout))
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/doctor.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/doctor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2175042bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/doctor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, # You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+import psutil
+
+from distutils.util import strtobool
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+# Minimum recommended logical processors in system.
+PROCESSORS_THRESHOLD = 4
+
+# Minimum recommended total system memory, in gigabytes.
+MEMORY_THRESHOLD = 7.4
+
+# Minimum recommended free space on each disk, in gigabytes.
+FREESPACE_THRESHOLD = 10
+
+# Latest MozillaBuild version
+LATEST_MOZILLABUILD_VERSION = '1.11.0'
+
+DISABLE_LASTACCESS_WIN = '''
+Disable the last access time feature?
+This improves the speed of file and
+directory access by deferring Last Access Time modification on disk by up to an
+hour. Backup programs that rely on this feature may be affected.
+https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785435.aspx
+'''
+
+class Doctor(object):
+    def __init__(self, srcdir, objdir, fix):
+        self.srcdir = mozpath.normpath(srcdir)
+        self.objdir = mozpath.normpath(objdir)
+        self.srcdir_mount = self.getmount(self.srcdir)
+        self.objdir_mount = self.getmount(self.objdir)
+        self.path_mounts = [
+            ('srcdir', self.srcdir, self.srcdir_mount),
+            ('objdir', self.objdir, self.objdir_mount)
+        ]
+        self.fix = fix
+        self.results = []
+
+    def check_all(self):
+        checks = [
+            'cpu',
+            'memory',
+            'storage_freespace',
+            'fs_lastaccess',
+            'mozillabuild'
+        ]
+        for check in checks:
+            self.report(getattr(self, check))
+        good = True
+        fixable = False
+        denied = False
+        for result in self.results:
+            if result.get('status') != 'GOOD':
+                good = False
+            if result.get('fixable', False):
+                fixable = True
+            if result.get('denied', False):
+                denied = True
+        if denied:
+            print('run "mach doctor --fix" AS ADMIN to re-attempt fixing your system')
+        elif False: # elif fixable:
+            print('run "mach doctor --fix" as admin to attempt fixing your system')
+        return int(not good)
+
+    def getmount(self, path):
+        while path != '/' and not os.path.ismount(path):
+            path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.join(path, os.pardir))
+        return path
+
+    def prompt_bool(self, prompt, limit=5):
+        ''' Prompts the user with prompt and requires a boolean value. '''
+        valid = False
+        while not valid and limit > 0:
+            try:
+                choice = strtobool(raw_input(prompt + '[Y/N]\n'))
+                valid = True
+            except ValueError:
+                print("ERROR! Please enter a valid option!")
+                limit -= 1
+
+        if limit > 0:
+            return choice
+        else:
+            raise Exception("Error! Reached max attempts of entering option.")
+
+    def report(self, results):
+        # Handle single dict result or list of results.
+        if isinstance(results, dict):
+            results = [results]
+        for result in results:
+            status = result.get('status', 'UNSURE')
+            if status == 'SKIPPED':
+                continue
+            self.results.append(result)
+            print('%s...\t%s\n' % (
+                   result.get('desc', ''),
+                   status
+                )
+            ).expandtabs(40)
+
+    @property
+    def platform(self):
+        platform = getattr(self, '_platform', None)
+        if not platform:
+            platform = sys.platform
+            while platform[-1].isdigit():
+                platform = platform[:-1]
+            setattr(self, '_platform', platform)
+        return platform
+
+    @property
+    def cpu(self):
+        cpu_count = psutil.cpu_count()
+        if cpu_count < PROCESSORS_THRESHOLD:
+            status = 'BAD'
+            desc = '%d logical processors detected, <%d' % (
+                cpu_count, PROCESSORS_THRESHOLD
+            )
+        else:
+            status = 'GOOD'
+            desc = '%d logical processors detected, >=%d' % (
+                cpu_count, PROCESSORS_THRESHOLD
+            )
+        return {'status': status, 'desc': desc}
+
+    @property
+    def memory(self):
+        memory = psutil.virtual_memory().total
+        # Convert to gigabytes.
+        memory_GB = memory / 1024**3.0
+        if memory_GB < MEMORY_THRESHOLD:
+            status = 'BAD'
+            desc = '%.1fGB of physical memory, <%.1fGB' % (
+                memory_GB, MEMORY_THRESHOLD
+            )
+        else:
+            status = 'GOOD'
+            desc = '%.1fGB of physical memory, >%.1fGB' % (
+                memory_GB, MEMORY_THRESHOLD
+            )
+        return {'status': status, 'desc': desc}
+
+    @property
+    def storage_freespace(self):
+        results = []
+        desc = ''
+        mountpoint_line = self.srcdir_mount != self.objdir_mount
+        for (purpose, path, mount) in self.path_mounts:
+            desc += '%s = %s\n' % (purpose, path)
+            if not mountpoint_line:
+                mountpoint_line = True
+                continue
+            try:
+                usage = psutil.disk_usage(mount)
+                freespace, size = usage.free, usage.total
+                freespace_GB = freespace / 1024**3
+                size_GB = size / 1024**3
+                if freespace_GB < FREESPACE_THRESHOLD:
+                    status = 'BAD'
+                    desc += 'mountpoint = %s\n%dGB of %dGB free, <%dGB' % (
+                        mount, freespace_GB, size_GB, FREESPACE_THRESHOLD
+                    )
+                else:
+                    status = 'GOOD'
+                    desc += 'mountpoint = %s\n%dGB of %dGB free, >=%dGB' % (
+                        mount, freespace_GB, size_GB, FREESPACE_THRESHOLD
+                    )
+            except OSError:
+                status = 'UNSURE'
+                desc += 'path invalid'
+            results.append({'status': status, 'desc': desc})
+        return results
+
+    @property
+    def fs_lastaccess(self):
+        results = []
+        if self.platform == 'win':
+            fixable = False
+            denied = False
+            # See 'fsutil behavior':
+            # https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785435.aspx
+            try:
+                command = 'fsutil behavior query disablelastaccess'.split(' ')
+                fsutil_output = subprocess.check_output(command)
+                disablelastaccess = int(fsutil_output.partition('=')[2][1])
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                disablelastaccess = -1
+                status = 'UNSURE'
+                desc = 'unable to check lastaccess behavior'
+            if disablelastaccess == 1:
+                status = 'GOOD'
+                desc = 'lastaccess disabled systemwide'
+            elif disablelastaccess == 0:
+                if False: # if self.fix:
+                    choice = self.prompt_bool(DISABLE_LASTACCESS_WIN)
+                    if not choice:
+                        return {'status': 'BAD, NOT FIXED',
+                                'desc': 'lastaccess enabled systemwide'}
+                    try:
+                        command = 'fsutil behavior set disablelastaccess 1'.split(' ')
+                        fsutil_output = subprocess.check_output(command)
+                        status = 'GOOD, FIXED'
+                        desc = 'lastaccess disabled systemwide'
+                    except subprocess.CalledProcessError, e:
+                        desc = 'lastaccess enabled systemwide'
+                        if e.output.find('denied') != -1:
+                            status = 'BAD, FIX DENIED'
+                            denied = True
+                        else:
+                            status = 'BAD, NOT FIXED'
+                else:
+                    status = 'BAD, FIXABLE'
+                    desc = 'lastaccess enabled'
+                    fixable = True
+            results.append({'status': status, 'desc': desc, 'fixable': fixable,
+                            'denied': denied})
+        elif self.platform in ['darwin', 'freebsd', 'linux', 'openbsd']:
+            common_mountpoint = self.srcdir_mount == self.objdir_mount
+            for (purpose, path, mount) in self.path_mounts:
+                results.append(self.check_mount_lastaccess(mount))
+                if common_mountpoint:
+                    break
+        else:
+            results.append({'status': 'SKIPPED'})
+        return results
+
+    def check_mount_lastaccess(self, mount):
+        partitions = psutil.disk_partitions()
+        atime_opts = {'atime', 'noatime', 'relatime', 'norelatime'}
+        option = ''
+        for partition in partitions:
+            if partition.mountpoint == mount:
+                mount_opts = set(partition.opts.split(','))
+                intersection = list(atime_opts & mount_opts)
+                if len(intersection) == 1:
+                    option = intersection[0]
+                break
+        if not option:
+            status = 'BAD'
+            if self.platform == 'linux':
+                option = 'noatime/relatime'
+            else:
+                option = 'noatime'
+            desc = '%s has no explicit %s mount option' % (
+                mount, option
+            )
+        elif option == 'atime' or option == 'norelatime':
+            status = 'BAD'
+            desc = '%s has %s mount option' % (
+                mount, option
+            )
+        elif option == 'noatime' or option == 'relatime':
+            status = 'GOOD'
+            desc = '%s has %s mount option' % (
+                mount, option
+            )
+        return {'status': status, 'desc': desc}
+
+    @property
+    def mozillabuild(self):
+        if self.platform != 'win':
+            return {'status': 'SKIPPED'}
+        MOZILLABUILD = mozpath.normpath(os.environ.get('MOZILLABUILD', ''))
+        if not MOZILLABUILD or not os.path.exists(MOZILLABUILD):
+            return {'desc': 'not running under MozillaBuild'}
+        try:
+            with open(mozpath.join(MOZILLABUILD, 'VERSION'), 'r') as fh:
+                version = fh.readline()
+            if not version:
+                raise ValueError()
+            if LooseVersion(version) < LooseVersion(LATEST_MOZILLABUILD_VERSION):
+                status = 'BAD'
+                desc = 'MozillaBuild %s in use, <%s' % (
+                    version, LATEST_MOZILLABUILD_VERSION
+                )
+            else:
+                status = 'GOOD'
+                desc = 'MozillaBuild %s in use' % version
+        except (IOError, ValueError):
+            status = 'UNSURE'
+            desc = 'MozillaBuild version not found'
+        return {'status': status, 'desc': desc}
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/dotproperties.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/dotproperties.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..972ff2329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/dotproperties.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file contains utility functions for reading .properties files, like
+# region.properties.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+import re
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
+    str_type = str
+else:
+    str_type = basestring
+
+class DotProperties:
+    r'''A thin representation of a key=value .properties file.'''
+
+    def __init__(self, file=None):
+        self._properties = {}
+        if file:
+            self.update(file)
+
+    def update(self, file):
+        '''Updates properties from a file name or file-like object.
+
+        Ignores empty lines and comment lines.'''
+
+        if isinstance(file, str_type):
+            f = codecs.open(file, 'r', 'utf-8')
+        else:
+            f = file
+
+        for l in f.readlines():
+            line = l.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith('#'):
+                continue
+            (k, v) = re.split('\s*=\s*', line, 1)
+            self._properties[k] = v
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self._properties.get(key, default)
+
+    def get_list(self, prefix):
+        '''Turns {'list.0':'foo', 'list.1':'bar'} into ['foo', 'bar'].
+
+        Returns [] to indicate an empty or missing list.'''
+
+        if not prefix.endswith('.'):
+            prefix = prefix + '.'
+        indexes = []
+        for k, v in self._properties.iteritems():
+            if not k.startswith(prefix):
+                continue
+            key = k[len(prefix):]
+            if '.' in key:
+                # We have something like list.sublist.0.
+                continue
+            indexes.append(int(key))
+        return [self._properties[prefix + str(index)] for index in sorted(indexes)]
+
+    def get_dict(self, prefix, required_keys=[]):
+        '''Turns {'foo.title':'title', ...} into {'title':'title', ...}.
+
+        If |required_keys| is present, it must be an iterable of required key
+        names.  If a required key is not present, ValueError is thrown.
+
+        Returns {} to indicate an empty or missing dict.'''
+
+        if not prefix.endswith('.'):
+            prefix = prefix + '.'
+
+        D = dict((k[len(prefix):], v) for k, v in self._properties.iteritems()
+                 if k.startswith(prefix) and '.' not in k[len(prefix):])
+
+        for required_key in required_keys:
+            if not required_key in D:
+                raise ValueError('Required key %s not present' % required_key)
+
+        return D
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/context.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb501dc66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2292 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+######################################################################
+# DO NOT UPDATE THIS FILE WITHOUT SIGN-OFF FROM A BUILD MODULE PEER. #
+######################################################################
+
+r"""This module contains the data structure (context) holding the configuration
+from a moz.build. The data emitted by the frontend derives from those contexts.
+
+It also defines the set of variables and functions available in moz.build.
+If you are looking for the absolute authority on what moz.build files can
+contain, you've come to the right place.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+
+from collections import (
+    Counter,
+    OrderedDict,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    HierarchicalStringList,
+    KeyedDefaultDict,
+    List,
+    ListWithAction,
+    memoize,
+    memoized_property,
+    ReadOnlyKeyedDefaultDict,
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendList,
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithAction,
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory,
+    TypedList,
+    TypedNamedTuple,
+)
+
+from ..testing import (
+    all_test_flavors,
+    read_manifestparser_manifest,
+    read_reftest_manifest,
+    read_wpt_manifest,
+)
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from types import FunctionType
+
+import itertools
+
+
+class ContextDerivedValue(object):
+    """Classes deriving from this one receive a special treatment in a
+    Context. See Context documentation.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class Context(KeyedDefaultDict):
+    """Represents a moz.build configuration context.
+
+    Instances of this class are filled by the execution of sandboxes.
+    At the core, a Context is a dict, with a defined set of possible keys we'll
+    call variables. Each variable is associated with a type.
+
+    When reading a value for a given key, we first try to read the existing
+    value. If a value is not found and it is defined in the allowed variables
+    set, we return a new instance of the class for that variable. We don't
+    assign default instances until they are accessed because this makes
+    debugging the end-result much simpler. Instead of a data structure with
+    lots of empty/default values, you have a data structure with only the
+    values that were read or touched.
+
+    Instances of variables classes are created by invoking ``class_name()``,
+    except when class_name derives from ``ContextDerivedValue`` or
+    ``SubContext``, in which case ``class_name(instance_of_the_context)`` or
+    ``class_name(self)`` is invoked. A value is added to those calls when
+    instances are created during assignment (setitem).
+
+    allowed_variables is a dict of the variables that can be set and read in
+    this context instance. Keys in this dict are the strings representing keys
+    in this context which are valid. Values are tuples of stored type,
+    assigned type, default value, a docstring describing the purpose of the
+    variable, and a tier indicator (see comment above the VARIABLES declaration
+    in this module).
+
+    config is the ConfigEnvironment for this context.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, allowed_variables={}, config=None, finder=None):
+        self._allowed_variables = allowed_variables
+        self.main_path = None
+        self.current_path = None
+        # There aren't going to be enough paths for the performance of scanning
+        # a list to be a problem.
+        self._all_paths = []
+        self.config = config
+        self._sandbox = None
+        self._finder = finder
+        KeyedDefaultDict.__init__(self, self._factory)
+
+    def push_source(self, path):
+        """Adds the given path as source of the data from this context and make
+        it the current path for the context."""
+        assert os.path.isabs(path)
+        if not self.main_path:
+            self.main_path = path
+        else:
+            # Callers shouldn't push after main_path has been popped.
+            assert self.current_path
+        self.current_path = path
+        # The same file can be pushed twice, so don't remove any previous
+        # occurrence.
+        self._all_paths.append(path)
+
+    def pop_source(self):
+        """Get back to the previous current path for the context."""
+        assert self.main_path
+        assert self.current_path
+        last = self._all_paths.pop()
+        # Keep the popped path in the list of all paths, but before the main
+        # path so that it's not popped again.
+        self._all_paths.insert(0, last)
+        if last == self.main_path:
+            self.current_path = None
+        else:
+            self.current_path = self._all_paths[-1]
+        return last
+
+    def add_source(self, path):
+        """Adds the given path as source of the data from this context."""
+        assert os.path.isabs(path)
+        if not self.main_path:
+            self.main_path = self.current_path = path
+        # Insert at the beginning of the list so that it's always before the
+        # main path.
+        if path not in self._all_paths:
+            self._all_paths.insert(0, path)
+
+    @property
+    def error_is_fatal(self):
+        """Returns True if the error function should be fatal."""
+        return self.config and getattr(self.config, 'error_is_fatal', True)
+
+    @property
+    def all_paths(self):
+        """Returns all paths ever added to the context."""
+        return set(self._all_paths)
+
+    @property
+    def source_stack(self):
+        """Returns the current stack of pushed sources."""
+        if not self.current_path:
+            return []
+        return self._all_paths[self._all_paths.index(self.main_path):]
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def objdir(self):
+        return mozpath.join(self.config.topobjdir, self.relobjdir).rstrip('/')
+
+    @memoize
+    def _srcdir(self, path):
+        return mozpath.join(self.config.topsrcdir,
+            self._relsrcdir(path)).rstrip('/')
+
+    @property
+    def srcdir(self):
+        return self._srcdir(self.current_path or self.main_path)
+
+    @memoize
+    def _relsrcdir(self, path):
+        return mozpath.relpath(mozpath.dirname(path), self.config.topsrcdir)
+
+    @property
+    def relsrcdir(self):
+        assert self.main_path
+        return self._relsrcdir(self.current_path or self.main_path)
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def relobjdir(self):
+        assert self.main_path
+        return mozpath.relpath(mozpath.dirname(self.main_path),
+            self.config.topsrcdir)
+
+    def _factory(self, key):
+        """Function called when requesting a missing key."""
+        defaults = self._allowed_variables.get(key)
+        if not defaults:
+            raise KeyError('global_ns', 'get_unknown', key)
+
+        # If the default is specifically a lambda (or, rather, any function
+        # --but not a class that can be called), then it is actually a rule to
+        # generate the default that should be used.
+        default = defaults[0]
+        if issubclass(default, ContextDerivedValue):
+            return default(self)
+        else:
+            return default()
+
+    def _validate(self, key, value, is_template=False):
+        """Validates whether the key is allowed and if the value's type
+        matches.
+        """
+        stored_type, input_type, docs = \
+            self._allowed_variables.get(key, (None, None, None))
+
+        if stored_type is None or not is_template and key in TEMPLATE_VARIABLES:
+            raise KeyError('global_ns', 'set_unknown', key, value)
+
+        # If the incoming value is not the type we store, we try to convert
+        # it to that type. This relies on proper coercion rules existing. This
+        # is the responsibility of whoever defined the symbols: a type should
+        # not be in the allowed set if the constructor function for the stored
+        # type does not accept an instance of that type.
+        if not isinstance(value, (stored_type, input_type)):
+            raise ValueError('global_ns', 'set_type', key, value, input_type)
+
+        return stored_type
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        stored_type = self._validate(key, value)
+
+        if not isinstance(value, stored_type):
+            if issubclass(stored_type, ContextDerivedValue):
+                value = stored_type(self, value)
+            else:
+                value = stored_type(value)
+
+        return KeyedDefaultDict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+    def update(self, iterable={}, **kwargs):
+        """Like dict.update(), but using the context's setitem.
+
+        This function is transactional: if setitem fails for one of the values,
+        the context is not updated at all."""
+        if isinstance(iterable, dict):
+            iterable = iterable.items()
+
+        update = {}
+        for key, value in itertools.chain(iterable, kwargs.items()):
+            stored_type = self._validate(key, value)
+            # Don't create an instance of stored_type if coercion is needed,
+            # until all values are validated.
+            update[key] = (value, stored_type)
+        for key, (value, stored_type) in update.items():
+            if not isinstance(value, stored_type):
+                update[key] = stored_type(value)
+            else:
+                update[key] = value
+        KeyedDefaultDict.update(self, update)
+
+
+class TemplateContext(Context):
+    def __init__(self, template=None, allowed_variables={}, config=None):
+        self.template = template
+        super(TemplateContext, self).__init__(allowed_variables, config)
+
+    def _validate(self, key, value):
+        return Context._validate(self, key, value, True)
+
+
+class SubContext(Context, ContextDerivedValue):
+    """A Context derived from another Context.
+
+    Sub-contexts are intended to be used as context managers.
+
+    Sub-contexts inherit paths and other relevant state from the parent
+    context.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        assert isinstance(parent, Context)
+
+        Context.__init__(self, allowed_variables=self.VARIABLES,
+                         config=parent.config)
+
+        # Copy state from parent.
+        for p in parent.source_stack:
+            self.push_source(p)
+        self._sandbox = parent._sandbox
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if not self._sandbox or self._sandbox() is None:
+            raise Exception('a sandbox is required')
+
+        self._sandbox().push_subcontext(self)
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self._sandbox().pop_subcontext(self)
+
+
+class InitializedDefines(ContextDerivedValue, OrderedDict):
+    def __init__(self, context, value=None):
+        OrderedDict.__init__(self)
+        for define in context.config.substs.get('MOZ_DEBUG_DEFINES', ()):
+            self[define] = 1
+        if value:
+            self.update(value)
+
+
+class FinalTargetValue(ContextDerivedValue, unicode):
+    def __new__(cls, context, value=""):
+        if not value:
+            value = 'dist/'
+            if context['XPI_NAME']:
+                value += 'xpi-stage/' + context['XPI_NAME']
+            else:
+                value += 'bin'
+            if context['DIST_SUBDIR']:
+                value += '/' + context['DIST_SUBDIR']
+        return unicode.__new__(cls, value)
+
+
+def Enum(*values):
+    assert len(values)
+    default = values[0]
+
+    class EnumClass(object):
+        def __new__(cls, value=None):
+            if value is None:
+                return default
+            if value in values:
+                return value
+            raise ValueError('Invalid value. Allowed values are: %s'
+                             % ', '.join(repr(v) for v in values))
+    return EnumClass
+
+
+class PathMeta(type):
+    """Meta class for the Path family of classes.
+
+    It handles calling __new__ and __init__ with the right arguments
+    in cases where a Path is instantiated with another instance of
+    Path instead of having received a context.
+
+    It also makes Path(context, value) instantiate one of the
+    subclasses depending on the value, allowing callers to do
+    standard type checking (isinstance(path, ObjDirPath)) instead
+    of checking the value itself (path.startswith('!')).
+    """
+    def __call__(cls, context, value=None):
+        if isinstance(context, Path):
+            assert value is None
+            value = context
+            context = context.context
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(context, Context)
+            if isinstance(value, Path):
+                context = value.context
+        if not issubclass(cls, (SourcePath, ObjDirPath, AbsolutePath)):
+            if value.startswith('!'):
+                cls = ObjDirPath
+            elif value.startswith('%'):
+                cls = AbsolutePath
+            else:
+                cls = SourcePath
+        return super(PathMeta, cls).__call__(context, value)
+
+class Path(ContextDerivedValue, unicode):
+    """Stores and resolves a source path relative to a given context
+
+    This class is used as a backing type for some of the sandbox variables.
+    It expresses paths relative to a context. Supported paths are:
+      - '/topsrcdir/relative/paths'
+      - 'srcdir/relative/paths'
+      - '!/topobjdir/relative/paths'
+      - '!objdir/relative/paths'
+      - '%/filesystem/absolute/paths'
+    """
+    __metaclass__ = PathMeta
+
+    def __new__(cls, context, value=None):
+        return super(Path, cls).__new__(cls, value)
+
+    def __init__(self, context, value=None):
+        # Only subclasses should be instantiated.
+        assert self.__class__ != Path
+        self.context = context
+        self.srcdir = context.srcdir
+
+    def join(self, *p):
+        """ContextDerived equivalent of mozpath.join(self, *p), returning a
+        new Path instance.
+        """
+        return Path(self.context, mozpath.join(self, *p))
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, Path) and self.srcdir != other.srcdir:
+            return cmp(self.full_path, other.full_path)
+        return cmp(unicode(self), other)
+
+    # __cmp__ is not enough because unicode has __eq__, __ne__, etc. defined
+    # and __cmp__ is only used for those when they don't exist.
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.__cmp__(other) == 0
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.__cmp__(other) != 0
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.__cmp__(other) < 0
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.__cmp__(other) > 0
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.__cmp__(other) <= 0
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.__cmp__(other) >= 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s (%s)%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.srcdir, self)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.full_path)
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def target_basename(self):
+        return mozpath.basename(self.full_path)
+
+
+class SourcePath(Path):
+    """Like Path, but limited to paths in the source directory."""
+    def __init__(self, context, value):
+        if value.startswith('!'):
+            raise ValueError('Object directory paths are not allowed')
+        if value.startswith('%'):
+            raise ValueError('Filesystem absolute paths are not allowed')
+        super(SourcePath, self).__init__(context, value)
+
+        if value.startswith('/'):
+            path = None
+            # If the path starts with a '/' and is actually relative to an
+            # external source dir, use that as base instead of topsrcdir.
+            if context.config.external_source_dir:
+                path = mozpath.join(context.config.external_source_dir,
+                                    value[1:])
+            if not path or not os.path.exists(path):
+                path = mozpath.join(context.config.topsrcdir,
+                                    value[1:])
+        else:
+            path = mozpath.join(self.srcdir, value)
+        self.full_path = mozpath.normpath(path)
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def translated(self):
+        """Returns the corresponding path in the objdir.
+
+        Ideally, we wouldn't need this function, but the fact that both source
+        path under topsrcdir and the external source dir end up mixed in the
+        objdir (aka pseudo-rework), this is needed.
+        """
+        return ObjDirPath(self.context, '!%s' % self).full_path
+
+
+class RenamedSourcePath(SourcePath):
+    """Like SourcePath, but with a different base name when installed.
+
+    The constructor takes a tuple of (source, target_basename).
+
+    This class is not meant to be exposed to moz.build sandboxes as of now,
+    and is not supported by the RecursiveMake backend.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, context, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, tuple)
+        source, self._target_basename = value
+        super(RenamedSourcePath, self).__init__(context, source)
+
+    @property
+    def target_basename(self):
+        return self._target_basename
+
+
+class ObjDirPath(Path):
+    """Like Path, but limited to paths in the object directory."""
+    def __init__(self, context, value=None):
+        if not value.startswith('!'):
+            raise ValueError('Object directory paths must start with ! prefix')
+        super(ObjDirPath, self).__init__(context, value)
+
+        if value.startswith('!/'):
+            path = mozpath.join(context.config.topobjdir,value[2:])
+        else:
+            path = mozpath.join(context.objdir, value[1:])
+        self.full_path = mozpath.normpath(path)
+
+
+class AbsolutePath(Path):
+    """Like Path, but allows arbitrary paths outside the source and object directories."""
+    def __init__(self, context, value=None):
+        if not value.startswith('%'):
+            raise ValueError('Absolute paths must start with % prefix')
+        if not os.path.isabs(value[1:]):
+            raise ValueError('Path \'%s\' is not absolute' % value[1:])
+        super(AbsolutePath, self).__init__(context, value)
+
+        self.full_path = mozpath.normpath(value[1:])
+
+
+@memoize
+def ContextDerivedTypedList(klass, base_class=List):
+    """Specialized TypedList for use with ContextDerivedValue types.
+    """
+    assert issubclass(klass, ContextDerivedValue)
+    class _TypedList(ContextDerivedValue, TypedList(klass, base_class)):
+        def __init__(self, context, iterable=[]):
+            self.context = context
+            super(_TypedList, self).__init__(iterable)
+
+        def normalize(self, e):
+            if not isinstance(e, klass):
+                e = klass(self.context, e)
+            return e
+
+    return _TypedList
+
+@memoize
+def ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(type, base_class=List):
+    """Specialized TypedList for use with ContextDerivedValue types.
+    """
+    class _TypedListWithItems(ContextDerivedTypedList(type, base_class)):
+        def __getitem__(self, name):
+            name = self.normalize(name)
+            return super(_TypedListWithItems, self).__getitem__(name)
+
+    return _TypedListWithItems
+
+
+@memoize
+def ContextDerivedTypedRecord(*fields):
+    """Factory for objects with certain properties and dynamic
+    type checks.
+
+    This API is extremely similar to the TypedNamedTuple API,
+    except that properties may be mutated. This supports syntax like:
+
+    VARIABLE_NAME.property += [
+      'item1',
+      'item2',
+    ]
+    """
+
+    class _TypedRecord(ContextDerivedValue):
+        __slots__ = tuple([name for name, _ in fields])
+
+        def __init__(self, context):
+            for fname, ftype in self._fields.items():
+                if issubclass(ftype, ContextDerivedValue):
+                    setattr(self, fname, self._fields[fname](context))
+                else:
+                    setattr(self, fname, self._fields[fname]())
+
+        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+            if name in self._fields and not isinstance(value, self._fields[name]):
+                value = self._fields[name](value)
+            object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+    _TypedRecord._fields = dict(fields)
+    return _TypedRecord
+
+
+@memoize
+def ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(type):
+    """Specialized HierarchicalStringList for use with ContextDerivedValue
+    types."""
+    class _TypedListWithItems(ContextDerivedValue, HierarchicalStringList):
+        __slots__ = ('_strings', '_children', '_context')
+
+        def __init__(self, context):
+            self._strings = ContextDerivedTypedList(
+                type, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)(context)
+            self._children = {}
+            self._context = context
+
+        def _get_exportvariable(self, name):
+            child = self._children.get(name)
+            if not child:
+                child = self._children[name] = _TypedListWithItems(
+                    self._context)
+            return child
+
+    return _TypedListWithItems
+
+def OrderedListWithAction(action):
+    """Returns a class which behaves as a StrictOrderingOnAppendList, but
+    invokes the given callable with each input and a context as it is
+    read, storing a tuple including the result and the original item.
+
+    This used to extend moz.build reading to make more data available in
+    filesystem-reading mode.
+    """
+    class _OrderedListWithAction(ContextDerivedValue,
+                                 StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithAction):
+        def __init__(self, context, *args):
+            def _action(item):
+                return item, action(context, item)
+            super(_OrderedListWithAction, self).__init__(action=_action, *args)
+
+    return _OrderedListWithAction
+
+def TypedListWithAction(typ, action):
+    """Returns a class which behaves as a TypedList with the provided type, but
+    invokes the given given callable with each input and a context as it is
+    read, storing a tuple including the result and the original item.
+
+    This used to extend moz.build reading to make more data available in
+    filesystem-reading mode.
+    """
+    class _TypedListWithAction(ContextDerivedValue, TypedList(typ), ListWithAction):
+        def __init__(self, context, *args):
+            def _action(item):
+                return item, action(context, item)
+            super(_TypedListWithAction, self).__init__(action=_action, *args)
+    return _TypedListWithAction
+
+WebPlatformTestManifest = TypedNamedTuple("WebPlatformTestManifest",
+                                          [("manifest_path", unicode),
+                                           ("test_root", unicode)])
+ManifestparserManifestList = OrderedListWithAction(read_manifestparser_manifest)
+ReftestManifestList = OrderedListWithAction(read_reftest_manifest)
+WptManifestList = TypedListWithAction(WebPlatformTestManifest, read_wpt_manifest)
+
+OrderedSourceList = ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+OrderedTestFlavorList = TypedList(Enum(*all_test_flavors()),
+                                  StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+OrderedStringList = TypedList(unicode, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+DependentTestsEntry = ContextDerivedTypedRecord(('files', OrderedSourceList),
+                                                ('tags', OrderedStringList),
+                                                ('flavors', OrderedTestFlavorList))
+BugzillaComponent = TypedNamedTuple('BugzillaComponent',
+                        [('product', unicode), ('component', unicode)])
+
+
+class Files(SubContext):
+    """Metadata attached to files.
+
+    It is common to want to annotate files with metadata, such as which
+    Bugzilla component tracks issues with certain files. This sub-context is
+    where we stick that metadata.
+
+    The argument to this sub-context is a file matching pattern that is applied
+    against the host file's directory. If the pattern matches a file whose info
+    is currently being sought, the metadata attached to this instance will be
+    applied to that file.
+
+    Patterns are collections of filename characters with ``/`` used as the
+    directory separate (UNIX-style paths) and ``*`` and ``**`` used to denote
+    wildcard matching.
+
+    Patterns without the ``*`` character are literal matches and will match at
+    most one entity.
+
+    Patterns with ``*`` or ``**`` are wildcard matches. ``*`` matches files
+    at least within a single directory. ``**`` matches files across several
+    directories.
+
+    ``foo.html``
+       Will match only the ``foo.html`` file in the current directory.
+    ``*.jsm``
+       Will match all ``.jsm`` files in the current directory.
+    ``**/*.cpp``
+       Will match all ``.cpp`` files in this and all child directories.
+    ``foo/*.css``
+       Will match all ``.css`` files in the ``foo/`` directory.
+    ``bar/*``
+       Will match all files in the ``bar/`` directory and all of its
+       children directories.
+    ``bar/**``
+       This is equivalent to ``bar/*`` above.
+    ``bar/**/foo``
+       Will match all ``foo`` files in the ``bar/`` directory and all of its
+       children directories.
+
+    The difference in behavior between ``*`` and ``**`` is only evident if
+    a pattern follows the ``*`` or ``**``. A pattern ending with ``*`` is
+    greedy. ``**`` is needed when you need an additional pattern after the
+    wildcard. e.g. ``**/foo``.
+    """
+
+    VARIABLES = {
+        'BUG_COMPONENT': (BugzillaComponent, tuple,
+            """The bug component that tracks changes to these files.
+
+            Values are a 2-tuple of unicode describing the Bugzilla product and
+            component. e.g. ``('Core', 'Build Config')``.
+            """),
+
+        'FINAL': (bool, bool,
+            """Mark variable assignments as finalized.
+
+            During normal processing, values from newer Files contexts
+            overwrite previously set values. Last write wins. This behavior is
+            not always desired. ``FINAL`` provides a mechanism to prevent
+            further updates to a variable.
+
+            When ``FINAL`` is set, the value of all variables defined in this
+            context are marked as frozen and all subsequent writes to them
+            are ignored during metadata reading.
+
+            See :ref:`mozbuild_files_metadata_finalizing` for more info.
+            """),
+        'IMPACTED_TESTS': (DependentTestsEntry, list,
+            """File patterns, tags, and flavors for tests relevant to these files.
+
+            Maps source files to the tests potentially impacted by those files.
+            Tests can be specified by file pattern, tag, or flavor.
+
+            For example:
+
+            with Files('runtests.py'):
+               IMPACTED_TESTS.files += [
+                   '**',
+               ]
+
+            in testing/mochitest/moz.build will suggest that any of the tests
+            under testing/mochitest may be impacted by a change to runtests.py.
+
+            File patterns may be made relative to the topsrcdir with a leading
+            '/', so
+
+            with Files('httpd.js'):
+               IMPACTED_TESTS.files += [
+                   '/testing/mochitest/tests/Harness_sanity/**',
+               ]
+
+            in netwerk/test/httpserver/moz.build will suggest that any change to httpd.js
+            will be relevant to the mochitest sanity tests.
+
+            Tags and flavors are sorted string lists (flavors are limited to valid
+            values).
+
+            For example:
+
+            with Files('toolkit/devtools/*'):
+                IMPACTED_TESTS.tags += [
+                    'devtools',
+                ]
+
+            in the root moz.build would suggest that any test tagged 'devtools' would
+            potentially be impacted by a change to a file under toolkit/devtools, and
+
+            with Files('dom/base/nsGlobalWindow.cpp'):
+                IMPACTED_TESTS.flavors += [
+                    'mochitest',
+                ]
+
+            Would suggest that nsGlobalWindow.cpp is potentially relevant to
+            any plain mochitest.
+            """),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, pattern=None):
+        super(Files, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.finalized = set()
+        self.test_files = set()
+        self.test_tags = set()
+        self.test_flavors = set()
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        assert isinstance(other, Files)
+
+        self.test_files |= other.test_files
+        self.test_tags |= other.test_tags
+        self.test_flavors |= other.test_flavors
+
+        for k, v in other.items():
+            if k == 'IMPACTED_TESTS':
+                self.test_files |= set(mozpath.relpath(e.full_path, e.context.config.topsrcdir)
+                                       for e in v.files)
+                self.test_tags |= set(v.tags)
+                self.test_flavors |= set(v.flavors)
+                continue
+
+            # Ignore updates to finalized flags.
+            if k in self.finalized:
+                continue
+
+            # Only finalize variables defined in this instance.
+            if k == 'FINAL':
+                self.finalized |= set(other) - {'FINAL'}
+                continue
+
+            self[k] = v
+
+        return self
+
+    def asdict(self):
+        """Return this instance as a dict with built-in data structures.
+
+        Call this to obtain an object suitable for serializing.
+        """
+        d = {}
+        if 'BUG_COMPONENT' in self:
+            bc = self['BUG_COMPONENT']
+            d['bug_component'] = (bc.product, bc.component)
+
+        return d
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def aggregate(files):
+        """Given a mapping of path to Files, obtain aggregate results.
+
+        Consumers may want to extract useful information from a collection of
+        Files describing paths. e.g. given the files info data for N paths,
+        recommend a single bug component based on the most frequent one. This
+        function provides logic for deriving aggregate knowledge from a
+        collection of path File metadata.
+
+        Note: the intent of this function is to operate on the result of
+        :py:func:`mozbuild.frontend.reader.BuildReader.files_info`. The
+        :py:func:`mozbuild.frontend.context.Files` instances passed in are
+        thus the "collapsed" (``__iadd__``ed) results of all ``Files`` from all
+        moz.build files relevant to a specific path, not individual ``Files``
+        instances from a single moz.build file.
+        """
+        d = {}
+
+        bug_components = Counter()
+
+        for f in files.values():
+            bug_component = f.get('BUG_COMPONENT')
+            if bug_component:
+                bug_components[bug_component] += 1
+
+        d['bug_component_counts'] = []
+        for c, count in bug_components.most_common():
+            component = (c.product, c.component)
+            d['bug_component_counts'].append((c, count))
+
+            if 'recommended_bug_component' not in d:
+                d['recommended_bug_component'] = component
+                recommended_count = count
+            elif count == recommended_count:
+                # Don't recommend a component if it doesn't have a clear lead.
+                d['recommended_bug_component'] = None
+
+        # In case no bug components.
+        d.setdefault('recommended_bug_component', None)
+
+        return d
+
+
+# This defines functions that create sub-contexts.
+#
+# Values are classes that are SubContexts. The class name will be turned into
+# a function that when called emits an instance of that class.
+#
+# Arbitrary arguments can be passed to the class constructor. The first
+# argument is always the parent context. It is up to each class to perform
+# argument validation.
+SUBCONTEXTS = [
+    Files,
+]
+
+for cls in SUBCONTEXTS:
+    if not issubclass(cls, SubContext):
+        raise ValueError('SUBCONTEXTS entry not a SubContext class: %s' % cls)
+
+    if not hasattr(cls, 'VARIABLES'):
+        raise ValueError('SUBCONTEXTS entry does not have VARIABLES: %s' % cls)
+
+SUBCONTEXTS = {cls.__name__: cls for cls in SUBCONTEXTS}
+
+
+# This defines the set of mutable global variables.
+#
+# Each variable is a tuple of:
+#
+#   (storage_type, input_types, docs)
+
+VARIABLES = {
+    'ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether to allow compiler warnings (i.e. *not* treat them as
+        errors).
+
+        This is commonplace (almost mandatory, in fact) in directories
+        containing third-party code that we regularly update from upstream and
+        thus do not control, but is otherwise discouraged.
+        """),
+
+    # Variables controlling reading of other frontend files.
+    'ANDROID_GENERATED_RESFILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """Android resource files generated as part of the build.
+
+        This variable contains a list of files that are expected to be
+        generated (often by preprocessing) into a 'res' directory as
+        part of the build process, and subsequently merged into an APK
+        file.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_APK_NAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The name of an Android APK file to generate.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_APK_PACKAGE': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The name of the Android package to generate R.java for, like org.mozilla.gecko.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_EXTRA_PACKAGES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """The name of extra Android packages to generate R.java for, like ['org.mozilla.other'].
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_EXTRA_RES_DIRS': (ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(Path, List), list,
+        """Android extra package resource directories.
+
+        This variable contains a list of directories containing static files
+        to package into a 'res' directory and merge into an APK file.  These
+        directories are packaged into the APK but are assumed to be static
+        unchecked dependencies that should not be otherwise re-distributed.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_RES_DIRS': (ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(Path, List), list,
+        """Android resource directories.
+
+        This variable contains a list of directories containing static
+        files to package into a 'res' directory and merge into an APK
+        file.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_ASSETS_DIRS': (ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(Path, List), list,
+        """Android assets directories.
+
+        This variable contains a list of directories containing static
+        files to package into an 'assets' directory and merge into an
+        APK file.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_TARGETS': (dict, dict,
+        """Defines Android Eclipse project targets.
+
+        This variable should not be populated directly. Instead, it should
+        populated by calling add_android_eclipse{_library}_project().
+        """),
+
+    'SOURCES': (ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(Path, StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({'no_pgo': bool, 'flags': List})), list,
+        """Source code files.
+
+        This variable contains a list of source code files to compile.
+        Accepts assembler, C, C++, Objective C/C++.
+        """),
+
+    'FILES_PER_UNIFIED_FILE': (int, int,
+        """The number of source files to compile into each unified source file.
+
+        """),
+
+    'IS_RUST_LIBRARY': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the current library defined by this moz.build is built by Rust.
+
+        The library defined by this moz.build should have a build definition in
+        a Cargo.toml file that exists in this moz.build's directory.
+        """),
+
+    'UNIFIED_SOURCES': (ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath, StrictOrderingOnAppendList), list,
+        """Source code files that can be compiled together.
+
+        This variable contains a list of source code files to compile,
+        that can be concatenated all together and built as a single source
+        file. This can help make the build faster and reduce the debug info
+        size.
+        """),
+
+    'GENERATED_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+                'script': unicode,
+                'inputs': list }), list,
+        """Generic generated files.
+
+        This variable contains a list of files for the build system to
+        generate at export time. The generation method may be declared
+        with optional ``script`` and ``inputs`` flags on individual entries.
+        If the optional ``script`` flag is not present on an entry, it
+        is assumed that rules for generating the file are present in
+        the associated Makefile.in.
+
+        Example::
+
+           GENERATED_FILES += ['bar.c', 'baz.c', 'foo.c']
+           bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+           bar.script = 'generate.py'
+           bar.inputs = ['datafile-for-bar']
+           foo = GENERATED_FILES['foo.c']
+           foo.script = 'generate.py'
+           foo.inputs = ['datafile-for-foo']
+
+        This definition will generate bar.c by calling the main method of
+        generate.py with a open (for writing) file object for bar.c, and
+        the string ``datafile-for-bar``. In a similar fashion, the main
+        method of generate.py will also be called with an open
+        (for writing) file object for foo.c and the string
+        ``datafile-for-foo``. Please note that only string arguments are
+        supported for passing to scripts, and that all arguments provided
+        to the script should be filenames relative to the directory in which
+        the moz.build file is located.
+
+        To enable using the same script for generating multiple files with
+        slightly different non-filename parameters, alternative entry points
+        into ``script`` can be specified::
+
+          GENERATED_FILES += ['bar.c']
+          bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+          bar.script = 'generate.py:make_bar'
+
+        The chosen script entry point may optionally return a set of strings,
+        indicating extra files the output depends on.
+        """),
+
+    'DEFINES': (InitializedDefines, dict,
+        """Dictionary of compiler defines to declare.
+
+        These are passed in to the compiler as ``-Dkey='value'`` for string
+        values, ``-Dkey=value`` for numeric values, or ``-Dkey`` if the
+        value is True. Note that for string values, the outer-level of
+        single-quotes will be consumed by the shell. If you want to have
+        a string-literal in the program, the value needs to have
+        double-quotes.
+
+        Example::
+
+           DEFINES['NS_NO_XPCOM'] = True
+           DEFINES['MOZ_EXTENSIONS_DB_SCHEMA'] = 15
+           DEFINES['DLL_SUFFIX'] = '".so"'
+
+        This will result in the compiler flags ``-DNS_NO_XPCOM``,
+        ``-DMOZ_EXTENSIONS_DB_SCHEMA=15``, and ``-DDLL_SUFFIX='".so"'``,
+        respectively. These could also be combined into a single
+        update::
+
+           DEFINES.update({
+               'NS_NO_XPCOM': True,
+               'MOZ_EXTENSIONS_DB_SCHEMA': 15,
+               'DLL_SUFFIX': '".so"',
+           })
+        """),
+
+    'DELAYLOAD_DLLS': (List, list,
+        """Delay-loaded DLLs.
+
+        This variable contains a list of DLL files which the module being linked
+        should load lazily.  This only has an effect when building with MSVC.
+        """),
+
+    'DIRS': (ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath), list,
+        """Child directories to descend into looking for build frontend files.
+
+        This works similarly to the ``DIRS`` variable in make files. Each str
+        value in the list is the name of a child directory. When this file is
+        done parsing, the build reader will descend into each listed directory
+        and read the frontend file there. If there is no frontend file, an error
+        is raised.
+
+        Values are relative paths. They can be multiple directory levels
+        above or below. Use ``..`` for parent directories and ``/`` for path
+        delimiters.
+        """),
+
+    'HAS_MISC_RULE': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether this directory should be traversed in the ``misc`` tier.
+
+        Many ``libs`` rules still exist in Makefile.in files. We highly prefer
+        that these rules exist in the ``misc`` tier/target so that they can be
+        executed concurrently during tier traversal (the ``misc`` tier is
+        fully concurrent).
+
+        Presence of this variable indicates that this directory should be
+        traversed by the ``misc`` tier.
+
+        Please note that converting ``libs`` rules to the ``misc`` tier must
+        be done with care, as there are many implicit dependencies that can
+        break the build in subtle ways.
+        """),
+
+    'FINAL_TARGET_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """List of files to be installed into the application directory.
+
+        ``FINAL_TARGET_FILES`` will copy (or symlink, if the platform supports it)
+        the contents of its files to the directory specified by
+        ``FINAL_TARGET`` (typically ``dist/bin``). Files that are destined for a
+        subdirectory can be specified by accessing a field, or as a dict access.
+        For example, to export ``foo.png`` to the top-level directory and
+        ``bar.svg`` to the directory ``images/do-not-use``, append to
+        ``FINAL_TARGET_FILES`` like so::
+
+           FINAL_TARGET_FILES += ['foo.png']
+           FINAL_TARGET_FILES.images['do-not-use'] += ['bar.svg']
+        """),
+
+    'DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING': (bool, bool,
+        """Disable the wrappers for STL which allow it to work with C++ exceptions
+        disabled.
+        """),
+
+    'FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """Like ``FINAL_TARGET_FILES``, with preprocessing.
+        """),
+
+    'OBJDIR_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """List of files to be installed anywhere in the objdir. Use sparingly.
+
+        ``OBJDIR_FILES`` is similar to FINAL_TARGET_FILES, but it allows copying
+        anywhere in the object directory. This is intended for various one-off
+        cases, not for general use. If you wish to add entries to OBJDIR_FILES,
+        please consult a build peer.
+        """),
+
+    'OBJDIR_PP_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """Like ``OBJDIR_FILES``, with preprocessing. Use sparingly.
+        """),
+
+    'FINAL_LIBRARY': (unicode, unicode,
+        """Library in which the objects of the current directory will be linked.
+
+        This variable contains the name of a library, defined elsewhere with
+        ``LIBRARY_NAME``, in which the objects of the current directory will be
+        linked.
+        """),
+
+    'CPP_UNIT_TESTS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """Compile a list of C++ unit test names.
+
+        Each name in this variable corresponds to an executable built from the
+        corresponding source file with the same base name.
+
+        If the configuration token ``BIN_SUFFIX`` is set, its value will be
+        automatically appended to each name. If a name already ends with
+        ``BIN_SUFFIX``, the name will remain unchanged.
+        """),
+
+    'FORCE_SHARED_LIB': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the library in this directory is a shared library.
+        """),
+
+    'FORCE_STATIC_LIB': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the library in this directory is a static library.
+        """),
+
+    'USE_STATIC_LIBS': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the code in this directory is a built against the static
+        runtime library.
+
+        This variable only has an effect when building with MSVC.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_SOURCES': (ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath, StrictOrderingOnAppendList), list,
+        """Source code files to compile with the host compiler.
+
+        This variable contains a list of source code files to compile.
+        with the host compiler.
+        """),
+
+    'IS_COMPONENT': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the library contains a binary XPCOM component manifest.
+
+        Implies FORCE_SHARED_LIB.
+        """),
+
+    'PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """A list of python unit tests.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_LIBRARY_NAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """Name of target library generated when cross compiling.
+        """),
+
+    'JAVA_JAR_TARGETS': (dict, dict,
+        """Defines Java JAR targets to be built.
+
+        This variable should not be populated directly. Instead, it should
+        populated by calling add_java_jar().
+        """),
+
+    'LIBRARY_DEFINES': (OrderedDict, dict,
+        """Dictionary of compiler defines to declare for the entire library.
+
+        This variable works like DEFINES, except that declarations apply to all
+        libraries that link into this library via FINAL_LIBRARY.
+        """),
+
+    'LIBRARY_NAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The code name of the library generated for a directory.
+
+        By default STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME and SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME take this name.
+        In ``example/components/moz.build``,::
+
+           LIBRARY_NAME = 'xpcomsample'
+
+        would generate ``example/components/libxpcomsample.so`` on Linux, or
+        ``example/components/xpcomsample.lib`` on Windows.
+        """),
+
+    'SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The name of the static library generated for a directory, if it needs to
+        differ from the library code name.
+
+        Implies FORCE_SHARED_LIB.
+        """),
+
+    'IS_FRAMEWORK': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the library to build should be built as a framework on OSX.
+
+        This implies the name of the library won't be prefixed nor suffixed.
+        Implies FORCE_SHARED_LIB.
+        """),
+
+    'STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The name of the static library generated for a directory, if it needs to
+        differ from the library code name.
+
+        Implies FORCE_STATIC_LIB.
+        """),
+
+    'USE_LIBS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """List of libraries to link to programs and libraries.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_USE_LIBS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """List of libraries to link to host programs and libraries.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_OS_LIBS': (List, list,
+        """List of system libraries for host programs and libraries.
+        """),
+
+    'LOCAL_INCLUDES': (ContextDerivedTypedList(Path, StrictOrderingOnAppendList), list,
+        """Additional directories to be searched for include files by the compiler.
+        """),
+
+    'NO_PGO': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether profile-guided optimization is disable in this directory.
+        """),
+
+    'NO_VISIBILITY_FLAGS': (bool, bool,
+        """Build sources listed in this file without VISIBILITY_FLAGS.
+        """),
+
+    'OS_LIBS': (List, list,
+        """System link libraries.
+
+        This variable contains a list of system libaries to link against.
+        """),
+    'RCFILE': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The program .rc file.
+
+        This variable can only be used on Windows.
+        """),
+
+    'RESFILE': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The program .res file.
+
+        This variable can only be used on Windows.
+        """),
+
+    'RCINCLUDE': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The resource script file to be included in the default .res file.
+
+        This variable can only be used on Windows.
+        """),
+
+    'DEFFILE': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The program .def (module definition) file.
+
+        This variable can only be used on Windows.
+        """),
+
+    'LD_VERSION_SCRIPT': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The linker version script for shared libraries.
+
+        This variable can only be used on Linux.
+        """),
+
+    'SYMBOLS_FILE': (Path, unicode,
+        """A file containing a list of symbols to export from a shared library.
+
+        The given file contains a list of symbols to be exported, and is
+        preprocessed.
+        A special marker "@DATA@" must be added after a symbol name if it
+        points to data instead of code, so that the Windows linker can treat
+        them correctly.
+        """),
+
+    'BRANDING_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """List of files to be installed into the branding directory.
+
+        ``BRANDING_FILES`` will copy (or symlink, if the platform supports it)
+        the contents of its files to the ``dist/branding`` directory. Files that
+        are destined for a subdirectory can be specified by accessing a field.
+        For example, to export ``foo.png`` to the top-level directory and
+        ``bar.png`` to the directory ``images/subdir``, append to
+        ``BRANDING_FILES`` like so::
+
+           BRANDING_FILES += ['foo.png']
+           BRANDING_FILES.images.subdir += ['bar.png']
+        """),
+
+    'SDK_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """List of files to be installed into the sdk directory.
+
+        ``SDK_FILES`` will copy (or symlink, if the platform supports it)
+        the contents of its files to the ``dist/sdk`` directory. Files that
+        are destined for a subdirectory can be specified by accessing a field.
+        For example, to export ``foo.py`` to the top-level directory and
+        ``bar.py`` to the directory ``subdir``, append to
+        ``SDK_FILES`` like so::
+
+           SDK_FILES += ['foo.py']
+           SDK_FILES.subdir += ['bar.py']
+        """),
+
+    'SDK_LIBRARY': (bool, bool,
+        """Whether the library built in the directory is part of the SDK.
+
+        The library will be copied into ``SDK_LIB_DIR`` (``$DIST/sdk/lib``).
+        """),
+
+    'SIMPLE_PROGRAMS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """Compile a list of executable names.
+
+        Each name in this variable corresponds to an executable built from the
+        corresponding source file with the same base name.
+
+        If the configuration token ``BIN_SUFFIX`` is set, its value will be
+        automatically appended to each name. If a name already ends with
+        ``BIN_SUFFIX``, the name will remain unchanged.
+        """),
+
+    'SONAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The soname of the shared object currently being linked
+
+        soname is the "logical name" of a shared object, often used to provide
+        version backwards compatibility. This variable makes sense only for
+        shared objects, and is supported only on some unix platforms.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """Compile a list of host executable names.
+
+        Each name in this variable corresponds to a hosst executable built
+        from the corresponding source file with the same base name.
+
+        If the configuration token ``HOST_BIN_SUFFIX`` is set, its value will
+        be automatically appended to each name. If a name already ends with
+        ``HOST_BIN_SUFFIX``, the name will remain unchanged.
+        """),
+
+    'CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath, StrictOrderingOnAppendList), list,
+        """Output files that will be generated using configure-like substitution.
+
+        This is a substitute for ``AC_OUTPUT`` in autoconf. For each path in this
+        list, we will search for a file in the srcdir having the name
+        ``{path}.in``. The contents of this file will be read and variable
+        patterns like ``@foo@`` will be substituted with the values of the
+        ``AC_SUBST`` variables declared during configure.
+        """),
+
+    'CONFIGURE_DEFINE_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath, StrictOrderingOnAppendList), list,
+        """Output files generated from configure/config.status.
+
+        This is a substitute for ``AC_CONFIG_HEADER`` in autoconf. This is very
+        similar to ``CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES`` except the generation logic takes
+        into account the values of ``AC_DEFINE`` instead of ``AC_SUBST``.
+        """),
+
+    'EXPORTS': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """List of files to be exported, and in which subdirectories.
+
+        ``EXPORTS`` is generally used to list the include files to be exported to
+        ``dist/include``, but it can be used for other files as well. This variable
+        behaves as a list when appending filenames for export in the top-level
+        directory. Files can also be appended to a field to indicate which
+        subdirectory they should be exported to. For example, to export
+        ``foo.h`` to the top-level directory, and ``bar.h`` to ``mozilla/dom/``,
+        append to ``EXPORTS`` like so::
+
+           EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+           EXPORTS.mozilla.dom += ['bar.h']
+
+        Entries in ``EXPORTS`` are paths, so objdir paths may be used, but
+        any files listed from the objdir must also be listed in
+        ``GENERATED_FILES``.
+        """),
+
+    'PROGRAM' : (unicode, unicode,
+        """Compiled executable name.
+
+        If the configuration token ``BIN_SUFFIX`` is set, its value will be
+        automatically appended to ``PROGRAM``. If ``PROGRAM`` already ends with
+        ``BIN_SUFFIX``, ``PROGRAM`` will remain unchanged.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_PROGRAM' : (unicode, unicode,
+        """Compiled host executable name.
+
+        If the configuration token ``HOST_BIN_SUFFIX`` is set, its value will be
+        automatically appended to ``HOST_PROGRAM``. If ``HOST_PROGRAM`` already
+        ends with ``HOST_BIN_SUFFIX``, ``HOST_PROGRAM`` will remain unchanged.
+        """),
+
+    'DIST_INSTALL': (Enum(None, False, True), bool,
+        """Whether to install certain files into the dist directory.
+
+        By default, some files types are installed in the dist directory, and
+        some aren't. Set this variable to True to force the installation of
+        some files that wouldn't be installed by default. Set this variable to
+        False to force to not install some files that would be installed by
+        default.
+
+        This is confusing for historical reasons, but eventually, the behavior
+        will be made explicit.
+        """),
+
+    'JAR_MANIFESTS': (ContextDerivedTypedList(SourcePath, StrictOrderingOnAppendList), list,
+        """JAR manifest files that should be processed as part of the build.
+
+        JAR manifests are files in the tree that define how to package files
+        into JARs and how chrome registration is performed. For more info,
+        see :ref:`jar_manifests`.
+        """),
+
+    # IDL Generation.
+    'XPIDL_SOURCES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """XPCOM Interface Definition Files (xpidl).
+
+        This is a list of files that define XPCOM interface definitions.
+        Entries must be files that exist. Entries are almost certainly ``.idl``
+        files.
+        """),
+
+    'XPIDL_MODULE': (unicode, unicode,
+        """XPCOM Interface Definition Module Name.
+
+        This is the name of the ``.xpt`` file that is created by linking
+        ``XPIDL_SOURCES`` together. If unspecified, it defaults to be the same
+        as ``MODULE``.
+        """),
+
+    'XPIDL_NO_MANIFEST': (bool, bool,
+        """Indicate that the XPIDL module should not be added to a manifest.
+
+        This flag exists primarily to prevent test-only XPIDL modules from being
+        added to the application's chrome manifest. Most XPIDL modules should
+        not use this flag.
+        """),
+
+    'IPDL_SOURCES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """IPDL source files.
+
+        These are ``.ipdl`` files that will be parsed and converted to
+        ``.cpp`` files.
+        """),
+
+    'WEBIDL_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """WebIDL source files.
+
+        These will be parsed and converted to ``.cpp`` and ``.h`` files.
+        """),
+
+    'GENERATED_EVENTS_WEBIDL_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """WebIDL source files for generated events.
+
+        These will be parsed and converted to ``.cpp`` and ``.h`` files.
+        """),
+
+    'TEST_WEBIDL_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+         """Test WebIDL source files.
+
+         These will be parsed and converted to ``.cpp`` and ``.h`` files
+         if tests are enabled.
+         """),
+
+    'GENERATED_WEBIDL_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+         """Generated WebIDL source files.
+
+         These will be generated from some other files.
+         """),
+
+    'PREPROCESSED_TEST_WEBIDL_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+         """Preprocessed test WebIDL source files.
+
+         These will be preprocessed, then parsed and converted to .cpp
+         and ``.h`` files if tests are enabled.
+         """),
+
+    'PREPROCESSED_WEBIDL_FILES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+         """Preprocessed WebIDL source files.
+
+         These will be preprocessed before being parsed and converted.
+         """),
+
+    'WEBIDL_EXAMPLE_INTERFACES': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """Names of example WebIDL interfaces to build as part of the build.
+
+        Names in this list correspond to WebIDL interface names defined in
+        WebIDL files included in the build from one of the \*WEBIDL_FILES
+        variables.
+        """),
+
+    # Test declaration.
+    'A11Y_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining a11y tests.
+        """),
+
+    'BROWSER_CHROME_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining browser chrome tests.
+        """),
+
+    'JETPACK_PACKAGE_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining jetpack package tests.
+        """),
+
+    'JETPACK_ADDON_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining jetpack addon tests.
+        """),
+
+    'ANDROID_INSTRUMENTATION_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining Android instrumentation tests.
+        """),
+
+    'FIREFOX_UI_FUNCTIONAL_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining firefox-ui-functional tests.
+        """),
+
+    'FIREFOX_UI_UPDATE_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining firefox-ui-update tests.
+        """),
+
+    'PUPPETEER_FIREFOX_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining puppeteer unit tests for Firefox.
+        """),
+
+    'MARIONETTE_LAYOUT_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining marionette-layout tests.
+        """),
+
+    'MARIONETTE_UNIT_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining marionette-unit tests.
+        """),
+
+    'MARIONETTE_WEBAPI_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining marionette-webapi tests.
+        """),
+
+    'METRO_CHROME_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining metro browser chrome tests.
+        """),
+
+    'MOCHITEST_CHROME_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining mochitest chrome tests.
+        """),
+
+    'MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining mochitest tests.
+        """),
+
+    'REFTEST_MANIFESTS': (ReftestManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining reftests.
+
+        These are commonly named reftest.list.
+        """),
+
+    'CRASHTEST_MANIFESTS': (ReftestManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining crashtests.
+
+        These are commonly named crashtests.list.
+        """),
+
+    'WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_MANIFESTS': (WptManifestList, list,
+        """List of (manifest_path, test_path) defining web-platform-tests.
+        """),
+
+    'WEBRTC_SIGNALLING_TEST_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining WebRTC signalling tests.
+        """),
+
+    'XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS': (ManifestparserManifestList, list,
+        """List of manifest files defining xpcshell tests.
+        """),
+
+    # The following variables are used to control the target of installed files.
+    'XPI_NAME': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The name of an extension XPI to generate.
+
+        When this variable is present, the results of this directory will end up
+        being packaged into an extension instead of the main dist/bin results.
+        """),
+
+    'DIST_SUBDIR': (unicode, unicode,
+        """The name of an alternate directory to install files to.
+
+        When this variable is present, the results of this directory will end up
+        being placed in the $(DIST_SUBDIR) subdirectory of where it would
+        otherwise be placed.
+        """),
+
+    'FINAL_TARGET': (FinalTargetValue, unicode,
+        """The name of the directory to install targets to.
+
+        The directory is relative to the top of the object directory. The
+        default value is dependent on the values of XPI_NAME and DIST_SUBDIR. If
+        neither are present, the result is dist/bin. If XPI_NAME is present, the
+        result is dist/xpi-stage/$(XPI_NAME). If DIST_SUBDIR is present, then
+        the $(DIST_SUBDIR) directory of the otherwise default value is used.
+        """),
+
+    'USE_EXTENSION_MANIFEST': (bool, bool,
+        """Controls the name of the manifest for JAR files.
+
+        By default, the name of the manifest is ${JAR_MANIFEST}.manifest.
+        Setting this variable to ``True`` changes the name of the manifest to
+        chrome.manifest.
+        """),
+
+    'NO_JS_MANIFEST': (bool, bool,
+        """Explicitly disclaims responsibility for manifest listing in EXTRA_COMPONENTS.
+
+        Normally, if you have .js files listed in ``EXTRA_COMPONENTS`` or
+        ``EXTRA_PP_COMPONENTS``, you are expected to have a corresponding
+        .manifest file to go with those .js files.  Setting ``NO_JS_MANIFEST``
+        indicates that the relevant .manifest file and entries for those .js
+        files are elsehwere (jar.mn, for instance) and this state of affairs
+        is OK.
+        """),
+
+    'GYP_DIRS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+            'variables': dict,
+            'input': unicode,
+            'sandbox_vars': dict,
+            'non_unified_sources': StrictOrderingOnAppendList,
+        }), list,
+        """Defines a list of object directories handled by gyp configurations.
+
+        Elements of this list give the relative object directory. For each
+        element of the list, GYP_DIRS may be accessed as a dictionary
+        (GYP_DIRS[foo]). The object this returns has attributes that need to be
+        set to further specify gyp processing:
+            - input, gives the path to the root gyp configuration file for that
+              object directory.
+            - variables, a dictionary containing variables and values to pass
+              to the gyp processor.
+            - sandbox_vars, a dictionary containing variables and values to
+              pass to the mozbuild processor on top of those derived from gyp
+              configuration.
+            - non_unified_sources, a list containing sources files, relative to
+              the current moz.build, that should be excluded from source file
+              unification.
+
+        Typical use looks like:
+            GYP_DIRS += ['foo', 'bar']
+            GYP_DIRS['foo'].input = 'foo/foo.gyp'
+            GYP_DIRS['foo'].variables = {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+                (...)
+            }
+            (...)
+        """),
+
+    'SPHINX_TREES': (dict, dict,
+        """Describes what the Sphinx documentation tree will look like.
+
+        Keys are relative directories inside the final Sphinx documentation
+        tree to install files into. Values are directories (relative to this
+        file) whose content to copy into the Sphinx documentation tree.
+        """),
+
+    'SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS': (StrictOrderingOnAppendList, list,
+        """Directories containing Python packages that Sphinx documents.
+        """),
+
+    'CFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the C compiler for all of the C source files
+           declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here, these flags will be
+           added to the compiler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'CXXFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the C++ compiler for all of the C++ source files
+           declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here; these flags will be
+           added to the compiler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_DEFINES': (InitializedDefines, dict,
+        """Dictionary of compiler defines to declare for host compilation.
+        See ``DEFINES`` for specifics.
+        """),
+
+    'CMFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the Objective-C compiler for all of the Objective-C
+           source files declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here; these flags will be
+           added to the compiler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'CMMFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the Objective-C++ compiler for all of the
+           Objective-C++ source files declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here; these flags will be
+           added to the compiler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'ASFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the assembler for all of the assembly source files
+           declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here; these flags will be
+           added to the assembler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_CFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the host C compiler for all of the C source files
+           declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here, these flags will be
+           added to the compiler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'HOST_CXXFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the host C++ compiler for all of the C++ source files
+           declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here; these flags will be
+           added to the compiler's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'LDFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the linker when linking all of the libraries and
+           executables declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matters here; these flags will be
+           added to the linker's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'EXTRA_DSO_LDOPTS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the linker when linking a shared library.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matter here, these flags will be
+           added to the linker's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+        """),
+
+    'WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS': (List, list,
+        """Flags passed to the linker when linking a Windows .exe executable
+           declared in this directory.
+
+           Note that the ordering of flags matter here, these flags will be
+           added to the linker's command line in the same order as they
+           appear in the moz.build file.
+
+           This variable only has an effect on Windows.
+        """),
+
+    'TEST_HARNESS_FILES': (ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path), list,
+        """List of files to be installed for test harnesses.
+
+        ``TEST_HARNESS_FILES`` can be used to install files to any directory
+        under $objdir/_tests. Files can be appended to a field to indicate
+        which subdirectory they should be exported to. For example,
+        to export ``foo.py`` to ``_tests/foo``, append to
+        ``TEST_HARNESS_FILES`` like so::
+           TEST_HARNESS_FILES.foo += ['foo.py']
+
+        Files from topsrcdir and the objdir can also be installed by prefixing
+        the path(s) with a '/' character and a '!' character, respectively::
+           TEST_HARNESS_FILES.path += ['/build/bar.py', '!quux.py']
+        """),
+
+    'NO_EXPAND_LIBS': (bool, bool,
+        """Forces to build a real static library, and no corresponding fake
+           library.
+        """),
+
+    'NO_COMPONENTS_MANIFEST': (bool, bool,
+        """Do not create a binary-component manifest entry for the
+        corresponding XPCOMBinaryComponent.
+        """),
+
+    'USE_YASM': (bool, bool,
+        """Use the yasm assembler to assemble assembly files from SOURCES.
+
+        By default, the build will use the toolchain assembler, $(AS), to
+        assemble source files in assembly language (.s or .asm files). Setting
+        this value to ``True`` will cause it to use yasm instead.
+
+        If yasm is not available on this system, or does not support the
+        current target architecture, an error will be raised.
+        """),
+}
+
+# Sanity check: we don't want any variable above to have a list as storage type.
+for name, (storage_type, input_types, docs) in VARIABLES.items():
+    if storage_type == list:
+        raise RuntimeError('%s has a "list" storage type. Use "List" instead.'
+            % name)
+
+# Set of variables that are only allowed in templates:
+TEMPLATE_VARIABLES = {
+    'CPP_UNIT_TESTS',
+    'FORCE_SHARED_LIB',
+    'HOST_PROGRAM',
+    'HOST_LIBRARY_NAME',
+    'HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS',
+    'IS_COMPONENT',
+    'IS_FRAMEWORK',
+    'LIBRARY_NAME',
+    'PROGRAM',
+    'SIMPLE_PROGRAMS',
+}
+
+# Add a note to template variable documentation.
+for name in TEMPLATE_VARIABLES:
+    if name not in VARIABLES:
+        raise RuntimeError('%s is in TEMPLATE_VARIABLES but not in VARIABLES.'
+            % name)
+    storage_type, input_types, docs = VARIABLES[name]
+    docs += 'This variable is only available in templates.\n'
+    VARIABLES[name] = (storage_type, input_types, docs)
+
+
+# The set of functions exposed to the sandbox.
+#
+# Each entry is a tuple of:
+#
+#  (function returning the corresponding function from a given sandbox,
+#   (argument types), docs)
+#
+# The first element is an attribute on Sandbox that should be a function type.
+#
+FUNCTIONS = {
+    'include': (lambda self: self._include, (SourcePath,),
+        """Include another mozbuild file in the context of this one.
+
+        This is similar to a ``#include`` in C languages. The filename passed to
+        the function will be read and its contents will be evaluated within the
+        context of the calling file.
+
+        If a relative path is given, it is evaluated as relative to the file
+        currently being processed. If there is a chain of multiple include(),
+        the relative path computation is from the most recent/active file.
+
+        If an absolute path is given, it is evaluated from ``TOPSRCDIR``. In
+        other words, ``include('/foo')`` references the path
+        ``TOPSRCDIR + '/foo'``.
+
+        Example usage
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+        Include ``sibling.build`` from the current directory.::
+
+           include('sibling.build')
+
+        Include ``foo.build`` from a path within the top source directory::
+
+           include('/elsewhere/foo.build')
+        """),
+
+    'add_java_jar': (lambda self: self._add_java_jar, (str,),
+        """Declare a Java JAR target to be built.
+
+        This is the supported way to populate the JAVA_JAR_TARGETS
+        variable.
+
+        The parameters are:
+        * dest - target name, without the trailing .jar. (required)
+
+        This returns a rich Java JAR type, described at
+        :py:class:`mozbuild.frontend.data.JavaJarData`.
+        """),
+
+    'add_android_eclipse_project': (
+        lambda self: self._add_android_eclipse_project, (str, str),
+        """Declare an Android Eclipse project.
+
+        This is one of the supported ways to populate the
+        ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_TARGETS variable.
+
+        The parameters are:
+        * name - project name.
+        * manifest - path to AndroidManifest.xml.
+
+        This returns a rich Android Eclipse project type, described at
+        :py:class:`mozbuild.frontend.data.AndroidEclipseProjectData`.
+        """),
+
+    'add_android_eclipse_library_project': (
+        lambda self: self._add_android_eclipse_library_project, (str,),
+        """Declare an Android Eclipse library project.
+
+        This is one of the supported ways to populate the
+        ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_TARGETS variable.
+
+        The parameters are:
+        * name - project name.
+
+        This returns a rich Android Eclipse project type, described at
+        :py:class:`mozbuild.frontend.data.AndroidEclipseProjectData`.
+        """),
+
+    'export': (lambda self: self._export, (str,),
+        """Make the specified variable available to all child directories.
+
+        The variable specified by the argument string is added to the
+        environment of all directories specified in the DIRS and TEST_DIRS
+        variables. If those directories themselves have child directories,
+        the variable will be exported to all of them.
+
+        The value used for the variable is the final value at the end of the
+        moz.build file, so it is possible (but not recommended style) to place
+        the export before the definition of the variable.
+
+        This function is limited to the upper-case variables that have special
+        meaning in moz.build files.
+
+        NOTE: Please consult with a build peer before adding a new use of this
+        function.
+
+        Example usage
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+        To make all children directories install as the given extension::
+
+          XPI_NAME = 'cool-extension'
+          export('XPI_NAME')
+        """),
+
+    'warning': (lambda self: self._warning, (str,),
+        """Issue a warning.
+
+        Warnings are string messages that are printed during execution.
+
+        Warnings are ignored during execution.
+        """),
+
+    'error': (lambda self: self._error, (str,),
+        """Issue a fatal error.
+
+        If this function is called, processing is aborted immediately.
+        """),
+
+    'template': (lambda self: self._template_decorator, (FunctionType,),
+        """Decorator for template declarations.
+
+        Templates are a special kind of functions that can be declared in
+        mozbuild files. Uppercase variables assigned in the function scope
+        are considered to be the result of the template.
+
+        Contrary to traditional python functions:
+           - return values from template functions are ignored,
+           - template functions don't have access to the global scope.
+
+        Example template
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+        The following ``Program`` template sets two variables ``PROGRAM`` and
+        ``USE_LIBS``. ``PROGRAM`` is set to the argument given on the template
+        invocation, and ``USE_LIBS`` to contain "mozglue"::
+
+           @template
+           def Program(name):
+               PROGRAM = name
+               USE_LIBS += ['mozglue']
+
+        Template invocation
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+        A template is invoked in the form of a function call::
+
+           Program('myprog')
+
+        The result of the template, being all the uppercase variable it sets
+        is mixed to the existing set of variables defined in the mozbuild file
+        invoking the template::
+
+           FINAL_TARGET = 'dist/other'
+           USE_LIBS += ['mylib']
+           Program('myprog')
+           USE_LIBS += ['otherlib']
+
+        The above mozbuild results in the following variables set:
+
+           - ``FINAL_TARGET`` is 'dist/other'
+           - ``USE_LIBS`` is ['mylib', 'mozglue', 'otherlib']
+           - ``PROGRAM`` is 'myprog'
+
+        """),
+}
+
+
+TestDirsPlaceHolder = List()
+
+
+# Special variables. These complement VARIABLES.
+#
+# Each entry is a tuple of:
+#
+#  (function returning the corresponding value from a given context, type, docs)
+#
+SPECIAL_VARIABLES = {
+    'TOPSRCDIR': (lambda context: context.config.topsrcdir, str,
+        """Constant defining the top source directory.
+
+        The top source directory is the parent directory containing the source
+        code and all build files. It is typically the root directory of a
+        cloned repository.
+        """),
+
+    'TOPOBJDIR': (lambda context: context.config.topobjdir, str,
+        """Constant defining the top object directory.
+
+        The top object directory is the parent directory which will contain
+        the output of the build. This is commonly referred to as "the object
+        directory."
+        """),
+
+    'RELATIVEDIR': (lambda context: context.relsrcdir, str,
+        """Constant defining the relative path of this file.
+
+        The relative path is from ``TOPSRCDIR``. This is defined as relative
+        to the main file being executed, regardless of whether additional
+        files have been included using ``include()``.
+        """),
+
+    'SRCDIR': (lambda context: context.srcdir, str,
+        """Constant defining the source directory of this file.
+
+        This is the path inside ``TOPSRCDIR`` where this file is located. It
+        is the same as ``TOPSRCDIR + RELATIVEDIR``.
+        """),
+
+    'OBJDIR': (lambda context: context.objdir, str,
+        """The path to the object directory for this file.
+
+        Is is the same as ``TOPOBJDIR + RELATIVEDIR``.
+        """),
+
+    'CONFIG': (lambda context: ReadOnlyKeyedDefaultDict(
+            lambda key: context.config.substs_unicode.get(key)), dict,
+        """Dictionary containing the current configuration variables.
+
+        All the variables defined by the configuration system are available
+        through this object. e.g. ``ENABLE_TESTS``, ``CFLAGS``, etc.
+
+        Values in this container are read-only. Attempts at changing values
+        will result in a run-time error.
+
+        Access to an unknown variable will return None.
+        """),
+
+    'EXTRA_COMPONENTS': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_FILES'].components._strings, list,
+        """Additional component files to distribute.
+
+       This variable contains a list of files to copy into
+       ``$(FINAL_TARGET)/components/``.
+        """),
+
+    'EXTRA_PP_COMPONENTS': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES'].components._strings, list,
+        """Javascript XPCOM files.
+
+       This variable contains a list of files to preprocess.  Generated
+       files will be installed in the ``/components`` directory of the distribution.
+        """),
+
+    'JS_PREFERENCE_FILES': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_FILES'].defaults.pref._strings, list,
+        """Exported javascript files.
+
+        A list of files copied into the dist directory for packaging and installation.
+        Path will be defined for gre or application prefs dir based on what is building.
+        """),
+
+    'JS_PREFERENCE_PP_FILES': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES'].defaults.pref._strings, list,
+        """Like JS_PREFERENCE_FILES, preprocessed..
+        """),
+
+    'RESOURCE_FILES': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_FILES'].res, list,
+        """List of resources to be exported, and in which subdirectories.
+
+        ``RESOURCE_FILES`` is used to list the resource files to be exported to
+        ``dist/bin/res``, but it can be used for other files as well. This variable
+        behaves as a list when appending filenames for resources in the top-level
+        directory. Files can also be appended to a field to indicate which
+        subdirectory they should be exported to. For example, to export
+        ``foo.res`` to the top-level directory, and ``bar.res`` to ``fonts/``,
+        append to ``RESOURCE_FILES`` like so::
+
+           RESOURCE_FILES += ['foo.res']
+           RESOURCE_FILES.fonts += ['bar.res']
+        """),
+
+    'EXTRA_JS_MODULES': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_FILES'].modules, list,
+        """Additional JavaScript files to distribute.
+
+        This variable contains a list of files to copy into
+        ``$(FINAL_TARGET)/modules.
+        """),
+
+    'EXTRA_PP_JS_MODULES': (lambda context: context['FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES'].modules, list,
+        """Additional JavaScript files to distribute.
+
+        This variable contains a list of files to copy into
+        ``$(FINAL_TARGET)/modules``, after preprocessing.
+        """),
+
+    'TESTING_JS_MODULES': (lambda context: context['TEST_HARNESS_FILES'].modules, list,
+        """JavaScript modules to install in the test-only destination.
+
+        Some JavaScript modules (JSMs) are test-only and not distributed
+        with Firefox. This variable defines them.
+
+        To install modules in a subdirectory, use properties of this
+        variable to control the final destination. e.g.
+
+        ``TESTING_JS_MODULES.foo += ['module.jsm']``.
+        """),
+
+    'TEST_DIRS': (lambda context: context['DIRS'] if context.config.substs.get('ENABLE_TESTS')
+                                  else TestDirsPlaceHolder, list,
+        """Like DIRS but only for directories that contain test-only code.
+
+        If tests are not enabled, this variable will be ignored.
+
+        This variable may go away once the transition away from Makefiles is
+        complete.
+        """),
+}
+
+# Deprecation hints.
+DEPRECATION_HINTS = {
+    'CPP_UNIT_TESTS': '''
+        Please use'
+
+            CppUnitTests(['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        instead of
+
+            CPP_UNIT_TESTS += ['foo', 'bar']
+        ''',
+
+    'HOST_PROGRAM': '''
+        Please use
+
+            HostProgram('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            HOST_PROGRAM = 'foo'
+        ''',
+
+    'HOST_LIBRARY_NAME': '''
+        Please use
+
+            HostLibrary('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            HOST_LIBRARY_NAME = 'foo'
+        ''',
+
+    'HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS': '''
+        Please use
+
+            HostSimplePrograms(['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        instead of
+
+            HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS += ['foo', 'bar']"
+        ''',
+
+    'LIBRARY_NAME': '''
+        Please use
+
+            Library('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            LIBRARY_NAME = 'foo'
+        ''',
+
+    'PROGRAM': '''
+        Please use
+
+            Program('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            PROGRAM = 'foo'"
+        ''',
+
+    'SIMPLE_PROGRAMS': '''
+        Please use
+
+            SimplePrograms(['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        instead of
+
+            SIMPLE_PROGRAMS += ['foo', 'bar']"
+        ''',
+
+    'FORCE_SHARED_LIB': '''
+        Please use
+
+            SharedLibrary('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            Library('foo') [ or LIBRARY_NAME = 'foo' ]
+            FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+        ''',
+
+    'IS_COMPONENT': '''
+        Please use
+
+            XPCOMBinaryComponent('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            Library('foo') [ or LIBRARY_NAME = 'foo' ]
+            IS_COMPONENT = True
+        ''',
+
+    'IS_FRAMEWORK': '''
+        Please use
+
+            Framework('foo')
+
+        instead of
+
+            Library('foo') [ or LIBRARY_NAME = 'foo' ]
+            IS_FRAMEWORK = True
+        ''',
+
+    'TOOL_DIRS': 'Please use the DIRS variable instead.',
+
+    'TEST_TOOL_DIRS': 'Please use the TEST_DIRS variable instead.',
+
+    'PARALLEL_DIRS': 'Please use the DIRS variable instead.',
+
+    'NO_DIST_INSTALL': '''
+        Please use
+
+            DIST_INSTALL = False
+
+        instead of
+
+            NO_DIST_INSTALL = True
+    ''',
+
+    'GENERATED_SOURCES': '''
+        Please use
+
+            SOURCES += [ '!foo.cpp' ]
+
+        instead of
+
+            GENERATED_SOURCES += [ 'foo.cpp']
+    ''',
+
+    'GENERATED_INCLUDES': '''
+        Please use
+
+            LOCAL_INCLUDES += [ '!foo' ]
+
+        instead of
+
+            GENERATED_INCLUDES += [ 'foo' ]
+    ''',
+
+    'DIST_FILES': '''
+        Please use
+
+            FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [ 'foo' ]
+
+        instead of
+
+            DIST_FILES += [ 'foo' ]
+    ''',
+}
+
+# Make sure that all template variables have a deprecation hint.
+for name in TEMPLATE_VARIABLES:
+    if name not in DEPRECATION_HINTS:
+        raise RuntimeError('Missing deprecation hint for %s' % name)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/data.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/data.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fdf8cca17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1113 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+r"""Data structures representing Mozilla's source tree.
+
+The frontend files are parsed into static data structures. These data
+structures are defined in this module.
+
+All data structures of interest are children of the TreeMetadata class.
+
+Logic for populating these data structures is not defined in this class.
+Instead, what we have here are dumb container classes. The emitter module
+contains the code for converting executed mozbuild files into these data
+structures.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+from mozbuild.util import StrictOrderingOnAppendList
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import ManifestEntry
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from .context import FinalTargetValue
+
+from ..util import (
+    group_unified_files,
+)
+
+from ..testing import (
+    all_test_flavors,
+)
+
+
+class TreeMetadata(object):
+    """Base class for all data being captured."""
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def to_dict(self):
+        return {k.lower(): getattr(self, k) for k in self.DICT_ATTRS}
+
+
+class ContextDerived(TreeMetadata):
+    """Build object derived from a single Context instance.
+
+    It holds fields common to all context derived classes. This class is likely
+    never instantiated directly but is instead derived from.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'context_main_path',
+        'context_all_paths',
+        'topsrcdir',
+        'topobjdir',
+        'relativedir',
+        'srcdir',
+        'objdir',
+        'config',
+        '_context',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        TreeMetadata.__init__(self)
+
+        # Capture the files that were evaluated to fill this context.
+        self.context_main_path = context.main_path
+        self.context_all_paths = context.all_paths
+
+        # Basic directory state.
+        self.topsrcdir = context.config.topsrcdir
+        self.topobjdir = context.config.topobjdir
+
+        self.relativedir = context.relsrcdir
+        self.srcdir = context.srcdir
+        self.objdir = context.objdir
+
+        self.config = context.config
+
+        self._context = context
+
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return self._context['FINAL_TARGET']
+
+    @property
+    def defines(self):
+        defines = self._context['DEFINES']
+        return Defines(self._context, defines) if defines else None
+
+    @property
+    def relobjdir(self):
+        return mozpath.relpath(self.objdir, self.topobjdir)
+
+
+class HostMixin(object):
+    @property
+    def defines(self):
+        defines = self._context['HOST_DEFINES']
+        return HostDefines(self._context, defines) if defines else None
+
+
+class DirectoryTraversal(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes how directory traversal for building should work.
+
+    This build object is likely only of interest to the recursive make backend.
+    Other build backends should (ideally) not attempt to mimic the behavior of
+    the recursive make backend. The only reason this exists is to support the
+    existing recursive make backend while the transition to mozbuild frontend
+    files is complete and we move to a more optimal build backend.
+
+    Fields in this class correspond to similarly named variables in the
+    frontend files.
+    """
+    __slots__ = (
+        'dirs',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.dirs = []
+
+
+class BaseConfigSubstitution(ContextDerived):
+    """Base class describing autogenerated files as part of config.status."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'input_path',
+        'output_path',
+        'relpath',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.input_path = None
+        self.output_path = None
+        self.relpath = None
+
+
+class ConfigFileSubstitution(BaseConfigSubstitution):
+    """Describes a config file that will be generated using substitutions."""
+
+
+class VariablePassthru(ContextDerived):
+    """A dict of variables to pass through to backend.mk unaltered.
+
+    The purpose of this object is to facilitate rapid transitioning of
+    variables from Makefile.in to moz.build. In the ideal world, this class
+    does not exist and every variable has a richer class representing it.
+    As long as we rely on this class, we lose the ability to have flexibility
+    in our build backends since we will continue to be tied to our rules.mk.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('variables')
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.variables = {}
+
+class XPIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an XPIDL file to be compiled."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'source_path',
+        'basename',
+        'module',
+        'add_to_manifest',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, source, module, add_to_manifest):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.source_path = source
+        self.basename = mozpath.basename(source)
+        self.module = module
+        self.add_to_manifest = add_to_manifest
+
+class BaseDefines(ContextDerived):
+    """Context derived container object for DEFINES/HOST_DEFINES,
+    which are OrderedDicts.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('defines')
+
+    def __init__(self, context, defines):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.defines = defines
+
+    def get_defines(self):
+        for define, value in self.defines.iteritems():
+            if value is True:
+                yield('-D%s' % define)
+            elif value is False:
+                yield('-U%s' % define)
+            else:
+                yield('-D%s=%s' % (define, value))
+
+    def update(self, more_defines):
+        if isinstance(more_defines, Defines):
+            self.defines.update(more_defines.defines)
+        else:
+            self.defines.update(more_defines)
+
+class Defines(BaseDefines):
+    pass
+
+class HostDefines(BaseDefines):
+    pass
+
+class IPDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual .ipdl source file."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+class WebIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual .webidl source file."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+class GeneratedEventWebIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual .webidl source file."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+class TestWebIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual test-only .webidl source file."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+class PreprocessedTestWebIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual test-only .webidl source file that requires
+    preprocessing."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+class PreprocessedWebIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual .webidl source file that requires preprocessing."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+class GeneratedWebIDLFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual .webidl source file that is generated from
+    build rules."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = path
+
+
+class ExampleWebIDLInterface(ContextDerived):
+    """An individual WebIDL interface to generate."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'name',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, name):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class LinkageWrongKindError(Exception):
+    """Error thrown when trying to link objects of the wrong kind"""
+
+
+class LinkageMultipleRustLibrariesError(Exception):
+    """Error thrown when trying to link multiple Rust libraries to an object"""
+
+
+class Linkable(ContextDerived):
+    """Generic context derived container object for programs and libraries"""
+    __slots__ = (
+        'cxx_link',
+        'lib_defines',
+        'linked_libraries',
+        'linked_system_libs',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.cxx_link = False
+        self.linked_libraries = []
+        self.linked_system_libs = []
+        self.lib_defines = Defines(context, {})
+
+    def link_library(self, obj):
+        assert isinstance(obj, BaseLibrary)
+        if isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary) and obj.variant == obj.COMPONENT:
+            raise LinkageWrongKindError(
+                'Linkable.link_library() does not take components.')
+        if obj.KIND != self.KIND:
+            raise LinkageWrongKindError('%s != %s' % (obj.KIND, self.KIND))
+        # Linking multiple Rust libraries into an object would result in
+        # multiple copies of the Rust standard library, as well as linking
+        # errors from duplicate symbols.
+        if isinstance(obj, RustLibrary) and any(isinstance(l, RustLibrary)
+                                                for l in self.linked_libraries):
+            raise LinkageMultipleRustLibrariesError("Cannot link multiple Rust libraries into %s",
+                                                    self)
+        self.linked_libraries.append(obj)
+        if obj.cxx_link:
+            self.cxx_link = True
+        obj.refs.append(self)
+
+    def link_system_library(self, lib):
+        # The '$' check is here as a special temporary rule, allowing the
+        # inherited use of make variables, most notably in TK_LIBS.
+        if not lib.startswith('$') and not lib.startswith('-'):
+            if self.config.substs.get('GNU_CC'):
+                lib = '-l%s' % lib
+            else:
+                lib = '%s%s%s' % (
+                    self.config.import_prefix,
+                    lib,
+                    self.config.import_suffix,
+                )
+        self.linked_system_libs.append(lib)
+
+class BaseProgram(Linkable):
+    """Context derived container object for programs, which is a unicode
+    string.
+
+    This class handles automatically appending a binary suffix to the program
+    name.
+    If the suffix is not defined, the program name is unchanged.
+    Otherwise, if the program name ends with the given suffix, it is unchanged
+    Otherwise, the suffix is appended to the program name.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('program')
+
+    DICT_ATTRS = {
+        'install_target',
+        'KIND',
+        'program',
+        'relobjdir',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, context, program, is_unit_test=False):
+        Linkable.__init__(self, context)
+
+        bin_suffix = context.config.substs.get(self.SUFFIX_VAR, '')
+        if not program.endswith(bin_suffix):
+            program += bin_suffix
+        self.program = program
+        self.is_unit_test = is_unit_test
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s: %s/%s>' % (type(self).__name__, self.relobjdir, self.program)
+
+
+class Program(BaseProgram):
+    """Context derived container object for PROGRAM"""
+    SUFFIX_VAR = 'BIN_SUFFIX'
+    KIND = 'target'
+
+
+class HostProgram(HostMixin, BaseProgram):
+    """Context derived container object for HOST_PROGRAM"""
+    SUFFIX_VAR = 'HOST_BIN_SUFFIX'
+    KIND = 'host'
+
+
+class SimpleProgram(BaseProgram):
+    """Context derived container object for each program in SIMPLE_PROGRAMS"""
+    SUFFIX_VAR = 'BIN_SUFFIX'
+    KIND = 'target'
+
+
+class HostSimpleProgram(HostMixin, BaseProgram):
+    """Context derived container object for each program in
+    HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS"""
+    SUFFIX_VAR = 'HOST_BIN_SUFFIX'
+    KIND = 'host'
+
+
+class BaseLibrary(Linkable):
+    """Generic context derived container object for libraries."""
+    __slots__ = (
+        'basename',
+        'lib_name',
+        'import_name',
+        'refs',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, basename):
+        Linkable.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.basename = self.lib_name = basename
+        if self.lib_name:
+            self.lib_name = '%s%s%s' % (
+                context.config.lib_prefix,
+                self.lib_name,
+                context.config.lib_suffix
+            )
+            self.import_name = self.lib_name
+
+        self.refs = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s: %s/%s>' % (type(self).__name__, self.relobjdir, self.lib_name)
+
+
+class Library(BaseLibrary):
+    """Context derived container object for a library"""
+    KIND = 'target'
+    __slots__ = (
+        'is_sdk',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, basename, real_name=None, is_sdk=False):
+        BaseLibrary.__init__(self, context, real_name or basename)
+        self.basename = basename
+        self.is_sdk = is_sdk
+
+
+class StaticLibrary(Library):
+    """Context derived container object for a static library"""
+    __slots__ = (
+        'link_into',
+        'no_expand_lib',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, basename, real_name=None, is_sdk=False,
+        link_into=None, no_expand_lib=False):
+        Library.__init__(self, context, basename, real_name, is_sdk)
+        self.link_into = link_into
+        self.no_expand_lib = no_expand_lib
+
+
+class RustLibrary(StaticLibrary):
+    """Context derived container object for a static library"""
+    __slots__ = (
+        'cargo_file',
+        'crate_type',
+        'dependencies',
+        'deps_path',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, basename, cargo_file, crate_type, dependencies, **args):
+        StaticLibrary.__init__(self, context, basename, **args)
+        self.cargo_file = cargo_file
+        self.crate_type = crate_type
+        # We need to adjust our naming here because cargo replaces '-' in
+        # package names defined in Cargo.toml with underscores in actual
+        # filenames. But we need to keep the basename consistent because
+        # many other things in the build system depend on that.
+        assert self.crate_type == 'staticlib'
+        self.lib_name = '%s%s%s' % (context.config.lib_prefix,
+                                     basename.replace('-', '_'),
+                                     context.config.lib_suffix)
+        self.dependencies = dependencies
+        # cargo creates several directories and places its build artifacts
+        # in those directories.  The directory structure depends not only
+        # on the target, but also what sort of build we are doing.
+        rust_build_kind = 'release'
+        if context.config.substs.get('MOZ_DEBUG'):
+            rust_build_kind = 'debug'
+        build_dir = mozpath.join(context.config.substs['RUST_TARGET'],
+                                 rust_build_kind)
+        self.import_name = mozpath.join(build_dir, self.lib_name)
+        self.deps_path = mozpath.join(build_dir, 'deps')
+
+
+class SharedLibrary(Library):
+    """Context derived container object for a shared library"""
+    __slots__ = (
+        'soname',
+        'variant',
+        'symbols_file',
+    )
+
+    DICT_ATTRS = {
+        'basename',
+        'import_name',
+        'install_target',
+        'lib_name',
+        'relobjdir',
+        'soname',
+    }
+
+    FRAMEWORK = 1
+    COMPONENT = 2
+    MAX_VARIANT = 3
+
+    def __init__(self, context, basename, real_name=None, is_sdk=False,
+                 soname=None, variant=None, symbols_file=False):
+        assert(variant in range(1, self.MAX_VARIANT) or variant is None)
+        Library.__init__(self, context, basename, real_name, is_sdk)
+        self.variant = variant
+        self.lib_name = real_name or basename
+        assert self.lib_name
+
+        if variant == self.FRAMEWORK:
+            self.import_name = self.lib_name
+        else:
+            self.import_name = '%s%s%s' % (
+                context.config.import_prefix,
+                self.lib_name,
+                context.config.import_suffix,
+            )
+            self.lib_name = '%s%s%s' % (
+                context.config.dll_prefix,
+                self.lib_name,
+                context.config.dll_suffix,
+            )
+        if soname:
+            self.soname = '%s%s%s' % (
+                context.config.dll_prefix,
+                soname,
+                context.config.dll_suffix,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.soname = self.lib_name
+
+        if symbols_file is False:
+            # No symbols file.
+            self.symbols_file = None
+        elif symbols_file is True:
+            # Symbols file with default name.
+            if context.config.substs['OS_TARGET'] == 'WINNT':
+                self.symbols_file = '%s.def' % self.lib_name
+            else:
+                self.symbols_file = '%s.symbols' % self.lib_name
+        else:
+            # Explicitly provided name.
+            self.symbols_file = symbols_file
+
+
+
+class ExternalLibrary(object):
+    """Empty mixin for libraries built by an external build system."""
+
+
+class ExternalStaticLibrary(StaticLibrary, ExternalLibrary):
+    """Context derived container for static libraries built by an external
+    build system."""
+
+
+class ExternalSharedLibrary(SharedLibrary, ExternalLibrary):
+    """Context derived container for shared libraries built by an external
+    build system."""
+
+
+class HostLibrary(HostMixin, BaseLibrary):
+    """Context derived container object for a host library"""
+    KIND = 'host'
+
+
+class TestManifest(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents a manifest file containing information about tests."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        # The type of test manifest this is.
+        'flavor',
+
+        # Maps source filename to destination filename. The destination
+        # path is relative from the tests root directory. Values are 2-tuples
+        # of (destpath, is_test_file) where the 2nd item is True if this
+        # item represents a test file (versus a support file).
+        'installs',
+
+        # A list of pattern matching installs to perform. Entries are
+        # (base, pattern, dest).
+        'pattern_installs',
+
+        # Where all files for this manifest flavor are installed in the unified
+        # test package directory.
+        'install_prefix',
+
+        # Set of files provided by an external mechanism.
+        'external_installs',
+
+        # Set of files required by multiple test directories, whose installation
+        # will be resolved when running tests.
+        'deferred_installs',
+
+        # The full path of this manifest file.
+        'path',
+
+        # The directory where this manifest is defined.
+        'directory',
+
+        # The parsed manifestparser.TestManifest instance.
+        'manifest',
+
+        # List of tests. Each element is a dict of metadata.
+        'tests',
+
+        # The relative path of the parsed manifest within the srcdir.
+        'manifest_relpath',
+
+        # The relative path of the parsed manifest within the objdir.
+        'manifest_obj_relpath',
+
+        # If this manifest is a duplicate of another one, this is the
+        # manifestparser.TestManifest of the other one.
+        'dupe_manifest',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path, manifest, flavor=None,
+            install_prefix=None, relpath=None, dupe_manifest=False):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        assert flavor in all_test_flavors()
+
+        self.path = path
+        self.directory = mozpath.dirname(path)
+        self.manifest = manifest
+        self.flavor = flavor
+        self.install_prefix = install_prefix
+        self.manifest_relpath = relpath
+        self.manifest_obj_relpath = relpath
+        self.dupe_manifest = dupe_manifest
+        self.installs = {}
+        self.pattern_installs = []
+        self.tests = []
+        self.external_installs = set()
+        self.deferred_installs = set()
+
+
+class LocalInclude(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual local include path."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'path',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.path = path
+
+
+class PerSourceFlag(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes compiler flags specified for individual source files."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'file_name',
+        'flags',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, file_name, flags):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.file_name = file_name
+        self.flags = flags
+
+
+class JARManifest(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes an individual JAR manifest file and how to process it.
+
+    This class isn't very useful for optimizing backends yet because we don't
+    capture defines. We can't capture defines safely until all of them are
+    defined in moz.build and not Makefile.in files.
+    """
+    __slots__ = (
+        'path',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, path):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.path = path
+
+
+class ContextWrapped(ContextDerived):
+    """Generic context derived container object for a wrapped rich object.
+
+    Use this wrapper class to shuttle a rich build system object
+    completely defined in moz.build files through the tree metadata
+    emitter to the build backend for processing as-is.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'wrapped',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, wrapped):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+
+class JavaJarData(object):
+    """Represents a Java JAR file.
+
+    A Java JAR has the following members:
+        * sources - strictly ordered list of input java sources
+        * generated_sources - strictly ordered list of generated input
+          java sources
+        * extra_jars - list of JAR file dependencies to include on the
+          javac compiler classpath
+        * javac_flags - list containing extra flags passed to the
+          javac compiler
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'name',
+        'sources',
+        'generated_sources',
+        'extra_jars',
+        'javac_flags',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name, sources=[], generated_sources=[],
+            extra_jars=[], javac_flags=[]):
+        self.name = name
+        self.sources = StrictOrderingOnAppendList(sources)
+        self.generated_sources = StrictOrderingOnAppendList(generated_sources)
+        self.extra_jars = list(extra_jars)
+        self.javac_flags = list(javac_flags)
+
+
+class BaseSources(ContextDerived):
+    """Base class for files to be compiled during the build."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'files',
+        'canonical_suffix',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.files = files
+        self.canonical_suffix = canonical_suffix
+
+
+class Sources(BaseSources):
+    """Represents files to be compiled during the build."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix):
+        BaseSources.__init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix)
+
+
+class GeneratedSources(BaseSources):
+    """Represents generated files to be compiled during the build."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix):
+        BaseSources.__init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix)
+
+
+class HostSources(HostMixin, BaseSources):
+    """Represents files to be compiled for the host during the build."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix):
+        BaseSources.__init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix)
+
+
+class UnifiedSources(BaseSources):
+    """Represents files to be compiled in a unified fashion during the build."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'have_unified_mapping',
+        'unified_source_mapping'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix, files_per_unified_file=16):
+        BaseSources.__init__(self, context, files, canonical_suffix)
+
+        self.have_unified_mapping = files_per_unified_file > 1
+
+        if self.have_unified_mapping:
+            # Sorted so output is consistent and we don't bump mtimes.
+            source_files = list(sorted(self.files))
+
+            # On Windows, path names have a maximum length of 255 characters,
+            # so avoid creating extremely long path names.
+            unified_prefix = context.relsrcdir
+            if len(unified_prefix) > 20:
+                unified_prefix = unified_prefix[-20:].split('/', 1)[-1]
+            unified_prefix = unified_prefix.replace('/', '_')
+
+            suffix = self.canonical_suffix[1:]
+            unified_prefix='Unified_%s_%s' % (suffix, unified_prefix)
+            self.unified_source_mapping = list(group_unified_files(source_files,
+                                                                   unified_prefix=unified_prefix,
+                                                                   unified_suffix=suffix,
+                                                                   files_per_unified_file=files_per_unified_file))
+
+
+class InstallationTarget(ContextDerived):
+    """Describes the rules that affect where files get installed to."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'xpiname',
+        'subdir',
+        'target',
+        'enabled'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+
+        self.xpiname = context.get('XPI_NAME', '')
+        self.subdir = context.get('DIST_SUBDIR', '')
+        self.target = context['FINAL_TARGET']
+        self.enabled = context['DIST_INSTALL'] is not False
+
+    def is_custom(self):
+        """Returns whether or not the target is not derived from the default
+        given xpiname and subdir."""
+
+        return FinalTargetValue(dict(
+            XPI_NAME=self.xpiname,
+            DIST_SUBDIR=self.subdir)) == self.target
+
+
+class FinalTargetFiles(ContextDerived):
+    """Sandbox container object for FINAL_TARGET_FILES, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+
+    We need an object derived from ContextDerived for use in the backend, so
+    this object fills that role. It just has a reference to the underlying
+    HierarchicalStringList, which is created when parsing FINAL_TARGET_FILES.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('files')
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, files):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, sandbox)
+        self.files = files
+
+
+class FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles(ContextDerived):
+    """Sandbox container object for FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+
+    We need an object derived from ContextDerived for use in the backend, so
+    this object fills that role. It just has a reference to the underlying
+    HierarchicalStringList, which is created when parsing
+    FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('files')
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, files):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, sandbox)
+        self.files = files
+
+
+class ObjdirFiles(ContextDerived):
+    """Sandbox container object for OBJDIR_FILES, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('files')
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, files):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, sandbox)
+        self.files = files
+
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return ''
+
+
+class ObjdirPreprocessedFiles(ContextDerived):
+    """Sandbox container object for OBJDIR_PP_FILES, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('files')
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, files):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, sandbox)
+        self.files = files
+
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return ''
+
+
+class TestHarnessFiles(FinalTargetFiles):
+    """Sandbox container object for TEST_HARNESS_FILES,
+    which is a HierarchicalStringList.
+    """
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return '_tests'
+
+
+class Exports(FinalTargetFiles):
+    """Context derived container object for EXPORTS, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+
+    We need an object derived from ContextDerived for use in the backend, so
+    this object fills that role. It just has a reference to the underlying
+    HierarchicalStringList, which is created when parsing EXPORTS.
+    """
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return 'dist/include'
+
+
+class BrandingFiles(FinalTargetFiles):
+    """Sandbox container object for BRANDING_FILES, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+
+    We need an object derived from ContextDerived for use in the backend, so
+    this object fills that role. It just has a reference to the underlying
+    HierarchicalStringList, which is created when parsing BRANDING_FILES.
+    """
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return 'dist/branding'
+
+
+class SdkFiles(FinalTargetFiles):
+    """Sandbox container object for SDK_FILES, which is a
+    HierarchicalStringList.
+
+    We need an object derived from ContextDerived for use in the backend, so
+    this object fills that role. It just has a reference to the underlying
+    HierarchicalStringList, which is created when parsing SDK_FILES.
+    """
+    @property
+    def install_target(self):
+        return 'dist/sdk'
+
+
+class GeneratedFile(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents a generated file."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'script',
+        'method',
+        'outputs',
+        'inputs',
+        'flags',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, script, method, outputs, inputs, flags=()):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.script = script
+        self.method = method
+        self.outputs = outputs if isinstance(outputs, tuple) else (outputs,)
+        self.inputs = inputs
+        self.flags = flags
+
+
+class ClassPathEntry(object):
+    """Represents a classpathentry in an Android Eclipse project."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'dstdir',
+        'srcdir',
+        'path',
+        'exclude_patterns',
+        'ignore_warnings',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.dstdir = None
+        self.srcdir = None
+        self.path = None
+        self.exclude_patterns = []
+        self.ignore_warnings = False
+
+
+class AndroidEclipseProjectData(object):
+    """Represents an Android Eclipse project."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'name',
+        'package_name',
+        'is_library',
+        'res',
+        'assets',
+        'libs',
+        'manifest',
+        'recursive_make_targets',
+        'extra_jars',
+        'included_projects',
+        'referenced_projects',
+        '_classpathentries',
+        'filtered_resources',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.is_library = False
+        self.manifest = None
+        self.res = None
+        self.assets = None
+        self.libs = []
+        self.recursive_make_targets = []
+        self.extra_jars = []
+        self.included_projects = []
+        self.referenced_projects = []
+        self._classpathentries = []
+        self.filtered_resources = []
+
+    def add_classpathentry(self, path, srcdir, dstdir, exclude_patterns=[], ignore_warnings=False):
+        cpe = ClassPathEntry()
+        cpe.srcdir = srcdir
+        cpe.dstdir = dstdir
+        cpe.path = path
+        cpe.exclude_patterns = list(exclude_patterns)
+        cpe.ignore_warnings = ignore_warnings
+        self._classpathentries.append(cpe)
+        return cpe
+
+
+class AndroidResDirs(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents Android resource directories."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'paths',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, paths):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.paths = paths
+
+class AndroidAssetsDirs(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents Android assets directories."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'paths',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, paths):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.paths = paths
+
+class AndroidExtraResDirs(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents Android extra resource directories.
+
+    Extra resources are resources provided by libraries and including in a
+    packaged APK, but not otherwise redistributed.  In practice, this means
+    resources included in Fennec but not in GeckoView.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'paths',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, paths):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.paths = paths
+
+class AndroidExtraPackages(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents Android extra packages."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'packages',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, packages):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        self.packages = packages
+
+class ChromeManifestEntry(ContextDerived):
+    """Represents a chrome.manifest entry."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'path',
+        'entry',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, context, manifest_path, entry):
+        ContextDerived.__init__(self, context)
+        assert isinstance(entry, ManifestEntry)
+        self.path = mozpath.join(self.install_target, manifest_path)
+        # Ensure the entry is relative to the directory containing the
+        # manifest path.
+        entry = entry.rebase(mozpath.dirname(manifest_path))
+        # Then add the install_target to the entry base directory.
+        self.entry = entry.move(mozpath.dirname(self.path))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/emitter.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/emitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52f571867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/emitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1416 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import itertools
+import logging
+import os
+import traceback
+import sys
+import time
+
+from collections import defaultdict, OrderedDict
+from mach.mixin.logging import LoggingMixin
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    memoize,
+    OrderedDefaultDict,
+)
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import mozinfo
+import pytoml
+
+from .data import (
+    AndroidAssetsDirs,
+    AndroidExtraPackages,
+    AndroidExtraResDirs,
+    AndroidResDirs,
+    BaseSources,
+    BrandingFiles,
+    ChromeManifestEntry,
+    ConfigFileSubstitution,
+    ContextWrapped,
+    Defines,
+    DirectoryTraversal,
+    Exports,
+    FinalTargetFiles,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+    GeneratedEventWebIDLFile,
+    GeneratedFile,
+    GeneratedSources,
+    GeneratedWebIDLFile,
+    ExampleWebIDLInterface,
+    ExternalStaticLibrary,
+    ExternalSharedLibrary,
+    HostDefines,
+    HostLibrary,
+    HostProgram,
+    HostSimpleProgram,
+    HostSources,
+    InstallationTarget,
+    IPDLFile,
+    JARManifest,
+    Library,
+    Linkable,
+    LocalInclude,
+    ObjdirFiles,
+    ObjdirPreprocessedFiles,
+    PerSourceFlag,
+    PreprocessedTestWebIDLFile,
+    PreprocessedWebIDLFile,
+    Program,
+    RustLibrary,
+    SdkFiles,
+    SharedLibrary,
+    SimpleProgram,
+    Sources,
+    StaticLibrary,
+    TestHarnessFiles,
+    TestWebIDLFile,
+    TestManifest,
+    UnifiedSources,
+    VariablePassthru,
+    WebIDLFile,
+    XPIDLFile,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    ManifestBinaryComponent,
+    Manifest,
+)
+
+from .reader import SandboxValidationError
+
+from ..testing import (
+    TEST_MANIFESTS,
+    REFTEST_FLAVORS,
+    WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_FLAVORS,
+    SupportFilesConverter,
+)
+
+from .context import (
+    Context,
+    SourcePath,
+    ObjDirPath,
+    Path,
+    SubContext,
+    TemplateContext,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.base import ExecutionSummary
+
+
+class TreeMetadataEmitter(LoggingMixin):
+    """Converts the executed mozbuild files into data structures.
+
+    This is a bridge between reader.py and data.py. It takes what was read by
+    reader.BuildReader and converts it into the classes defined in the data
+    module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.populate_logger()
+
+        self.config = config
+
+        mozinfo.find_and_update_from_json(config.topobjdir)
+
+        # Python 2.6 doesn't allow unicode keys to be used for keyword
+        # arguments. This gross hack works around the problem until we
+        # rid ourselves of 2.6.
+        self.info = {}
+        for k, v in mozinfo.info.items():
+            if isinstance(k, unicode):
+                k = k.encode('ascii')
+            self.info[k] = v
+
+        self._libs = OrderedDefaultDict(list)
+        self._binaries = OrderedDict()
+        self._linkage = []
+        self._static_linking_shared = set()
+        self._crate_verified_local = set()
+        self._crate_directories = dict()
+
+        # Keep track of external paths (third party build systems), starting
+        # from what we run a subconfigure in. We'll eliminate some directories
+        # as we traverse them with moz.build (e.g. js/src).
+        subconfigures = os.path.join(self.config.topobjdir, 'subconfigures')
+        paths = []
+        if os.path.exists(subconfigures):
+            paths = open(subconfigures).read().splitlines()
+        self._external_paths = set(mozpath.normsep(d) for d in paths)
+        # Add security/nss manually, since it doesn't have a subconfigure.
+        self._external_paths.add('security/nss')
+
+        self._emitter_time = 0.0
+        self._object_count = 0
+        self._test_files_converter = SupportFilesConverter()
+
+    def summary(self):
+        return ExecutionSummary(
+            'Processed into {object_count:d} build config descriptors in '
+            '{execution_time:.2f}s',
+            execution_time=self._emitter_time,
+            object_count=self._object_count)
+
+    def emit(self, output):
+        """Convert the BuildReader output into data structures.
+
+        The return value from BuildReader.read_topsrcdir() (a generator) is
+        typically fed into this function.
+        """
+        contexts = {}
+
+        def emit_objs(objs):
+            for o in objs:
+                self._object_count += 1
+                yield o
+
+        for out in output:
+            # Nothing in sub-contexts is currently of interest to us. Filter
+            # them all out.
+            if isinstance(out, SubContext):
+                continue
+
+            if isinstance(out, Context):
+                # Keep all contexts around, we will need them later.
+                contexts[out.objdir] = out
+
+                start = time.time()
+                # We need to expand the generator for the timings to work.
+                objs = list(self.emit_from_context(out))
+                self._emitter_time += time.time() - start
+
+                for o in emit_objs(objs): yield o
+
+            else:
+                raise Exception('Unhandled output type: %s' % type(out))
+
+        # Don't emit Linkable objects when COMPILE_ENVIRONMENT is not set
+        if self.config.substs.get('COMPILE_ENVIRONMENT'):
+            start = time.time()
+            objs = list(self._emit_libs_derived(contexts))
+            self._emitter_time += time.time() - start
+
+            for o in emit_objs(objs): yield o
+
+    def _emit_libs_derived(self, contexts):
+        # First do FINAL_LIBRARY linkage.
+        for lib in (l for libs in self._libs.values() for l in libs):
+            if not isinstance(lib, (StaticLibrary, RustLibrary)) or not lib.link_into:
+                continue
+            if lib.link_into not in self._libs:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'FINAL_LIBRARY ("%s") does not match any LIBRARY_NAME'
+                    % lib.link_into, contexts[lib.objdir])
+            candidates = self._libs[lib.link_into]
+
+            # When there are multiple candidates, but all are in the same
+            # directory and have a different type, we want all of them to
+            # have the library linked. The typical usecase is when building
+            # both a static and a shared library in a directory, and having
+            # that as a FINAL_LIBRARY.
+            if len(set(type(l) for l in candidates)) == len(candidates) and \
+                   len(set(l.objdir for l in candidates)) == 1:
+                for c in candidates:
+                    c.link_library(lib)
+            else:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'FINAL_LIBRARY ("%s") matches a LIBRARY_NAME defined in '
+                    'multiple places:\n    %s' % (lib.link_into,
+                    '\n    '.join(l.objdir for l in candidates)),
+                    contexts[lib.objdir])
+
+        # Next, USE_LIBS linkage.
+        for context, obj, variable in self._linkage:
+            self._link_libraries(context, obj, variable)
+
+        def recurse_refs(lib):
+            for o in lib.refs:
+                yield o
+                if isinstance(o, StaticLibrary):
+                    for q in recurse_refs(o):
+                        yield q
+
+        # Check that all static libraries refering shared libraries in
+        # USE_LIBS are linked into a shared library or program.
+        for lib in self._static_linking_shared:
+            if all(isinstance(o, StaticLibrary) for o in recurse_refs(lib)):
+                shared_libs = sorted(l.basename for l in lib.linked_libraries
+                    if isinstance(l, SharedLibrary))
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'The static "%s" library is not used in a shared library '
+                    'or a program, but USE_LIBS contains the following shared '
+                    'library names:\n    %s\n\nMaybe you can remove the '
+                    'static "%s" library?' % (lib.basename,
+                    '\n    '.join(shared_libs), lib.basename),
+                    contexts[lib.objdir])
+
+        # Propagate LIBRARY_DEFINES to all child libraries recursively.
+        def propagate_defines(outerlib, defines):
+            outerlib.lib_defines.update(defines)
+            for lib in outerlib.linked_libraries:
+                # Propagate defines only along FINAL_LIBRARY paths, not USE_LIBS
+                # paths.
+                if (isinstance(lib, StaticLibrary) and
+                        lib.link_into == outerlib.basename):
+                    propagate_defines(lib, defines)
+
+        for lib in (l for libs in self._libs.values() for l in libs):
+            if isinstance(lib, Library):
+                propagate_defines(lib, lib.lib_defines)
+            yield lib
+
+        for obj in self._binaries.values():
+            yield obj
+
+    LIBRARY_NAME_VAR = {
+        'host': 'HOST_LIBRARY_NAME',
+        'target': 'LIBRARY_NAME',
+    }
+
+    def _link_libraries(self, context, obj, variable):
+        """Add linkage declarations to a given object."""
+        assert isinstance(obj, Linkable)
+
+        for path in context.get(variable, []):
+            force_static = path.startswith('static:') and obj.KIND == 'target'
+            if force_static:
+                path = path[7:]
+            name = mozpath.basename(path)
+            dir = mozpath.dirname(path)
+            candidates = [l for l in self._libs[name] if l.KIND == obj.KIND]
+            if dir:
+                if dir.startswith('/'):
+                    dir = mozpath.normpath(
+                        mozpath.join(obj.topobjdir, dir[1:]))
+                else:
+                    dir = mozpath.normpath(
+                        mozpath.join(obj.objdir, dir))
+                dir = mozpath.relpath(dir, obj.topobjdir)
+                candidates = [l for l in candidates if l.relobjdir == dir]
+                if not candidates:
+                    # If the given directory is under one of the external
+                    # (third party) paths, use a fake library reference to
+                    # there.
+                    for d in self._external_paths:
+                        if dir.startswith('%s/' % d):
+                            candidates = [self._get_external_library(dir, name,
+                                force_static)]
+                            break
+
+                if not candidates:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        '%s contains "%s", but there is no "%s" %s in %s.'
+                        % (variable, path, name,
+                        self.LIBRARY_NAME_VAR[obj.KIND], dir), context)
+
+            if len(candidates) > 1:
+                # If there's more than one remaining candidate, it could be
+                # that there are instances for the same library, in static and
+                # shared form.
+                libs = {}
+                for l in candidates:
+                    key = mozpath.join(l.relobjdir, l.basename)
+                    if force_static:
+                        if isinstance(l, StaticLibrary):
+                            libs[key] = l
+                    else:
+                        if key in libs and isinstance(l, SharedLibrary):
+                            libs[key] = l
+                        if key not in libs:
+                            libs[key] = l
+                candidates = libs.values()
+                if force_static and not candidates:
+                    if dir:
+                        raise SandboxValidationError(
+                            '%s contains "static:%s", but there is no static '
+                            '"%s" %s in %s.' % (variable, path, name,
+                            self.LIBRARY_NAME_VAR[obj.KIND], dir), context)
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        '%s contains "static:%s", but there is no static "%s" '
+                        '%s in the tree' % (variable, name, name,
+                        self.LIBRARY_NAME_VAR[obj.KIND]), context)
+
+            if not candidates:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s contains "%s", which does not match any %s in the tree.'
+                    % (variable, path, self.LIBRARY_NAME_VAR[obj.KIND]),
+                    context)
+
+            elif len(candidates) > 1:
+                paths = (mozpath.join(l.relativedir, 'moz.build')
+                    for l in candidates)
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s contains "%s", which matches a %s defined in multiple '
+                    'places:\n    %s' % (variable, path,
+                    self.LIBRARY_NAME_VAR[obj.KIND],
+                    '\n    '.join(paths)), context)
+
+            elif force_static and not isinstance(candidates[0], StaticLibrary):
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s contains "static:%s", but there is only a shared "%s" '
+                    'in %s. You may want to add FORCE_STATIC_LIB=True in '
+                    '%s/moz.build, or remove "static:".' % (variable, path,
+                    name, candidates[0].relobjdir, candidates[0].relobjdir),
+                    context)
+
+            elif isinstance(obj, StaticLibrary) and isinstance(candidates[0],
+                    SharedLibrary):
+                self._static_linking_shared.add(obj)
+            obj.link_library(candidates[0])
+
+        # Link system libraries from OS_LIBS/HOST_OS_LIBS.
+        for lib in context.get(variable.replace('USE', 'OS'), []):
+            obj.link_system_library(lib)
+
+    @memoize
+    def _get_external_library(self, dir, name, force_static):
+        # Create ExternalStaticLibrary or ExternalSharedLibrary object with a
+        # context more or less truthful about where the external library is.
+        context = Context(config=self.config)
+        context.add_source(mozpath.join(self.config.topsrcdir, dir, 'dummy'))
+        if force_static:
+            return ExternalStaticLibrary(context, name)
+        else:
+            return ExternalSharedLibrary(context, name)
+
+    def _parse_cargo_file(self, toml_file):
+        """Parse toml_file and return a Python object representation of it."""
+        with open(toml_file, 'r') as f:
+            return pytoml.load(f)
+
+    def _verify_deps(self, context, crate_dir, crate_name, dependencies, description='Dependency'):
+        """Verify that a crate's dependencies all specify local paths."""
+        for dep_crate_name, values in dependencies.iteritems():
+            # A simple version number.
+            if isinstance(values, (str, unicode)):
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s %s of crate %s does not list a path' % (description, dep_crate_name, crate_name),
+                    context)
+
+            dep_path = values.get('path', None)
+            if not dep_path:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s %s of crate %s does not list a path' % (description, dep_crate_name, crate_name),
+                    context)
+
+            # Try to catch the case where somebody listed a
+            # local path for development.
+            if os.path.isabs(dep_path):
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s %s of crate %s has a non-relative path' % (description, dep_crate_name, crate_name),
+                    context)
+
+            if not os.path.exists(mozpath.join(context.config.topsrcdir, crate_dir, dep_path)):
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s %s of crate %s refers to a non-existent path' % (description, dep_crate_name, crate_name),
+                    context)
+
+    def _rust_library(self, context, libname, static_args):
+        # We need to note any Rust library for linking purposes.
+        cargo_file = mozpath.join(context.srcdir, 'Cargo.toml')
+        if not os.path.exists(cargo_file):
+            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                'No Cargo.toml file found in %s' % cargo_file, context)
+
+        config = self._parse_cargo_file(cargo_file)
+        crate_name = config['package']['name']
+
+        if crate_name != libname:
+            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                'library %s does not match Cargo.toml-defined package %s' % (libname, crate_name),
+                context)
+
+        # Check that the [lib.crate-type] field is correct
+        lib_section = config.get('lib', None)
+        if not lib_section:
+            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                'Cargo.toml for %s has no [lib] section' % libname,
+                context)
+
+        crate_type = lib_section.get('crate-type', None)
+        if not crate_type:
+            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                'Can\'t determine a crate-type for %s from Cargo.toml' % libname,
+                context)
+
+        crate_type = crate_type[0]
+        if crate_type != 'staticlib':
+            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                'crate-type %s is not permitted for %s' % (crate_type, libname),
+                context)
+
+        # Check that the [profile.{dev,release}.panic] field is "abort"
+        profile_section = config.get('profile', None)
+        if not profile_section:
+            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                'Cargo.toml for %s has no [profile] section' % libname,
+                context)
+
+        for profile_name in ['dev', 'release']:
+            profile = profile_section.get(profile_name, None)
+            if not profile:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'Cargo.toml for %s has no [profile.%s] section' % (libname, profile_name),
+                    context)
+
+            panic = profile.get('panic', None)
+            if panic != 'abort':
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    ('Cargo.toml for %s does not specify `panic = "abort"`'
+                     ' in [profile.%s] section') % (libname, profile_name),
+                    context)
+
+        dependencies = set(config.get('dependencies', {}).iterkeys())
+
+        return RustLibrary(context, libname, cargo_file, crate_type,
+                           dependencies, **static_args)
+
+    def _handle_linkables(self, context, passthru, generated_files):
+        linkables = []
+        host_linkables = []
+        def add_program(prog, var):
+            if var.startswith('HOST_'):
+                host_linkables.append(prog)
+            else:
+                linkables.append(prog)
+
+        for kind, cls in [('PROGRAM', Program), ('HOST_PROGRAM', HostProgram)]:
+            program = context.get(kind)
+            if program:
+                if program in self._binaries:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Cannot use "%s" as %s name, '
+                        'because it is already used in %s' % (program, kind,
+                        self._binaries[program].relativedir), context)
+                self._binaries[program] = cls(context, program)
+                self._linkage.append((context, self._binaries[program],
+                    kind.replace('PROGRAM', 'USE_LIBS')))
+                add_program(self._binaries[program], kind)
+
+        for kind, cls in [
+                ('SIMPLE_PROGRAMS', SimpleProgram),
+                ('CPP_UNIT_TESTS', SimpleProgram),
+                ('HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS', HostSimpleProgram)]:
+            for program in context[kind]:
+                if program in self._binaries:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Cannot use "%s" in %s, '
+                        'because it is already used in %s' % (program, kind,
+                        self._binaries[program].relativedir), context)
+                self._binaries[program] = cls(context, program,
+                    is_unit_test=kind == 'CPP_UNIT_TESTS')
+                self._linkage.append((context, self._binaries[program],
+                    'HOST_USE_LIBS' if kind == 'HOST_SIMPLE_PROGRAMS'
+                    else 'USE_LIBS'))
+                add_program(self._binaries[program], kind)
+
+        host_libname = context.get('HOST_LIBRARY_NAME')
+        libname = context.get('LIBRARY_NAME')
+
+        if host_libname:
+            if host_libname == libname:
+                raise SandboxValidationError('LIBRARY_NAME and '
+                    'HOST_LIBRARY_NAME must have a different value', context)
+            lib = HostLibrary(context, host_libname)
+            self._libs[host_libname].append(lib)
+            self._linkage.append((context, lib, 'HOST_USE_LIBS'))
+            host_linkables.append(lib)
+
+        final_lib = context.get('FINAL_LIBRARY')
+        if not libname and final_lib:
+            # If no LIBRARY_NAME is given, create one.
+            libname = context.relsrcdir.replace('/', '_')
+
+        static_lib = context.get('FORCE_STATIC_LIB')
+        shared_lib = context.get('FORCE_SHARED_LIB')
+
+        static_name = context.get('STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME')
+        shared_name = context.get('SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME')
+
+        is_framework = context.get('IS_FRAMEWORK')
+        is_component = context.get('IS_COMPONENT')
+
+        soname = context.get('SONAME')
+
+        lib_defines = context.get('LIBRARY_DEFINES')
+
+        shared_args = {}
+        static_args = {}
+
+        if final_lib:
+            if static_lib:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'FINAL_LIBRARY implies FORCE_STATIC_LIB. '
+                    'Please remove the latter.', context)
+            if shared_lib:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'FINAL_LIBRARY conflicts with FORCE_SHARED_LIB. '
+                    'Please remove one.', context)
+            if is_framework:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'FINAL_LIBRARY conflicts with IS_FRAMEWORK. '
+                    'Please remove one.', context)
+            if is_component:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'FINAL_LIBRARY conflicts with IS_COMPONENT. '
+                    'Please remove one.', context)
+            static_args['link_into'] = final_lib
+            static_lib = True
+
+        if libname:
+            if is_component:
+                if static_lib:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'IS_COMPONENT conflicts with FORCE_STATIC_LIB. '
+                        'Please remove one.', context)
+                shared_lib = True
+                shared_args['variant'] = SharedLibrary.COMPONENT
+
+            if is_framework:
+                if soname:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'IS_FRAMEWORK conflicts with SONAME. '
+                        'Please remove one.', context)
+                shared_lib = True
+                shared_args['variant'] = SharedLibrary.FRAMEWORK
+
+            if not static_lib and not shared_lib:
+                static_lib = True
+
+            if static_name:
+                if not static_lib:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME requires FORCE_STATIC_LIB',
+                        context)
+                static_args['real_name'] = static_name
+
+            if shared_name:
+                if not shared_lib:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME requires FORCE_SHARED_LIB',
+                        context)
+                shared_args['real_name'] = shared_name
+
+            if soname:
+                if not shared_lib:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'SONAME requires FORCE_SHARED_LIB', context)
+                shared_args['soname'] = soname
+
+            # If both a shared and a static library are created, only the
+            # shared library is meant to be a SDK library.
+            if context.get('SDK_LIBRARY'):
+                if shared_lib:
+                    shared_args['is_sdk'] = True
+                elif static_lib:
+                    static_args['is_sdk'] = True
+
+            if context.get('NO_EXPAND_LIBS'):
+                if not static_lib:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'NO_EXPAND_LIBS can only be set for static libraries.',
+                        context)
+                static_args['no_expand_lib'] = True
+
+            if shared_lib and static_lib:
+                if not static_name and not shared_name:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Both FORCE_STATIC_LIB and FORCE_SHARED_LIB are True, '
+                        'but neither STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME or '
+                        'SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME is set. At least one is required.',
+                        context)
+                if static_name and not shared_name and static_name == libname:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Both FORCE_STATIC_LIB and FORCE_SHARED_LIB are True, '
+                        'but STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME is the same as LIBRARY_NAME, '
+                        'and SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME is unset. Please either '
+                        'change STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME or LIBRARY_NAME, or set '
+                        'SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME.', context)
+                if shared_name and not static_name and shared_name == libname:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Both FORCE_STATIC_LIB and FORCE_SHARED_LIB are True, '
+                        'but SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME is the same as LIBRARY_NAME, '
+                        'and STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME is unset. Please either '
+                        'change SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME or LIBRARY_NAME, or set '
+                        'STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME.', context)
+                if shared_name and static_name and shared_name == static_name:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Both FORCE_STATIC_LIB and FORCE_SHARED_LIB are True, '
+                        'but SHARED_LIBRARY_NAME is the same as '
+                        'STATIC_LIBRARY_NAME. Please change one of them.',
+                        context)
+
+            symbols_file = context.get('SYMBOLS_FILE')
+            if symbols_file:
+                if not shared_lib:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'SYMBOLS_FILE can only be used with a SHARED_LIBRARY.',
+                        context)
+                if context.get('DEFFILE') or context.get('LD_VERSION_SCRIPT'):
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'SYMBOLS_FILE cannot be used along DEFFILE or '
+                        'LD_VERSION_SCRIPT.', context)
+                if isinstance(symbols_file, SourcePath):
+                    if not os.path.exists(symbols_file.full_path):
+                        raise SandboxValidationError(
+                            'Path specified in SYMBOLS_FILE does not exist: %s '
+                            '(resolved to %s)' % (symbols_file,
+                            symbols_file.full_path), context)
+                    shared_args['symbols_file'] = True
+                else:
+                    if symbols_file.target_basename not in generated_files:
+                        raise SandboxValidationError(
+                            ('Objdir file specified in SYMBOLS_FILE not in ' +
+                             'GENERATED_FILES: %s') % (symbols_file,), context)
+                    shared_args['symbols_file'] = symbols_file.target_basename
+
+            if shared_lib:
+                lib = SharedLibrary(context, libname, **shared_args)
+                self._libs[libname].append(lib)
+                self._linkage.append((context, lib, 'USE_LIBS'))
+                linkables.append(lib)
+                generated_files.add(lib.lib_name)
+                if is_component and not context['NO_COMPONENTS_MANIFEST']:
+                    yield ChromeManifestEntry(context,
+                        'components/components.manifest',
+                        ManifestBinaryComponent('components', lib.lib_name))
+                if symbols_file and isinstance(symbols_file, SourcePath):
+                    script = mozpath.join(
+                        mozpath.dirname(mozpath.dirname(__file__)),
+                        'action', 'generate_symbols_file.py')
+                    defines = ()
+                    if lib.defines:
+                        defines = lib.defines.get_defines()
+                    yield GeneratedFile(context, script,
+                        'generate_symbols_file', lib.symbols_file,
+                        [symbols_file], defines)
+            if static_lib:
+                is_rust_library = context.get('IS_RUST_LIBRARY')
+                if is_rust_library:
+                    lib = self._rust_library(context, libname, static_args)
+                else:
+                    lib = StaticLibrary(context, libname, **static_args)
+                self._libs[libname].append(lib)
+                self._linkage.append((context, lib, 'USE_LIBS'))
+                linkables.append(lib)
+
+            if lib_defines:
+                if not libname:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('LIBRARY_DEFINES needs a '
+                        'LIBRARY_NAME to take effect', context)
+                lib.lib_defines.update(lib_defines)
+
+        # Only emit sources if we have linkables defined in the same context.
+        # Note the linkables are not emitted in this function, but much later,
+        # after aggregation (because of e.g. USE_LIBS processing).
+        if not (linkables or host_linkables):
+            return
+
+        sources = defaultdict(list)
+        gen_sources = defaultdict(list)
+        all_flags = {}
+        for symbol in ('SOURCES', 'HOST_SOURCES', 'UNIFIED_SOURCES'):
+            srcs = sources[symbol]
+            gen_srcs = gen_sources[symbol]
+            context_srcs = context.get(symbol, [])
+            for f in context_srcs:
+                full_path = f.full_path
+                if isinstance(f, SourcePath):
+                    srcs.append(full_path)
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(f, Path)
+                    gen_srcs.append(full_path)
+                if symbol == 'SOURCES':
+                    flags = context_srcs[f]
+                    if flags:
+                        all_flags[full_path] = flags
+
+                if isinstance(f, SourcePath) and not os.path.exists(full_path):
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('File listed in %s does not '
+                        'exist: \'%s\'' % (symbol, full_path), context)
+
+        # HOST_SOURCES and UNIFIED_SOURCES only take SourcePaths, so
+        # there should be no generated source in here
+        assert not gen_sources['HOST_SOURCES']
+        assert not gen_sources['UNIFIED_SOURCES']
+
+        no_pgo = context.get('NO_PGO')
+        no_pgo_sources = [f for f, flags in all_flags.iteritems()
+                          if flags.no_pgo]
+        if no_pgo:
+            if no_pgo_sources:
+                raise SandboxValidationError('NO_PGO and SOURCES[...].no_pgo '
+                    'cannot be set at the same time', context)
+            passthru.variables['NO_PROFILE_GUIDED_OPTIMIZE'] = no_pgo
+        if no_pgo_sources:
+            passthru.variables['NO_PROFILE_GUIDED_OPTIMIZE'] = no_pgo_sources
+
+        # A map from "canonical suffixes" for a particular source file
+        # language to the range of suffixes associated with that language.
+        #
+        # We deliberately don't list the canonical suffix in the suffix list
+        # in the definition; we'll add it in programmatically after defining
+        # things.
+        suffix_map = {
+            '.s': set(['.asm']),
+            '.c': set(),
+            '.m': set(),
+            '.mm': set(),
+            '.cpp': set(['.cc', '.cxx']),
+            '.S': set(),
+        }
+
+        # The inverse of the above, mapping suffixes to their canonical suffix.
+        canonicalized_suffix_map = {}
+        for suffix, alternatives in suffix_map.iteritems():
+            alternatives.add(suffix)
+            for a in alternatives:
+                canonicalized_suffix_map[a] = suffix
+
+        def canonical_suffix_for_file(f):
+            return canonicalized_suffix_map[mozpath.splitext(f)[1]]
+
+        # A map from moz.build variables to the canonical suffixes of file
+        # kinds that can be listed therein.
+        all_suffixes = list(suffix_map.keys())
+        varmap = dict(
+            SOURCES=(Sources, GeneratedSources, all_suffixes),
+            HOST_SOURCES=(HostSources, None, ['.c', '.mm', '.cpp']),
+            UNIFIED_SOURCES=(UnifiedSources, None, ['.c', '.mm', '.cpp']),
+        )
+        # Track whether there are any C++ source files.
+        # Technically this won't do the right thing for SIMPLE_PROGRAMS in
+        # a directory with mixed C and C++ source, but it's not that important.
+        cxx_sources = defaultdict(bool)
+
+        for variable, (klass, gen_klass, suffixes) in varmap.items():
+            allowed_suffixes = set().union(*[suffix_map[s] for s in suffixes])
+
+            # First ensure that we haven't been given filetypes that we don't
+            # recognize.
+            for f in itertools.chain(sources[variable], gen_sources[variable]):
+                ext = mozpath.splitext(f)[1]
+                if ext not in allowed_suffixes:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        '%s has an unknown file type.' % f, context)
+
+            for srcs, cls in ((sources[variable], klass),
+                              (gen_sources[variable], gen_klass)):
+                # Now sort the files to let groupby work.
+                sorted_files = sorted(srcs, key=canonical_suffix_for_file)
+                for canonical_suffix, files in itertools.groupby(
+                        sorted_files, canonical_suffix_for_file):
+                    if canonical_suffix in ('.cpp', '.mm'):
+                        cxx_sources[variable] = True
+                    arglist = [context, list(files), canonical_suffix]
+                    if (variable.startswith('UNIFIED_') and
+                            'FILES_PER_UNIFIED_FILE' in context):
+                        arglist.append(context['FILES_PER_UNIFIED_FILE'])
+                    obj = cls(*arglist)
+                    yield obj
+
+        for f, flags in all_flags.iteritems():
+            if flags.flags:
+                ext = mozpath.splitext(f)[1]
+                yield PerSourceFlag(context, f, flags.flags)
+
+        # If there are any C++ sources, set all the linkables defined here
+        # to require the C++ linker.
+        for vars, linkable_items in ((('SOURCES', 'UNIFIED_SOURCES'), linkables),
+                                     (('HOST_SOURCES',), host_linkables)):
+            for var in vars:
+                if cxx_sources[var]:
+                    for l in linkable_items:
+                        l.cxx_link = True
+                    break
+
+
+    def emit_from_context(self, context):
+        """Convert a Context to tree metadata objects.
+
+        This is a generator of mozbuild.frontend.data.ContextDerived instances.
+        """
+
+        # We only want to emit an InstallationTarget if one of the consulted
+        # variables is defined. Later on, we look up FINAL_TARGET, which has
+        # the side-effect of populating it. So, we need to do this lookup
+        # early.
+        if any(k in context for k in ('FINAL_TARGET', 'XPI_NAME', 'DIST_SUBDIR')):
+            yield InstallationTarget(context)
+
+        # We always emit a directory traversal descriptor. This is needed by
+        # the recursive make backend.
+        for o in self._emit_directory_traversal_from_context(context): yield o
+
+        for obj in self._process_xpidl(context):
+            yield obj
+
+        # Proxy some variables as-is until we have richer classes to represent
+        # them. We should aim to keep this set small because it violates the
+        # desired abstraction of the build definition away from makefiles.
+        passthru = VariablePassthru(context)
+        varlist = [
+            'ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS',
+            'ANDROID_APK_NAME',
+            'ANDROID_APK_PACKAGE',
+            'ANDROID_GENERATED_RESFILES',
+            'DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING',
+            'EXTRA_DSO_LDOPTS',
+            'PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS',
+            'RCFILE',
+            'RESFILE',
+            'RCINCLUDE',
+            'DEFFILE',
+            'WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS',
+            'LD_VERSION_SCRIPT',
+            'USE_EXTENSION_MANIFEST',
+            'NO_JS_MANIFEST',
+            'HAS_MISC_RULE',
+        ]
+        for v in varlist:
+            if v in context and context[v]:
+                passthru.variables[v] = context[v]
+
+        if context.config.substs.get('OS_TARGET') == 'WINNT' and \
+                context['DELAYLOAD_DLLS']:
+            context['LDFLAGS'].extend([('-DELAYLOAD:%s' % dll)
+                for dll in context['DELAYLOAD_DLLS']])
+            context['OS_LIBS'].append('delayimp')
+
+        for v in ['CFLAGS', 'CXXFLAGS', 'CMFLAGS', 'CMMFLAGS', 'ASFLAGS',
+                  'LDFLAGS', 'HOST_CFLAGS', 'HOST_CXXFLAGS']:
+            if v in context and context[v]:
+                passthru.variables['MOZBUILD_' + v] = context[v]
+
+        # NO_VISIBILITY_FLAGS is slightly different
+        if context['NO_VISIBILITY_FLAGS']:
+            passthru.variables['VISIBILITY_FLAGS'] = ''
+
+        if isinstance(context, TemplateContext) and context.template == 'Gyp':
+            passthru.variables['IS_GYP_DIR'] = True
+
+        dist_install = context['DIST_INSTALL']
+        if dist_install is True:
+            passthru.variables['DIST_INSTALL'] = True
+        elif dist_install is False:
+            passthru.variables['NO_DIST_INSTALL'] = True
+
+        # Ideally, this should be done in templates, but this is difficult at
+        # the moment because USE_STATIC_LIBS can be set after a template
+        # returns. Eventually, with context-based templates, it will be
+        # possible.
+        if (context.config.substs.get('OS_ARCH') == 'WINNT' and
+                not context.config.substs.get('GNU_CC')):
+            use_static_lib = (context.get('USE_STATIC_LIBS') and
+                              not context.config.substs.get('MOZ_ASAN'))
+            rtl_flag = '-MT' if use_static_lib else '-MD'
+            if (context.config.substs.get('MOZ_DEBUG') and
+                    not context.config.substs.get('MOZ_NO_DEBUG_RTL')):
+                rtl_flag += 'd'
+            # Use a list, like MOZBUILD_*FLAGS variables
+            passthru.variables['RTL_FLAGS'] = [rtl_flag]
+
+        generated_files = set()
+        for obj in self._process_generated_files(context):
+            for f in obj.outputs:
+                generated_files.add(f)
+            yield obj
+
+        for path in context['CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES']:
+            sub = self._create_substitution(ConfigFileSubstitution, context,
+                path)
+            generated_files.add(str(sub.relpath))
+            yield sub
+
+        defines = context.get('DEFINES')
+        if defines:
+            yield Defines(context, defines)
+
+        host_defines = context.get('HOST_DEFINES')
+        if host_defines:
+            yield HostDefines(context, host_defines)
+
+        simple_lists = [
+            ('GENERATED_EVENTS_WEBIDL_FILES', GeneratedEventWebIDLFile),
+            ('GENERATED_WEBIDL_FILES', GeneratedWebIDLFile),
+            ('IPDL_SOURCES', IPDLFile),
+            ('PREPROCESSED_TEST_WEBIDL_FILES', PreprocessedTestWebIDLFile),
+            ('PREPROCESSED_WEBIDL_FILES', PreprocessedWebIDLFile),
+            ('TEST_WEBIDL_FILES', TestWebIDLFile),
+            ('WEBIDL_FILES', WebIDLFile),
+            ('WEBIDL_EXAMPLE_INTERFACES', ExampleWebIDLInterface),
+        ]
+        for context_var, klass in simple_lists:
+            for name in context.get(context_var, []):
+                yield klass(context, name)
+
+        for local_include in context.get('LOCAL_INCLUDES', []):
+            if (not isinstance(local_include, ObjDirPath) and
+                    not os.path.exists(local_include.full_path)):
+                raise SandboxValidationError('Path specified in LOCAL_INCLUDES '
+                    'does not exist: %s (resolved to %s)' % (local_include,
+                    local_include.full_path), context)
+            yield LocalInclude(context, local_include)
+
+        for obj in self._handle_linkables(context, passthru, generated_files):
+            yield obj
+
+        generated_files.update(['%s%s' % (k, self.config.substs.get('BIN_SUFFIX', '')) for k in self._binaries.keys()])
+
+        components = []
+        for var, cls in (
+            ('BRANDING_FILES', BrandingFiles),
+            ('EXPORTS', Exports),
+            ('FINAL_TARGET_FILES', FinalTargetFiles),
+            ('FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES', FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles),
+            ('OBJDIR_FILES', ObjdirFiles),
+            ('OBJDIR_PP_FILES', ObjdirPreprocessedFiles),
+            ('SDK_FILES', SdkFiles),
+            ('TEST_HARNESS_FILES', TestHarnessFiles),
+        ):
+            all_files = context.get(var)
+            if not all_files:
+                continue
+            if dist_install is False and var != 'TEST_HARNESS_FILES':
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    '%s cannot be used with DIST_INSTALL = False' % var,
+                    context)
+            has_prefs = False
+            has_resources = False
+            for base, files in all_files.walk():
+                if var == 'TEST_HARNESS_FILES' and not base:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Cannot install files to the root of TEST_HARNESS_FILES', context)
+                if base == 'components':
+                    components.extend(files)
+                if base == 'defaults/pref':
+                    has_prefs = True
+                if mozpath.split(base)[0] == 'res':
+                    has_resources = True
+                for f in files:
+                    if ((var == 'FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES' or
+                         var == 'OBJDIR_PP_FILES') and
+                        not isinstance(f, SourcePath)):
+                        raise SandboxValidationError(
+                                ('Only source directory paths allowed in ' +
+                                 '%s: %s')
+                                % (var, f,), context)
+                    if not isinstance(f, ObjDirPath):
+                        path = f.full_path
+                        if '*' not in path and not os.path.exists(path):
+                            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                                'File listed in %s does not exist: %s'
+                                % (var, path), context)
+                    else:
+                        # TODO: Bug 1254682 - The '/' check is to allow
+                        # installing files generated from other directories,
+                        # which is done occasionally for tests. However, it
+                        # means we don't fail early if the file isn't actually
+                        # created by the other moz.build file.
+                        if f.target_basename not in generated_files and '/' not in f:
+                            raise SandboxValidationError(
+                                ('Objdir file listed in %s not in ' +
+                                 'GENERATED_FILES: %s') % (var, f), context)
+
+            # Addons (when XPI_NAME is defined) and Applications (when
+            # DIST_SUBDIR is defined) use a different preferences directory
+            # (default/preferences) from the one the GRE uses (defaults/pref).
+            # Hence, we move the files from the latter to the former in that
+            # case.
+            if has_prefs and (context.get('XPI_NAME') or
+                              context.get('DIST_SUBDIR')):
+                all_files.defaults.preferences += all_files.defaults.pref
+                del all_files.defaults._children['pref']
+
+            if has_resources and (context.get('DIST_SUBDIR') or
+                                  context.get('XPI_NAME')):
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'RESOURCES_FILES cannot be used with DIST_SUBDIR or '
+                    'XPI_NAME.', context)
+
+            yield cls(context, all_files)
+
+        # Check for manifest declarations in EXTRA_{PP_,}COMPONENTS.
+        if any(e.endswith('.js') for e in components) and \
+                not any(e.endswith('.manifest') for e in components) and \
+                not context.get('NO_JS_MANIFEST', False):
+            raise SandboxValidationError('A .js component was specified in EXTRA_COMPONENTS '
+                                         'or EXTRA_PP_COMPONENTS without a matching '
+                                         '.manifest file.  See '
+                                         'https://developer.mozilla.org/en/XPCOM/XPCOM_changes_in_Gecko_2.0 .',
+                                         context);
+
+        for c in components:
+            if c.endswith('.manifest'):
+                yield ChromeManifestEntry(context, 'chrome.manifest',
+                                          Manifest('components',
+                                                   mozpath.basename(c)))
+
+        for obj in self._process_test_manifests(context):
+            yield obj
+
+        for obj in self._process_jar_manifests(context):
+            yield obj
+
+        for name, jar in context.get('JAVA_JAR_TARGETS', {}).items():
+            yield ContextWrapped(context, jar)
+
+        for name, data in context.get('ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_TARGETS', {}).items():
+            yield ContextWrapped(context, data)
+
+        if context.get('USE_YASM') is True:
+            yasm = context.config.substs.get('YASM')
+            if not yasm:
+                raise SandboxValidationError('yasm is not available', context)
+            passthru.variables['AS'] = yasm
+            passthru.variables['ASFLAGS'] = context.config.substs.get('YASM_ASFLAGS')
+            passthru.variables['AS_DASH_C_FLAG'] = ''
+
+        for (symbol, cls) in [
+                ('ANDROID_RES_DIRS', AndroidResDirs),
+                ('ANDROID_EXTRA_RES_DIRS', AndroidExtraResDirs),
+                ('ANDROID_ASSETS_DIRS', AndroidAssetsDirs)]:
+            paths = context.get(symbol)
+            if not paths:
+                continue
+            for p in paths:
+                if isinstance(p, SourcePath) and not os.path.isdir(p.full_path):
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('Directory listed in '
+                        '%s is not a directory: \'%s\'' %
+                            (symbol, p.full_path), context)
+            yield cls(context, paths)
+
+        android_extra_packages = context.get('ANDROID_EXTRA_PACKAGES')
+        if android_extra_packages:
+            yield AndroidExtraPackages(context, android_extra_packages)
+
+        if passthru.variables:
+            yield passthru
+
+    def _create_substitution(self, cls, context, path):
+        sub = cls(context)
+        sub.input_path = '%s.in' % path.full_path
+        sub.output_path = path.translated
+        sub.relpath = path
+
+        return sub
+
+    def _process_xpidl(self, context):
+        # XPIDL source files get processed and turned into .h and .xpt files.
+        # If there are multiple XPIDL files in a directory, they get linked
+        # together into a final .xpt, which has the name defined by
+        # XPIDL_MODULE.
+        xpidl_module = context['XPIDL_MODULE']
+
+        if context['XPIDL_SOURCES'] and not xpidl_module:
+            raise SandboxValidationError('XPIDL_MODULE must be defined if '
+                'XPIDL_SOURCES is defined.', context)
+
+        if xpidl_module and not context['XPIDL_SOURCES']:
+            raise SandboxValidationError('XPIDL_MODULE cannot be defined '
+                'unless there are XPIDL_SOURCES', context)
+
+        if context['XPIDL_SOURCES'] and context['DIST_INSTALL'] is False:
+            self.log(logging.WARN, 'mozbuild_warning', dict(
+                path=context.main_path),
+                '{path}: DIST_INSTALL = False has no effect on XPIDL_SOURCES.')
+
+        for idl in context['XPIDL_SOURCES']:
+            yield XPIDLFile(context, mozpath.join(context.srcdir, idl),
+                xpidl_module, add_to_manifest=not context['XPIDL_NO_MANIFEST'])
+
+    def _process_generated_files(self, context):
+        for path in context['CONFIGURE_DEFINE_FILES']:
+            script = mozpath.join(mozpath.dirname(mozpath.dirname(__file__)),
+                                  'action', 'process_define_files.py')
+            yield GeneratedFile(context, script, 'process_define_file',
+                                unicode(path),
+                                [Path(context, path + '.in')])
+
+        generated_files = context.get('GENERATED_FILES')
+        if not generated_files:
+            return
+
+        for f in generated_files:
+            flags = generated_files[f]
+            outputs = f
+            inputs = []
+            if flags.script:
+                method = "main"
+                script = SourcePath(context, flags.script).full_path
+
+                # Deal with cases like "C:\\path\\to\\script.py:function".
+                if '.py:' in script:
+                    script, method = script.rsplit('.py:', 1)
+                    script += '.py'
+
+                if not os.path.exists(script):
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Script for generating %s does not exist: %s'
+                        % (f, script), context)
+                if os.path.splitext(script)[1] != '.py':
+                    raise SandboxValidationError(
+                        'Script for generating %s does not end in .py: %s'
+                        % (f, script), context)
+
+                for i in flags.inputs:
+                    p = Path(context, i)
+                    if (isinstance(p, SourcePath) and
+                            not os.path.exists(p.full_path)):
+                        raise SandboxValidationError(
+                            'Input for generating %s does not exist: %s'
+                            % (f, p.full_path), context)
+                    inputs.append(p)
+            else:
+                script = None
+                method = None
+            yield GeneratedFile(context, script, method, outputs, inputs)
+
+    def _process_test_manifests(self, context):
+        for prefix, info in TEST_MANIFESTS.items():
+            for path, manifest in context.get('%s_MANIFESTS' % prefix, []):
+                for obj in self._process_test_manifest(context, info, path, manifest):
+                    yield obj
+
+        for flavor in REFTEST_FLAVORS:
+            for path, manifest in context.get('%s_MANIFESTS' % flavor.upper(), []):
+                for obj in self._process_reftest_manifest(context, flavor, path, manifest):
+                    yield obj
+
+        for flavor in WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_FLAVORS:
+            for path, manifest in context.get("%s_MANIFESTS" % flavor.upper().replace('-', '_'), []):
+                for obj in self._process_web_platform_tests_manifest(context, path, manifest):
+                    yield obj
+
+        python_tests = context.get('PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS')
+        if python_tests:
+            for obj in self._process_python_tests(context, python_tests):
+                yield obj
+
+    def _process_test_manifest(self, context, info, manifest_path, mpmanifest):
+        flavor, install_root, install_subdir, package_tests = info
+
+        path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(context.srcdir, manifest_path))
+        manifest_dir = mozpath.dirname(path)
+        manifest_reldir = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.relpath(path,
+            context.config.topsrcdir))
+        install_prefix = mozpath.join(install_root, install_subdir)
+
+        try:
+            if not mpmanifest.tests:
+                raise SandboxValidationError('Empty test manifest: %s'
+                    % path, context)
+
+            defaults = mpmanifest.manifest_defaults[os.path.normpath(path)]
+            obj = TestManifest(context, path, mpmanifest, flavor=flavor,
+                install_prefix=install_prefix,
+                relpath=mozpath.join(manifest_reldir, mozpath.basename(path)),
+                dupe_manifest='dupe-manifest' in defaults)
+
+            filtered = mpmanifest.tests
+
+            # Jetpack add-on tests are expected to be generated during the
+            # build process so they won't exist here.
+            if flavor != 'jetpack-addon':
+                missing = [t['name'] for t in filtered if not os.path.exists(t['path'])]
+                if missing:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('Test manifest (%s) lists '
+                        'test that does not exist: %s' % (
+                        path, ', '.join(missing)), context)
+
+            out_dir = mozpath.join(install_prefix, manifest_reldir)
+            if 'install-to-subdir' in defaults:
+                # This is terrible, but what are you going to do?
+                out_dir = mozpath.join(out_dir, defaults['install-to-subdir'])
+                obj.manifest_obj_relpath = mozpath.join(manifest_reldir,
+                                                        defaults['install-to-subdir'],
+                                                        mozpath.basename(path))
+
+            def process_support_files(test):
+                install_info = self._test_files_converter.convert_support_files(
+                    test, install_root, manifest_dir, out_dir)
+
+                obj.pattern_installs.extend(install_info.pattern_installs)
+                for source, dest in install_info.installs:
+                    obj.installs[source] = (dest, False)
+                obj.external_installs |= install_info.external_installs
+                for install_path in install_info.deferred_installs:
+                    if all(['*' not in install_path,
+                            not os.path.isfile(mozpath.join(context.config.topsrcdir,
+                                                            install_path[2:])),
+                            install_path not in install_info.external_installs]):
+                        raise SandboxValidationError('Error processing test '
+                           'manifest %s: entry in support-files not present '
+                           'in the srcdir: %s' % (path, install_path), context)
+
+                obj.deferred_installs |= install_info.deferred_installs
+
+            for test in filtered:
+                obj.tests.append(test)
+
+                # Some test files are compiled and should not be copied into the
+                # test package. They function as identifiers rather than files.
+                if package_tests:
+                    manifest_relpath = mozpath.relpath(test['path'],
+                        mozpath.dirname(test['manifest']))
+                    obj.installs[mozpath.normpath(test['path'])] = \
+                        ((mozpath.join(out_dir, manifest_relpath)), True)
+
+                process_support_files(test)
+
+            for path, m_defaults in mpmanifest.manifest_defaults.items():
+                process_support_files(m_defaults)
+
+            # We also copy manifests into the output directory,
+            # including manifests from [include:foo] directives.
+            for mpath in mpmanifest.manifests():
+                mpath = mozpath.normpath(mpath)
+                out_path = mozpath.join(out_dir, mozpath.basename(mpath))
+                obj.installs[mpath] = (out_path, False)
+
+            # Some manifests reference files that are auto generated as
+            # part of the build or shouldn't be installed for some
+            # reason. Here, we prune those files from the install set.
+            # FUTURE we should be able to detect autogenerated files from
+            # other build metadata. Once we do that, we can get rid of this.
+            for f in defaults.get('generated-files', '').split():
+                # We re-raise otherwise the stack trace isn't informative.
+                try:
+                    del obj.installs[mozpath.join(manifest_dir, f)]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('Error processing test '
+                        'manifest %s: entry in generated-files not present '
+                        'elsewhere in manifest: %s' % (path, f), context)
+
+            yield obj
+        except (AssertionError, Exception):
+            raise SandboxValidationError('Error processing test '
+                'manifest file %s: %s' % (path,
+                    '\n'.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))),
+                context)
+
+    def _process_reftest_manifest(self, context, flavor, manifest_path, manifest):
+        manifest_full_path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(
+            context.srcdir, manifest_path))
+        manifest_reldir = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.relpath(manifest_full_path,
+            context.config.topsrcdir))
+
+        # reftest manifests don't come from manifest parser. But they are
+        # similar enough that we can use the same emitted objects. Note
+        # that we don't perform any installs for reftests.
+        obj = TestManifest(context, manifest_full_path, manifest,
+                flavor=flavor, install_prefix='%s/' % flavor,
+                relpath=mozpath.join(manifest_reldir,
+                    mozpath.basename(manifest_path)))
+
+        for test, source_manifest in sorted(manifest.tests):
+            obj.tests.append({
+                'path': test,
+                'here': mozpath.dirname(test),
+                'manifest': source_manifest,
+                'name': mozpath.basename(test),
+                'head': '',
+                'tail': '',
+                'support-files': '',
+                'subsuite': '',
+            })
+
+        yield obj
+
+    def _process_web_platform_tests_manifest(self, context, paths, manifest):
+        manifest_path, tests_root = paths
+        manifest_full_path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(
+            context.srcdir, manifest_path))
+        manifest_reldir = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.relpath(manifest_full_path,
+            context.config.topsrcdir))
+        tests_root = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(context.srcdir, tests_root))
+
+        # Create a equivalent TestManifest object
+        obj = TestManifest(context, manifest_full_path, manifest,
+                           flavor="web-platform-tests",
+                           relpath=mozpath.join(manifest_reldir,
+                                                mozpath.basename(manifest_path)),
+                           install_prefix="web-platform/")
+
+
+        for path, tests in manifest:
+            path = mozpath.join(tests_root, path)
+            for test in tests:
+                if test.item_type not in ["testharness", "reftest"]:
+                    continue
+
+                obj.tests.append({
+                    'path': path,
+                    'here': mozpath.dirname(path),
+                    'manifest': manifest_path,
+                    'name': test.id,
+                    'head': '',
+                    'tail': '',
+                    'support-files': '',
+                    'subsuite': '',
+                })
+
+        yield obj
+
+    def _process_python_tests(self, context, python_tests):
+        manifest_full_path = context.main_path
+        manifest_reldir = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.relpath(manifest_full_path,
+            context.config.topsrcdir))
+
+        obj = TestManifest(context, manifest_full_path,
+                mozpath.basename(manifest_full_path),
+                flavor='python', install_prefix='python/',
+                relpath=mozpath.join(manifest_reldir,
+                    mozpath.basename(manifest_full_path)))
+
+        for test in python_tests:
+            test = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(context.srcdir, test))
+            if not os.path.isfile(test):
+                raise SandboxValidationError('Path specified in '
+                   'PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS does not exist: %s' % test,
+                   context)
+            obj.tests.append({
+                'path': test,
+                'here': mozpath.dirname(test),
+                'manifest': manifest_full_path,
+                'name': mozpath.basename(test),
+                'head': '',
+                'tail': '',
+                'support-files': '',
+                'subsuite': '',
+            })
+
+        yield obj
+
+    def _process_jar_manifests(self, context):
+        jar_manifests = context.get('JAR_MANIFESTS', [])
+        if len(jar_manifests) > 1:
+            raise SandboxValidationError('While JAR_MANIFESTS is a list, '
+                'it is currently limited to one value.', context)
+
+        for path in jar_manifests:
+            yield JARManifest(context, path)
+
+        # Temporary test to look for jar.mn files that creep in without using
+        # the new declaration. Before, we didn't require jar.mn files to
+        # declared anywhere (they were discovered). This will detect people
+        # relying on the old behavior.
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(context.srcdir, 'jar.mn')):
+            if 'jar.mn' not in jar_manifests:
+                raise SandboxValidationError('A jar.mn exists but it '
+                    'is not referenced in the moz.build file. '
+                    'Please define JAR_MANIFESTS.', context)
+
+    def _emit_directory_traversal_from_context(self, context):
+        o = DirectoryTraversal(context)
+        o.dirs = context.get('DIRS', [])
+
+        # Some paths have a subconfigure, yet also have a moz.build. Those
+        # shouldn't end up in self._external_paths.
+        if o.objdir:
+            self._external_paths -= { o.relobjdir }
+
+        yield o
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/gyp_reader.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/gyp_reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..459c553c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/gyp_reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import gyp
+import sys
+import os
+import types
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from .sandbox import alphabetical_sorted
+from .context import (
+    SourcePath,
+    TemplateContext,
+    VARIABLES,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    expand_variables,
+    List,
+    memoize,
+)
+from .reader import SandboxValidationError
+
+# Define this module as gyp.generator.mozbuild so that gyp can use it
+# as a generator under the name "mozbuild".
+sys.modules['gyp.generator.mozbuild'] = sys.modules[__name__]
+
+# build/gyp_chromium does this:
+#   script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
+#   chrome_src = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(script_dir, os.pardir))
+#   sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(chrome_src, 'tools', 'gyp', 'pylib'))
+# We're not importing gyp_chromium, but we want both script_dir and
+# chrome_src for the default includes, so go backwards from the pylib
+# directory, which is the parent directory of gyp module.
+chrome_src = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.join(mozpath.dirname(gyp.__file__),
+    '../../../..'))
+script_dir = mozpath.join(chrome_src, 'build')
+
+# Default variables gyp uses when evaluating gyp files.
+generator_default_variables = {
+}
+for dirname in ['INTERMEDIATE_DIR', 'SHARED_INTERMEDIATE_DIR', 'PRODUCT_DIR',
+                'LIB_DIR', 'SHARED_LIB_DIR']:
+  # Some gyp steps fail if these are empty(!).
+  generator_default_variables[dirname] = b'dir'
+
+for unused in ['RULE_INPUT_PATH', 'RULE_INPUT_ROOT', 'RULE_INPUT_NAME',
+               'RULE_INPUT_DIRNAME', 'RULE_INPUT_EXT',
+               'EXECUTABLE_PREFIX', 'EXECUTABLE_SUFFIX',
+               'STATIC_LIB_PREFIX', 'STATIC_LIB_SUFFIX',
+               'SHARED_LIB_PREFIX', 'SHARED_LIB_SUFFIX',
+               'LINKER_SUPPORTS_ICF']:
+  generator_default_variables[unused] = b''
+
+
+class GypContext(TemplateContext):
+    """Specialized Context for use with data extracted from Gyp.
+
+    config is the ConfigEnvironment for this context.
+    relobjdir is the object directory that will be used for this context,
+    relative to the topobjdir defined in the ConfigEnvironment.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, config, relobjdir):
+        self._relobjdir = relobjdir
+        TemplateContext.__init__(self, template='Gyp',
+            allowed_variables=VARIABLES, config=config)
+
+
+def encode(value):
+    if isinstance(value, unicode):
+        return value.encode('utf-8')
+    return value
+
+
+def read_from_gyp(config, path, output, vars, non_unified_sources = set()):
+    """Read a gyp configuration and emits GypContexts for the backend to
+    process.
+
+    config is a ConfigEnvironment, path is the path to a root gyp configuration
+    file, output is the base path under which the objdir for the various gyp
+    dependencies will be, and vars a dict of variables to pass to the gyp
+    processor.
+    """
+
+    # gyp expects plain str instead of unicode. The frontend code gives us
+    # unicode strings, so convert them.
+    path = encode(path)
+    str_vars = dict((name, encode(value)) for name, value in vars.items())
+
+    params = {
+        b'parallel': False,
+        b'generator_flags': {},
+        b'build_files': [path],
+        b'root_targets': None,
+    }
+
+    # Files that gyp_chromium always includes
+    includes = [encode(mozpath.join(script_dir, 'common.gypi'))]
+    finder = FileFinder(chrome_src, find_executables=False)
+    includes.extend(encode(mozpath.join(chrome_src, name))
+        for name, _ in finder.find('*/supplement.gypi'))
+
+    # Read the given gyp file and its dependencies.
+    generator, flat_list, targets, data = \
+        gyp.Load([path], format=b'mozbuild',
+            default_variables=str_vars,
+            includes=includes,
+            depth=encode(chrome_src),
+            params=params)
+
+    # Process all targets from the given gyp files and its dependencies.
+    # The path given to AllTargets needs to use os.sep, while the frontend code
+    # gives us paths normalized with forward slash separator.
+    for target in gyp.common.AllTargets(flat_list, targets, path.replace(b'/', os.sep)):
+        build_file, target_name, toolset = gyp.common.ParseQualifiedTarget(target)
+
+        # Each target is given its own objdir. The base of that objdir
+        # is derived from the relative path from the root gyp file path
+        # to the current build_file, placed under the given output
+        # directory. Since several targets can be in a given build_file,
+        # separate them in subdirectories using the build_file basename
+        # and the target_name.
+        reldir  = mozpath.relpath(mozpath.dirname(build_file),
+                                  mozpath.dirname(path))
+        subdir = '%s_%s' % (
+            mozpath.splitext(mozpath.basename(build_file))[0],
+            target_name,
+        )
+        # Emit a context for each target.
+        context = GypContext(config, mozpath.relpath(
+            mozpath.join(output, reldir, subdir), config.topobjdir))
+        context.add_source(mozpath.abspath(build_file))
+        # The list of included files returned by gyp are relative to build_file
+        for f in data[build_file]['included_files']:
+            context.add_source(mozpath.abspath(mozpath.join(
+                mozpath.dirname(build_file), f)))
+
+        spec = targets[target]
+
+        # Derive which gyp configuration to use based on MOZ_DEBUG.
+        c = 'Debug' if config.substs['MOZ_DEBUG'] else 'Release'
+        if c not in spec['configurations']:
+            raise RuntimeError('Missing %s gyp configuration for target %s '
+                               'in %s' % (c, target_name, build_file))
+        target_conf = spec['configurations'][c]
+
+        if spec['type'] == 'none':
+            continue
+        elif spec['type'] == 'static_library':
+            # Remove leading 'lib' from the target_name if any, and use as
+            # library name.
+            name = spec['target_name']
+            if name.startswith('lib'):
+                name = name[3:]
+            # The context expects an unicode string.
+            context['LIBRARY_NAME'] = name.decode('utf-8')
+            # gyp files contain headers and asm sources in sources lists.
+            sources = []
+            unified_sources = []
+            extensions = set()
+            for f in spec.get('sources', []):
+                ext = mozpath.splitext(f)[-1]
+                extensions.add(ext)
+                s = SourcePath(context, f)
+                if ext == '.h':
+                    continue
+                if ext != '.S' and s not in non_unified_sources:
+                    unified_sources.append(s)
+                else:
+                    sources.append(s)
+
+            # The context expects alphabetical order when adding sources
+            context['SOURCES'] = alphabetical_sorted(sources)
+            context['UNIFIED_SOURCES'] = alphabetical_sorted(unified_sources)
+
+            for define in target_conf.get('defines', []):
+                if '=' in define:
+                    name, value = define.split('=', 1)
+                    context['DEFINES'][name] = value
+                else:
+                    context['DEFINES'][define] = True
+
+            for include in target_conf.get('include_dirs', []):
+                # moz.build expects all LOCAL_INCLUDES to exist, so ensure they do.
+                #
+                # NB: gyp files sometimes have actual absolute paths (e.g.
+                # /usr/include32) and sometimes paths that moz.build considers
+                # absolute, i.e. starting from topsrcdir. There's no good way
+                # to tell them apart here, and the actual absolute paths are
+                # likely bogus. In any event, actual absolute paths will be
+                # filtered out by trying to find them in topsrcdir.
+                if include.startswith('/'):
+                    resolved = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, include[1:]))
+                else:
+                    resolved = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.join(mozpath.dirname(build_file), include))
+                if not os.path.exists(resolved):
+                    continue
+                context['LOCAL_INCLUDES'] += [include]
+
+            context['ASFLAGS'] = target_conf.get('asflags_mozilla', [])
+            flags = target_conf.get('cflags_mozilla', [])
+            if flags:
+                suffix_map = {
+                    '.c': 'CFLAGS',
+                    '.cpp': 'CXXFLAGS',
+                    '.cc': 'CXXFLAGS',
+                    '.m': 'CMFLAGS',
+                    '.mm': 'CMMFLAGS',
+                }
+                variables = (
+                    suffix_map[e]
+                    for e in extensions if e in suffix_map
+                )
+                for var in variables:
+                    for f in flags:
+                        # We may be getting make variable references out of the
+                        # gyp data, and we don't want those in emitted data, so
+                        # substitute them with their actual value.
+                        f = expand_variables(f, config.substs).split()
+                        if not f:
+                            continue
+                        # the result may be a string or a list.
+                        if isinstance(f, types.StringTypes):
+                            context[var].append(f)
+                        else:
+                            context[var].extend(f)
+        else:
+            # Ignore other types than static_library because we don't have
+            # anything using them, and we're not testing them. They can be
+            # added when that becomes necessary.
+            raise NotImplementedError('Unsupported gyp target type: %s' % spec['type'])
+
+        # Add some features to all contexts. Put here in case LOCAL_INCLUDES
+        # order matters.
+        context['LOCAL_INCLUDES'] += [
+            '!/ipc/ipdl/_ipdlheaders',
+            '/ipc/chromium/src',
+            '/ipc/glue',
+        ]
+        # These get set via VC project file settings for normal GYP builds.
+        if config.substs['OS_TARGET'] == 'WINNT':
+            context['DEFINES']['UNICODE'] = True
+            context['DEFINES']['_UNICODE'] = True
+        context['DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING'] = True
+
+        yield context
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/mach_commands.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/mach_commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbecc1137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/mach_commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import os
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+    SubCommand,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.base import MachCommandBase
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+class InvalidPathException(Exception):
+    """Represents an error due to an invalid path."""
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class MozbuildFileCommands(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('mozbuild-reference', category='build-dev',
+        description='View reference documentation on mozbuild files.')
+    @CommandArgument('symbol', default=None, nargs='*',
+        help='Symbol to view help on. If not specified, all will be shown.')
+    @CommandArgument('--name-only', '-n', default=False, action='store_true',
+        help='Print symbol names only.')
+    def reference(self, symbol, name_only=False):
+        # mozbuild.sphinx imports some Sphinx modules, so we need to be sure
+        # the optional Sphinx package is installed.
+        self._activate_virtualenv()
+        self.virtualenv_manager.install_pip_package('Sphinx==1.1.3')
+
+        from mozbuild.sphinx import (
+            format_module,
+            function_reference,
+            special_reference,
+            variable_reference,
+        )
+
+        import mozbuild.frontend.context as m
+
+        if name_only:
+            for s in sorted(m.VARIABLES.keys()):
+                print(s)
+
+            for s in sorted(m.FUNCTIONS.keys()):
+                print(s)
+
+            for s in sorted(m.SPECIAL_VARIABLES.keys()):
+                print(s)
+
+            return 0
+
+        if len(symbol):
+            for s in symbol:
+                if s in m.VARIABLES:
+                    for line in variable_reference(s, *m.VARIABLES[s]):
+                        print(line)
+                    continue
+                elif s in m.FUNCTIONS:
+                    for line in function_reference(s, *m.FUNCTIONS[s]):
+                        print(line)
+                    continue
+                elif s in m.SPECIAL_VARIABLES:
+                    for line in special_reference(s, *m.SPECIAL_VARIABLES[s]):
+                        print(line)
+                    continue
+
+                print('Could not find symbol: %s' % s)
+                return 1
+
+            return 0
+
+        for line in format_module(m):
+            print(line)
+
+        return 0
+
+    @Command('file-info', category='build-dev',
+             description='Query for metadata about files.')
+    def file_info(self):
+        """Show files metadata derived from moz.build files.
+
+        moz.build files contain "Files" sub-contexts for declaring metadata
+        against file patterns. This command suite is used to query that data.
+        """
+
+    @SubCommand('file-info', 'bugzilla-component',
+                'Show Bugzilla component info for files listed.')
+    @CommandArgument('-r', '--rev',
+                     help='Version control revision to look up info from')
+    @CommandArgument('paths', nargs='+',
+                     help='Paths whose data to query')
+    def file_info_bugzilla(self, paths, rev=None):
+        """Show Bugzilla component for a set of files.
+
+        Given a requested set of files (which can be specified using
+        wildcards), print the Bugzilla component for each file.
+        """
+        components = defaultdict(set)
+        try:
+            for p, m in self._get_files_info(paths, rev=rev).items():
+                components[m.get('BUG_COMPONENT')].add(p)
+        except InvalidPathException as e:
+            print(e.message)
+            return 1
+
+        for component, files in sorted(components.items(), key=lambda x: (x is None, x)):
+            print('%s :: %s' % (component.product, component.component) if component else 'UNKNOWN')
+            for f in sorted(files):
+                print('  %s' % f)
+
+    @SubCommand('file-info', 'missing-bugzilla',
+                'Show files missing Bugzilla component info')
+    @CommandArgument('-r', '--rev',
+                     help='Version control revision to look up info from')
+    @CommandArgument('paths', nargs='+',
+                     help='Paths whose data to query')
+    def file_info_missing_bugzilla(self, paths, rev=None):
+        try:
+            for p, m in sorted(self._get_files_info(paths, rev=rev).items()):
+                if 'BUG_COMPONENT' not in m:
+                    print(p)
+        except InvalidPathException as e:
+            print(e.message)
+            return 1
+
+    @SubCommand('file-info', 'dep-tests',
+                'Show test files marked as dependencies of these source files.')
+    @CommandArgument('-r', '--rev',
+                     help='Version control revision to look up info from')
+    @CommandArgument('paths', nargs='+',
+                     help='Paths whose data to query')
+    def file_info_test_deps(self, paths, rev=None):
+        try:
+            for p, m in self._get_files_info(paths, rev=rev).items():
+                print('%s:' % mozpath.relpath(p, self.topsrcdir))
+                if m.test_files:
+                    print('\tTest file patterns:')
+                    for p in m.test_files:
+                        print('\t\t%s' % p)
+                if m.test_tags:
+                    print('\tRelevant tags:')
+                    for p in m.test_tags:
+                        print('\t\t%s' % p)
+                if m.test_flavors:
+                    print('\tRelevant flavors:')
+                    for p in m.test_flavors:
+                        print('\t\t%s' % p)
+
+        except InvalidPathException as e:
+            print(e.message)
+            return 1
+
+
+    def _get_reader(self, finder):
+        from mozbuild.frontend.reader import (
+            BuildReader,
+            EmptyConfig,
+        )
+
+        config = EmptyConfig(self.topsrcdir)
+        return BuildReader(config, finder=finder)
+
+    def _get_files_info(self, paths, rev=None):
+        from mozbuild.frontend.reader import default_finder
+        from mozpack.files import FileFinder, MercurialRevisionFinder
+
+        # Normalize to relative from topsrcdir.
+        relpaths = []
+        for p in paths:
+            a = mozpath.abspath(p)
+            if not mozpath.basedir(a, [self.topsrcdir]):
+                raise InvalidPathException('path is outside topsrcdir: %s' % p)
+
+            relpaths.append(mozpath.relpath(a, self.topsrcdir))
+
+        repo = None
+        if rev:
+            hg_path = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, '.hg')
+            if not os.path.exists(hg_path):
+                raise InvalidPathException('a Mercurial repo is required '
+                        'when specifying a revision')
+
+            repo = self.topsrcdir
+
+        # We need two finders because the reader's finder operates on
+        # absolute paths.
+        finder = FileFinder(self.topsrcdir, find_executables=False)
+        if repo:
+            reader_finder = MercurialRevisionFinder(repo, rev=rev,
+                                                    recognize_repo_paths=True)
+        else:
+            reader_finder = default_finder
+
+        # Expand wildcards.
+        allpaths = []
+        for p in relpaths:
+            if '*' not in p:
+                if p not in allpaths:
+                    allpaths.append(p)
+                continue
+
+            if repo:
+                raise InvalidPathException('cannot use wildcard in version control mode')
+
+            for path, f in finder.find(p):
+                if path not in allpaths:
+                    allpaths.append(path)
+
+        reader = self._get_reader(finder=reader_finder)
+        return reader.files_info(allpaths)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/reader.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8192b1ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1408 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file contains code for reading metadata from the build system into
+# data structures.
+
+r"""Read build frontend files into data structures.
+
+In terms of code architecture, the main interface is BuildReader. BuildReader
+starts with a root mozbuild file. It creates a new execution environment for
+this file, which is represented by the Sandbox class. The Sandbox class is used
+to fill a Context, representing the output of an individual mozbuild file. The
+
+The BuildReader contains basic logic for traversing a tree of mozbuild files.
+It does this by examining specific variables populated during execution.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import ast
+import inspect
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+import traceback
+import types
+
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+    OrderedDict,
+)
+from io import StringIO
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    EmptyValue,
+    HierarchicalStringList,
+    memoize,
+    ReadOnlyDefaultDict,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.testing import (
+    TEST_MANIFESTS,
+    REFTEST_FLAVORS,
+    WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_FLAVORS,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from .data import (
+    AndroidEclipseProjectData,
+    JavaJarData,
+)
+
+from .sandbox import (
+    default_finder,
+    SandboxError,
+    SandboxExecutionError,
+    SandboxLoadError,
+    Sandbox,
+)
+
+from .context import (
+    Context,
+    ContextDerivedValue,
+    Files,
+    FUNCTIONS,
+    VARIABLES,
+    DEPRECATION_HINTS,
+    SourcePath,
+    SPECIAL_VARIABLES,
+    SUBCONTEXTS,
+    SubContext,
+    TemplateContext,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.base import ExecutionSummary
+
+
+if sys.version_info.major == 2:
+    text_type = unicode
+    type_type = types.TypeType
+else:
+    text_type = str
+    type_type = type
+
+
+def log(logger, level, action, params, formatter):
+    logger.log(level, formatter, extra={'action': action, 'params': params})
+
+
+class EmptyConfig(object):
+    """A config object that is empty.
+
+    This config object is suitable for using with a BuildReader on a vanilla
+    checkout, without any existing configuration. The config is simply
+    bootstrapped from a top source directory path.
+    """
+    class PopulateOnGetDict(ReadOnlyDefaultDict):
+        """A variation on ReadOnlyDefaultDict that populates during .get().
+
+        This variation is needed because CONFIG uses .get() to access members.
+        Without it, None (instead of our EmptyValue types) would be returned.
+        """
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            return self[key]
+
+    def __init__(self, topsrcdir):
+        self.topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+        self.topobjdir = ''
+
+        self.substs = self.PopulateOnGetDict(EmptyValue, {
+            # These 2 variables are used semi-frequently and it isn't worth
+            # changing all the instances.
+            b'MOZ_APP_NAME': b'empty',
+            b'MOZ_CHILD_PROCESS_NAME': b'empty',
+            # Set manipulations are performed within the moz.build files. But
+            # set() is not an exposed symbol, so we can't create an empty set.
+            b'NECKO_PROTOCOLS': set(),
+            # Needed to prevent js/src's config.status from loading.
+            b'JS_STANDALONE': b'1',
+        })
+        udict = {}
+        for k, v in self.substs.items():
+            if isinstance(v, str):
+                udict[k.decode('utf-8')] = v.decode('utf-8')
+            else:
+                udict[k] = v
+        self.substs_unicode = self.PopulateOnGetDict(EmptyValue, udict)
+        self.defines = self.substs
+        self.external_source_dir = None
+        self.error_is_fatal = False
+
+
+def is_read_allowed(path, config):
+    """Whether we are allowed to load a mozbuild file at the specified path.
+
+    This is used as cheap security to ensure the build is isolated to known
+    source directories.
+
+    We are allowed to read from the main source directory and any defined
+    external source directories. The latter is to allow 3rd party applications
+    to hook into our build system.
+    """
+    assert os.path.isabs(path)
+    assert os.path.isabs(config.topsrcdir)
+
+    path = mozpath.normpath(path)
+    topsrcdir = mozpath.normpath(config.topsrcdir)
+
+    if mozpath.basedir(path, [topsrcdir]):
+        return True
+
+    if config.external_source_dir:
+        external_dir = os.path.normcase(config.external_source_dir)
+        norm_path = os.path.normcase(path)
+        if mozpath.basedir(norm_path, [external_dir]):
+            return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+class SandboxCalledError(SandboxError):
+    """Represents an error resulting from calling the error() function."""
+
+    def __init__(self, file_stack, message):
+        SandboxError.__init__(self, file_stack)
+        self.message = message
+
+
+class MozbuildSandbox(Sandbox):
+    """Implementation of a Sandbox tailored for mozbuild files.
+
+    We expose a few useful functions and expose the set of variables defining
+    Mozilla's build system.
+
+    context is a Context instance.
+
+    metadata is a dict of metadata that can be used during the sandbox
+    evaluation.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, context, metadata={}, finder=default_finder):
+        assert isinstance(context, Context)
+
+        Sandbox.__init__(self, context, finder=finder)
+
+        self._log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+        self.metadata = dict(metadata)
+        exports = self.metadata.get('exports', {})
+        self.exports = set(exports.keys())
+        context.update(exports)
+        self.templates = self.metadata.setdefault('templates', {})
+        self.special_variables = self.metadata.setdefault('special_variables',
+                                                          SPECIAL_VARIABLES)
+        self.functions = self.metadata.setdefault('functions', FUNCTIONS)
+        self.subcontext_types = self.metadata.setdefault('subcontexts',
+                                                         SUBCONTEXTS)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self.special_variables:
+            return self.special_variables[key][0](self._context)
+        if key in self.functions:
+            return self._create_function(self.functions[key])
+        if key in self.subcontext_types:
+            return self._create_subcontext(self.subcontext_types[key])
+        if key in self.templates:
+            return self._create_template_wrapper(self.templates[key])
+        return Sandbox.__getitem__(self, key)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        if any(key in d for d in (self.special_variables, self.functions,
+                                  self.subcontext_types, self.templates)):
+            return True
+
+        return Sandbox.__contains__(self, key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key in self.special_variables and value is self[key]:
+            return
+        if key in self.special_variables or key in self.functions or key in self.subcontext_types:
+            raise KeyError('Cannot set "%s" because it is a reserved keyword'
+                           % key)
+        if key in self.exports:
+            self._context[key] = value
+            self.exports.remove(key)
+            return
+        Sandbox.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+    def exec_file(self, path):
+        """Override exec_file to normalize paths and restrict file loading.
+
+        Paths will be rejected if they do not fall under topsrcdir or one of
+        the external roots.
+        """
+
+        # realpath() is needed for true security. But, this isn't for security
+        # protection, so it is omitted.
+        if not is_read_allowed(path, self._context.config):
+            raise SandboxLoadError(self._context.source_stack,
+                sys.exc_info()[2], illegal_path=path)
+
+        Sandbox.exec_file(self, path)
+
+    def _add_java_jar(self, name):
+        """Add a Java JAR build target."""
+        if not name:
+            raise Exception('Java JAR cannot be registered without a name')
+
+        if '/' in name or '\\' in name or '.jar' in name:
+            raise Exception('Java JAR names must not include slashes or'
+                ' .jar: %s' % name)
+
+        if name in self['JAVA_JAR_TARGETS']:
+            raise Exception('Java JAR has already been registered: %s' % name)
+
+        jar = JavaJarData(name)
+        self['JAVA_JAR_TARGETS'][name] = jar
+        return jar
+
+    # Not exposed to the sandbox.
+    def add_android_eclipse_project_helper(self, name):
+        """Add an Android Eclipse project target."""
+        if not name:
+            raise Exception('Android Eclipse project cannot be registered without a name')
+
+        if name in self['ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_TARGETS']:
+            raise Exception('Android Eclipse project has already been registered: %s' % name)
+
+        data = AndroidEclipseProjectData(name)
+        self['ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_TARGETS'][name] = data
+        return data
+
+    def _add_android_eclipse_project(self, name, manifest):
+        if not manifest:
+            raise Exception('Android Eclipse project must specify a manifest')
+
+        data = self.add_android_eclipse_project_helper(name)
+        data.manifest = manifest
+        data.is_library = False
+        return data
+
+    def _add_android_eclipse_library_project(self, name):
+        data = self.add_android_eclipse_project_helper(name)
+        data.manifest = None
+        data.is_library = True
+        return data
+
+    def _export(self, varname):
+        """Export the variable to all subdirectories of the current path."""
+
+        exports = self.metadata.setdefault('exports', dict())
+        if varname in exports:
+            raise Exception('Variable has already been exported: %s' % varname)
+
+        try:
+            # Doing a regular self._context[varname] causes a set as a side
+            # effect. By calling the dict method instead, we don't have any
+            # side effects.
+            exports[varname] = dict.__getitem__(self._context, varname)
+        except KeyError:
+            self.last_name_error = KeyError('global_ns', 'get_unknown', varname)
+            raise self.last_name_error
+
+    def recompute_exports(self):
+        """Recompute the variables to export to subdirectories with the current
+        values in the subdirectory."""
+
+        if 'exports' in self.metadata:
+            for key in self.metadata['exports']:
+                self.metadata['exports'][key] = self[key]
+
+    def _include(self, path):
+        """Include and exec another file within the context of this one."""
+
+        # path is a SourcePath
+        self.exec_file(path.full_path)
+
+    def _warning(self, message):
+        # FUTURE consider capturing warnings in a variable instead of printing.
+        print('WARNING: %s' % message, file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def _error(self, message):
+        if self._context.error_is_fatal:
+            raise SandboxCalledError(self._context.source_stack, message)
+        else:
+            self._warning(message)
+
+    def _template_decorator(self, func):
+        """Registers a template function."""
+
+        if not inspect.isfunction(func):
+            raise Exception('`template` is a function decorator. You must '
+                'use it as `@template` preceding a function declaration.')
+
+        name = func.func_name
+
+        if name in self.templates:
+            raise KeyError(
+                'A template named "%s" was already declared in %s.' % (name,
+                self.templates[name].path))
+
+        if name.islower() or name.isupper() or name[0].islower():
+            raise NameError('Template function names must be CamelCase.')
+
+        self.templates[name] = TemplateFunction(func, self)
+
+    @memoize
+    def _create_subcontext(self, cls):
+        """Return a function object that creates SubContext instances."""
+        def fn(*args, **kwargs):
+            return cls(self._context, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return fn
+
+    @memoize
+    def _create_function(self, function_def):
+        """Returns a function object for use within the sandbox for the given
+        function definition.
+
+        The wrapper function does type coercion on the function arguments
+        """
+        func, args_def, doc = function_def
+        def function(*args):
+            def coerce(arg, type):
+                if not isinstance(arg, type):
+                    if issubclass(type, ContextDerivedValue):
+                        arg = type(self._context, arg)
+                    else:
+                        arg = type(arg)
+                return arg
+            args = [coerce(arg, type) for arg, type in zip(args, args_def)]
+            return func(self)(*args)
+
+        return function
+
+    @memoize
+    def _create_template_wrapper(self, template):
+        """Returns a function object for use within the sandbox for the given
+        TemplateFunction instance..
+
+        When a moz.build file contains a reference to a template call, the
+        sandbox needs a function to execute. This is what this method returns.
+        That function creates a new sandbox for execution of the template.
+        After the template is executed, the data from its execution is merged
+        with the context of the calling sandbox.
+        """
+        def template_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            context = TemplateContext(
+                template=template.name,
+                allowed_variables=self._context._allowed_variables,
+                config=self._context.config)
+            context.add_source(self._context.current_path)
+            for p in self._context.all_paths:
+                context.add_source(p)
+
+            sandbox = MozbuildSandbox(context, metadata={
+                # We should arguably set these defaults to something else.
+                # Templates, for example, should arguably come from the state
+                # of the sandbox from when the template was declared, not when
+                # it was instantiated. Bug 1137319.
+                'functions': self.metadata.get('functions', {}),
+                'special_variables': self.metadata.get('special_variables', {}),
+                'subcontexts': self.metadata.get('subcontexts', {}),
+                'templates': self.metadata.get('templates', {})
+            }, finder=self._finder)
+
+            template.exec_in_sandbox(sandbox, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            # This is gross, but allows the merge to happen. Eventually, the
+            # merging will go away and template contexts emitted independently.
+            klass = self._context.__class__
+            self._context.__class__ = TemplateContext
+            # The sandbox will do all the necessary checks for these merges.
+            for key, value in context.items():
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    self[key].update(value)
+                elif isinstance(value, (list, HierarchicalStringList)):
+                    self[key] += value
+                else:
+                    self[key] = value
+            self._context.__class__ = klass
+
+            for p in context.all_paths:
+                self._context.add_source(p)
+
+        return template_wrapper
+
+
+class TemplateFunction(object):
+    def __init__(self, func, sandbox):
+        self.path = func.func_code.co_filename
+        self.name = func.func_name
+
+        code = func.func_code
+        firstlineno = code.co_firstlineno
+        lines = sandbox._current_source.splitlines(True)
+        lines = inspect.getblock(lines[firstlineno - 1:])
+
+        # The code lines we get out of inspect.getsourcelines look like
+        #   @template
+        #   def Template(*args, **kwargs):
+        #       VAR = 'value'
+        #       ...
+        func_ast = ast.parse(''.join(lines), self.path)
+        # Remove decorators
+        func_ast.body[0].decorator_list = []
+        # Adjust line numbers accordingly
+        ast.increment_lineno(func_ast, firstlineno - 1)
+
+        # When using a custom dictionary for function globals/locals, Cpython
+        # actually never calls __getitem__ and __setitem__, so we need to
+        # modify the AST so that accesses to globals are properly directed
+        # to a dict.
+        self._global_name = b'_data' # AST wants str for this, not unicode
+        # In case '_data' is a name used for a variable in the function code,
+        # prepend more underscores until we find an unused name.
+        while (self._global_name in code.co_names or
+                self._global_name in code.co_varnames):
+            self._global_name += '_'
+        func_ast = self.RewriteName(sandbox, self._global_name).visit(func_ast)
+
+        # Execute the rewritten code. That code now looks like:
+        #   def Template(*args, **kwargs):
+        #       _data['VAR'] = 'value'
+        #       ...
+        # The result of executing this code is the creation of a 'Template'
+        # function object in the global namespace.
+        glob = {'__builtins__': sandbox._builtins}
+        func = types.FunctionType(
+            compile(func_ast, self.path, 'exec'),
+            glob,
+            self.name,
+            func.func_defaults,
+            func.func_closure,
+        )
+        func()
+
+        self._func = glob[self.name]
+
+    def exec_in_sandbox(self, sandbox, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Executes the template function in the given sandbox."""
+        # Create a new function object associated with the execution sandbox
+        glob = {
+            self._global_name: sandbox,
+            '__builtins__': sandbox._builtins
+        }
+        func = types.FunctionType(
+            self._func.func_code,
+            glob,
+            self.name,
+            self._func.func_defaults,
+            self._func.func_closure
+        )
+        sandbox.exec_function(func, args, kwargs, self.path,
+                              becomes_current_path=False)
+
+    class RewriteName(ast.NodeTransformer):
+        """AST Node Transformer to rewrite variable accesses to go through
+        a dict.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, sandbox, global_name):
+            self._sandbox = sandbox
+            self._global_name = global_name
+
+        def visit_Str(self, node):
+            # String nodes we got from the AST parser are str, but we want
+            # unicode literals everywhere, so transform them.
+            node.s = unicode(node.s)
+            return node
+
+        def visit_Name(self, node):
+            # Modify uppercase variable references and names known to the
+            # sandbox as if they were retrieved from a dict instead.
+            if not node.id.isupper() and node.id not in self._sandbox:
+                return node
+
+            def c(new_node):
+                return ast.copy_location(new_node, node)
+
+            return c(ast.Subscript(
+                value=c(ast.Name(id=self._global_name, ctx=ast.Load())),
+                slice=c(ast.Index(value=c(ast.Str(s=node.id)))),
+                ctx=node.ctx
+            ))
+
+
+class SandboxValidationError(Exception):
+    """Represents an error encountered when validating sandbox results."""
+    def __init__(self, message, context):
+        Exception.__init__(self, message)
+        self.context = context
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = StringIO()
+
+        delim = '=' * 30
+        s.write('\n%s\nERROR PROCESSING MOZBUILD FILE\n%s\n\n' % (delim, delim))
+
+        s.write('The error occurred while processing the following file or ')
+        s.write('one of the files it includes:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s/moz.build\n' % self.context.srcdir)
+        s.write('\n')
+
+        s.write('The error occurred when validating the result of ')
+        s.write('the execution. The reported error is:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write(''.join('    %s\n' % l
+                        for l in self.message.splitlines()))
+        s.write('\n')
+
+        return s.getvalue()
+
+
+class BuildReaderError(Exception):
+    """Represents errors encountered during BuildReader execution.
+
+    The main purpose of this class is to facilitate user-actionable error
+    messages. Execution errors should say:
+
+      - Why they failed
+      - Where they failed
+      - What can be done to prevent the error
+
+    A lot of the code in this class should arguably be inside sandbox.py.
+    However, extraction is somewhat difficult given the additions
+    MozbuildSandbox has over Sandbox (e.g. the concept of included files -
+    which affect error messages, of course).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, file_stack, trace, sandbox_exec_error=None,
+        sandbox_load_error=None, validation_error=None, other_error=None,
+        sandbox_called_error=None):
+
+        self.file_stack = file_stack
+        self.trace = trace
+        self.sandbox_called_error = sandbox_called_error
+        self.sandbox_exec = sandbox_exec_error
+        self.sandbox_load = sandbox_load_error
+        self.validation_error = validation_error
+        self.other = other_error
+
+    @property
+    def main_file(self):
+        return self.file_stack[-1]
+
+    @property
+    def actual_file(self):
+        # We report the file that called out to the file that couldn't load.
+        if self.sandbox_load is not None:
+            if len(self.sandbox_load.file_stack) > 1:
+                return self.sandbox_load.file_stack[-2]
+
+            if len(self.file_stack) > 1:
+                return self.file_stack[-2]
+
+        if self.sandbox_error is not None and \
+            len(self.sandbox_error.file_stack):
+            return self.sandbox_error.file_stack[-1]
+
+        return self.file_stack[-1]
+
+    @property
+    def sandbox_error(self):
+        return self.sandbox_exec or self.sandbox_load or \
+            self.sandbox_called_error
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = StringIO()
+
+        delim = '=' * 30
+        s.write('\n%s\nERROR PROCESSING MOZBUILD FILE\n%s\n\n' % (delim, delim))
+
+        s.write('The error occurred while processing the following file:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s\n' % self.actual_file)
+        s.write('\n')
+
+        if self.actual_file != self.main_file and not self.sandbox_load:
+            s.write('This file was included as part of processing:\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('    %s\n' % self.main_file)
+            s.write('\n')
+
+        if self.sandbox_error is not None:
+            self._print_sandbox_error(s)
+        elif self.validation_error is not None:
+            s.write('The error occurred when validating the result of ')
+            s.write('the execution. The reported error is:\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write(''.join('    %s\n' % l
+                            for l in self.validation_error.message.splitlines()))
+            s.write('\n')
+        else:
+            s.write('The error appears to be part of the %s ' % __name__)
+            s.write('Python module itself! It is possible you have stumbled ')
+            s.write('across a legitimate bug.\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+
+            for l in traceback.format_exception(type(self.other), self.other,
+                self.trace):
+                s.write(unicode(l))
+
+        return s.getvalue()
+
+    def _print_sandbox_error(self, s):
+        # Try to find the frame of the executed code.
+        script_frame = None
+
+        # We don't currently capture the trace for SandboxCalledError.
+        # Therefore, we don't get line numbers from the moz.build file.
+        # FUTURE capture this.
+        trace = getattr(self.sandbox_error, 'trace', None)
+        frames = []
+        if trace:
+            frames = traceback.extract_tb(trace)
+        for frame in frames:
+            if frame[0] == self.actual_file:
+                script_frame = frame
+
+            # Reset if we enter a new execution context. This prevents errors
+            # in this module from being attributes to a script.
+            elif frame[0] == __file__ and frame[2] == 'exec_function':
+                script_frame = None
+
+        if script_frame is not None:
+            s.write('The error was triggered on line %d ' % script_frame[1])
+            s.write('of this file:\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('    %s\n' % script_frame[3])
+            s.write('\n')
+
+        if self.sandbox_called_error is not None:
+            self._print_sandbox_called_error(s)
+            return
+
+        if self.sandbox_load is not None:
+            self._print_sandbox_load_error(s)
+            return
+
+        self._print_sandbox_exec_error(s)
+
+    def _print_sandbox_called_error(self, s):
+        assert self.sandbox_called_error is not None
+
+        s.write('A moz.build file called the error() function.\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('The error it encountered is:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s\n' % self.sandbox_called_error.message)
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('Correct the error condition and try again.\n')
+
+    def _print_sandbox_load_error(self, s):
+        assert self.sandbox_load is not None
+
+        if self.sandbox_load.illegal_path is not None:
+            s.write('The underlying problem is an illegal file access. ')
+            s.write('This is likely due to trying to access a file ')
+            s.write('outside of the top source directory.\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('The path whose access was denied is:\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('    %s\n' % self.sandbox_load.illegal_path)
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('Modify the script to not access this file and ')
+            s.write('try again.\n')
+            return
+
+        if self.sandbox_load.read_error is not None:
+            if not os.path.exists(self.sandbox_load.read_error):
+                s.write('The underlying problem is we referenced a path ')
+                s.write('that does not exist. That path is:\n')
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('    %s\n' % self.sandbox_load.read_error)
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('Either create the file if it needs to exist or ')
+                s.write('do not reference it.\n')
+            else:
+                s.write('The underlying problem is a referenced path could ')
+                s.write('not be read. The trouble path is:\n')
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('    %s\n' % self.sandbox_load.read_error)
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('It is possible the path is not correct. Is it ')
+                s.write('pointing to a directory? It could also be a file ')
+                s.write('permissions issue. Ensure that the file is ')
+                s.write('readable.\n')
+
+            return
+
+        # This module is buggy if you see this.
+        raise AssertionError('SandboxLoadError with unhandled properties!')
+
+    def _print_sandbox_exec_error(self, s):
+        assert self.sandbox_exec is not None
+
+        inner = self.sandbox_exec.exc_value
+
+        if isinstance(inner, SyntaxError):
+            s.write('The underlying problem is a Python syntax error ')
+            s.write('on line %d:\n' % inner.lineno)
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('    %s\n' % inner.text)
+            if inner.offset:
+                s.write((' ' * (inner.offset + 4)) + '^\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('Fix the syntax error and try again.\n')
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(inner, KeyError):
+            self._print_keyerror(inner, s)
+        elif isinstance(inner, ValueError):
+            self._print_valueerror(inner, s)
+        else:
+            self._print_exception(inner, s)
+
+    def _print_keyerror(self, inner, s):
+        if not inner.args or inner.args[0] not in ('global_ns', 'local_ns'):
+            self._print_exception(inner, s)
+            return
+
+        if inner.args[0] == 'global_ns':
+            import difflib
+
+            verb = None
+            if inner.args[1] == 'get_unknown':
+                verb = 'read'
+            elif inner.args[1] == 'set_unknown':
+                verb = 'write'
+            elif inner.args[1] == 'reassign':
+                s.write('The underlying problem is an attempt to reassign ')
+                s.write('a reserved UPPERCASE variable.\n')
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('The reassigned variable causing the error is:\n')
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('    %s\n' % inner.args[2])
+                s.write('\n')
+                s.write('Maybe you meant "+=" instead of "="?\n')
+                return
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError('Unhandled global_ns: %s' % inner.args[1])
+
+            s.write('The underlying problem is an attempt to %s ' % verb)
+            s.write('a reserved UPPERCASE variable that does not exist.\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('The variable %s causing the error is:\n' % verb)
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('    %s\n' % inner.args[2])
+            s.write('\n')
+            close_matches = difflib.get_close_matches(inner.args[2],
+                                                      VARIABLES.keys(), 2)
+            if close_matches:
+                s.write('Maybe you meant %s?\n' % ' or '.join(close_matches))
+                s.write('\n')
+
+            if inner.args[2] in DEPRECATION_HINTS:
+                s.write('%s\n' %
+                    textwrap.dedent(DEPRECATION_HINTS[inner.args[2]]).strip())
+                return
+
+            s.write('Please change the file to not use this variable.\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write('For reference, the set of valid variables is:\n')
+            s.write('\n')
+            s.write(', '.join(sorted(VARIABLES.keys())) + '\n')
+            return
+
+        s.write('The underlying problem is a reference to an undefined ')
+        s.write('local variable:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s\n' % inner.args[2])
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('Please change the file to not reference undefined ')
+        s.write('variables and try again.\n')
+
+    def _print_valueerror(self, inner, s):
+        if not inner.args or inner.args[0] not in ('global_ns', 'local_ns'):
+            self._print_exception(inner, s)
+            return
+
+        assert inner.args[1] == 'set_type'
+
+        s.write('The underlying problem is an attempt to write an illegal ')
+        s.write('value to a special variable.\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('The variable whose value was rejected is:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s' % inner.args[2])
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('The value being written to it was of the following type:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s\n' % type(inner.args[3]).__name__)
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('This variable expects the following type(s):\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        if type(inner.args[4]) == type_type:
+            s.write('    %s\n' % inner.args[4].__name__)
+        else:
+            for t in inner.args[4]:
+                s.write( '    %s\n' % t.__name__)
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('Change the file to write a value of the appropriate type ')
+        s.write('and try again.\n')
+
+    def _print_exception(self, e, s):
+        s.write('An error was encountered as part of executing the file ')
+        s.write('itself. The error appears to be the fault of the script.\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('The error as reported by Python is:\n')
+        s.write('\n')
+        s.write('    %s\n' % traceback.format_exception_only(type(e), e))
+
+
+class BuildReader(object):
+    """Read a tree of mozbuild files into data structures.
+
+    This is where the build system starts. You give it a tree configuration
+    (the output of configuration) and it executes the moz.build files and
+    collects the data they define.
+
+    The reader can optionally call a callable after each sandbox is evaluated
+    but before its evaluated content is processed. This gives callers the
+    opportunity to modify contexts before side-effects occur from their
+    content. This callback receives the ``Context`` containing the result of
+    each sandbox evaluation. Its return value is ignored.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, config, finder=default_finder):
+        self.config = config
+
+        self._log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        self._read_files = set()
+        self._execution_stack = []
+        self._finder = finder
+
+        self._execution_time = 0.0
+        self._file_count = 0
+
+    def summary(self):
+        return ExecutionSummary(
+            'Finished reading {file_count:d} moz.build files in '
+            '{execution_time:.2f}s',
+            file_count=self._file_count,
+            execution_time=self._execution_time)
+
+    def read_topsrcdir(self):
+        """Read the tree of linked moz.build files.
+
+        This starts with the tree's top-most moz.build file and descends into
+        all linked moz.build files until all relevant files have been evaluated.
+
+        This is a generator of Context instances. As each moz.build file is
+        read, a new Context is created and emitted.
+        """
+        path = mozpath.join(self.config.topsrcdir, 'moz.build')
+        return self.read_mozbuild(path, self.config)
+
+    def all_mozbuild_paths(self):
+        """Iterator over all available moz.build files.
+
+        This method has little to do with the reader. It should arguably belong
+        elsewhere.
+        """
+        # In the future, we may traverse moz.build files by looking
+        # for DIRS references in the AST, even if a directory is added behind
+        # a conditional. For now, just walk the filesystem.
+        ignore = {
+            # Ignore fake moz.build files used for testing moz.build.
+            'python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test',
+
+            # Ignore object directories.
+            'obj*',
+        }
+
+        finder = FileFinder(self.config.topsrcdir, find_executables=False,
+            ignore=ignore)
+
+        # The root doesn't get picked up by FileFinder.
+        yield 'moz.build'
+
+        for path, f in finder.find('**/moz.build'):
+            yield path
+
+    def find_sphinx_variables(self):
+        """This function finds all assignments of Sphinx documentation variables.
+
+        This is a generator of tuples of (moz.build path, var, key, value). For
+        variables that assign to keys in objects, key will be defined.
+
+        With a little work, this function could be made more generic. But if we
+        end up writing a lot of ast code, it might be best to import a
+        high-level AST manipulation library into the tree.
+        """
+        # This function looks for assignments to SPHINX_TREES and
+        # SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS variables.
+        #
+        # SPHINX_TREES is a dict. Keys and values should both be strings. The
+        # target of the assignment should be a Subscript node. The value
+        # assigned should be a Str node. e.g.
+        #
+        #  SPHINX_TREES['foo'] = 'bar'
+        #
+        # This is an Assign node with a Subscript target. The Subscript's value
+        # is a Name node with id "SPHINX_TREES." The slice of this target
+        # is an Index node and its value is a Str with value "foo."
+        #
+        # SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS is a simple list. The target of the
+        # assignment should be a Name node. Values should be a List node, whose
+        # elements are Str nodes. e.g.
+        #
+        #  SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS += ['foo']
+        #
+        # This is an AugAssign node with a Name target with id
+        # "SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS." The value is a List node containing 1
+        # Str elt whose value is "foo."
+        relevant = [
+            'SPHINX_TREES',
+            'SPHINX_PYTHON_PACKAGE_DIRS',
+        ]
+
+        def assigned_variable(node):
+            # This is not correct, but we don't care yet.
+            if hasattr(node, 'targets'):
+                # Nothing in moz.build does multi-assignment (yet). So error if
+                # we see it.
+                assert len(node.targets) == 1
+
+                target = node.targets[0]
+            else:
+                target = node.target
+
+            if isinstance(target, ast.Subscript):
+                if not isinstance(target.value, ast.Name):
+                    return None, None
+                name = target.value.id
+            elif isinstance(target, ast.Name):
+                name = target.id
+            else:
+                return None, None
+
+            if name not in relevant:
+                return None, None
+
+            key = None
+            if isinstance(target, ast.Subscript):
+                assert isinstance(target.slice, ast.Index)
+                assert isinstance(target.slice.value, ast.Str)
+                key = target.slice.value.s
+
+            return name, key
+
+        def assigned_values(node):
+            value = node.value
+            if isinstance(value, ast.List):
+                for v in value.elts:
+                    assert isinstance(v, ast.Str)
+                    yield v.s
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(value, ast.Str)
+                yield value.s
+
+        assignments = []
+
+        class Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
+            def helper(self, node):
+                name, key = assigned_variable(node)
+                if not name:
+                    return
+
+                for v in assigned_values(node):
+                    assignments.append((name, key, v))
+
+            def visit_Assign(self, node):
+                self.helper(node)
+
+            def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
+                self.helper(node)
+
+        for p in self.all_mozbuild_paths():
+            assignments[:] = []
+            full = os.path.join(self.config.topsrcdir, p)
+
+            with open(full, 'rb') as fh:
+                source = fh.read()
+
+            tree = ast.parse(source, full)
+            Visitor().visit(tree)
+
+            for name, key, value in assignments:
+                yield p, name, key, value
+
+    def read_mozbuild(self, path, config, descend=True, metadata={}):
+        """Read and process a mozbuild file, descending into children.
+
+        This starts with a single mozbuild file, executes it, and descends into
+        other referenced files per our traversal logic.
+
+        The traversal logic is to iterate over the *DIRS variables, treating
+        each element as a relative directory path. For each encountered
+        directory, we will open the moz.build file located in that
+        directory in a new Sandbox and process it.
+
+        If descend is True (the default), we will descend into child
+        directories and files per variable values.
+
+        Arbitrary metadata in the form of a dict can be passed into this
+        function. This feature is intended to facilitate the build reader
+        injecting state and annotations into moz.build files that is
+        independent of the sandbox's execution context.
+
+        Traversal is performed depth first (for no particular reason).
+        """
+        self._execution_stack.append(path)
+        try:
+            for s in self._read_mozbuild(path, config, descend=descend,
+                                         metadata=metadata):
+                yield s
+
+        except BuildReaderError as bre:
+            raise bre
+
+        except SandboxCalledError as sce:
+            raise BuildReaderError(list(self._execution_stack),
+                sys.exc_info()[2], sandbox_called_error=sce)
+
+        except SandboxExecutionError as se:
+            raise BuildReaderError(list(self._execution_stack),
+                sys.exc_info()[2], sandbox_exec_error=se)
+
+        except SandboxLoadError as sle:
+            raise BuildReaderError(list(self._execution_stack),
+                sys.exc_info()[2], sandbox_load_error=sle)
+
+        except SandboxValidationError as ve:
+            raise BuildReaderError(list(self._execution_stack),
+                sys.exc_info()[2], validation_error=ve)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise BuildReaderError(list(self._execution_stack),
+                sys.exc_info()[2], other_error=e)
+
+    def _read_mozbuild(self, path, config, descend, metadata):
+        path = mozpath.normpath(path)
+        log(self._log, logging.DEBUG, 'read_mozbuild', {'path': path},
+            'Reading file: {path}')
+
+        if path in self._read_files:
+            log(self._log, logging.WARNING, 'read_already', {'path': path},
+                'File already read. Skipping: {path}')
+            return
+
+        self._read_files.add(path)
+
+        time_start = time.time()
+
+        topobjdir = config.topobjdir
+
+        if not mozpath.basedir(path, [config.topsrcdir]):
+            external = config.external_source_dir
+            if external and mozpath.basedir(path, [external]):
+                config = ConfigEnvironment.from_config_status(
+                    mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'config.status'))
+                config.topsrcdir = external
+                config.external_source_dir = None
+
+        relpath = mozpath.relpath(path, config.topsrcdir)
+        reldir = mozpath.dirname(relpath)
+
+        if mozpath.dirname(relpath) == 'js/src' and \
+                not config.substs.get('JS_STANDALONE'):
+            config = ConfigEnvironment.from_config_status(
+                mozpath.join(topobjdir, reldir, 'config.status'))
+            config.topobjdir = topobjdir
+            config.external_source_dir = None
+
+        context = Context(VARIABLES, config, self._finder)
+        sandbox = MozbuildSandbox(context, metadata=metadata,
+                                  finder=self._finder)
+        sandbox.exec_file(path)
+        self._execution_time += time.time() - time_start
+        self._file_count += len(context.all_paths)
+
+        # Yield main context before doing any processing. This gives immediate
+        # consumers an opportunity to change state before our remaining
+        # processing is performed.
+        yield context
+
+        # We need the list of directories pre-gyp processing for later.
+        dirs = list(context.get('DIRS', []))
+
+        curdir = mozpath.dirname(path)
+
+        gyp_contexts = []
+        for target_dir in context.get('GYP_DIRS', []):
+            gyp_dir = context['GYP_DIRS'][target_dir]
+            for v in ('input', 'variables'):
+                if not getattr(gyp_dir, v):
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('Missing value for '
+                        'GYP_DIRS["%s"].%s' % (target_dir, v), context)
+
+            # The make backend assumes contexts for sub-directories are
+            # emitted after their parent, so accumulate the gyp contexts.
+            # We could emit the parent context before processing gyp
+            # configuration, but we need to add the gyp objdirs to that context
+            # first.
+            from .gyp_reader import read_from_gyp
+            non_unified_sources = set()
+            for s in gyp_dir.non_unified_sources:
+                source = SourcePath(context, s)
+                if not self._finder.get(source.full_path):
+                    raise SandboxValidationError('Cannot find %s.' % source,
+                        context)
+                non_unified_sources.add(source)
+            time_start = time.time()
+            for gyp_context in read_from_gyp(context.config,
+                                             mozpath.join(curdir, gyp_dir.input),
+                                             mozpath.join(context.objdir,
+                                                          target_dir),
+                                             gyp_dir.variables,
+                                             non_unified_sources = non_unified_sources):
+                gyp_context.update(gyp_dir.sandbox_vars)
+                gyp_contexts.append(gyp_context)
+                self._file_count += len(gyp_context.all_paths)
+            self._execution_time += time.time() - time_start
+
+        for gyp_context in gyp_contexts:
+            context['DIRS'].append(mozpath.relpath(gyp_context.objdir, context.objdir))
+            sandbox.subcontexts.append(gyp_context)
+
+        for subcontext in sandbox.subcontexts:
+            yield subcontext
+
+        # Traverse into referenced files.
+
+        # It's very tempting to use a set here. Unfortunately, the recursive
+        # make backend needs order preserved. Once we autogenerate all backend
+        # files, we should be able to convert this to a set.
+        recurse_info = OrderedDict()
+        for d in dirs:
+            if d in recurse_info:
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'Directory (%s) registered multiple times' % (
+                        mozpath.relpath(d.full_path, context.srcdir)),
+                    context)
+
+            recurse_info[d] = {}
+            for key in sandbox.metadata:
+                if key == 'exports':
+                    sandbox.recompute_exports()
+
+                recurse_info[d][key] = dict(sandbox.metadata[key])
+
+        for path, child_metadata in recurse_info.items():
+            child_path = path.join('moz.build').full_path
+
+            # Ensure we don't break out of the topsrcdir. We don't do realpath
+            # because it isn't necessary. If there are symlinks in the srcdir,
+            # that's not our problem. We're not a hosted application: we don't
+            # need to worry about security too much.
+            if not is_read_allowed(child_path, context.config):
+                raise SandboxValidationError(
+                    'Attempting to process file outside of allowed paths: %s' %
+                        child_path, context)
+
+            if not descend:
+                continue
+
+            for res in self.read_mozbuild(child_path, context.config,
+                                          metadata=child_metadata):
+                yield res
+
+        self._execution_stack.pop()
+
+    def _find_relevant_mozbuilds(self, paths):
+        """Given a set of filesystem paths, find all relevant moz.build files.
+
+        We assume that a moz.build file in the directory ancestry of a given path
+        is relevant to that path. Let's say we have the following files on disk::
+
+           moz.build
+           foo/moz.build
+           foo/baz/moz.build
+           foo/baz/file1
+           other/moz.build
+           other/file2
+
+        If ``foo/baz/file1`` is passed in, the relevant moz.build files are
+        ``moz.build``, ``foo/moz.build``, and ``foo/baz/moz.build``. For
+        ``other/file2``, the relevant moz.build files are ``moz.build`` and
+        ``other/moz.build``.
+
+        Returns a dict of input paths to a list of relevant moz.build files.
+        The root moz.build file is first and the leaf-most moz.build is last.
+        """
+        root = self.config.topsrcdir
+        result = {}
+
+        @memoize
+        def exists(path):
+            return self._finder.get(path) is not None
+
+        def itermozbuild(path):
+            subpath = ''
+            yield 'moz.build'
+            for part in mozpath.split(path):
+                subpath = mozpath.join(subpath, part)
+                yield mozpath.join(subpath, 'moz.build')
+
+        for path in sorted(paths):
+            path = mozpath.normpath(path)
+            if os.path.isabs(path):
+                if not mozpath.basedir(path, [root]):
+                    raise Exception('Path outside topsrcdir: %s' % path)
+                path = mozpath.relpath(path, root)
+
+            result[path] = [p for p in itermozbuild(path)
+                              if exists(mozpath.join(root, p))]
+
+        return result
+
+    def read_relevant_mozbuilds(self, paths):
+        """Read and process moz.build files relevant for a set of paths.
+
+        For an iterable of relative-to-root filesystem paths ``paths``,
+        find all moz.build files that may apply to them based on filesystem
+        hierarchy and read those moz.build files.
+
+        The return value is a 2-tuple. The first item is a dict mapping each
+        input filesystem path to a list of Context instances that are relevant
+        to that path. The second item is a list of all Context instances. Each
+        Context instance is in both data structures.
+        """
+        relevants = self._find_relevant_mozbuilds(paths)
+
+        topsrcdir = self.config.topsrcdir
+
+        # Source moz.build file to directories to traverse.
+        dirs = defaultdict(set)
+        # Relevant path to absolute paths of relevant contexts.
+        path_mozbuilds = {}
+
+        # There is room to improve this code (and the code in
+        # _find_relevant_mozbuilds) to better handle multiple files in the same
+        # directory. Bug 1136966 tracks.
+        for path, mbpaths in relevants.items():
+            path_mozbuilds[path] = [mozpath.join(topsrcdir, p) for p in mbpaths]
+
+            for i, mbpath in enumerate(mbpaths[0:-1]):
+                source_dir = mozpath.dirname(mbpath)
+                target_dir = mozpath.dirname(mbpaths[i + 1])
+
+                d = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(topsrcdir, mbpath))
+                dirs[d].add(mozpath.relpath(target_dir, source_dir))
+
+        # Exporting doesn't work reliably in tree traversal mode. Override
+        # the function to no-op.
+        functions = dict(FUNCTIONS)
+        def export(sandbox):
+            return lambda varname: None
+        functions['export'] = tuple([export] + list(FUNCTIONS['export'][1:]))
+
+        metadata = {
+            'functions': functions,
+        }
+
+        contexts = defaultdict(list)
+        all_contexts = []
+        for context in self.read_mozbuild(mozpath.join(topsrcdir, 'moz.build'),
+                                          self.config, metadata=metadata):
+            # Explicitly set directory traversal variables to override default
+            # traversal rules.
+            if not isinstance(context, SubContext):
+                for v in ('DIRS', 'GYP_DIRS'):
+                    context[v][:] = []
+
+                context['DIRS'] = sorted(dirs[context.main_path])
+
+            contexts[context.main_path].append(context)
+            all_contexts.append(context)
+
+        result = {}
+        for path, paths in path_mozbuilds.items():
+            result[path] = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, (contexts[p] for p in paths), [])
+
+        return result, all_contexts
+
+    def files_info(self, paths):
+        """Obtain aggregate data from Files for a set of files.
+
+        Given a set of input paths, determine which moz.build files may
+        define metadata for them, evaluate those moz.build files, and
+        apply file metadata rules defined within to determine metadata
+        values for each file requested.
+
+        Essentially, for each input path:
+
+        1. Determine the set of moz.build files relevant to that file by
+           looking for moz.build files in ancestor directories.
+        2. Evaluate moz.build files starting with the most distant.
+        3. Iterate over Files sub-contexts.
+        4. If the file pattern matches the file we're seeking info on,
+           apply attribute updates.
+        5. Return the most recent value of attributes.
+        """
+        paths, _ = self.read_relevant_mozbuilds(paths)
+
+        r = {}
+
+        for path, ctxs in paths.items():
+            flags = Files(Context())
+
+            for ctx in ctxs:
+                if not isinstance(ctx, Files):
+                    continue
+
+                relpath = mozpath.relpath(path, ctx.relsrcdir)
+                pattern = ctx.pattern
+
+                # Only do wildcard matching if the '*' character is present.
+                # Otherwise, mozpath.match will match directories, which we've
+                # arbitrarily chosen to not allow.
+                if pattern == relpath or \
+                        ('*' in pattern and mozpath.match(relpath, pattern)):
+                    flags += ctx
+
+            if not any([flags.test_tags, flags.test_files, flags.test_flavors]):
+                flags += self.test_defaults_for_path(ctxs)
+
+            r[path] = flags
+
+        return r
+
+    def test_defaults_for_path(self, ctxs):
+        # This names the context keys that will end up emitting a test
+        # manifest.
+        test_manifest_contexts = set(
+            ['%s_MANIFESTS' % key for key in TEST_MANIFESTS] +
+            ['%s_MANIFESTS' % flavor.upper() for flavor in REFTEST_FLAVORS] +
+            ['%s_MANIFESTS' % flavor.upper().replace('-', '_') for flavor in WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_FLAVORS]
+        )
+
+        result_context = Files(Context())
+        for ctx in ctxs:
+            for key in ctx:
+                if key not in test_manifest_contexts:
+                    continue
+                for paths, obj in ctx[key]:
+                    if isinstance(paths, tuple):
+                        path, tests_root = paths
+                        tests_root = mozpath.join(ctx.relsrcdir, tests_root)
+                        for t in (mozpath.join(tests_root, path) for path, _ in obj):
+                            result_context.test_files.add(mozpath.dirname(t) + '/**')
+                    else:
+                        for t in obj.tests:
+                            if isinstance(t, tuple):
+                                path, _ = t
+                                relpath = mozpath.relpath(path,
+                                                          self.config.topsrcdir)
+                            else:
+                                relpath = t['relpath']
+                            result_context.test_files.add(mozpath.dirname(relpath) + '/**')
+        return result_context
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/sandbox.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/sandbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bf1599f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/frontend/sandbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+r"""Python sandbox implementation for build files.
+
+This module contains classes for Python sandboxes that execute in a
+highly-controlled environment.
+
+The main class is `Sandbox`. This provides an execution environment for Python
+code and is used to fill a Context instance for the takeaway information from
+the execution.
+
+Code in this module takes a different approach to exception handling compared
+to what you'd see elsewhere in Python. Arguments to built-in exceptions like
+KeyError are machine parseable. This machine-friendly data is used to present
+user-friendly error messages in the case of errors.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import sys
+import weakref
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    exec_,
+    ReadOnlyDict,
+)
+from .context import Context
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+
+
+default_finder = FileFinder('/', find_executables=False)
+
+
+def alphabetical_sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=lambda x: x.lower(),
+                        reverse=False):
+    """sorted() replacement for the sandbox, ordering alphabetically by
+    default.
+    """
+    return sorted(iterable, cmp, key, reverse)
+
+
+class SandboxError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, file_stack):
+        self.file_stack = file_stack
+
+
+class SandboxExecutionError(SandboxError):
+    """Represents errors encountered during execution of a Sandbox.
+
+    This is a simple container exception. It's purpose is to capture state
+    so something else can report on it.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, file_stack, exc_type, exc_value, trace):
+        SandboxError.__init__(self, file_stack)
+
+        self.exc_type = exc_type
+        self.exc_value = exc_value
+        self.trace = trace
+
+
+class SandboxLoadError(SandboxError):
+    """Represents errors encountered when loading a file for execution.
+
+    This exception represents errors in a Sandbox that occurred as part of
+    loading a file. The error could have occurred in the course of executing
+    a file. If so, the file_stack will be non-empty and the file that caused
+    the load will be on top of the stack.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, file_stack, trace, illegal_path=None, read_error=None):
+        SandboxError.__init__(self, file_stack)
+
+        self.trace = trace
+        self.illegal_path = illegal_path
+        self.read_error = read_error
+
+
+class Sandbox(dict):
+    """Represents a sandbox for executing Python code.
+
+    This class provides a sandbox for execution of a single mozbuild frontend
+    file. The results of that execution is stored in the Context instance given
+    as the ``context`` argument.
+
+    Sandbox is effectively a glorified wrapper around compile() + exec(). You
+    point it at some Python code and it executes it. The main difference from
+    executing Python code like normal is that the executed code is very limited
+    in what it can do: the sandbox only exposes a very limited set of Python
+    functionality. Only specific types and functions are available. This
+    prevents executed code from doing things like import modules, open files,
+    etc.
+
+    Sandbox instances act as global namespace for the sandboxed execution
+    itself. They shall not be used to access the results of the execution.
+    Those results are available in the given Context instance after execution.
+
+    The Sandbox itself is responsible for enforcing rules such as forbidding
+    reassignment of variables.
+
+    Implementation note: Sandbox derives from dict because exec() insists that
+    what it is given for namespaces is a dict.
+    """
+    # The default set of builtins.
+    BUILTINS = ReadOnlyDict({
+        # Only real Python built-ins should go here.
+        'None': None,
+        'False': False,
+        'True': True,
+        'sorted': alphabetical_sorted,
+        'int': int,
+    })
+
+    def __init__(self, context, builtins=None, finder=default_finder):
+        """Initialize a Sandbox ready for execution.
+        """
+        self._builtins = builtins or self.BUILTINS
+        dict.__setitem__(self, '__builtins__', self._builtins)
+
+        assert isinstance(self._builtins, ReadOnlyDict)
+        assert isinstance(context, Context)
+
+        # Contexts are modeled as a stack because multiple context managers
+        # may be active.
+        self._active_contexts = [context]
+
+        # Seen sub-contexts. Will be populated with other Context instances
+        # that were related to execution of this instance.
+        self.subcontexts = []
+
+        # We need to record this because it gets swallowed as part of
+        # evaluation.
+        self._last_name_error = None
+
+        # Current literal source being executed.
+        self._current_source = None
+
+        self._finder = finder
+
+    @property
+    def _context(self):
+        return self._active_contexts[-1]
+
+    def exec_file(self, path):
+        """Execute code at a path in the sandbox.
+
+        The path must be absolute.
+        """
+        assert os.path.isabs(path)
+
+        try:
+            source = self._finder.get(path).read()
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise SandboxLoadError(self._context.source_stack,
+                sys.exc_info()[2], read_error=path)
+
+        self.exec_source(source, path)
+
+    def exec_source(self, source, path=''):
+        """Execute Python code within a string.
+
+        The passed string should contain Python code to be executed. The string
+        will be compiled and executed.
+
+        You should almost always go through exec_file() because exec_source()
+        does not perform extra path normalization. This can cause relative
+        paths to behave weirdly.
+        """
+        def execute():
+            # compile() inherits the __future__ from the module by default. We
+            # do want Unicode literals.
+            code = compile(source, path, 'exec')
+            # We use ourself as the global namespace for the execution. There
+            # is no need for a separate local namespace as moz.build execution
+            # is flat, namespace-wise.
+            old_source = self._current_source
+            self._current_source = source
+            try:
+                exec_(code, self)
+            finally:
+                self._current_source = old_source
+
+        self.exec_function(execute, path=path)
+
+    def exec_function(self, func, args=(), kwargs={}, path='',
+                      becomes_current_path=True):
+        """Execute function with the given arguments in the sandbox.
+        """
+        if path and becomes_current_path:
+            self._context.push_source(path)
+
+        old_sandbox = self._context._sandbox
+        self._context._sandbox = weakref.ref(self)
+
+        # We don't have to worry about bytecode generation here because we are
+        # too low-level for that. However, we could add bytecode generation via
+        # the marshall module if parsing performance were ever an issue.
+
+        old_source = self._current_source
+        self._current_source = None
+        try:
+            func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except SandboxError as e:
+            raise e
+        except NameError as e:
+            # A NameError is raised when a variable could not be found.
+            # The original KeyError has been dropped by the interpreter.
+            # However, we should have it cached in our instance!
+
+            # Unless a script is doing something wonky like catching NameError
+            # itself (that would be silly), if there is an exception on the
+            # global namespace, that's our error.
+            actual = e
+
+            if self._last_name_error is not None:
+                actual = self._last_name_error
+            source_stack = self._context.source_stack
+            if not becomes_current_path:
+                # Add current file to the stack because it wasn't added before
+                # sandbox execution.
+                source_stack.append(path)
+            raise SandboxExecutionError(source_stack, type(actual), actual,
+                                        sys.exc_info()[2])
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Need to copy the stack otherwise we get a reference and that is
+            # mutated during the finally.
+            exc = sys.exc_info()
+            source_stack = self._context.source_stack
+            if not becomes_current_path:
+                # Add current file to the stack because it wasn't added before
+                # sandbox execution.
+                source_stack.append(path)
+            raise SandboxExecutionError(source_stack, exc[0], exc[1], exc[2])
+        finally:
+            self._current_source = old_source
+            self._context._sandbox = old_sandbox
+            if path and becomes_current_path:
+                self._context.pop_source()
+
+    def push_subcontext(self, context):
+        """Push a SubContext onto the execution stack.
+
+        When called, the active context will be set to the specified context,
+        meaning all variable accesses will go through it. We also record this
+        SubContext as having been executed as part of this sandbox.
+        """
+        self._active_contexts.append(context)
+        if context not in self.subcontexts:
+            self.subcontexts.append(context)
+
+    def pop_subcontext(self, context):
+        """Pop a SubContext off the execution stack.
+
+        SubContexts must be pushed and popped in opposite order. This is
+        validated as part of the function call to ensure proper consumer API
+        use.
+        """
+        popped = self._active_contexts.pop()
+        assert popped == context
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key.isupper():
+            try:
+                return self._context[key]
+            except Exception as e:
+                self._last_name_error = e
+                raise
+
+        return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key in self._builtins or key == '__builtins__':
+            raise KeyError('Cannot reassign builtins')
+
+        if key.isupper():
+            # Forbid assigning over a previously set value. Interestingly, when
+            # doing FOO += ['bar'], python actually does something like:
+            #   foo = namespace.__getitem__('FOO')
+            #   foo.__iadd__(['bar'])
+            #   namespace.__setitem__('FOO', foo)
+            # This means __setitem__ is called with the value that is already
+            # in the dict, when doing +=, which is permitted.
+            if key in self._context and self._context[key] is not value:
+                raise KeyError('global_ns', 'reassign', key)
+
+            if (key not in self._context and isinstance(value, (list, dict))
+               and not value):
+                raise KeyError('Variable %s assigned an empty value.' % key)
+
+            self._context[key] = value
+        else:
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not supported')
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not supported')
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not supported')
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        if key.isupper():
+            return key in self._context
+        return dict.__contains__(self, key)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/html_build_viewer.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/html_build_viewer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5151f04a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/html_build_viewer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This module contains code for running an HTTP server to view build info.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import BaseHTTPServer
+import json
+import os
+
+import requests
+
+
+class HTTPHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def do_GET(self):
+        s = self.server.wrapper
+        p = self.path
+
+        if p == '/list':
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=utf-8')
+            self.end_headers()
+
+            keys = sorted(s.json_files.keys())
+            json.dump({'files': keys}, self.wfile)
+            return
+
+        if p.startswith('/resources/'):
+            key = p[len('/resources/'):]
+
+            if key not in s.json_files:
+                self.send_error(404)
+                return
+
+            self.send_response(200)
+            self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=utf-8')
+            self.end_headers()
+
+            self.wfile.write(s.json_files[key])
+            return
+
+        if p == '/':
+            p = '/index.html'
+
+        self.serve_docroot(s.doc_root, p[1:])
+
+    def do_POST(self):
+        if self.path == '/shutdown':
+            self.server.wrapper.do_shutdown = True
+            self.send_response(200)
+            return
+
+        self.send_error(404)
+
+    def serve_docroot(self, root, path):
+        local_path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(root, path))
+
+        # Cheap security. This doesn't resolve symlinks, etc. But, it should be
+        # acceptable since this server only runs locally.
+        if not local_path.startswith(root):
+            self.send_error(404)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(local_path):
+            self.send_error(404)
+            return
+
+        if os.path.isdir(local_path):
+            self.send_error(500)
+            return
+
+        self.send_response(200)
+        ct = 'text/plain'
+        if path.endswith('.html'):
+            ct = 'text/html'
+
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', ct)
+        self.end_headers()
+
+        with open(local_path, 'rb') as fh:
+            self.wfile.write(fh.read())
+
+
+class BuildViewerServer(object):
+    def __init__(self, address='localhost', port=0):
+        # TODO use pkg_resources to obtain HTML resources.
+        pkg_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+        doc_root = os.path.join(pkg_dir, 'resources', 'html-build-viewer')
+        assert os.path.isdir(doc_root)
+
+        self.doc_root = doc_root
+        self.json_files = {}
+
+        self.server = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer((address, port), HTTPHandler)
+        self.server.wrapper = self
+        self.do_shutdown = False
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        hostname, port = self.server.server_address
+        return 'http://%s:%d/' % (hostname, port)
+
+    def add_resource_json_file(self, key, path):
+        """Register a resource JSON file with the server.
+
+        The file will be made available under the name/key specified."""
+        with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+            self.json_files[key] = fh.read()
+
+    def add_resource_json_url(self, key, url):
+        """Register a resource JSON file at a URL."""
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        if r.status_code != 200:
+            raise Exception('Non-200 HTTP response code')
+        self.json_files[key] = r.text
+
+    def run(self):
+        while not self.do_shutdown:
+            self.server.handle_request()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/jar.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/jar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d40751b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/jar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+'''jarmaker.py provides a python class to package up chrome content by
+processing jar.mn files.
+
+See the documentation for jar.mn on MDC for further details on the format.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import os
+import errno
+import re
+import logging
+from time import localtime
+from MozZipFile import ZipFile
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from mozbuild.action.buildlist import addEntriesToListFile
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    from ctypes import windll, WinError
+    CreateHardLink = windll.kernel32.CreateHardLinkA
+
+__all__ = ['JarMaker']
+
+
+class ZipEntry(object):
+    '''Helper class for jar output.
+
+      This class defines a simple file-like object for a zipfile.ZipEntry
+      so that we can consecutively write to it and then close it.
+      This methods hooks into ZipFile.writestr on close().
+      '''
+
+    def __init__(self, name, zipfile):
+        self._zipfile = zipfile
+        self._name = name
+        self._inner = StringIO()
+
+    def write(self, content):
+        '''Append the given content to this zip entry'''
+
+        self._inner.write(content)
+        return
+
+    def close(self):
+        '''The close method writes the content back to the zip file.'''
+
+        self._zipfile.writestr(self._name, self._inner.getvalue())
+
+
+def getModTime(aPath):
+    if not os.path.isfile(aPath):
+        return 0
+    mtime = os.stat(aPath).st_mtime
+    return localtime(mtime)
+
+
+class JarManifestEntry(object):
+    def __init__(self, output, source, is_locale=False, preprocess=False):
+        self.output = output
+        self.source = source
+        self.is_locale = is_locale
+        self.preprocess = preprocess
+
+
+class JarInfo(object):
+    def __init__(self, base_or_jarinfo, name=None):
+        if name is None:
+            assert isinstance(base_or_jarinfo, JarInfo)
+            self.base = base_or_jarinfo.base
+            self.name = base_or_jarinfo.name
+        else:
+            assert not isinstance(base_or_jarinfo, JarInfo)
+            self.base = base_or_jarinfo or ''
+            self.name = name
+            # For compatibility with existing jar.mn files, if there is no
+            # base, the jar name is under chrome/
+            if not self.base:
+                self.name = mozpath.join('chrome', self.name)
+        self.relativesrcdir = None
+        self.chrome_manifests = []
+        self.entries = []
+
+
+class DeprecatedJarManifest(Exception): pass
+
+
+class JarManifestParser(object):
+
+    ignore = re.compile('\s*(\#.*)?$')
+    jarline = re.compile('''
+        (?:
+            (?:\[(?P<base>[\w\d.\-\_\\\/{}@]+)\]\s*)? # optional [base/path]
+            (?P<jarfile>[\w\d.\-\_\\\/{}]+).jar\:    # filename.jar:
+        |
+            (?:\s*(\#.*)?)                           # comment
+        )\s*$                                        # whitespaces
+        ''', re.VERBOSE)
+    relsrcline = re.compile('relativesrcdir\s+(?P<relativesrcdir>.+?):')
+    regline = re.compile('\%\s+(.*)$')
+    entryre = '(?P<optPreprocess>\*)?(?P<optOverwrite>\+?)\s+'
+    entryline = re.compile(entryre
+                           + '(?P<output>[\w\d.\-\_\\\/\+\@]+)\s*(\((?P<locale>\%?)(?P<source>[\w\d.\-\_\\\/\@\*]+)\))?\s*$'
+                           )
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._current_jar = None
+        self._jars = []
+
+    def write(self, line):
+        # A Preprocessor instance feeds the parser through calls to this method.
+
+        # Ignore comments and empty lines
+        if self.ignore.match(line):
+            return
+
+        # A jar manifest file can declare several different sections, each of
+        # which applies to a given "jar file". Each of those sections starts
+        # with "<name>.jar:", in which case the path is assumed relative to
+        # a "chrome" directory, or "[<base/path>] <subpath/name>.jar:", where
+        # a base directory is given (usually pointing at the root of the
+        # application or addon) and the jar path is given relative to the base
+        # directory.
+        if self._current_jar is None:
+            m = self.jarline.match(line)
+            if not m:
+                raise RuntimeError(line)
+            if m.group('jarfile'):
+                self._current_jar = JarInfo(m.group('base'),
+                                            m.group('jarfile'))
+                self._jars.append(self._current_jar)
+            return
+
+        # Within each section, there can be three different types of entries:
+
+        # - indications of the relative source directory we pretend to be in
+        # when considering localization files, in the following form;
+        # "relativesrcdir <path>:"
+        m = self.relsrcline.match(line)
+        if m:
+            if self._current_jar.chrome_manifests or self._current_jar.entries:
+                self._current_jar = JarInfo(self._current_jar)
+                self._jars.append(self._current_jar)
+            self._current_jar.relativesrcdir = m.group('relativesrcdir')
+            return
+
+        # - chrome manifest entries, prefixed with "%".
+        m = self.regline.match(line)
+        if m:
+            rline = ' '.join(m.group(1).split())
+            if rline not in self._current_jar.chrome_manifests:
+                self._current_jar.chrome_manifests.append(rline)
+            return
+
+        # - entries indicating files to be part of the given jar. They are
+        # formed thusly:
+        #   "<dest_path>"
+        # or
+        #   "<dest_path> (<source_path>)"
+        # The <dest_path> is where the file(s) will be put in the chrome jar.
+        # The <source_path> is where the file(s) can be found in the source
+        # directory. The <source_path> may start with a "%" for files part
+        # of a localization directory, in which case the "%" counts as the
+        # locale.
+        # Each entry can be prefixed with "*" for preprocessing.
+        m = self.entryline.match(line)
+        if m:
+            if m.group('optOverwrite'):
+                raise DeprecatedJarManifest(
+                    'The "+" prefix is not supported anymore')
+            self._current_jar.entries.append(JarManifestEntry(
+                m.group('output'),
+                m.group('source') or mozpath.basename(m.group('output')),
+                is_locale=bool(m.group('locale')),
+                preprocess=bool(m.group('optPreprocess')),
+            ))
+            return
+
+        self._current_jar = None
+        self.write(line)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._jars)
+
+
+class JarMaker(object):
+    '''JarMaker reads jar.mn files and process those into jar files or
+      flat directories, along with chrome.manifest files.
+      '''
+
+    def __init__(self, outputFormat='flat', useJarfileManifest=True,
+        useChromeManifest=False):
+
+        self.outputFormat = outputFormat
+        self.useJarfileManifest = useJarfileManifest
+        self.useChromeManifest = useChromeManifest
+        self.pp = Preprocessor()
+        self.topsourcedir = None
+        self.sourcedirs = []
+        self.localedirs = None
+        self.l10nbase = None
+        self.l10nmerge = None
+        self.relativesrcdir = None
+        self.rootManifestAppId = None
+        self._seen_output = set()
+
+    def getCommandLineParser(self):
+        '''Get a optparse.OptionParser for jarmaker.
+
+        This OptionParser has the options for jarmaker as well as
+        the options for the inner PreProcessor.
+        '''
+
+        # HACK, we need to unescape the string variables we get,
+        # the perl versions didn't grok strings right
+
+        p = self.pp.getCommandLineParser(unescapeDefines=True)
+        p.add_option('-f', type='choice', default='jar',
+            choices=('jar', 'flat', 'symlink'),
+            help='fileformat used for output',
+            metavar='[jar, flat, symlink]',
+            )
+        p.add_option('-v', action='store_true', dest='verbose',
+                     help='verbose output')
+        p.add_option('-q', action='store_false', dest='verbose',
+                     help='verbose output')
+        p.add_option('-e', action='store_true',
+                     help='create chrome.manifest instead of jarfile.manifest'
+                     )
+        p.add_option('-s', type='string', action='append', default=[],
+                     help='source directory')
+        p.add_option('-t', type='string', help='top source directory')
+        p.add_option('-c', '--l10n-src', type='string', action='append'
+                     , help='localization directory')
+        p.add_option('--l10n-base', type='string', action='store',
+                     help='base directory to be used for localization (requires relativesrcdir)'
+                     )
+        p.add_option('--locale-mergedir', type='string', action='store'
+                     ,
+                     help='base directory to be used for l10n-merge (requires l10n-base and relativesrcdir)'
+                     )
+        p.add_option('--relativesrcdir', type='string',
+                     help='relativesrcdir to be used for localization')
+        p.add_option('-d', type='string', help='base directory')
+        p.add_option('--root-manifest-entry-appid', type='string',
+                     help='add an app id specific root chrome manifest entry.'
+                     )
+        return p
+
+    def finalizeJar(self, jardir, jarbase, jarname, chromebasepath, register, doZip=True):
+        '''Helper method to write out the chrome registration entries to
+         jarfile.manifest or chrome.manifest, or both.
+
+        The actual file processing is done in updateManifest.
+        '''
+
+        # rewrite the manifest, if entries given
+        if not register:
+            return
+
+        chromeManifest = os.path.join(jardir, jarbase, 'chrome.manifest')
+
+        if self.useJarfileManifest:
+            self.updateManifest(os.path.join(jardir, jarbase,
+                                             jarname + '.manifest'),
+                                chromebasepath.format(''), register)
+            if jarname != 'chrome':
+                addEntriesToListFile(chromeManifest,
+                                     ['manifest {0}.manifest'.format(jarname)])
+        if self.useChromeManifest:
+            chromebase = os.path.dirname(jarname) + '/'
+            self.updateManifest(chromeManifest,
+                                chromebasepath.format(chromebase), register)
+
+        # If requested, add a root chrome manifest entry (assumed to be in the parent directory
+        # of chromeManifest) with the application specific id. In cases where we're building
+        # lang packs, the root manifest must know about application sub directories.
+
+        if self.rootManifestAppId:
+            rootChromeManifest = \
+                os.path.join(os.path.normpath(os.path.dirname(chromeManifest)),
+                             '..', 'chrome.manifest')
+            rootChromeManifest = os.path.normpath(rootChromeManifest)
+            chromeDir = \
+                os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(os.path.normpath(chromeManifest)))
+            logging.info("adding '%s' entry to root chrome manifest appid=%s"
+                          % (chromeDir, self.rootManifestAppId))
+            addEntriesToListFile(rootChromeManifest,
+                                 ['manifest %s/chrome.manifest application=%s'
+                                  % (chromeDir,
+                                 self.rootManifestAppId)])
+
+    def updateManifest(self, manifestPath, chromebasepath, register):
+        '''updateManifest replaces the % in the chrome registration entries
+        with the given chrome base path, and updates the given manifest file.
+        '''
+        myregister = dict.fromkeys(map(lambda s: s.replace('%',
+            chromebasepath), register))
+        addEntriesToListFile(manifestPath, myregister.iterkeys())
+
+    def makeJar(self, infile, jardir):
+        '''makeJar is the main entry point to JarMaker.
+
+        It takes the input file, the output directory, the source dirs and the
+        top source dir as argument, and optionally the l10n dirs.
+        '''
+
+        # making paths absolute, guess srcdir if file and add to sourcedirs
+        _normpath = lambda p: os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(p))
+        self.topsourcedir = _normpath(self.topsourcedir)
+        self.sourcedirs = [_normpath(p) for p in self.sourcedirs]
+        if self.localedirs:
+            self.localedirs = [_normpath(p) for p in self.localedirs]
+        elif self.relativesrcdir:
+            self.localedirs = \
+                self.generateLocaleDirs(self.relativesrcdir)
+        if isinstance(infile, basestring):
+            logging.info('processing ' + infile)
+            self.sourcedirs.append(_normpath(os.path.dirname(infile)))
+        pp = self.pp.clone()
+        pp.out = JarManifestParser()
+        pp.do_include(infile)
+
+        for info in pp.out:
+            self.processJarSection(info, jardir)
+
+    def generateLocaleDirs(self, relativesrcdir):
+        if os.path.basename(relativesrcdir) == 'locales':
+            # strip locales
+            l10nrelsrcdir = os.path.dirname(relativesrcdir)
+        else:
+            l10nrelsrcdir = relativesrcdir
+        locdirs = []
+
+        # generate locales dirs, merge, l10nbase, en-US
+        if self.l10nmerge:
+            locdirs.append(os.path.join(self.l10nmerge, l10nrelsrcdir))
+        if self.l10nbase:
+            locdirs.append(os.path.join(self.l10nbase, l10nrelsrcdir))
+        if self.l10nmerge or not self.l10nbase:
+            # add en-US if we merge, or if it's not l10n
+            locdirs.append(os.path.join(self.topsourcedir,
+                           relativesrcdir, 'en-US'))
+        return locdirs
+
+    def processJarSection(self, jarinfo, jardir):
+        '''Internal method called by makeJar to actually process a section
+        of a jar.mn file.
+        '''
+
+        # chromebasepath is used for chrome registration manifests
+        # {0} is getting replaced with chrome/ for chrome.manifest, and with
+        # an empty string for jarfile.manifest
+
+        chromebasepath = '{0}' + os.path.basename(jarinfo.name)
+        if self.outputFormat == 'jar':
+            chromebasepath = 'jar:' + chromebasepath + '.jar!'
+        chromebasepath += '/'
+
+        jarfile = os.path.join(jardir, jarinfo.base, jarinfo.name)
+        jf = None
+        if self.outputFormat == 'jar':
+            # jar
+            jarfilepath = jarfile + '.jar'
+            try:
+                os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(jarfilepath))
+            except OSError, error:
+                if error.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                    raise
+            jf = ZipFile(jarfilepath, 'a', lock=True)
+            outHelper = self.OutputHelper_jar(jf)
+        else:
+            outHelper = getattr(self, 'OutputHelper_'
+                                + self.outputFormat)(jarfile)
+
+        if jarinfo.relativesrcdir:
+            self.localedirs = self.generateLocaleDirs(jarinfo.relativesrcdir)
+
+        for e in jarinfo.entries:
+            self._processEntryLine(e, outHelper, jf)
+
+        self.finalizeJar(jardir, jarinfo.base, jarinfo.name, chromebasepath,
+                         jarinfo.chrome_manifests)
+        if jf is not None:
+            jf.close()
+
+    def _processEntryLine(self, e, outHelper, jf):
+        out = e.output
+        src = e.source
+
+        # pick the right sourcedir -- l10n, topsrc or src
+
+        if e.is_locale:
+            src_base = self.localedirs
+        elif src.startswith('/'):
+            # path/in/jar/file_name.xul     (/path/in/sourcetree/file_name.xul)
+            # refers to a path relative to topsourcedir, use that as base
+            # and strip the leading '/'
+            src_base = [self.topsourcedir]
+            src = src[1:]
+        else:
+            # use srcdirs and the objdir (current working dir) for relative paths
+            src_base = self.sourcedirs + [os.getcwd()]
+
+        if '*' in src:
+            def _prefix(s):
+                for p in s.split('/'):
+                    if '*' not in p:
+                        yield p + '/'
+            prefix = ''.join(_prefix(src))
+            emitted = set()
+            for _srcdir in src_base:
+                finder = FileFinder(_srcdir, find_executables=False)
+                for path, _ in finder.find(src):
+                    # If the path was already seen in one of the other source
+                    # directories, skip it. That matches the non-wildcard case
+                    # below, where we pick the first existing file.
+                    reduced_path = path[len(prefix):]
+                    if reduced_path in emitted:
+                        continue
+                    emitted.add(reduced_path)
+                    e = JarManifestEntry(
+                        mozpath.join(out, reduced_path),
+                        path,
+                        is_locale=e.is_locale,
+                        preprocess=e.preprocess,
+                    )
+                    self._processEntryLine(e, outHelper, jf)
+            return
+
+        # check if the source file exists
+        realsrc = None
+        for _srcdir in src_base:
+            if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(_srcdir, src)):
+                realsrc = os.path.join(_srcdir, src)
+                break
+        if realsrc is None:
+            if jf is not None:
+                jf.close()
+            raise RuntimeError('File "{0}" not found in {1}'.format(src,
+                               ', '.join(src_base)))
+
+        if out in self._seen_output:
+            raise RuntimeError('%s already added' % out)
+        self._seen_output.add(out)
+
+        if e.preprocess:
+            outf = outHelper.getOutput(out)
+            inf = open(realsrc)
+            pp = self.pp.clone()
+            if src[-4:] == '.css':
+                pp.setMarker('%')
+            pp.out = outf
+            pp.do_include(inf)
+            pp.failUnused(realsrc)
+            outf.close()
+            inf.close()
+            return
+
+        # copy or symlink if newer
+
+        if getModTime(realsrc) > outHelper.getDestModTime(e.output):
+            if self.outputFormat == 'symlink':
+                outHelper.symlink(realsrc, out)
+                return
+            outf = outHelper.getOutput(out)
+
+            # open in binary mode, this can be images etc
+
+            inf = open(realsrc, 'rb')
+            outf.write(inf.read())
+            outf.close()
+            inf.close()
+
+    class OutputHelper_jar(object):
+        '''Provide getDestModTime and getOutput for a given jarfile.'''
+
+        def __init__(self, jarfile):
+            self.jarfile = jarfile
+
+        def getDestModTime(self, aPath):
+            try:
+                info = self.jarfile.getinfo(aPath)
+                return info.date_time
+            except:
+                return 0
+
+        def getOutput(self, name):
+            return ZipEntry(name, self.jarfile)
+
+    class OutputHelper_flat(object):
+        '''Provide getDestModTime and getOutput for a given flat
+        output directory. The helper method ensureDirFor is used by
+        the symlink subclass.
+        '''
+
+        def __init__(self, basepath):
+            self.basepath = basepath
+
+        def getDestModTime(self, aPath):
+            return getModTime(os.path.join(self.basepath, aPath))
+
+        def getOutput(self, name):
+            out = self.ensureDirFor(name)
+
+            # remove previous link or file
+            try:
+                os.remove(out)
+            except OSError, e:
+                if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                    raise
+            return open(out, 'wb')
+
+        def ensureDirFor(self, name):
+            out = os.path.join(self.basepath, name)
+            outdir = os.path.dirname(out)
+            if not os.path.isdir(outdir):
+                try:
+                    os.makedirs(outdir)
+                except OSError, error:
+                    if error.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                        raise
+            return out
+
+    class OutputHelper_symlink(OutputHelper_flat):
+        '''Subclass of OutputHelper_flat that provides a helper for
+        creating a symlink including creating the parent directories.
+        '''
+
+        def symlink(self, src, dest):
+            out = self.ensureDirFor(dest)
+
+            # remove previous link or file
+            try:
+                os.remove(out)
+            except OSError, e:
+                if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                    raise
+            if sys.platform != 'win32':
+                os.symlink(src, out)
+            else:
+                # On Win32, use ctypes to create a hardlink
+                rv = CreateHardLink(out, src, None)
+                if rv == 0:
+                    raise WinError()
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    args = args or sys.argv
+    jm = JarMaker()
+    p = jm.getCommandLineParser()
+    (options, args) = p.parse_args(args)
+    jm.outputFormat = options.f
+    jm.sourcedirs = options.s
+    jm.topsourcedir = options.t
+    if options.e:
+        jm.useChromeManifest = True
+        jm.useJarfileManifest = False
+    if options.l10n_base:
+        if not options.relativesrcdir:
+            p.error('relativesrcdir required when using l10n-base')
+        if options.l10n_src:
+            p.error('both l10n-src and l10n-base are not supported')
+        jm.l10nbase = options.l10n_base
+        jm.relativesrcdir = options.relativesrcdir
+        jm.l10nmerge = options.locale_mergedir
+        if jm.l10nmerge and not os.path.isdir(jm.l10nmerge):
+            logging.warning("WARNING: --locale-mergedir passed, but '%s' does not exist. "
+                "Ignore this message if the locale is complete." % jm.l10nmerge)
+    elif options.locale_mergedir:
+        p.error('l10n-base required when using locale-mergedir')
+    jm.localedirs = options.l10n_src
+    if options.root_manifest_entry_appid:
+        jm.rootManifestAppId = options.root_manifest_entry_appid
+    noise = logging.INFO
+    if options.verbose is not None:
+        noise = options.verbose and logging.DEBUG or logging.WARN
+    if sys.version_info[:2] > (2, 3):
+        logging.basicConfig(format='%(message)s')
+    else:
+        logging.basicConfig()
+    logging.getLogger().setLevel(noise)
+    topsrc = options.t
+    topsrc = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(topsrc))
+    if not args:
+        infile = sys.stdin
+    else:
+        (infile, ) = args
+    jm.makeJar(infile, options.d)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/locale/en-US/LC_MESSAGES/mozbuild.mo b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/locale/en-US/LC_MESSAGES/mozbuild.mo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be7711cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/locale/en-US/LC_MESSAGES/mozbuild.mo
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/locale/en-US/LC_MESSAGES/mozbuild.po b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/locale/en-US/LC_MESSAGES/mozbuild.po
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbdfabd83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/locale/en-US/LC_MESSAGES/mozbuild.po
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+msgid "build.threads.short"
+msgstr "Thread Count"
+
+msgid "build.threads.full"
+msgstr "The number of threads to use when performing CPU intensive tasks. "
+       "This constrols the level of parallelization. The default value is "
+       "the number of cores in your machine."
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mach_commands.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mach_commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6802a47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mach_commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1603 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, # You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import errno
+import itertools
+import json
+import logging
+import operator
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mach.decorators import (
+    CommandArgument,
+    CommandArgumentGroup,
+    CommandProvider,
+    Command,
+    SubCommand,
+)
+
+from mach.mixin.logging import LoggingMixin
+
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException,
+    MachCommandBase,
+    MachCommandConditions as conditions,
+    MozbuildObject,
+    MozconfigFindException,
+    MozconfigLoadException,
+    ObjdirMismatchException,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.backend import (
+    backends,
+    get_backend_class,
+)
+from mozbuild.shellutil import quote as shell_quote
+
+
+BUILD_WHAT_HELP = '''
+What to build. Can be a top-level make target or a relative directory. If
+multiple options are provided, they will be built serially. Takes dependency
+information from `topsrcdir/build/dumbmake-dependencies` to build additional
+targets as needed. BUILDING ONLY PARTS OF THE TREE CAN RESULT IN BAD TREE
+STATE. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK.
+'''.strip()
+
+FINDER_SLOW_MESSAGE = '''
+===================
+PERFORMANCE WARNING
+
+The OS X Finder application (file indexing used by Spotlight) used a lot of CPU
+during the build - an average of %f%% (100%% is 1 core). This made your build
+slower.
+
+Consider adding ".noindex" to the end of your object directory name to have
+Finder ignore it. Or, add an indexing exclusion through the Spotlight System
+Preferences.
+===================
+'''.strip()
+
+EXCESSIVE_SWAP_MESSAGE = '''
+===================
+PERFORMANCE WARNING
+
+Your machine experienced a lot of swap activity during the build. This is
+possibly a sign that your machine doesn't have enough physical memory or
+not enough available memory to perform the build. It's also possible some
+other system activity during the build is to blame.
+
+If you feel this message is not appropriate for your machine configuration,
+please file a Core :: Build Config bug at
+https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=Core&component=Build%20Config
+and tell us about your machine and build configuration so we can adjust the
+warning heuristic.
+===================
+'''
+
+
+class TerminalLoggingHandler(logging.Handler):
+    """Custom logging handler that works with terminal window dressing.
+
+    This class should probably live elsewhere, like the mach core. Consider
+    this a proving ground for its usefulness.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        logging.Handler.__init__(self)
+
+        self.fh = sys.stdout
+        self.footer = None
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.acquire()
+
+        try:
+            self.fh.flush()
+        finally:
+            self.release()
+
+    def emit(self, record):
+        msg = self.format(record)
+
+        self.acquire()
+
+        try:
+            if self.footer:
+                self.footer.clear()
+
+            self.fh.write(msg)
+            self.fh.write('\n')
+
+            if self.footer:
+                self.footer.draw()
+
+            # If we don't flush, the footer may not get drawn.
+            self.fh.flush()
+        finally:
+            self.release()
+
+
+class BuildProgressFooter(object):
+    """Handles display of a build progress indicator in a terminal.
+
+    When mach builds inside a blessings-supported terminal, it will render
+    progress information collected from a BuildMonitor. This class converts the
+    state of BuildMonitor into terminal output.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, terminal, monitor):
+        # terminal is a blessings.Terminal.
+        self._t = terminal
+        self._fh = sys.stdout
+        self.tiers = monitor.tiers.tier_status.viewitems()
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Removes the footer from the current terminal."""
+        self._fh.write(self._t.move_x(0))
+        self._fh.write(self._t.clear_eos())
+
+    def draw(self):
+        """Draws this footer in the terminal."""
+
+        if not self.tiers:
+            return
+
+        # The drawn terminal looks something like:
+        # TIER: base nspr nss js platform app SUBTIER: static export libs tools DIRECTORIES: 06/09 (memory)
+
+        # This is a list of 2-tuples of (encoding function, input). None means
+        # no encoding. For a full reason on why we do things this way, read the
+        # big comment below.
+        parts = [('bold', 'TIER:')]
+        append = parts.append
+        for tier, status in self.tiers:
+            if status is None:
+                append(tier)
+            elif status == 'finished':
+                append(('green', tier))
+            else:
+                append(('underline_yellow', tier))
+
+        # We don't want to write more characters than the current width of the
+        # terminal otherwise wrapping may result in weird behavior. We can't
+        # simply truncate the line at terminal width characters because a)
+        # non-viewable escape characters count towards the limit and b) we
+        # don't want to truncate in the middle of an escape sequence because
+        # subsequent output would inherit the escape sequence.
+        max_width = self._t.width
+        written = 0
+        write_pieces = []
+        for part in parts:
+            try:
+                func, part = part
+                encoded = getattr(self._t, func)(part)
+            except ValueError:
+                encoded = part
+
+            len_part = len(part)
+            len_spaces = len(write_pieces)
+            if written + len_part + len_spaces > max_width:
+                write_pieces.append(part[0:max_width - written - len_spaces])
+                written += len_part
+                break
+
+            write_pieces.append(encoded)
+            written += len_part
+
+        with self._t.location():
+            self._t.move(self._t.height-1,0)
+            self._fh.write(' '.join(write_pieces))
+
+
+class BuildOutputManager(LoggingMixin):
+    """Handles writing build output to a terminal, to logs, etc."""
+
+    def __init__(self, log_manager, monitor):
+        self.populate_logger()
+
+        self.monitor = monitor
+        self.footer = None
+
+        terminal = log_manager.terminal
+
+        # TODO convert terminal footer to config file setting.
+        if not terminal or os.environ.get('MACH_NO_TERMINAL_FOOTER', None):
+            return
+
+        self.t = terminal
+        self.footer = BuildProgressFooter(terminal, monitor)
+
+        self._handler = TerminalLoggingHandler()
+        self._handler.setFormatter(log_manager.terminal_formatter)
+        self._handler.footer = self.footer
+
+        old = log_manager.replace_terminal_handler(self._handler)
+        self._handler.level = old.level
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        if self.footer:
+            self.footer.clear()
+            # Prevents the footer from being redrawn if logging occurs.
+            self._handler.footer = None
+
+        # Ensure the resource monitor is stopped because leaving it running
+        # could result in the process hanging on exit because the resource
+        # collection child process hasn't been told to stop.
+        self.monitor.stop_resource_recording()
+
+    def write_line(self, line):
+        if self.footer:
+            self.footer.clear()
+
+        print(line)
+
+        if self.footer:
+            self.footer.draw()
+
+    def refresh(self):
+        if not self.footer:
+            return
+
+        self.footer.clear()
+        self.footer.draw()
+
+    def on_line(self, line):
+        warning, state_changed, relevant = self.monitor.on_line(line)
+
+        if warning:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'compiler_warning', warning,
+                'Warning: {flag} in {filename}: {message}')
+
+        if relevant:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'build_output', {'line': line}, '{line}')
+        elif state_changed:
+            have_handler = hasattr(self, 'handler')
+            if have_handler:
+                self.handler.acquire()
+            try:
+                self.refresh()
+            finally:
+                if have_handler:
+                    self.handler.release()
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Build(MachCommandBase):
+    """Interface to build the tree."""
+
+    @Command('build', category='build', description='Build the tree.')
+    @CommandArgument('--jobs', '-j', default='0', metavar='jobs', type=int,
+        help='Number of concurrent jobs to run. Default is the number of CPUs.')
+    @CommandArgument('-C', '--directory', default=None,
+        help='Change to a subdirectory of the build directory first.')
+    @CommandArgument('what', default=None, nargs='*', help=BUILD_WHAT_HELP)
+    @CommandArgument('-X', '--disable-extra-make-dependencies',
+                     default=False, action='store_true',
+                     help='Do not add extra make dependencies.')
+    @CommandArgument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true',
+        help='Verbose output for what commands the build is running.')
+    def build(self, what=None, disable_extra_make_dependencies=None, jobs=0,
+        directory=None, verbose=False):
+        """Build the source tree.
+
+        With no arguments, this will perform a full build.
+
+        Positional arguments define targets to build. These can be make targets
+        or patterns like "<dir>/<target>" to indicate a make target within a
+        directory.
+
+        There are a few special targets that can be used to perform a partial
+        build faster than what `mach build` would perform:
+
+        * binaries - compiles and links all C/C++ sources and produces shared
+          libraries and executables (binaries).
+
+        * faster - builds JavaScript, XUL, CSS, etc files.
+
+        "binaries" and "faster" almost fully complement each other. However,
+        there are build actions not captured by either. If things don't appear to
+        be rebuilding, perform a vanilla `mach build` to rebuild the world.
+        """
+        import which
+        from mozbuild.controller.building import BuildMonitor
+        from mozbuild.util import (
+            mkdir,
+            resolve_target_to_make,
+        )
+
+        self.log_manager.register_structured_logger(logging.getLogger('mozbuild'))
+
+        warnings_path = self._get_state_filename('warnings.json')
+        monitor = self._spawn(BuildMonitor)
+        monitor.init(warnings_path)
+        ccache_start = monitor.ccache_stats()
+
+        # Disable indexing in objdir because it is not necessary and can slow
+        # down builds.
+        mkdir(self.topobjdir, not_indexed=True)
+
+        with BuildOutputManager(self.log_manager, monitor) as output:
+            monitor.start()
+
+            if directory is not None and not what:
+                print('Can only use -C/--directory with an explicit target '
+                    'name.')
+                return 1
+
+            if directory is not None:
+                disable_extra_make_dependencies=True
+                directory = mozpath.normsep(directory)
+                if directory.startswith('/'):
+                    directory = directory[1:]
+
+            status = None
+            monitor.start_resource_recording()
+            if what:
+                top_make = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'Makefile')
+                if not os.path.exists(top_make):
+                    print('Your tree has not been configured yet. Please run '
+                        '|mach build| with no arguments.')
+                    return 1
+
+                # Collect target pairs.
+                target_pairs = []
+                for target in what:
+                    path_arg = self._wrap_path_argument(target)
+
+                    if directory is not None:
+                        make_dir = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, directory)
+                        make_target = target
+                    else:
+                        make_dir, make_target = \
+                            resolve_target_to_make(self.topobjdir,
+                                path_arg.relpath())
+
+                    if make_dir is None and make_target is None:
+                        return 1
+
+                    # See bug 886162 - we don't want to "accidentally" build
+                    # the entire tree (if that's really the intent, it's
+                    # unlikely they would have specified a directory.)
+                    if not make_dir and not make_target:
+                        print("The specified directory doesn't contain a "
+                              "Makefile and the first parent with one is the "
+                              "root of the tree. Please specify a directory "
+                              "with a Makefile or run |mach build| if you "
+                              "want to build the entire tree.")
+                        return 1
+
+                    target_pairs.append((make_dir, make_target))
+
+                # Possibly add extra make depencies using dumbmake.
+                if not disable_extra_make_dependencies:
+                    from dumbmake.dumbmake import (dependency_map,
+                                                   add_extra_dependencies)
+                    depfile = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, 'build',
+                                           'dumbmake-dependencies')
+                    with open(depfile) as f:
+                        dm = dependency_map(f.readlines())
+                    new_pairs = list(add_extra_dependencies(target_pairs, dm))
+                    self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'dumbmake',
+                             {'target_pairs': target_pairs,
+                              'new_pairs': new_pairs},
+                             'Added extra dependencies: will build {new_pairs} ' +
+                             'instead of {target_pairs}.')
+                    target_pairs = new_pairs
+
+                # Ensure build backend is up to date. The alternative is to
+                # have rules in the invoked Makefile to rebuild the build
+                # backend. But that involves make reinvoking itself and there
+                # are undesired side-effects of this. See bug 877308 for a
+                # comprehensive history lesson.
+                self._run_make(directory=self.topobjdir, target='backend',
+                    line_handler=output.on_line, log=False,
+                    print_directory=False)
+
+                # Build target pairs.
+                for make_dir, make_target in target_pairs:
+                    # We don't display build status messages during partial
+                    # tree builds because they aren't reliable there. This
+                    # could potentially be fixed if the build monitor were more
+                    # intelligent about encountering undefined state.
+                    status = self._run_make(directory=make_dir, target=make_target,
+                        line_handler=output.on_line, log=False, print_directory=False,
+                        ensure_exit_code=False, num_jobs=jobs, silent=not verbose,
+                        append_env={b'NO_BUILDSTATUS_MESSAGES': b'1'})
+
+                    if status != 0:
+                        break
+            else:
+                # Try to call the default backend's build() method. This will
+                # run configure to determine BUILD_BACKENDS if it hasn't run
+                # yet.
+                config = None
+                try:
+                    config = self.config_environment
+                except Exception:
+                    config_rc = self.configure(buildstatus_messages=True,
+                                               line_handler=output.on_line)
+                    if config_rc != 0:
+                        return config_rc
+
+                    # Even if configure runs successfully, we may have trouble
+                    # getting the config_environment for some builds, such as
+                    # OSX Universal builds. These have to go through client.mk
+                    # regardless.
+                    try:
+                        config = self.config_environment
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+
+                if config:
+                    active_backend = config.substs.get('BUILD_BACKENDS', [None])[0]
+                    if active_backend:
+                        backend_cls = get_backend_class(active_backend)(config)
+                        status = backend_cls.build(self, output, jobs, verbose)
+
+                # If the backend doesn't specify a build() method, then just
+                # call client.mk directly.
+                if status is None:
+                    status = self._run_make(srcdir=True, filename='client.mk',
+                        line_handler=output.on_line, log=False, print_directory=False,
+                        allow_parallel=False, ensure_exit_code=False, num_jobs=jobs,
+                        silent=not verbose)
+
+                self.log(logging.WARNING, 'warning_summary',
+                    {'count': len(monitor.warnings_database)},
+                    '{count} compiler warnings present.')
+
+            monitor.finish(record_usage=status==0)
+
+        high_finder, finder_percent = monitor.have_high_finder_usage()
+        if high_finder:
+            print(FINDER_SLOW_MESSAGE % finder_percent)
+
+        ccache_end = monitor.ccache_stats()
+
+        ccache_diff = None
+        if ccache_start and ccache_end:
+            ccache_diff = ccache_end - ccache_start
+            if ccache_diff:
+                self.log(logging.INFO, 'ccache',
+                         {'msg': ccache_diff.hit_rate_message()}, "{msg}")
+
+        notify_minimum_time = 300
+        try:
+            notify_minimum_time = int(os.environ.get('MACH_NOTIFY_MINTIME', '300'))
+        except ValueError:
+            # Just stick with the default
+            pass
+
+        if monitor.elapsed > notify_minimum_time:
+            # Display a notification when the build completes.
+            self.notify('Build complete' if not status else 'Build failed')
+
+        if status:
+            return status
+
+        long_build = monitor.elapsed > 600
+
+        if long_build:
+            output.on_line('We know it took a while, but your build finally finished successfully!')
+        else:
+            output.on_line('Your build was successful!')
+
+        if monitor.have_resource_usage:
+            excessive, swap_in, swap_out = monitor.have_excessive_swapping()
+            # if excessive:
+            #    print(EXCESSIVE_SWAP_MESSAGE)
+
+            print('To view resource usage of the build, run |mach '
+                'resource-usage|.')
+
+            telemetry_handler = getattr(self._mach_context,
+                                        'telemetry_handler', None)
+            telemetry_data = monitor.get_resource_usage()
+
+            # Record build configuration data. For now, we cherry pick
+            # items we need rather than grabbing everything, in order
+            # to avoid accidentally disclosing PII.
+            telemetry_data['substs'] = {}
+            try:
+                for key in ['MOZ_ARTIFACT_BUILDS', 'MOZ_USING_CCACHE']:
+                    value = self.substs.get(key, False)
+                    telemetry_data['substs'][key] = value
+            except BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException:
+                pass
+
+            # Grab ccache stats if available. We need to be careful not
+            # to capture information that can potentially identify the
+            # user (such as the cache location)
+            if ccache_diff:
+                telemetry_data['ccache'] = {}
+                for key in [key[0] for key in ccache_diff.STATS_KEYS]:
+                    try:
+                        telemetry_data['ccache'][key] = ccache_diff._values[key]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+
+            telemetry_handler(self._mach_context, telemetry_data)
+
+        # Only for full builds because incremental builders likely don't
+        # need to be burdened with this.
+        if not what:
+            try:
+                # Fennec doesn't have useful output from just building. We should
+                # arguably make the build action useful for Fennec. Another day...
+                if self.substs['MOZ_BUILD_APP'] != 'mobile/android':
+                    print('To take your build for a test drive, run: |mach run|')
+                app = self.substs['MOZ_BUILD_APP']
+                if app in ('browser', 'mobile/android'):
+                    print('For more information on what to do now, see '
+                        'https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Developer_Guide/So_You_Just_Built_Firefox')
+            except Exception:
+                # Ignore Exceptions in case we can't find config.status (such
+                # as when doing OSX Universal builds)
+                pass
+
+        return status
+
+    @Command('configure', category='build',
+        description='Configure the tree (run configure and config.status).')
+    @CommandArgument('options', default=None, nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
+                     help='Configure options')
+    def configure(self, options=None, buildstatus_messages=False, line_handler=None):
+        def on_line(line):
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'build_output', {'line': line}, '{line}')
+
+        line_handler = line_handler or on_line
+
+        options = ' '.join(shell_quote(o) for o in options or ())
+        append_env = {b'CONFIGURE_ARGS': options.encode('utf-8')}
+
+        # Only print build status messages when we have an active
+        # monitor.
+        if not buildstatus_messages:
+            append_env[b'NO_BUILDSTATUS_MESSAGES'] =  b'1'
+        status = self._run_make(srcdir=True, filename='client.mk',
+            target='configure', line_handler=line_handler, log=False,
+            print_directory=False, allow_parallel=False, ensure_exit_code=False,
+            append_env=append_env)
+
+        if not status:
+            print('Configure complete!')
+            print('Be sure to run |mach build| to pick up any changes');
+
+        return status
+
+    @Command('resource-usage', category='post-build',
+        description='Show information about system resource usage for a build.')
+    @CommandArgument('--address', default='localhost',
+        help='Address the HTTP server should listen on.')
+    @CommandArgument('--port', type=int, default=0,
+        help='Port number the HTTP server should listen on.')
+    @CommandArgument('--browser', default='firefox',
+        help='Web browser to automatically open. See webbrowser Python module.')
+    @CommandArgument('--url',
+        help='URL of JSON document to display')
+    def resource_usage(self, address=None, port=None, browser=None, url=None):
+        import webbrowser
+        from mozbuild.html_build_viewer import BuildViewerServer
+
+        server = BuildViewerServer(address, port)
+
+        if url:
+            server.add_resource_json_url('url', url)
+        else:
+            last = self._get_state_filename('build_resources.json')
+            if not os.path.exists(last):
+                print('Build resources not available. If you have performed a '
+                    'build and receive this message, the psutil Python package '
+                    'likely failed to initialize properly.')
+                return 1
+
+            server.add_resource_json_file('last', last)
+        try:
+            webbrowser.get(browser).open_new_tab(server.url)
+        except Exception:
+            print('Cannot get browser specified, trying the default instead.')
+            try:
+                browser = webbrowser.get().open_new_tab(server.url)
+            except Exception:
+                print('Please open %s in a browser.' % server.url)
+
+        print('Hit CTRL+c to stop server.')
+        server.run()
+
+    @Command('build-backend', category='build',
+        description='Generate a backend used to build the tree.')
+    @CommandArgument('-d', '--diff', action='store_true',
+        help='Show a diff of changes.')
+    # It would be nice to filter the choices below based on
+    # conditions, but that is for another day.
+    @CommandArgument('-b', '--backend', nargs='+', choices=sorted(backends),
+        help='Which backend to build.')
+    @CommandArgument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true',
+        help='Verbose output.')
+    @CommandArgument('-n', '--dry-run', action='store_true',
+        help='Do everything except writing files out.')
+    def build_backend(self, backend, diff=False, verbose=False, dry_run=False):
+        python = self.virtualenv_manager.python_path
+        config_status = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'config.status')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(config_status):
+            print('config.status not found.  Please run |mach configure| '
+                  'or |mach build| prior to building the %s build backend.'
+                  % backend)
+            return 1
+
+        args = [python, config_status]
+        if backend:
+            args.append('--backend')
+            args.extend(backend)
+        if diff:
+            args.append('--diff')
+        if verbose:
+            args.append('--verbose')
+        if dry_run:
+            args.append('--dry-run')
+
+        return self._run_command_in_objdir(args=args, pass_thru=True,
+            ensure_exit_code=False)
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Doctor(MachCommandBase):
+    """Provide commands for diagnosing common build environment problems"""
+    @Command('doctor', category='devenv',
+        description='')
+    @CommandArgument('--fix', default=None, action='store_true',
+        help='Attempt to fix found problems.')
+    def doctor(self, fix=None):
+        self._activate_virtualenv()
+        from mozbuild.doctor import Doctor
+        doctor = Doctor(self.topsrcdir, self.topobjdir, fix)
+        return doctor.check_all()
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Clobber(MachCommandBase):
+    NO_AUTO_LOG = True
+    CLOBBER_CHOICES = ['objdir', 'python']
+    @Command('clobber', category='build',
+        description='Clobber the tree (delete the object directory).')
+    @CommandArgument('what', default=['objdir'], nargs='*',
+        help='Target to clobber, must be one of {{{}}} (default objdir).'.format(
+             ', '.join(CLOBBER_CHOICES)))
+    @CommandArgument('--full', action='store_true',
+        help='Perform a full clobber')
+    def clobber(self, what, full=False):
+        invalid = set(what) - set(self.CLOBBER_CHOICES)
+        if invalid:
+            print('Unknown clobber target(s): {}'.format(', '.join(invalid)))
+            return 1
+
+        ret = 0
+        if 'objdir' in what:
+            from mozbuild.controller.clobber import Clobberer
+            try:
+                Clobberer(self.topsrcdir, self.topobjdir).remove_objdir(full)
+            except OSError as e:
+                if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+                    if isinstance(e, WindowsError) and e.winerror in (5,32):
+                        self.log(logging.ERROR, 'file_access_error', {'error': e},
+                            "Could not clobber because a file was in use. If the "
+                            "application is running, try closing it. {error}")
+                        return 1
+                raise
+
+        if 'python' in what:
+            if os.path.isdir(mozpath.join(self.topsrcdir, '.hg')):
+                cmd = ['hg', 'purge', '--all', '-I', 'glob:**.py[co]']
+            elif os.path.isdir(mozpath.join(self.topsrcdir, '.git')):
+                cmd = ['git', 'clean', '-f', '-x', '*.py[co]']
+            else:
+                cmd = ['find', '.', '-type', 'f', '-name', '*.py[co]', '-delete']
+            ret = subprocess.call(cmd, cwd=self.topsrcdir)
+        return ret
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Logs(MachCommandBase):
+    """Provide commands to read mach logs."""
+    NO_AUTO_LOG = True
+
+    @Command('show-log', category='post-build',
+        description='Display mach logs')
+    @CommandArgument('log_file', nargs='?', type=argparse.FileType('rb'),
+        help='Filename to read log data from. Defaults to the log of the last '
+             'mach command.')
+    def show_log(self, log_file=None):
+        if not log_file:
+            path = self._get_state_filename('last_log.json')
+            log_file = open(path, 'rb')
+
+        if os.isatty(sys.stdout.fileno()):
+            env = dict(os.environ)
+            if 'LESS' not in env:
+                # Sensible default flags if none have been set in the user
+                # environment.
+                env[b'LESS'] = b'FRX'
+            less = subprocess.Popen(['less'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, env=env)
+            # Various objects already have a reference to sys.stdout, so we
+            # can't just change it, we need to change the file descriptor under
+            # it to redirect to less's input.
+            # First keep a copy of the sys.stdout file descriptor.
+            output_fd = os.dup(sys.stdout.fileno())
+            os.dup2(less.stdin.fileno(), sys.stdout.fileno())
+
+        startTime = 0
+        for line in log_file:
+            created, action, params = json.loads(line)
+            if not startTime:
+                startTime = created
+                self.log_manager.terminal_handler.formatter.start_time = \
+                    created
+            if 'line' in params:
+                record = logging.makeLogRecord({
+                    'created': created,
+                    'name': self._logger.name,
+                    'levelno': logging.INFO,
+                    'msg': '{line}',
+                    'params': params,
+                    'action': action,
+                })
+                self._logger.handle(record)
+
+        if self.log_manager.terminal:
+            # Close less's input so that it knows that we're done sending data.
+            less.stdin.close()
+            # Since the less's input file descriptor is now also the stdout
+            # file descriptor, we still actually have a non-closed system file
+            # descriptor for less's input. Replacing sys.stdout's file
+            # descriptor with what it was before we replaced it will properly
+            # close less's input.
+            os.dup2(output_fd, sys.stdout.fileno())
+            less.wait()
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Warnings(MachCommandBase):
+    """Provide commands for inspecting warnings."""
+
+    @property
+    def database_path(self):
+        return self._get_state_filename('warnings.json')
+
+    @property
+    def database(self):
+        from mozbuild.compilation.warnings import WarningsDatabase
+
+        path = self.database_path
+
+        database = WarningsDatabase()
+
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            database.load_from_file(path)
+
+        return database
+
+    @Command('warnings-summary', category='post-build',
+        description='Show a summary of compiler warnings.')
+    @CommandArgument('-C', '--directory', default=None,
+        help='Change to a subdirectory of the build directory first.')
+    @CommandArgument('report', default=None, nargs='?',
+        help='Warnings report to display. If not defined, show the most '
+            'recent report.')
+    def summary(self, directory=None, report=None):
+        database = self.database
+
+        if directory:
+            dirpath = self.join_ensure_dir(self.topsrcdir, directory)
+            if not dirpath:
+                return 1
+        else:
+            dirpath = None
+
+        type_counts = database.type_counts(dirpath)
+        sorted_counts = sorted(type_counts.iteritems(),
+            key=operator.itemgetter(1))
+
+        total = 0
+        for k, v in sorted_counts:
+            print('%d\t%s' % (v, k))
+            total += v
+
+        print('%d\tTotal' % total)
+
+    @Command('warnings-list', category='post-build',
+        description='Show a list of compiler warnings.')
+    @CommandArgument('-C', '--directory', default=None,
+        help='Change to a subdirectory of the build directory first.')
+    @CommandArgument('--flags', default=None, nargs='+',
+        help='Which warnings flags to match.')
+    @CommandArgument('report', default=None, nargs='?',
+        help='Warnings report to display. If not defined, show the most '
+            'recent report.')
+    def list(self, directory=None, flags=None, report=None):
+        database = self.database
+
+        by_name = sorted(database.warnings)
+
+        topsrcdir = mozpath.normpath(self.topsrcdir)
+
+        if directory:
+            directory = mozpath.normsep(directory)
+            dirpath = self.join_ensure_dir(topsrcdir, directory)
+            if not dirpath:
+                return 1
+
+        if flags:
+            # Flatten lists of flags.
+            flags = set(itertools.chain(*[flaglist.split(',') for flaglist in flags]))
+
+        for warning in by_name:
+            filename = mozpath.normsep(warning['filename'])
+
+            if filename.startswith(topsrcdir):
+                filename = filename[len(topsrcdir) + 1:]
+
+            if directory and not filename.startswith(directory):
+                continue
+
+            if flags and warning['flag'] not in flags:
+                continue
+
+            if warning['column'] is not None:
+                print('%s:%d:%d [%s] %s' % (filename, warning['line'],
+                    warning['column'], warning['flag'], warning['message']))
+            else:
+                print('%s:%d [%s] %s' % (filename, warning['line'],
+                    warning['flag'], warning['message']))
+
+    def join_ensure_dir(self, dir1, dir2):
+        dir1 = mozpath.normpath(dir1)
+        dir2 = mozpath.normsep(dir2)
+        joined_path = mozpath.join(dir1, dir2)
+        if os.path.isdir(joined_path):
+            return joined_path
+        else:
+            print('Specified directory not found.')
+            return None
+
+@CommandProvider
+class GTestCommands(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('gtest', category='testing',
+        description='Run GTest unit tests (C++ tests).')
+    @CommandArgument('gtest_filter', default=b"*", nargs='?', metavar='gtest_filter',
+        help="test_filter is a ':'-separated list of wildcard patterns (called the positive patterns),"
+             "optionally followed by a '-' and another ':'-separated pattern list (called the negative patterns).")
+    @CommandArgument('--jobs', '-j', default='1', nargs='?', metavar='jobs', type=int,
+        help='Run the tests in parallel using multiple processes.')
+    @CommandArgument('--tbpl-parser', '-t', action='store_true',
+        help='Output test results in a format that can be parsed by TBPL.')
+    @CommandArgument('--shuffle', '-s', action='store_true',
+        help='Randomize the execution order of tests.')
+
+    @CommandArgumentGroup('debugging')
+    @CommandArgument('--debug', action='store_true', group='debugging',
+        help='Enable the debugger. Not specifying a --debugger option will result in the default debugger being used.')
+    @CommandArgument('--debugger', default=None, type=str, group='debugging',
+        help='Name of debugger to use.')
+    @CommandArgument('--debugger-args', default=None, metavar='params', type=str,
+        group='debugging',
+        help='Command-line arguments to pass to the debugger itself; split as the Bourne shell would.')
+
+    def gtest(self, shuffle, jobs, gtest_filter, tbpl_parser, debug, debugger,
+              debugger_args):
+
+        # We lazy build gtest because it's slow to link
+        self._run_make(directory="testing/gtest", target='gtest',
+                       print_directory=False, ensure_exit_code=True)
+
+        app_path = self.get_binary_path('app')
+        args = [app_path, '-unittest'];
+
+        if debug or debugger or debugger_args:
+            args = self.prepend_debugger_args(args, debugger, debugger_args)
+
+        cwd = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'gtest')
+
+        if not os.path.isdir(cwd):
+            os.makedirs(cwd)
+
+        # Use GTest environment variable to control test execution
+        # For details see:
+        # https://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Running_Test_Programs:_Advanced_Options
+        gtest_env = {b'GTEST_FILTER': gtest_filter}
+
+        # Note: we must normalize the path here so that gtest on Windows sees
+        # a MOZ_GMP_PATH which has only Windows dir seperators, because
+        # nsILocalFile cannot open the paths with non-Windows dir seperators.
+        xre_path = os.path.join(os.path.normpath(self.topobjdir), "dist", "bin")
+        gtest_env["MOZ_XRE_DIR"] = xre_path
+        gtest_env["MOZ_GMP_PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(
+            os.path.join(xre_path, p, "1.0")
+            for p in ('gmp-fake', 'gmp-fakeopenh264')
+        )
+
+        gtest_env[b"MOZ_RUN_GTEST"] = b"True"
+
+        if shuffle:
+            gtest_env[b"GTEST_SHUFFLE"] = b"True"
+
+        if tbpl_parser:
+            gtest_env[b"MOZ_TBPL_PARSER"] = b"True"
+
+        if jobs == 1:
+            return self.run_process(args=args,
+                                    append_env=gtest_env,
+                                    cwd=cwd,
+                                    ensure_exit_code=False,
+                                    pass_thru=True)
+
+        from mozprocess import ProcessHandlerMixin
+        import functools
+        def handle_line(job_id, line):
+            # Prepend the jobId
+            line = '[%d] %s' % (job_id + 1, line.strip())
+            self.log(logging.INFO, "GTest", {'line': line}, '{line}')
+
+        gtest_env["GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS"] = str(jobs)
+        processes = {}
+        for i in range(0, jobs):
+            gtest_env["GTEST_SHARD_INDEX"] = str(i)
+            processes[i] = ProcessHandlerMixin([app_path, "-unittest"],
+                             cwd=cwd,
+                             env=gtest_env,
+                             processOutputLine=[functools.partial(handle_line, i)],
+                             universal_newlines=True)
+            processes[i].run()
+
+        exit_code = 0
+        for process in processes.values():
+            status = process.wait()
+            if status:
+                exit_code = status
+
+        # Clamp error code to 255 to prevent overflowing multiple of
+        # 256 into 0
+        if exit_code > 255:
+            exit_code = 255
+
+        return exit_code
+
+    def prepend_debugger_args(self, args, debugger, debugger_args):
+        '''
+        Given an array with program arguments, prepend arguments to run it under a
+        debugger.
+
+        :param args: The executable and arguments used to run the process normally.
+        :param debugger: The debugger to use, or empty to use the default debugger.
+        :param debugger_args: Any additional parameters to pass to the debugger.
+        '''
+
+        import mozdebug
+
+        if not debugger:
+            # No debugger name was provided. Look for the default ones on
+            # current OS.
+            debugger = mozdebug.get_default_debugger_name(mozdebug.DebuggerSearch.KeepLooking)
+
+        if debugger:
+            debuggerInfo = mozdebug.get_debugger_info(debugger, debugger_args)
+            if not debuggerInfo:
+                print("Could not find a suitable debugger in your PATH.")
+                return 1
+
+        # Parameters come from the CLI. We need to convert them before
+        # their use.
+        if debugger_args:
+            from mozbuild import shellutil
+            try:
+                debugger_args = shellutil.split(debugger_args)
+            except shellutil.MetaCharacterException as e:
+                print("The --debugger_args you passed require a real shell to parse them.")
+                print("(We can't handle the %r character.)" % e.char)
+                return 1
+
+        # Prepend the debugger args.
+        args = [debuggerInfo.path] + debuggerInfo.args + args
+        return args
+
+@CommandProvider
+class ClangCommands(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('clang-complete', category='devenv',
+        description='Generate a .clang_complete file.')
+    def clang_complete(self):
+        import shlex
+
+        build_vars = {}
+
+        def on_line(line):
+            elements = [s.strip() for s in line.split('=', 1)]
+
+            if len(elements) != 2:
+                return
+
+            build_vars[elements[0]] = elements[1]
+
+        try:
+            old_logger = self.log_manager.replace_terminal_handler(None)
+            self._run_make(target='showbuild', log=False, line_handler=on_line)
+        finally:
+            self.log_manager.replace_terminal_handler(old_logger)
+
+        def print_from_variable(name):
+            if name not in build_vars:
+                return
+
+            value = build_vars[name]
+
+            value = value.replace('-I.', '-I%s' % self.topobjdir)
+            value = value.replace(' .', ' %s' % self.topobjdir)
+            value = value.replace('-I..', '-I%s/..' % self.topobjdir)
+            value = value.replace(' ..', ' %s/..' % self.topobjdir)
+
+            args = shlex.split(value)
+            for i in range(0, len(args) - 1):
+                arg = args[i]
+
+                if arg.startswith(('-I', '-D')):
+                    print(arg)
+                    continue
+
+                if arg.startswith('-include'):
+                    print(arg + ' ' + args[i + 1])
+                    continue
+
+        print_from_variable('COMPILE_CXXFLAGS')
+
+        print('-I%s/ipc/chromium/src' % self.topsrcdir)
+        print('-I%s/ipc/glue' % self.topsrcdir)
+        print('-I%s/ipc/ipdl/_ipdlheaders' % self.topobjdir)
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Package(MachCommandBase):
+    """Package the built product for distribution."""
+
+    @Command('package', category='post-build',
+        description='Package the built product for distribution as an APK, DMG, etc.')
+    @CommandArgument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true',
+        help='Verbose output for what commands the packaging process is running.')
+    def package(self, verbose=False):
+        ret = self._run_make(directory=".", target='package',
+                             silent=not verbose, ensure_exit_code=False)
+        if ret == 0:
+            self.notify('Packaging complete')
+        return ret
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Install(MachCommandBase):
+    """Install a package."""
+
+    @Command('install', category='post-build',
+        description='Install the package on the machine, or on a device.')
+    @CommandArgument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true',
+        help='Print verbose output when installing to an Android emulator.')
+    def install(self, verbose=False):
+        if conditions.is_android(self):
+            from mozrunner.devices.android_device import verify_android_device
+            verify_android_device(self, verbose=verbose)
+        ret = self._run_make(directory=".", target='install', ensure_exit_code=False)
+        if ret == 0:
+            self.notify('Install complete')
+        return ret
+
+@CommandProvider
+class RunProgram(MachCommandBase):
+    """Run the compiled program."""
+
+    prog_group = 'the compiled program'
+
+    @Command('run', category='post-build',
+        description='Run the compiled program, possibly under a debugger or DMD.')
+    @CommandArgument('params', nargs='...', group=prog_group,
+        help='Command-line arguments to be passed through to the program. Not specifying a --profile or -P option will result in a temporary profile being used.')
+    @CommandArgumentGroup(prog_group)
+    @CommandArgument('--remote', '-r', action='store_true', group=prog_group,
+        help='Do not pass the --no-remote argument by default.')
+    @CommandArgument('--background', '-b', action='store_true', group=prog_group,
+        help='Do not pass the --foreground argument by default on Mac.')
+    @CommandArgument('--noprofile', '-n', action='store_true', group=prog_group,
+        help='Do not pass the --profile argument by default.')
+    @CommandArgument('--disable-e10s', action='store_true', group=prog_group,
+        help='Run the program with electrolysis disabled.')
+
+    @CommandArgumentGroup('debugging')
+    @CommandArgument('--debug', action='store_true', group='debugging',
+        help='Enable the debugger. Not specifying a --debugger option will result in the default debugger being used.')
+    @CommandArgument('--debugger', default=None, type=str, group='debugging',
+        help='Name of debugger to use.')
+    @CommandArgument('--debugparams', default=None, metavar='params', type=str,
+        group='debugging',
+        help='Command-line arguments to pass to the debugger itself; split as the Bourne shell would.')
+    # Bug 933807 introduced JS_DISABLE_SLOW_SCRIPT_SIGNALS to avoid clever
+    # segfaults induced by the slow-script-detecting logic for Ion/Odin JITted
+    # code.  If we don't pass this, the user will need to periodically type
+    # "continue" to (safely) resume execution.  There are ways to implement
+    # automatic resuming; see the bug.
+    @CommandArgument('--slowscript', action='store_true', group='debugging',
+        help='Do not set the JS_DISABLE_SLOW_SCRIPT_SIGNALS env variable; when not set, recoverable but misleading SIGSEGV instances may occur in Ion/Odin JIT code.')
+
+    @CommandArgumentGroup('DMD')
+    @CommandArgument('--dmd', action='store_true', group='DMD',
+        help='Enable DMD. The following arguments have no effect without this.')
+    @CommandArgument('--mode', choices=['live', 'dark-matter', 'cumulative', 'scan'], group='DMD',
+         help='Profiling mode. The default is \'dark-matter\'.')
+    @CommandArgument('--stacks', choices=['partial', 'full'], group='DMD',
+        help='Allocation stack trace coverage. The default is \'partial\'.')
+    @CommandArgument('--show-dump-stats', action='store_true', group='DMD',
+        help='Show stats when doing dumps.')
+    def run(self, params, remote, background, noprofile, disable_e10s, debug,
+        debugger, debugparams, slowscript, dmd, mode, stacks, show_dump_stats):
+
+        if conditions.is_android(self):
+            # Running Firefox for Android is completely different
+            if dmd:
+                print("DMD is not supported for Firefox for Android")
+                return 1
+            from mozrunner.devices.android_device import verify_android_device, run_firefox_for_android
+            if not (debug or debugger or debugparams):
+                verify_android_device(self, install=True)
+                return run_firefox_for_android(self, params)
+            verify_android_device(self, install=True, debugger=True)
+            args = ['']
+
+        else:
+
+            try:
+                binpath = self.get_binary_path('app')
+            except Exception as e:
+                print("It looks like your program isn't built.",
+                    "You can run |mach build| to build it.")
+                print(e)
+                return 1
+
+            args = [binpath]
+
+            if params:
+                args.extend(params)
+
+            if not remote:
+                args.append('-no-remote')
+
+            if not background and sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                args.append('-foreground')
+
+            no_profile_option_given = \
+                all(p not in params for p in ['-profile', '--profile', '-P'])
+            if no_profile_option_given and not noprofile:
+                path = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, 'tmp', 'scratch_user')
+                if not os.path.isdir(path):
+                    os.makedirs(path)
+                args.append('-profile')
+                args.append(path)
+
+        extra_env = {'MOZ_CRASHREPORTER_DISABLE': '1'}
+        if disable_e10s:
+            extra_env['MOZ_FORCE_DISABLE_E10S'] = '1'
+
+        if debug or debugger or debugparams:
+            if 'INSIDE_EMACS' in os.environ:
+                self.log_manager.terminal_handler.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
+
+            import mozdebug
+            if not debugger:
+                # No debugger name was provided. Look for the default ones on
+                # current OS.
+                debugger = mozdebug.get_default_debugger_name(mozdebug.DebuggerSearch.KeepLooking)
+
+            if debugger:
+                self.debuggerInfo = mozdebug.get_debugger_info(debugger, debugparams)
+                if not self.debuggerInfo:
+                    print("Could not find a suitable debugger in your PATH.")
+                    return 1
+
+            # Parameters come from the CLI. We need to convert them before
+            # their use.
+            if debugparams:
+                from mozbuild import shellutil
+                try:
+                    debugparams = shellutil.split(debugparams)
+                except shellutil.MetaCharacterException as e:
+                    print("The --debugparams you passed require a real shell to parse them.")
+                    print("(We can't handle the %r character.)" % e.char)
+                    return 1
+
+            if not slowscript:
+                extra_env['JS_DISABLE_SLOW_SCRIPT_SIGNALS'] = '1'
+
+            # Prepend the debugger args.
+            args = [self.debuggerInfo.path] + self.debuggerInfo.args + args
+
+        if dmd:
+            dmd_params = []
+
+            if mode:
+                dmd_params.append('--mode=' + mode)
+            if stacks:
+                dmd_params.append('--stacks=' + stacks)
+            if show_dump_stats:
+                dmd_params.append('--show-dump-stats=yes')
+
+            bin_dir = os.path.dirname(binpath)
+            lib_name = self.substs['DLL_PREFIX'] + 'dmd' + self.substs['DLL_SUFFIX']
+            dmd_lib = os.path.join(bin_dir, lib_name)
+            if not os.path.exists(dmd_lib):
+                print("Please build with |--enable-dmd| to use DMD.")
+                return 1
+
+            env_vars = {
+                "Darwin": {
+                    "DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES": dmd_lib,
+                    "LD_LIBRARY_PATH": bin_dir,
+                },
+                "Linux": {
+                    "LD_PRELOAD": dmd_lib,
+                    "LD_LIBRARY_PATH": bin_dir,
+                },
+                "WINNT": {
+                    "MOZ_REPLACE_MALLOC_LIB": dmd_lib,
+                },
+            }
+
+            arch = self.substs['OS_ARCH']
+
+            if dmd_params:
+                env_vars[arch]["DMD"] = " ".join(dmd_params)
+
+            extra_env.update(env_vars.get(arch, {}))
+
+        return self.run_process(args=args, ensure_exit_code=False,
+            pass_thru=True, append_env=extra_env)
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Buildsymbols(MachCommandBase):
+    """Produce a package of debug symbols suitable for use with Breakpad."""
+
+    @Command('buildsymbols', category='post-build',
+        description='Produce a package of Breakpad-format symbols.')
+    def buildsymbols(self):
+        return self._run_make(directory=".", target='buildsymbols', ensure_exit_code=False)
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Makefiles(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('empty-makefiles', category='build-dev',
+        description='Find empty Makefile.in in the tree.')
+    def empty(self):
+        import pymake.parser
+        import pymake.parserdata
+
+        IGNORE_VARIABLES = {
+            'DEPTH': ('@DEPTH@',),
+            'topsrcdir': ('@top_srcdir@',),
+            'srcdir': ('@srcdir@',),
+            'relativesrcdir': ('@relativesrcdir@',),
+            'VPATH': ('@srcdir@',),
+        }
+
+        IGNORE_INCLUDES = [
+            'include $(DEPTH)/config/autoconf.mk',
+            'include $(topsrcdir)/config/config.mk',
+            'include $(topsrcdir)/config/rules.mk',
+        ]
+
+        def is_statement_relevant(s):
+            if isinstance(s, pymake.parserdata.SetVariable):
+                exp = s.vnameexp
+                if not exp.is_static_string:
+                    return True
+
+                if exp.s not in IGNORE_VARIABLES:
+                    return True
+
+                return s.value not in IGNORE_VARIABLES[exp.s]
+
+            if isinstance(s, pymake.parserdata.Include):
+                if s.to_source() in IGNORE_INCLUDES:
+                    return False
+
+            return True
+
+        for path in self._makefile_ins():
+            relpath = os.path.relpath(path, self.topsrcdir)
+            try:
+                statements = [s for s in pymake.parser.parsefile(path)
+                    if is_statement_relevant(s)]
+
+                if not statements:
+                    print(relpath)
+            except pymake.parser.SyntaxError:
+                print('Warning: Could not parse %s' % relpath, file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def _makefile_ins(self):
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.topsrcdir):
+            for f in files:
+                if f == 'Makefile.in':
+                    yield os.path.join(root, f)
+
+@CommandProvider
+class MachDebug(MachCommandBase):
+    @Command('environment', category='build-dev',
+        description='Show info about the mach and build environment.')
+    @CommandArgument('--format', default='pretty',
+        choices=['pretty', 'client.mk', 'configure', 'json'],
+        help='Print data in the given format.')
+    @CommandArgument('--output', '-o', type=str,
+        help='Output to the given file.')
+    @CommandArgument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true',
+        help='Print verbose output.')
+    def environment(self, format, output=None, verbose=False):
+        func = getattr(self, '_environment_%s' % format.replace('.', '_'))
+
+        if output:
+            # We want to preserve mtimes if the output file already exists
+            # and the content hasn't changed.
+            from mozbuild.util import FileAvoidWrite
+            with FileAvoidWrite(output) as out:
+                return func(out, verbose)
+        return func(sys.stdout, verbose)
+
+    def _environment_pretty(self, out, verbose):
+        state_dir = self._mach_context.state_dir
+        import platform
+        print('platform:\n\t%s' % platform.platform(), file=out)
+        print('python version:\n\t%s' % sys.version, file=out)
+        print('python prefix:\n\t%s' % sys.prefix, file=out)
+        print('mach cwd:\n\t%s' % self._mach_context.cwd, file=out)
+        print('os cwd:\n\t%s' % os.getcwd(), file=out)
+        print('mach directory:\n\t%s' % self._mach_context.topdir, file=out)
+        print('state directory:\n\t%s' % state_dir, file=out)
+
+        print('object directory:\n\t%s' % self.topobjdir, file=out)
+
+        if self.mozconfig['path']:
+            print('mozconfig path:\n\t%s' % self.mozconfig['path'], file=out)
+            if self.mozconfig['configure_args']:
+                print('mozconfig configure args:', file=out)
+                for arg in self.mozconfig['configure_args']:
+                    print('\t%s' % arg, file=out)
+
+            if self.mozconfig['make_extra']:
+                print('mozconfig extra make args:', file=out)
+                for arg in self.mozconfig['make_extra']:
+                    print('\t%s' % arg, file=out)
+
+            if self.mozconfig['make_flags']:
+                print('mozconfig make flags:', file=out)
+                for arg in self.mozconfig['make_flags']:
+                    print('\t%s' % arg, file=out)
+
+        config = None
+
+        try:
+            config = self.config_environment
+
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+        if config:
+            print('config topsrcdir:\n\t%s' % config.topsrcdir, file=out)
+            print('config topobjdir:\n\t%s' % config.topobjdir, file=out)
+
+            if verbose:
+                print('config substitutions:', file=out)
+                for k in sorted(config.substs):
+                    print('\t%s: %s' % (k, config.substs[k]), file=out)
+
+                print('config defines:', file=out)
+                for k in sorted(config.defines):
+                    print('\t%s' % k, file=out)
+
+    def _environment_client_mk(self, out, verbose):
+        if self.mozconfig['make_extra']:
+            for arg in self.mozconfig['make_extra']:
+                print(arg, file=out)
+        if self.mozconfig['make_flags']:
+            print('MOZ_MAKE_FLAGS=%s' % ' '.join(self.mozconfig['make_flags']))
+        objdir = mozpath.normsep(self.topobjdir)
+        print('MOZ_OBJDIR=%s' % objdir, file=out)
+        if 'MOZ_CURRENT_PROJECT' in os.environ:
+            objdir = mozpath.join(objdir, os.environ['MOZ_CURRENT_PROJECT'])
+        print('OBJDIR=%s' % objdir, file=out)
+        if self.mozconfig['path']:
+            print('FOUND_MOZCONFIG=%s' % mozpath.normsep(self.mozconfig['path']),
+                file=out)
+
+    def _environment_json(self, out, verbose):
+        import json
+        class EnvironmentEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+            def default(self, obj):
+                if isinstance(obj, MozbuildObject):
+                    result = {
+                        'topsrcdir': obj.topsrcdir,
+                        'topobjdir': obj.topobjdir,
+                        'mozconfig': obj.mozconfig,
+                    }
+                    if verbose:
+                        result['substs'] = obj.substs
+                        result['defines'] = obj.defines
+                    return result
+                elif isinstance(obj, set):
+                    return list(obj)
+                return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
+        json.dump(self, cls=EnvironmentEncoder, sort_keys=True, fp=out)
+
+class ArtifactSubCommand(SubCommand):
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        after = SubCommand.__call__(self, func)
+        jobchoices = {
+            'android-api-15',
+            'android-x86',
+            'linux',
+            'linux64',
+            'macosx64',
+            'win32',
+            'win64'
+        }
+        args = [
+            CommandArgument('--tree', metavar='TREE', type=str,
+                help='Firefox tree.'),
+            CommandArgument('--job', metavar='JOB', choices=jobchoices,
+                help='Build job.'),
+            CommandArgument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true',
+                help='Print verbose output.'),
+        ]
+        for arg in args:
+            after = arg(after)
+        return after
+
+
+@CommandProvider
+class PackageFrontend(MachCommandBase):
+    """Fetch and install binary artifacts from Mozilla automation."""
+
+    @Command('artifact', category='post-build',
+        description='Use pre-built artifacts to build Firefox.')
+    def artifact(self):
+        '''Download, cache, and install pre-built binary artifacts to build Firefox.
+
+        Use |mach build| as normal to freshen your installed binary libraries:
+        artifact builds automatically download, cache, and install binary
+        artifacts from Mozilla automation, replacing whatever may be in your
+        object directory.  Use |mach artifact last| to see what binary artifacts
+        were last used.
+
+        Never build libxul again!
+
+        '''
+        pass
+
+    def _set_log_level(self, verbose):
+        self.log_manager.terminal_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO if not verbose else logging.DEBUG)
+
+    def _install_pip_package(self, package):
+        if os.environ.get('MOZ_AUTOMATION'):
+            self.virtualenv_manager._run_pip([
+                'install',
+                package,
+                '--no-index',
+                '--find-links',
+                'http://pypi.pub.build.mozilla.org/pub',
+                '--trusted-host',
+                'pypi.pub.build.mozilla.org',
+            ])
+            return
+        self.virtualenv_manager.install_pip_package(package)
+
+    def _make_artifacts(self, tree=None, job=None, skip_cache=False):
+        # Undo PATH munging that will be done by activating the virtualenv,
+        # so that invoked subprocesses expecting to find system python
+        # (git cinnabar, in particular), will not find virtualenv python.
+        original_path = os.environ.get('PATH', '')
+        self._activate_virtualenv()
+        os.environ['PATH'] = original_path
+
+        for package in ('taskcluster==0.0.32',
+                        'mozregression==1.0.2'):
+            self._install_pip_package(package)
+
+        state_dir = self._mach_context.state_dir
+        cache_dir = os.path.join(state_dir, 'package-frontend')
+
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(cache_dir)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+        import which
+
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        build_obj = MozbuildObject.from_environment(cwd=here)
+
+        hg = None
+        if conditions.is_hg(build_obj):
+            if self._is_windows():
+                hg = which.which('hg.exe')
+            else:
+                hg = which.which('hg')
+
+        git = None
+        if conditions.is_git(build_obj):
+            if self._is_windows():
+                git = which.which('git.exe')
+            else:
+                git = which.which('git')
+
+        # Absolutely must come after the virtualenv is populated!
+        from mozbuild.artifacts import Artifacts
+        artifacts = Artifacts(tree, self.substs, self.defines, job,
+                              log=self.log, cache_dir=cache_dir,
+                              skip_cache=skip_cache, hg=hg, git=git,
+                              topsrcdir=self.topsrcdir)
+        return artifacts
+
+    @ArtifactSubCommand('artifact', 'install',
+        'Install a good pre-built artifact.')
+    @CommandArgument('source', metavar='SRC', nargs='?', type=str,
+        help='Where to fetch and install artifacts from.  Can be omitted, in '
+            'which case the current hg repository is inspected; an hg revision; '
+            'a remote URL; or a local file.',
+        default=None)
+    @CommandArgument('--skip-cache', action='store_true',
+        help='Skip all local caches to force re-fetching remote artifacts.',
+        default=False)
+    def artifact_install(self, source=None, skip_cache=False, tree=None, job=None, verbose=False):
+        self._set_log_level(verbose)
+        artifacts = self._make_artifacts(tree=tree, job=job, skip_cache=skip_cache)
+
+        return artifacts.install_from(source, self.distdir)
+
+    @ArtifactSubCommand('artifact', 'last',
+        'Print the last pre-built artifact installed.')
+    def artifact_print_last(self, tree=None, job=None, verbose=False):
+        self._set_log_level(verbose)
+        artifacts = self._make_artifacts(tree=tree, job=job)
+        artifacts.print_last()
+        return 0
+
+    @ArtifactSubCommand('artifact', 'print-cache',
+        'Print local artifact cache for debugging.')
+    def artifact_print_cache(self, tree=None, job=None, verbose=False):
+        self._set_log_level(verbose)
+        artifacts = self._make_artifacts(tree=tree, job=job)
+        artifacts.print_cache()
+        return 0
+
+    @ArtifactSubCommand('artifact', 'clear-cache',
+        'Delete local artifacts and reset local artifact cache.')
+    def artifact_clear_cache(self, tree=None, job=None, verbose=False):
+        self._set_log_level(verbose)
+        artifacts = self._make_artifacts(tree=tree, job=job)
+        artifacts.clear_cache()
+        return 0
+
+@CommandProvider
+class Vendor(MachCommandBase):
+    """Vendor third-party dependencies into the source repository."""
+
+    @Command('vendor', category='misc',
+             description='Vendor third-party dependencies into the source repository.')
+    def vendor(self):
+        self.parser.print_usage()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    @SubCommand('vendor', 'rust',
+                description='Vendor rust crates from crates.io into third_party/rust')
+    @CommandArgument('--ignore-modified', action='store_true',
+        help='Ignore modified files in current checkout',
+        default=False)
+    def vendor_rust(self, **kwargs):
+        from mozbuild.vendor_rust import VendorRust
+        vendor_command = self._spawn(VendorRust)
+        vendor_command.vendor(**kwargs)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/makeutil.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/makeutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcd45bed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/makeutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+from types import StringTypes
+from collections import Iterable
+
+
+class Makefile(object):
+    '''Provides an interface for writing simple makefiles
+
+    Instances of this class are created, populated with rules, then
+    written.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._statements = []
+
+    def create_rule(self, targets=[]):
+        '''
+        Create a new rule in the makefile for the given targets.
+        Returns the corresponding Rule instance.
+        '''
+        rule = Rule(targets)
+        self._statements.append(rule)
+        return rule
+
+    def add_statement(self, statement):
+        '''
+        Add a raw statement in the makefile. Meant to be used for
+        simple variable assignments.
+        '''
+        self._statements.append(statement)
+
+    def dump(self, fh, removal_guard=True):
+        '''
+        Dump all the rules to the given file handle. Optionally (and by
+        default), add guard rules for file removals (empty rules for other
+        rules' dependencies)
+        '''
+        all_deps = set()
+        all_targets = set()
+        for statement in self._statements:
+            if isinstance(statement, Rule):
+                statement.dump(fh)
+                all_deps.update(statement.dependencies())
+                all_targets.update(statement.targets())
+            else:
+                fh.write('%s\n' % statement)
+        if removal_guard:
+            guard = Rule(sorted(all_deps - all_targets))
+            guard.dump(fh)
+
+
+class _SimpleOrderedSet(object):
+    '''
+    Simple ordered set, specialized for used in Rule below only.
+    It doesn't expose a complete API, and normalizes path separators
+    at insertion.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._list = []
+        self._set = set()
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return bool(self._set)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._set
+
+    def update(self, iterable):
+        def _add(iterable):
+            emitted = set()
+            for i in iterable:
+                i = i.replace(os.sep, '/')
+                if i not in self._set and i not in emitted:
+                    yield i
+                    emitted.add(i)
+        added = list(_add(iterable))
+        self._set.update(added)
+        self._list.extend(added)
+
+
+class Rule(object):
+    '''Class handling simple rules in the form:
+           target1 target2 ... : dep1 dep2 ...
+                   command1
+                   command2
+                   ...
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, targets=[]):
+        self._targets = _SimpleOrderedSet()
+        self._dependencies = _SimpleOrderedSet()
+        self._commands = []
+        self.add_targets(targets)
+
+    def add_targets(self, targets):
+        '''Add additional targets to the rule.'''
+        assert isinstance(targets, Iterable) and not isinstance(targets, StringTypes)
+        self._targets.update(targets)
+        return self
+
+    def add_dependencies(self, deps):
+        '''Add dependencies to the rule.'''
+        assert isinstance(deps, Iterable) and not isinstance(deps, StringTypes)
+        self._dependencies.update(deps)
+        return self
+
+    def add_commands(self, commands):
+        '''Add commands to the rule.'''
+        assert isinstance(commands, Iterable) and not isinstance(commands, StringTypes)
+        self._commands.extend(commands)
+        return self
+
+    def targets(self):
+        '''Return an iterator on the rule targets.'''
+        # Ensure the returned iterator is actually just that, an iterator.
+        # Avoids caller fiddling with the set itself.
+        return iter(self._targets)
+
+    def dependencies(self):
+        '''Return an iterator on the rule dependencies.'''
+        return iter(d for d in self._dependencies if not d in self._targets)
+
+    def commands(self):
+        '''Return an iterator on the rule commands.'''
+        return iter(self._commands)
+
+    def dump(self, fh):
+        '''
+        Dump the rule to the given file handle.
+        '''
+        if not self._targets:
+            return
+        fh.write('%s:' % ' '.join(self._targets))
+        if self._dependencies:
+            fh.write(' %s' % ' '.join(self.dependencies()))
+        fh.write('\n')
+        for cmd in self._commands:
+            fh.write('\t%s\n' % cmd)
+
+
+# colon followed by anything except a slash (Windows path detection)
+_depfilesplitter = re.compile(r':(?![\\/])')
+
+
+def read_dep_makefile(fh):
+    """
+    Read the file handler containing a dep makefile (simple makefile only
+    containing dependencies) and returns an iterator of the corresponding Rules
+    it contains. Ignores removal guard rules.
+    """
+
+    rule = ''
+    for line in fh.readlines():
+        assert not line.startswith('\t')
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line.endswith('\\'):
+            rule += line[:-1]
+        else:
+            rule += line
+            split_rule = _depfilesplitter.split(rule, 1)
+            if len(split_rule) > 1 and split_rule[1].strip():
+                yield Rule(split_rule[0].strip().split()) \
+                      .add_dependencies(split_rule[1].strip().split())
+            rule = ''
+
+    if rule:
+        raise Exception('Makefile finishes with a backslash. Expected more input.')
+
+def write_dep_makefile(fh, target, deps):
+    '''
+    Write a Makefile containing only target's dependencies to the file handle
+    specified.
+    '''
+    mk = Makefile()
+    rule = mk.create_rule(targets=[target])
+    rule.add_dependencies(deps)
+    mk.dump(fh, removal_guard=True)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/milestone.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/milestone.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2aa78fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/milestone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+
+def get_milestone_ab_with_num(milestone):
+    """
+    Returns the alpha and beta tag with its number (a1, a2, b3, ...).
+    """
+
+    match = re.search(r"([ab]\d+)", milestone)
+    if match:
+        return match.group(1)
+
+    return ""
+
+
+def get_official_milestone(path):
+    """
+    Returns the contents of the first line in `path` that starts with a digit.
+    """
+
+    with open(path) as fp:
+        for line in fp:
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line[:1].isdigit():
+                return line
+
+    raise Exception("Didn't find a line that starts with a digit.")
+
+
+def get_milestone_major(milestone):
+    """
+    Returns the major (first) part of the milestone.
+    """
+
+    return milestone.split('.')[0]
+
+
+def main(args):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('--uaversion', default=False, action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument('--symbolversion', default=False, action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument('--topsrcdir', metavar='TOPSRCDIR', required=True)
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    milestone_file = os.path.join(options.topsrcdir, 'config', 'milestone.txt')
+
+    milestone = get_official_milestone(milestone_file)
+
+    if options.uaversion:
+        # Only expose the major milestone in the UA string, hide the patch
+        # level (bugs 572659 and 870868).
+        uaversion = "%s.0" % (get_milestone_major(milestone),)
+        print(uaversion)
+
+    elif options.symbolversion:
+        # Only expose major milestone and alpha version. Used for symbol
+        # versioning on Linux.
+        symbolversion = "%s%s" % (get_milestone_major(milestone),
+                                  get_milestone_ab_with_num(milestone))
+        print(symbolversion)
+    else:
+        print(milestone)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv[1:])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozconfig.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71267c1be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import filecmp
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import traceback
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+
+MOZ_MYCONFIG_ERROR = '''
+The MOZ_MYCONFIG environment variable to define the location of mozconfigs
+is deprecated. If you wish to define the mozconfig path via an environment
+variable, use MOZCONFIG instead.
+'''.strip()
+
+MOZCONFIG_LEGACY_PATH = '''
+You currently have a mozconfig at %s. This implicit location is no longer
+supported. Please move it to %s/.mozconfig or set an explicit path
+via the $MOZCONFIG environment variable.
+'''.strip()
+
+MOZCONFIG_BAD_EXIT_CODE = '''
+Evaluation of your mozconfig exited with an error. This could be triggered
+by a command inside your mozconfig failing. Please change your mozconfig
+to not error and/or to catch errors in executed commands.
+'''.strip()
+
+MOZCONFIG_BAD_OUTPUT = '''
+Evaluation of your mozconfig produced unexpected output.  This could be
+triggered by a command inside your mozconfig failing or producing some warnings
+or error messages. Please change your mozconfig to not error and/or to catch
+errors in executed commands.
+'''.strip()
+
+
+class MozconfigFindException(Exception):
+    """Raised when a mozconfig location is not defined properly."""
+
+
+class MozconfigLoadException(Exception):
+    """Raised when a mozconfig could not be loaded properly.
+
+    This typically indicates a malformed or misbehaving mozconfig file.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, message, output=None):
+        self.path = path
+        self.output = output
+        Exception.__init__(self, message)
+
+
+class MozconfigLoader(object):
+    """Handles loading and parsing of mozconfig files."""
+
+    RE_MAKE_VARIABLE = re.compile('''
+        ^\s*                    # Leading whitespace
+        (?P<var>[a-zA-Z_0-9]+)  # Variable name
+        \s* [?:]?= \s*          # Assignment operator surrounded by optional
+                                # spaces
+        (?P<value>.*$)''',      # Everything else (likely the value)
+        re.VERBOSE)
+
+    # Default mozconfig files in the topsrcdir.
+    DEFAULT_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS = ('.mozconfig', 'mozconfig')
+
+    DEPRECATED_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS = ('mozconfig.sh', 'myconfig.sh')
+    DEPRECATED_HOME_PATHS = ('.mozconfig', '.mozconfig.sh', '.mozmyconfig.sh')
+
+    IGNORE_SHELL_VARIABLES = {'_'}
+
+    ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES = {
+        'CC', 'CXX', 'CFLAGS', 'CXXFLAGS', 'LDFLAGS', 'MOZ_OBJDIR',
+    }
+
+    AUTODETECT = object()
+
+    def __init__(self, topsrcdir):
+        self.topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+
+    @property
+    def _loader_script(self):
+        our_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+        return os.path.join(our_dir, 'mozconfig_loader')
+
+    def find_mozconfig(self, env=os.environ):
+        """Find the active mozconfig file for the current environment.
+
+        This emulates the logic in mozconfig-find.
+
+        1) If ENV[MOZCONFIG] is set, use that
+        2) If $TOPSRCDIR/mozconfig or $TOPSRCDIR/.mozconfig exists, use it.
+        3) If both exist or if there are legacy locations detected, error out.
+
+        The absolute path to the found mozconfig will be returned on success.
+        None will be returned if no mozconfig could be found. A
+        MozconfigFindException will be raised if there is a bad state,
+        including conditions from #3 above.
+        """
+        # Check for legacy methods first.
+
+        if 'MOZ_MYCONFIG' in env:
+            raise MozconfigFindException(MOZ_MYCONFIG_ERROR)
+
+        env_path = env.get('MOZCONFIG', None) or None
+        if env_path is not None:
+            if not os.path.isabs(env_path):
+                potential_roots = [self.topsrcdir, os.getcwd()]
+                # Attempt to eliminate duplicates for e.g.
+                # self.topsrcdir == os.curdir.
+                potential_roots = set(os.path.abspath(p) for p in potential_roots)
+                existing = [root for root in potential_roots
+                            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(root, env_path))]
+                if len(existing) > 1:
+                    # There are multiple files, but we might have a setup like:
+                    #
+                    # somedirectory/
+                    #   srcdir/
+                    #   objdir/
+                    #
+                    # MOZCONFIG=../srcdir/some/path/to/mozconfig
+                    #
+                    # and be configuring from the objdir.  So even though we
+                    # have multiple existing files, they are actually the same
+                    # file.
+                    mozconfigs = [os.path.join(root, env_path)
+                                  for root in existing]
+                    if not all(map(lambda p1, p2: filecmp.cmp(p1, p2, shallow=False),
+                                   mozconfigs[:-1], mozconfigs[1:])):
+                        raise MozconfigFindException(
+                            'MOZCONFIG environment variable refers to a path that ' +
+                            'exists in more than one of ' + ', '.join(potential_roots) +
+                            '. Remove all but one.')
+                elif not existing:
+                    raise MozconfigFindException(
+                        'MOZCONFIG environment variable refers to a path that ' +
+                        'does not exist in any of ' + ', '.join(potential_roots))
+
+                env_path = os.path.join(existing[0], env_path)
+            elif not os.path.exists(env_path): # non-relative path
+                raise MozconfigFindException(
+                    'MOZCONFIG environment variable refers to a path that '
+                    'does not exist: ' + env_path)
+
+            if not os.path.isfile(env_path):
+                raise MozconfigFindException(
+                    'MOZCONFIG environment variable refers to a '
+                    'non-file: ' + env_path)
+
+        srcdir_paths = [os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, p) for p in
+            self.DEFAULT_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS]
+        existing = [p for p in srcdir_paths if os.path.isfile(p)]
+
+        if env_path is None and len(existing) > 1:
+            raise MozconfigFindException('Multiple default mozconfig files '
+                'present. Remove all but one. ' + ', '.join(existing))
+
+        path = None
+
+        if env_path is not None:
+            path = env_path
+        elif len(existing):
+            assert len(existing) == 1
+            path = existing[0]
+
+        if path is not None:
+            return os.path.abspath(path)
+
+        deprecated_paths = [os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, s) for s in
+            self.DEPRECATED_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS]
+
+        home = env.get('HOME', None)
+        if home is not None:
+            deprecated_paths.extend([os.path.join(home, s) for s in
+            self.DEPRECATED_HOME_PATHS])
+
+        for path in deprecated_paths:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                raise MozconfigFindException(
+                    MOZCONFIG_LEGACY_PATH % (path, self.topsrcdir))
+
+        return None
+
+    def read_mozconfig(self, path=None, moz_build_app=None):
+        """Read the contents of a mozconfig into a data structure.
+
+        This takes the path to a mozconfig to load. If the given path is
+        AUTODETECT, will try to find a mozconfig from the environment using
+        find_mozconfig().
+
+        mozconfig files are shell scripts. So, we can't just parse them.
+        Instead, we run the shell script in a wrapper which allows us to record
+        state from execution. Thus, the output from a mozconfig is a friendly
+        static data structure.
+        """
+        if path is self.AUTODETECT:
+            path = self.find_mozconfig()
+
+        result = {
+            'path': path,
+            'topobjdir': None,
+            'configure_args': None,
+            'make_flags': None,
+            'make_extra': None,
+            'env': None,
+            'vars': None,
+        }
+
+        if path is None:
+            return result
+
+        path = mozpath.normsep(path)
+
+        result['configure_args'] = []
+        result['make_extra'] = []
+        result['make_flags'] = []
+
+        env = dict(os.environ)
+
+        # Since mozconfig_loader is a shell script, running it "normally"
+        # actually leads to two shell executions on Windows. Avoid this by
+        # directly calling sh mozconfig_loader.
+        shell = 'sh'
+        if 'MOZILLABUILD' in os.environ:
+            shell = os.environ['MOZILLABUILD'] + '/msys/bin/sh'
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            shell = shell + '.exe'
+
+        command = [shell, mozpath.normsep(self._loader_script),
+                   mozpath.normsep(self.topsrcdir), path, sys.executable,
+                   mozpath.join(mozpath.dirname(self._loader_script),
+                                'action', 'dump_env.py')]
+
+        try:
+            # We need to capture stderr because that's where the shell sends
+            # errors if execution fails.
+            output = subprocess.check_output(command, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                cwd=self.topsrcdir, env=env)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            lines = e.output.splitlines()
+
+            # Output before actual execution shouldn't be relevant.
+            try:
+                index = lines.index('------END_BEFORE_SOURCE')
+                lines = lines[index + 1:]
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            raise MozconfigLoadException(path, MOZCONFIG_BAD_EXIT_CODE, lines)
+
+        try:
+            parsed = self._parse_loader_output(output)
+        except AssertionError:
+            # _parse_loader_output uses assertions to verify the
+            # well-formedness of the shell output; when these fail, it
+            # generally means there was a problem with the output, but we
+            # include the assertion traceback just to be sure.
+            print('Assertion failed in _parse_loader_output:')
+            traceback.print_exc()
+            raise MozconfigLoadException(path, MOZCONFIG_BAD_OUTPUT,
+                                         output.splitlines())
+
+        def diff_vars(vars_before, vars_after):
+            set1 = set(vars_before.keys()) - self.IGNORE_SHELL_VARIABLES
+            set2 = set(vars_after.keys()) - self.IGNORE_SHELL_VARIABLES
+            added = set2 - set1
+            removed = set1 - set2
+            maybe_modified = set1 & set2
+            changed = {
+                'added': {},
+                'removed': {},
+                'modified': {},
+                'unmodified': {},
+            }
+
+            for key in added:
+                changed['added'][key] = vars_after[key]
+
+            for key in removed:
+                changed['removed'][key] = vars_before[key]
+
+            for key in maybe_modified:
+                if vars_before[key] != vars_after[key]:
+                    changed['modified'][key] = (
+                        vars_before[key], vars_after[key])
+                elif key in self.ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES:
+                    # In order for irrelevant environment variable changes not
+                    # to incur in re-running configure, only a set of
+                    # environment variables are stored when they are
+                    # unmodified. Otherwise, changes such as using a different
+                    # terminal window, or even rebooting, would trigger
+                    # reconfigures.
+                    changed['unmodified'][key] = vars_after[key]
+
+            return changed
+
+        result['env'] = diff_vars(parsed['env_before'], parsed['env_after'])
+
+        # Environment variables also appear as shell variables, but that's
+        # uninteresting duplication of information. Filter them out.
+        filt = lambda x, y: {k: v for k, v in x.items() if k not in y}
+        result['vars'] = diff_vars(
+            filt(parsed['vars_before'], parsed['env_before']),
+            filt(parsed['vars_after'], parsed['env_after'])
+        )
+
+        result['configure_args'] = [self._expand(o) for o in parsed['ac']]
+
+        if moz_build_app is not None:
+            result['configure_args'].extend(self._expand(o) for o in
+                parsed['ac_app'][moz_build_app])
+
+        if 'MOZ_OBJDIR' in parsed['env_before']:
+            result['topobjdir'] = parsed['env_before']['MOZ_OBJDIR']
+
+        mk = [self._expand(o) for o in parsed['mk']]
+
+        for o in mk:
+            match = self.RE_MAKE_VARIABLE.match(o)
+
+            if match is None:
+                result['make_extra'].append(o)
+                continue
+
+            name, value = match.group('var'), match.group('value')
+
+            if name == 'MOZ_MAKE_FLAGS':
+                result['make_flags'] = value.split()
+                continue
+
+            if name == 'MOZ_OBJDIR':
+                result['topobjdir'] = value
+                continue
+
+            result['make_extra'].append(o)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _parse_loader_output(self, output):
+        mk_options = []
+        ac_options = []
+        ac_app_options = defaultdict(list)
+        before_source = {}
+        after_source = {}
+        env_before_source = {}
+        env_after_source = {}
+
+        current = None
+        current_type = None
+        in_variable = None
+
+        for line in output.splitlines():
+
+            # XXX This is an ugly hack. Data may be lost from things
+            # like environment variable values.
+            # See https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=831381
+            line = line.decode('mbcs' if sys.platform == 'win32' else 'utf-8',
+                               'ignore')
+
+            if not line:
+                continue
+
+            if line.startswith('------BEGIN_'):
+                assert current_type is None
+                assert current is None
+                assert not in_variable
+                current_type = line[len('------BEGIN_'):]
+                current = []
+                continue
+
+            if line.startswith('------END_'):
+                assert not in_variable
+                section = line[len('------END_'):]
+                assert current_type == section
+
+                if current_type == 'AC_OPTION':
+                    ac_options.append('\n'.join(current))
+                elif current_type == 'MK_OPTION':
+                    mk_options.append('\n'.join(current))
+                elif current_type == 'AC_APP_OPTION':
+                    app = current.pop(0)
+                    ac_app_options[app].append('\n'.join(current))
+
+                current = None
+                current_type = None
+                continue
+
+            assert current_type is not None
+
+            vars_mapping = {
+                'BEFORE_SOURCE': before_source,
+                'AFTER_SOURCE': after_source,
+                'ENV_BEFORE_SOURCE': env_before_source,
+                'ENV_AFTER_SOURCE': env_after_source,
+            }
+
+            if current_type in vars_mapping:
+                # mozconfigs are sourced using the Bourne shell (or at least
+                # in Bourne shell mode). This means |set| simply lists
+                # variables from the current shell (not functions). (Note that
+                # if Bash is installed in /bin/sh it acts like regular Bourne
+                # and doesn't print functions.) So, lines should have the
+                # form:
+                #
+                #  key='value'
+                #  key=value
+                #
+                # The only complication is multi-line variables. Those have the
+                # form:
+                #
+                #  key='first
+                #  second'
+
+                # TODO Bug 818377 Properly handle multi-line variables of form:
+                # $ foo="a='b'
+                # c='d'"
+                # $ set
+                # foo='a='"'"'b'"'"'
+                # c='"'"'d'"'"
+
+                name = in_variable
+                value = None
+                if in_variable:
+                    # Reached the end of a multi-line variable.
+                    if line.endswith("'") and not line.endswith("\\'"):
+                        current.append(line[:-1])
+                        value = '\n'.join(current)
+                        in_variable = None
+                    else:
+                        current.append(line)
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    equal_pos = line.find('=')
+
+                    if equal_pos < 1:
+                        # TODO log warning?
+                        continue
+
+                    name = line[0:equal_pos]
+                    value = line[equal_pos + 1:]
+
+                    if len(value):
+                        has_quote = value[0] == "'"
+
+                        if has_quote:
+                            value = value[1:]
+
+                        # Lines with a quote not ending in a quote are multi-line.
+                        if has_quote and not value.endswith("'"):
+                            in_variable = name
+                            current.append(value)
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            value = value[:-1] if has_quote else value
+
+                assert name is not None
+
+                vars_mapping[current_type][name] = value
+
+                current = []
+
+                continue
+
+            current.append(line)
+
+        return {
+            'mk': mk_options,
+            'ac': ac_options,
+            'ac_app': ac_app_options,
+            'vars_before': before_source,
+            'vars_after': after_source,
+            'env_before': env_before_source,
+            'env_after': env_after_source,
+        }
+
+    def _expand(self, s):
+        return s.replace('@TOPSRCDIR@', self.topsrcdir)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozconfig_loader b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozconfig_loader
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6b1e05dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozconfig_loader
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This script provides an execution environment for mozconfig scripts.
+# This script is not meant to be called by users. Instead, some
+# higher-level driver invokes it and parses the machine-tailored output.
+
+set -e
+
+ac_add_options() {
+  local opt
+  for opt; do
+    case "$opt" in
+    --target=*)
+      echo "------BEGIN_MK_OPTION"
+      echo $opt | sed s/--target/CONFIG_GUESS/
+      echo "------END_MK_OPTION"
+      ;;
+    esac
+    echo "------BEGIN_AC_OPTION"
+    echo $opt
+    echo "------END_AC_OPTION"
+  done
+}
+
+ac_add_app_options() {
+  local app
+  app=$1
+  shift
+  echo "------BEGIN_AC_APP_OPTION"
+  echo $app
+  echo "$*"
+  echo "------END_AC_APP_OPTION"
+}
+
+mk_add_options() {
+  local opt name op value
+  for opt; do
+    echo "------BEGIN_MK_OPTION"
+    echo $opt
+    # Remove any leading "export"
+    opt=${opt#export}
+    case "$opt" in
+    *\?=*) op="?=" ;;
+    *:=*) op=":=" ;;
+    *+=*) op="+=" ;;
+    *=*) op="=" ;;
+    esac
+    # Remove the operator and the value that follows
+    name=${opt%%${op}*}
+    # Note: $(echo ${name}) strips the variable from any leading and trailing
+    # whitespaces.
+    eval "$(echo ${name})_IS_SET=1"
+    echo "------END_MK_OPTION"
+  done
+}
+
+echo "------BEGIN_ENV_BEFORE_SOURCE"
+$3 $4
+echo "------END_ENV_BEFORE_SOURCE"
+
+echo "------BEGIN_BEFORE_SOURCE"
+set
+echo "------END_BEFORE_SOURCE"
+
+topsrcdir=$1
+
+. $2
+
+unset topsrcdir
+
+echo "------BEGIN_AFTER_SOURCE"
+set
+echo "------END_AFTER_SOURCE"
+
+echo "------BEGIN_ENV_AFTER_SOURCE"
+$3 $4
+echo "------END_ENV_AFTER_SOURCE"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozinfo.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozinfo.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f0b0df9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/mozinfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This module produces a JSON file that provides basic build info and
+# configuration metadata.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+import json
+
+
+def build_dict(config, env=os.environ):
+    """
+    Build a dict containing data about the build configuration from
+    the environment.
+    """
+    substs = config.substs
+
+    # Check that all required variables are present first.
+    required = ["TARGET_CPU", "OS_TARGET"]
+    missing = [r for r in required if r not in substs]
+    if missing:
+        raise Exception("Missing required environment variables: %s" %
+                        ', '.join(missing))
+
+    d = {}
+    d['topsrcdir'] = config.topsrcdir
+
+    if config.mozconfig:
+        d['mozconfig'] = config.mozconfig
+
+    # os
+    o = substs["OS_TARGET"]
+    known_os = {"Linux": "linux",
+                "WINNT": "win",
+                "Darwin": "mac",
+                "Android": "b2g" if substs.get("MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT") == "gonk" else "android"}
+    if o in known_os:
+        d["os"] = known_os[o]
+    else:
+        # Allow unknown values, just lowercase them.
+        d["os"] = o.lower()
+
+    # Widget toolkit, just pass the value directly through.
+    d["toolkit"] = substs.get("MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT")
+
+    # Application name
+    if 'MOZ_APP_NAME' in substs:
+        d["appname"] = substs["MOZ_APP_NAME"]
+
+    # Build app name
+    if 'MOZ_MULET' in substs and substs.get('MOZ_MULET') == "1":
+        d["buildapp"] = "mulet"
+    elif 'MOZ_BUILD_APP' in substs:
+        d["buildapp"] = substs["MOZ_BUILD_APP"]
+
+    # processor
+    p = substs["TARGET_CPU"]
+    # for universal mac builds, put in a special value
+    if d["os"] == "mac" and "UNIVERSAL_BINARY" in substs and substs["UNIVERSAL_BINARY"] == "1":
+        p = "universal-x86-x86_64"
+    else:
+        # do some slight massaging for some values
+        #TODO: retain specific values in case someone wants them?
+        if p.startswith("arm"):
+            p = "arm"
+        elif re.match("i[3-9]86", p):
+            p = "x86"
+    d["processor"] = p
+    # hardcoded list of 64-bit CPUs
+    if p in ["x86_64", "ppc64"]:
+        d["bits"] = 64
+    # hardcoded list of known 32-bit CPUs
+    elif p in ["x86", "arm", "ppc"]:
+        d["bits"] = 32
+    # other CPUs will wind up with unknown bits
+
+    d['debug'] = substs.get('MOZ_DEBUG') == '1'
+    d['nightly_build'] = substs.get('NIGHTLY_BUILD') == '1'
+    d['release_or_beta'] = substs.get('RELEASE_OR_BETA') == '1'
+    d['pgo'] = substs.get('MOZ_PGO') == '1'
+    d['crashreporter'] = bool(substs.get('MOZ_CRASHREPORTER'))
+    d['datareporting'] = bool(substs.get('MOZ_DATA_REPORTING'))
+    d['healthreport'] = substs.get('MOZ_SERVICES_HEALTHREPORT') == '1'
+    d['sync'] = substs.get('MOZ_SERVICES_SYNC') == '1'
+    d['asan'] = substs.get('MOZ_ASAN') == '1'
+    d['tsan'] = substs.get('MOZ_TSAN') == '1'
+    d['telemetry'] = substs.get('MOZ_TELEMETRY_REPORTING') == '1'
+    d['tests_enabled'] = substs.get('ENABLE_TESTS') == "1"
+    d['bin_suffix'] = substs.get('BIN_SUFFIX', '')
+    d['addon_signing'] = substs.get('MOZ_ADDON_SIGNING') == '1'
+    d['require_signing'] = substs.get('MOZ_REQUIRE_SIGNING') == '1'
+    d['official'] = bool(substs.get('MOZILLA_OFFICIAL'))
+    d['sm_promise'] = bool(substs.get('SPIDERMONKEY_PROMISE'))
+
+    def guess_platform():
+        if d['buildapp'] in ('browser', 'mulet'):
+            p = d['os']
+            if p == 'mac':
+                p = 'macosx64'
+            elif d['bits'] == 64:
+                p = '{}64'.format(p)
+            elif p in ('win',):
+                p = '{}32'.format(p)
+
+            if d['buildapp'] == 'mulet':
+                p = '{}-mulet'.format(p)
+
+            if d['asan']:
+                p = '{}-asan'.format(p)
+
+            return p
+
+        if d['buildapp'] == 'b2g':
+            if d['toolkit'] == 'gonk':
+                return 'emulator'
+
+            if d['bits'] == 64:
+                return 'linux64_gecko'
+            return 'linux32_gecko'
+
+        if d['buildapp'] == 'mobile/android':
+            if d['processor'] == 'x86':
+                return 'android-x86'
+            return 'android-arm'
+
+    def guess_buildtype():
+        if d['debug']:
+            return 'debug'
+        if d['pgo']:
+            return 'pgo'
+        return 'opt'
+
+    # if buildapp or bits are unknown, we don't have a configuration similar to
+    # any in automation and the guesses are useless.
+    if 'buildapp' in d and (d['os'] == 'mac' or 'bits' in d):
+        d['platform_guess'] = guess_platform()
+        d['buildtype_guess'] = guess_buildtype()
+
+    if 'buildapp' in d and d['buildapp'] == 'mobile/android' and 'MOZ_ANDROID_MIN_SDK_VERSION' in substs:
+        d['android_min_sdk'] = substs['MOZ_ANDROID_MIN_SDK_VERSION']
+
+    return d
+
+
+def write_mozinfo(file, config, env=os.environ):
+    """Write JSON data about the configuration specified in config and an
+    environment variable dict to |file|, which may be a filename or file-like
+    object.
+    See build_dict for information about what  environment variables are used,
+    and what keys are produced.
+    """
+    build_conf = build_dict(config, env)
+    if isinstance(file, basestring):
+        file = open(file, 'wb')
+
+    json.dump(build_conf, file, sort_keys=True, indent=4)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/preprocessor.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/preprocessor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8aac7057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/preprocessor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,805 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+"""
+This is a very primitive line based preprocessor, for times when using
+a C preprocessor isn't an option.
+
+It currently supports the following grammar for expressions, whitespace is
+ignored:
+
+expression :
+  and_cond ( '||' expression ) ? ;
+and_cond:
+  test ( '&&' and_cond ) ? ;
+test:
+  unary ( ( '==' | '!=' ) unary ) ? ;
+unary :
+  '!'? value ;
+value :
+  [0-9]+ # integer
+  | 'defined(' \w+ ')'
+  | \w+  # string identifier or value;
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+from optparse import OptionParser
+import errno
+from makeutil import Makefile
+
+# hack around win32 mangling our line endings
+# http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/65443
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    import msvcrt
+    msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
+    os.linesep = '\n'
+
+
+__all__ = [
+  'Context',
+  'Expression',
+  'Preprocessor',
+  'preprocess'
+]
+
+
+class Expression:
+    def __init__(self, expression_string):
+        """
+        Create a new expression with this string.
+        The expression will already be parsed into an Abstract Syntax Tree.
+        """
+        self.content = expression_string
+        self.offset = 0
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        self.e = self.__get_logical_or()
+        if self.content:
+            raise Expression.ParseError, self
+
+    def __get_logical_or(self):
+        """
+        Production: and_cond ( '||' expression ) ?
+        """
+        if not len(self.content):
+            return None
+        rv = Expression.__AST("logical_op")
+        # test
+        rv.append(self.__get_logical_and())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        if self.content[:2] != '||':
+            # no logical op needed, short cut to our prime element
+            return rv[0]
+        # append operator
+        rv.append(Expression.__ASTLeaf('op', self.content[:2]))
+        self.__strip(2)
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        rv.append(self.__get_logical_or())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        return rv
+
+    def __get_logical_and(self):
+        """
+        Production: test ( '&&' and_cond ) ?
+        """
+        if not len(self.content):
+            return None
+        rv = Expression.__AST("logical_op")
+        # test
+        rv.append(self.__get_equality())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        if self.content[:2] != '&&':
+            # no logical op needed, short cut to our prime element
+            return rv[0]
+        # append operator
+        rv.append(Expression.__ASTLeaf('op', self.content[:2]))
+        self.__strip(2)
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        rv.append(self.__get_logical_and())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        return rv
+
+    def __get_equality(self):
+        """
+        Production: unary ( ( '==' | '!=' ) unary ) ?
+        """
+        if not len(self.content):
+            return None
+        rv = Expression.__AST("equality")
+        # unary
+        rv.append(self.__get_unary())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        if not re.match('[=!]=', self.content):
+            # no equality needed, short cut to our prime unary
+            return rv[0]
+        # append operator
+        rv.append(Expression.__ASTLeaf('op', self.content[:2]))
+        self.__strip(2)
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        rv.append(self.__get_unary())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        return rv
+
+    def __get_unary(self):
+        """
+        Production: '!'? value
+        """
+        # eat whitespace right away, too
+        not_ws = re.match('!\s*', self.content)
+        if not not_ws:
+            return self.__get_value()
+        rv = Expression.__AST('not')
+        self.__strip(not_ws.end())
+        rv.append(self.__get_value())
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        return rv
+
+    def __get_value(self):
+        """
+        Production: ( [0-9]+ | 'defined(' \w+ ')' | \w+ )
+        Note that the order is important, and the expression is kind-of
+        ambiguous as \w includes 0-9. One could make it unambiguous by
+        removing 0-9 from the first char of a string literal.
+        """
+        rv = None
+        m = re.match('defined\s*\(\s*(\w+)\s*\)', self.content)
+        if m:
+            word_len = m.end()
+            rv = Expression.__ASTLeaf('defined', m.group(1))
+        else:
+            word_len = re.match('[0-9]*', self.content).end()
+            if word_len:
+                value = int(self.content[:word_len])
+                rv = Expression.__ASTLeaf('int', value)
+            else:
+                word_len = re.match('\w*', self.content).end()
+                if word_len:
+                    rv = Expression.__ASTLeaf('string', self.content[:word_len])
+                else:
+                    raise Expression.ParseError, self
+        self.__strip(word_len)
+        self.__ignore_whitespace()
+        return rv
+
+    def __ignore_whitespace(self):
+        ws_len = re.match('\s*', self.content).end()
+        self.__strip(ws_len)
+        return
+
+    def __strip(self, length):
+        """
+        Remove a given amount of chars from the input and update
+        the offset.
+        """
+        self.content = self.content[length:]
+        self.offset += length
+
+    def evaluate(self, context):
+        """
+        Evaluate the expression with the given context
+        """
+
+        # Helper function to evaluate __get_equality results
+        def eval_equality(tok):
+            left = opmap[tok[0].type](tok[0])
+            right = opmap[tok[2].type](tok[2])
+            rv = left == right
+            if tok[1].value == '!=':
+                rv = not rv
+            return rv
+        # Helper function to evaluate __get_logical_and and __get_logical_or results
+        def eval_logical_op(tok):
+            left = opmap[tok[0].type](tok[0])
+            right = opmap[tok[2].type](tok[2])
+            if tok[1].value == '&&':
+                return left and right
+            elif tok[1].value == '||':
+                return left or right
+            raise Expression.ParseError, self
+
+        # Mapping from token types to evaluator functions
+        # Apart from (non-)equality, all these can be simple lambda forms.
+        opmap = {
+          'logical_op': eval_logical_op,
+          'equality': eval_equality,
+          'not': lambda tok: not opmap[tok[0].type](tok[0]),
+          'string': lambda tok: context[tok.value],
+          'defined': lambda tok: tok.value in context,
+          'int': lambda tok: tok.value}
+
+        return opmap[self.e.type](self.e);
+
+    class __AST(list):
+        """
+        Internal class implementing Abstract Syntax Tree nodes
+        """
+        def __init__(self, type):
+            self.type = type
+            super(self.__class__, self).__init__(self)
+
+    class __ASTLeaf:
+        """
+        Internal class implementing Abstract Syntax Tree leafs
+        """
+        def __init__(self, type, value):
+            self.value = value
+            self.type = type
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.value.__str__()
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return self.value.__repr__()
+
+    class ParseError(StandardError):
+        """
+        Error raised when parsing fails.
+        It has two members, offset and content, which give the offset of the
+        error and the offending content.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, expression):
+            self.offset = expression.offset
+            self.content = expression.content[:3]
+        def __str__(self):
+            return 'Unexpected content at offset {0}, "{1}"'.format(self.offset,
+                                                                    self.content)
+
+class Context(dict):
+    """
+    This class holds variable values by subclassing dict, and while it
+    truthfully reports True and False on
+
+    name in context
+
+    it returns the variable name itself on
+
+    context["name"]
+
+    to reflect the ambiguity between string literals and preprocessor
+    variables.
+    """
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self:
+            return super(self.__class__, self).__getitem__(key)
+        return key
+
+
+class Preprocessor:
+    """
+    Class for preprocessing text files.
+    """
+    class Error(RuntimeError):
+        def __init__(self, cpp, MSG, context):
+            self.file = cpp.context['FILE']
+            self.line = cpp.context['LINE']
+            self.key = MSG
+            RuntimeError.__init__(self, (self.file, self.line, self.key, context))
+
+    def __init__(self, defines=None, marker='#'):
+        self.context = Context()
+        for k,v in {'FILE': '',
+                    'LINE': 0,
+                    'DIRECTORY': os.path.abspath('.')}.iteritems():
+            self.context[k] = v
+        self.actionLevel = 0
+        self.disableLevel = 0
+        # ifStates can be
+        #  0: hadTrue
+        #  1: wantsTrue
+        #  2: #else found
+        self.ifStates = []
+        self.checkLineNumbers = False
+        self.filters = []
+        self.cmds = {}
+        for cmd, level in {'define': 0,
+                           'undef': 0,
+                           'if': sys.maxint,
+                           'ifdef': sys.maxint,
+                           'ifndef': sys.maxint,
+                           'else': 1,
+                           'elif': 1,
+                           'elifdef': 1,
+                           'elifndef': 1,
+                           'endif': sys.maxint,
+                           'expand': 0,
+                           'literal': 0,
+                           'filter': 0,
+                           'unfilter': 0,
+                           'include': 0,
+                           'includesubst': 0,
+                           'error': 0}.iteritems():
+            self.cmds[cmd] = (level, getattr(self, 'do_' + cmd))
+        self.out = sys.stdout
+        self.setMarker(marker)
+        self.varsubst = re.compile('@(?P<VAR>\w+)@', re.U)
+        self.includes = set()
+        self.silenceMissingDirectiveWarnings = False
+        if defines:
+            self.context.update(defines)
+
+    def failUnused(self, file):
+        msg = None
+        if self.actionLevel == 0 and not self.silenceMissingDirectiveWarnings:
+            msg = 'no preprocessor directives found'
+        elif self.actionLevel == 1:
+            msg = 'no useful preprocessor directives found'
+        if msg:
+            class Fake(object): pass
+            fake = Fake()
+            fake.context = {
+                'FILE': file,
+                'LINE': None,
+            }
+            raise Preprocessor.Error(fake, msg, None)
+
+    def setMarker(self, aMarker):
+        """
+        Set the marker to be used for processing directives.
+        Used for handling CSS files, with pp.setMarker('%'), for example.
+        The given marker may be None, in which case no markers are processed.
+        """
+        self.marker = aMarker
+        if aMarker:
+            self.instruction = re.compile('{0}(?P<cmd>[a-z]+)(?:\s(?P<args>.*))?$'
+                                          .format(aMarker),
+                                          re.U)
+            self.comment = re.compile(aMarker, re.U)
+        else:
+            class NoMatch(object):
+                def match(self, *args):
+                    return False
+            self.instruction = self.comment = NoMatch()
+
+    def setSilenceDirectiveWarnings(self, value):
+        """
+        Sets whether missing directive warnings are silenced, according to
+        ``value``.  The default behavior of the preprocessor is to emit
+        such warnings.
+        """
+        self.silenceMissingDirectiveWarnings = value
+
+    def addDefines(self, defines):
+        """
+        Adds the specified defines to the preprocessor.
+        ``defines`` may be a dictionary object or an iterable of key/value pairs
+        (as tuples or other iterables of length two)
+        """
+        self.context.update(defines)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """
+        Create a clone of the current processor, including line ending
+        settings, marker, variable definitions, output stream.
+        """
+        rv = Preprocessor()
+        rv.context.update(self.context)
+        rv.setMarker(self.marker)
+        rv.out = self.out
+        return rv
+
+    def processFile(self, input, output, depfile=None):
+        """
+        Preprocesses the contents of the ``input`` stream and writes the result
+        to the ``output`` stream. If ``depfile`` is set,  the dependencies of
+        ``output`` file are written to ``depfile`` in Makefile format.
+        """
+        self.out = output
+
+        self.do_include(input, False)
+        self.failUnused(input.name)
+
+        if depfile:
+            mk = Makefile()
+            mk.create_rule([output.name]).add_dependencies(self.includes)
+            mk.dump(depfile)
+
+    def computeDependencies(self, input):
+        """
+        Reads the ``input`` stream, and computes the dependencies for that input.
+        """
+        try:
+            old_out = self.out
+            self.out = None
+            self.do_include(input, False)
+
+            return self.includes
+        finally:
+            self.out = old_out
+
+    def applyFilters(self, aLine):
+        for f in self.filters:
+            aLine = f[1](aLine)
+        return aLine
+
+    def noteLineInfo(self):
+        # Record the current line and file. Called once before transitioning
+        # into or out of an included file and after writing each line.
+        self.line_info = self.context['FILE'], self.context['LINE']
+
+    def write(self, aLine):
+        """
+        Internal method for handling output.
+        """
+        if not self.out:
+            return
+
+        next_line, next_file = self.context['LINE'], self.context['FILE']
+        if self.checkLineNumbers:
+            expected_file, expected_line = self.line_info
+            expected_line += 1
+            if (expected_line != next_line or
+                expected_file and expected_file != next_file):
+                self.out.write('//@line {line} "{file}"\n'.format(line=next_line,
+                                                                  file=next_file))
+        self.noteLineInfo()
+
+        filteredLine = self.applyFilters(aLine)
+        if filteredLine != aLine:
+            self.actionLevel = 2
+        self.out.write(filteredLine)
+
+    def handleCommandLine(self, args, defaultToStdin = False):
+        """
+        Parse a commandline into this parser.
+        Uses OptionParser internally, no args mean sys.argv[1:].
+        """
+        def get_output_file(path):
+            dir = os.path.dirname(path)
+            if dir:
+                try:
+                    os.makedirs(dir)
+                except OSError as error:
+                    if error.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                        raise
+            return open(path, 'wb')
+
+        p = self.getCommandLineParser()
+        options, args = p.parse_args(args=args)
+        out = self.out
+        depfile = None
+
+        if options.output:
+            out = get_output_file(options.output)
+        if defaultToStdin and len(args) == 0:
+            args = [sys.stdin]
+            if options.depend:
+                raise Preprocessor.Error(self, "--depend doesn't work with stdin",
+                                         None)
+        if options.depend:
+            if not options.output:
+                raise Preprocessor.Error(self, "--depend doesn't work with stdout",
+                                         None)
+            try:
+                from makeutil import Makefile
+            except:
+                raise Preprocessor.Error(self, "--depend requires the "
+                                               "mozbuild.makeutil module", None)
+            depfile = get_output_file(options.depend)
+
+        if args:
+            for f in args:
+                with open(f, 'rU') as input:
+                    self.processFile(input=input, output=out)
+            if depfile:
+                mk = Makefile()
+                mk.create_rule([options.output]).add_dependencies(self.includes)
+                mk.dump(depfile)
+                depfile.close()
+
+        if options.output:
+            out.close()
+
+    def getCommandLineParser(self, unescapeDefines = False):
+        escapedValue = re.compile('".*"$')
+        numberValue = re.compile('\d+$')
+        def handleD(option, opt, value, parser):
+            vals = value.split('=', 1)
+            if len(vals) == 1:
+                vals.append(1)
+            elif unescapeDefines and escapedValue.match(vals[1]):
+                # strip escaped string values
+                vals[1] = vals[1][1:-1]
+            elif numberValue.match(vals[1]):
+                vals[1] = int(vals[1])
+            self.context[vals[0]] = vals[1]
+        def handleU(option, opt, value, parser):
+            del self.context[value]
+        def handleF(option, opt, value, parser):
+            self.do_filter(value)
+        def handleMarker(option, opt, value, parser):
+            self.setMarker(value)
+        def handleSilenceDirectiveWarnings(option, opt, value, parse):
+            self.setSilenceDirectiveWarnings(True)
+        p = OptionParser()
+        p.add_option('-D', action='callback', callback=handleD, type="string",
+                     metavar="VAR[=VAL]", help='Define a variable')
+        p.add_option('-U', action='callback', callback=handleU, type="string",
+                     metavar="VAR", help='Undefine a variable')
+        p.add_option('-F', action='callback', callback=handleF, type="string",
+                     metavar="FILTER", help='Enable the specified filter')
+        p.add_option('-o', '--output', type="string", default=None,
+                     metavar="FILENAME", help='Output to the specified file '+
+                     'instead of stdout')
+        p.add_option('--depend', type="string", default=None, metavar="FILENAME",
+                     help='Generate dependencies in the given file')
+        p.add_option('--marker', action='callback', callback=handleMarker,
+                     type="string",
+                     help='Use the specified marker instead of #')
+        p.add_option('--silence-missing-directive-warnings', action='callback',
+                     callback=handleSilenceDirectiveWarnings,
+                     help='Don\'t emit warnings about missing directives')
+        return p
+
+    def handleLine(self, aLine):
+        """
+        Handle a single line of input (internal).
+        """
+        if self.actionLevel == 0 and self.comment.match(aLine):
+            self.actionLevel = 1
+        m = self.instruction.match(aLine)
+        if m:
+            args = None
+            cmd = m.group('cmd')
+            try:
+                args = m.group('args')
+            except IndexError:
+                pass
+            if cmd not in self.cmds:
+                raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'INVALID_CMD', aLine)
+            level, cmd = self.cmds[cmd]
+            if (level >= self.disableLevel):
+                cmd(args)
+            if cmd != 'literal':
+                self.actionLevel = 2
+        elif self.disableLevel == 0 and not self.comment.match(aLine):
+            self.write(aLine)
+
+    # Instruction handlers
+    # These are named do_'instruction name' and take one argument
+
+    # Variables
+    def do_define(self, args):
+        m = re.match('(?P<name>\w+)(?:\s(?P<value>.*))?', args, re.U)
+        if not m:
+            raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'SYNTAX_DEF', args)
+        val = ''
+        if m.group('value'):
+            val = self.applyFilters(m.group('value'))
+            try:
+                val = int(val)
+            except:
+                pass
+        self.context[m.group('name')] = val
+    def do_undef(self, args):
+        m = re.match('(?P<name>\w+)$', args, re.U)
+        if not m:
+            raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'SYNTAX_DEF', args)
+        if args in self.context:
+            del self.context[args]
+    # Logic
+    def ensure_not_else(self):
+        if len(self.ifStates) == 0 or self.ifStates[-1] == 2:
+            sys.stderr.write('WARNING: bad nesting of #else\n')
+    def do_if(self, args, replace=False):
+        if self.disableLevel and not replace:
+            self.disableLevel += 1
+            return
+        val = None
+        try:
+            e = Expression(args)
+            val = e.evaluate(self.context)
+        except Exception:
+            # XXX do real error reporting
+            raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'SYNTAX_ERR', args)
+        if type(val) == str:
+            # we're looking for a number value, strings are false
+            val = False
+        if not val:
+            self.disableLevel = 1
+        if replace:
+            if val:
+                self.disableLevel = 0
+            self.ifStates[-1] = self.disableLevel
+        else:
+            self.ifStates.append(self.disableLevel)
+        pass
+    def do_ifdef(self, args, replace=False):
+        if self.disableLevel and not replace:
+            self.disableLevel += 1
+            return
+        if re.match('\W', args, re.U):
+            raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'INVALID_VAR', args)
+        if args not in self.context:
+            self.disableLevel = 1
+        if replace:
+            if args in self.context:
+                self.disableLevel = 0
+            self.ifStates[-1] = self.disableLevel
+        else:
+            self.ifStates.append(self.disableLevel)
+        pass
+    def do_ifndef(self, args, replace=False):
+        if self.disableLevel and not replace:
+            self.disableLevel += 1
+            return
+        if re.match('\W', args, re.U):
+            raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'INVALID_VAR', args)
+        if args in self.context:
+            self.disableLevel = 1
+        if replace:
+            if args not in self.context:
+                self.disableLevel = 0
+            self.ifStates[-1] = self.disableLevel
+        else:
+            self.ifStates.append(self.disableLevel)
+        pass
+    def do_else(self, args, ifState = 2):
+        self.ensure_not_else()
+        hadTrue = self.ifStates[-1] == 0
+        self.ifStates[-1] = ifState # in-else
+        if hadTrue:
+            self.disableLevel = 1
+            return
+        self.disableLevel = 0
+    def do_elif(self, args):
+        if self.disableLevel == 1:
+            if self.ifStates[-1] == 1:
+                self.do_if(args, replace=True)
+        else:
+            self.do_else(None, self.ifStates[-1])
+    def do_elifdef(self, args):
+        if self.disableLevel == 1:
+            if self.ifStates[-1] == 1:
+                self.do_ifdef(args, replace=True)
+        else:
+            self.do_else(None, self.ifStates[-1])
+    def do_elifndef(self, args):
+        if self.disableLevel == 1:
+            if self.ifStates[-1] == 1:
+                self.do_ifndef(args, replace=True)
+        else:
+            self.do_else(None, self.ifStates[-1])
+    def do_endif(self, args):
+        if self.disableLevel > 0:
+            self.disableLevel -= 1
+        if self.disableLevel == 0:
+            self.ifStates.pop()
+    # output processing
+    def do_expand(self, args):
+        lst = re.split('__(\w+)__', args, re.U)
+        do_replace = False
+        def vsubst(v):
+            if v in self.context:
+                return str(self.context[v])
+            return ''
+        for i in range(1, len(lst), 2):
+            lst[i] = vsubst(lst[i])
+        lst.append('\n') # add back the newline
+        self.write(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, lst, ''))
+    def do_literal(self, args):
+        self.write(args + '\n')
+    def do_filter(self, args):
+        filters = [f for f in args.split(' ') if hasattr(self, 'filter_' + f)]
+        if len(filters) == 0:
+            return
+        current = dict(self.filters)
+        for f in filters:
+            current[f] = getattr(self, 'filter_' + f)
+        filterNames = current.keys()
+        filterNames.sort()
+        self.filters = [(fn, current[fn]) for fn in filterNames]
+        return
+    def do_unfilter(self, args):
+        filters = args.split(' ')
+        current = dict(self.filters)
+        for f in filters:
+            if f in current:
+                del current[f]
+        filterNames = current.keys()
+        filterNames.sort()
+        self.filters = [(fn, current[fn]) for fn in filterNames]
+        return
+    # Filters
+    #
+    # emptyLines
+    #   Strips blank lines from the output.
+    def filter_emptyLines(self, aLine):
+        if aLine == '\n':
+            return ''
+        return aLine
+    # slashslash
+    #   Strips everything after //
+    def filter_slashslash(self, aLine):
+        if (aLine.find('//') == -1):
+            return aLine
+        [aLine, rest] = aLine.split('//', 1)
+        if rest:
+            aLine += '\n'
+        return aLine
+    # spaces
+    #   Collapses sequences of spaces into a single space
+    def filter_spaces(self, aLine):
+        return re.sub(' +', ' ', aLine).strip(' ')
+    # substition
+    #   helper to be used by both substition and attemptSubstitution
+    def filter_substitution(self, aLine, fatal=True):
+        def repl(matchobj):
+            varname = matchobj.group('VAR')
+            if varname in self.context:
+                return str(self.context[varname])
+            if fatal:
+                raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'UNDEFINED_VAR', varname)
+            return matchobj.group(0)
+        return self.varsubst.sub(repl, aLine)
+    def filter_attemptSubstitution(self, aLine):
+        return self.filter_substitution(aLine, fatal=False)
+    # File ops
+    def do_include(self, args, filters=True):
+        """
+        Preprocess a given file.
+        args can either be a file name, or a file-like object.
+        Files should be opened, and will be closed after processing.
+        """
+        isName = type(args) == str or type(args) == unicode
+        oldCheckLineNumbers = self.checkLineNumbers
+        self.checkLineNumbers = False
+        if isName:
+            try:
+                args = str(args)
+                if filters:
+                    args = self.applyFilters(args)
+                if not os.path.isabs(args):
+                    args = os.path.join(self.context['DIRECTORY'], args)
+                args = open(args, 'rU')
+            except Preprocessor.Error:
+                raise
+            except:
+                raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'FILE_NOT_FOUND', str(args))
+        self.checkLineNumbers = bool(re.search('\.(js|jsm|java)(?:\.in)?$', args.name))
+        oldFile = self.context['FILE']
+        oldLine = self.context['LINE']
+        oldDir = self.context['DIRECTORY']
+        self.noteLineInfo()
+
+        if args.isatty():
+            # we're stdin, use '-' and '' for file and dir
+            self.context['FILE'] = '-'
+            self.context['DIRECTORY'] = ''
+        else:
+            abspath = os.path.abspath(args.name)
+            self.includes.add(abspath)
+            self.context['FILE'] = abspath
+            self.context['DIRECTORY'] = os.path.dirname(abspath)
+        self.context['LINE'] = 0
+
+        for l in args:
+            self.context['LINE'] += 1
+            self.handleLine(l)
+        if isName:
+            args.close()
+
+        self.context['FILE'] = oldFile
+        self.checkLineNumbers = oldCheckLineNumbers
+        self.context['LINE'] = oldLine
+        self.context['DIRECTORY'] = oldDir
+    def do_includesubst(self, args):
+        args = self.filter_substitution(args)
+        self.do_include(args)
+    def do_error(self, args):
+        raise Preprocessor.Error(self, 'Error: ', str(args))
+
+
+def preprocess(includes=[sys.stdin], defines={},
+               output = sys.stdout,
+               marker='#'):
+    pp = Preprocessor(defines=defines,
+                      marker=marker)
+    for f in includes:
+        with open(f, 'rU') as input:
+            pp.processFile(input=input, output=output)
+    return pp.includes
+
+
+# Keep this module independently executable.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    pp = Preprocessor()
+    pp.handleCommandLine(None, True)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/pythonutil.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/pythonutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dba25691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/pythonutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+def iter_modules_in_path(*paths):
+    paths = [os.path.abspath(os.path.normcase(p)) + os.sep
+             for p in paths]
+    for name, module in sys.modules.items():
+        if not hasattr(module, '__file__'):
+            continue
+
+        path = module.__file__
+
+        if path.endswith('.pyc'):
+            path = path[:-1]
+        path = os.path.abspath(os.path.normcase(path))
+
+        if any(path.startswith(p) for p in paths):
+            yield path
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/resources/html-build-viewer/index.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/resources/html-build-viewer/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe7512188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/resources/html-build-viewer/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+<!-- This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+   - License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+   - file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. -->
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Build System Resource Usage</title>
+
+    <meta charset='utf-8'>
+    <script src="http://d3js.org/d3.v3.min.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
+    <style>
+
+svg {
+  overflow: visible;
+}
+
+.axis path,
+.axis line {
+  fill: none;
+  stroke: #000;
+  shape-rendering: crispEdges;
+}
+
+.area {
+  fill: steelblue;
+}
+
+.graphs {
+  text-anchor: end;
+}
+
+.timeline {
+  fill: steelblue;
+  stroke: gray;
+  stroke-width: 3;
+}
+
+.short {
+  fill: gray;
+  stroke: gray;
+  stroke-width: 3;
+}
+
+#tooltip {
+  z-index: 10;
+  position: fixed;
+  background: #efefef;
+}
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <script>
+var currentResources;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for a build resources JSON file.
+ */
+function BuildResources(data) {
+  if (data.version < 1 || data.version > 3) {
+    throw new Error("Unsupported version of the JSON format: " + data.version);
+  }
+
+  this.resources = [];
+
+  var cpu_fields = data.cpu_times_fields;
+  var io_fields = data.io_fields;
+  var virt_fields = data.virt_fields;
+  var swap_fields = data.swap_fields;
+
+  function convert(dest, source, sourceKey, destKey, fields) {
+    var i = 0;
+    fields.forEach(function (field) {
+      dest[destKey][field] = source[sourceKey][i];
+      i++;
+    });
+  }
+
+  var offset = data.start;
+  var cpu_times_totals = {};
+
+  cpu_fields.forEach(function (field) {
+    cpu_times_totals[field] = 0;
+  });
+
+  this.ioTotal = {};
+  var i = 0;
+  io_fields.forEach(function (field) {
+    this.ioTotal[field] = data.overall.io[i];
+    i++;
+  }.bind(this));
+
+  data.samples.forEach(function (sample) {
+    var entry = {
+      start: sample.start - offset,
+      end: sample.end - offset,
+      duration: sample.duration,
+      cpu_percent: sample.cpu_percent_mean,
+      cpu_times: {},
+      cpu_times_percents: {},
+      io: {},
+      virt: {},
+      swap: {},
+    };
+
+    convert(entry, sample, "cpu_times_sum", "cpu_times", cpu_fields);
+    convert(entry, sample, "io", "io", io_fields);
+    convert(entry, sample, "virt", "virt", virt_fields);
+    convert(entry, sample, "swap", "swap", swap_fields);
+
+    var total = 0;
+    for (var k in entry.cpu_times) {
+      cpu_times_totals[k] += entry.cpu_times[k];
+      total += entry.cpu_times[k];
+    }
+
+    for (var k in entry.cpu_times) {
+      if (total == 0) {
+        if (k == "idle") {
+          entry.cpu_times_percents[k] = 100;
+        } else {
+          entry.cpu_times_percents[k] = 0;
+        }
+      } else {
+        entry.cpu_times_percents[k] = entry.cpu_times[k] / total * 100;
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.resources.push(entry);
+  }.bind(this));
+
+  this.cpu_times_fields = [];
+
+  // Filter out CPU fields that have no values.
+  for (var k in cpu_times_totals) {
+    var v = cpu_times_totals[k];
+    if (v) {
+      this.cpu_times_fields.push(k);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    this.resources.forEach(function (entry) {
+      delete entry.cpu_times[k];
+      delete entry.cpu_times_percents[k];
+    });
+  }
+
+  this.offset = offset;
+  this.data = data;
+}
+
+BuildResources.prototype = Object.freeze({
+  get start() {
+    return this.data.start;
+  },
+
+  get startDate() {
+    return new Date(this.start * 1000);
+  },
+
+  get end() {
+    return this.data.end;
+  },
+
+  get endDate() {
+    return new Date(this.end * 1000);
+  },
+
+  get duration() {
+    return this.data.duration;
+  },
+
+  get sample_times() {
+    var times = [];
+    this.resources.forEach(function (sample) {
+      times.push(sample.start);
+    });
+
+    return times;
+  },
+
+  get cpuPercent() {
+    return this.data.overall.cpu_percent_mean;
+  },
+
+  get tiers() {
+    var t = [];
+
+    this.data.phases.forEach(function (e) {
+      t.push(e.name);
+    });
+
+    return t;
+  },
+
+  getTier: function (tier) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < this.data.phases.length; i++) {
+      var t = this.data.phases[i];
+
+      if (t.name == tier) {
+        return t;
+      }
+    }
+  },
+});
+
+function updateResourcesGraph() {
+  //var selected = document.getElementById("resourceType");
+  //var what = selected[selected.selectedIndex].value;
+  var what = "cpu";
+
+  renderResources("resource_graph", currentResources, what);
+  document.getElementById("wall_time").innerHTML = Math.round(currentResources.duration * 100) / 100;
+  document.getElementById("start_date").innerHTML = currentResources.startDate.toISOString();
+  document.getElementById("end_date").innerHTML = currentResources.endDate.toISOString();
+  document.getElementById("cpu_percent").innerHTML = Math.round(currentResources.cpuPercent * 100) / 100;
+  document.getElementById("write_bytes").innerHTML = currentResources.ioTotal["write_bytes"];
+  document.getElementById("read_bytes").innerHTML = currentResources.ioTotal["read_bytes"];
+  document.getElementById("write_time").innerHTML = currentResources.ioTotal["write_time"];
+  document.getElementById("read_time").innerHTML = currentResources.ioTotal["read_time"];
+}
+
+function renderKey(key) {
+  d3.json("/resources/" + key, function onResource(error, response) {
+    if (error) {
+      alert("Data not available. Is the server still running?");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    currentResources = new BuildResources(response);
+    updateResourcesGraph();
+  });
+}
+
+function renderResources(id, resources, what) {
+  document.getElementById(id).innerHTML = "";
+
+  var margin = {top: 20, right: 20, bottom: 20, left: 50};
+  var width = window.innerWidth - 50 - margin.left - margin.right;
+  var height = 400 - margin.top - margin.bottom;
+
+  var x = d3.scale.linear()
+    .range([0, width])
+    .domain(d3.extent(resources.resources, function (d) { return d.start; }))
+    ;
+  var y = d3.scale.linear()
+    .range([height, 0])
+    .domain([0, 1])
+    ;
+
+  var xAxis = d3.svg.axis()
+    .scale(x)
+    .orient("bottom")
+    ;
+  var yAxis = d3.svg.axis()
+    .scale(y)
+    .orient("left")
+    .tickFormat(d3.format(".0%"))
+    ;
+
+  var area = d3.svg.area()
+    .x(function (d) { return x(d.start); })
+    .y0(function(d) { return y(d.y0); })
+    .y1(function(d) { return y(d.y0 + d.y); })
+    ;
+
+  var stack = d3.layout.stack()
+    .values(function (d) { return d.values; })
+    ;
+
+  // Manually control the layer order because we want it consistent and want
+  // to inject some sanity.
+  var layers = [
+    ["nice", "#0d9fff"],
+    ["irq", "#ff0d9f"],
+    ["softirq", "#ff0d9f"],
+    ["steal", "#000000"],
+    ["guest", "#000000"],
+    ["guest_nice", "#000000"],
+    ["system", "#f69a5c"],
+    ["iowait", "#ff0d25"],
+    ["user", "#5cb9f6"],
+    ["idle", "#e1e1e1"],
+  ].filter(function (l) {
+    return resources.cpu_times_fields.indexOf(l[0]) != -1;
+  });
+
+  // Draw a legend.
+  var legend = d3.select("#" + id)
+    .append("svg")
+      .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
+      .attr("height", 15)
+      .append("g")
+        .attr("class", "legend")
+    ;
+
+  legend.selectAll("g")
+    .data(layers)
+    .enter()
+      .append("g")
+        .each(function (d, i) {
+          var g = d3.select(this);
+          g.append("rect")
+            .attr("x", i * 100 + 20)
+            .attr("y", 0)
+            .attr("width", 10)
+            .attr("height", 10)
+            .style("fill", d[1])
+            ;
+          g.append("text")
+            .attr("x", i * 100 + 40)
+            .attr("y", 10)
+            .attr("height", 10)
+            .attr("width", 70)
+            .text(d[0])
+            ;
+          })
+    ;
+
+  var svg = d3.select("#" + id).append("svg")
+    .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
+    .attr("height", height + margin.top + margin.bottom)
+    .append("g")
+      .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")")
+    ;
+
+  var data = stack(layers.map(function (layer) {
+    return {
+      name: layer[0],
+      color: layer[1],
+      values: resources.resources.map(function (d) {
+        return {
+          start: d.start,
+          y: d.cpu_times_percents[layer[0]] / 100,
+        };
+      }),
+    };
+  }));
+
+  var graphs = svg.selectAll(".graphs")
+    .data(data)
+    .enter().append("g")
+      .attr("class", "graphs")
+    ;
+
+  graphs.append("path")
+    .attr("class", "area")
+    .attr("d", function (d) { return area(d.values); })
+    .style("fill", function (d) { return d.color; })
+    ;
+
+  svg.append("g")
+    .attr("class", "x axis")
+    .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")")
+    .call(xAxis)
+    ;
+
+  svg.append("g")
+    .attr("class", "y axis")
+    .call(yAxis)
+    ;
+
+  // Now we render a timeline of sorts of the tiers
+  // There is a row of rectangles that visualize divisions between the
+  // different items. We use the same x scale as the resource graph so times
+  // line up properly.
+  svg = d3.select("#" + id).append("svg")
+    .attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
+    .attr("height", 100 + margin.top + margin.bottom)
+    .append("g")
+      .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")")
+    ;
+
+  var y = d3.scale.linear().range([10, 0]).domain([0, 1]);
+
+  resources.tiers.forEach(function (t, i) {
+    var tier = resources.getTier(t);
+
+    var x_start = x(tier.start - resources.offset);
+    var x_end = x(tier.end - resources.offset);
+
+    svg.append("rect")
+      .attr("x", x_start)
+      .attr("y", 20)
+      .attr("height", 30)
+      .attr("width", x_end - x_start)
+      .attr("class", "timeline tier")
+      .attr("tier", t)
+      ;
+  });
+
+  function getEntry(element) {
+    var tier = element.getAttribute("tier");
+
+    var entry = resources.getTier(tier);
+    entry.tier = tier;
+
+    return entry;
+  }
+
+  d3.selectAll(".timeline")
+  .on("mouseenter", function () {
+      var entry = getEntry(this);
+
+      d3.select("#tt_tier").html(entry.tier);
+      d3.select("#tt_duration").html(entry.duration || "n/a");
+      d3.select("#tt_cpu_percent").html(entry.cpu_percent_mean || "n/a");
+
+      d3.select("#tooltip").style("display", "");
+    })
+    .on("mouseleave", function () {
+      var tooltip = d3.select("#tooltip");
+      tooltip.style("display", "none");
+    })
+    .on("mousemove", function () {
+      var e = d3.event;
+      x_offset = 10;
+
+      if (e.pageX > window.innerWidth / 2) {
+        x_offset = -150;
+      }
+
+      d3.select("#tooltip")
+        .style("left", (e.pageX + x_offset) + "px")
+        .style("top", (e.pageY + 10) + "px")
+        ;
+    })
+    ;
+}
+
+document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
+  d3.json("list", function onList(error, response) {
+    if (!response || !("files" in response)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    renderKey(response.files[0]);
+  });
+}, false);
+
+    </script>
+    <h3>Build Resource Usage Report</h3>
+
+    <div id="tooltip" style="display: none;">
+      <table border="0">
+        <tr><td>Tier</td><td id="tt_tier"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Duration</td><td id="tt_duration"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>CPU %</td><td id="tt_cpu_percent"></td></tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+
+    <!--
+    <select id="resourceType" onchange="updateResourcesGraph();">
+      <option value="cpu">CPU</option>
+      <option value="io_count">Disk I/O Count</option>
+      <option value="io_bytes">Disk I/O Bytes</option>
+      <option value="io_time">Disk I/O Time</option>
+      <option value="virt">Memory</option>
+    </select>
+    -->
+
+    <div id="resource_graph"></div>
+    <div id="summary" style="padding-top: 20px">
+      <table border="0">
+        <tr><td>Wall Time (s)</td><td id="wall_time"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Start Date</td><td id="start_date"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>End Date</td><td id="end_date"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>CPU %</td><td id="cpu_percent"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Write Bytes</td><td id="write_bytes"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Read Bytes</td><td id="read_bytes"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Write Time</td><td id="write_time"></td></tr>
+        <tr><td>Read Time</td><td id="read_time"></td></tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/shellutil.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/shellutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..185a970ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/shellutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import re
+
+
+def _tokens2re(**tokens):
+    # Create a pattern for non-escaped tokens, in the form:
+    #   (?<!\\)(?:a|b|c...)
+    # This is meant to match patterns a, b, or c, or ... if they are not
+    # preceded by a backslash.
+    # where a, b, c... are in the form
+    #   (?P<name>pattern)
+    # which matches the pattern and captures it in a named match group.
+    # The group names and patterns are given as arguments.
+    all_tokens = '|'.join('(?P<%s>%s)' % (name, value)
+                          for name, value in tokens.iteritems())
+    nonescaped = r'(?<!\\)(?:%s)' % all_tokens
+
+    # The final pattern matches either the above pattern, or an escaped
+    # backslash, captured in the "escape" match group.
+    return re.compile('(?:%s|%s)' % (nonescaped, r'(?P<escape>\\\\)'))
+
+UNQUOTED_TOKENS_RE = _tokens2re(
+  whitespace=r'[\t\r\n ]+',
+  quote=r'[\'"]',
+  comment='#',
+  special=r'[<>&|`~(){}$;\*\?]',
+  backslashed=r'\\[^\\]',
+)
+
+DOUBLY_QUOTED_TOKENS_RE = _tokens2re(
+  quote='"',
+  backslashedquote=r'\\"',
+  special='\$',
+  backslashed=r'\\[^\\"]',
+)
+
+ESCAPED_NEWLINES_RE = re.compile(r'\\\n')
+
+# This regexp contains the same characters as all those listed in
+# UNQUOTED_TOKENS_RE. Please keep in sync.
+SHELL_QUOTE_RE = re.compile(r'[\\\t\r\n \'\"#<>&|`~(){}$;\*\?]')
+
+
+class MetaCharacterException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, char):
+        self.char = char
+
+
+class _ClineSplitter(object):
+    '''
+    Parses a given command line string and creates a list of command
+    and arguments, with wildcard expansion.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, cline):
+        self.arg = None
+        self.cline = cline
+        self.result = []
+        self._parse_unquoted()
+
+    def _push(self, str):
+        '''
+        Push the given string as part of the current argument
+        '''
+        if self.arg is None:
+            self.arg = ''
+        self.arg += str
+
+    def _next(self):
+        '''
+        Finalize current argument, effectively adding it to the list.
+        '''
+        if self.arg is None:
+            return
+        self.result.append(self.arg)
+        self.arg = None
+
+    def _parse_unquoted(self):
+        '''
+        Parse command line remainder in the context of an unquoted string.
+        '''
+        while self.cline:
+            # Find the next token
+            m = UNQUOTED_TOKENS_RE.search(self.cline)
+            # If we find none, the remainder of the string can be pushed to
+            # the current argument and the argument finalized
+            if not m:
+                self._push(self.cline)
+                break
+            # The beginning of the string, up to the found token, is part of
+            # the current argument
+            if m.start():
+                self._push(self.cline[:m.start()])
+            self.cline = self.cline[m.end():]
+
+            match = {name: value
+                     for name, value in m.groupdict().items() if value}
+            if 'quote' in match:
+                # " or ' start a quoted string
+                if match['quote'] == '"':
+                    self._parse_doubly_quoted()
+                else:
+                    self._parse_quoted()
+            elif 'comment' in match:
+                # Comments are ignored. The current argument can be finalized,
+                # and parsing stopped.
+                break
+            elif 'special' in match:
+                # Unquoted, non-escaped special characters need to be sent to a
+                # shell.
+                raise MetaCharacterException(match['special'])
+            elif 'whitespace' in match:
+                # Whitespaces terminate current argument.
+                self._next()
+            elif 'escape' in match:
+                # Escaped backslashes turn into a single backslash
+                self._push('\\')
+            elif 'backslashed' in match:
+                # Backslashed characters are unbackslashed
+                # e.g. echo \a -> a
+                self._push(match['backslashed'][1])
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Shouldn't reach here")
+        if self.arg:
+            self._next()
+
+    def _parse_quoted(self):
+        # Single quoted strings are preserved, except for the final quote
+        index = self.cline.find("'")
+        if index == -1:
+            raise Exception('Unterminated quoted string in command')
+        self._push(self.cline[:index])
+        self.cline = self.cline[index+1:]
+
+    def _parse_doubly_quoted(self):
+        if not self.cline:
+            raise Exception('Unterminated quoted string in command')
+        while self.cline:
+            m = DOUBLY_QUOTED_TOKENS_RE.search(self.cline)
+            if not m:
+                raise Exception('Unterminated quoted string in command')
+            self._push(self.cline[:m.start()])
+            self.cline = self.cline[m.end():]
+            match = {name: value
+                     for name, value in m.groupdict().items() if value}
+            if 'quote' in match:
+                # a double quote ends the quoted string, so go back to
+                # unquoted parsing
+                return
+            elif 'special' in match:
+                # Unquoted, non-escaped special characters in a doubly quoted
+                # string still have a special meaning and need to be sent to a
+                # shell.
+                raise MetaCharacterException(match['special'])
+            elif 'escape' in match:
+                # Escaped backslashes turn into a single backslash
+                self._push('\\')
+            elif 'backslashedquote' in match:
+                # Backslashed double quotes are un-backslashed
+                self._push('"')
+            elif 'backslashed' in match:
+                # Backslashed characters are kept backslashed
+                self._push(match['backslashed'])
+
+
+def split(cline):
+    '''
+    Split the given command line string.
+    '''
+    s = ESCAPED_NEWLINES_RE.sub('', cline)
+    return _ClineSplitter(s).result
+
+
+def _quote(s):
+    '''Given a string, returns a version that can be used literally on a shell
+    command line, enclosing it with single quotes if necessary.
+
+    As a special case, if given an int, returns a string containing the int,
+    not enclosed in quotes.
+    '''
+    if type(s) == int:
+        return '%d' % s
+
+    # Empty strings need to be quoted to have any significance
+    if s and not SHELL_QUOTE_RE.search(s):
+        return s
+
+    # Single quoted strings can contain any characters unescaped except the
+    # single quote itself, which can't even be escaped, so the string needs to
+    # be closed, an escaped single quote added, and reopened.
+    t = type(s)
+    return t("'%s'") % s.replace(t("'"), t("'\\''"))
+
+
+def quote(*strings):
+    '''Given one or more strings, returns a quoted string that can be used
+    literally on a shell command line.
+
+        >>> quote('a', 'b')
+        "a b"
+        >>> quote('a b', 'c')
+        "'a b' c"
+    '''
+    return ' '.join(_quote(s) for s in strings)
+
+
+__all__ = ['MetaCharacterException', 'split', 'quote']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/sphinx.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/sphinx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f8e22ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/sphinx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import importlib
+import os
+import sys
+
+from sphinx.util.compat import Directive
+from sphinx.util.docstrings import prepare_docstring
+
+
+def function_reference(f, attr, args, doc):
+    lines = []
+
+    lines.extend([
+        f,
+        '-' * len(f),
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    docstring = prepare_docstring(doc)
+
+    lines.extend([
+        docstring[0],
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    arg_types = []
+
+    for t in args:
+        if isinstance(t, list):
+            inner_types = [t2.__name__ for t2 in t]
+            arg_types.append(' | ' .join(inner_types))
+            continue
+
+        arg_types.append(t.__name__)
+
+    arg_s = '(%s)' % ', '.join(arg_types)
+
+    lines.extend([
+        ':Arguments: %s' % arg_s,
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    lines.extend(docstring[1:])
+    lines.append('')
+
+    return lines
+
+
+def variable_reference(v, st_type, in_type, doc):
+    lines = [
+        v,
+        '-' * len(v),
+        '',
+    ]
+
+    docstring = prepare_docstring(doc)
+
+    lines.extend([
+        docstring[0],
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    lines.extend([
+        ':Storage Type: ``%s``' % st_type.__name__,
+        ':Input Type: ``%s``' % in_type.__name__,
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    lines.extend(docstring[1:])
+    lines.append('')
+
+    return lines
+
+
+def special_reference(v, func, typ, doc):
+    lines = [
+        v,
+        '-' * len(v),
+        '',
+    ]
+
+    docstring = prepare_docstring(doc)
+
+    lines.extend([
+        docstring[0],
+        '',
+        ':Type: ``%s``' % typ.__name__,
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    lines.extend(docstring[1:])
+    lines.append('')
+
+    return lines
+
+
+def format_module(m):
+    lines = []
+
+    for subcontext, cls in sorted(m.SUBCONTEXTS.items()):
+        lines.extend([
+            '.. _mozbuild_subcontext_%s:' % subcontext,
+            '',
+            'Sub-Context: %s' % subcontext,
+            '=============' + '=' * len(subcontext),
+            '',
+        ])
+        lines.extend(prepare_docstring(cls.__doc__))
+        if lines[-1]:
+            lines.append('')
+
+        for k, v in sorted(cls.VARIABLES.items()):
+            lines.extend(variable_reference(k, *v))
+
+    lines.extend([
+        'Variables',
+        '=========',
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    for v in sorted(m.VARIABLES):
+        lines.extend(variable_reference(v, *m.VARIABLES[v]))
+
+    lines.extend([
+        'Functions',
+        '=========',
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    for func in sorted(m.FUNCTIONS):
+        lines.extend(function_reference(func, *m.FUNCTIONS[func]))
+
+    lines.extend([
+        'Special Variables',
+        '=================',
+        '',
+    ])
+
+    for v in sorted(m.SPECIAL_VARIABLES):
+        lines.extend(special_reference(v, *m.SPECIAL_VARIABLES[v]))
+
+    return lines
+
+
+class MozbuildSymbols(Directive):
+    """Directive to insert mozbuild sandbox symbol information."""
+
+    required_arguments = 1
+
+    def run(self):
+        module = importlib.import_module(self.arguments[0])
+        fname = module.__file__
+        if fname.endswith('.pyc'):
+            fname = fname[0:-1]
+
+        self.state.document.settings.record_dependencies.add(fname)
+
+        # We simply format out the documentation as rst then feed it back
+        # into the parser for conversion. We don't even emit ourselves, so
+        # there's no record of us.
+        self.state_machine.insert_input(format_module(module), fname)
+
+        return []
+
+
+def setup(app):
+    app.add_directive('mozbuildsymbols', MozbuildSymbols)
+
+    # Unlike typical Sphinx installs, our documentation is assembled from
+    # many sources and staged in a common location. This arguably isn't a best
+    # practice, but it was the easiest to implement at the time.
+    #
+    # Here, we invoke our custom code for staging/generating all our
+    # documentation.
+    from moztreedocs import SphinxManager
+
+    topsrcdir = app.config._raw_config['topsrcdir']
+    manager = SphinxManager(topsrcdir,
+        os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'tools', 'docs'),
+        app.outdir)
+    manager.generate_docs(app)
+
+    app.srcdir = os.path.join(app.outdir, '_staging')
+
+    # We need to adjust sys.path in order for Python API docs to get generated
+    # properly. We leverage the in-tree virtualenv for this.
+    from mozbuild.virtualenv import VirtualenvManager
+
+    ve = VirtualenvManager(topsrcdir,
+        os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'dummy-objdir'),
+        os.path.join(app.outdir, '_venv'),
+        sys.stderr,
+        os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'virtualenv_packages.txt'))
+    ve.ensure()
+    ve.activate()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/invalid/region.properties b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/invalid/region.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4d8109b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/invalid/region.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# A region.properties file with invalid unicode byte sequences.  The
+# sequences were cribbed from Markus Kuhn's "UTF-8 decoder capability
+# and stress test", available at
+# http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/examples/UTF-8-test.txt
+
+# 3.5  Impossible bytes                                                         |
+#                                                                               |
+# The following two bytes cannot appear in a correct UTF-8 string               |
+#                                                                               |
+# 3.5.1  fe = "þ"                                                               |
+# 3.5.2  ff = "ÿ"                                                               |
+# 3.5.3  fe fe ff ff = "þþÿÿ"                                                   |
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/assets/asset.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/assets/asset.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b01830602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/assets/asset.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+assets/asset.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/classes.dex b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/classes.dex
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfc99f9c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/classes.dex
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+classes.dex
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1.ap_ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1.ap_
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..915be683b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1.ap_
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1/res/res.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1/res/res.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01d2fb0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1/res/res.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input1/res/res.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1/resources.arsc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1/resources.arsc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6274a181a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input1/resources.arsc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input1/resources.arsc
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2.apk b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2.apk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3003f5ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2.apk
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/assets/asset.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/assets/asset.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31a0e5129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/assets/asset.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input2/assets/asset.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/assets/omni.ja b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/assets/omni.ja
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36deb6725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/assets/omni.ja
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input2/assets/omni.ja
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/classes.dex b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/classes.dex
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99779eb45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/classes.dex
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input2/classes.dex
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/lib/lib.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/lib/lib.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a2594a02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/lib/lib.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input2/lib/lib.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/res/res.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/res/res.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a52ab524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/res/res.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input2/res/res.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/resources.arsc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/resources.arsc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64f4b77ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/resources.arsc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input/resources.arsc
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/root_file.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/root_file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f2f53518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/input2/root_file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+input2/root_file.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/lib/lib.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/lib/lib.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acbcebb3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/lib/lib.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+lib/lib.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/omni.ja b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/omni.ja
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48c422a3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/omni.ja
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+omni.ja
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/root_file.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/root_file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89b006da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/package_fennec_apk/root_file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+root_file.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/valid-zh-CN/region.properties b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/valid-zh-CN/region.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4d7fcfee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/data/valid-zh-CN/region.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# Default search engine
+browser.search.defaultenginename=百度
+
+# Search engine order (order displayed in the search bar dropdown)s
+browser.search.order.1=百度
+browser.search.order.2=Google
+
+# This is the default set of web based feed handlers shown in the reader
+# selection UI
+browser.contentHandlers.types.0.title=Bloglines
+browser.contentHandlers.types.0.uri=http://www.bloglines.com/login?r=/sub/%s
+
+# increment this number when anything gets changed in the list below.  This will
+# cause Firefox to re-read these prefs and inject any new handlers into the
+# profile database.  Note that "new" is defined as "has a different URL"; this
+# means that it's not possible to update the name of existing handler, so
+# don't make any spelling errors here.
+gecko.handlerService.defaultHandlersVersion=3
+
+# The default set of protocol handlers for webcal:
+gecko.handlerService.schemes.webcal.0.name=30 Boxes
+gecko.handlerService.schemes.webcal.0.uriTemplate=https://30boxes.com/external/widget?refer=ff&url=%s
+
+# The default set of protocol handlers for mailto:
+gecko.handlerService.schemes.mailto.0.name=Yahoo! 邮件
+gecko.handlerService.schemes.mailto.0.uriTemplate=https://compose.mail.yahoo.com/?To=%s
+gecko.handlerService.schemes.mailto.1.name=Gmail
+gecko.handlerService.schemes.mailto.1.uriTemplate=https://mail.google.com/mail/?extsrc=mailto&url=%s
+
+# This is the default set of web based feed handlers shown in the reader
+# selection UI
+browser.contentHandlers.types.0.title=My Yahoo!
+browser.contentHandlers.types.0.uri=http://www.bloglines.com/login?r=/sub/%s
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_buildlist.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_buildlist.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c2631812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_buildlist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+import os, sys, os.path, time
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from shutil import rmtree
+import mozunit
+
+from mozbuild.action.buildlist import addEntriesToListFile
+
+
+class TestBuildList(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Unit tests for buildlist.py
+  """
+  def setUp(self):
+    self.tmpdir = mkdtemp()
+
+  def tearDown(self):
+    rmtree(self.tmpdir)
+
+  # utility methods for tests
+  def touch(self, file, dir=None):
+    if dir is None:
+      dir = self.tmpdir
+    f = os.path.join(dir, file)
+    open(f, 'w').close()
+    return f
+
+  def assertFileContains(self, filename, l):
+    """Assert that the lines in the file |filename| are equal
+    to the contents of the list |l|, in order."""
+    l = l[:]
+    f = open(filename, 'r')
+    lines = [line.rstrip() for line in f.readlines()]
+    f.close()
+    for line in lines:
+      self.assert_(len(l) > 0,
+                   "ran out of expected lines! (expected '{0}', got '{1}')"
+                   .format(l, lines))
+      self.assertEqual(line, l.pop(0))
+    self.assert_(len(l) == 0, 
+                 "not enough lines in file! (expected '{0}',"
+                 " got '{1}'".format(l, lines))
+
+  def test_basic(self):
+    "Test that addEntriesToListFile works when file doesn't exist."
+    testfile = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "test.list")
+    l = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, l)
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, l)
+    # ensure that attempting to add the same entries again doesn't change it
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, l)
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, l)
+
+  def test_append(self):
+    "Test adding new entries."
+    testfile = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "test.list")
+    l = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, l)
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, l)
+    l2 = ["x","y","z"]
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, l2)
+    l.extend(l2)
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, l)
+
+  def test_append_some(self):
+    "Test adding new entries mixed with existing entries."
+    testfile = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "test.list")
+    l = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, l)
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, l)
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, ["a", "x", "c", "z"])
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, ["a", "b", "c", "x", "z"])
+
+  def test_add_multiple(self):
+    """Test that attempting to add the same entry multiple times results in
+    only one entry being added."""
+    testfile = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "test.list")
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, ["a","b","a","a","b"])
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, ["a","b"])
+    addEntriesToListFile(testfile, ["c","a","c","b","c"])
+    self.assertFileContains(testfile, ["a","b","c"])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_generate_browsersearch.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_generate_browsersearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c7f5635e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_generate_browsersearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import json
+import os
+import unittest
+
+import mozunit
+
+import mozbuild.action.generate_browsersearch as generate_browsersearch
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import (
+    NamedTemporaryFile,
+    TemporaryDirectory,
+)
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestGenerateBrowserSearch(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    Unit tests for generate_browsersearch.py.
+    """
+
+    def _test_one(self, name):
+        with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='r+') as temp:
+                srcdir = os.path.join(test_data_path, name)
+
+                generate_browsersearch.main([
+                    '--silent',
+                    '--srcdir', srcdir,
+                    temp.name])
+                return json.load(temp)
+
+    def test_valid_unicode(self):
+        o = self._test_one('valid-zh-CN')
+        self.assertEquals(o['default'], '百度')
+        self.assertEquals(o['engines'], ['百度', 'Google'])
+
+    def test_invalid_unicode(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            self._test_one('invalid')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_package_fennec_apk.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_package_fennec_apk.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b7760836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/action/test_package_fennec_apk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+import mozunit
+
+from mozbuild.action.package_fennec_apk import (
+    package_fennec_apk as package,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarReader
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data', 'package_fennec_apk')
+
+
+def data(name):
+    return os.path.join(test_data_path, name)
+
+
+class TestPackageFennecAPK(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    Unit tests for package_fennec_apk.py.
+    """
+
+    def test_arguments(self):
+        # Language repacks take updated resources from an ap_ and pack them
+        # into an apk.  Make sure the second input overrides the first.
+        jarrer = package(inputs=[],
+                         omni_ja=data('omni.ja'),
+                         classes_dex=data('classes.dex'),
+                         assets_dirs=[data('assets')],
+                         lib_dirs=[data('lib')],
+                         root_files=[data('root_file.txt')])
+
+        # omni.ja ends up in assets/omni.ja.
+        self.assertEquals(jarrer['assets/omni.ja'].open().read().strip(), 'omni.ja')
+
+        # Everything else is in place.
+        for name in ('classes.dex',
+                     'assets/asset.txt',
+                     'lib/lib.txt',
+                     'root_file.txt'):
+            self.assertEquals(jarrer[name].open().read().strip(), name)
+
+    def test_inputs(self):
+        # Language repacks take updated resources from an ap_ and pack them
+        # into an apk.  In this case, the first input is the original package,
+        # the second input the update ap_.  Make sure the second input
+        # overrides the first.
+        jarrer = package(inputs=[data('input2.apk'), data('input1.ap_')])
+
+        files1 = JarReader(data('input1.ap_')).entries.keys()
+        files2 = JarReader(data('input2.apk')).entries.keys()
+        for name in files2:
+            self.assertTrue(name in files1 or
+                            jarrer[name].open().read().startswith('input2/'))
+        for name in files1:
+            self.assertTrue(jarrer[name].open().read().startswith('input1/'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/common.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85ccb1037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from shutil import rmtree
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+
+from mach.logging import LoggingManager
+
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from mozbuild.frontend.emitter import TreeMetadataEmitter
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import BuildReader
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+log_manager = LoggingManager()
+log_manager.add_terminal_logging()
+
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+CONFIGS = defaultdict(lambda: {
+    'defines': {},
+    'non_global_defines': [],
+    'substs': {'OS_TARGET': 'WINNT'},
+}, {
+    'android_eclipse': {
+        'defines': {
+            'MOZ_ANDROID_MIN_SDK_VERSION': '15',
+        },
+        'non_global_defines': [],
+        'substs': {
+            'ANDROID_TARGET_SDK': '16',
+            'MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT': 'android',
+        },
+    },
+    'binary-components': {
+        'defines': {},
+        'non_global_defines': [],
+        'substs': {
+            'LIB_PREFIX': 'lib',
+            'LIB_SUFFIX': 'a',
+            'COMPILE_ENVIRONMENT': '1',
+        },
+    },
+    'sources': {
+        'defines': {},
+        'non_global_defines': [],
+        'substs': {
+            'LIB_PREFIX': 'lib',
+            'LIB_SUFFIX': 'a',
+        },
+    },
+    'stub0': {
+        'defines': {
+            'MOZ_TRUE_1': '1',
+            'MOZ_TRUE_2': '1',
+        },
+        'non_global_defines': [
+            'MOZ_NONGLOBAL_1',
+            'MOZ_NONGLOBAL_2',
+        ],
+        'substs': {
+            'MOZ_FOO': 'foo',
+            'MOZ_BAR': 'bar',
+        },
+    },
+    'substitute_config_files': {
+        'defines': {},
+        'non_global_defines': [],
+        'substs': {
+            'MOZ_FOO': 'foo',
+            'MOZ_BAR': 'bar',
+        },
+    },
+    'test_config': {
+        'defines': {
+            'foo': 'baz qux',
+            'baz': 1,
+        },
+        'non_global_defines': [],
+        'substs': {
+            'foo': 'bar baz',
+        },
+    },
+    'visual-studio': {
+        'defines': {},
+        'non_global_defines': [],
+        'substs': {
+            'MOZ_APP_NAME': 'my_app',
+        },
+    },
+})
+
+
+class BackendTester(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._old_env = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_OBJDIR', None)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self._old_env)
+
+    def _get_environment(self, name):
+        """Obtain a new instance of a ConfigEnvironment for a known profile.
+
+        A new temporary object directory is created for the environment. The
+        environment is cleaned up automatically when the test finishes.
+        """
+        config = CONFIGS[name]
+
+        objdir = mkdtemp()
+        self.addCleanup(rmtree, objdir)
+
+        srcdir = mozpath.join(test_data_path, name)
+        config['substs']['top_srcdir'] = srcdir
+        return ConfigEnvironment(srcdir, objdir, **config)
+
+    def _emit(self, name, env=None):
+        env = env or self._get_environment(name)
+        reader = BuildReader(env)
+        emitter = TreeMetadataEmitter(env)
+
+        return env, emitter.emit(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+    def _consume(self, name, cls, env=None):
+        env, objs = self._emit(name, env=env)
+        backend = cls(env)
+        backend.consume(objs)
+
+        return env
+
+    def _tree_paths(self, topdir, filename):
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(topdir):
+            for f in filenames:
+                if f == filename:
+                    yield mozpath.relpath(mozpath.join(dirpath, f), topdir)
+
+    def _mozbuild_paths(self, env):
+        return self._tree_paths(env.topsrcdir, 'moz.build')
+
+    def _makefile_in_paths(self, env):
+        return self._tree_paths(env.topsrcdir, 'Makefile.in')
+
+
+__all__ = ['BackendTester']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/library1/resources/values/strings.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/library1/resources/values/strings.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7337c554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/library1/resources/values/strings.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<string name="label">library1</string>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main1/AndroidManifest.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main1/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a906454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main1/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<!-- Placeholder. -->
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/AndroidManifest.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a906454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<!-- Placeholder. -->
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/assets/dummy.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/assets/dummy.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c32a95993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/assets/dummy.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Placeholder.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/extra.jar b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/extra.jar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c32a95993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/extra.jar
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Placeholder.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/res/values/strings.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/res/values/strings.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b28bf41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main2/res/values/strings.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<string name="label">main1</string>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/AndroidManifest.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a906454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<!-- Placeholder. -->
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/a/A.java b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/a/A.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ab867d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/a/A.java
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+package a.a;
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/b/B.java b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/b/B.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66eb44c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/b/B.java
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+package b;
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/c/C.java b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/c/C.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca474ff33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main3/c/C.java
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+package d.e;
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main4 b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main4
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a906454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/main4
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<!-- Placeholder. -->
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..327284c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_library_project('library1')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.library1'
+p.res = 'library1/resources'
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_library_project('library2')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.library2'
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_project('main1', 'main1/AndroidManifest.xml')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.main1'
+p.recursive_make_targets += ['target1', 'target2']
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_project('main2', 'main2/AndroidManifest.xml')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.main2'
+p.res = 'main2/res'
+p.assets = 'main2/assets'
+p.extra_jars = ['main2/extra.jar']
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_project('main3', 'main3/AndroidManifest.xml')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.main3'
+cpe = p.add_classpathentry('a', 'main3/a', dstdir='a/a')
+cpe = p.add_classpathentry('b', 'main3/b', dstdir='b')
+cpe.exclude_patterns += ['b/Excludes.java', 'b/Excludes2.java']
+cpe = p.add_classpathentry('c', 'main3/c', dstdir='d/e')
+cpe.ignore_warnings = True
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_project('main4', 'main3/AndroidManifest.xml')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.main3'
+p.referenced_projects += ['library1']
+p.included_projects += ['library2']
+p.recursive_make_targets += ['target3', 'target4']
+
+DIRS += ['subdir']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/subdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/subdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c75aec456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/subdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DEFINES['FOO'] = 'FOO'
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_library_project('sublibrary')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.sublibrary'
+p.is_library = True
+
+p = add_android_eclipse_project('submain', 'submain/AndroidManifest.xml')
+p.package_name = 'org.mozilla.test.submain'
+p.recursive_make_targets += ['subtarget1', 'subtarget2']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/subdir/submain/AndroidManifest.xml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/subdir/submain/AndroidManifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a906454d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/android_eclipse/subdir/submain/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<!-- Placeholder. -->
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2946e42aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/bar/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Component('bar')
+NO_COMPONENTS_MANIFEST = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8611a74be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Component('foo')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1776d0514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/binary-components/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+@template
+def Component(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+    IS_COMPONENT = True
+
+DIRS += [
+    'foo',
+    'bar',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/bar.ico b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/bar.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/bar.ico
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/foo.ico b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/foo.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/foo.ico
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..083f0f82d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+BRANDING_FILES += [
+    'bar.ico',
+    'sub/quux.png',
+]
+
+BRANDING_FILES.icons += [
+    'foo.ico',
+]
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/sub/quux.png b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/sub/quux.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/branding-files/sub/quux.png
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/app/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/app/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d6218ea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/app/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+DIST_SUBDIR = 'app'
+
+EXTRA_JS_MODULES += [
+    '../foo.jsm',
+]
+
+EXTRA_JS_MODULES.child += [
+    '../bar.jsm',
+]
+
+EXTRA_PP_JS_MODULES += [
+    '../baz.jsm',
+]
+
+EXTRA_PP_JS_MODULES.child2 += [
+    '../qux.jsm',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_FILES += [
+    '../foo.ini',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_FILES.child += [
+    '../bar.ini',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [
+    '../baz.ini',
+    '../foo.css',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES.child2 += [
+    '../qux.ini',
+]
+
+EXTRA_COMPONENTS += [
+    '../components.manifest',
+    '../foo.js',
+]
+
+EXTRA_PP_COMPONENTS += [
+    '../bar.js',
+]
+
+JS_PREFERENCE_FILES += [
+    '../prefs.js',
+]
+
+JAR_MANIFESTS += [
+    '../jar.mn',
+]
+
+DEFINES['FOO'] = 'bar'
+DEFINES['BAR'] = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91dcbe153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+bar.ini
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a608e8a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#filter substitution
+bar.js: FOO is @FOO@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.jsm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.jsm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05db2e2f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/bar.jsm
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+bar.jsm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/baz.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/baz.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..975a1e437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/baz.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#filter substitution
+baz.ini: FOO is @FOO@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/baz.jsm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/baz.jsm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f39ed0208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/baz.jsm
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#filter substitution
+baz.jsm: FOO is @FOO@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/components.manifest b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/components.manifest
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5bb87254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/components.manifest
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+component {foo} foo.js
+component {bar} bar.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.css b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1803d6c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.css
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+%filter substitution
+foo.css: FOO is @FOO@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c93c9d765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo.ini
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fa71e2d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.jsm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.jsm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d58fd61c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/foo.jsm
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo.jsm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/jar.mn b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/jar.mn
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..393055c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/jar.mn
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+foo.jar:
+% content bar %child/
+% content foo %
+  foo.js
+* foo.css
+  bar.js          (subdir/bar.js)
+  qux.js          (subdir/bar.js)
+* child/hoge.js   (bar.js)
+* child/baz.jsm
+
+% override   chrome://foo/bar.svg#hello   chrome://bar/bar.svg#hello
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b0b0cabd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES += [
+    '/config/autoconf.mk',
+    '/config/emptyvars.mk',
+]
+
+EXTRA_JS_MODULES += [
+    'foo.jsm',
+]
+
+EXTRA_JS_MODULES.child += [
+    'bar.jsm',
+]
+
+EXTRA_PP_JS_MODULES += [
+    'baz.jsm',
+]
+
+EXTRA_PP_JS_MODULES.child2 += [
+    'qux.jsm',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_FILES += [
+    'foo.ini',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_FILES.child += [
+    'bar.ini',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [
+    'baz.ini',
+]
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES.child2 += [
+    'foo.css',
+    'qux.ini',
+]
+
+EXTRA_COMPONENTS += [
+    'components.manifest',
+    'foo.js',
+]
+
+EXTRA_PP_COMPONENTS += [
+    'bar.js',
+]
+
+JS_PREFERENCE_FILES += [
+    'prefs.js',
+]
+
+RESOURCE_FILES += [
+    'resource',
+]
+
+RESOURCE_FILES.child += [
+    'resource2',
+]
+
+DEFINES['FOO'] = 'foo'
+
+JAR_MANIFESTS += [
+    'jar.mn',
+]
+
+DIRS += [
+    'app',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/prefs.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/prefs.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a030da9fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/prefs.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+prefs.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/qux.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/qux.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ce157eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/qux.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#ifdef BAR
+qux.ini: BAR is defined
+#else
+qux.ini: BAR is not defined
+#endif
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/qux.jsm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/qux.jsm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c5fe28d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/qux.jsm
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#ifdef BAR
+qux.jsm: BAR is defined
+#else
+qux.jsm: BAR is not defined
+#endif
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/resource b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/resource
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91e75c679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/resource
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/resource2 b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/resource2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7c270096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/resource2
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+resource2
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/subdir/bar.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/subdir/bar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80c887a84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/build/subdir/bar.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+bar.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/defines/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/defines/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be4b31143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/defines/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+value = 'xyz'
+DEFINES = {
+    'FOO': True,
+}
+
+DEFINES['BAZ'] = '"ab\'cd"'
+DEFINES.update({
+    'BAR': 7,
+    'VALUE': value,
+    'QUX': False,
+})
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/install.rdf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/install.rdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/install.rdf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/main.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/main.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbd2c942b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/dist-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [
+    'install.rdf',
+    'main.js',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/dom1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/dom1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/dom1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/foo.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/foo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/foo.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/gfx.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/gfx.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/gfx.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b604ef1a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+EXPORTS += ['!bar.h', 'foo.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['!mozilla2.h', 'mozilla1.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla.dom += ['!dom2.h', '!dom3.h', 'dom1.h']
+EXPORTS.gfx += ['gfx.h']
+
+GENERATED_FILES += ['bar.h']
+GENERATED_FILES += ['mozilla2.h']
+GENERATED_FILES += ['dom2.h']
+GENERATED_FILES += ['dom3.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/mozilla1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/mozilla1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports-generated/mozilla1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/dom1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/dom1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/dom1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/dom2.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/dom2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/dom2.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/foo.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/foo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/foo.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/gfx.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/gfx.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/gfx.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..725fa1fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['mozilla1.h', 'mozilla2.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla.dom += ['dom1.h', 'dom2.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla.gfx += ['gfx.h']
+EXPORTS.nspr.private += ['pprio.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/mozilla1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/mozilla1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/mozilla1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/mozilla2.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/mozilla2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/mozilla2.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/pprio.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/pprio.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/exports/pprio.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/both/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/both/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c926e3788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/both/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPI_NAME = 'mycrazyxpi'
+DIST_SUBDIR = 'asubdir'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/dist-subdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/dist-subdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dcf066a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/dist-subdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIST_SUBDIR = 'asubdir'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/final-target/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/final-target/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d746eea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/final-target/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FINAL_TARGET = 'random-final-target'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..280299475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS += ['xpi-name', 'dist-subdir', 'both', 'final-target']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/xpi-name/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/xpi-name/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54bc30fec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/final_target/xpi-name/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPI_NAME = 'mycrazyxpi'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/foo-data b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/foo-data
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/foo-data
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/generate-bar.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/generate-bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/generate-bar.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/generate-foo.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/generate-foo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/generate-foo.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fa389f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += [ 'bar.c', 'foo.c', 'quux.c' ]
+
+bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+bar.script = 'generate-bar.py:baz'
+
+foo = GENERATED_FILES['foo.c']
+foo.script = 'generate-foo.py'
+foo.inputs = ['foo-data']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated_includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated_includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14deaf8cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/generated_includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+LOCAL_INCLUDES += ['!/bar/baz', '!foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/host-defines/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/host-defines/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30f8c160f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/host-defines/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+value = 'xyz'
+HOST_DEFINES = {
+    'FOO': True,
+}
+
+HOST_DEFINES['BAZ'] = '"ab\'cd"'
+HOST_DEFINES.update({
+    'BAR': 7,
+    'VALUE': value,
+    'QUX': False,
+})
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbadef914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+# We want to test recursion into the subdir, so do the real work in 'sub'
+DIRS += ['sub']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/sub/foo.h.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/sub/foo.h.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da287dfca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/sub/foo.h.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#define MOZ_FOO @MOZ_FOO@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/sub/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/sub/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2ef44079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/install_substitute_config_files/sub/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES = ['foo.h']
+
+EXPORTS.out += ['!foo.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f189212fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/bar/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+IPDL_SOURCES += [
+    'bar.ipdl',
+    'bar2.ipdlh',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e1554559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+IPDL_SOURCES += [
+    'foo.ipdl',
+    'foo2.ipdlh',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03cf5e236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/ipdl_sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+DIRS += [
+    'bar',
+    'foo',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/jar-manifests/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/jar-manifests/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7daa419f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/jar-manifests/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+JAR_MANIFESTS += ['jar.mn']
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/bar/baz/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/bar/baz/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/bar/baz/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/foo/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/foo/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/foo/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..565c2bee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/local_includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+LOCAL_INCLUDES += ['/bar/baz', 'foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/bar.res.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/bar.res.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/bar.res.in
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/cursor.cur b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/cursor.cur
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/cursor.cur
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/desktop1.ttf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/desktop1.ttf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/desktop1.ttf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/desktop2.ttf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/desktop2.ttf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/desktop2.ttf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/extra.manifest b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/extra.manifest
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/extra.manifest
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/font1.ttf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/font1.ttf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/font1.ttf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/font2.ttf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/font2.ttf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/font2.ttf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/foo.res b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/foo.res
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/foo.res
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/mobile.ttf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/mobile.ttf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/mobile.ttf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5771c808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+RESOURCE_FILES += ['bar.res.in', 'foo.res']
+RESOURCE_FILES.cursors += ['cursor.cur']
+RESOURCE_FILES.fonts += ['font1.ttf', 'font2.ttf']
+RESOURCE_FILES.fonts.desktop += ['desktop1.ttf', 'desktop2.ttf']
+RESOURCE_FILES.fonts.mobile += ['mobile.ttf']
+RESOURCE_FILES.tests += ['extra.manifest', 'test.manifest']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/test.manifest b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/test.manifest
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/resources/test.manifest
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/bar.ico b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/bar.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/bar.ico
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/foo.ico b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/foo.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/foo.ico
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..342987741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+SDK_FILES += [
+    'bar.ico',
+    'sub/quux.png',
+]
+
+SDK_FILES.icons += [
+    'foo.ico',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/sub/quux.png b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/sub/quux.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sdk-files/sub/quux.png
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.s b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.s
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/bar.s
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/baz.S b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/baz.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/baz.S
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.S b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.S
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.asm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.asm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.asm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/foo.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d31acae3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('dummy')
+
+SOURCES += ['bar.s', 'foo.asm']
+
+HOST_SOURCES += ['bar.cpp', 'foo.cpp']
+HOST_SOURCES += ['bar.c', 'foo.c']
+
+SOURCES += ['bar.c', 'foo.c']
+
+SOURCES += ['bar.mm', 'foo.mm']
+
+SOURCES += ['baz.S', 'foo.S']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/Makefile.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02ff0a3f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FOO := foo
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir1/Makefile.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir1/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17c147d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir1/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include $(DEPTH)/config/autoconf.mk
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/config/rules.mk
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir1/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir1/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..041381548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir1/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir2/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir2/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32a37fe46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir2/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir3/Makefile.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir3/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17c147d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir3/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include $(DEPTH)/config/autoconf.mk
+
+include $(topsrcdir)/config/rules.mk
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir3/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir3/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32a37fe46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/dir3/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d92bb7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/stub0/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS += ['dir1']
+DIRS += ['dir2']
+TEST_DIRS += ['dir3']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/Makefile.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/Makefile.in
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/foo.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/foo.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5331f1f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/foo.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+TEST = @MOZ_FOO@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01545c250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/substitute_config_files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES = ['foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/another-file.sjs b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/another-file.sjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/another-file.sjs
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/browser.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/browser.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f1335d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/browser.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files =
+  another-file.sjs
+  data/**
+
+[test_sub.js]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/one.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/one.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/one.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/two.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/two.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/two.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/test_sub.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/test_sub.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/test_sub.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9860f3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files =
+  support-file.txt
+  !/child/test_sub.js
+  !/child/another-file.sjs
+  !/child/data/**
+
+[test_foo.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c1d064ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
+BROWSER_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['child/browser.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/support-file.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/support-file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/support-file.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/test_foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/test_foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/test_foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/mochitest1.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/mochitest1.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f9816a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/mochitest1.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = support-file.txt
+
+[test_foo.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/mochitest2.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/mochitest2.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2a2fc96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/mochitest2.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = support-file.txt
+
+[test_bar.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d10500f8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += [
+    'mochitest1.ini',
+    'mochitest2.ini',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/test_bar.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/test_bar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/test_bar.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/test_foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/test_foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-duplicate-support-files/test_foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/instrumentation.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/instrumentation.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03d4f794e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/instrumentation.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[not_packaged.java]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..009b2b223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[mochitest.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/mochitest.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/mochitest.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/mochitest.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82dba29dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += [
+  'mochitest.ini',
+]
+
+ANDROID_INSTRUMENTATION_MANIFESTS += [
+  'instrumentation.ini',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/not_packaged.java b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/not_packaged.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-package-tests/not_packaged.java
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/dir1/test_bar.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/dir1/test_bar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/dir1/test_bar.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/dir1/xpcshell.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/dir1/xpcshell.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cddad8ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/dir1/xpcshell.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+
+[test_bar.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81869e1fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+
+[mochitest.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/mochitest.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/mochitest.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/mochitest.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d004cdd0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS += [
+  'dir1/xpcshell.ini',
+  'xpcshell.ini',
+]
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/xpcshell.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/xpcshell.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6a5351e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/xpcshell.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = support/**
+
+[xpcshell.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/xpcshell.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/xpcshell.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test-manifests-written/xpcshell.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test_config/file.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test_config/file.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07aa30deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test_config/file.in
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#ifdef foo
+@foo@
+@bar@
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test_config/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test_config/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0c357aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/test_config/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES = [
+    'file',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/Makefile.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/Makefile.in
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36a2603b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+NO_VISIBILITY_FLAGS = True
+
+DELAYLOAD_DLLS = ['foo.dll', 'bar.dll']
+
+RCFILE = 'foo.rc'
+RESFILE = 'bar.res'
+RCINCLUDE = 'bar.rc'
+DEFFILE = 'baz.def'
+
+CFLAGS += ['-fno-exceptions', '-w']
+CXXFLAGS += ['-fcxx-exceptions', '-option with spaces']
+LDFLAGS += ['-ld flag with spaces', '-x']
+HOST_CFLAGS += ['-funroll-loops', '-wall']
+HOST_CXXFLAGS += ['-funroll-loops-harder', '-wall-day-everyday']
+WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS += ['-subsystem:console']
+
+DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING = True
+
+ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test1.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/variable_passthru/test2.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/bar.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/bar.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/bar.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/foo.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/foo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/foo.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b77e67ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/dir1/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FINAL_LIBRARY = 'test'
+SOURCES += ['bar.cpp', 'foo.cpp']
+LOCAL_INCLUDES += ['/includeA/foo']
+DEFINES['DEFINEFOO'] = True
+DEFINES['DEFINEBAR'] = 'bar'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d339b48c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/visual-studio/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS += ['dir1']
+
+Library('test')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/xpidl/config/makefiles/xpidl/Makefile.in b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/xpidl/config/makefiles/xpidl/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/xpidl/config/makefiles/xpidl/Makefile.in
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/xpidl/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/xpidl/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d49efde26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/data/xpidl/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPIDL_MODULE = 'my_module'
+XPIDL_SOURCES = ['bar.idl', 'foo.idl']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_android_eclipse.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_android_eclipse.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4e9221c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_android_eclipse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import json
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mozbuild.backend.android_eclipse import AndroidEclipseBackend
+from mozbuild.frontend.emitter import TreeMetadataEmitter
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import BuildReader
+from mozbuild.test.backend.common import BackendTester
+from mozpack.manifests import InstallManifest
+from mozunit import main
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+class TestAndroidEclipseBackend(BackendTester):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        BackendTester.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.env = None
+
+    def assertExists(self, *args):
+        p = mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', *args)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(p), "Path %s exists" % p)
+
+    def assertNotExists(self, *args):
+        p = mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', *args)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(p), "Path %s does not exist" % p)
+
+    def test_library_project_files(self):
+        """Ensure we generate reasonable files for library projects."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        for f in ['.classpath',
+                  '.project',
+                  '.settings',
+                  'AndroidManifest.xml',
+                  'project.properties']:
+            self.assertExists('library1', f)
+
+    def test_main_project_files(self):
+        """Ensure we generate reasonable files for main (non-library) projects."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        for f in ['.classpath',
+                  '.project',
+                  '.settings',
+                  'gen',
+                  'lint.xml',
+                  'project.properties']:
+            self.assertExists('main1', f)
+
+    def test_library_manifest(self):
+        """Ensure we generate manifest for library projects."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertExists('library1', 'AndroidManifest.xml')
+
+    def test_classpathentries(self):
+        """Ensure we produce reasonable classpathentries."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertExists('main3', '.classpath')
+        # This is brittle but simple.
+        with open(mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', 'main3', '.classpath'), 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+        self.assertIn('<classpathentry including="**/*.java" kind="src" path="a" />', lines)
+        self.assertIn('<classpathentry excluding="b/Excludes.java|b/Excludes2.java" including="**/*.java" kind="src" path="b" />', lines)
+        self.assertIn('<classpathentry including="**/*.java" kind="src" path="c"><attributes><attribute name="ignore_optional_problems" value="true" /></attributes></classpathentry>', lines)
+
+    def test_library_project_setting(self):
+        """Ensure we declare a library project correctly."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+
+        self.assertExists('library1', 'project.properties')
+        with open(mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', 'library1', 'project.properties'), 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+        self.assertIn('android.library=true', lines)
+
+        self.assertExists('main1', 'project.properties')
+        with open(mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', 'main1', 'project.properties'), 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+        self.assertNotIn('android.library=true', lines)
+
+    def test_referenced_projects(self):
+        """Ensure we reference another project correctly."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertExists('main4', '.classpath')
+        # This is brittle but simple.
+        with open(mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', 'main4', '.classpath'), 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+        self.assertIn('<classpathentry combineaccessrules="false" kind="src" path="/library1" />', lines)
+
+    def test_extra_jars(self):
+        """Ensure we add class path entries to extra jars iff asked to."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertExists('main2', '.classpath')
+        # This is brittle but simple.
+        with open(mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', 'main2', '.classpath'), 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+        self.assertIn('<classpathentry exported="true" kind="lib" path="%s/main2/extra.jar" />' % self.env.topsrcdir, lines)
+
+    def test_included_projects(self):
+        """Ensure we include another project correctly."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertExists('main4', 'project.properties')
+        # This is brittle but simple.
+        with open(mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', 'main4', 'project.properties'), 'rt') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]
+        self.assertIn('android.library.reference.1=library2', lines)
+
+    def assertInManifest(self, project_name, *args):
+        manifest_path = mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', '%s.manifest' % project_name)
+        manifest = InstallManifest(manifest_path)
+        for arg in args:
+            self.assertIn(arg, manifest, '%s in manifest for project %s' % (arg, project_name))
+
+    def assertNotInManifest(self, project_name, *args):
+        manifest_path = mozpath.join(self.env.topobjdir, 'android_eclipse', '%s.manifest' % project_name)
+        manifest = InstallManifest(manifest_path)
+        for arg in args:
+            self.assertNotIn(arg, manifest, '%s not in manifest for project %s' % (arg, project_name))
+
+    def test_manifest_main_manifest(self):
+        """Ensure we symlink manifest if asked to for main projects."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertInManifest('main1', 'AndroidManifest.xml')
+
+    def test_manifest_res(self):
+        """Ensure we symlink res/ iff asked to."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertInManifest('library1', 'res')
+        self.assertNotInManifest('library2', 'res')
+
+    def test_manifest_classpathentries(self):
+        """Ensure we symlink classpathentries correctly."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertInManifest('main3', 'a/a', 'b', 'd/e')
+
+    def test_manifest_assets(self):
+        """Ensure we symlink assets/ iff asked to."""
+        self.env = self._consume('android_eclipse', AndroidEclipseBackend)
+        self.assertNotInManifest('main1', 'assets')
+        self.assertInManifest('main2', 'assets')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_build.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_build.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3f5fb6a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals, print_function
+
+import buildconfig
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import unittest
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from mozunit import main
+from mozbuild.backend import get_backend_class
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from mozbuild.backend.recursivemake import RecursiveMakeBackend
+from mozbuild.backend.fastermake import FasterMakeBackend
+from mozbuild.base import MozbuildObject
+from mozbuild.frontend.emitter import TreeMetadataEmitter
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import BuildReader
+from mozbuild.util import ensureParentDir
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+
+
+BASE_SUBSTS = [
+    ('PYTHON', mozpath.normsep(sys.executable)),
+]
+
+
+class TestBuild(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._old_env = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZCONFIG', None)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_OBJDIR', None)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self._old_env)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def do_test_backend(self, *backends, **kwargs):
+        topobjdir = mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            config = ConfigEnvironment(buildconfig.topsrcdir, topobjdir,
+                                       **kwargs)
+            reader = BuildReader(config)
+            emitter = TreeMetadataEmitter(config)
+            moz_build = mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'test.mozbuild')
+            definitions = list(emitter.emit(
+                reader.read_mozbuild(moz_build, config)))
+            for backend in backends:
+                backend(config).consume(definitions)
+
+            yield config
+        except:
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if not os.environ.get('MOZ_NO_CLEANUP'):
+                shutil.rmtree(topobjdir)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def line_handler(self):
+        lines = []
+
+        def handle_make_line(line):
+            lines.append(line)
+
+        try:
+            yield handle_make_line
+        except:
+            print('\n'.join(lines))
+            raise
+
+        if os.environ.get('MOZ_VERBOSE_MAKE'):
+            print('\n'.join(lines))
+
+    def test_recursive_make(self):
+        substs = list(BASE_SUBSTS)
+        with self.do_test_backend(RecursiveMakeBackend,
+                                  substs=substs) as config:
+            build = MozbuildObject(config.topsrcdir, None, None,
+                                   config.topobjdir)
+            overrides = [
+                'install_manifest_depends=',
+                'MOZ_JAR_MAKER_FILE_FORMAT=flat',
+                'TEST_MOZBUILD=1',
+            ]
+            with self.line_handler() as handle_make_line:
+                build._run_make(directory=config.topobjdir, target=overrides,
+                                silent=False, line_handler=handle_make_line)
+
+            self.validate(config)
+
+    def test_faster_recursive_make(self):
+        substs = list(BASE_SUBSTS) + [
+            ('BUILD_BACKENDS', 'FasterMake+RecursiveMake'),
+        ]
+        with self.do_test_backend(get_backend_class(
+                'FasterMake+RecursiveMake'), substs=substs) as config:
+            buildid = mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'config', 'buildid')
+            ensureParentDir(buildid)
+            with open(buildid, 'w') as fh:
+                fh.write('20100101012345\n')
+
+            build = MozbuildObject(config.topsrcdir, None, None,
+                                   config.topobjdir)
+            overrides = [
+                'install_manifest_depends=',
+                'MOZ_JAR_MAKER_FILE_FORMAT=flat',
+                'TEST_MOZBUILD=1',
+            ]
+            with self.line_handler() as handle_make_line:
+                build._run_make(directory=config.topobjdir, target=overrides,
+                                silent=False, line_handler=handle_make_line)
+
+            self.validate(config)
+
+    def test_faster_make(self):
+        substs = list(BASE_SUBSTS) + [
+            ('MOZ_BUILD_APP', 'dummy_app'),
+            ('MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT', 'dummy_widget'),
+        ]
+        with self.do_test_backend(RecursiveMakeBackend, FasterMakeBackend,
+                                  substs=substs) as config:
+            buildid = mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'config', 'buildid')
+            ensureParentDir(buildid)
+            with open(buildid, 'w') as fh:
+                fh.write('20100101012345\n')
+
+            build = MozbuildObject(config.topsrcdir, None, None,
+                                   config.topobjdir)
+            overrides = [
+                'TEST_MOZBUILD=1',
+            ]
+            with self.line_handler() as handle_make_line:
+                build._run_make(directory=mozpath.join(config.topobjdir,
+                                                       'faster'),
+                                target=overrides, silent=False,
+                                line_handler=handle_make_line)
+
+            self.validate(config)
+
+    def validate(self, config):
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        test_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)),
+                                 'data', 'build') + os.sep
+
+        # We want unicode instances out of the files, because having plain str
+        # makes assertEqual diff output in case of error extra verbose because
+        # of the difference in type.
+        result = {
+            p: f.open().read().decode('utf-8')
+            for p, f in FileFinder(mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'dist'))
+        }
+        self.assertTrue(len(result))
+        self.assertEqual(result, {
+            'bin/baz.ini': 'baz.ini: FOO is foo\n',
+            'bin/child/bar.ini': 'bar.ini\n',
+            'bin/child2/foo.css': 'foo.css: FOO is foo\n',
+            'bin/child2/qux.ini': 'qux.ini: BAR is not defined\n',
+            'bin/chrome.manifest':
+                'manifest chrome/foo.manifest\n'
+                'manifest components/components.manifest\n',
+            'bin/chrome/foo.manifest':
+                'content bar foo/child/\n'
+                'content foo foo/\n'
+                'override chrome://foo/bar.svg#hello '
+                'chrome://bar/bar.svg#hello\n',
+            'bin/chrome/foo/bar.js': 'bar.js\n',
+            'bin/chrome/foo/child/baz.jsm':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbaz.jsm"\nbaz.jsm: FOO is foo\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/chrome/foo/child/hoge.js':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbar.js"\nbar.js: FOO is foo\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/chrome/foo/foo.css': 'foo.css: FOO is foo\n',
+            'bin/chrome/foo/foo.js': 'foo.js\n',
+            'bin/chrome/foo/qux.js': 'bar.js\n',
+            'bin/components/bar.js':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbar.js"\nbar.js: FOO is foo\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/components/components.manifest':
+                'component {foo} foo.js\ncomponent {bar} bar.js\n',
+            'bin/components/foo.js': 'foo.js\n',
+            'bin/defaults/pref/prefs.js': 'prefs.js\n',
+            'bin/foo.ini': 'foo.ini\n',
+            'bin/modules/baz.jsm':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbaz.jsm"\nbaz.jsm: FOO is foo\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/modules/child/bar.jsm': 'bar.jsm\n',
+            'bin/modules/child2/qux.jsm':
+                '//@line 4 "%squx.jsm"\nqux.jsm: BAR is not defined\n'
+                % (test_path),
+            'bin/modules/foo.jsm': 'foo.jsm\n',
+            'bin/res/resource': 'resource\n',
+            'bin/res/child/resource2': 'resource2\n',
+
+            'bin/app/baz.ini': 'baz.ini: FOO is bar\n',
+            'bin/app/child/bar.ini': 'bar.ini\n',
+            'bin/app/child2/qux.ini': 'qux.ini: BAR is defined\n',
+            'bin/app/chrome.manifest':
+                'manifest chrome/foo.manifest\n'
+                'manifest components/components.manifest\n',
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo.manifest':
+                'content bar foo/child/\n'
+                'content foo foo/\n'
+                'override chrome://foo/bar.svg#hello '
+                'chrome://bar/bar.svg#hello\n',
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo/bar.js': 'bar.js\n',
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo/child/baz.jsm':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbaz.jsm"\nbaz.jsm: FOO is bar\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo/child/hoge.js':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbar.js"\nbar.js: FOO is bar\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo/foo.css': 'foo.css: FOO is bar\n',
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo/foo.js': 'foo.js\n',
+            'bin/app/chrome/foo/qux.js': 'bar.js\n',
+            'bin/app/components/bar.js':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbar.js"\nbar.js: FOO is bar\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/app/components/components.manifest':
+                'component {foo} foo.js\ncomponent {bar} bar.js\n',
+            'bin/app/components/foo.js': 'foo.js\n',
+            'bin/app/defaults/preferences/prefs.js': 'prefs.js\n',
+            'bin/app/foo.css': 'foo.css: FOO is bar\n',
+            'bin/app/foo.ini': 'foo.ini\n',
+            'bin/app/modules/baz.jsm':
+                '//@line 2 "%sbaz.jsm"\nbaz.jsm: FOO is bar\n' % (test_path),
+            'bin/app/modules/child/bar.jsm': 'bar.jsm\n',
+            'bin/app/modules/child2/qux.jsm':
+                '//@line 2 "%squx.jsm"\nqux.jsm: BAR is defined\n'
+                % (test_path),
+            'bin/app/modules/foo.jsm': 'foo.jsm\n',
+        })
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_configenvironment.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_configenvironment.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95593e186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_configenvironment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os, posixpath
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import unittest
+from mozunit import main, MockedOpen
+
+import mozbuild.backend.configenvironment as ConfigStatus
+
+from mozbuild.util import ReadOnlyDict
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+class ConfigEnvironment(ConfigStatus.ConfigEnvironment):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        ConfigStatus.ConfigEnvironment.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        # Be helpful to unit tests
+        if not 'top_srcdir' in self.substs:
+            if os.path.isabs(self.topsrcdir):
+                top_srcdir = self.topsrcdir.replace(os.sep, '/')
+            else:
+                top_srcdir = mozpath.relpath(self.topsrcdir, self.topobjdir).replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+            d = dict(self.substs)
+            d['top_srcdir'] = top_srcdir
+            self.substs = ReadOnlyDict(d)
+
+            d = dict(self.substs_unicode)
+            d[u'top_srcdir'] = top_srcdir.decode('utf-8')
+            self.substs_unicode = ReadOnlyDict(d)
+
+
+class TestEnvironment(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_auto_substs(self):
+        '''Test the automatically set values of ACDEFINES, ALLSUBSTS
+        and ALLEMPTYSUBSTS.
+        '''
+        env = ConfigEnvironment('.', '.',
+                  defines = { 'foo': 'bar', 'baz': 'qux 42',
+                              'abc': "d'e'f", 'extra': 'foobar' },
+                  non_global_defines = ['extra', 'ignore'],
+                  substs = { 'FOO': 'bar', 'FOOBAR': '', 'ABC': 'def',
+                             'bar': 'baz qux', 'zzz': '"abc def"',
+                             'qux': '' })
+        # non_global_defines should be filtered out in ACDEFINES.
+        # Original order of the defines need to be respected in ACDEFINES
+        self.assertEqual(env.substs['ACDEFINES'], """-Dabc='d'\\''e'\\''f' -Dbaz='qux 42' -Dfoo=bar""")
+        # Likewise for ALLSUBSTS, which also must contain ACDEFINES
+        self.assertEqual(env.substs['ALLSUBSTS'], '''ABC = def
+ACDEFINES = -Dabc='d'\\''e'\\''f' -Dbaz='qux 42' -Dfoo=bar
+FOO = bar
+bar = baz qux
+zzz = "abc def"''')
+        # ALLEMPTYSUBSTS contains all substs with no value.
+        self.assertEqual(env.substs['ALLEMPTYSUBSTS'], '''FOOBAR =
+qux =''')
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_recursivemake.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_recursivemake.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87f50f497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_recursivemake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,942 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import cPickle as pickle
+import json
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mozpack.manifests import (
+    InstallManifest,
+)
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.backend.recursivemake import (
+    RecursiveMakeBackend,
+    RecursiveMakeTraversal,
+)
+from mozbuild.frontend.emitter import TreeMetadataEmitter
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import BuildReader
+
+from mozbuild.test.backend.common import BackendTester
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+class TestRecursiveMakeTraversal(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_traversal(self):
+        traversal = RecursiveMakeTraversal()
+        traversal.add('', dirs=['A', 'B', 'C'])
+        traversal.add('', dirs=['D'])
+        traversal.add('A')
+        traversal.add('B', dirs=['E', 'F'])
+        traversal.add('C', dirs=['G', 'H'])
+        traversal.add('D', dirs=['I', 'K'])
+        traversal.add('D', dirs=['J', 'L'])
+        traversal.add('E')
+        traversal.add('F')
+        traversal.add('G')
+        traversal.add('H')
+        traversal.add('I', dirs=['M', 'N'])
+        traversal.add('J', dirs=['O', 'P'])
+        traversal.add('K', dirs=['Q', 'R'])
+        traversal.add('L', dirs=['S'])
+        traversal.add('M')
+        traversal.add('N', dirs=['T'])
+        traversal.add('O')
+        traversal.add('P', dirs=['U'])
+        traversal.add('Q')
+        traversal.add('R', dirs=['V'])
+        traversal.add('S', dirs=['W'])
+        traversal.add('T')
+        traversal.add('U')
+        traversal.add('V')
+        traversal.add('W', dirs=['X'])
+        traversal.add('X')
+
+        parallels = set(('G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'U'))
+        def filter(current, subdirs):
+            return (current, [d for d in subdirs.dirs if d in parallels],
+                [d for d in subdirs.dirs if d not in parallels])
+
+        start, deps = traversal.compute_dependencies(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(start, ('X',))
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(deps, {
+            'A': ('',),
+            'B': ('A',),
+            'C': ('F',),
+            'D': ('G', 'H'),
+            'E': ('B',),
+            'F': ('E',),
+            'G': ('C',),
+            'H': ('C',),
+            'I': ('D',),
+            'J': ('D',),
+            'K': ('T', 'O', 'U'),
+            'L': ('Q', 'V'),
+            'M': ('I',),
+            'N': ('M',),
+            'O': ('J',),
+            'P': ('J',),
+            'Q': ('K',),
+            'R': ('K',),
+            'S': ('L',),
+            'T': ('N',),
+            'U': ('P',),
+            'V': ('R',),
+            'W': ('S',),
+            'X': ('W',),
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(traversal.traverse('', filter)),
+                         ['', 'A', 'B', 'E', 'F', 'C', 'G', 'H', 'D', 'I',
+                         'M', 'N', 'T', 'J', 'O', 'P', 'U', 'K', 'Q', 'R',
+                         'V', 'L', 'S', 'W', 'X'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(traversal.traverse('C', filter)),
+                         ['C', 'G', 'H'])
+
+    def test_traversal_2(self):
+        traversal = RecursiveMakeTraversal()
+        traversal.add('', dirs=['A', 'B', 'C'])
+        traversal.add('A')
+        traversal.add('B', dirs=['D', 'E', 'F'])
+        traversal.add('C', dirs=['G', 'H', 'I'])
+        traversal.add('D')
+        traversal.add('E')
+        traversal.add('F')
+        traversal.add('G')
+        traversal.add('H')
+        traversal.add('I')
+
+        start, deps = traversal.compute_dependencies()
+        self.assertEqual(start, ('I',))
+        self.assertEqual(deps, {
+            'A': ('',),
+            'B': ('A',),
+            'C': ('F',),
+            'D': ('B',),
+            'E': ('D',),
+            'F': ('E',),
+            'G': ('C',),
+            'H': ('G',),
+            'I': ('H',),
+        })
+
+    def test_traversal_filter(self):
+        traversal = RecursiveMakeTraversal()
+        traversal.add('', dirs=['A', 'B', 'C'])
+        traversal.add('A')
+        traversal.add('B', dirs=['D', 'E', 'F'])
+        traversal.add('C', dirs=['G', 'H', 'I'])
+        traversal.add('D')
+        traversal.add('E')
+        traversal.add('F')
+        traversal.add('G')
+        traversal.add('H')
+        traversal.add('I')
+
+        def filter(current, subdirs):
+            if current == 'B':
+                current = None
+            return current, [], subdirs.dirs
+
+        start, deps = traversal.compute_dependencies(filter)
+        self.assertEqual(start, ('I',))
+        self.assertEqual(deps, {
+            'A': ('',),
+            'C': ('F',),
+            'D': ('A',),
+            'E': ('D',),
+            'F': ('E',),
+            'G': ('C',),
+            'H': ('G',),
+            'I': ('H',),
+        })
+
+class TestRecursiveMakeBackend(BackendTester):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        """Ensure the RecursiveMakeBackend works without error."""
+        env = self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+            'backend.RecursiveMakeBackend')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+            'backend.RecursiveMakeBackend.in')))
+
+    def test_output_files(self):
+        """Ensure proper files are generated."""
+        env = self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        expected = ['', 'dir1', 'dir2']
+
+        for d in expected:
+            out_makefile = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, d, 'Makefile')
+            out_backend = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, d, 'backend.mk')
+
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(out_makefile))
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(out_backend))
+
+    def test_makefile_conversion(self):
+        """Ensure Makefile.in is converted properly."""
+        env = self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        p = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'Makefile')
+
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(p, 'rt').readlines()[1:] if not l.startswith('#')]
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            'DEPTH := .',
+            'topobjdir := %s' % env.topobjdir,
+            'topsrcdir := %s' % env.topsrcdir,
+            'srcdir := %s' % env.topsrcdir,
+            'VPATH := %s' % env.topsrcdir,
+            'relativesrcdir := .',
+            'include $(DEPTH)/config/autoconf.mk',
+            '',
+            'FOO := foo',
+            '',
+            'include $(topsrcdir)/config/recurse.mk',
+        ])
+
+    def test_missing_makefile_in(self):
+        """Ensure missing Makefile.in results in Makefile creation."""
+        env = self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        p = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'dir2', 'Makefile')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(p))
+
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(p, 'rt').readlines()]
+        self.assertEqual(len(lines), 10)
+
+        self.assertTrue(lines[0].startswith('# THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY'))
+
+    def test_backend_mk(self):
+        """Ensure backend.mk file is written out properly."""
+        env = self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        p = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(p, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            'DIRS := dir1 dir2',
+        ])
+
+        # Make env.substs writable to add ENABLE_TESTS
+        env.substs = dict(env.substs)
+        env.substs['ENABLE_TESTS'] = '1'
+        self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend, env=env)
+        p = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(p, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            'DIRS := dir1 dir2 dir3',
+        ])
+
+    def test_mtime_no_change(self):
+        """Ensure mtime is not updated if file content does not change."""
+
+        env = self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        makefile_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'Makefile')
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        makefile_mtime = os.path.getmtime(makefile_path)
+        backend_mtime = os.path.getmtime(backend_path)
+
+        reader = BuildReader(env)
+        emitter = TreeMetadataEmitter(env)
+        backend = RecursiveMakeBackend(env)
+        backend.consume(emitter.emit(reader.read_topsrcdir()))
+
+        self.assertEqual(os.path.getmtime(makefile_path), makefile_mtime)
+        self.assertEqual(os.path.getmtime(backend_path), backend_mtime)
+
+    def test_substitute_config_files(self):
+        """Ensure substituted config files are produced."""
+        env = self._consume('substitute_config_files', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        p = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'foo')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(p))
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(p, 'rt').readlines()]
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            'TEST = foo',
+        ])
+
+    def test_install_substitute_config_files(self):
+        """Ensure we recurse into the dirs that install substituted config files."""
+        env = self._consume('install_substitute_config_files', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        root_deps_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'root-deps.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(root_deps_path, 'rt').readlines()]
+
+        # Make sure we actually recurse into the sub directory during export to
+        # install the subst file.
+        self.assertTrue(any(l == 'recurse_export: sub/export' for l in lines))
+
+    def test_variable_passthru(self):
+        """Ensure variable passthru is written out correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('variable_passthru', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        expected = {
+            'ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS': [
+                'ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS := 1',
+            ],
+            'DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING': [
+                'DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING := 1',
+            ],
+            'VISIBILITY_FLAGS': [
+                'VISIBILITY_FLAGS :=',
+            ],
+            'RCFILE': [
+                'RCFILE := foo.rc',
+            ],
+            'RESFILE': [
+                'RESFILE := bar.res',
+            ],
+            'RCINCLUDE': [
+                'RCINCLUDE := bar.rc',
+            ],
+            'DEFFILE': [
+                'DEFFILE := baz.def',
+            ],
+            'MOZBUILD_CFLAGS': [
+                'MOZBUILD_CFLAGS += -fno-exceptions',
+                'MOZBUILD_CFLAGS += -w',
+            ],
+            'MOZBUILD_CXXFLAGS': [
+                'MOZBUILD_CXXFLAGS += -fcxx-exceptions',
+                "MOZBUILD_CXXFLAGS += '-option with spaces'",
+            ],
+            'MOZBUILD_LDFLAGS': [
+                "MOZBUILD_LDFLAGS += '-ld flag with spaces'",
+                'MOZBUILD_LDFLAGS += -x',
+                'MOZBUILD_LDFLAGS += -DELAYLOAD:foo.dll',
+                'MOZBUILD_LDFLAGS += -DELAYLOAD:bar.dll',
+            ],
+            'MOZBUILD_HOST_CFLAGS': [
+                'MOZBUILD_HOST_CFLAGS += -funroll-loops',
+                'MOZBUILD_HOST_CFLAGS += -wall',
+            ],
+            'MOZBUILD_HOST_CXXFLAGS': [
+                'MOZBUILD_HOST_CXXFLAGS += -funroll-loops-harder',
+                'MOZBUILD_HOST_CXXFLAGS += -wall-day-everyday',
+            ],
+            'WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS': [
+                'WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS += -subsystem:console',
+            ],
+        }
+
+        for var, val in expected.items():
+            # print("test_variable_passthru[%s]" % (var))
+            found = [str for str in lines if str.startswith(var)]
+            self.assertEqual(found, val)
+
+    def test_sources(self):
+        """Ensure SOURCES and HOST_SOURCES are handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('sources', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        expected = {
+            'ASFILES': [
+                'ASFILES += bar.s',
+                'ASFILES += foo.asm',
+            ],
+            'CMMSRCS': [
+                'CMMSRCS += bar.mm',
+                'CMMSRCS += foo.mm',
+            ],
+            'CSRCS': [
+                'CSRCS += bar.c',
+                'CSRCS += foo.c',
+            ],
+            'HOST_CPPSRCS': [
+                'HOST_CPPSRCS += bar.cpp',
+                'HOST_CPPSRCS += foo.cpp',
+            ],
+            'HOST_CSRCS': [
+                'HOST_CSRCS += bar.c',
+                'HOST_CSRCS += foo.c',
+            ],
+            'SSRCS': [
+                'SSRCS += baz.S',
+                'SSRCS += foo.S',
+            ],
+        }
+
+        for var, val in expected.items():
+            found = [str for str in lines if str.startswith(var)]
+            self.assertEqual(found, val)
+
+    def test_exports(self):
+        """Ensure EXPORTS is handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('exports', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        # EXPORTS files should appear in the dist_include install manifest.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+            '_build_manifests', 'install', 'dist_include'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 7)
+        self.assertIn('foo.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/mozilla1.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/dom/dom2.h', m)
+
+    def test_generated_files(self):
+        """Ensure GENERATED_FILES is handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('generated-files', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        expected = [
+            'export:: bar.c',
+            'GARBAGE += bar.c',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += bar.c.pp',
+            'bar.c: %s/generate-bar.py' % env.topsrcdir,
+            '$(REPORT_BUILD)',
+            '$(call py_action,file_generate,%s/generate-bar.py baz bar.c $(MDDEPDIR)/bar.c.pp)' % env.topsrcdir,
+            '',
+            'export:: foo.c',
+            'GARBAGE += foo.c',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += foo.c.pp',
+            'foo.c: %s/generate-foo.py $(srcdir)/foo-data' % (env.topsrcdir),
+            '$(REPORT_BUILD)',
+            '$(call py_action,file_generate,%s/generate-foo.py main foo.c $(MDDEPDIR)/foo.c.pp $(srcdir)/foo-data)' % (env.topsrcdir),
+            '',
+            'export:: quux.c',
+            'GARBAGE += quux.c',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += quux.c.pp',
+        ]
+
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(lines, expected)
+
+    def test_exports_generated(self):
+        """Ensure EXPORTS that are listed in GENERATED_FILES
+        are handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('exports-generated', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        # EXPORTS files should appear in the dist_include install manifest.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+            '_build_manifests', 'install', 'dist_include'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 8)
+        self.assertIn('foo.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/mozilla1.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/dom/dom1.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('gfx/gfx.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('bar.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/mozilla2.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/dom/dom2.h', m)
+        self.assertIn('mozilla/dom/dom3.h', m)
+        # EXPORTS files that are also GENERATED_FILES should be handled as
+        # INSTALL_TARGETS.
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+        expected = [
+            'export:: bar.h',
+            'GARBAGE += bar.h',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += bar.h.pp',
+            'export:: mozilla2.h',
+            'GARBAGE += mozilla2.h',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += mozilla2.h.pp',
+            'export:: dom2.h',
+            'GARBAGE += dom2.h',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += dom2.h.pp',
+            'export:: dom3.h',
+            'GARBAGE += dom3.h',
+            'EXTRA_MDDEPEND_FILES += dom3.h.pp',
+            'dist_include_FILES += bar.h',
+            'dist_include_DEST := $(DEPTH)/dist/include/',
+            'dist_include_TARGET := export',
+            'INSTALL_TARGETS += dist_include',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_FILES += mozilla2.h',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_DEST := $(DEPTH)/dist/include/mozilla',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_TARGET := export',
+            'INSTALL_TARGETS += dist_include_mozilla',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_dom_FILES += dom2.h',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_dom_FILES += dom3.h',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_dom_DEST := $(DEPTH)/dist/include/mozilla/dom',
+            'dist_include_mozilla_dom_TARGET := export',
+            'INSTALL_TARGETS += dist_include_mozilla_dom',
+        ]
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(lines, expected)
+
+    def test_resources(self):
+        """Ensure RESOURCE_FILES is handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('resources', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        # RESOURCE_FILES should appear in the dist_bin install manifest.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=os.path.join(env.topobjdir,
+            '_build_manifests', 'install', 'dist_bin'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 10)
+        self.assertIn('res/foo.res', m)
+        self.assertIn('res/fonts/font1.ttf', m)
+        self.assertIn('res/fonts/desktop/desktop2.ttf', m)
+
+        self.assertIn('res/bar.res.in', m)
+        self.assertIn('res/tests/test.manifest', m)
+        self.assertIn('res/tests/extra.manifest', m)
+
+    def test_branding_files(self):
+        """Ensure BRANDING_FILES is handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('branding-files', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        #BRANDING_FILES should appear in the dist_branding install manifest.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=os.path.join(env.topobjdir,
+            '_build_manifests', 'install', 'dist_branding'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 3)
+        self.assertIn('bar.ico', m)
+        self.assertIn('quux.png', m)
+        self.assertIn('icons/foo.ico', m)
+
+    def test_sdk_files(self):
+        """Ensure SDK_FILES is handled properly."""
+        env = self._consume('sdk-files', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        #SDK_FILES should appear in the dist_sdk install manifest.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=os.path.join(env.topobjdir,
+            '_build_manifests', 'install', 'dist_sdk'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 3)
+        self.assertIn('bar.ico', m)
+        self.assertIn('quux.png', m)
+        self.assertIn('icons/foo.ico', m)
+
+    def test_test_manifests_files_written(self):
+        """Ensure test manifests get turned into files."""
+        env = self._consume('test-manifests-written', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        tests_dir = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, '_tests')
+        m_master = mozpath.join(tests_dir, 'testing', 'mochitest', 'tests', 'mochitest.ini')
+        x_master = mozpath.join(tests_dir, 'xpcshell', 'xpcshell.ini')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(m_master))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(x_master))
+
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(x_master, 'rt').readlines()]
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            '; THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED. DO NOT MODIFY BY HAND.',
+            '',
+            '[include:dir1/xpcshell.ini]',
+            '[include:xpcshell.ini]',
+        ])
+
+        all_tests_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'all-tests.pkl')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(all_tests_path))
+
+        with open(all_tests_path, 'rb') as fh:
+            o = pickle.load(fh)
+
+            self.assertIn('xpcshell.js', o)
+            self.assertIn('dir1/test_bar.js', o)
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(o['xpcshell.js']), 1)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_pattern_matches_recorded(self):
+        """Pattern matches in test manifests' support-files should be recorded."""
+        env = self._consume('test-manifests-written', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+        m = InstallManifest(path=mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+            '_build_manifests', 'install', '_test_files'))
+
+        # This is not the most robust test in the world, but it gets the job
+        # done.
+        entries = [e for e in m._dests.keys() if '**' in e]
+        self.assertEqual(len(entries), 1)
+        self.assertIn('support/**', entries[0])
+
+    def test_test_manifest_deffered_installs_written(self):
+        """Shared support files are written to their own data file by the backend."""
+        env = self._consume('test-manifest-shared-support', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+        all_tests_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'all-tests.pkl')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(all_tests_path))
+        test_installs_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'test-installs.pkl')
+
+        with open(test_installs_path, 'r') as fh:
+            test_installs = pickle.load(fh)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(test_installs.keys()),
+                         set(['child/test_sub.js',
+                              'child/data/**',
+                              'child/another-file.sjs']))
+        for key in test_installs.keys():
+            self.assertIn(key, test_installs)
+
+        test_files_manifest = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+                                           '_build_manifests',
+                                           'install',
+                                           '_test_files')
+
+        # First, read the generated for ini manifest contents.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=test_files_manifest)
+
+        # Then, synthesize one from the test-installs.pkl file. This should
+        # allow us to re-create a subset of the above.
+        synthesized_manifest = InstallManifest()
+        for item, installs in test_installs.items():
+            for install_info in installs:
+                if len(install_info) == 3:
+                    synthesized_manifest.add_pattern_symlink(*install_info)
+                if len(install_info) == 2:
+                    synthesized_manifest.add_symlink(*install_info)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(synthesized_manifest), 3)
+        for item, info in synthesized_manifest._dests.items():
+            self.assertIn(item, m)
+            self.assertEqual(info, m._dests[item])
+
+    def test_xpidl_generation(self):
+        """Ensure xpidl files and directories are written out."""
+        env = self._consume('xpidl', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        # Install manifests should contain entries.
+        install_dir = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, '_build_manifests',
+            'install')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mozpath.join(install_dir, 'dist_idl')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mozpath.join(install_dir, 'xpidl')))
+
+        m = InstallManifest(path=mozpath.join(install_dir, 'dist_idl'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 2)
+        self.assertIn('bar.idl', m)
+        self.assertIn('foo.idl', m)
+
+        m = InstallManifest(path=mozpath.join(install_dir, 'xpidl'))
+        self.assertIn('.deps/my_module.pp', m)
+
+        m = InstallManifest(path=os.path.join(install_dir, 'dist_bin'))
+        self.assertIn('components/my_module.xpt', m)
+        self.assertIn('components/interfaces.manifest', m)
+
+        m = InstallManifest(path=mozpath.join(install_dir, 'dist_include'))
+        self.assertIn('foo.h', m)
+
+        p = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'config/makefiles/xpidl')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(p))
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(mozpath.join(p, 'Makefile')))
+
+    def test_old_install_manifest_deleted(self):
+        # Simulate an install manifest from a previous backend version. Ensure
+        # it is deleted.
+        env = self._get_environment('stub0')
+        purge_dir = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, '_build_manifests', 'install')
+        manifest_path = mozpath.join(purge_dir, 'old_manifest')
+        os.makedirs(purge_dir)
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m.write(path=manifest_path)
+        with open(mozpath.join(
+                env.topobjdir, 'backend.RecursiveMakeBackend'), 'w') as f:
+            f.write('%s\n' % manifest_path)
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(manifest_path))
+        self._consume('stub0', RecursiveMakeBackend, env)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(manifest_path))
+
+    def test_install_manifests_written(self):
+        env, objs = self._emit('stub0')
+        backend = RecursiveMakeBackend(env)
+
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        backend._install_manifests['testing'] = m
+        m.add_symlink(__file__, 'self')
+        backend.consume(objs)
+
+        man_dir = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, '_build_manifests', 'install')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(man_dir))
+
+        expected = ['testing']
+        for e in expected:
+            full = mozpath.join(man_dir, e)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(full))
+
+            m2 = InstallManifest(path=full)
+            self.assertEqual(m, m2)
+
+    def test_ipdl_sources(self):
+        """Test that IPDL_SOURCES are written to ipdlsrcs.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('ipdl_sources', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        manifest_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir,
+            'ipc', 'ipdl', 'ipdlsrcs.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(manifest_path, 'rt').readlines()]
+
+        # Handle Windows paths correctly
+        topsrcdir = env.topsrcdir.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+        expected = [
+            "ALL_IPDLSRCS := %s/bar/bar.ipdl %s/bar/bar2.ipdlh %s/foo/foo.ipdl %s/foo/foo2.ipdlh" % tuple([topsrcdir] * 4),
+            "CPPSRCS := UnifiedProtocols0.cpp",
+            "IPDLDIRS := %s/bar %s/foo" % (topsrcdir, topsrcdir),
+        ]
+
+        found = [str for str in lines if str.startswith(('ALL_IPDLSRCS',
+                                                         'CPPSRCS',
+                                                         'IPDLDIRS'))]
+        self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+
+    def test_defines(self):
+        """Test that DEFINES are written to backend.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('defines', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        var = 'DEFINES'
+        defines = [val for val in lines if val.startswith(var)]
+
+        expected = ['DEFINES += -DFOO \'-DBAZ="ab\'\\\'\'cd"\' -UQUX -DBAR=7 -DVALUE=xyz']
+        self.assertEqual(defines, expected)
+
+    def test_host_defines(self):
+        """Test that HOST_DEFINES are written to backend.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('host-defines', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        var = 'HOST_DEFINES'
+        defines = [val for val in lines if val.startswith(var)]
+
+        expected = ['HOST_DEFINES += -DFOO \'-DBAZ="ab\'\\\'\'cd"\' -UQUX -DBAR=7 -DVALUE=xyz']
+        self.assertEqual(defines, expected)
+
+    def test_local_includes(self):
+        """Test that LOCAL_INCLUDES are written to backend.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('local_includes', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        expected = [
+            'LOCAL_INCLUDES += -I$(srcdir)/bar/baz',
+            'LOCAL_INCLUDES += -I$(srcdir)/foo',
+        ]
+
+        found = [str for str in lines if str.startswith('LOCAL_INCLUDES')]
+        self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+
+    def test_generated_includes(self):
+        """Test that GENERATED_INCLUDES are written to backend.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('generated_includes', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        topobjdir = env.topobjdir.replace('\\', '/')
+
+        expected = [
+            'LOCAL_INCLUDES += -I$(CURDIR)/bar/baz',
+            'LOCAL_INCLUDES += -I$(CURDIR)/foo',
+        ]
+
+        found = [str for str in lines if str.startswith('LOCAL_INCLUDES')]
+        self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+
+    def test_final_target(self):
+        """Test that FINAL_TARGET is written to backend.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('final_target', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        final_target_rule = "FINAL_TARGET = $(if $(XPI_NAME),$(DIST)/xpi-stage/$(XPI_NAME),$(DIST)/bin)$(DIST_SUBDIR:%=/%)"
+        expected = dict()
+        expected[env.topobjdir] = []
+        expected[mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'both')] = [
+            'XPI_NAME = mycrazyxpi',
+            'DIST_SUBDIR = asubdir',
+            final_target_rule
+        ]
+        expected[mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'dist-subdir')] = [
+            'DIST_SUBDIR = asubdir',
+            final_target_rule
+        ]
+        expected[mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'xpi-name')] = [
+            'XPI_NAME = mycrazyxpi',
+            final_target_rule
+        ]
+        expected[mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'final-target')] = [
+            'FINAL_TARGET = $(DEPTH)/random-final-target'
+        ]
+        for key, expected_rules in expected.iteritems():
+            backend_path = mozpath.join(key, 'backend.mk')
+            lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+            found = [str for str in lines if
+                str.startswith('FINAL_TARGET') or str.startswith('XPI_NAME') or
+                str.startswith('DIST_SUBDIR')]
+            self.assertEqual(found, expected_rules)
+
+    def test_final_target_pp_files(self):
+        """Test that FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES is written to backend.mk correctly."""
+        env = self._consume('dist-files', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        backend_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk')
+        lines = [l.strip() for l in open(backend_path, 'rt').readlines()[2:]]
+
+        expected = [
+            'DIST_FILES_0 += $(srcdir)/install.rdf',
+            'DIST_FILES_0 += $(srcdir)/main.js',
+            'DIST_FILES_0_PATH := $(DEPTH)/dist/bin/',
+            'DIST_FILES_0_TARGET := misc',
+            'PP_TARGETS += DIST_FILES_0',
+        ]
+
+        found = [str for str in lines if 'DIST_FILES' in str]
+        self.assertEqual(found, expected)
+
+    def test_config(self):
+        """Test that CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES are properly handled."""
+        env = self._consume('test_config', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            open(os.path.join(env.topobjdir, 'file'), 'r').readlines(), [
+                '#ifdef foo\n',
+                'bar baz\n',
+                '@bar@\n',
+            ])
+
+    def test_jar_manifests(self):
+        env = self._consume('jar-manifests', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        with open(os.path.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk'), 'rb') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+
+        lines = [line.rstrip() for line in lines]
+
+        self.assertIn('JAR_MANIFEST := %s/jar.mn' % env.topsrcdir, lines)
+
+    def test_test_manifests_duplicate_support_files(self):
+        """Ensure duplicate support-files in test manifests work."""
+        env = self._consume('test-manifests-duplicate-support-files',
+            RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        p = os.path.join(env.topobjdir, '_build_manifests', 'install', '_test_files')
+        m = InstallManifest(p)
+        self.assertIn('testing/mochitest/tests/support-file.txt', m)
+
+    def test_android_eclipse(self):
+        env = self._consume('android_eclipse', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        with open(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'backend.mk'), 'rb') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+
+        lines = [line.rstrip() for line in lines]
+
+        # Dependencies first.
+        self.assertIn('ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_main1: target1 target2', lines)
+        self.assertIn('ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_main4: target3 target4', lines)
+
+        command_template = '\t$(call py_action,process_install_manifest,' + \
+                           '--no-remove --no-remove-all-directory-symlinks ' + \
+                           '--no-remove-empty-directories %s %s.manifest)'
+        # Commands second.
+        for project_name in ['main1', 'main2', 'library1', 'library2']:
+            stem = '%s/android_eclipse/%s' % (env.topobjdir, project_name)
+            self.assertIn(command_template % (stem, stem), lines)
+
+        # Projects declared in subdirectories.
+        with open(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'subdir', 'backend.mk'), 'rb') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+
+        lines = [line.rstrip() for line in lines]
+
+        self.assertIn('ANDROID_ECLIPSE_PROJECT_submain: subtarget1 subtarget2', lines)
+
+        for project_name in ['submain', 'sublibrary']:
+            # Destination and install manifest are relative to topobjdir.
+            stem = '%s/android_eclipse/%s' % (env.topobjdir, project_name)
+            self.assertIn(command_template % (stem, stem), lines)
+
+    def test_install_manifests_package_tests(self):
+        """Ensure test suites honor package_tests=False."""
+        env = self._consume('test-manifests-package-tests', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        all_tests_path = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'all-tests.pkl')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(all_tests_path))
+
+        with open(all_tests_path, 'rb') as fh:
+            o = pickle.load(fh)
+            self.assertIn('mochitest.js', o)
+            self.assertIn('not_packaged.java', o)
+
+        man_dir = mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, '_build_manifests', 'install')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(man_dir))
+
+        full = mozpath.join(man_dir, '_test_files')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(full))
+
+        m = InstallManifest(path=full)
+
+        # Only mochitest.js should be in the install manifest.
+        self.assertTrue('testing/mochitest/tests/mochitest.js' in m)
+
+        # The path is odd here because we do not normalize at test manifest
+        # processing time.  This is a fragile test because there's currently no
+        # way to iterate the manifest.
+        self.assertFalse('instrumentation/./not_packaged.java' in m)
+
+    def test_binary_components(self):
+        """Ensure binary components are correctly handled."""
+        env = self._consume('binary-components', RecursiveMakeBackend)
+
+        with open(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'foo', 'backend.mk')) as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()[2:]
+
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            'misc::\n',
+            '\t$(call py_action,buildlist,$(DEPTH)/dist/bin/chrome.manifest '
+            + "'manifest components/components.manifest')\n",
+            '\t$(call py_action,buildlist,'
+            + '$(DEPTH)/dist/bin/components/components.manifest '
+            + "'binary-component foo')\n",
+            'LIBRARY_NAME := foo\n',
+            'FORCE_SHARED_LIB := 1\n',
+            'IMPORT_LIBRARY := foo\n',
+            'SHARED_LIBRARY := foo\n',
+            'IS_COMPONENT := 1\n',
+            'DSO_SONAME := foo\n',
+            'LIB_IS_C_ONLY := 1\n',
+        ])
+
+        with open(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'bar', 'backend.mk')) as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()[2:]
+
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [
+            'LIBRARY_NAME := bar\n',
+            'FORCE_SHARED_LIB := 1\n',
+            'IMPORT_LIBRARY := bar\n',
+            'SHARED_LIBRARY := bar\n',
+            'IS_COMPONENT := 1\n',
+            'DSO_SONAME := bar\n',
+            'LIB_IS_C_ONLY := 1\n',
+        ])
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'binaries.json')))
+        with open(mozpath.join(env.topobjdir, 'binaries.json'), 'rb') as fh:
+            binaries = json.load(fh)
+
+        self.assertEqual(binaries, {
+            'programs': [],
+            'shared_libraries': [
+                {
+                    'basename': 'foo',
+                    'import_name': 'foo',
+                    'install_target': 'dist/bin',
+                    'lib_name': 'foo',
+                    'relobjdir': 'foo',
+                    'soname': 'foo',
+                },
+                {
+                    'basename': 'bar',
+                    'import_name': 'bar',
+                    'install_target': 'dist/bin',
+                    'lib_name': 'bar',
+                    'relobjdir': 'bar',
+                    'soname': 'bar',
+                }
+            ],
+        })
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_visualstudio.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_visualstudio.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfc95e552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/backend/test_visualstudio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from xml.dom.minidom import parse
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mozbuild.backend.visualstudio import VisualStudioBackend
+from mozbuild.test.backend.common import BackendTester
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+class TestVisualStudioBackend(BackendTester):
+    @unittest.skip('Failing inconsistently in automation.')
+    def test_basic(self):
+        """Ensure we can consume our stub project."""
+
+        env = self._consume('visual-studio', VisualStudioBackend)
+
+        msvc = os.path.join(env.topobjdir, 'msvc')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(msvc))
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'mozilla.sln')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'mozilla.props')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'mach.bat')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'binary_my_app.vcxproj')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'target_full.vcxproj')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'library_dir1.vcxproj')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(msvc, 'library_dir1.vcxproj.user')))
+
+        d = parse(os.path.join(msvc, 'library_dir1.vcxproj'))
+        self.assertEqual(d.documentElement.tagName, 'Project')
+        els = d.getElementsByTagName('ClCompile')
+        self.assertEqual(len(els), 2)
+
+        # mozilla-config.h should be explicitly listed as an include.
+        els = d.getElementsByTagName('NMakeForcedIncludes')
+        self.assertEqual(len(els), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(els[0].firstChild.nodeValue,
+            '$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\include\\mozilla-config.h')
+
+        # LOCAL_INCLUDES get added to the include search path.
+        els = d.getElementsByTagName('NMakeIncludeSearchPath')
+        self.assertEqual(len(els), 1)
+        includes = els[0].firstChild.nodeValue.split(';')
+        self.assertIn(os.path.normpath('$(TopSrcDir)/includeA/foo'), includes)
+        self.assertIn(os.path.normpath('$(TopSrcDir)/dir1'), includes)
+        self.assertIn(os.path.normpath('$(TopObjDir)/dir1'), includes)
+        self.assertIn(os.path.normpath('$(TopObjDir)\\dist\\include'), includes)
+
+        # DEFINES get added to the project.
+        els = d.getElementsByTagName('NMakePreprocessorDefinitions')
+        self.assertEqual(len(els), 1)
+        defines = els[0].firstChild.nodeValue.split(';')
+        self.assertIn('DEFINEFOO', defines)
+        self.assertIn('DEFINEBAR=bar', defines)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/common.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76a39b313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from mach.logging import LoggingManager
+
+from mozbuild.util import ReadOnlyDict
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+# By including this module, tests get structured logging.
+log_manager = LoggingManager()
+log_manager.add_terminal_logging()
+
+# mozconfig is not a reusable type (it's actually a module) so, we
+# have to mock it.
+class MockConfig(object):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 topsrcdir='/path/to/topsrcdir',
+                 extra_substs={},
+                 error_is_fatal=True,
+             ):
+        self.topsrcdir = mozpath.abspath(topsrcdir)
+        self.topobjdir = mozpath.abspath('/path/to/topobjdir')
+
+        self.substs = ReadOnlyDict({
+            'MOZ_FOO': 'foo',
+            'MOZ_BAR': 'bar',
+            'MOZ_TRUE': '1',
+            'MOZ_FALSE': '',
+            'DLL_PREFIX': 'lib',
+            'DLL_SUFFIX': '.so'
+        }, **extra_substs)
+
+        self.substs_unicode = ReadOnlyDict({k.decode('utf-8'): v.decode('utf-8',
+            'replace') for k, v in self.substs.items()})
+
+        self.defines = self.substs
+
+        self.external_source_dir = None
+        self.lib_prefix = 'lib'
+        self.lib_suffix = '.a'
+        self.import_prefix = 'lib'
+        self.import_suffix = '.so'
+        self.dll_prefix = 'lib'
+        self.dll_suffix = '.so'
+        self.error_is_fatal = error_is_fatal
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/test_warnings.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/test_warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd2406dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/compilation/test_warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
+from mozbuild.compilation.warnings import CompilerWarning
+from mozbuild.compilation.warnings import WarningsCollector
+from mozbuild.compilation.warnings import WarningsDatabase
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+CLANG_TESTS = [
+    ('foobar.cpp:123:10: warning: you messed up [-Wfoo]',
+     'foobar.cpp', 123, 10, 'you messed up', '-Wfoo'),
+    ("c_locale_dummy.c:457:1: warning: (near initialization for "
+     "'full_wmonthname[0]') [-Wpointer-sign]",
+     'c_locale_dummy.c', 457, 1,
+     "(near initialization for 'full_wmonthname[0]')", '-Wpointer-sign')
+]
+
+MSVC_TESTS = [
+    ("C:/mozilla-central/test/foo.cpp(793) : warning C4244: 'return' : "
+     "conversion from 'double' to 'uint32_t', possible loss of data",
+     'C:/mozilla-central/test/foo.cpp', 793, 'C4244',
+     "'return' : conversion from 'double' to 'uint32_t', possible loss of "
+         'data')
+]
+
+CURRENT_LINE = 1
+
+def get_warning():
+    global CURRENT_LINE
+
+    w = CompilerWarning()
+    w['filename'] = '/foo/bar/baz.cpp'
+    w['line'] = CURRENT_LINE
+    w['column'] = 12
+    w['message'] = 'This is irrelevant'
+
+    CURRENT_LINE += 1
+
+    return w
+
+class TestCompilerWarning(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_equivalence(self):
+        w1 = CompilerWarning()
+        w2 = CompilerWarning()
+
+        s = set()
+
+        # Empty warnings should be equal.
+        self.assertEqual(w1, w2)
+
+        s.add(w1)
+        s.add(w2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 1)
+
+        w1['filename'] = '/foo.c'
+        w2['filename'] = '/bar.c'
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(w1, w2)
+
+        s = set()
+        s.add(w1)
+        s.add(w2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 2)
+
+        w1['filename'] = '/foo.c'
+        w1['line'] = 5
+        w2['line'] = 5
+
+        w2['filename'] = '/foo.c'
+        w1['column'] = 3
+        w2['column'] = 3
+
+        self.assertEqual(w1, w2)
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        w1 = CompilerWarning()
+        w2 = CompilerWarning()
+
+        w1['filename'] = '/aaa.c'
+        w1['line'] = 5
+        w1['column'] = 5
+
+        w2['filename'] = '/bbb.c'
+        w2['line'] = 5
+        w2['column'] = 5
+
+        self.assertLess(w1, w2)
+        self.assertGreater(w2, w1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(w2, w1)
+
+        w2['filename'] = '/aaa.c'
+        w2['line'] = 4
+        w2['column'] = 6
+
+        self.assertLess(w2, w1)
+        self.assertGreater(w1, w2)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(w1, w2)
+
+        w2['filename'] = '/aaa.c'
+        w2['line'] = 5
+        w2['column'] = 10
+
+        self.assertLess(w1, w2)
+        self.assertGreater(w2, w1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(w2, w1)
+
+        w2['filename'] = '/aaa.c'
+        w2['line'] = 5
+        w2['column'] = 5
+
+        self.assertLessEqual(w1, w2)
+        self.assertLessEqual(w2, w1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(w2, w1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(w1, w2)
+
+class TestWarningsParsing(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_clang_parsing(self):
+        for source, filename, line, column, message, flag in CLANG_TESTS:
+            collector = WarningsCollector(resolve_files=False)
+            warning = collector.process_line(source)
+
+            self.assertIsNotNone(warning)
+
+            self.assertEqual(warning['filename'], filename)
+            self.assertEqual(warning['line'], line)
+            self.assertEqual(warning['column'], column)
+            self.assertEqual(warning['message'], message)
+            self.assertEqual(warning['flag'], flag)
+
+    def test_msvc_parsing(self):
+        for source, filename, line, flag, message in MSVC_TESTS:
+            collector = WarningsCollector(resolve_files=False)
+            warning = collector.process_line(source)
+
+            self.assertIsNotNone(warning)
+
+            self.assertEqual(warning['filename'], os.path.normpath(filename))
+            self.assertEqual(warning['line'], line)
+            self.assertEqual(warning['flag'], flag)
+            self.assertEqual(warning['message'], message)
+
+class TestWarningsDatabase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        db = WarningsDatabase()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(db), 0)
+
+        for i in range(10):
+            db.insert(get_warning(), compute_hash=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(db), 10)
+
+        warnings = list(db)
+        self.assertEqual(len(warnings), 10)
+
+    def test_hashing(self):
+        """Ensure that hashing files on insert works."""
+        db = WarningsDatabase()
+
+        temp = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wt')
+        temp.write('x' * 100)
+        temp.flush()
+
+        w = CompilerWarning()
+        w['filename'] = temp.name
+        w['line'] = 1
+        w['column'] = 4
+        w['message'] = 'foo bar'
+
+        # Should not throw.
+        db.insert(w)
+
+        w['filename'] = 'DOES_NOT_EXIST'
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            db.insert(w)
+
+    def test_pruning(self):
+        """Ensure old warnings are removed from database appropriately."""
+        db = WarningsDatabase()
+
+        source_files = []
+        for i in range(1, 21):
+            temp = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wt')
+            temp.write('x' * (100 * i))
+            temp.flush()
+
+            # Keep reference so it doesn't get GC'd and deleted.
+            source_files.append(temp)
+
+            w = CompilerWarning()
+            w['filename'] = temp.name
+            w['line'] = 1
+            w['column'] = i * 10
+            w['message'] = 'irrelevant'
+
+            db.insert(w)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(db), 20)
+
+        # If we change a source file, inserting a new warning should nuke the
+        # old one.
+        source_files[0].write('extra')
+        source_files[0].flush()
+
+        w = CompilerWarning()
+        w['filename'] = source_files[0].name
+        w['line'] = 1
+        w['column'] = 50
+        w['message'] = 'replaced'
+
+        db.insert(w)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(db), 20)
+
+        warnings = list(db.warnings_for_file(source_files[0].name))
+        self.assertEqual(len(warnings), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(warnings[0]['column'], w['column'])
+
+        # If we delete the source file, calling prune should cause the warnings
+        # to go away.
+        old_filename = source_files[0].name
+        del source_files[0]
+
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(old_filename))
+
+        db.prune()
+        self.assertEqual(len(db), 19)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/common.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..089d61a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import copy
+import errno
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+from mozbuild.configure import ConfigureSandbox
+from mozbuild.util import ReadOnlyNamespace
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from which import WhichError
+
+from buildconfig import (
+    topobjdir,
+    topsrcdir,
+)
+
+
+def fake_short_path(path):
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        return '/'.join(p.split(' ', 1)[0] + '~1' if ' 'in p else p
+                        for p in mozpath.split(path))
+    return path
+
+def ensure_exe_extension(path):
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        return path + '.exe'
+    return path
+
+
+class ConfigureTestVFS(object):
+    def __init__(self, paths):
+        self._paths = set(mozpath.abspath(p) for p in paths)
+
+    def exists(self, path):
+        path = mozpath.abspath(path)
+        if path in self._paths:
+            return True
+        if mozpath.basedir(path, [topsrcdir, topobjdir]):
+            return os.path.exists(path)
+        return False
+
+    def isfile(self, path):
+        path = mozpath.abspath(path)
+        if path in self._paths:
+            return True
+        if mozpath.basedir(path, [topsrcdir, topobjdir]):
+            return os.path.isfile(path)
+        return False
+
+
+class ConfigureTestSandbox(ConfigureSandbox):
+    '''Wrapper around the ConfigureSandbox for testing purposes.
+
+    Its arguments are the same as ConfigureSandbox, except for the additional
+    `paths` argument, which is a dict where the keys are file paths and the
+    values are either None or a function that will be called when the sandbox
+    calls an implemented function from subprocess with the key as command.
+    When the command is CONFIG_SHELL, the function for the path of the script
+    that follows will be called.
+
+    The API for those functions is:
+        retcode, stdout, stderr = func(stdin, args)
+
+    This class is only meant to implement the minimal things to make
+    moz.configure testing possible. As such, it takes shortcuts.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, paths, config, environ, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._search_path = environ.get('PATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+
+        self._subprocess_paths = {
+            mozpath.abspath(k): v for k, v in paths.iteritems() if v
+        }
+
+        paths = paths.keys()
+
+        environ = dict(environ)
+        if 'CONFIG_SHELL' not in environ:
+            environ['CONFIG_SHELL'] = mozpath.abspath('/bin/sh')
+            self._subprocess_paths[environ['CONFIG_SHELL']] = self.shell
+            paths.append(environ['CONFIG_SHELL'])
+        self._environ = copy.copy(environ)
+
+        vfs = ConfigureTestVFS(paths)
+
+        os_path = {
+            k: getattr(vfs, k) for k in dir(vfs) if not k.startswith('_')
+        }
+
+        os_path.update(self.OS.path.__dict__)
+
+        self.imported_os = ReadOnlyNamespace(path=ReadOnlyNamespace(**os_path))
+
+        super(ConfigureTestSandbox, self).__init__(config, environ, *args,
+                                                   **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_one_import(self, what):
+        if what == 'which.which':
+            return self.which
+
+        if what == 'which':
+            return ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                which=self.which,
+                WhichError=WhichError,
+            )
+
+        if what == 'subprocess.Popen':
+            return self.Popen
+
+        if what == 'subprocess':
+            return ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                CalledProcessError=subprocess.CalledProcessError,
+                check_output=self.check_output,
+                PIPE=subprocess.PIPE,
+                STDOUT=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                Popen=self.Popen,
+            )
+
+        if what == 'os.environ':
+            return self._environ
+
+        if what == 'ctypes.wintypes':
+            return ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                LPCWSTR=0,
+                LPWSTR=1,
+                DWORD=2,
+            )
+
+        if what == 'ctypes':
+            class CTypesFunc(object):
+                def __init__(self, func):
+                    self._func = func
+
+                def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                    return self._func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+            return ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                create_unicode_buffer=self.create_unicode_buffer,
+                windll=ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                    kernel32=ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                        GetShortPathNameW=CTypesFunc(self.GetShortPathNameW),
+                    )
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if what == '_winreg':
+            def OpenKey(*args, **kwargs):
+                raise WindowsError()
+
+            return ReadOnlyNamespace(
+                HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE=0,
+                OpenKey=OpenKey,
+            )
+
+        return super(ConfigureTestSandbox, self)._get_one_import(what)
+
+    def create_unicode_buffer(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        class Buffer(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.value = ''
+
+        return Buffer()
+
+    def GetShortPathNameW(self, path_in, path_out, length):
+        path_out.value = fake_short_path(path_in)
+        return length
+
+    def which(self, command, path=None):
+        for parent in (path or self._search_path):
+            c = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.join(parent, command))
+            for candidate in (c, ensure_exe_extension(c)):
+                if self.imported_os.path.exists(candidate):
+                    return candidate
+        raise WhichError()
+
+    def Popen(self, args, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, **kargs):
+        try:
+            program = self.which(args[0])
+        except WhichError:
+            raise OSError(errno.ENOENT, 'File not found')
+
+        func = self._subprocess_paths.get(program)
+        retcode, stdout, stderr = func(stdin, args[1:])
+
+        class Process(object):
+            def communicate(self, stdin=None):
+                return stdout, stderr
+
+            def wait(self):
+                return retcode
+
+        return Process()
+
+    def check_output(self, args, **kwargs):
+        proc = self.Popen(args, **kwargs)
+        stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
+        retcode = proc.wait()
+        if retcode:
+            raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(retcode, args, stdout)
+        return stdout
+
+    def shell(self, stdin, args):
+        script = mozpath.abspath(args[0])
+        if script in self._subprocess_paths:
+            return self._subprocess_paths[script](stdin, args[1:])
+        return 127, '', 'File not found'
+
+
+class BaseConfigureTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    HOST = 'x86_64-pc-linux-gnu'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(topobjdir)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.chdir(self._cwd)
+
+    def config_guess(self, stdin, args):
+        return 0, self.HOST, ''
+
+    def config_sub(self, stdin, args):
+        return 0, args[0], ''
+
+    def get_sandbox(self, paths, config, args=[], environ={}, mozconfig='',
+                    out=None, logger=None):
+        kwargs = {}
+        if logger:
+            kwargs['logger'] = logger
+        else:
+            if not out:
+                out = StringIO()
+            kwargs['stdout'] = out
+            kwargs['stderr'] = out
+
+        if hasattr(self, 'TARGET'):
+            target = ['--target=%s' % self.TARGET]
+        else:
+            target = []
+
+        if mozconfig:
+            fh, mozconfig_path = tempfile.mkstemp()
+            os.write(fh, mozconfig)
+            os.close(fh)
+        else:
+            mozconfig_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data',
+                                          'empty_mozconfig')
+
+        try:
+            environ = dict(
+                environ,
+                OLD_CONFIGURE=os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'old-configure'),
+                MOZCONFIG=mozconfig_path)
+
+            paths = dict(paths)
+            autoconf_dir = mozpath.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'autoconf')
+            paths[mozpath.join(autoconf_dir,
+                               'config.guess')] = self.config_guess
+            paths[mozpath.join(autoconf_dir, 'config.sub')] = self.config_sub
+
+            sandbox = ConfigureTestSandbox(paths, config, environ,
+                                           ['configure'] + target + args,
+                                           **kwargs)
+            sandbox.include_file(os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'moz.configure'))
+
+            return sandbox
+        finally:
+            if mozconfig:
+                os.remove(mozconfig_path)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/decorators.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/decorators.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5e41c68a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/decorators.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+@template
+def simple_decorator(func):
+    return func
+
+@template
+def wrapper_decorator(func):
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+    return wrapper
+
+@template
+def function_decorator(*args, **kwargs):
+    # We could return wrapper_decorator from above here, but then we wouldn't
+    # know if this works as expected because wrapper_decorator itself was
+    # modified or because the right thing happened here.
+    def wrapper_decorator(func):
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+        return wrapper
+    return wrapper_decorator
+
+@depends('--help')
+@simple_decorator
+def foo(help):
+    global FOO
+    FOO = 1
+
+@depends('--help')
+@wrapper_decorator
+def bar(help):
+    global BAR
+    BAR = 1
+
+@depends('--help')
+@function_decorator('a', 'b', 'c')
+def qux(help):
+    global QUX
+    QUX = 1
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/empty_mozconfig b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/empty_mozconfig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/empty_mozconfig
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/extra.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/extra.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43fbf7c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/extra.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--extra', help='Extra')
+
+@depends('--extra')
+def extra(extra):
+    return extra
+
+set_config('EXTRA', extra)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/imm.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/imm.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad05e383c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/imm.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+imply_option('--enable-foo', True)
+
+option('--enable-foo', help='enable foo')
+
+@depends('--enable-foo', '--help')
+def foo(value, help):
+    if value:
+        return True
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', ('foo', 'bar'))
+
+option('--enable-bar', nargs='*', help='enable bar')
+
+@depends('--enable-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
+
+imply_option('--enable-baz', 'BAZ')
+
+option('--enable-baz', nargs=1, help='enable baz')
+
+@depends('--enable-baz')
+def bar(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/infer.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/infer.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ad1506ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/infer.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--enable-foo', help='enable foo')
+
+@depends('--enable-foo', '--help')
+def foo(value, help):
+    if value:
+        return True
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', foo)
+
+
+option('--enable-bar', help='enable bar')
+
+@depends('--enable-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
+
+set_config('BAR', bar)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/infer_ko.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/infer_ko.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72b88d7b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/infer_ko.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--enable-hoge', help='enable hoge')
+
+@depends('--enable-hoge')
+def hoge(value):
+    return value
+
+
+option('--enable-foo', help='enable foo')
+
+@depends('--enable-foo', hoge)
+def foo(value, hoge):
+    if value:
+        return True
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', foo)
+
+
+option('--enable-bar', help='enable bar')
+
+@depends('--enable-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
+
+set_config('BAR', bar)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/negative.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/negative.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca8e9df3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/negative.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--enable-foo', help='enable foo')
+
+@depends('--enable-foo')
+def foo(value):
+    if value:
+        return False
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', foo)
+
+
+option('--disable-hoge', help='enable hoge')
+
+@depends('--disable-hoge')
+def hoge(value):
+    if not value:
+        return False
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', hoge)
+
+
+option('--enable-bar', default=True, help='enable bar')
+
+@depends('--enable-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    if not value:
+        return value
+
+set_config('BAR', bar)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/simple.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/simple.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d905ebbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/simple.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--enable-foo', help='enable foo')
+
+@depends('--enable-foo')
+def foo(value):
+    if value:
+        return True
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', foo)
+
+
+option('--enable-bar', help='enable bar')
+
+@depends('--enable-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
+
+set_config('BAR', bar)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/values.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/values.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6af4b1eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/imply_option/values.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--enable-foo', nargs='*', help='enable foo')
+
+@depends('--enable-foo')
+def foo(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
+
+imply_option('--enable-bar', foo)
+
+
+option('--enable-bar', nargs='*', help='enable bar')
+
+@depends('--enable-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    if value:
+        return value
+
+set_config('BAR', bar)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/included.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/included.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c056764d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/included.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# For more complex and repetitive things, we can create templates
+@template
+def check_compiler_flag(flag):
+    @depends(is_gcc)
+    def check(value):
+        if value:
+            return [flag]
+    set_config('CFLAGS', check)
+    return check
+
+
+check_compiler_flag('-Werror=foobar')
+
+# Normal functions can be used in @depends functions.
+def fortytwo():
+    return 42
+
+def twentyone():
+    yield 21
+
+@depends(is_gcc)
+def check(value):
+    if value:
+        return fortytwo()
+
+set_config('TEMPLATE_VALUE', check)
+
+@depends(is_gcc)
+def check(value):
+    if value:
+        for val in twentyone():
+            return val
+
+set_config('TEMPLATE_VALUE_2', check)
+
+# Normal functions can use @imports too to import modules.
+@imports('sys')
+def platform():
+    return sys.platform
+
+option('--enable-imports-in-template', help='Imports in template')
+@depends('--enable-imports-in-template')
+def check(value):
+    if value:
+        return platform()
+
+set_config('PLATFORM', check)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/moz.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/moz.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32c4b8535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/moz.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--enable-simple', help='Enable simple')
+
+# Setting MOZ_WITH_ENV in the environment has the same effect as passing
+# --enable-with-env.
+option('--enable-with-env', env='MOZ_WITH_ENV', help='Enable with env')
+
+# Optional values
+option('--enable-values', nargs='*', help='Enable values')
+
+# Everything supported in the Option class is supported in option(). Assume
+# the tests of the Option class are extensive about this.
+
+# Alternatively to --enable/--disable, there also is --with/--without. The
+# difference is semantic only. Behavior is the same as --enable/--disable.
+
+# When the option name starts with --disable/--without, the default is for
+# the option to be enabled.
+option('--without-thing', help='Build without thing')
+
+# A --enable/--with option with a default of False is equivalent to a
+# --disable/--without option. This can be used to change the defaults
+# depending on e.g. the target or the built application.
+option('--with-stuff', default=False, help='Build with stuff')
+
+# Other kinds of arbitrary options are also allowed. This is effectively
+# equivalent to --enable/--with, with no possibility of --disable/--without.
+option('--option', env='MOZ_OPTION', help='Option')
+
+# It is also possible to pass options through the environment only.
+option(env='CC', nargs=1, help='C Compiler')
+
+# Call the function when the --enable-simple option is processed, with its
+# OptionValue as argument.
+@depends('--enable-simple')
+def simple(simple):
+    if simple:
+        return simple
+
+set_config('ENABLED_SIMPLE', simple)
+
+# There can be multiple functions depending on the same option.
+@depends('--enable-simple')
+def simple(simple):
+    return simple
+
+set_config('SIMPLE', simple)
+
+@depends('--enable-with-env')
+def with_env(with_env):
+    return with_env
+
+set_config('WITH_ENV', with_env)
+
+# It doesn't matter if the dependency is on --enable or --disable
+@depends('--disable-values')
+def with_env2(values):
+    return values
+
+set_config('VALUES', with_env2)
+
+# It is possible to @depends on environment-only options.
+@depends('CC')
+def is_gcc(cc):
+    return cc and 'gcc' in cc[0]
+
+set_config('IS_GCC', is_gcc)
+
+# It is possible to depend on the result from another function.
+@depends(with_env2)
+def with_env3(values):
+    return values
+
+set_config('VALUES2', with_env3)
+
+# @depends functions can also return results for use as input to another
+# @depends.
+@depends(with_env3)
+def with_env4(values):
+    return values
+
+@depends(with_env4)
+def with_env5(values):
+    return values
+
+set_config('VALUES3', with_env5)
+
+# The result from @depends functions can also be used as input to options.
+# The result must be returned, not implied. The function must also depend
+# on --help.
+@depends('--enable-simple', '--help')
+def simple(simple, help):
+    return 'simple' if simple else 'not-simple'
+
+option('--with-returned-default', default=simple, help='Returned default')
+
+@depends('--with-returned-default')
+def default(value):
+    return value
+
+set_config('DEFAULTED', default)
+
+@depends('--enable-values', '--help')
+def choices(values, help):
+    if len(values):
+        return {
+            'alpha': ('a', 'b', 'c'),
+            'numeric': ('0', '1', '2'),
+        }.get(values[0])
+
+option('--returned-choices', choices=choices, help='Choices')
+
+@depends('--returned-choices')
+def returned_choices(values):
+    return values
+
+set_config('CHOICES', returned_choices)
+
+# All options must be referenced by some @depends function.
+# It is possible to depend on multiple options/functions
+@depends('--without-thing', '--with-stuff', with_env4, '--option')
+def remainder(*args):
+    return args
+
+set_config('REMAINDER', remainder)
+
+# It is possible to include other files to extend the configuration script.
+include('included.configure')
+
+# It is also possible for the include file path to come from the result of a
+# @depends function. That function needs to depend on '--help' like for option
+# defaults and choices.
+option('--enable-include', nargs=1, help='Include')
+@depends('--enable-include', '--help')
+def include_path(path, help):
+    return path[0] if path else None
+
+include(include_path)
+
+# Sandboxed functions can import from modules through the use of the @imports
+# decorator.
+# The order of the decorators matter: @imports needs to appear after other
+# decorators.
+option('--with-imports', nargs='?', help='Imports')
+
+# A limited set of functions from os.path are exposed by default.
+@depends('--with-imports')
+def with_imports(value):
+    if len(value):
+        return hasattr(os.path, 'abspath')
+
+set_config('HAS_ABSPATH', with_imports)
+
+# It is still possible to import the full set from os.path.
+# It is also possible to cherry-pick builtins.
+@depends('--with-imports')
+@imports('os.path')
+def with_imports(value):
+    if len(value):
+        return hasattr(os.path, 'getatime')
+
+set_config('HAS_GETATIME', with_imports)
+
+@depends('--with-imports')
+def with_imports(value):
+    if len(value):
+        return hasattr(os.path, 'getatime')
+
+set_config('HAS_GETATIME2', with_imports)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/set_config.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/set_config.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf5743963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/set_config.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--set-foo', help='set foo')
+
+@depends('--set-foo')
+def foo(value):
+    if value:
+        return True
+
+set_config('FOO', foo)
+
+
+option('--set-bar', help='set bar')
+
+@depends('--set-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    return bool(value)
+
+set_config('BAR', bar)
+
+
+option('--set-value', nargs=1, help='set value')
+
+@depends('--set-value')
+def set_value(value):
+    if value:
+        return value[0]
+
+set_config('VALUE', set_value)
+
+
+option('--set-name', nargs=1, help='set name')
+
+@depends('--set-name')
+def set_name(value):
+    if value:
+        return value[0]
+
+set_config(set_name, True)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/set_define.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/set_define.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..422263427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/set_define.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+option('--set-foo', help='set foo')
+
+@depends('--set-foo')
+def foo(value):
+    if value:
+        return True
+
+set_define('FOO', foo)
+
+
+option('--set-bar', help='set bar')
+
+@depends('--set-bar')
+def bar(value):
+    return bool(value)
+
+set_define('BAR', bar)
+
+
+option('--set-value', nargs=1, help='set value')
+
+@depends('--set-value')
+def set_value(value):
+    if value:
+        return value[0]
+
+set_define('VALUE', set_value)
+
+
+option('--set-name', nargs=1, help='set name')
+
+@depends('--set-name')
+def set_name(value):
+    if value:
+        return value[0]
+
+set_define(set_name, True)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/subprocess.configure b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/subprocess.configure
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de6be9cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/data/subprocess.configure
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+@depends('--help')
+@imports('codecs')
+@imports(_from='mozbuild.configure.util', _import='getpreferredencoding')
+@imports('os')
+@imports(_from='__builtin__', _import='open')
+def dies_when_logging(_):
+    test_file = 'test.txt'
+    quote_char = "'"
+    if getpreferredencoding().lower() == 'utf-8':
+        quote_char = '\u00B4'.encode('utf-8')
+    try:
+        with open(test_file, 'w+') as fh:
+            fh.write(quote_char)
+        out = check_cmd_output('cat', 'test.txt')
+        log.info(out)
+    finally:
+        os.remove(test_file)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/lint.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/lint.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9965a60e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/lint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import unittest
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from mozunit import main
+from buildconfig import (
+    topobjdir,
+    topsrcdir,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.configure.lint import LintSandbox
+
+
+test_path = os.path.abspath(__file__)
+
+
+class LintMeta(type):
+    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
+        def create_test(project, func):
+            def test(self):
+                return func(self, project)
+            return test
+
+        for project in (
+            'b2g',
+            'b2g/dev',
+            'b2g/graphene',
+            'browser',
+            'embedding/ios',
+            'extensions',
+            'js',
+            'mobile/android',
+        ):
+            attrs['test_%s' % project.replace('/', '_')] = create_test(
+                project, attrs['lint'])
+
+        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs)
+
+
+class Lint(unittest.TestCase):
+    __metaclass__ = LintMeta
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._curdir = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(topobjdir)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.chdir(self._curdir)
+
+    def lint(self, project):
+        sandbox = LintSandbox({
+            'OLD_CONFIGURE': os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'old-configure'),
+            'MOZCONFIG': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(test_path), 'data',
+                                      'empty_mozconfig'),
+        }, ['--enable-project=%s' % project])
+        sandbox.run(os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'moz.configure'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_checks_configure.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_checks_configure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..181c7acbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_checks_configure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,940 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+    MockedOpen,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.configure import (
+    ConfigureError,
+    ConfigureSandbox,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import exec_
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+from buildconfig import topsrcdir
+from common import (
+    ConfigureTestSandbox,
+    ensure_exe_extension,
+    fake_short_path,
+)
+
+
+class TestChecksConfigure(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_checking(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureSandbox({}, stdout=out, stderr=out)
+        base_dir = os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'moz.configure')
+        sandbox.include_file(os.path.join(base_dir, 'checks.configure'))
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @checking('for a thing')
+            def foo(value):
+                return value
+        '''), sandbox)
+
+        foo = sandbox['foo']
+
+        foo(True)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... yes\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(False)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... no\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(42)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... 42\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... foo\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        data = ['foo', 'bar']
+        foo(data)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... %r\n' % data)
+
+        # When the function given to checking does nothing interesting, the
+        # behavior is not altered
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @checking('for a thing', lambda x: x)
+            def foo(value):
+                return value
+        '''), sandbox)
+
+        foo = sandbox['foo']
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(True)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... yes\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(False)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... no\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(42)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... 42\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... foo\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        data = ['foo', 'bar']
+        foo(data)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... %r\n' % data)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            def munge(x):
+                if not x:
+                    return 'not found'
+                if isinstance(x, (str, bool, int)):
+                    return x
+                return ' '.join(x)
+
+            @checking('for a thing', munge)
+            def foo(value):
+                return value
+        '''), sandbox)
+
+        foo = sandbox['foo']
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(True)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... yes\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(False)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... not found\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(42)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... 42\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... foo\n')
+
+        out.truncate(0)
+        foo(['foo', 'bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'checking for a thing... foo bar\n')
+
+    KNOWN_A = ensure_exe_extension(mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/known-a'))
+    KNOWN_B = ensure_exe_extension(mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/known-b'))
+    KNOWN_C = ensure_exe_extension(mozpath.abspath('/home/user/bin/known c'))
+    OTHER_A = ensure_exe_extension(mozpath.abspath('/lib/other/known-a'))
+
+    def get_result(self, command='', args=[], environ={},
+                   prog='/bin/configure', extra_paths=None,
+                   includes=('util.configure', 'checks.configure')):
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        paths = {
+            self.KNOWN_A: None,
+            self.KNOWN_B: None,
+            self.KNOWN_C: None,
+        }
+        if extra_paths:
+            paths.update(extra_paths)
+        environ = dict(environ)
+        if 'PATH' not in environ:
+            environ['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join(os.path.dirname(p) for p in paths)
+        paths[self.OTHER_A] = None
+        sandbox = ConfigureTestSandbox(paths, config, environ, [prog] + args,
+                                       out, out)
+        base_dir = os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'moz.configure')
+        for f in includes:
+            sandbox.include_file(os.path.join(base_dir, f))
+
+        status = 0
+        try:
+            exec_(command, sandbox)
+            sandbox.run()
+        except SystemExit as e:
+            status = e.code
+
+        return config, out.getvalue(), status
+
+    def test_check_prog(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("known-a",))')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "known-b", "known c"))')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_B})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_B)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "unknown-2", "known c"))')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': fake_short_path(self.KNOWN_C)})
+        self.assertEqual(out, "checking for foo... '%s'\n"
+                              % fake_short_path(self.KNOWN_C))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown",))')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for foo... not found
+            DEBUG: foo: Trying unknown
+            ERROR: Cannot find foo
+        '''))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "unknown-2", "unknown 3"))')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for foo... not found
+            DEBUG: foo: Trying unknown
+            DEBUG: foo: Trying unknown-2
+            DEBUG: foo: Trying 'unknown 3'
+            ERROR: Cannot find foo
+        '''))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "unknown-2", "unknown 3"), '
+            'allow_missing=True)')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': ':'})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... not found\n')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(not sys.platform.startswith('win'), 'Windows-only test')
+    def test_check_prog_exe(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "known-b", "known c"))',
+            ['FOO=known-a.exe'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "known-b", "known c"))',
+            ['FOO=%s' % os.path.splitext(self.KNOWN_A)[0]])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+
+    def test_check_prog_with_args(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "known-b", "known c"))',
+            ['FOO=known-a'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "known-b", "known c"))',
+            ['FOO=%s' % self.KNOWN_A])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        path = self.KNOWN_B.replace('known-b', 'known-a')
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "known-b", "known c"))',
+            ['FOO=%s' % path])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for foo... not found
+            DEBUG: foo: Trying %s
+            ERROR: Cannot find foo
+        ''') % path)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown",))',
+            ['FOO=known c'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': fake_short_path(self.KNOWN_C)})
+        self.assertEqual(out, "checking for foo... '%s'\n"
+                              % fake_short_path(self.KNOWN_C))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ("unknown", "unknown-2", "unknown 3"), '
+            'allow_missing=True)', ['FOO=unknown'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for foo... not found
+            DEBUG: foo: Trying unknown
+            ERROR: Cannot find foo
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_prog_what(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("CC", ("known-a",), what="the target C compiler")')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CC': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out, 'checking for the target C compiler... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("CC", ("unknown", "unknown-2", "unknown 3"),'
+            '           what="the target C compiler")')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for the target C compiler... not found
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying unknown
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying unknown-2
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying 'unknown 3'
+            ERROR: Cannot find the target C compiler
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_prog_input(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(textwrap.dedent('''
+            option("--with-ccache", nargs=1, help="ccache")
+            check_prog("CCACHE", ("known-a",), input="--with-ccache")
+        '''), ['--with-ccache=known-b'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CCACHE': self.KNOWN_B})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for ccache... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_B)
+
+        script = textwrap.dedent('''
+            option(env="CC", nargs=1, help="compiler")
+            @depends("CC")
+            def compiler(value):
+                return value[0].split()[0] if value else None
+            check_prog("CC", ("known-a",), input=compiler)
+        ''')
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CC': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for cc... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['CC=known-b'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CC': self.KNOWN_B})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for cc... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_B)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['CC=known-b -m32'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CC': self.KNOWN_B})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for cc... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_B)
+
+    def test_check_prog_progs(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ())')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            'check_prog("FOO", ())', ['FOO=known-a'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'FOO': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for foo... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        script = textwrap.dedent('''
+            option(env="TARGET", nargs=1, default="linux", help="target")
+            @depends("TARGET")
+            def compiler(value):
+                if value:
+                    if value[0] == "linux":
+                        return ("gcc", "clang")
+                    if value[0] == "winnt":
+                        return ("cl", "clang-cl")
+            check_prog("CC", compiler)
+        ''')
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for cc... not found
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying gcc
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying clang
+            ERROR: Cannot find cc
+        '''))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['TARGET=linux'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for cc... not found
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying gcc
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying clang
+            ERROR: Cannot find cc
+        '''))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['TARGET=winnt'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for cc... not found
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying cl
+            DEBUG: cc: Trying clang-cl
+            ERROR: Cannot find cc
+        '''))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['TARGET=none'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['TARGET=winnt',
+                                                       'CC=known-a'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CC': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for cc... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(script, ['TARGET=none',
+                                                       'CC=known-a'])
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'CC': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'checking for cc... %s\n' % self.KNOWN_A)
+
+    def test_check_prog_configure_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            self.get_result('check_prog("FOO", "foo")')
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.message,
+                         'progs must resolve to a list or tuple!')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            self.get_result(
+                'foo = depends(when=True)(lambda: ("a", "b"))\n'
+                'check_prog("FOO", ("known-a",), input=foo)'
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.message,
+                         'input must resolve to a tuple or a list with a '
+                         'single element, or a string')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            self.get_result(
+                'foo = depends(when=True)(lambda: {"a": "b"})\n'
+                'check_prog("FOO", ("known-a",), input=foo)'
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.message,
+                         'input must resolve to a tuple or a list with a '
+                         'single element, or a string')
+
+    def test_check_prog_with_path(self):
+        config, out, status = self.get_result('check_prog("A", ("known-a",), paths=["/some/path"])')
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for a... not found
+            DEBUG: a: Trying known-a
+            ERROR: Cannot find a
+        '''))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result('check_prog("A", ("known-a",), paths=["%s"])' %
+                                              os.path.dirname(self.OTHER_A))
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'A': self.OTHER_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for a... %s
+        ''' % self.OTHER_A))
+
+        dirs = map(mozpath.dirname, (self.OTHER_A, self.KNOWN_A))
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(textwrap.dedent('''\
+            check_prog("A", ("known-a",), paths=["%s"])
+        ''' % os.pathsep.join(dirs)))
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'A': self.OTHER_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for a... %s
+        ''' % self.OTHER_A))
+
+        dirs = map(mozpath.dirname, (self.KNOWN_A, self.KNOWN_B))
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(textwrap.dedent('''\
+            check_prog("A", ("known-a",), paths=["%s", "%s"])
+        ''' % (os.pathsep.join(dirs), self.OTHER_A)))
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'A': self.KNOWN_A})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for a... %s
+        ''' % self.KNOWN_A))
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result('check_prog("A", ("known-a",), paths="%s")' %
+                                              os.path.dirname(self.OTHER_A))
+
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for a... 
+            DEBUG: a: Trying known-a
+            ERROR: Paths provided to find_program must be a list of strings, not %r
+        ''' % mozpath.dirname(self.OTHER_A)))
+
+    def test_java_tool_checks(self):
+        includes = ('util.configure', 'checks.configure', 'java.configure')
+
+        def mock_valid_javac(_, args):
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] == '-version':
+                return 0, '1.7', ''
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_valid_javac: %s" % args)
+
+        # A valid set of tools in a standard location.
+        java = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/java')
+        javah = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/javah')
+        javac = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/javac')
+        jar = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/jar')
+        jarsigner = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/jarsigner')
+        keytool = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/keytool')
+
+        paths = {
+            java: None,
+            javah: None,
+            javac: mock_valid_javac,
+            jar: None,
+            jarsigner: None,
+            keytool: None,
+        }
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(includes=includes, extra_paths=paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'JAVA': java,
+            'JAVAH': javah,
+            'JAVAC': javac,
+            'JAR': jar,
+            'JARSIGNER': jarsigner,
+            'KEYTOOL': keytool,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+             checking for java... %s
+             checking for javah... %s
+             checking for jar... %s
+             checking for jarsigner... %s
+             checking for keytool... %s
+             checking for javac... %s
+             checking for javac version... 1.7
+        ''' % (java, javah, jar, jarsigner, keytool, javac)))
+
+        # An alternative valid set of tools referred to by JAVA_HOME.
+        alt_java = mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/java')
+        alt_javah = mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/javah')
+        alt_javac = mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/javac')
+        alt_jar = mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/jar')
+        alt_jarsigner = mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/jarsigner')
+        alt_keytool = mozpath.abspath('/usr/local/bin/keytool')
+        alt_java_home = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.dirname(alt_java))
+
+        paths.update({
+            alt_java: None,
+            alt_javah: None,
+            alt_javac: mock_valid_javac,
+            alt_jar: None,
+            alt_jarsigner: None,
+            alt_keytool: None,
+        })
+
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(includes=includes,
+                                              extra_paths=paths,
+                                              environ={
+                                                  'JAVA_HOME': alt_java_home,
+                                                  'PATH': mozpath.dirname(java)
+                                              })
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'JAVA': alt_java,
+            'JAVAH': alt_javah,
+            'JAVAC': alt_javac,
+            'JAR': alt_jar,
+            'JARSIGNER': alt_jarsigner,
+            'KEYTOOL': alt_keytool,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+             checking for java... %s
+             checking for javah... %s
+             checking for jar... %s
+             checking for jarsigner... %s
+             checking for keytool... %s
+             checking for javac... %s
+             checking for javac version... 1.7
+        ''' % (alt_java, alt_javah, alt_jar, alt_jarsigner,
+               alt_keytool, alt_javac)))
+
+        # We can use --with-java-bin-path instead of JAVA_HOME to similar
+        # effect.
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            args=['--with-java-bin-path=%s' % mozpath.dirname(alt_java)],
+            includes=includes,
+            extra_paths=paths,
+            environ={
+                'PATH': mozpath.dirname(java)
+            })
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'JAVA': alt_java,
+            'JAVAH': alt_javah,
+            'JAVAC': alt_javac,
+            'JAR': alt_jar,
+            'JARSIGNER': alt_jarsigner,
+            'KEYTOOL': alt_keytool,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+             checking for java... %s
+             checking for javah... %s
+             checking for jar... %s
+             checking for jarsigner... %s
+             checking for keytool... %s
+             checking for javac... %s
+             checking for javac version... 1.7
+        ''' % (alt_java, alt_javah, alt_jar, alt_jarsigner,
+               alt_keytool, alt_javac)))
+
+        # If --with-java-bin-path and JAVA_HOME are both set,
+        # --with-java-bin-path takes precedence.
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(
+            args=['--with-java-bin-path=%s' % mozpath.dirname(alt_java)],
+            includes=includes,
+            extra_paths=paths,
+            environ={
+                'PATH': mozpath.dirname(java),
+                'JAVA_HOME': mozpath.dirname(mozpath.dirname(java)),
+            })
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'JAVA': alt_java,
+            'JAVAH': alt_javah,
+            'JAVAC': alt_javac,
+            'JAR': alt_jar,
+            'JARSIGNER': alt_jarsigner,
+            'KEYTOOL': alt_keytool,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+             checking for java... %s
+             checking for javah... %s
+             checking for jar... %s
+             checking for jarsigner... %s
+             checking for keytool... %s
+             checking for javac... %s
+             checking for javac version... 1.7
+        ''' % (alt_java, alt_javah, alt_jar, alt_jarsigner,
+               alt_keytool, alt_javac)))
+
+        def mock_old_javac(_, args):
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] == '-version':
+                return 0, '1.6.9', ''
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_old_javac: %s" % args)
+
+        # An old javac is fatal.
+        paths[javac] = mock_old_javac
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(includes=includes,
+                                              extra_paths=paths,
+                                              environ={
+                                                  'PATH': mozpath.dirname(java)
+                                              })
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'JAVA': java,
+            'JAVAH': javah,
+            'JAVAC': javac,
+            'JAR': jar,
+            'JARSIGNER': jarsigner,
+            'KEYTOOL': keytool,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+             checking for java... %s
+             checking for javah... %s
+             checking for jar... %s
+             checking for jarsigner... %s
+             checking for keytool... %s
+             checking for javac... %s
+             checking for javac version... 
+             ERROR: javac 1.7 or higher is required (found 1.6.9)
+        ''' % (java, javah, jar, jarsigner, keytool, javac)))
+
+        # Any missing tool is fatal when these checks run.
+        del paths[jarsigner]
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(includes=includes,
+                                              extra_paths=paths,
+                                              environ={
+                                                  'PATH': mozpath.dirname(java)
+                                              })
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'JAVA': java,
+            'JAVAH': javah,
+            'JAR': jar,
+            'JARSIGNER': ':',
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+             checking for java... %s
+             checking for javah... %s
+             checking for jar... %s
+             checking for jarsigner... not found
+             ERROR: The program jarsigner was not found.  Set $JAVA_HOME to your Java SDK directory or use '--with-java-bin-path={java-bin-dir}'
+        ''' % (java, javah, jar)))
+
+    def test_pkg_check_modules(self):
+        mock_pkg_config_version = '0.10.0'
+        mock_pkg_config_path = mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/pkg-config')
+
+        def mock_pkg_config(_, args):
+            if args[0:2] == ['--errors-to-stdout', '--print-errors']:
+                assert len(args) == 3
+                package = args[2]
+                if package == 'unknown':
+                    return (1, "Package unknown was not found in the pkg-config search path.\n"
+                            "Perhaps you should add the directory containing `unknown.pc'\n"
+                            "to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable\n"
+                            "No package 'unknown' found", '')
+                if package == 'valid':
+                    return 0, '', ''
+                if package == 'new > 1.1':
+                    return 1, "Requested 'new > 1.1' but version of new is 1.1", ''
+            if args[0] == '--cflags':
+                assert len(args) == 2
+                return 0, '-I/usr/include/%s' % args[1], ''
+            if args[0] == '--libs':
+                assert len(args) == 2
+                return 0, '-l%s' % args[1], ''
+            if args[0] == '--version':
+                return 0, mock_pkg_config_version, ''
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_pkg_config: %s" % args)
+
+        def get_result(cmd, args=[], extra_paths=None):
+            return self.get_result(textwrap.dedent('''\
+                option('--disable-compile-environment', help='compile env')
+                include('%(topsrcdir)s/build/moz.configure/util.configure')
+                include('%(topsrcdir)s/build/moz.configure/checks.configure')
+                include('%(topsrcdir)s/build/moz.configure/pkg.configure')
+            ''' % {'topsrcdir': topsrcdir}) + cmd, args=args, extra_paths=extra_paths,
+                                                   includes=())
+
+        extra_paths = {
+            mock_pkg_config_path: mock_pkg_config,
+        }
+        includes = ('util.configure', 'checks.configure', 'pkg.configure')
+
+        config, output, status = get_result("pkg_check_modules('MOZ_VALID', 'valid')")
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for pkg_config... not found
+            ERROR: *** The pkg-config script could not be found. Make sure it is
+            *** in your path, or set the PKG_CONFIG environment variable
+            *** to the full path to pkg-config.
+        '''))
+
+
+        config, output, status = get_result("pkg_check_modules('MOZ_VALID', 'valid')",
+                                            extra_paths=extra_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for pkg_config... %s
+            checking for pkg-config version... %s
+            checking for valid... yes
+            checking MOZ_VALID_CFLAGS... -I/usr/include/valid
+            checking MOZ_VALID_LIBS... -lvalid
+        ''' % (mock_pkg_config_path, mock_pkg_config_version)))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'PKG_CONFIG': mock_pkg_config_path,
+            'MOZ_VALID_CFLAGS': ('-I/usr/include/valid',),
+            'MOZ_VALID_LIBS': ('-lvalid',),
+        })
+
+        config, output, status = get_result("pkg_check_modules('MOZ_UKNOWN', 'unknown')",
+                                            extra_paths=extra_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for pkg_config... %s
+            checking for pkg-config version... %s
+            checking for unknown... no
+            ERROR: Package unknown was not found in the pkg-config search path.
+            ERROR: Perhaps you should add the directory containing `unknown.pc'
+            ERROR: to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
+            ERROR: No package 'unknown' found
+        ''' % (mock_pkg_config_path, mock_pkg_config_version)))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'PKG_CONFIG': mock_pkg_config_path,
+        })
+
+        config, output, status = get_result("pkg_check_modules('MOZ_NEW', 'new > 1.1')",
+                                            extra_paths=extra_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for pkg_config... %s
+            checking for pkg-config version... %s
+            checking for new > 1.1... no
+            ERROR: Requested 'new > 1.1' but version of new is 1.1
+        ''' % (mock_pkg_config_path, mock_pkg_config_version)))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'PKG_CONFIG': mock_pkg_config_path,
+        })
+
+        # allow_missing makes missing packages non-fatal.
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+        have_new_module = pkg_check_modules('MOZ_NEW', 'new > 1.1', allow_missing=True)
+        @depends(have_new_module)
+        def log_new_module_error(mod):
+            if mod is not True:
+                log.info('Module not found.')
+        ''')
+
+        config, output, status = get_result(cmd, extra_paths=extra_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for pkg_config... %s
+            checking for pkg-config version... %s
+            checking for new > 1.1... no
+            WARNING: Requested 'new > 1.1' but version of new is 1.1
+            Module not found.
+        ''' % (mock_pkg_config_path, mock_pkg_config_version)))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'PKG_CONFIG': mock_pkg_config_path,
+        })
+
+        config, output, status = get_result(cmd,
+                                            args=['--disable-compile-environment'],
+                                            extra_paths=extra_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(output, 'Module not found.\n')
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+        def mock_old_pkg_config(_, args):
+            if args[0] == '--version':
+                return 0, '0.8.10', ''
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_old_pkg_config: %s" % args)
+
+        extra_paths = {
+            mock_pkg_config_path: mock_old_pkg_config,
+        }
+
+        config, output, status = get_result("pkg_check_modules('MOZ_VALID', 'valid')",
+                                            extra_paths=extra_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for pkg_config... %s
+            checking for pkg-config version... 0.8.10
+            ERROR: *** Your version of pkg-config is too old. You need version 0.9.0 or newer.
+        ''' % mock_pkg_config_path))
+
+    def test_simple_keyfile(self):
+        includes = ('util.configure', 'checks.configure', 'keyfiles.configure')
+
+        config, output, status = self.get_result(
+            "simple_keyfile('Mozilla API')", includes=includes)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for the Mozilla API key... no
+        '''))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'MOZ_MOZILLA_API_KEY': 'no-mozilla-api-key',
+        })
+
+        config, output, status = self.get_result(
+            "simple_keyfile('Mozilla API')",
+            args=['--with-mozilla-api-keyfile=/foo/bar/does/not/exist'],
+            includes=includes)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for the Mozilla API key... no
+            ERROR: '/foo/bar/does/not/exist': No such file or directory.
+        '''))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+        with MockedOpen({'key': ''}):
+            config, output, status = self.get_result(
+                "simple_keyfile('Mozilla API')",
+                args=['--with-mozilla-api-keyfile=key'],
+                includes=includes)
+            self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+            self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                checking for the Mozilla API key... no
+                ERROR: 'key' is empty.
+            '''))
+            self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+        with MockedOpen({'key': 'fake-key\n'}):
+            config, output, status = self.get_result(
+                "simple_keyfile('Mozilla API')",
+                args=['--with-mozilla-api-keyfile=key'],
+                includes=includes)
+            self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                checking for the Mozilla API key... yes
+            '''))
+            self.assertEqual(config, {
+                'MOZ_MOZILLA_API_KEY': 'fake-key',
+            })
+
+    def test_id_and_secret_keyfile(self):
+        includes = ('util.configure', 'checks.configure', 'keyfiles.configure')
+
+        config, output, status = self.get_result(
+            "id_and_secret_keyfile('Bing API')", includes=includes)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for the Bing API key... no
+        '''))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'MOZ_BING_API_CLIENTID': 'no-bing-api-clientid',
+            'MOZ_BING_API_KEY': 'no-bing-api-key',
+        })
+
+        config, output, status = self.get_result(
+            "id_and_secret_keyfile('Bing API')",
+            args=['--with-bing-api-keyfile=/foo/bar/does/not/exist'],
+            includes=includes)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for the Bing API key... no
+            ERROR: '/foo/bar/does/not/exist': No such file or directory.
+        '''))
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+        with MockedOpen({'key': ''}):
+            config, output, status = self.get_result(
+                "id_and_secret_keyfile('Bing API')",
+                args=['--with-bing-api-keyfile=key'],
+                includes=includes)
+            self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+            self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                checking for the Bing API key... no
+                ERROR: 'key' is empty.
+            '''))
+            self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+        with MockedOpen({'key': 'fake-id fake-key\n'}):
+            config, output, status = self.get_result(
+                "id_and_secret_keyfile('Bing API')",
+                args=['--with-bing-api-keyfile=key'],
+                includes=includes)
+            self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                checking for the Bing API key... yes
+            '''))
+            self.assertEqual(config, {
+                'MOZ_BING_API_CLIENTID': 'fake-id',
+                'MOZ_BING_API_KEY': 'fake-key',
+            })
+
+        with MockedOpen({'key': 'fake-key\n'}):
+            config, output, status = self.get_result(
+                "id_and_secret_keyfile('Bing API')",
+                args=['--with-bing-api-keyfile=key'],
+                includes=includes)
+            self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+            self.assertEqual(output, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                checking for the Bing API key... no
+                ERROR: Bing API key file has an invalid format.
+            '''))
+            self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_compile_checks.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_compile_checks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5913dbe3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_compile_checks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+from buildconfig import topsrcdir
+from common import ConfigureTestSandbox
+from mozbuild.util import exec_
+from mozunit import main
+from test_toolchain_helpers import FakeCompiler
+
+
+class BaseCompileChecks(unittest.TestCase):
+    def get_mock_compiler(self, expected_test_content=None, expected_flags=None):
+        expected_flags = expected_flags or []
+        def mock_compiler(stdin, args):
+            args, test_file = args[:-1], args[-1]
+            self.assertIn('-c', args)
+            for flag in expected_flags:
+                self.assertIn(flag, args)
+
+            if expected_test_content:
+                with open(test_file) as fh:
+                    test_content = fh.read()
+                self.assertEqual(test_content, expected_test_content)
+
+            return FakeCompiler()(None, args)
+        return mock_compiler
+
+    def do_compile_test(self, command, expected_test_content=None,
+                        expected_flags=None):
+
+        paths = {
+            os.path.abspath('/usr/bin/mockcc'): self.get_mock_compiler(
+                expected_test_content=expected_test_content,
+                expected_flags=expected_flags),
+        }
+
+        base_dir = os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'moz.configure')
+
+        mock_compiler_defs = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def extra_toolchain_flags():
+                return []
+
+            include('%s/compilers-util.configure')
+
+            @compiler_class
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def c_compiler():
+                return namespace(
+                    flags=[],
+                    type='gcc',
+                    compiler=os.path.abspath('/usr/bin/mockcc'),
+                    wrapper=[],
+                    language='C',
+                )
+
+            @compiler_class
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def cxx_compiler():
+                return namespace(
+                    flags=[],
+                    type='gcc',
+                    compiler=os.path.abspath('/usr/bin/mockcc'),
+                    wrapper=[],
+                    language='C++',
+                )
+        ''' % mozpath.normsep(base_dir))
+
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureTestSandbox(paths, config, {}, ['/bin/configure'],
+                                       out, out)
+        sandbox.include_file(os.path.join(base_dir, 'util.configure'))
+        sandbox.include_file(os.path.join(base_dir, 'checks.configure'))
+        exec_(mock_compiler_defs, sandbox)
+        sandbox.include_file(os.path.join(base_dir, 'compile-checks.configure'))
+
+        status = 0
+        try:
+            exec_(command, sandbox)
+            sandbox.run()
+        except SystemExit as e:
+            status = e.code
+
+        return config, out.getvalue(), status
+
+
+class TestHeaderChecks(BaseCompileChecks):
+    def test_try_compile_include(self):
+        expected_test_content = textwrap.dedent('''\
+          #include <foo.h>
+          #include <bar.h>
+          int
+          main(void)
+          {
+
+            ;
+            return 0;
+          }
+        ''')
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            try_compile(['foo.h', 'bar.h'], language='C')
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd, expected_test_content)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+    def test_try_compile_flags(self):
+        expected_flags = ['--extra', '--flags']
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            try_compile(language='C++', flags=['--flags', '--extra'])
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd, expected_flags=expected_flags)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+
+    def test_try_compile_failure(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            have_fn = try_compile(body='somefn();', flags=['-funknown-flag'])
+            set_config('HAVE_SOMEFN', have_fn)
+
+            have_another = try_compile(body='anotherfn();', language='C')
+            set_config('HAVE_ANOTHERFN', have_another)
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'HAVE_ANOTHERFN': True,
+        })
+
+    def test_try_compile_msg(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            known_flag = try_compile(language='C++', flags=['-fknown-flag'],
+                                     check_msg='whether -fknown-flag works')
+            set_config('HAVE_KNOWN_FLAG', known_flag)
+        ''')
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'HAVE_KNOWN_FLAG': True})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking whether -fknown-flag works... yes
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_header(self):
+        expected_test_content = textwrap.dedent('''\
+          #include <foo.h>
+          int
+          main(void)
+          {
+
+            ;
+            return 0;
+          }
+        ''')
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            check_header('foo.h')
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd,
+                                                   expected_test_content=expected_test_content)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'DEFINES': {'HAVE_FOO_H': True}})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for foo.h... yes
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_header_conditional(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            check_headers('foo.h', 'bar.h', when=never)
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'DEFINES':{}})
+
+    def test_check_header_include(self):
+        expected_test_content = textwrap.dedent('''\
+          #include <std.h>
+          #include <bar.h>
+          #include <foo.h>
+          int
+          main(void)
+          {
+
+            ;
+            return 0;
+          }
+        ''')
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+           have_foo = check_header('foo.h', includes=['std.h', 'bar.h'])
+           set_config('HAVE_FOO_H', have_foo)
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd,
+                                                   expected_test_content=expected_test_content)
+
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'HAVE_FOO_H': True,
+            'DEFINES': {
+                'HAVE_FOO_H': True,
+            }
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for foo.h... yes
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_headers_multiple(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            baz_bar, quux_bar = check_headers('baz/foo-bar.h', 'baz-quux/foo-bar.h')
+            set_config('HAVE_BAZ_BAR', baz_bar)
+            set_config('HAVE_QUUX_BAR', quux_bar)
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            'HAVE_BAZ_BAR': True,
+            'HAVE_QUUX_BAR': True,
+            'DEFINES': {
+                'HAVE_BAZ_FOO_BAR_H': True,
+                'HAVE_BAZ_QUUX_FOO_BAR_H': True,
+            }
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for baz/foo-bar.h... yes
+            checking for baz-quux/foo-bar.h... yes
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_headers_not_found(self):
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            baz_bar, quux_bar = check_headers('baz/foo-bar.h', 'baz-quux/foo-bar.h',
+                                              flags=['-funknown-flag'])
+            set_config('HAVE_BAZ_BAR', baz_bar)
+            set_config('HAVE_QUUX_BAR', quux_bar)
+        ''')
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {'DEFINES': {}})
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking for baz/foo-bar.h... no
+            checking for baz-quux/foo-bar.h... no
+        '''))
+
+
+class TestWarningChecks(BaseCompileChecks):
+    def get_warnings(self):
+        return textwrap.dedent('''\
+            set_config('_WARNINGS_CFLAGS', warnings_cflags)
+            set_config('_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS', warnings_cxxflags)
+        ''')
+
+    def test_check_and_add_gcc_warning(self):
+        for flag, expected_flags in (
+            ('-Wfoo', ['-Werror', '-Wfoo']),
+            ('-Wno-foo', ['-Werror', '-Wfoo']),
+            ('-Werror=foo', ['-Werror=foo']),
+            ('-Wno-error=foo', ['-Wno-error=foo']),
+        ):
+            cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+                check_and_add_gcc_warning('%s')
+            ''' % flag) + self.get_warnings()
+
+            config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(
+                cmd, expected_flags=expected_flags)
+            self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(config, {
+                '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': [flag],
+                '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': [flag],
+            })
+            self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                checking whether the C compiler supports {flag}... yes
+                checking whether the C++ compiler supports {flag}... yes
+            '''.format(flag=flag)))
+
+    def test_check_and_add_gcc_warning_one(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            check_and_add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo', cxx_compiler)
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': [],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': ['-Wfoo'],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking whether the C++ compiler supports -Wfoo... yes
+        '''))
+
+    def test_check_and_add_gcc_warning_when(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def never():
+                return False
+            check_and_add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo', cxx_compiler, when=never)
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': [],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': [],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def always():
+                return True
+            check_and_add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo', cxx_compiler, when=always)
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': [],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': ['-Wfoo'],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            checking whether the C++ compiler supports -Wfoo... yes
+        '''))
+
+    def test_add_gcc_warning(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo')
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': ['-Wfoo'],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': ['-Wfoo'],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+    def test_add_gcc_warning_one(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo', c_compiler)
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': ['-Wfoo'],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': [],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+    def test_add_gcc_warning_when(self):
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def never():
+                return False
+            add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo', c_compiler, when=never)
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': [],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': [],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def always():
+                return True
+            add_gcc_warning('-Wfoo', c_compiler, when=always)
+        ''') + self.get_warnings()
+
+        config, out, status = self.do_compile_test(cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(config, {
+            '_WARNINGS_CFLAGS': ['-Wfoo'],
+            '_WARNINGS_CXXFLAGS': [],
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(out, '')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_configure.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_configure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df97ba70d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_configure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+    MockedOpen,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.configure.options import (
+    InvalidOptionError,
+    NegativeOptionValue,
+    PositiveOptionValue,
+)
+from mozbuild.configure import (
+    ConfigureError,
+    ConfigureSandbox,
+)
+from mozbuild.util import exec_
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestConfigure(unittest.TestCase):
+    def get_config(self, options=[], env={}, configure='moz.configure',
+                   prog='/bin/configure'):
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureSandbox(config, env, [prog] + options, out, out)
+
+        sandbox.run(mozpath.join(test_data_path, configure))
+
+        if '--help' in options:
+            return out.getvalue(), config
+        self.assertEquals('', out.getvalue())
+        return config
+
+    def moz_configure(self, source):
+        return MockedOpen({
+            os.path.join(test_data_path,
+                         'moz.configure'): textwrap.dedent(source)
+        })
+
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        config = self.get_config()
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEquals({
+            'CHOICES': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            'DEFAULTED': PositiveOptionValue(('not-simple',)),
+            'IS_GCC': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            'REMAINDER': (PositiveOptionValue(), NegativeOptionValue(),
+                          NegativeOptionValue(), NegativeOptionValue()),
+            'SIMPLE': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            'VALUES': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            'VALUES2': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            'VALUES3': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            'WITH_ENV': NegativeOptionValue(),
+        }, config)
+
+    def test_help(self):
+        help, config = self.get_config(['--help'], prog='configure')
+
+        self.assertEquals({}, config)
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEquals(
+            'Usage: configure [options]\n'
+            '\n'
+            'Options: [defaults in brackets after descriptions]\n'
+            '  --help                    print this message\n'
+            '  --enable-simple           Enable simple\n'
+            '  --enable-with-env         Enable with env\n'
+            '  --enable-values           Enable values\n'
+            '  --without-thing           Build without thing\n'
+            '  --with-stuff              Build with stuff\n'
+            '  --option                  Option\n'
+            '  --with-returned-default   Returned default [not-simple]\n'
+            '  --returned-choices        Choices\n'
+            '  --enable-imports-in-template\n'
+            '                            Imports in template\n'
+            '  --enable-include          Include\n'
+            '  --with-imports            Imports\n'
+            '\n'
+            'Environment variables:\n'
+            '  CC                        C Compiler\n',
+            help
+        )
+
+    def test_unknown(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(['--unknown'])
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        for config in (
+                self.get_config(),
+                self.get_config(['--disable-simple']),
+                # Last option wins.
+                self.get_config(['--enable-simple', '--disable-simple']),
+        ):
+            self.assertNotIn('ENABLED_SIMPLE', config)
+            self.assertIn('SIMPLE', config)
+            self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), config['SIMPLE'])
+
+        for config in (
+                self.get_config(['--enable-simple']),
+                self.get_config(['--disable-simple', '--enable-simple']),
+        ):
+            self.assertIn('ENABLED_SIMPLE', config)
+            self.assertIn('SIMPLE', config)
+            self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(), config['SIMPLE'])
+            self.assertIs(config['SIMPLE'], config['ENABLED_SIMPLE'])
+
+        # --enable-simple doesn't take values.
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(['--enable-simple=value'])
+
+    def test_with_env(self):
+        for config in (
+                self.get_config(),
+                self.get_config(['--disable-with-env']),
+                self.get_config(['--enable-with-env', '--disable-with-env']),
+                self.get_config(env={'MOZ_WITH_ENV': ''}),
+                # Options win over environment
+                self.get_config(['--disable-with-env'],
+                                env={'MOZ_WITH_ENV': '1'}),
+        ):
+            self.assertIn('WITH_ENV', config)
+            self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), config['WITH_ENV'])
+
+        for config in (
+                self.get_config(['--enable-with-env']),
+                self.get_config(['--disable-with-env', '--enable-with-env']),
+                self.get_config(env={'MOZ_WITH_ENV': '1'}),
+                self.get_config(['--enable-with-env'],
+                                env={'MOZ_WITH_ENV': ''}),
+        ):
+            self.assertIn('WITH_ENV', config)
+            self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(), config['WITH_ENV'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(['--enable-with-env=value'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(env={'MOZ_WITH_ENV': 'value'})
+
+    def test_values(self, name='VALUES'):
+        for config in (
+            self.get_config(),
+            self.get_config(['--disable-values']),
+            self.get_config(['--enable-values', '--disable-values']),
+        ):
+            self.assertIn(name, config)
+            self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), config[name])
+
+        for config in (
+            self.get_config(['--enable-values']),
+            self.get_config(['--disable-values', '--enable-values']),
+        ):
+            self.assertIn(name, config)
+            self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(), config[name])
+
+        config = self.get_config(['--enable-values=foo'])
+        self.assertIn(name, config)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('foo',)), config[name])
+
+        config = self.get_config(['--enable-values=foo,bar'])
+        self.assertIn(name, config)
+        self.assertTrue(config[name])
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('foo', 'bar')), config[name])
+
+    def test_values2(self):
+        self.test_values('VALUES2')
+
+    def test_values3(self):
+        self.test_values('VALUES3')
+
+    def test_returned_default(self):
+        config = self.get_config(['--enable-simple'])
+        self.assertIn('DEFAULTED', config)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            PositiveOptionValue(('simple',)), config['DEFAULTED'])
+
+        config = self.get_config(['--disable-simple'])
+        self.assertIn('DEFAULTED', config)
+        self.assertEquals(
+            PositiveOptionValue(('not-simple',)), config['DEFAULTED'])
+
+    def test_returned_choices(self):
+        for val in ('a', 'b', 'c'):
+            config = self.get_config(
+                ['--enable-values=alpha', '--returned-choices=%s' % val])
+            self.assertIn('CHOICES', config)
+            self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue((val,)), config['CHOICES'])
+
+        for val in ('0', '1', '2'):
+            config = self.get_config(
+                ['--enable-values=numeric', '--returned-choices=%s' % val])
+            self.assertIn('CHOICES', config)
+            self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue((val,)), config['CHOICES'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(['--enable-values=numeric',
+                             '--returned-choices=a'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(['--enable-values=alpha', '--returned-choices=0'])
+
+    def test_included(self):
+        config = self.get_config(env={'CC': 'gcc'})
+        self.assertIn('IS_GCC', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['IS_GCC'], True)
+
+        config = self.get_config(
+            ['--enable-include=extra.configure', '--extra'])
+        self.assertIn('EXTRA', config)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(), config['EXTRA'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            self.get_config(['--extra'])
+
+    def test_template(self):
+        config = self.get_config(env={'CC': 'gcc'})
+        self.assertIn('CFLAGS', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['CFLAGS'], ['-Werror=foobar'])
+
+        config = self.get_config(env={'CC': 'clang'})
+        self.assertNotIn('CFLAGS', config)
+
+    def test_imports(self):
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureSandbox(config, {}, [], out, out)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
+            exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+                @template
+                def foo():
+                    import sys
+                foo()'''),
+                sandbox
+            )
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports('sys')
+            def foo():
+                return sys'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), sys)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports(_from='os', _import='path')
+            def foo():
+                return path'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), os.path)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports(_from='os', _import='path', _as='os_path')
+            def foo():
+                return os_path'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), os.path)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports('__builtin__')
+            def foo():
+                return __builtin__'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        import __builtin__
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), __builtin__)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports(_from='__builtin__', _import='open')
+            def foo():
+                return open('%s')''' % os.devnull),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        f = sandbox['foo']()
+        self.assertEquals(f.name, os.devnull)
+        f.close()
+
+        # This unlocks the sandbox
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports(_import='__builtin__', _as='__builtins__')
+            def foo():
+                import sys
+                return sys'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), sys)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports('__sandbox__')
+            def foo():
+                return __sandbox__'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), sandbox)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports(_import='__sandbox__', _as='s')
+            def foo():
+                return s'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertIs(sandbox['foo'](), sandbox)
+
+        # Nothing leaked from the function being executed
+        self.assertEquals(sandbox.keys(), ['__builtins__', 'foo'])
+        self.assertEquals(sandbox['__builtins__'], ConfigureSandbox.BUILTINS)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports('sys')
+            def foo():
+                @depends(when=True)
+                def bar():
+                    return sys
+                return bar
+            bar = foo()'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(NameError) as e:
+            sandbox._depends[sandbox['bar']].result
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "global name 'sys' is not defined")
+
+    def test_apply_imports(self):
+        imports = []
+
+        class CountApplyImportsSandbox(ConfigureSandbox):
+            def _apply_imports(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                imports.append((args, kwargs))
+                super(CountApplyImportsSandbox, self)._apply_imports(
+                    *args, **kwargs)
+
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = CountApplyImportsSandbox(config, {}, [], out, out)
+
+        exec_(textwrap.dedent('''
+            @template
+            @imports('sys')
+            def foo():
+                return sys
+            foo()
+            foo()'''),
+            sandbox
+        )
+
+        self.assertEquals(len(imports), 1)
+
+    def test_os_path(self):
+        config = self.get_config(['--with-imports=%s' % __file__])
+        self.assertIn('HAS_ABSPATH', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['HAS_ABSPATH'], True)
+        self.assertIn('HAS_GETATIME', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['HAS_GETATIME'], True)
+        self.assertIn('HAS_GETATIME2', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['HAS_GETATIME2'], False)
+
+    def test_template_call(self):
+        config = self.get_config(env={'CC': 'gcc'})
+        self.assertIn('TEMPLATE_VALUE', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['TEMPLATE_VALUE'], 42)
+        self.assertIn('TEMPLATE_VALUE_2', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['TEMPLATE_VALUE_2'], 21)
+
+    def test_template_imports(self):
+        config = self.get_config(['--enable-imports-in-template'])
+        self.assertIn('PLATFORM', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['PLATFORM'], sys.platform)
+
+    def test_decorators(self):
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureSandbox(config, {}, [], out, out)
+
+        sandbox.include_file(mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'decorators.configure'))
+
+        self.assertNotIn('FOO', sandbox)
+        self.assertNotIn('BAR', sandbox)
+        self.assertNotIn('QUX', sandbox)
+
+    def test_set_config(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(*args, configure='set_config.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-foo'])
+        self.assertIn('FOO', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['FOO'], True)
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-bar'])
+        self.assertNotIn('FOO', config)
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['BAR'], True)
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-value=qux'])
+        self.assertIn('VALUE', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['VALUE'], 'qux')
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-name=hoge'])
+        self.assertIn('hoge', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['hoge'], True)
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {'BAR': False})
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError):
+            # Both --set-foo and --set-name=FOO are going to try to
+            # set_config('FOO'...)
+            get_config(['--set-foo', '--set-name=FOO'])
+
+    def test_set_config_when(self):
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--with-qux', help='qux')
+            set_config('FOO', 'foo', when=True)
+            set_config('BAR', 'bar', when=False)
+            set_config('QUX', 'qux', when='--with-qux')
+        '''):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+            })
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-qux'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+                'QUX': 'qux',
+            })
+
+    def test_set_define(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(*args, configure='set_define.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {'DEFINES': {}})
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-foo'])
+        self.assertIn('FOO', config['DEFINES'])
+        self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES']['FOO'], True)
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-bar'])
+        self.assertNotIn('FOO', config['DEFINES'])
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config['DEFINES'])
+        self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES']['BAR'], True)
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-value=qux'])
+        self.assertIn('VALUE', config['DEFINES'])
+        self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES']['VALUE'], 'qux')
+
+        config = get_config(['--set-name=hoge'])
+        self.assertIn('hoge', config['DEFINES'])
+        self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES']['hoge'], True)
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES'], {'BAR': False})
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError):
+            # Both --set-foo and --set-name=FOO are going to try to
+            # set_define('FOO'...)
+            get_config(['--set-foo', '--set-name=FOO'])
+
+    def test_set_define_when(self):
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--with-qux', help='qux')
+            set_define('FOO', 'foo', when=True)
+            set_define('BAR', 'bar', when=False)
+            set_define('QUX', 'qux', when='--with-qux')
+        '''):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES'], {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+            })
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-qux'])
+            self.assertEquals(config['DEFINES'], {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+                'QUX': 'qux',
+            })
+
+    def test_imply_option_simple(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(
+                *args, configure='imply_option/simple.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config(['--enable-foo'])
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['BAR'], PositiveOptionValue())
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            get_config(['--enable-foo', '--disable-bar'])
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            "'--enable-bar' implied by '--enable-foo' conflicts with "
+            "'--disable-bar' from the command-line")
+
+    def test_imply_option_negative(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(
+                *args, configure='imply_option/negative.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config(['--enable-foo'])
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['BAR'], NegativeOptionValue())
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            get_config(['--enable-foo', '--enable-bar'])
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            "'--disable-bar' implied by '--enable-foo' conflicts with "
+            "'--enable-bar' from the command-line")
+
+        config = get_config(['--disable-hoge'])
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['BAR'], NegativeOptionValue())
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            get_config(['--disable-hoge', '--enable-bar'])
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            "'--disable-bar' implied by '--disable-hoge' conflicts with "
+            "'--enable-bar' from the command-line")
+
+    def test_imply_option_values(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(
+                *args, configure='imply_option/values.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config(['--enable-foo=a'])
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['BAR'], PositiveOptionValue(('a',)))
+
+        config = get_config(['--enable-foo=a,b'])
+        self.assertIn('BAR', config)
+        self.assertEquals(config['BAR'], PositiveOptionValue(('a','b')))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            get_config(['--enable-foo=a,b', '--disable-bar'])
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            "'--enable-bar=a,b' implied by '--enable-foo' conflicts with "
+            "'--disable-bar' from the command-line")
+
+    def test_imply_option_infer(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(
+                *args, configure='imply_option/infer.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            get_config(['--enable-foo', '--disable-bar'])
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            "'--enable-bar' implied by '--enable-foo' conflicts with "
+            "'--disable-bar' from the command-line")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            self.get_config([], configure='imply_option/infer_ko.configure')
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            "Cannot infer what implies '--enable-bar'. Please add a `reason` "
+            "to the `imply_option` call.")
+
+    def test_imply_option_immediate_value(self):
+        def get_config(*args):
+            return self.get_config(
+                *args, configure='imply_option/imm.configure')
+
+        help, config = get_config(['--help'])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config = get_config([])
+        self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+        config_path = mozpath.abspath(
+            mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'imply_option', 'imm.configure'))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(InvalidOptionError,
+            "--enable-foo' implied by 'imply_option at %s:7' conflicts with "
+            "'--disable-foo' from the command-line" % config_path):
+            get_config(['--disable-foo'])
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(InvalidOptionError,
+            "--enable-bar=foo,bar' implied by 'imply_option at %s:16' conflicts"
+            " with '--enable-bar=a,b,c' from the command-line" % config_path):
+            get_config(['--enable-bar=a,b,c'])
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(InvalidOptionError,
+            "--enable-baz=BAZ' implied by 'imply_option at %s:25' conflicts"
+            " with '--enable-baz=QUUX' from the command-line" % config_path):
+            get_config(['--enable-baz=QUUX'])
+
+    def test_imply_option_failures(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                imply_option('--with-foo', ('a',), 'bar')
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "`--with-foo`, emitted from `%s` line 2, is unknown."
+                          % mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'moz.configure'))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                imply_option('--with-foo', 42, 'bar')
+
+                option('--with-foo', help='foo')
+                @depends('--with-foo')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Unexpected type: 'int'")
+
+    def test_imply_option_when(self):
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--with-foo', help='foo')
+            imply_option('--with-qux', True, when='--with-foo')
+            option('--with-qux', help='qux')
+            set_config('QUX', depends('--with-qux')(lambda x: x))
+        '''):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'QUX': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            })
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-foo'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'QUX': PositiveOptionValue(),
+            })
+
+    def test_option_failures(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('option("--with-foo", help="foo")'):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Option `--with-foo` is not handled ; reference it with a @depends'
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option("--with-foo", help="foo")
+                option("--with-foo", help="foo")
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Option `--with-foo` already defined'
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option(env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+                option(env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Option `MOZ_FOO` already defined'
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option('--with-foo', env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+                option(env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Option `MOZ_FOO` already defined'
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option(env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+                option('--with-foo', env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Option `MOZ_FOO` already defined'
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option('--with-foo', env="MOZ_FOO", help="foo")
+                option('--with-foo', help="foo")
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Option `--with-foo` already defined'
+        )
+
+    def test_option_when(self):
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--with-foo', help='foo', when=True)
+            option('--with-bar', help='bar', when=False)
+            option('--with-qux', env="QUX", help='qux', when='--with-foo')
+
+            set_config('FOO', depends('--with-foo', when=True)(lambda x: x))
+            set_config('BAR', depends('--with-bar', when=False)(lambda x: x))
+            set_config('QUX', depends('--with-qux', when='--with-foo')(lambda x: x))
+        '''):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            })
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-foo'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': PositiveOptionValue(),
+                'QUX': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            })
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-foo', '--with-qux'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': PositiveOptionValue(),
+                'QUX': PositiveOptionValue(),
+            })
+
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                self.get_config(['--with-bar'])
+
+            self.assertEquals(
+                e.exception.message,
+                '--with-bar is not available in this configuration'
+            )
+
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                self.get_config(['--with-qux'])
+
+            self.assertEquals(
+                e.exception.message,
+                '--with-qux is not available in this configuration'
+            )
+
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                self.get_config(['QUX=1'])
+
+            self.assertEquals(
+                e.exception.message,
+                'QUX is not available in this configuration'
+            )
+
+            config = self.get_config(env={'QUX': '1'})
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': NegativeOptionValue(),
+            })
+
+            help, config = self.get_config(['--help'])
+            self.assertEquals(help, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                Usage: configure [options]
+
+                Options: [defaults in brackets after descriptions]
+                  --help                    print this message
+                  --with-foo                foo
+
+                Environment variables:
+            '''))
+
+            help, config = self.get_config(['--help', '--with-foo'])
+            self.assertEquals(help, textwrap.dedent('''\
+                Usage: configure [options]
+
+                Options: [defaults in brackets after descriptions]
+                  --help                    print this message
+                  --with-foo                foo
+                  --with-qux                qux
+
+                Environment variables:
+            '''))
+
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--with-foo', help='foo', when=True)
+            set_config('FOO', depends('--with-foo')(lambda x: x))
+        '''):
+            with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+                self.get_config()
+
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              '@depends function needs the same `when` as '
+                              'options it depends on')
+
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def always():
+                return True
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def always2():
+                return True
+            option('--with-foo', help='foo', when=always)
+            set_config('FOO', depends('--with-foo', when=always2)(lambda x: x))
+        '''):
+            with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+                self.get_config()
+
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              '@depends function needs the same `when` as '
+                              'options it depends on')
+
+    def test_include_failures(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('include("../foo.configure")'):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Cannot include `%s` because it is not in a subdirectory of `%s`'
+            % (mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(test_data_path, '..',
+                                             'foo.configure')),
+               mozpath.normsep(test_data_path))
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                include('extra.configure')
+                include('extra.configure')
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'Cannot include `%s` because it was included already.'
+            % mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(test_data_path,
+                                            'extra.configure'))
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                include(42)
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, "Unexpected type: 'int'")
+
+    def test_include_when(self):
+        with MockedOpen({
+            os.path.join(test_data_path, 'moz.configure'): textwrap.dedent('''
+                option('--with-foo', help='foo')
+
+                include('always.configure', when=True)
+                include('never.configure', when=False)
+                include('foo.configure', when='--with-foo')
+
+                set_config('FOO', foo)
+                set_config('BAR', bar)
+                set_config('QUX', qux)
+            '''),
+            os.path.join(test_data_path, 'always.configure'): textwrap.dedent('''
+                option('--with-bar', help='bar')
+                @depends('--with-bar')
+                def bar(x):
+                    if x:
+                        return 'bar'
+            '''),
+            os.path.join(test_data_path, 'never.configure'): textwrap.dedent('''
+                option('--with-qux', help='qux')
+                @depends('--with-qux')
+                def qux(x):
+                    if x:
+                        return 'qux'
+            '''),
+            os.path.join(test_data_path, 'foo.configure'): textwrap.dedent('''
+                option('--with-foo-really', help='really foo')
+                @depends('--with-foo-really')
+                def foo(x):
+                    if x:
+                        return 'foo'
+
+                include('foo2.configure', when='--with-foo-really')
+            '''),
+            os.path.join(test_data_path, 'foo2.configure'): textwrap.dedent('''
+                set_config('FOO2', True)
+            '''),
+        }):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-foo'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {})
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-bar'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'BAR': 'bar',
+            })
+
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                self.get_config(['--with-qux'])
+
+            self.assertEquals(
+                e.exception.message,
+                '--with-qux is not available in this configuration'
+            )
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-foo', '--with-foo-really'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+                'FOO2': True,
+            })
+
+    def test_sandbox_failures(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                include = 42
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, 'Cannot reassign builtins')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                foo = 42
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          'Cannot assign `foo` because it is neither a '
+                          '@depends nor a @template')
+
+    def test_depends_failures(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @depends()
+                def foo():
+                    return
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "@depends needs at least one argument")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @depends('--with-foo')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "'--with-foo' is not a known option. Maybe it's "
+                          "declared too late?")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @depends('--with-foo=42')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Option must not contain an '='")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @depends(42)
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Cannot use object of type 'int' as argument "
+                          "to @depends")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @depends('--help')
+                def foo(value):
+                    yield
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Cannot decorate generator functions with @depends")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                depends('--help')(42)
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Unexpected type: 'int'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option('--foo', help='foo')
+                @depends('--foo')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+
+                foo()
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The `foo` function may not be called")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @depends('--help', foo=42)
+                def foo(_):
+                    return
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "depends_impl() got an unexpected keyword argument 'foo'")
+
+    def test_depends_when(self):
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            @depends(when=True)
+            def foo():
+                return 'foo'
+
+            set_config('FOO', foo)
+
+            @depends(when=False)
+            def bar():
+                return 'bar'
+
+            set_config('BAR', bar)
+
+            option('--with-qux', help='qux')
+            @depends(when='--with-qux')
+            def qux():
+                return 'qux'
+
+            set_config('QUX', qux)
+        '''):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+            })
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--with-qux'])
+            self.assertEquals(config, {
+                'FOO': 'foo',
+                'QUX': 'qux',
+            })
+
+    def test_imports_failures(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @imports('os')
+                @template
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          '@imports must appear after @template')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option('--foo', help='foo')
+                @imports('os')
+                @depends('--foo')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          '@imports must appear after @depends')
+
+        for import_ in (
+            "42",
+            "_from=42, _import='os'",
+            "_from='os', _import='path', _as=42",
+        ):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+                with self.moz_configure('''
+                    @imports(%s)
+                    @template
+                    def foo(value):
+                        return value
+                ''' % import_):
+                    self.get_config()
+
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, "Unexpected type: 'int'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @imports('os', 42)
+                @template
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, "Unexpected type: 'int'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @imports('os*')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+            '''):
+                self.get_config()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Invalid argument to @imports: 'os*'")
+
+    def test_only_when(self):
+        moz_configure = '''
+            option('--enable-when', help='when')
+            @depends('--enable-when', '--help')
+            def when(value, _):
+                return bool(value)
+
+            with only_when(when):
+                option('--foo', nargs='*', help='foo')
+                @depends('--foo')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+
+                set_config('FOO', foo)
+                set_define('FOO', foo)
+
+            # It is possible to depend on a function defined in a only_when
+            # block. It then resolves to `None`.
+            set_config('BAR', depends(foo)(lambda x: x))
+            set_define('BAR', depends(foo)(lambda x: x))
+        '''
+
+        with self.moz_configure(moz_configure):
+            config = self.get_config()
+            self.assertEqual(config, {
+                'DEFINES': {},
+            })
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--enable-when'])
+            self.assertEqual(config, {
+                'BAR': NegativeOptionValue(),
+                'FOO': NegativeOptionValue(),
+                'DEFINES': {
+                    'BAR': NegativeOptionValue(),
+                    'FOO': NegativeOptionValue(),
+                },
+            })
+
+            config = self.get_config(['--enable-when', '--foo=bar'])
+            self.assertEqual(config, {
+                'BAR': PositiveOptionValue(['bar']),
+                'FOO': PositiveOptionValue(['bar']),
+                'DEFINES': {
+                    'BAR': PositiveOptionValue(['bar']),
+                    'FOO': PositiveOptionValue(['bar']),
+                },
+            })
+
+            # The --foo option doesn't exist when --enable-when is not given.
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                self.get_config(['--foo'])
+
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              '--foo is not available in this configuration')
+
+        # Cannot depend on an option defined in a only_when block, because we
+        # don't know what OptionValue would make sense.
+        with self.moz_configure(moz_configure + '''
+            set_config('QUX', depends('--foo')(lambda x: x))
+        '''):
+            with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+                self.get_config()
+
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              '@depends function needs the same `when` as '
+                              'options it depends on')
+
+        with self.moz_configure(moz_configure + '''
+            set_config('QUX', depends('--foo', when=when)(lambda x: x))
+        '''):
+            self.get_config(['--enable-when'])
+
+        # Using imply_option for an option defined in a only_when block fails
+        # similarly if the imply_option happens outside the block.
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            imply_option('--foo', True)
+        ''' + moz_configure):
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                self.get_config()
+
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              '--foo is not available in this configuration')
+
+        # And similarly doesn't fail when the condition is true.
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            imply_option('--foo', True)
+        ''' + moz_configure):
+            self.get_config(['--enable-when'])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_lint.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_lint.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ac2bb356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_lint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+    MockedOpen,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.configure import ConfigureError
+from mozbuild.configure.lint import LintSandbox
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestLint(unittest.TestCase):
+    def lint_test(self, options=[], env={}):
+        sandbox = LintSandbox(env, ['configure'] + options)
+
+        sandbox.run(mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'moz.configure'))
+
+    def moz_configure(self, source):
+        return MockedOpen({
+            os.path.join(test_data_path,
+                         'moz.configure'): textwrap.dedent(source)
+        })
+
+    def test_depends_failures(self):
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--foo', help='foo')
+            @depends('--foo')
+            def foo(value):
+                return value
+
+            @depends('--help', foo)
+            def bar(help, foo):
+                return
+        '''):
+            self.lint_test()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option('--foo', help='foo')
+                @depends('--foo')
+                @imports('os')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+
+                @depends('--help', foo)
+                def bar(help, foo):
+                    return
+            '''):
+                self.lint_test()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "`bar` depends on '--help' and `foo`. "
+                          "`foo` must depend on '--help'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                @template
+                def tmpl():
+                    qux = 42
+
+                    option('--foo', help='foo')
+                    @depends('--foo')
+                    def foo(value):
+                        qux
+                        return value
+
+                    @depends('--help', foo)
+                    def bar(help, foo):
+                        return
+                tmpl()
+            '''):
+                self.lint_test()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "`bar` depends on '--help' and `foo`. "
+                          "`foo` must depend on '--help'")
+
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--foo', help='foo')
+            @depends('--foo')
+            def foo(value):
+                return value
+
+            include(foo)
+        '''):
+            self.lint_test()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ConfigureError) as e:
+            with self.moz_configure('''
+                option('--foo', help='foo')
+                @depends('--foo')
+                @imports('os')
+                def foo(value):
+                    return value
+
+                include(foo)
+            '''):
+                self.lint_test()
+
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "Missing @depends for `foo`: '--help'")
+
+        # There is a default restricted `os` module when there is no explicit
+        # @imports, and it's fine to use it without a dependency on --help.
+        with self.moz_configure('''
+            option('--foo', help='foo')
+            @depends('--foo')
+            def foo(value):
+                os
+                return value
+
+            include(foo)
+        '''):
+            self.lint_test()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_moz_configure.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_moz_configure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c318adef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_moz_configure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from mozunit import main
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+from common import BaseConfigureTest
+
+
+class TestMozConfigure(BaseConfigureTest):
+    def test_moz_configure_options(self):
+        def get_value_for(args=[], environ={}, mozconfig=''):
+            sandbox = self.get_sandbox({}, {}, args, environ, mozconfig)
+
+            # Add a fake old-configure option
+            sandbox.option_impl('--with-foo', nargs='*',
+                                help='Help missing for old configure options')
+
+            result = sandbox._value_for(sandbox['all_configure_options'])
+            shell = mozpath.abspath('/bin/sh')
+            return result.replace('CONFIG_SHELL=%s ' % shell, '')
+
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-application=browser',
+                          get_value_for(['--enable-application=browser']))
+
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-application=browser '
+                          'MOZ_PROFILING=1',
+                          get_value_for(['--enable-application=browser',
+                                         'MOZ_PROFILING=1']))
+
+        value = get_value_for(
+            environ={'MOZ_PROFILING': '1'},
+            mozconfig='ac_add_options --enable-project=js')
+
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-project=js MOZ_PROFILING=1',
+                          value)
+
+        # --disable-js-shell is the default, so it's filtered out.
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-application=browser',
+                          get_value_for(['--enable-application=browser',
+                                         '--disable-js-shell']))
+
+        # Normally, --without-foo would be filtered out because that's the
+        # default, but since it is a (fake) old-configure option, it always
+        # appears.
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-application=browser --without-foo',
+                          get_value_for(['--enable-application=browser',
+                                         '--without-foo']))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-application=browser --with-foo',
+                          get_value_for(['--enable-application=browser',
+                                         '--with-foo']))
+
+        self.assertEquals("--enable-application=browser '--with-foo=foo bar'",
+                          get_value_for(['--enable-application=browser',
+                                         '--with-foo=foo bar']))
+
+    def test_nsis_version(self):
+        this = self
+
+        class FakeNSIS(object):
+            def __init__(self, version):
+                self.version = version
+
+            def __call__(self, stdin, args):
+                this.assertEquals(args, ('-version',))
+                return 0, self.version, ''
+
+        def check_nsis_version(version):
+            sandbox = self.get_sandbox(
+                {'/usr/bin/makensis': FakeNSIS(version)}, {}, [],
+                {'PATH': '/usr/bin', 'MAKENSISU': '/usr/bin/makensis'})
+            return sandbox._value_for(sandbox['nsis_version'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as e:
+            check_nsis_version('v2.5')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as e:
+            check_nsis_version('v3.0a2')
+
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.0b1'), '3.0b1')
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.0b2'), '3.0b2')
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.0rc1'), '3.0rc1')
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.0'), '3.0')
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.0-2'), '3.0')
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.0.1'), '3.0')
+        self.assertEquals(check_nsis_version('v3.1'), '3.1')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_options.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e504f9e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,852 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.configure.options import (
+    CommandLineHelper,
+    ConflictingOptionError,
+    InvalidOptionError,
+    NegativeOptionValue,
+    Option,
+    PositiveOptionValue,
+)
+
+
+class Option(Option):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['help'] = 'Dummy help'
+        super(Option, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TestOption(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_option(self):
+        option = Option('--option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.prefix, '')
+        self.assertEquals(option.name, 'option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, None)
+        self.assertFalse(option.default)
+
+        option = Option('--enable-option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.prefix, 'enable')
+        self.assertEquals(option.name, 'option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, None)
+        self.assertFalse(option.default)
+
+        option = Option('--disable-option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.prefix, 'disable')
+        self.assertEquals(option.name, 'option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, None)
+        self.assertTrue(option.default)
+
+        option = Option('--with-option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.prefix, 'with')
+        self.assertEquals(option.name, 'option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, None)
+        self.assertFalse(option.default)
+
+        option = Option('--without-option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.prefix, 'without')
+        self.assertEquals(option.name, 'option')
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, None)
+        self.assertTrue(option.default)
+
+        option = Option('--without-option-foo', env='MOZ_OPTION')
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, 'MOZ_OPTION')
+
+        option = Option(env='MOZ_OPTION')
+        self.assertEquals(option.prefix, '')
+        self.assertEquals(option.name, None)
+        self.assertEquals(option.env, 'MOZ_OPTION')
+        self.assertFalse(option.default)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=0, default=('a',))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=1, default=())
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'default must be a bool, a string or a tuple of strings')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=1, default=True)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=1, default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=2, default=())
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'default must be a bool, a string or a tuple of strings')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=2, default=True)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=2, default=('a',))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs='?', default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs='+', default=())
+        self.assertEquals(
+            e.exception.message,
+            'default must be a bool, a string or a tuple of strings')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs='+', default=True)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        # --disable options with a nargs value that requires at least one
+        # argument need to be given a default.
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--disable-option', nargs=1)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--disable-option', nargs='+')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+        # Test nargs inference from default value
+        option = Option('--with-foo', default=True)
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, 0)
+
+        option = Option('--with-foo', default=False)
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, 0)
+
+        option = Option('--with-foo', default='a')
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, '?')
+
+        option = Option('--with-foo', default=('a',))
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, '?')
+
+        option = Option('--with-foo', default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, '*')
+
+        option = Option(env='FOO', default=True)
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, 0)
+
+        option = Option(env='FOO', default=False)
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, 0)
+
+        option = Option(env='FOO', default='a')
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, '?')
+
+        option = Option(env='FOO', default=('a',))
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, '?')
+
+        option = Option(env='FOO', default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(option.nargs, '*')
+
+    def test_option_option(self):
+        for option in (
+            '--option',
+            '--enable-option',
+            '--disable-option',
+            '--with-option',
+            '--without-option',
+        ):
+            self.assertEquals(Option(option).option, option)
+            self.assertEquals(Option(option, env='FOO').option, option)
+
+            opt = Option(option, default=False)
+            self.assertEquals(opt.option,
+                              option.replace('-disable-', '-enable-')
+                                    .replace('-without-', '-with-'))
+
+            opt = Option(option, default=True)
+            self.assertEquals(opt.option,
+                              option.replace('-enable-', '-disable-')
+                                    .replace('-with-', '-without-'))
+
+        self.assertEquals(Option(env='FOO').option, 'FOO')
+
+    def test_option_choices(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=3, choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          'Not enough `choices` for `nargs`')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--without-option', nargs=1, choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          'A `default` must be given along with `choices`')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--without-option', nargs='+', choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          'A `default` must be given along with `choices`')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--without-option', default='c', choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The `default` value must be one of 'a', 'b'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--without-option', default=('a', 'c',), choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The `default` value must be one of 'a', 'b'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--without-option', default=('c',), choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The `default` value must be one of 'a', 'b'")
+
+        option = Option('--with-option', nargs='+', choices=('a', 'b'))
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            option.get_value('--with-option=c')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, "'c' is not one of 'a', 'b'")
+
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=b,a')
+        self.assertTrue(value)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('b', 'a')), value)
+
+        option = Option('--without-option', nargs='*', default='a',
+                        choices=('a', 'b'))
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            option.get_value('--with-option=c')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, "'c' is not one of 'a', 'b'")
+
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=b,a')
+        self.assertTrue(value)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('b', 'a')), value)
+
+        # Test nargs inference from choices
+        option = Option('--with-option', choices=('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEqual(option.nargs, 1)
+
+        # Test "relative" values
+        option = Option('--with-option', nargs='*', default=('b', 'c'),
+                        choices=('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=+d')
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('b', 'c', 'd')), value)
+
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=-b')
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('c',)), value)
+
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=-b,+d')
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('c','d')), value)
+
+        # Adding something that is in the default is fine
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=+b')
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('b', 'c')), value)
+
+        # Removing something that is not in the default is fine, as long as it
+        # is one of the choices
+        value = option.get_value('--with-option=-a')
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('b', 'c')), value)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            option.get_value('--with-option=-e')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "'e' is not one of 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'")
+
+        # Other "not a choice" errors.
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            option.get_value('--with-option=+e')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "'e' is not one of 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            option.get_value('--with-option=e')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "'e' is not one of 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'")
+
+    def test_option_value_format(self):
+        val = PositiveOptionValue()
+        self.assertEquals('--with-value', val.format('--with-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--with-value', val.format('--without-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-value', val.format('--enable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-value', val.format('--disable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--value', val.format('--value'))
+        self.assertEquals('VALUE=1', val.format('VALUE'))
+
+        val = PositiveOptionValue(('a',))
+        self.assertEquals('--with-value=a', val.format('--with-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--with-value=a', val.format('--without-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-value=a', val.format('--enable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-value=a', val.format('--disable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--value=a', val.format('--value'))
+        self.assertEquals('VALUE=a', val.format('VALUE'))
+
+        val = PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b'))
+        self.assertEquals('--with-value=a,b', val.format('--with-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--with-value=a,b', val.format('--without-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-value=a,b', val.format('--enable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--enable-value=a,b', val.format('--disable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--value=a,b', val.format('--value'))
+        self.assertEquals('VALUE=a,b', val.format('VALUE'))
+
+        val = NegativeOptionValue()
+        self.assertEquals('--without-value', val.format('--with-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--without-value', val.format('--without-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--disable-value', val.format('--enable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('--disable-value', val.format('--disable-value'))
+        self.assertEquals('', val.format('--value'))
+        self.assertEquals('VALUE=', val.format('VALUE'))
+
+    def test_option_value(self, name='option', nargs=0, default=None):
+        disabled = name.startswith(('disable-', 'without-'))
+        if disabled:
+            negOptionValue = PositiveOptionValue
+            posOptionValue = NegativeOptionValue
+        else:
+            posOptionValue = PositiveOptionValue
+            negOptionValue = NegativeOptionValue
+        defaultValue = (PositiveOptionValue(default)
+                        if default else negOptionValue())
+
+        option = Option('--%s' % name, nargs=nargs, default=default)
+
+        if nargs in (0, '?', '*') or disabled:
+            value = option.get_value('--%s' % name, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, posOptionValue())
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s' % name)
+            if nargs == 1:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes 1 value' % name)
+            elif nargs == '+':
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes 1 or more values' % name)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes 2 values' % name)
+
+        value = option.get_value('')
+        self.assertEquals(value, defaultValue)
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'default')
+
+        value = option.get_value(None)
+        self.assertEquals(value, defaultValue)
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'default')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=', 'environment')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            value = option.get_value('--foo')
+
+        if nargs in (1, '?', '*', '+') and not disabled:
+            value = option.get_value('--%s=' % name, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s=' % name)
+            if disabled:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'Cannot pass a value to --%s' % name)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes %d values' % (name, nargs))
+
+        if nargs in (1, '?', '*', '+') and not disabled:
+            value = option.get_value('--%s=foo' % name, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('foo',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s=foo' % name)
+            if disabled:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'Cannot pass a value to --%s' % name)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes %d values' % (name, nargs))
+
+        if nargs in (2, '*', '+') and not disabled:
+            value = option.get_value('--%s=foo,bar' % name, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('foo', 'bar')))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s=foo,bar' % name, 'option')
+            if disabled:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'Cannot pass a value to --%s' % name)
+            elif nargs == '?':
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes 0 or 1 values' % name)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes %d value%s'
+                                  % (name, nargs, 's' if nargs != 1 else ''))
+
+        option = Option('--%s' % name, env='MOZ_OPTION', nargs=nargs,
+                        default=default)
+        if nargs in (0, '?', '*') or disabled:
+            value = option.get_value('--%s' % name, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, posOptionValue())
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s' % name)
+            if disabled:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'Cannot pass a value to --%s' % name)
+            elif nargs == '+':
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes 1 or more values' % name)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes %d value%s'
+                                  % (name, nargs, 's' if nargs != 1 else ''))
+
+        value = option.get_value('')
+        self.assertEquals(value, defaultValue)
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'default')
+
+        value = option.get_value(None)
+        self.assertEquals(value, defaultValue)
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'default')
+
+        value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=', 'environment')
+        self.assertEquals(value, NegativeOptionValue())
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+
+        if nargs in (0, '?', '*'):
+            value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue())
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        elif nargs in (1, '+'):
+            value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('1',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, 'MOZ_OPTION takes 2 values')
+
+        if nargs in (1, '?', '*', '+') and not disabled:
+            value = option.get_value('--%s=' % name, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s=' % name, 'option')
+            if disabled:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'Cannot pass a value to --%s' % name)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s takes %d values' % (name, nargs))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            value = option.get_value('--foo', 'option')
+
+        if nargs in (1, '?', '*', '+'):
+            value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('foo',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              'MOZ_OPTION takes %d values' % nargs)
+
+        if nargs in (2, '*', '+'):
+            value = option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo,bar', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('foo', 'bar')))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo,bar', 'environment')
+            if nargs == '?':
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'MOZ_OPTION takes 0 or 1 values')
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'MOZ_OPTION takes %d value%s'
+                                  % (nargs, 's' if nargs != 1 else ''))
+
+        if disabled:
+            return option
+
+        env_option = Option(env='MOZ_OPTION', nargs=nargs, default=default)
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            env_option.get_value('--%s' % name)
+
+        value = env_option.get_value('')
+        self.assertEquals(value, defaultValue)
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'default')
+
+        value = env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=', 'environment')
+        self.assertEquals(value, negOptionValue())
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+
+        if nargs in (0, '?', '*'):
+            value = env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, posOptionValue())
+            self.assertTrue(value)
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        elif nargs in (1, '+'):
+            value = env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('1',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=1', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message, 'MOZ_OPTION takes 2 values')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError) as e:
+            env_option.get_value('--%s' % name)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError) as e:
+            env_option.get_value('--foo')
+
+        if nargs in (1, '?', '*', '+'):
+            value = env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('foo',)))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                              'MOZ_OPTION takes %d values' % nargs)
+
+        if nargs in (2, '*', '+'):
+            value = env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo,bar', 'environment')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue(('foo', 'bar')))
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'environment')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                env_option.get_value('MOZ_OPTION=foo,bar', 'environment')
+            if nargs == '?':
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'MOZ_OPTION takes 0 or 1 values')
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  'MOZ_OPTION takes %d value%s'
+                                  % (nargs, 's' if nargs != 1 else ''))
+
+        return option
+
+    def test_option_value_enable(self, enable='enable', disable='disable',
+                                 nargs=0, default=None):
+        option = self.test_option_value('%s-option' % enable, nargs=nargs,
+                                        default=default)
+
+        value = option.get_value('--%s-option' % disable, 'option')
+        self.assertEquals(value, NegativeOptionValue())
+        self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+
+        option = self.test_option_value('%s-option' % disable, nargs=nargs,
+                                        default=default)
+
+        if nargs in (0, '?', '*'):
+            value = option.get_value('--%s-option' % enable, 'option')
+            self.assertEquals(value, PositiveOptionValue())
+            self.assertEquals(value.origin, 'option')
+        else:
+            with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+                option.get_value('--%s-option' % enable, 'option')
+            if nargs == 1:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s-option takes 1 value' % enable)
+            elif nargs == '+':
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s-option takes 1 or more values'
+                                  % enable)
+            else:
+                self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                                  '--%s-option takes 2 values' % enable)
+
+    def test_option_value_with(self):
+        self.test_option_value_enable('with', 'without')
+
+    def test_option_value_invalid_nargs(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs='foo')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "nargs must be a positive integer, '?', '*' or '+'")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--option', nargs=-2)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "nargs must be a positive integer, '?', '*' or '+'")
+
+    def test_option_value_nargs_1(self):
+        self.test_option_value(nargs=1)
+        self.test_option_value(nargs=1, default=('a',))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs=1, default=('a',))
+
+        # A default is required
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--disable-option', nargs=1)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+    def test_option_value_nargs_2(self):
+        self.test_option_value(nargs=2)
+        self.test_option_value(nargs=2, default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs=2, default=('a', 'b'))
+
+        # A default is required
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--disable-option', nargs=2)
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+    def test_option_value_nargs_0_or_1(self):
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='?')
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='?', default=('a',))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='?')
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='?', default=('a',))
+
+    def test_option_value_nargs_0_or_more(self):
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='*')
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='*', default=('a',))
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='*', default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='*')
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='*', default=('a',))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='*', default=('a', 'b'))
+
+    def test_option_value_nargs_1_or_more(self):
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='+')
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='+', default=('a',))
+        self.test_option_value(nargs='+', default=('a', 'b'))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='+', default=('a',))
+        self.test_option_value_enable(nargs='+', default=('a', 'b'))
+
+        # A default is required
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError) as e:
+            Option('--disable-option', nargs='+')
+        self.assertEquals(e.exception.message,
+                          "The given `default` doesn't satisfy `nargs`")
+
+
+class TestCommandLineHelper(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--foo', '--bar'])
+
+        self.assertEquals(['--foo', '--bar'], list(helper))
+
+        helper.add('--enable-qux')
+
+        self.assertEquals(['--foo', '--bar', '--enable-qux'], list(helper))
+
+        value, option = helper.handle(Option('--bar'))
+        self.assertEquals(['--foo', '--enable-qux'], list(helper))
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('--bar', option)
+
+        value, option = helper.handle(Option('--baz'))
+        self.assertEquals(['--foo', '--enable-qux'], list(helper))
+        self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals(None, option)
+
+    def test_precedence(self):
+        foo = Option('--with-foo', nargs='*')
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--with-foo=a,b'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--with-foo=a,b', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--with-foo=a,b',
+                                        '--without-foo'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--without-foo', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--without-foo',
+                                        '--with-foo=a,b'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--with-foo=a,b', option)
+
+        foo = Option('--with-foo', env='FOO', nargs='*')
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({'FOO': ''}, ['cmd', '--with-foo=a,b'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--with-foo=a,b', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({'FOO': 'a,b'}, ['cmd', '--without-foo'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--without-foo', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({'FOO': ''}, ['cmd', '--with-bar=a,b'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('environment', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('FOO=', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({'FOO': 'a,b'}, ['cmd', '--without-bar'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('environment', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('FOO=a,b', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--with-foo=a,b', 'FOO='])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('FOO=', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--without-foo', 'FOO=a,b'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('FOO=a,b', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', 'FOO=', '--with-foo=a,b'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--with-foo=a,b', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', 'FOO=a,b', '--without-foo'])
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(NegativeOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--without-foo', option)
+
+    def test_extra_args(self):
+        foo = Option('--with-foo', env='FOO', nargs='*')
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b', 'c')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('other-origin', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('FOO=a,b,c', option)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        helper.add('--with-foo=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b', 'c')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('other-origin', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--with-foo=a,b,c', option)
+
+        # Adding conflicting options is not allowed.
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        with self.assertRaises(ConflictingOptionError) as cm:
+            helper.add('FOO=', 'other-origin')
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=', cm.exception.arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.origin)
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=a,b,c', cm.exception.old_arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.old_origin)
+        with self.assertRaises(ConflictingOptionError) as cm:
+            helper.add('FOO=a,b', 'other-origin')
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=a,b', cm.exception.arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.origin)
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=a,b,c', cm.exception.old_arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.old_origin)
+        # But adding the same is allowed.
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b', 'c')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('other-origin', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('FOO=a,b,c', option)
+
+        # The same rule as above applies when using the option form vs. the
+        # variable form. But we can't detect it when .add is called.
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        helper.add('--without-foo', 'other-origin')
+        with self.assertRaises(ConflictingOptionError) as cm:
+            helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEqual('--without-foo', cm.exception.arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.origin)
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=a,b,c', cm.exception.old_arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.old_origin)
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        helper.add('--with-foo=a,b', 'other-origin')
+        with self.assertRaises(ConflictingOptionError) as cm:
+            helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEqual('--with-foo=a,b', cm.exception.arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.origin)
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=a,b,c', cm.exception.old_arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.old_origin)
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        helper.add('--with-foo=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(('a', 'b', 'c')), value)
+        self.assertEquals('other-origin', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--with-foo=a,b,c', option)
+
+        # Conflicts are also not allowed against what is in the
+        # environment/on the command line.
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--with-foo=a,b'])
+        helper.add('FOO=a,b,c', 'other-origin')
+        with self.assertRaises(ConflictingOptionError) as cm:
+            helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEqual('FOO=a,b,c', cm.exception.arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.origin)
+        self.assertEqual('--with-foo=a,b', cm.exception.old_arg)
+        self.assertEqual('command-line', cm.exception.old_origin)
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({}, ['cmd', '--with-foo=a,b'])
+        helper.add('--without-foo', 'other-origin')
+        with self.assertRaises(ConflictingOptionError) as cm:
+            helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEqual('--without-foo', cm.exception.arg)
+        self.assertEqual('other-origin', cm.exception.origin)
+        self.assertEqual('--with-foo=a,b', cm.exception.old_arg)
+        self.assertEqual('command-line', cm.exception.old_origin)
+
+    def test_possible_origins(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(InvalidOptionError):
+            Option('--foo', possible_origins='command-line')
+
+        helper = CommandLineHelper({'BAZ': '1'}, ['cmd', '--foo', '--bar'])
+        foo = Option('--foo',
+                     possible_origins=('command-line',))
+        value, option = helper.handle(foo)
+        self.assertEquals(PositiveOptionValue(), value)
+        self.assertEquals('command-line', value.origin)
+        self.assertEquals('--foo', option)
+
+        bar = Option('--bar',
+                     possible_origins=('mozconfig',))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(InvalidOptionError,
+            "--bar can not be set by command-line. Values are accepted from: mozconfig"):
+            helper.handle(bar)
+
+        baz = Option(env='BAZ',
+                     possible_origins=('implied',))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(InvalidOptionError,
+            "BAZ=1 can not be set by environment. Values are accepted from: implied"):
+            helper.handle(baz)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_configure.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_configure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ef93792b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_configure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1271 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+import os
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from common import BaseConfigureTest
+from mozbuild.configure.util import Version
+from mozbuild.util import memoize
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+from test_toolchain_helpers import (
+    FakeCompiler,
+    CompilerResult,
+)
+
+
+DEFAULT_C99 = {
+    '__STDC_VERSION__': '199901L',
+}
+
+DEFAULT_C11 = {
+    '__STDC_VERSION__': '201112L',
+}
+
+DEFAULT_CXX_97 = {
+    '__cplusplus': '199711L',
+}
+
+DEFAULT_CXX_11 = {
+    '__cplusplus': '201103L',
+}
+
+DEFAULT_CXX_14 = {
+    '__cplusplus': '201402L',
+}
+
+SUPPORTS_GNU99 = {
+    '-std=gnu99': DEFAULT_C99,
+}
+
+SUPPORTS_GNUXX11 = {
+    '-std=gnu++11': DEFAULT_CXX_11,
+}
+
+SUPPORTS_CXX14 = {
+    '-std=c++14': DEFAULT_CXX_14,
+}
+
+
+@memoize
+def GCC_BASE(version):
+    version = Version(version)
+    return FakeCompiler({
+        '__GNUC__': version.major,
+        '__GNUC_MINOR__': version.minor,
+        '__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__': version.patch,
+        '__STDC__': 1,
+        '__ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__': 1234,
+        '__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__': 4321,
+    })
+
+
+@memoize
+def GCC(version):
+    return GCC_BASE(version) + SUPPORTS_GNU99
+
+
+@memoize
+def GXX(version):
+    return GCC_BASE(version) + DEFAULT_CXX_97 + SUPPORTS_GNUXX11
+
+
+GCC_4_7 = GCC('4.7.3')
+GXX_4_7 = GXX('4.7.3')
+GCC_4_9 = GCC('4.9.3')
+GXX_4_9 = GXX('4.9.3')
+GCC_5 = GCC('5.2.1') + DEFAULT_C11
+GXX_5 = GXX('5.2.1')
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN = {
+    '__BYTE_ORDER__': 1234,
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_BIG_ENDIAN = {
+    '__BYTE_ORDER__': 4321,
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86 = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + {
+    None: {
+        '__i386__': 1,
+    },
+    '-m64': {
+        '__i386__': False,
+        '__x86_64__': 1,
+    },
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64 = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + {
+    None: {
+        '__x86_64__': 1,
+    },
+    '-m32': {
+        '__x86_64__': False,
+        '__i386__': 1,
+    },
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_ARM = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN) + {
+    '__arm__': 1,
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_LINUX = {
+    '__linux__': 1,
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_DARWIN = {
+    '__APPLE__': 1,
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_WIN = {
+    '_WIN32': 1,
+    'WINNT': 1,
+}
+
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_X86, GCC_PLATFORM_LINUX)
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+                                         GCC_PLATFORM_LINUX)
+GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_ARM, GCC_PLATFORM_LINUX)
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_OSX = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_X86, GCC_PLATFORM_DARWIN)
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+                                       GCC_PLATFORM_DARWIN)
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_X86, GCC_PLATFORM_WIN)
+GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64, GCC_PLATFORM_WIN)
+
+
+@memoize
+def CLANG_BASE(version):
+    version = Version(version)
+    return FakeCompiler({
+        '__clang__': 1,
+        '__clang_major__': version.major,
+        '__clang_minor__': version.minor,
+        '__clang_patchlevel__': version.patch,
+    })
+
+
+@memoize
+def CLANG(version):
+    return GCC_BASE('4.2.1') + CLANG_BASE(version) + SUPPORTS_GNU99
+
+
+@memoize
+def CLANGXX(version):
+    return (GCC_BASE('4.2.1') + CLANG_BASE(version) + DEFAULT_CXX_97 +
+            SUPPORTS_GNUXX11)
+
+
+CLANG_3_3 = CLANG('3.3.0') + DEFAULT_C99
+CLANGXX_3_3 = CLANGXX('3.3.0')
+CLANG_3_6 = CLANG('3.6.2') + DEFAULT_C11
+CLANGXX_3_6 = CLANGXX('3.6.2') + {
+    '-std=gnu++11': {
+        '__has_feature(cxx_alignof)': '1',
+    },
+}
+
+
+def CLANG_PLATFORM(gcc_platform):
+    base = {
+        '--target=x86_64-linux-gnu': GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX[None],
+        '--target=x86_64-darwin11.2.0': GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX[None],
+        '--target=i686-linux-gnu': GCC_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX[None],
+        '--target=i686-darwin11.2.0': GCC_PLATFORM_X86_OSX[None],
+        '--target=arm-linux-gnu': GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX[None],
+    }
+    undo_gcc_platform = {
+        k: {symbol: False for symbol in gcc_platform[None]}
+        for k in base
+    }
+    return FakeCompiler(gcc_platform, undo_gcc_platform, base)
+
+
+CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX = CLANG_PLATFORM(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX)
+CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX = CLANG_PLATFORM(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX)
+CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_OSX = CLANG_PLATFORM(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_OSX)
+CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX = CLANG_PLATFORM(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX)
+CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN = CLANG_PLATFORM(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN)
+CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN = CLANG_PLATFORM(GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN)
+
+
+@memoize
+def VS(version):
+    version = Version(version)
+    return FakeCompiler({
+        None: {
+            '_MSC_VER': '%02d%02d' % (version.major, version.minor),
+            '_MSC_FULL_VER': '%02d%02d%05d' % (version.major, version.minor,
+                                               version.patch),
+        },
+        '*.cpp': DEFAULT_CXX_97,
+    })
+
+
+VS_2013u2 = VS('18.00.30501')
+VS_2013u3 = VS('18.00.30723')
+VS_2015 = VS('19.00.23026')
+VS_2015u1 = VS('19.00.23506')
+VS_2015u2 = VS('19.00.23918')
+VS_2015u3 = VS('19.00.24213')
+
+VS_PLATFORM_X86 = {
+    '_M_IX86': 600,
+    '_WIN32': 1,
+}
+
+VS_PLATFORM_X86_64 = {
+    '_M_X64': 100,
+    '_WIN32': 1,
+    '_WIN64': 1,
+}
+
+# Note: In reality, the -std=gnu* options are only supported when preceded by
+# -Xclang.
+CLANG_CL_3_9 = (CLANG_BASE('3.9.0') + VS('18.00.00000') + DEFAULT_C11 +
+                SUPPORTS_GNU99 + SUPPORTS_GNUXX11 + SUPPORTS_CXX14) + {
+    '*.cpp': {
+        '__STDC_VERSION__': False,
+        '__cplusplus': '201103L',
+    },
+    '-fms-compatibility-version=19.00.24213': VS('19.00.24213')[None],
+}
+
+CLANG_CL_PLATFORM_X86 = FakeCompiler(VS_PLATFORM_X86, GCC_PLATFORM_X86[None])
+CLANG_CL_PLATFORM_X86_64 = FakeCompiler(VS_PLATFORM_X86_64, GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64[None])
+
+
+class BaseToolchainTest(BaseConfigureTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(BaseToolchainTest, self).setUp()
+        self.out = StringIO()
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger('BaseToolchainTest')
+        self.logger.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+        self.handler = logging.StreamHandler(self.out)
+        self.logger.addHandler(self.handler)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.logger.removeHandler(self.handler)
+        del self.handler
+        del self.out
+        super(BaseToolchainTest, self).tearDown()
+
+    def do_toolchain_test(self, paths, results, args=[], environ={}):
+        '''Helper to test the toolchain checks from toolchain.configure.
+
+        - `paths` is a dict associating compiler paths to FakeCompiler
+          definitions from above.
+        - `results` is a dict associating result variable names from
+          toolchain.configure (c_compiler, cxx_compiler, host_c_compiler,
+          host_cxx_compiler) with a result.
+          The result can either be an error string, or a CompilerResult
+          corresponding to the object returned by toolchain.configure checks.
+          When the results for host_c_compiler are identical to c_compiler,
+          they can be omitted. Likewise for host_cxx_compiler vs.
+          cxx_compiler.
+        '''
+        environ = dict(environ)
+        if 'PATH' not in environ:
+            environ['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join(
+                mozpath.abspath(p) for p in ('/bin', '/usr/bin'))
+
+        sandbox = self.get_sandbox(paths, {}, args, environ,
+                                   logger=self.logger)
+
+        for var in ('c_compiler', 'cxx_compiler', 'host_c_compiler',
+                    'host_cxx_compiler'):
+            if var in results:
+                result = results[var]
+            elif var.startswith('host_'):
+                result = results.get(var[5:], {})
+            else:
+                result = {}
+            try:
+                self.out.truncate(0)
+                compiler = sandbox._value_for(sandbox[var])
+                # Add var on both ends to make it clear which of the
+                # variables is failing the test when that happens.
+                self.assertEquals((var, compiler), (var, result))
+            except SystemExit:
+                self.assertEquals((var, result),
+                                  (var, self.out.getvalue().strip()))
+                return
+
+
+class LinuxToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    PATHS = {
+        '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-4.7': GCC_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-4.7': GXX_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-5': GCC_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-5': GXX_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.6': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.6': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.3': CLANG_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.3': CLANGXX_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+    }
+    GCC_4_7_RESULT = ('Only GCC 4.8 or newer is supported '
+                      '(found version 4.7.3).')
+    GXX_4_7_RESULT = GCC_4_7_RESULT
+    GCC_4_9_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-std=gnu99'],
+        version='4.9.3',
+        type='gcc',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/gcc',
+        language='C',
+    )
+    GXX_4_9_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-std=gnu++11'],
+        version='4.9.3',
+        type='gcc',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/g++',
+        language='C++',
+    )
+    GCC_5_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-std=gnu99'],
+        version='5.2.1',
+        type='gcc',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/gcc-5',
+        language='C',
+    )
+    GXX_5_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-std=gnu++11'],
+        version='5.2.1',
+        type='gcc',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/g++-5',
+        language='C++',
+    )
+    CLANG_3_3_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=[],
+        version='3.3.0',
+        type='clang',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/clang-3.3',
+        language='C',
+    )
+    CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT = 'Only clang/llvm 3.6 or newer is supported.'
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-std=gnu99'],
+        version='3.6.2',
+        type='clang',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/clang',
+        language='C',
+    )
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-std=gnu++11'],
+        version='3.6.2',
+        type='clang',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/clang++',
+        language='C++',
+    )
+
+    def test_gcc(self):
+        # We'll try gcc and clang, and find gcc first.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_unsupported_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_7_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc-4.7',
+            'CXX': 'g++-4.7',
+        })
+
+        # Maybe this should be reporting the mismatched version instead.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_7_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CXX': 'g++-4.7',
+        })
+
+    def test_overridden_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_5_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc-5',
+            'CXX': 'g++-5',
+        })
+
+    def test_guess_cxx(self):
+        # When CXX is not set, we guess it from CC.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_5_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc-5',
+        })
+
+    def test_mismatched_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': (
+                'The target C compiler is version 4.9.3, while the target '
+                'C++ compiler is version 5.2.1. Need to use the same compiler '
+                'version.'),
+        }, environ={
+            'CXX': 'g++-5',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': (
+                'The host C compiler is version 4.9.3, while the host '
+                'C++ compiler is version 5.2.1. Need to use the same compiler '
+                'version.'),
+        }, environ={
+            'HOST_CXX': 'g++-5',
+        })
+
+    def test_mismatched_compiler(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': (
+                'The target C compiler is gcc, while the target C++ compiler '
+                'is clang. Need to use the same compiler suite.'),
+        }, environ={
+            'CXX': 'clang++',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': (
+                'The host C compiler is gcc, while the host C++ compiler '
+                'is clang. Need to use the same compiler suite.'),
+        }, environ={
+            'HOST_CXX': 'clang++',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': '`%s` is not a C compiler.'
+            % mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/g++'),
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'g++',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': '`%s` is not a C++ compiler.'
+            % mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/gcc'),
+        }, environ={
+            'CXX': 'gcc',
+        })
+
+    def test_clang(self):
+        # We'll try gcc and clang, but since there is no gcc (gcc-x.y doesn't
+        # count), find clang.
+        paths = {
+            k: v for k, v in self.PATHS.iteritems()
+            if os.path.basename(k) not in ('gcc', 'g++')
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_guess_cxx_clang(self):
+        # When CXX is not set, we guess it from CC.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '/usr/bin/clang-3.6',
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '/usr/bin/clang++-3.6',
+            },
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang-3.6',
+        })
+
+    def test_unsupported_clang(self):
+        # clang 3.3 C compiler is perfectly fine, but we need more for C++.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_3_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang-3.3',
+            'CXX': 'clang++-3.3',
+        })
+
+    def test_no_supported_compiler(self):
+        # Even if there are gcc-x.y or clang-x.y compilers available, we
+        # don't try them. This could be considered something to improve.
+        paths = {
+            k: v for k, v in self.PATHS.iteritems()
+            if os.path.basename(k) not in ('gcc', 'g++', 'clang', 'clang++')
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': 'Cannot find the target C compiler',
+        })
+
+    def test_absolute_path(self):
+        paths = dict(self.PATHS)
+        paths.update({
+            '/opt/clang/bin/clang': paths['/usr/bin/clang'],
+            '/opt/clang/bin/clang++': paths['/usr/bin/clang++'],
+        })
+        result = {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '/opt/clang/bin/clang',
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '/opt/clang/bin/clang++'
+            },
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, result, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/clang/bin/clang',
+            'CXX': '/opt/clang/bin/clang++',
+        })
+        # With CXX guess too.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, result, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/clang/bin/clang',
+        })
+
+    def test_atypical_name(self):
+        paths = dict(self.PATHS)
+        paths.update({
+            '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast': paths['/usr/bin/clang'],
+            '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast++': paths['/usr/bin/clang++'],
+        })
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast',
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast++',
+            },
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'afl-clang-fast',
+            'CXX': 'afl-clang-fast++',
+        })
+
+    def test_mixed_compilers(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+            'HOST_CC': 'gcc',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+            'CXX': 'clang++',
+            'HOST_CC': 'gcc',
+        })
+
+
+class LinuxSimpleCrossToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    TARGET = 'i686-pc-linux-gnu'
+    PATHS = LinuxToolchainTest.PATHS
+    GCC_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_4_9_RESULT
+    GXX_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_4_9_RESULT
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_6_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT
+
+    def test_cross_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['-m32']
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['-m32']
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_cross_clang(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['--target=i686-linux-gnu'],
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['--target=i686-linux-gnu'],
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+
+class LinuxX86_64CrossToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    HOST = 'i686-pc-linux-gnu'
+    TARGET = 'x86_64-pc-linux-gnu'
+    PATHS = {
+        '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX,
+    }
+    GCC_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_4_9_RESULT
+    GXX_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_4_9_RESULT
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_6_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT
+
+    def test_cross_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['-m64']
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['-m64']
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_cross_clang(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['--target=x86_64-linux-gnu'],
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['--target=x86_64-linux-gnu'],
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+
+class OSXToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    HOST = 'x86_64-apple-darwin11.2.0'
+    PATHS = {
+        '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-4.7': GCC_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-4.7': GXX_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-5': GCC_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-5': GXX_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.6': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.6': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.3': CLANG_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.3': CLANGXX_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_OSX,
+    }
+    CLANG_3_3_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_3_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_6_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT
+    GCC_4_7_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_4_7_RESULT
+    GCC_5_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_5_RESULT
+    GXX_5_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_5_RESULT
+
+    def test_clang(self):
+        # We only try clang because gcc is known not to work.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_not_gcc(self):
+        # We won't pick GCC if it's the only thing available.
+        paths = {
+            k: v for k, v in self.PATHS.iteritems()
+            if os.path.basename(k) not in ('clang', 'clang++')
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': 'Cannot find the target C compiler',
+        })
+
+    def test_unsupported_clang(self):
+        # clang 3.3 C compiler is perfectly fine, but we need more for C++.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_3_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang-3.3',
+            'CXX': 'clang++-3.3',
+        })
+
+    def test_forced_gcc(self):
+        # GCC can still be forced if the user really wants it.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_5_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc-5',
+            'CXX': 'g++-5',
+        })
+
+    def test_forced_unsupported_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_7_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc-4.7',
+            'CXX': 'g++-4.7',
+        })
+
+
+class WindowsToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    HOST = 'i686-pc-mingw32'
+
+    # For the purpose of this test, it doesn't matter that the paths are not
+    # real Windows paths.
+    PATHS = {
+        '/opt/VS_2013u2/bin/cl': VS_2013u2 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/opt/VS_2013u3/bin/cl': VS_2013u3 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/opt/VS_2015/bin/cl': VS_2015 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/opt/VS_2015u1/bin/cl': VS_2015u1 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/opt/VS_2015u2/bin/cl': VS_2015u2 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/usr/bin/cl': VS_2015u3 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-cl': CLANG_CL_3_9 + CLANG_CL_PLATFORM_X86,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-4.7': GCC_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-4.7': GXX_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-5': GCC_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-5': GXX_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.6': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.6': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.3': CLANG_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.3': CLANGXX_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_WIN,
+    }
+
+    VS_2013u2_RESULT = (
+        'This version (18.00.30501) of the MSVC compiler is not supported.\n'
+        'You must install Visual C++ 2015 Update 3 or newer in order to build.\n'
+        'See https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Windows_Build_Prerequisites')
+    VS_2013u3_RESULT = (
+        'This version (18.00.30723) of the MSVC compiler is not supported.\n'
+        'You must install Visual C++ 2015 Update 3 or newer in order to build.\n'
+        'See https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Windows_Build_Prerequisites')
+    VS_2015_RESULT = (
+        'This version (19.00.23026) of the MSVC compiler is not supported.\n'
+        'You must install Visual C++ 2015 Update 3 or newer in order to build.\n'
+        'See https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Windows_Build_Prerequisites')
+    VS_2015u1_RESULT = (
+        'This version (19.00.23506) of the MSVC compiler is not supported.\n'
+        'You must install Visual C++ 2015 Update 3 or newer in order to build.\n'
+        'See https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Windows_Build_Prerequisites')
+    VS_2015u2_RESULT = (
+        'This version (19.00.23918) of the MSVC compiler is not supported.\n'
+        'You must install Visual C++ 2015 Update 3 or newer in order to build.\n'
+        'See https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Windows_Build_Prerequisites')
+    VS_2015u3_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=[],
+        version='19.00.24213',
+        type='msvc',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/cl',
+        language='C',
+    )
+    VSXX_2015u3_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=[],
+        version='19.00.24213',
+        type='msvc',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/cl',
+        language='C++',
+    )
+    CLANG_CL_3_9_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-Xclang', '-std=gnu99',
+               '-fms-compatibility-version=19.00.24213', '-fallback'],
+        version='19.00.24213',
+        type='clang-cl',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/clang-cl',
+        language='C',
+    )
+    CLANGXX_CL_3_9_RESULT = CompilerResult(
+        flags=['-Xclang', '-std=c++14',
+               '-fms-compatibility-version=19.00.24213', '-fallback'],
+        version='19.00.24213',
+        type='clang-cl',
+        compiler='/usr/bin/clang-cl',
+        language='C++',
+    )
+    CLANG_3_3_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_3_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_6_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT
+    GCC_4_7_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_4_7_RESULT
+    GCC_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_4_9_RESULT
+    GXX_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_4_9_RESULT
+    GCC_5_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_5_RESULT
+    GXX_5_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_5_RESULT
+
+    # VS2015u3 or greater is required.
+    def test_msvc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.VS_2015u3_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.VSXX_2015u3_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_unsupported_msvc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.VS_2015u2_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/VS_2015u2/bin/cl',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.VS_2015u1_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/VS_2015u1/bin/cl',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.VS_2015_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/VS_2015/bin/cl',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.VS_2013u3_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/VS_2013u3/bin/cl',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.VS_2013u2_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': '/opt/VS_2013u2/bin/cl',
+        })
+
+    def test_clang_cl(self):
+        # We'll pick clang-cl if msvc can't be found.
+        paths = {
+            k: v for k, v in self.PATHS.iteritems()
+            if os.path.basename(k) != 'cl'
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_CL_3_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_CL_3_9_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_gcc(self):
+        # We'll pick GCC if msvc and clang-cl can't be found.
+        paths = {
+            k: v for k, v in self.PATHS.iteritems()
+            if os.path.basename(k) not in ('cl', 'clang-cl')
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_overridden_unsupported_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_7_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc-4.7',
+            'CXX': 'g++-4.7',
+        })
+
+    def test_clang(self):
+        # We'll pick clang if nothing else is found.
+        paths = {
+            k: v for k, v in self.PATHS.iteritems()
+            if os.path.basename(k) not in ('cl', 'clang-cl', 'gcc')
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        })
+
+    def test_overridden_unsupported_clang(self):
+        # clang 3.3 C compiler is perfectly fine, but we need more for C++.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_3_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_3_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang-3.3',
+            'CXX': 'clang++-3.3',
+        })
+
+    def test_cannot_cross(self):
+        paths = {
+            '/usr/bin/cl': VS_2015u3 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': ('Target C compiler target CPU (x86_64) '
+                           'does not match --target CPU (i686)'),
+        })
+
+
+class Windows64ToolchainTest(WindowsToolchainTest):
+    HOST = 'x86_64-pc-mingw32'
+
+    # For the purpose of this test, it doesn't matter that the paths are not
+    # real Windows paths.
+    PATHS = {
+        '/opt/VS_2013u2/bin/cl': VS_2013u2 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/opt/VS_2013u3/bin/cl': VS_2013u3 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/opt/VS_2015/bin/cl': VS_2015 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/opt/VS_2015u1/bin/cl': VS_2015u1 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/opt/VS_2015u2/bin/cl': VS_2015u2 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/usr/bin/cl': VS_2015u3 + VS_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-cl': CLANG_CL_3_9 + CLANG_CL_PLATFORM_X86_64,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-4.7': GCC_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-4.7': GXX_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/gcc-5': GCC_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/g++-5': GXX_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.6': CLANG_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.6': CLANGXX_3_6 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang-3.3': CLANG_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+        '/usr/bin/clang++-3.3': CLANGXX_3_3 + CLANG_PLATFORM_X86_64_WIN,
+    }
+
+    def test_cannot_cross(self):
+        paths = {
+            '/usr/bin/cl': VS_2015u3 + VS_PLATFORM_X86,
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': ('Target C compiler target CPU (x86) '
+                           'does not match --target CPU (x86_64)'),
+        })
+
+
+class LinuxCrossCompileToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    TARGET = 'arm-unknown-linux-gnu'
+    PATHS = {
+        '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-gcc': GCC_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-g++': GXX_4_9 + GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-gcc-4.7': GCC_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-g++-4.7': GXX_4_7 + GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-gcc-5': GCC_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+        '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-g++-5': GXX_5 + GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+    }
+    PATHS.update(LinuxToolchainTest.PATHS)
+    ARM_GCC_4_7_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_4_7_RESULT
+    ARM_GCC_5_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_5_RESULT + {
+        'compiler': '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-gcc-5',
+    }
+    ARM_GXX_5_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_5_RESULT + {
+        'compiler': '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnu-g++-5',
+    }
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_6_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT
+    GCC_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GCC_4_9_RESULT
+    GXX_4_9_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.GXX_4_9_RESULT
+
+    little_endian = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_LINUX,
+                                 GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+    big_endian = FakeCompiler(GCC_PLATFORM_LINUX, GCC_PLATFORM_BIG_ENDIAN)
+
+    PLATFORMS = {
+        'i686-pc-linux-gnu': GCC_PLATFORM_X86_LINUX,
+        'x86_64-pc-linux-gnu': GCC_PLATFORM_X86_64_LINUX,
+        'arm-unknown-linux-gnu': GCC_PLATFORM_ARM_LINUX,
+        'aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu': little_endian + {
+            '__aarch64__': 1,
+        },
+        'ia64-unknown-linux-gnu': little_endian + {
+            '__ia64__': 1,
+        },
+        's390x-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            '__s390x__': 1,
+            '__s390__': 1,
+        },
+        's390-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            '__s390__': 1,
+        },
+        'powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            None: {
+                '__powerpc64__': 1,
+                '__powerpc__': 1,
+            },
+            '-m32': {
+                '__powerpc64__': False,
+            },
+        },
+        'powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            None: {
+                '__powerpc__': 1,
+            },
+            '-m64': {
+                '__powerpc64__': 1,
+            },
+        },
+        'alpha-unknown-linux-gnu': little_endian + {
+            '__alpha__': 1,
+        },
+        'hppa-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            '__hppa__': 1,
+        },
+        'sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            None: {
+                '__arch64__': 1,
+                '__sparc__': 1,
+            },
+            '-m32': {
+                '__arch64__': False,
+            },
+        },
+        'sparc-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            None: {
+                '__sparc__': 1,
+            },
+            '-m64': {
+                '__arch64__': 1,
+            },
+        },
+        'mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64': big_endian + {
+            '__mips64': 1,
+            '__mips__': 1,
+        },
+        'mips-unknown-linux-gnu': big_endian + {
+            '__mips__': 1,
+        },
+    }
+
+    PLATFORMS['powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu'] = \
+        PLATFORMS['powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu'] + GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    PLATFORMS['mips64el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64'] = \
+        PLATFORMS['mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64'] + GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+    PLATFORMS['mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu'] = \
+        PLATFORMS['mips-unknown-linux-gnu'] + GCC_PLATFORM_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+
+    def do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(self, host, target):
+        self.HOST = host
+        self.TARGET = target
+        paths = {
+            '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS[host],
+            '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS[host],
+        }
+        cross_flags = {
+            'flags': ['-m64' if '64' in target else '-m32']
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT + cross_flags,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT + cross_flags,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        })
+        self.HOST = LinuxCrossCompileToolchainTest.HOST
+        self.TARGET = LinuxCrossCompileToolchainTest.TARGET
+
+    def test_cross_x86_x64(self):
+        self.do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(
+            'i686-pc-linux-gnu', 'x86_64-pc-linux-gnu')
+        self.do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(
+            'x86_64-pc-linux-gnu', 'i686-pc-linux-gnu')
+
+    def test_cross_sparc_sparc64(self):
+        self.do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(
+            'sparc-unknown-linux-gnu', 'sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu')
+        self.do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(
+            'sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu', 'sparc-unknown-linux-gnu')
+
+    def test_cross_ppc_ppc64(self):
+        self.do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(
+            'powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu', 'powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu')
+        self.do_test_cross_gcc_32_64(
+            'powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu', 'powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu')
+
+    def do_test_cross_gcc(self, host, target):
+        self.HOST = host
+        self.TARGET = target
+        host_cpu = host.split('-')[0]
+        cpu, manufacturer, os = target.split('-', 2)
+        toolchain_prefix = '/usr/bin/%s-%s' % (cpu, os)
+        paths = {
+            '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS[host],
+            '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS[host],
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': ('Target C compiler target CPU (%s) '
+                           'does not match --target CPU (%s)'
+                           % (host_cpu, cpu)),
+        })
+
+        paths.update({
+            '%s-gcc' % toolchain_prefix: GCC_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS[target],
+            '%s-g++' % toolchain_prefix: GXX_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS[target],
+        })
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '%s-gcc' % toolchain_prefix,
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT + {
+                'compiler': '%s-g++' % toolchain_prefix,
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        })
+        self.HOST = LinuxCrossCompileToolchainTest.HOST
+        self.TARGET = LinuxCrossCompileToolchainTest.TARGET
+
+    def test_cross_gcc_misc(self):
+        for target in self.PLATFORMS:
+            if not target.endswith('-pc-linux-gnu'):
+                self.do_test_cross_gcc('x86_64-pc-linux-gnu', target)
+
+    def test_cannot_cross(self):
+        self.TARGET = 'mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu'
+
+        paths = {
+            '/usr/bin/gcc': GCC_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS['mips-unknown-linux-gnu'],
+            '/usr/bin/g++': GXX_4_9 + self.PLATFORMS['mips-unknown-linux-gnu'],
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': ('Target C compiler target endianness (big) '
+                           'does not match --target endianness (little)'),
+        })
+        self.TARGET = LinuxCrossCompileToolchainTest.TARGET
+
+    def test_overridden_cross_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.ARM_GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.ARM_GXX_5_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'arm-linux-gnu-gcc-5',
+            'CXX': 'arm-linux-gnu-g++-5',
+        })
+
+    def test_overridden_unsupported_cross_gcc(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.ARM_GCC_4_7_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'arm-linux-gnu-gcc-4.7',
+            'CXX': 'arm-linux-gnu-g++-4.7',
+        })
+
+    def test_guess_cross_cxx(self):
+        # When CXX is not set, we guess it from CC.
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.ARM_GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.ARM_GXX_5_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.GCC_4_9_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.GXX_4_9_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'arm-linux-gnu-gcc-5',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.ARM_GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.ARM_GXX_5_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'arm-linux-gnu-gcc-5',
+            'HOST_CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.ARM_GCC_5_RESULT,
+            'cxx_compiler': self.ARM_GXX_5_RESULT,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'arm-linux-gnu-gcc-5',
+            'CXX': 'arm-linux-gnu-g++-5',
+            'HOST_CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+    def test_cross_clang(self):
+        cross_clang_result = self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+            'flags': ['--target=arm-linux-gnu'],
+        }
+        cross_clangxx_result = self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+            'flags': ['--target=arm-linux-gnu'],
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': cross_clang_result,
+            'cxx_compiler': cross_clangxx_result,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+            'HOST_CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': cross_clang_result,
+            'cxx_compiler': cross_clangxx_result,
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+    def test_cross_atypical_clang(self):
+        paths = dict(self.PATHS)
+        paths.update({
+            '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast': paths['/usr/bin/clang'],
+            '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast++': paths['/usr/bin/clang++'],
+        })
+        afl_clang_result = self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+            'compiler': '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast',
+        }
+        afl_clangxx_result = self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+            'compiler': '/usr/bin/afl-clang-fast++',
+        }
+        self.do_toolchain_test(paths, {
+            'c_compiler': afl_clang_result + {
+                'flags': ['--target=arm-linux-gnu'],
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': afl_clangxx_result + {
+                'flags': ['--target=arm-linux-gnu'],
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': afl_clang_result,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': afl_clangxx_result,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'afl-clang-fast',
+            'CXX': 'afl-clang-fast++',
+        })
+
+
+class OSXCrossToolchainTest(BaseToolchainTest):
+    TARGET = 'i686-apple-darwin11.2.0'
+    PATHS = LinuxToolchainTest.PATHS
+    CLANG_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANG_3_6_RESULT
+    CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT = LinuxToolchainTest.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT
+
+    def test_osx_cross(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['--target=i686-darwin11.2.0'],
+            },
+            'cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT + {
+                'flags': ['--target=i686-darwin11.2.0'],
+            },
+            'host_c_compiler': self.CLANG_3_6_RESULT,
+            'host_cxx_compiler': self.CLANGXX_3_6_RESULT,
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'clang',
+        })
+
+    def test_cannot_osx_cross(self):
+        self.do_toolchain_test(self.PATHS, {
+            'c_compiler': 'Target C compiler target kernel (Linux) does not '
+                          'match --target kernel (Darwin)',
+        }, environ={
+            'CC': 'gcc',
+        })
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_helpers.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ec33a8b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolchain_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import copy
+import re
+import types
+import unittest
+
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+    MockedOpen,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from mozbuild.util import ReadOnlyNamespace
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+
+class CompilerPreprocessor(Preprocessor):
+    # The C preprocessor only expands macros when they are not in C strings.
+    # For now, we don't look very hard for C strings because they don't matter
+    # that much for our unit tests, but we at least avoid expanding in the
+    # simple "FOO" case.
+    VARSUBST = re.compile('(?<!")(?P<VAR>\w+)(?!")', re.U)
+    NON_WHITESPACE = re.compile('\S')
+    HAS_FEATURE = re.compile('(__has_feature)\(([^\)]*)\)')
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        Preprocessor.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.do_filter('c_substitution')
+        self.setMarker('#\s*')
+
+    def do_if(self, expression, **kwargs):
+        # The C preprocessor handles numbers following C rules, which is a
+        # different handling than what our Preprocessor does out of the box.
+        # Hack around it enough that the configure tests work properly.
+        context = self.context
+        def normalize_numbers(value):
+            if isinstance(value, types.StringTypes):
+                if value[-1:] == 'L' and value[:-1].isdigit():
+                    value = int(value[:-1])
+            return value
+        # Our Preprocessor doesn't handle macros with parameters, so we hack
+        # around that for __has_feature()-like things.
+        def normalize_has_feature(expr):
+            return self.HAS_FEATURE.sub(r'\1\2', expr)
+        self.context = self.Context(
+            (normalize_has_feature(k), normalize_numbers(v))
+            for k, v in context.iteritems()
+        )
+        try:
+            return Preprocessor.do_if(self, normalize_has_feature(expression),
+                                      **kwargs)
+        finally:
+            self.context = context
+
+    class Context(dict):
+        def __missing__(self, key):
+            return None
+
+    def filter_c_substitution(self, line):
+        def repl(matchobj):
+            varname = matchobj.group('VAR')
+            if varname in self.context:
+                result = str(self.context[varname])
+                # The C preprocessor inserts whitespaces around expanded
+                # symbols.
+                start, end = matchobj.span('VAR')
+                if self.NON_WHITESPACE.match(line[start-1:start]):
+                    result = ' ' + result
+                if self.NON_WHITESPACE.match(line[end:end+1]):
+                    result = result + ' '
+                return result
+            return matchobj.group(0)
+        return self.VARSUBST.sub(repl, line)
+
+
+class TestCompilerPreprocessor(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_expansion(self):
+        pp = CompilerPreprocessor({
+            'A': 1,
+            'B': '2',
+            'C': 'c',
+            'D': 'd'
+        })
+        pp.out = StringIO()
+        input = StringIO('A.B.C "D"')
+        input.name = 'foo'
+        pp.do_include(input)
+
+        self.assertEquals(pp.out.getvalue(), '1 . 2 . c "D"')
+
+    def test_condition(self):
+        pp = CompilerPreprocessor({
+            'A': 1,
+            'B': '2',
+            'C': '0L',
+        })
+        pp.out = StringIO()
+        input = StringIO(dedent('''\
+            #ifdef A
+            IFDEF_A
+            #endif
+            #if A
+            IF_A
+            #endif
+            #  if B
+            IF_B
+            #  else
+            IF_NOT_B
+            #  endif
+            #if !C
+            IF_NOT_C
+            #else
+            IF_C
+            #endif
+        '''))
+        input.name = 'foo'
+        pp.do_include(input)
+
+        self.assertEquals('IFDEF_A\nIF_A\nIF_B\nIF_NOT_C\n', pp.out.getvalue())
+
+
+class FakeCompiler(dict):
+    '''Defines a fake compiler for use in toolchain tests below.
+
+    The definitions given when creating an instance can have one of two
+    forms:
+    - a dict giving preprocessor symbols and their respective value, e.g.
+        { '__GNUC__': 4, '__STDC__': 1 }
+    - a dict associating flags to preprocessor symbols. An entry for `None`
+      is required in this case. Those are the baseline preprocessor symbols.
+      Additional entries describe additional flags to set or existing flags
+      to unset (with a value of `False`).
+        {
+          None: { '__GNUC__': 4, '__STDC__': 1, '__STRICT_ANSI__': 1 },
+          '-std=gnu99': { '__STDC_VERSION__': '199901L',
+                          '__STRICT_ANSI__': False },
+        }
+      With the dict above, invoking the preprocessor with no additional flags
+      would define __GNUC__, __STDC__ and __STRICT_ANSI__, and with -std=gnu99,
+      __GNUC__, __STDC__, and __STDC_VERSION__ (__STRICT_ANSI__ would be
+      unset).
+      It is also possible to have different symbols depending on the source
+      file extension. In this case, the key is '*.ext'. e.g.
+        {
+          '*.c': { '__STDC__': 1 },
+          '*.cpp': { '__cplusplus': '199711L' },
+        }
+
+    All the given definitions are merged together.
+
+    A FakeCompiler instance itself can be used as a definition to create
+    another FakeCompiler.
+
+    For convenience, FakeCompiler instances can be added (+) to one another.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, *definitions):
+        for definition in definitions:
+            if all(not isinstance(d, dict) for d in definition.itervalues()):
+                definition = {None: definition}
+            for key, value in definition.iteritems():
+                self.setdefault(key, {}).update(value)
+
+    def __call__(self, stdin, args):
+        files = [arg for arg in args if not arg.startswith('-')]
+        flags = [arg for arg in args if arg.startswith('-')]
+        if '-E' in flags:
+            assert len(files) == 1
+            file = files[0]
+            pp = CompilerPreprocessor(self[None])
+
+            def apply_defn(defn):
+                for k, v in defn.iteritems():
+                    if v is False:
+                        if k in pp.context:
+                            del pp.context[k]
+                    else:
+                        pp.context[k] = v
+
+            for glob, defn in self.iteritems():
+                if glob and not glob.startswith('-') and fnmatch(file, glob):
+                    apply_defn(defn)
+
+            for flag in flags:
+                apply_defn(self.get(flag, {}))
+
+            pp.out = StringIO()
+            pp.do_include(file)
+            return 0, pp.out.getvalue(), ''
+        elif '-c' in flags:
+            if '-funknown-flag' in flags:
+                return 1, '', ''
+            return 0, '', ''
+
+        return 1, '', ''
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return FakeCompiler(self, other)
+
+
+class TestFakeCompiler(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_fake_compiler(self):
+        with MockedOpen({
+            'file': 'A B C',
+            'file.c': 'A B C',
+        }):
+            compiler = FakeCompiler({
+                'A': '1',
+                'B': '2',
+            })
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 2 C', ''))
+
+            compiler = FakeCompiler({
+                None: {
+                    'A': '1',
+                    'B': '2',
+                },
+                '-foo': {
+                    'C': 'foo',
+                },
+                '-bar': {
+                    'B': 'bar',
+                    'C': 'bar',
+                },
+                '-qux': {
+                    'B': False,
+                },
+                '*.c': {
+                    'B': '42',
+                },
+            })
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 2 C', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-foo', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 2 foo', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-bar', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 bar bar', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-qux', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 B C', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-foo', '-bar', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 bar bar', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-bar', '-foo', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 bar foo', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-bar', '-qux', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 B bar', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-qux', '-bar', 'file']),
+                              (0, '1 bar bar', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', 'file.c']),
+                              (0, '1 42 C', ''))
+            self.assertEquals(compiler(None, ['-E', '-bar', 'file.c']),
+                              (0, '1 bar bar', ''))
+
+    def test_multiple_definitions(self):
+        compiler = FakeCompiler({
+            'A': 1,
+            'B': 2,
+        }, {
+            'C': 3,
+        })
+
+        self.assertEquals(compiler, {
+            None: {
+                'A': 1,
+                'B': 2,
+                'C': 3,
+            },
+        })
+        compiler = FakeCompiler({
+            'A': 1,
+            'B': 2,
+        }, {
+            'B': 4,
+            'C': 3,
+        })
+
+        self.assertEquals(compiler, {
+            None: {
+                'A': 1,
+                'B': 4,
+                'C': 3,
+            },
+        })
+        compiler = FakeCompiler({
+            'A': 1,
+            'B': 2,
+        }, {
+            None: {
+                'B': 4,
+                'C': 3,
+            },
+            '-foo': {
+                'D': 5,
+            },
+        })
+
+        self.assertEquals(compiler, {
+            None: {
+                'A': 1,
+                'B': 4,
+                'C': 3,
+            },
+            '-foo': {
+                'D': 5,
+            },
+        })
+
+        compiler = FakeCompiler({
+            None: {
+                'A': 1,
+                'B': 2,
+            },
+            '-foo': {
+                'D': 5,
+            },
+        }, {
+            '-foo': {
+                'D': 5,
+            },
+            '-bar': {
+                'E': 6,
+            },
+        })
+
+        self.assertEquals(compiler, {
+            None: {
+                'A': 1,
+                'B': 2,
+            },
+            '-foo': {
+                'D': 5,
+            },
+            '-bar': {
+                'E': 6,
+            },
+        })
+
+
+class CompilerResult(ReadOnlyNamespace):
+    '''Helper of convenience to manipulate toolchain results in unit tests
+
+    When adding a dict, the result is a new CompilerResult with the values
+    from the dict replacing those from the CompilerResult, except for `flags`,
+    where the value from the dict extends the `flags` in `self`.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapper=None, compiler='', version='', type='',
+                 language='', flags=None):
+        if flags is None:
+            flags = []
+        if wrapper is None:
+            wrapper = []
+        super(CompilerResult, self).__init__(
+            flags=flags,
+            version=version,
+            type=type,
+            compiler=mozpath.abspath(compiler),
+            wrapper=wrapper,
+            language=language,
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        assert isinstance(other, dict)
+        result = copy.deepcopy(self.__dict__)
+        for k, v in other.iteritems():
+            if k == 'flags':
+                result.setdefault(k, []).extend(v)
+            else:
+                result[k] = v
+        return CompilerResult(**result)
+
+
+class TestCompilerResult(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_compiler_result(self):
+        result = CompilerResult()
+        self.assertEquals(result.__dict__, {
+            'wrapper': [],
+            'compiler': mozpath.abspath(''),
+            'version': '',
+            'type': '',
+            'language': '',
+            'flags': [],
+        })
+
+        result = CompilerResult(
+            compiler='/usr/bin/gcc',
+            version='4.2.1',
+            type='gcc',
+            language='C',
+            flags=['-std=gnu99'],
+        )
+        self.assertEquals(result.__dict__, {
+            'wrapper': [],
+            'compiler': mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/gcc'),
+            'version': '4.2.1',
+            'type': 'gcc',
+            'language': 'C',
+            'flags': ['-std=gnu99'],
+        })
+
+        result2 = result + {'flags': ['-m32']}
+        self.assertEquals(result2.__dict__, {
+            'wrapper': [],
+            'compiler': mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/gcc'),
+            'version': '4.2.1',
+            'type': 'gcc',
+            'language': 'C',
+            'flags': ['-std=gnu99', '-m32'],
+        })
+        # Original flags are untouched.
+        self.assertEquals(result.flags, ['-std=gnu99'])
+
+        result3 = result + {
+            'compiler': '/usr/bin/gcc-4.7',
+            'version': '4.7.3',
+            'flags': ['-m32'],
+        }
+        self.assertEquals(result3.__dict__, {
+            'wrapper': [],
+            'compiler': mozpath.abspath('/usr/bin/gcc-4.7'),
+            'version': '4.7.3',
+            'type': 'gcc',
+            'language': 'C',
+            'flags': ['-std=gnu99', '-m32'],
+        })
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolkit_moz_configure.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolkit_moz_configure.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30dc022b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_toolkit_moz_configure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+
+from buildconfig import topsrcdir
+from common import BaseConfigureTest
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+class TestToolkitMozConfigure(BaseConfigureTest):
+    def test_necko_protocols(self):
+        def get_value(arg):
+            sandbox = self.get_sandbox({}, {}, [arg])
+            return sandbox._value_for(sandbox['necko_protocols'])
+
+        default_protocols = get_value('')
+        self.assertNotEqual(default_protocols, ())
+
+        # Backwards compatibility
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols'),
+                         default_protocols)
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=yes'),
+                         default_protocols)
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=all'),
+                         default_protocols)
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=default'),
+                         default_protocols)
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols='), ())
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=no'), ())
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=none'), ())
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--disable-necko-protocols'), ())
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=http'),
+                         ('http',))
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=http,about'),
+                         ('about', 'http'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=http,none'), ())
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=-http'), ())
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=none,http'),
+                         ('http',))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=all,-http,-about'),
+            tuple(p for p in default_protocols if p not in ('http', 'about')))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_value('--enable-necko-protocols=default,-http,-about'),
+            tuple(p for p in default_protocols if p not in ('http', 'about')))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_util.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38b3c636e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/configure/test_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+from mozunit import main
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+from mozbuild.configure.util import (
+    ConfigureOutputHandler,
+    getpreferredencoding,
+    LineIO,
+    Version,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.configure import (
+    ConfigureSandbox,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.util import exec_
+
+from buildconfig import topsrcdir
+from common import ConfigureTestSandbox
+
+
+class TestConfigureOutputHandler(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_separation(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        err = StringIO()
+        name = '%s.test_separation' % self.__class__.__name__
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        logger.addHandler(ConfigureOutputHandler(out, err))
+
+        logger.error('foo')
+        logger.warning('bar')
+        logger.info('baz')
+        # DEBUG level is not printed out by this handler
+        logger.debug('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'baz\n')
+        self.assertEqual(err.getvalue(), 'foo\nbar\n')
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        err = StringIO()
+        name = '%s.test_format' % self.__class__.__name__
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        handler =  ConfigureOutputHandler(out, err)
+        handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s:%(message)s'))
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        logger.error('foo')
+        logger.warning('bar')
+        logger.info('baz')
+        # DEBUG level is not printed out by this handler
+        logger.debug('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'baz\n')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            err.getvalue(),
+            'ERROR:foo\n'
+            'WARNING:bar\n'
+        )
+
+    def test_continuation(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        name = '%s.test_continuation' % self.__class__.__name__
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        handler =  ConfigureOutputHandler(out, out)
+        handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s:%(message)s'))
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        logger.info('foo')
+        logger.info('checking bar... ')
+        logger.info('yes')
+        logger.info('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'foo\n'
+            'checking bar... yes\n'
+            'qux\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        logger.info('foo')
+        logger.info('checking bar... ')
+        logger.warning('hoge')
+        logger.info('no')
+        logger.info('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'foo\n'
+            'checking bar... \n'
+            'WARNING:hoge\n'
+            ' ... no\n'
+            'qux\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        logger.info('foo')
+        logger.info('checking bar... ')
+        logger.warning('hoge')
+        logger.warning('fuga')
+        logger.info('no')
+        logger.info('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'foo\n'
+            'checking bar... \n'
+            'WARNING:hoge\n'
+            'WARNING:fuga\n'
+            ' ... no\n'
+            'qux\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+        err = StringIO()
+
+        logger.removeHandler(handler)
+        handler =  ConfigureOutputHandler(out, err)
+        handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s:%(message)s'))
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        logger.info('foo')
+        logger.info('checking bar... ')
+        logger.warning('hoge')
+        logger.warning('fuga')
+        logger.info('no')
+        logger.info('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'foo\n'
+            'checking bar... no\n'
+            'qux\n'
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            err.getvalue(),
+            'WARNING:hoge\n'
+            'WARNING:fuga\n'
+        )
+
+    def test_queue_debug(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        name = '%s.test_queue_debug' % self.__class__.__name__
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        handler =  ConfigureOutputHandler(out, out, maxlen=3)
+        handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s:%(message)s'))
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        with handler.queue_debug():
+            logger.info('checking bar... ')
+            logger.debug('do foo')
+            logger.info('yes')
+            logger.info('qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'checking bar... yes\n'
+            'qux\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        with handler.queue_debug():
+            logger.info('checking bar... ')
+            logger.debug('do foo')
+            logger.info('no')
+            logger.error('fail')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'checking bar... no\n'
+            'DEBUG:do foo\n'
+            'ERROR:fail\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        with handler.queue_debug():
+            logger.info('checking bar... ')
+            logger.debug('do foo')
+            logger.debug('do bar')
+            logger.debug('do baz')
+            logger.info('no')
+            logger.error('fail')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'checking bar... no\n'
+            'DEBUG:do foo\n'
+            'DEBUG:do bar\n'
+            'DEBUG:do baz\n'
+            'ERROR:fail\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        with handler.queue_debug():
+            logger.info('checking bar... ')
+            logger.debug('do foo')
+            logger.debug('do bar')
+            logger.debug('do baz')
+            logger.debug('do qux')
+            logger.debug('do hoge')
+            logger.info('no')
+            logger.error('fail')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'checking bar... no\n'
+            'DEBUG:<truncated - see config.log for full output>\n'
+            'DEBUG:do baz\n'
+            'DEBUG:do qux\n'
+            'DEBUG:do hoge\n'
+            'ERROR:fail\n'
+        )
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        try:
+            with handler.queue_debug():
+                logger.info('checking bar... ')
+                logger.debug('do foo')
+                logger.debug('do bar')
+                logger.info('no')
+                e = Exception('fail')
+                raise e
+        except Exception as caught:
+            self.assertIs(caught, e)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            out.getvalue(),
+            'checking bar... no\n'
+            'DEBUG:do foo\n'
+            'DEBUG:do bar\n'
+        )
+
+    def test_queue_debug_reentrant(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        name = '%s.test_queue_debug_reentrant' % self.__class__.__name__
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        handler =  ConfigureOutputHandler(out, out, maxlen=10)
+        handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(levelname)s| %(message)s'))
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+        try:
+            with handler.queue_debug():
+                logger.info('outer info')
+                logger.debug('outer debug')
+                with handler.queue_debug():
+                    logger.info('inner info')
+                    logger.debug('inner debug')
+                    e = Exception('inner exception')
+                    raise e
+        except Exception as caught:
+            self.assertIs(caught, e)
+
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+                         'outer info\n'
+                         'inner info\n'
+                         'DEBUG| outer debug\n'
+                         'DEBUG| inner debug\n')
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        try:
+            with handler.queue_debug():
+                logger.info('outer info')
+                logger.debug('outer debug')
+                with handler.queue_debug():
+                    logger.info('inner info')
+                    logger.debug('inner debug')
+                e = Exception('outer exception')
+                raise e
+        except Exception as caught:
+            self.assertIs(caught, e)
+
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+                         'outer info\n'
+                         'inner info\n'
+                         'DEBUG| outer debug\n'
+                         'DEBUG| inner debug\n')
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        with handler.queue_debug():
+            logger.info('outer info')
+            logger.debug('outer debug')
+            with handler.queue_debug():
+                logger.info('inner info')
+                logger.debug('inner debug')
+                logger.error('inner error')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+                         'outer info\n'
+                         'inner info\n'
+                         'DEBUG| outer debug\n'
+                         'DEBUG| inner debug\n'
+                         'ERROR| inner error\n')
+
+        out.seek(0)
+        out.truncate()
+
+        with handler.queue_debug():
+            logger.info('outer info')
+            logger.debug('outer debug')
+            with handler.queue_debug():
+                logger.info('inner info')
+                logger.debug('inner debug')
+            logger.error('outer error')
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+                         'outer info\n'
+                         'inner info\n'
+                         'DEBUG| outer debug\n'
+                         'DEBUG| inner debug\n'
+                         'ERROR| outer error\n')
+
+    def test_is_same_output(self):
+        fd1 = sys.stderr.fileno()
+        fd2 = os.dup(fd1)
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(ConfigureOutputHandler._is_same_output(fd1, fd2))
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd2)
+
+        fd2, path = tempfile.mkstemp()
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(ConfigureOutputHandler._is_same_output(fd1, fd2))
+
+            fd3 = os.dup(fd2)
+            try:
+                self.assertTrue(ConfigureOutputHandler._is_same_output(fd2, fd3))
+            finally:
+                os.close(fd3)
+
+            with open(path, 'a') as fh:
+                fd3 = fh.fileno()
+                self.assertTrue(
+                    ConfigureOutputHandler._is_same_output(fd2, fd3))
+
+        finally:
+            os.close(fd2)
+            os.remove(path)
+
+
+class TestLineIO(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_lineio(self):
+        lines = []
+        l = LineIO(lambda l: lines.append(l))
+
+        l.write('a')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [])
+
+        l.write('b')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, [])
+
+        l.write('\n')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab'])
+
+        l.write('cdef')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab'])
+
+        l.write('\n')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab', 'cdef'])
+
+        l.write('ghi\njklm')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab', 'cdef', 'ghi'])
+
+        l.write('nop\nqrst\nuv\n')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab', 'cdef', 'ghi', 'jklmnop', 'qrst', 'uv'])
+
+        l.write('wx\nyz')
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab', 'cdef', 'ghi', 'jklmnop', 'qrst', 'uv',
+                                 'wx'])
+
+        l.close()
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['ab', 'cdef', 'ghi', 'jklmnop', 'qrst', 'uv',
+                                 'wx', 'yz'])
+
+    def test_lineio_contextmanager(self):
+        lines = []
+        with LineIO(lambda l: lines.append(l)) as l:
+            l.write('a\nb\nc')
+
+            self.assertEqual(lines, ['a', 'b'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+
+
+class TestLogSubprocessOutput(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_non_ascii_subprocess_output(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureSandbox({}, {}, [], out, out)
+
+        sandbox.include_file(mozpath.join(topsrcdir, 'build',
+                             'moz.configure', 'util.configure'))
+        sandbox.include_file(mozpath.join(topsrcdir, 'python', 'mozbuild',
+                                          'mozbuild', 'test', 'configure',
+                                          'data', 'subprocess.configure'))
+        status = 0
+        try:
+            sandbox.run()
+        except SystemExit as e:
+            status = e.code
+
+        self.assertEquals(status, 0)
+        quote_char = "'"
+        if getpreferredencoding().lower() == 'utf-8':
+            quote_char = '\u00B4'.encode('utf-8')
+        self.assertEquals(out.getvalue().strip(), quote_char)
+
+
+class TestVersion(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_version_simple(self):
+        v = Version('1')
+        self.assertEqual(v, '1')
+        self.assertLess(v, '2')
+        self.assertGreater(v, '0.5')
+        self.assertEqual(v.major, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(v.minor, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(v.patch, 0)
+
+    def test_version_more(self):
+        v = Version('1.2.3b')
+        self.assertLess(v, '2')
+        self.assertEqual(v.major, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(v.minor, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(v.patch, 3)
+
+    def test_version_bad(self):
+        # A version with a letter in the middle doesn't really make sense,
+        # so everything after it should be ignored.
+        v = Version('1.2b.3')
+        self.assertLess(v, '2')
+        self.assertEqual(v.major, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(v.minor, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(v.patch, 0)
+
+    def test_version_badder(self):
+        v = Version('1b.2.3')
+        self.assertLess(v, '2')
+        self.assertEqual(v.major, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(v.minor, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(v.patch, 0)
+
+class TestCheckCmdOutput(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def get_result(self, command='', paths=None):
+        paths = paths or {}
+        config = {}
+        out = StringIO()
+        sandbox = ConfigureTestSandbox(paths, config, {}, ['/bin/configure'],
+                                       out, out)
+        sandbox.include_file(mozpath.join(topsrcdir, 'build',
+                             'moz.configure', 'util.configure'))
+        status = 0
+        try:
+            exec_(command, sandbox)
+            sandbox.run()
+        except SystemExit as e:
+            status = e.code
+        return config, out.getvalue(), status
+
+    def test_simple_program(self):
+        def mock_simple_prog(_, args):
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] == '--help':
+                return 0, 'simple program help...', ''
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_simple_program: %s" %
+                      args)
+        prog_path = mozpath.abspath('/simple/prog')
+        cmd = "log.info(check_cmd_output('%s', '--help'))" % prog_path
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(cmd,
+                                              paths={prog_path: mock_simple_prog})
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(out, 'simple program help...\n')
+
+    def test_failing_program(self):
+        def mock_error_prog(_, args):
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] == '--error':
+                return (127, 'simple program output',
+                        'simple program error output')
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_error_program: %s" %
+                      args)
+        prog_path = mozpath.abspath('/simple/prog')
+        cmd = "log.info(check_cmd_output('%s', '--error'))" % prog_path
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(cmd,
+                                              paths={prog_path: mock_error_prog})
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            DEBUG: Executing: `%s --error`
+            DEBUG: The command returned non-zero exit status 127.
+            DEBUG: Its output was:
+            DEBUG: | simple program output
+            DEBUG: Its error output was:
+            DEBUG: | simple program error output
+            ERROR: Command `%s --error` failed with exit status 127.
+        ''' % (prog_path, prog_path)))
+
+    def test_error_callback(self):
+        def mock_error_prog(_, args):
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] == '--error':
+                return 127, 'simple program error...', ''
+            self.fail("Unexpected arguments to mock_error_program: %s" %
+                      args)
+
+        prog_path = mozpath.abspath('/simple/prog')
+        cmd = textwrap.dedent('''\
+            check_cmd_output('%s', '--error',
+                             onerror=lambda: die('`prog` produced an error'))
+        ''' % prog_path)
+        config, out, status = self.get_result(cmd,
+                                              paths={prog_path: mock_error_prog})
+        self.assertEqual(config, {})
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(out, textwrap.dedent('''\
+            DEBUG: Executing: `%s --error`
+            DEBUG: The command returned non-zero exit status 127.
+            DEBUG: Its output was:
+            DEBUG: | simple program error...
+            ERROR: `prog` produced an error
+        ''' % prog_path))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_ccachestats.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_ccachestats.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a6608ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_ccachestats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.controller.building import CCacheStats
+
+
+class TestCcacheStats(unittest.TestCase):
+    STAT_GARBAGE = """A garbage line which should be failed to parse"""
+
+    STAT0 = """
+    cache directory                     /home/tlin/.ccache
+    cache hit (direct)                     0
+    cache hit (preprocessed)               0
+    cache miss                             0
+    files in cache                         0
+    cache size                             0 Kbytes
+    max cache size                      16.0 Gbytes"""
+
+    STAT1 = """
+    cache directory                     /home/tlin/.ccache
+    cache hit (direct)                   100
+    cache hit (preprocessed)             200
+    cache miss                          2500
+    called for link                      180
+    called for preprocessing               6
+    compile failed                        11
+    preprocessor error                     3
+    bad compiler arguments                 6
+    unsupported source language            9
+    autoconf compile/link                 60
+    unsupported compiler option            2
+    no input file                         21
+    files in cache                      7344
+    cache size                           1.9 Gbytes
+    max cache size                      16.0 Gbytes"""
+
+    STAT2 = """
+    cache directory                     /home/tlin/.ccache
+    cache hit (direct)                  1900
+    cache hit (preprocessed)             300
+    cache miss                          2600
+    called for link                      361
+    called for preprocessing              12
+    compile failed                        22
+    preprocessor error                     6
+    bad compiler arguments                12
+    unsupported source language           18
+    autoconf compile/link                120
+    unsupported compiler option            4
+    no input file                         48
+    files in cache                      7392
+    cache size                           2.0 Gbytes
+    max cache size                      16.0 Gbytes"""
+
+    STAT3 = """
+    cache directory                     /Users/tlin/.ccache
+    primary config                      /Users/tlin/.ccache/ccache.conf
+    secondary config      (readonly)    /usr/local/Cellar/ccache/3.2/etc/ccache.conf
+    cache hit (direct)                 12004
+    cache hit (preprocessed)            1786
+    cache miss                         26348
+    called for link                     2338
+    called for preprocessing            6313
+    compile failed                       399
+    preprocessor error                   390
+    bad compiler arguments                86
+    unsupported source language           66
+    autoconf compile/link               2439
+    unsupported compiler option          187
+    no input file                       1068
+    files in cache                     18044
+    cache size                           7.5 GB
+    max cache size                       8.6 GB
+    """
+
+    STAT4 = """
+    cache directory                     /Users/tlin/.ccache
+    primary config                      /Users/tlin/.ccache/ccache.conf
+    secondary config      (readonly)    /usr/local/Cellar/ccache/3.2.1/etc/ccache.conf
+    cache hit (direct)                 21039
+    cache hit (preprocessed)            2315
+    cache miss                         39370
+    called for link                     3651
+    called for preprocessing            6693
+    compile failed                       723
+    ccache internal error                  1
+    preprocessor error                   588
+    bad compiler arguments               128
+    unsupported source language           99
+    autoconf compile/link               3669
+    unsupported compiler option          187
+    no input file                       1711
+    files in cache                     18313
+    cache size                           6.3 GB
+    max cache size                       6.0 GB
+    """
+
+    STAT5 = """
+    cache directory                     /Users/tlin/.ccache
+    primary config                      /Users/tlin/.ccache/ccache.conf
+    secondary config      (readonly)    /usr/local/Cellar/ccache/3.2.1/etc/ccache.conf
+    cache hit (direct)                 21039
+    cache hit (preprocessed)            2315
+    cache miss                         39372
+    called for link                     3653
+    called for preprocessing            6693
+    compile failed                       723
+    ccache internal error                  1
+    preprocessor error                   588
+    bad compiler arguments               128
+    unsupported source language           99
+    autoconf compile/link               3669
+    unsupported compiler option          187
+    no input file                       1711
+    files in cache                     17411
+    cache size                           6.0 GB
+    max cache size                       6.0 GB
+    """
+
+    STAT6 = """
+    cache directory                     /Users/tlin/.ccache
+    primary config                      /Users/tlin/.ccache/ccache.conf
+    secondary config      (readonly)    /usr/local/Cellar/ccache/3.3.2/etc/ccache.conf
+    cache hit (direct)                319287
+    cache hit (preprocessed)          125987
+    cache miss                        749959
+    cache hit rate                     37.25 %
+    called for link                    87978
+    called for preprocessing          418591
+    multiple source files               1861
+    compiler produced no output          122
+    compiler produced empty output       174
+    compile failed                     14330
+    ccache internal error                  1
+    preprocessor error                  9459
+    can't use precompiled header           4
+    bad compiler arguments              2077
+    unsupported source language        18195
+    autoconf compile/link              51485
+    unsupported compiler option          322
+    no input file                     309538
+    cleanups performed                     1
+    files in cache                     17358
+    cache size                          15.4 GB
+    max cache size                      17.2 GB
+    """
+
+    def test_parse_garbage_stats_message(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, CCacheStats, self.STAT_GARBAGE)
+
+    def test_parse_zero_stats_message(self):
+        stats = CCacheStats(self.STAT0)
+        self.assertEqual(stats.cache_dir, "/home/tlin/.ccache")
+        self.assertEqual(stats.hit_rates(), (0, 0, 0))
+
+    def test_hit_rate_of_diff_stats(self):
+        stats1 = CCacheStats(self.STAT1)
+        stats2 = CCacheStats(self.STAT2)
+        stats_diff = stats2 - stats1
+        self.assertEqual(stats_diff.hit_rates(), (0.9, 0.05, 0.05))
+
+    def test_stats_contains_data(self):
+        stats0 = CCacheStats(self.STAT0)
+        stats1 = CCacheStats(self.STAT1)
+        stats2 = CCacheStats(self.STAT2)
+        stats_diff_zero = stats1 - stats1
+        stats_diff_negative1 = stats0 - stats1
+        stats_diff_negative2 = stats1 - stats2
+
+        self.assertFalse(stats0)
+        self.assertTrue(stats1)
+        self.assertTrue(stats2)
+        self.assertFalse(stats_diff_zero)
+        self.assertFalse(stats_diff_negative1)
+        self.assertFalse(stats_diff_negative2)
+
+    def test_stats_version32(self):
+        stat2 = CCacheStats(self.STAT2)
+        stat3 = CCacheStats(self.STAT3)
+        stats_diff = stat3 - stat2
+        self.assertTrue(stat3)
+        self.assertTrue(stats_diff)
+
+    def test_cache_size_shrinking(self):
+        stat4 = CCacheStats(self.STAT4)
+        stat5 = CCacheStats(self.STAT5)
+        stats_diff = stat5 - stat4
+        self.assertTrue(stat4)
+        self.assertTrue(stat5)
+        self.assertTrue(stats_diff)
+
+    def test_stats_version33(self):
+        stat3 = CCacheStats(self.STAT3)
+        stat6 = CCacheStats(self.STAT6)
+        stats_diff = stat6 - stat3
+        self.assertTrue(stat6)
+        self.assertTrue(stat3)
+        self.assertTrue(stats_diff)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_clobber.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_clobber.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..997f467ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/controller/test_clobber.py
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.controller.clobber import Clobberer
+from mozbuild.controller.clobber import main as clobber
+
+
+class TestClobberer(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._temp_dirs = []
+
+        return unittest.TestCase.setUp(self)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for d in self._temp_dirs:
+            shutil.rmtree(d, ignore_errors=True)
+
+        return unittest.TestCase.tearDown(self)
+
+    def get_tempdir(self):
+        t = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        self._temp_dirs.append(t)
+        return t
+
+    def get_topsrcdir(self):
+        t = self.get_tempdir()
+        p = os.path.join(t, 'CLOBBER')
+        with open(p, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        return t
+
+    def test_no_objdir(self):
+        """If topobjdir does not exist, no clobber is needed."""
+
+        tmp = os.path.join(self.get_tempdir(), 'topobjdir')
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(tmp))
+
+        c = Clobberer(self.get_topsrcdir(), tmp)
+        self.assertFalse(c.clobber_needed())
+
+        # Side-effect is topobjdir is created with CLOBBER file touched.
+        required, performed, reason = c.maybe_do_clobber(os.getcwd(), True)
+        self.assertFalse(required)
+        self.assertFalse(performed)
+        self.assertIsNone(reason)
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(tmp))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(tmp, 'CLOBBER')))
+
+    def test_objdir_no_clobber_file(self):
+        """If CLOBBER does not exist in topobjdir, treat as empty."""
+
+        c = Clobberer(self.get_topsrcdir(), self.get_tempdir())
+        self.assertFalse(c.clobber_needed())
+
+        required, performed, reason = c.maybe_do_clobber(os.getcwd(), True)
+        self.assertFalse(required)
+        self.assertFalse(performed)
+        self.assertIsNone(reason)
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(c.topobjdir, 'CLOBBER')))
+
+    def test_objdir_clobber_newer(self):
+        """If CLOBBER in topobjdir is newer, do nothing."""
+
+        c = Clobberer(self.get_topsrcdir(), self.get_tempdir())
+        with open(c.obj_clobber, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        required, performed, reason = c.maybe_do_clobber(os.getcwd(), True)
+        self.assertFalse(required)
+        self.assertFalse(performed)
+        self.assertIsNone(reason)
+
+    def test_objdir_clobber_older(self):
+        """If CLOBBER in topobjdir is older, we clobber."""
+
+        c = Clobberer(self.get_topsrcdir(), self.get_tempdir())
+        with open(c.obj_clobber, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        dummy_path = os.path.join(c.topobjdir, 'foo')
+        with open(dummy_path, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dummy_path))
+
+        old_time = os.path.getmtime(c.src_clobber) - 60
+        os.utime(c.obj_clobber, (old_time, old_time))
+
+        self.assertTrue(c.clobber_needed())
+
+        required, performed, reason = c.maybe_do_clobber(os.getcwd(), True)
+        self.assertTrue(required)
+        self.assertTrue(performed)
+
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(dummy_path))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(c.obj_clobber))
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(os.path.getmtime(c.obj_clobber),
+            os.path.getmtime(c.src_clobber))
+
+    def test_objdir_is_srcdir(self):
+        """If topobjdir is the topsrcdir, refuse to clobber."""
+
+        tmp = self.get_topsrcdir()
+        c = Clobberer(tmp, tmp)
+
+        self.assertFalse(c.clobber_needed())
+
+    def test_cwd_is_topobjdir(self):
+        """If cwd is topobjdir, we can still clobber."""
+        c = Clobberer(self.get_topsrcdir(), self.get_tempdir())
+
+        with open(c.obj_clobber, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        dummy_file = os.path.join(c.topobjdir, 'dummy_file')
+        with open(dummy_file, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        dummy_dir = os.path.join(c.topobjdir, 'dummy_dir')
+        os.mkdir(dummy_dir)
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dummy_file))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(dummy_dir))
+
+        old_time = os.path.getmtime(c.src_clobber) - 60
+        os.utime(c.obj_clobber, (old_time, old_time))
+
+        self.assertTrue(c.clobber_needed())
+
+        required, performed, reason = c.maybe_do_clobber(c.topobjdir, True)
+        self.assertTrue(required)
+        self.assertTrue(performed)
+
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(dummy_file))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(dummy_dir))
+
+    def test_cwd_under_topobjdir(self):
+        """If cwd is under topobjdir, we can't clobber."""
+
+        c = Clobberer(self.get_topsrcdir(), self.get_tempdir())
+
+        with open(c.obj_clobber, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        old_time = os.path.getmtime(c.src_clobber) - 60
+        os.utime(c.obj_clobber, (old_time, old_time))
+
+        d = os.path.join(c.topobjdir, 'dummy_dir')
+        os.mkdir(d)
+
+        required, performed, reason = c.maybe_do_clobber(d, True)
+        self.assertTrue(required)
+        self.assertFalse(performed)
+        self.assertIn('Cannot clobber while the shell is inside', reason)
+
+
+    def test_mozconfig_opt_in(self):
+        """Auto clobber iff AUTOCLOBBER is in the environment."""
+
+        topsrcdir = self.get_topsrcdir()
+        topobjdir = self.get_tempdir()
+
+        obj_clobber = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'CLOBBER')
+        with open(obj_clobber, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        dummy_file = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'dummy_file')
+        with open(dummy_file, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dummy_file))
+
+        old_time = os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'CLOBBER')) - 60
+        os.utime(obj_clobber, (old_time, old_time))
+
+        # Check auto clobber is off by default
+        env = dict(os.environ)
+        if env.get('AUTOCLOBBER', False):
+            del env['AUTOCLOBBER']
+
+        s = StringIO()
+        status = clobber([topsrcdir, topobjdir], env, os.getcwd(), s)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 1)
+        self.assertIn('Automatic clobbering is not enabled', s.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dummy_file))
+
+        # Check auto clobber opt-in works
+        env['AUTOCLOBBER'] = '1'
+
+        s = StringIO()
+        status = clobber([topsrcdir, topobjdir], env, os.getcwd(), s)
+        self.assertEqual(status, 0)
+        self.assertIn('Successfully completed auto clobber', s.getvalue())
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(dummy_file))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/Makefile b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/Makefile
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/bad.properties b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/bad.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4d8109b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/bad.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# A region.properties file with invalid unicode byte sequences.  The
+# sequences were cribbed from Markus Kuhn's "UTF-8 decoder capability
+# and stress test", available at
+# http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/examples/UTF-8-test.txt
+
+# 3.5  Impossible bytes                                                         |
+#                                                                               |
+# The following two bytes cannot appear in a correct UTF-8 string               |
+#                                                                               |
+# 3.5.1  fe = "þ"                                                               |
+# 3.5.2  ff = "ÿ"                                                               |
+# 3.5.3  fe fe ff ff = "þþÿÿ"                                                   |
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/Makefile b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/Makefile
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/with/Makefile b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/with/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/with/Makefile
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/with/without/with/Makefile b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/with/without/with/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/with/without/with/Makefile
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/without/with/Makefile b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/without/with/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/test-dir/without/with/Makefile
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/valid.properties b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/valid.properties
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db64bf2ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/data/valid.properties
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# A region.properties file with unicode characters.
+
+# Danish.
+# ####  ~~ Søren Munk Skrøder, sskroeder - 2009-05-30 @ #mozmae
+
+# Korean.
+A.title=한메�
+
+# Russian.
+list.0 = test
+list.1 = Яндек�
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/android-res-dirs/dir1/foo b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/android-res-dirs/dir1/foo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/android-res-dirs/dir1/foo
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/android-res-dirs/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/android-res-dirs/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..242a3628d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/android-res-dirs/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+ANDROID_RES_DIRS += [
+    '/dir1',
+    '!/dir2',
+    '%/dir3',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2946e42aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/bar/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Component('bar')
+NO_COMPONENTS_MANIFEST = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8611a74be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Component('foo')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1776d0514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/binary-components/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+@template
+def Component(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+    IS_COMPONENT = True
+
+DIRS += [
+    'foo',
+    'bar',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/bar.ico b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/bar.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/bar.ico
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/baz.png b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/baz.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/baz.png
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/foo.xpm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/foo.xpm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/foo.xpm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..251bc53ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+BRANDING_FILES += [
+    'bar.ico',
+    'baz.png',
+    'foo.xpm',
+]
+
+BRANDING_FILES.icons += [
+    'quux.icns',
+]
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/quux.icns b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/quux.icns
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/branding-files/quux.icns
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/config-file-substitution/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/config-file-substitution/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f53dd9454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/config-file-substitution/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES += ['foo']
+CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES += ['bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99d10b1a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "random-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+deep-crate = { version = "0.1.0", path = "the/depths" }
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/shallow/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/shallow/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c347f8c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/shallow/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[package]
+name = "shallow-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/the/depths/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/the/depths/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10a4ded0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/crate-dependency-path-resolution/the/depths/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "deep-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[dependencies]
+shallow-crate = { path = "../../shallow" }
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/defines/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/defines/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccb0d5e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/defines/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+value = 'xyz'
+DEFINES = {
+    'FOO': True,
+}
+
+DEFINES['BAZ'] = '"abcd"'
+DEFINES.update({
+    'BAR': 7,
+    'VALUE': value,
+    'QUX': False,
+})
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files-missing/install.rdf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files-missing/install.rdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files-missing/install.rdf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files-missing/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files-missing/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbd2c942b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files-missing/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [
+    'install.rdf',
+    'main.js',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/install.rdf b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/install.rdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/install.rdf
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/main.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/main.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbd2c942b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/dist-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [
+    'install.rdf',
+    'main.js',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/foo.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/foo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/foo.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..259d96fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['mozilla1.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['!mozilla2.h']
+
+GENERATED_FILES += ['mozilla2.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/mozilla1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/mozilla1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-generated/mozilla1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing-generated/foo.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing-generated/foo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing-generated/foo.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing-generated/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing-generated/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0dfce264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing-generated/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+EXPORTS += ['!bar.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/foo.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/foo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/foo.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1f93aab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['mozilla1.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['mozilla2.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/mozilla1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/mozilla1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports-missing/mozilla1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/bar.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/bar.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/bar.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/baz.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/baz.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/baz.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom2.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom2.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom3.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom3.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/dom3.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/foo.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/foo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/foo.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/gfx.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/gfx.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/gfx.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mem.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mem.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mem.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mem2.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mem2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mem2.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..666fbeb81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+EXPORTS += ['bar.h', 'baz.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['mozilla1.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla += ['mozilla2.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla.dom += ['dom1.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla.dom += ['dom2.h', 'dom3.h']
+EXPORTS.mozilla.gfx += ['gfx.h']
+EXPORTS.vpx = ['mem.h']
+EXPORTS.vpx += ['mem2.h']
+EXPORTS.nspr.private = ['pprio.h', 'pprthred.h']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mozilla1.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mozilla1.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mozilla1.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mozilla2.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mozilla2.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/mozilla2.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/pprio.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/pprio.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/pprio.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/pprthred.h b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/pprthred.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/exports/pprthred.h
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/bad-assignment/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/bad-assignment/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6a9799b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/bad-assignment/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+with Files('*'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = 'bad value'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/different-matchers/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/different-matchers/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..990453f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/different-matchers/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+with Files('*.jsm'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Firefox', 'JS')
+with Files('*.cpp'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Firefox', 'C++')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/final/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/final/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cee286445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/final/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+with Files('**/Makefile.in'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Core', 'Build Config')
+    FINAL = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/final/subcomponent/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/final/subcomponent/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..206bf661b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/final/subcomponent/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+with Files('**'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Another', 'Component')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ecb1112c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+with Files('**'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('default_product', 'default_component')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/simple/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/simple/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7994d4a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/simple/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+with Files('*'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('Core', 'Build Config')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/static/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/static/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a88e09e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/bug_component/static/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+with Files('foo'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('FooProduct', 'FooComponent')
+
+with Files('bar'):
+    BUG_COMPONENT = ('BarProduct', 'BarComponent')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-info/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/module.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/module.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/module.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8915edc12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS += ['tests/xpcshell/xpcshell.ini']
+REFTEST_MANIFESTS += ['tests/reftests/reftest.list']
+
+EXTRA_JS_MODULES += [
+    'module.js',
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/reftest-stylo.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/reftest-stylo.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..252a5b986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/reftest-stylo.list
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# DO NOT EDIT! This is a auto-generated temporary list for Stylo testing
+== test1.html test1.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/reftest.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/reftest.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..504d45973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/reftest.list
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+== test1.html test1-ref.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/test1-ref.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/test1-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/test1-ref.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/test1.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/test1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/reftests/test1.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/xpcshell/test_default_mod.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/xpcshell/test_default_mod.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/xpcshell/test_default_mod.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/xpcshell/xpcshell.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/xpcshell/xpcshell.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55c18a250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/default/tests/xpcshell/xpcshell.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[test_default_mod.js]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..faff2a173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+DIRS += [
+  'default',
+  'simple',
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/base.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/base.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/base.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/browser/browser.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/browser/browser.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f284de043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/browser/browser.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[test_mod.js]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/browser/test_mod.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/browser/test_mod.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/browser/test_mod.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbce16e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+with Files('src/*'):
+    IMPACTED_TESTS.files += [
+        'tests/test_general.html',
+    ]
+
+with Files('src/module.jsm'):
+    IMPACTED_TESTS.files += [
+        'browser/**.js',
+    ]
+
+with Files('base.cpp'):
+    IMPACTED_TESTS.files += [
+        '/default/tests/xpcshell/test_default_mod.js',
+        'tests/*',
+    ]
+
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['tests/mochitest.ini']
+BROWSER_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['browser/browser.ini']
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += ['base.cpp']
+DIRS += ['src']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/src/module.jsm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/src/module.jsm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/src/module.jsm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/src/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/src/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0c49f129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/src/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+EXTRA_JS_MODULES += [
+  'module.jsm',
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..662566abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[test_general.html]
+[test_specific.html]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ef3a9fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/test_general.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/test_general.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/test_general.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/test_specific.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/test_specific.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/simple/tests/test_specific.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b7ca5a2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+with Files('src/submodule/**'):
+     IMPACTED_TESTS.tags += [
+         'submodule',
+     ]
+
+with Files('src/bar.jsm'):
+    IMPACTED_TESTS.flavors += [
+        'browser-chrome',
+    ]
+    IMPACTED_TESTS.files += [
+        '**.js',
+    ]
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['tests/mochitest.ini']
+XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS += ['tests/xpcshell.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/src/bar.jsm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/src/bar.jsm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/src/bar.jsm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/src/submodule/foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/src/submodule/foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/src/submodule/foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d40ca4d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[test_simple.html]
+[test_specific.html]
+tags = submodule
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_bar.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_bar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_bar.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_simple.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_simple.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_simple.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_specific.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_specific.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/test_specific.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/xpcshell.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/xpcshell.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1275764c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/files-test-metadata/tagged/tests/xpcshell.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[test_bar.js]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/final-target-pp-files-non-srcdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/final-target-pp-files-non-srcdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73132b0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/final-target-pp-files-non-srcdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES += [
+    '!foo.js',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-absolute-script/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-absolute-script/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b694ed84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-absolute-script/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += ['bar.c']
+
+bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+bar.script = '/script.py:make_bar'
+bar.inputs = []
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-absolute-script/script.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-absolute-script/script.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-absolute-script/script.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-method-names/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-method-names/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e080b47f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-method-names/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += [ 'bar.c', 'foo.c' ]
+
+bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+bar.script = 'script.py:make_bar'
+bar.inputs = []
+
+foo = GENERATED_FILES['foo.c']
+foo.script = 'script.py'
+foo.inputs = []
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-method-names/script.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-method-names/script.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-method-names/script.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-inputs/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-inputs/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da96c5fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-inputs/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += ['bar.c', 'foo.c']
+
+foo = GENERATED_FILES['foo.c']
+foo.script = 'script.py'
+foo.inputs = ['datafile']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-inputs/script.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-inputs/script.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-inputs/script.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-python-script/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-python-script/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..080cb2a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-python-script/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += ['bar.c', 'foo.c']
+
+bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+bar.script = 'script.rb'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-python-script/script.rb b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-python-script/script.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-python-script/script.rb
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-script/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-script/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90fa17666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files-no-script/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += [ 'bar.c', 'foo.c' ]
+
+bar = GENERATED_FILES['bar.c']
+bar.script = 'nonexistent-script.py'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c24113f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+GENERATED_FILES += [ 'bar.c', 'foo.c', ('xpidllex.py', 'xpidlyacc.py'), ]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/a.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/a.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/a.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/b.cc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/b.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/b.cc
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/c.cxx b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/c.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/c.cxx
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/d.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/d.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/d.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/e.m b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/e.m
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/e.m
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/f.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/f.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/f.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/g.S b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/g.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/g.S
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/h.s b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/h.s
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/h.s
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/i.asm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/i.asm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/i.asm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12d90b15c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated-sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('dummy')
+
+SOURCES += [
+    '!a.cpp',
+    '!b.cc',
+    '!c.cxx',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    '!d.c',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    '!e.m',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    '!f.mm',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    '!g.S',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    '!h.s',
+    '!i.asm',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated_includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated_includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14deaf8cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/generated_includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+LOCAL_INCLUDES += ['!/bar/baz', '!foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-defines/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-defines/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37628fede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-defines/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+value = 'xyz'
+HOST_DEFINES = {
+    'FOO': True,
+}
+
+HOST_DEFINES['BAZ'] = '"abcd"'
+HOST_DEFINES.update({
+    'BAR': 7,
+    'VALUE': value,
+    'QUX': False,
+})
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/a.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/a.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/a.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/b.cc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/b.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/b.cc
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/c.cxx b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/c.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/c.cxx
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/d.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/d.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/d.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/e.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/e.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/e.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/f.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/f.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/f.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a6f0acb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/host-sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def HostLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    HOST_LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+HostLibrary('dummy')
+
+HOST_SOURCES += [
+    'a.cpp',
+    'b.cc',
+    'c.cxx',
+]
+
+HOST_SOURCES += [
+    'd.c',
+]
+
+HOST_SOURCES += [
+    'e.mm',
+    'f.mm',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-basic/included.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-basic/included.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb492a242
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-basic/included.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS += ['bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-basic/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-basic/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e6a0f338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-basic/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo']
+
+include('included.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/included-1.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/included-1.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6a0fd8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/included-1.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('included-2.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/included-2.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/included-2.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bfc65481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/included-2.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+ILLEGAL = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ba111d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-file-stack/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('included-1.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-missing/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-missing/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d72d47c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-missing/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('missing.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-outside-topsrcdir/relative.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-outside-topsrcdir/relative.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8084f0dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-outside-topsrcdir/relative.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('../moz.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/child.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/child.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..446207081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/child.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('../parent.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/child2.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/child2.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..618a75ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/child2.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('grandchild/grandchild.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/grandchild/grandchild.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/grandchild/grandchild.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d721fde4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/child/grandchild/grandchild.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('../../parent.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/parent.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/parent.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2ed3fa49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-relative-from-child/parent.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-topsrcdir-relative/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-topsrcdir-relative/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9194c00e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-topsrcdir-relative/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('/sibling.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-topsrcdir-relative/sibling.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-topsrcdir-relative/sibling.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2ed3fa49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/include-topsrcdir-relative/sibling.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..568f361a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/bar/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/foo/baz/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/foo/baz/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1b892e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/foo/baz/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+XPIDL_MODULE = 'baz'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a06f6d12d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+DIRS += ['baz']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2801f105d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/inheriting-variables/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+XPIDL_MODULE = 'foobar'
+export("XPIDL_MODULE")
+
+DIRS += ['foo', 'bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f189212fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/bar/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+IPDL_SOURCES += [
+    'bar.ipdl',
+    'bar2.ipdlh',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e1554559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+IPDL_SOURCES += [
+    'foo.ipdl',
+    'foo2.ipdlh',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03cf5e236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/ipdl_sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+DIRS += [
+    'bar',
+    'foo',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/jar-manifests-multiple-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/jar-manifests-multiple-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43789914e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/jar-manifests-multiple-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+JAR_MANIFESTS += ['jar.mn', 'other.jar']
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/jar-manifests/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/jar-manifests/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aac3a838c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/jar-manifests/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+JAR_MANIFESTS += ['jar.mn']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/liba/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/liba/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d5e78eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/liba/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+Library('liba')
+LIBRARY_DEFINES['IN_LIBA'] = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libb/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libb/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..add45f6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libb/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+Library('libb')
+FINAL_LIBRARY = 'liba'
+LIBRARY_DEFINES['IN_LIBB'] = True
+USE_LIBS += ['libd']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libc/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libc/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf25e2c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libc/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+Library('libc')
+FINAL_LIBRARY = 'libb'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libd/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libd/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd057c3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/libd/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+Library('libd')
+FORCE_STATIC_LIB = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f05fcef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/library-defines/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+DIRS = ['liba', 'libb', 'libc', 'libd']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/bar/baz/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/bar/baz/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/bar/baz/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/foo/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/foo/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/foo/dummy_file_for_nonempty_directory
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..565c2bee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/local_includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+LOCAL_INCLUDES += ['/bar/baz', 'foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/missing-local-includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/missing-local-includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..565c2bee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/missing-local-includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+LOCAL_INCLUDES += ['/bar/baz', 'foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b493ec5b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+Library('test')
+
+DIRS += [
+    'rust1',
+    'rust2',
+]
+
+USE_LIBS += [
+    'rust1',
+    'rust2',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust1/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust1/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9037d8f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust1/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "rust1"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust1/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust1/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7418cca65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust1/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+RustLibrary('rust1')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust2/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust2/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2001895e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust2/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "rust2"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust2/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust2/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abd34e7db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/multiple-rust-libraries/rust2/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+RustLibrary('rust2')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/program/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/program/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c19b90cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/program/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Program(name):
+    PROGRAM = name
+
+
+@template
+def SimplePrograms(names):
+    SIMPLE_PROGRAMS += names
+
+Program('test_program')
+
+SimplePrograms([ 'test_program1', 'test_program2' ])
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-bad-dir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-bad-dir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fac39736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-bad-dir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-basic/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-basic/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a91c4692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-basic/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+ILLEGAL = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-empty-list/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-empty-list/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4dfba1c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-empty-list/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = []
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-error-func/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-error-func/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84b2cdea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-error-func/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+error('Some error.')
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-included-from/child.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-included-from/child.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bfc65481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-included-from/child.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+ILLEGAL = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-included-from/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-included-from/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a29cae11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-included-from/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('child.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-missing-include/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-missing-include/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d72d47c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-missing-include/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('missing.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-outside-topsrcdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-outside-topsrcdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..149972edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-outside-topsrcdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+include('../include-basic/moz.build')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-read-unknown-global/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-read-unknown-global/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fc10f766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-read-unknown-global/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+l = FOO
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-repeated-dir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-repeated-dir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..847f95167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-repeated-dir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo']
+
+DIRS += ['foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-script-error/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-script-error/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a91d38b41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-script-error/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+foo = True + None
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-syntax/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-syntax/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70a0d2c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-syntax/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+foo =
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-write-bad-value/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-write-bad-value/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3d0e656a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-write-bad-value/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = 'dir'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-write-unknown-global/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-write-unknown-global/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34579849d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-error-write-unknown-global/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['dir1', 'dir2']
+
+FOO = 'bar'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/a/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/a/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/a/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/a/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/a/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/a/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/b/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/b/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/b/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/b/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/b/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/b/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/every-level/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/file1 b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/file1
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/file1
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/file2 b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/file2
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/file2
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/parent-is-far/dir1/dir2/dir3/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/parent-is-far/dir1/dir2/dir3/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/parent-is-far/dir1/dir2/dir3/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/parent-is-far/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/parent-is-far/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d1/parent-is-far/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir1/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir1/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir1/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir1/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir1/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir1/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir2/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir2/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir2/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir2/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir2/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/dir2/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/d2/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/file b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/file
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/reader-relevant-mozbuild/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-dash-folding/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-dash-folding/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa122b7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-dash-folding/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "random-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-dash-folding/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-dash-folding/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-dash-folding/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-invalid-crate-type/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-invalid-crate-type/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26c653fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-invalid-crate-type/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "random-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["dylib"]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-invalid-crate-type/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-invalid-crate-type/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-invalid-crate-type/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-name-mismatch/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-name-mismatch/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41a9a7c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-name-mismatch/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "deterministic-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-name-mismatch/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-name-mismatch/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-name-mismatch/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-cargo-toml/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-cargo-toml/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-cargo-toml/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-lib-section/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-lib-section/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a20b19c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-lib-section/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "random-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "abort"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-lib-section/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-lib-section/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-lib-section/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-profile-section/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-profile-section/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2700849db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-profile-section/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "random-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-profile-section/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-profile-section/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b3a35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-no-profile-section/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-non-abort-panic/Cargo.toml b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-non-abort-panic/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccdd06243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-non-abort-panic/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "random-crate"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = [
+  "Nobody <nobody@mozilla.org>",
+]
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["staticlib"]
+
+[profile.dev]
+panic = "unwind"
+
+[profile.release]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-non-abort-panic/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-non-abort-panic/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3896decc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/rust-library-non-abort-panic/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+
+@template
+def RustLibrary(name):
+    '''Template for Rust libraries.'''
+    Library(name)
+
+    IS_RUST_LIBRARY = True
+
+
+RustLibrary('random-crate')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/bar.ico b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/bar.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/bar.ico
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/baz.png b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/baz.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/baz.png
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/foo.xpm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/foo.xpm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/foo.xpm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2f8ddf9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+SDK_FILES += [
+    'bar.ico',
+    'baz.png',
+    'foo.xpm',
+]
+
+SDK_FILES.icons += [
+    'quux.icns',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/quux.icns b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/quux.icns
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sdk-files/quux.icns
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/d.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/d.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/d.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/e.m b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/e.m
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/e.m
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/g.S b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/g.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/g.S
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/h.s b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/h.s
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/h.s
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/i.asm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/i.asm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/i.asm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8937fc245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources-just-c/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('dummy')
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'd.c',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'e.m',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'g.S',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'h.s',
+    'i.asm',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/a.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/a.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/a.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/b.cc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/b.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/b.cc
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/c.cxx b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/c.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/c.cxx
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/d.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/d.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/d.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/e.m b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/e.m
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/e.m
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/f.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/f.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/f.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/g.S b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/g.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/g.S
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/h.s b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/h.s
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/h.s
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/i.asm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/i.asm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/i.asm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9b453238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('dummy')
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'a.cpp',
+    'b.cc',
+    'c.cxx',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'd.c',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'e.m',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'f.mm',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'g.S',
+]
+
+SOURCES += [
+    'h.s',
+    'i.asm',
+]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/templates/templates.mozbuild b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/templates/templates.mozbuild
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..290104bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/templates/templates.mozbuild
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+@template
+def Template(foo, bar=[]):
+    SOURCES += foo
+    DIRS += bar
+
+@template
+def TemplateError(foo):
+    ILLEGAL = foo
+
+@template
+def TemplateGlobalVariable():
+    SOURCES += illegal
+
+@template
+def TemplateGlobalUPPERVariable():
+    SOURCES += DIRS
+
+@template
+def TemplateInherit(foo):
+    USE_LIBS += ['foo']
+    Template(foo)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files-root/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files-root/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7f6377d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files-root/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+TEST_HARNESS_FILES += ["foo.py"]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d87114ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# dummy file so the existence checks for TEST_HARNESS_FILES succeed
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/mochitest.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/mochitest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d87114ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/mochitest.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# dummy file so the existence checks for TEST_HARNESS_FILES succeed
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff3fed0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+TEST_HARNESS_FILES.mochitest += ["runtests.py"]
+TEST_HARNESS_FILES.mochitest += ["utils.py"]
+TEST_HARNESS_FILES.testing.mochitest += ["mochitest.py"]
+TEST_HARNESS_FILES.testing.mochitest += ["mochitest.ini"]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/runtests.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/runtests.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d87114ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/runtests.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# dummy file so the existence checks for TEST_HARNESS_FILES succeed
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/utils.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d87114ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-harness-files/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# dummy file so the existence checks for TEST_HARNESS_FILES succeed
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-install-shared-lib/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-install-shared-lib/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdb209074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-install-shared-lib/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def SharedLibrary(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+
+DIST_INSTALL = False
+SharedLibrary('foo')
+
+TEST_HARNESS_FILES.foo.bar += ['!%sfoo%s' % (CONFIG['DLL_PREFIX'], CONFIG['DLL_SUFFIX'])]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b153dd085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['one','two','three']
+@template
+def SharedLibrary(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+
+SharedLibrary('cxx_shared')
+USE_LIBS += ['cxx_static']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/one/foo.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/one/foo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/one/foo.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/one/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/one/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f66270818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/one/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('cxx_static')
+SOURCES += ['foo.cpp']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/three/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/three/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b3497be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/three/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+SharedLibrary('just_c_shared')
+USE_LIBS += ['just_c_static']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/two/foo.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/two/foo.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/two/foo.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/two/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/two/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..256642fea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-linkables-cxx-link/two/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('just_c_static')
+SOURCES += ['foo.c']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/absolute-support.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/absolute-support.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..900f42158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/absolute-support.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = /.well-known/foo.txt
+
+[test_file.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/foo.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/foo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce0136250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/foo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87b20c6b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['absolute-support.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/test_file.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/test_file.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-absolute-support/test_file.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/bar.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/bar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/bar.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f1fc406a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = bar.js foo.js bar.js
+
+[test_baz.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e7e9ff4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/test_baz.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/test_baz.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-dupes/test_baz.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/included-reftest.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/included-reftest.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1caf9cc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/included-reftest.list
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+!= reftest2.html reftest2-ref.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39ad44c28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+REFTEST_MANIFESTS += ['reftest.list']
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/reftest-stylo.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/reftest-stylo.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..237aea0e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/reftest-stylo.list
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# DO NOT EDIT! This is a auto-generated temporary list for Stylo testing
+== reftest1.html reftest1.html
+include included-reftest-stylo.list
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/reftest.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/reftest.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80caf8ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-emitted-includes/reftest.list
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+== reftest1.html reftest1-ref.html
+include included-reftest.list
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-empty/empty.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-empty/empty.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83a0cec0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-empty/empty.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+foo = bar
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-empty/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-empty/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edfaf435f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-empty/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['empty.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-inactive-ignored/test_inactive.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-inactive-ignored/test_inactive.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-inactive-ignored/test_inactive.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/common.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/common.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..753cd0ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/common.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[test_foo.html]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8d4e123d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+install-to-subdir = subdir
+
+[include:common.ini]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e7e9ff4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/test_foo.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/test_foo.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18ecdcb79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-includes/test_foo.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<html></html>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e4d7b21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['subdir.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/subdir.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/subdir.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b320c2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/subdir.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+install-to-subdir = subdir
+support-files = support.txt
+
+[test_foo.html]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/test_foo.html b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/test_foo.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18ecdcb79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-install-subdir/test_foo.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<html></html>
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/foo.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/foo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce0136250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/foo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/just-support.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/just-support.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efa2d4bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/just-support.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = foo.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80a038d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-just-support/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['just-support.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y-support/dir1/bar b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y-support/dir1/bar
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y-support/dir1/bar
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y-support/foo b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y-support/foo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y-support/foo
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cf798918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/a11y.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = a11y-support/**
+
+[test_a11y.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/browser.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/browser.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a81ee3acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/browser.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = support1 support2
+
+[test_browser.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/chrome.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/chrome.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1070c7853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/chrome.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+skip-if = buildapp == 'b2g'
+
+[test_chrome.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/crashtest.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/crashtest.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9d7f2685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/crashtest.list
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+== crashtest1.html crashtest1-ref.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/metro.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/metro.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7eb6def4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/metro.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+
+[test_metro.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69fd71de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = external1 external2
+generated-files = external1 external2
+
+[test_mochitest.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33839d9e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+A11Y_MANIFESTS += ['a11y.ini']
+BROWSER_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['browser.ini']
+METRO_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['metro.ini']
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
+MOCHITEST_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['chrome.ini']
+XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS += ['xpcshell.ini']
+REFTEST_MANIFESTS += ['reftest.list']
+CRASHTEST_MANIFESTS += ['crashtest.list']
+PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS += ['test_foo.py']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/reftest-stylo.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/reftest-stylo.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd7b4f9cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/reftest-stylo.list
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# DO NOT EDIT! This is a auto-generated temporary list for Stylo testing
+== reftest1.html reftest1.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/reftest.list b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/reftest.list
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fc25b296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/reftest.list
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+== reftest1.html reftest1-ref.html
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_a11y.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_a11y.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_a11y.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_browser.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_browser.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_browser.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_chrome.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_chrome.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_chrome.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_foo.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_foo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_foo.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_metro.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_metro.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_metro.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_mochitest.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_mochitest.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_mochitest.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_xpcshell.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_xpcshell.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/test_xpcshell.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/xpcshell.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/xpcshell.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb3005434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-keys-extracted/xpcshell.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+head = head1 head2
+tail = tail1 tail2
+dupe-manifest =
+
+[test_xpcshell.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-manifest/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-manifest/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45edcc027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-manifest/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS += ['does_not_exist.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09c51cbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPCSHELL_TESTS_MANIFESTS += ['xpcshell.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered/xpcshell.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered/xpcshell.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ab85c0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered/xpcshell.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = support/**
+
+[missing.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3ef6216b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[test_missing.html]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e7e9ff4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-missing-test-file/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/child/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/child/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c78822429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/child/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files = ../support-file.txt
+
+[test_foo.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/child/test_foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/child/test_foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/child/test_foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a40e25625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['child/mochitest.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/support-file.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/support-file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir/support-file.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/another-file.sjs b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/another-file.sjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/another-file.sjs
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/browser.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/browser.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f1335d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/browser.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files =
+  another-file.sjs
+  data/**
+
+[test_sub.js]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/data/one.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/data/one.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/data/one.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/data/two.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/data/two.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/data/two.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/test_sub.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/test_sub.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/child/test_sub.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ada59d387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files =
+  support-file.txt
+  !/child/test_sub.js
+  !/child/another-file.sjs
+  !/child/data/**
+  !/does/not/exist.sjs
+
+[test_foo.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c1d064ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
+BROWSER_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['child/browser.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/support-file.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/support-file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/support-file.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/test_foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/test_foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-missing/test_foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/another-file.sjs b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/another-file.sjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/another-file.sjs
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/browser.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/browser.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f1335d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/browser.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files =
+  another-file.sjs
+  data/**
+
+[test_sub.js]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/one.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/one.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/one.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/two.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/two.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/data/two.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/test_sub.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/test_sub.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/child/test_sub.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/mochitest.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/mochitest.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9860f3de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/mochitest.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+support-files =
+  support-file.txt
+  !/child/test_sub.js
+  !/child/another-file.sjs
+  !/child/data/**
+
+[test_foo.js]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c1d064ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['mochitest.ini']
+BROWSER_CHROME_MANIFESTS += ['child/browser.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/support-file.txt b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/support-file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/support-file.txt
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/test_foo.js b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/test_foo.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-shared-support/test_foo.js
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..281dee610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+MOCHITEST_MANIFESTS += ['test.ini']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/test.ini b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/test.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..caf391186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/test.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[DEFAULT]
+generated-files = does_not_exist
+
+[test_foo]
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/test_foo b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/test_foo
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-manifest-unmatched-generated/test_foo
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-python-unit-test-missing/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-python-unit-test-missing/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9d769802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-python-unit-test-missing/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS += ['test_foo.py']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir-missing-generated/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir-missing-generated/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d35a8ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir-missing-generated/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def SharedLibrary(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+
+SharedLibrary('foo')
+SYMBOLS_FILE = '!foo.symbols'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir/foo.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir/foo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir/foo.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe227224d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file-objdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def SharedLibrary(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+
+SharedLibrary('foo')
+SYMBOLS_FILE = '!foo.symbols'
+
+GENERATED_FILES += ['foo.symbols']
+GENERATED_FILES['foo.symbols'].script = 'foo.py'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file/foo.symbols b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file/foo.symbols
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..257cc5642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file/foo.symbols
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d69333ea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/test-symbols-file/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def SharedLibrary(name):
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+    FORCE_SHARED_LIB = True
+
+SharedLibrary('foo')
+SYMBOLS_FILE = 'foo.symbols'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73045dd43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS += ['regular']
+TEST_DIRS += ['test']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/parallel/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/parallel/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/parallel/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/regular/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/regular/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/regular/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/test/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/test/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-all-vars/test/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-outside-topsrcdir/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-outside-topsrcdir/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92ceb7f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-outside-topsrcdir/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['../../foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/bar/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca1a429d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['../bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fac39736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-relative-dirs/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f06edcd36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/bar/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['../foo']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca1a429d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['../bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..924f667d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-repeated-dirs/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo', 'bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/bar/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/bar/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/bar/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/foo/biz/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/foo/biz/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/foo/biz/moz.build
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/foo/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/foo/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..182541efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/foo/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+DIRS = ['biz']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..924f667d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/traversal-simple/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIRS = ['foo', 'bar']
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/bar.cxx b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/bar.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/bar.cxx
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/c1.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/c1.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/c1.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/c2.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/c2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/c2.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/foo.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/foo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/foo.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3660222d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('dummy')
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += [
+    'bar.cxx',
+    'foo.cpp',
+    'quux.cc',
+]
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += [
+    'objc1.mm',
+    'objc2.mm',
+]
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += [
+    'c1.c',
+    'c2.c',
+]
+
+FILES_PER_UNIFIED_FILE = 1
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/objc1.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/objc1.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/objc1.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/objc2.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/objc2.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/objc2.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/quux.cc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/quux.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources-non-unified/quux.cc
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/bar.cxx b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/bar.cxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/bar.cxx
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/c1.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/c1.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/c1.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/c2.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/c2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/c2.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/foo.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/foo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/foo.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d1d89fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+@template
+def Library(name):
+    '''Template for libraries.'''
+    LIBRARY_NAME = name
+
+Library('dummy')
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += [
+    'bar.cxx',
+    'foo.cpp',
+    'quux.cc',
+]
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += [
+    'objc1.mm',
+    'objc2.mm',
+]
+
+UNIFIED_SOURCES += [
+    'c1.c',
+    'c2.c',
+]
+
+FILES_PER_UNIFIED_FILE = 32
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/objc1.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/objc1.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/objc1.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/objc2.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/objc2.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/objc2.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/quux.cc b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/quux.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/unified-sources/quux.cc
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/use-yasm/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/use-yasm/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11f45953d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/use-yasm/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+USE_YASM = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/bans.S b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/bans.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/bans.S
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e85e6ff5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+DIST_INSTALL = False
+
+NO_VISIBILITY_FLAGS = True
+
+DELAYLOAD_DLLS = ['foo.dll', 'bar.dll']
+
+RCFILE = 'foo.rc'
+RESFILE = 'bar.res'
+RCINCLUDE = 'bar.rc'
+DEFFILE = 'baz.def'
+
+CFLAGS += ['-fno-exceptions', '-w']
+CXXFLAGS += ['-fcxx-exceptions', '-include foo.h']
+LDFLAGS += ['-framework Foo', '-x']
+HOST_CFLAGS += ['-funroll-loops', '-wall']
+HOST_CXXFLAGS += ['-funroll-loops-harder', '-wall-day-everyday']
+WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS += ['-subsystem:console']
+
+DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING = True
+
+ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS = True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test1.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.c b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.c
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.cpp b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.cpp
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.mm b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.mm
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/variable-passthru/test2.mm
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/xpidl-module-no-sources/moz.build b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/xpidl-module-no-sources/moz.build
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60f061d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/data/xpidl-module-no-sources/moz.build
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+# http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+XPIDL_MODULE = 'xpidl_module'
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_context.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_context.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..070cfad67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    AbsolutePath,
+    Context,
+    ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList,
+    ContextDerivedTypedList,
+    ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems,
+    ContextDerivedTypedRecord,
+    Files,
+    FUNCTIONS,
+    ObjDirPath,
+    Path,
+    SourcePath,
+    SPECIAL_VARIABLES,
+    SUBCONTEXTS,
+    VARIABLES,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.util import StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+
+
+class TestContext(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        test = Context({
+            'foo': (int, int, ''),
+            'bar': (bool, bool, ''),
+            'baz': (dict, dict, ''),
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.keys(), [])
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(test.keys()), { 'foo' })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['bar'], False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(test.keys()), { 'foo', 'bar' })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['baz'], {})
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(test.keys()), { 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' })
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            test['qux']
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(test.keys()), { 'foo', 'bar', 'baz' })
+
+    def test_type_check(self):
+        test = Context({
+            'foo': (int, int, ''),
+            'baz': (dict, list, ''),
+        })
+
+        test['foo'] = 5
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            test['foo'] = {}
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 5)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            test['bar'] = True
+
+        test['baz'] = [('a', 1), ('b', 2)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['baz'], { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 })
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        test = Context({
+            'foo': (int, int, ''),
+            'bar': (bool, bool, ''),
+            'baz': (dict, list, ''),
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.keys(), [])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            test.update(bar=True, foo={})
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.keys(), [])
+
+        test.update(bar=True, foo=1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(test.keys()), { 'foo', 'bar' })
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(test['bar'], True)
+
+        test.update([('bar', False), ('foo', 2)])
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(test['bar'], False)
+
+        test.update([('foo', 0), ('baz', { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 })])
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(test['baz'], { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 })
+
+        test.update([('foo', 42), ('baz', [('c', 3), ('d', 4)])])
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 42)
+        self.assertEqual(test['baz'], { 'c': 3, 'd': 4 })
+
+    def test_context_paths(self):
+        test = Context()
+
+        # Newly created context has no paths.
+        self.assertIsNone(test.main_path)
+        self.assertIsNone(test.current_path)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set())
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [])
+
+        foo = os.path.abspath('foo')
+        test.add_source(foo)
+
+        # Adding the first source makes it the main and current path.
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([foo]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo])
+
+        bar = os.path.abspath('bar')
+        test.add_source(bar)
+
+        # Adding the second source makes leaves main and current paths alone.
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo])
+
+        qux = os.path.abspath('qux')
+        test.push_source(qux)
+
+        # Pushing a source makes it the current path
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, qux)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo, qux])
+
+        hoge = os.path.abspath('hoge')
+        test.push_source(hoge)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, hoge)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, hoge, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo, qux, hoge])
+
+        fuga = os.path.abspath('fuga')
+
+        # Adding a source after pushing doesn't change the source stack
+        test.add_source(fuga)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, hoge)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, fuga, hoge, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo, qux, hoge])
+
+        # Adding a source twice doesn't change anything
+        test.add_source(qux)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, hoge)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, fuga, hoge, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo, qux, hoge])
+
+        last = test.pop_source()
+
+        # Popping a source returns the last pushed one, not the last added one.
+        self.assertEqual(last, hoge)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, qux)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, fuga, hoge, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo, qux])
+
+        last = test.pop_source()
+        self.assertEqual(last, qux)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, fuga, hoge, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo])
+
+        # Popping the main path is allowed.
+        last = test.pop_source()
+        self.assertEqual(last, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertIsNone(test.current_path)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo, fuga, hoge, qux]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [])
+
+        # Popping past the main path asserts.
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            test.pop_source()
+
+        # Pushing after the main path was popped asserts.
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            test.push_source(foo)
+
+        test = Context()
+        test.push_source(foo)
+        test.push_source(bar)
+
+        # Pushing the same file twice is allowed.
+        test.push_source(bar)
+        test.push_source(foo)
+        self.assertEqual(last, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.main_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.current_path, foo)
+        self.assertEqual(test.all_paths, set([bar, foo]))
+        self.assertEqual(test.source_stack, [foo, bar, bar, foo])
+
+    def test_context_dirs(self):
+        class Config(object): pass
+        config = Config()
+        config.topsrcdir = mozpath.abspath(os.curdir)
+        config.topobjdir = mozpath.abspath('obj')
+        test = Context(config=config)
+        foo = mozpath.abspath('foo')
+        test.push_source(foo)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.srcdir, config.topsrcdir)
+        self.assertEqual(test.relsrcdir, '')
+        self.assertEqual(test.objdir, config.topobjdir)
+        self.assertEqual(test.relobjdir, '')
+
+        foobar = os.path.abspath('foo/bar')
+        test.push_source(foobar)
+        self.assertEqual(test.srcdir, mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(test.relsrcdir, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(test.objdir, config.topobjdir)
+        self.assertEqual(test.relobjdir, '')
+
+
+class TestSymbols(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _verify_doc(self, doc):
+        # Documentation should be of the format:
+        # """SUMMARY LINE
+        #
+        # EXTRA PARAGRAPHS
+        # """
+
+        self.assertNotIn('\r', doc)
+
+        lines = doc.split('\n')
+
+        # No trailing whitespace.
+        for line in lines[0:-1]:
+            self.assertEqual(line, line.rstrip())
+
+        self.assertGreater(len(lines), 0)
+        self.assertGreater(len(lines[0].strip()), 0)
+
+        # Last line should be empty.
+        self.assertEqual(lines[-1].strip(), '')
+
+    def test_documentation_formatting(self):
+        for typ, inp, doc in VARIABLES.values():
+            self._verify_doc(doc)
+
+        for attr, args, doc in FUNCTIONS.values():
+            self._verify_doc(doc)
+
+        for func, typ, doc in SPECIAL_VARIABLES.values():
+            self._verify_doc(doc)
+
+        for name, cls in SUBCONTEXTS.items():
+            self._verify_doc(cls.__doc__)
+
+            for name, v in cls.VARIABLES.items():
+                self._verify_doc(v[2])
+
+
+class TestPaths(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        class Config(object): pass
+        cls.config = config = Config()
+        config.topsrcdir = mozpath.abspath(os.curdir)
+        config.topobjdir = mozpath.abspath('obj')
+        config.external_source_dir = None
+
+    def test_path(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt1 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt1.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+        ctxt2 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt2.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'moz.build'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, 'qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path1, SourcePath)
+        self.assertEqual(path1, 'qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path1.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, '../foo/qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path2, SourcePath)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '../foo/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1.join('../../bar/qux').full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'qux'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path1, SourcePath)
+        self.assertEqual(path1, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path1.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path2, SourcePath)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '!qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path1, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path1, '!qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path1.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, '!../foo/qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path2, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!../foo/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path1, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path1, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path1.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertIsInstance(path2, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, path1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path1, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path1, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path1.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path2, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+        path1 = Path(path1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path1, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path1, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path1.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+        path2 = Path(path2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path2, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
+
+    def test_source_path(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+
+        path = SourcePath(ctxt, 'qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, 'qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+        self.assertEqual(path.translated,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        path = SourcePath(ctxt, '../bar/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, '../bar/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'qux'))
+        self.assertEqual(path.translated,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'bar', 'qux'))
+
+        path = SourcePath(ctxt, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+        self.assertEqual(path.translated,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            SourcePath(ctxt, '!../bar/qux')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            SourcePath(ctxt, '!/qux/qux')
+
+        path = SourcePath(path)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path, SourcePath)
+        self.assertEqual(path, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+        self.assertEqual(path.translated,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        path = Path(path)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path, SourcePath)
+
+    def test_objdir_path(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+
+        path = ObjDirPath(ctxt, '!qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, '!qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        path = ObjDirPath(ctxt, '!../bar/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, '!../bar/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'bar', 'qux'))
+
+        path = ObjDirPath(ctxt, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            path = ObjDirPath(ctxt, '../bar/qux')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            path = ObjDirPath(ctxt, '/qux/qux')
+
+        path = ObjDirPath(path)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path, ObjDirPath)
+        self.assertEqual(path, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        path = Path(path)
+        self.assertIsInstance(path, ObjDirPath)
+
+    def test_absolute_path(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+
+        path = AbsolutePath(ctxt, '%/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path, '%/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path.full_path, '/qux')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            path = AbsolutePath(ctxt, '%qux')
+
+    def test_path_with_mixed_contexts(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt1 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt1.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+        ctxt2 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt2.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'moz.build'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, 'qux')
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, 'qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.context, ctxt1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '../bar/qux')
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '../bar/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.context, ctxt1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'qux'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '/qux/qux')
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.context, ctxt1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '!qux')
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.context, ctxt1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'foo', 'qux'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '!../bar/qux')
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!../bar/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.context, ctxt1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'bar', 'qux'))
+
+        path1 = Path(ctxt1, '!/qux/qux')
+        path2 = Path(ctxt2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, path1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2, '!/qux/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(path2.context, ctxt1)
+        self.assertEqual(path2.full_path,
+                         mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'qux', 'qux'))
+
+    def test_path_typed_list(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt1 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt1.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+        ctxt2 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt2.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'moz.build'))
+
+        paths = [
+            '!../bar/qux',
+            '!/qux/qux',
+            '!qux',
+            '../bar/qux',
+            '/qux/qux',
+            'qux',
+        ]
+
+        MyList = ContextDerivedTypedList(Path)
+        l = MyList(ctxt1)
+        l += paths
+
+        for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, l):
+            self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+            self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt1, p_str))
+            self.assertEqual(p_path.join('foo'),
+                             Path(ctxt1, mozpath.join(p_str, 'foo')))
+
+        l2 = MyList(ctxt2)
+        l2 += paths
+
+        for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, l2):
+            self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+            self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt2, p_str))
+
+        # Assigning with Paths from another context doesn't rebase them
+        l2 = MyList(ctxt2)
+        l2 += l
+
+        for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, l2):
+            self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+            self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt1, p_str))
+
+        MyListWithFlags = ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(
+            Path, StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+                'foo': bool,
+            }))
+        l = MyListWithFlags(ctxt1)
+        l += paths
+
+        for p in paths:
+            l[p].foo = True
+
+        for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, l):
+            self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+            self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt1, p_str))
+            self.assertEqual(l[p_str].foo, True)
+            self.assertEqual(l[p_path].foo, True)
+
+    def test_path_typed_hierarchy_list(self):
+        config = self.config
+        ctxt1 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt1.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'moz.build'))
+        ctxt2 = Context(config=config)
+        ctxt2.push_source(mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'bar', 'moz.build'))
+
+        paths = [
+            '!../bar/qux',
+            '!/qux/qux',
+            '!qux',
+            '../bar/qux',
+            '/qux/qux',
+            'qux',
+        ]
+
+        MyList = ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList(Path)
+        l = MyList(ctxt1)
+        l += paths
+        l.subdir += paths
+
+        for _, files in l.walk():
+            for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, files):
+                self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+                self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt1, p_str))
+                self.assertEqual(p_path.join('foo'),
+                                 Path(ctxt1, mozpath.join(p_str, 'foo')))
+
+        l2 = MyList(ctxt2)
+        l2 += paths
+        l2.subdir += paths
+
+        for _, files in l2.walk():
+            for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, files):
+                self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+                self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt2, p_str))
+
+        # Assigning with Paths from another context doesn't rebase them
+        l2 = MyList(ctxt2)
+        l2 += l
+
+        for _, files in l2.walk():
+            for p_str, p_path in zip(paths, files):
+                self.assertEqual(p_str, p_path)
+                self.assertEqual(p_path, Path(ctxt1, p_str))
+
+
+class TestTypedRecord(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_fields(self):
+        T = ContextDerivedTypedRecord(('field1', unicode),
+                                      ('field2', list))
+        inst = T(None)
+        self.assertEqual(inst.field1, '')
+        self.assertEqual(inst.field2, [])
+
+        inst.field1 = 'foo'
+        inst.field2 += ['bar']
+
+        self.assertEqual(inst.field1, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(inst.field2, ['bar'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            inst.field3 = []
+
+    def test_coercion(self):
+        T = ContextDerivedTypedRecord(('field1', unicode),
+                                      ('field2', list))
+        inst = T(None)
+        inst.field1 = 3
+        inst.field2 += ('bar',)
+        self.assertEqual(inst.field1, '3')
+        self.assertEqual(inst.field2, ['bar'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            inst.field2 = object()
+
+
+class TestFiles(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_aggregate_empty(self):
+        c = Context({})
+
+        files = {'moz.build': Files(c, pattern='**')}
+
+        self.assertEqual(Files.aggregate(files), {
+            'bug_component_counts': [],
+            'recommended_bug_component': None,
+        })
+
+    def test_single_bug_component(self):
+        c = Context({})
+        f = Files(c, pattern='**')
+        f['BUG_COMPONENT'] = (u'Product1', u'Component1')
+
+        files = {'moz.build': f}
+        self.assertEqual(Files.aggregate(files), {
+            'bug_component_counts': [((u'Product1', u'Component1'), 1)],
+            'recommended_bug_component': (u'Product1', u'Component1'),
+        })
+
+    def test_multiple_bug_components(self):
+        c = Context({})
+        f1 = Files(c, pattern='**')
+        f1['BUG_COMPONENT'] = (u'Product1', u'Component1')
+
+        f2 = Files(c, pattern='**')
+        f2['BUG_COMPONENT'] = (u'Product2', u'Component2')
+
+        files = {'a': f1, 'b': f2, 'c': f1}
+        self.assertEqual(Files.aggregate(files), {
+            'bug_component_counts': [
+                ((u'Product1', u'Component1'), 2),
+                ((u'Product2', u'Component2'), 1),
+            ],
+            'recommended_bug_component': (u'Product1', u'Component1'),
+        })
+
+    def test_no_recommended_bug_component(self):
+        """If there is no clear count winner, we don't recommend a bug component."""
+        c = Context({})
+        f1 = Files(c, pattern='**')
+        f1['BUG_COMPONENT'] = (u'Product1', u'Component1')
+
+        f2 = Files(c, pattern='**')
+        f2['BUG_COMPONENT'] = (u'Product2', u'Component2')
+
+        files = {'a': f1, 'b': f2}
+        self.assertEqual(Files.aggregate(files), {
+            'bug_component_counts': [
+                ((u'Product1', u'Component1'), 1),
+                ((u'Product2', u'Component2'), 1),
+            ],
+            'recommended_bug_component': None,
+        })
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_emitter.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_emitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ac4e0aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_emitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1172 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    ObjDirPath,
+    Path,
+)
+from mozbuild.frontend.data import (
+    AndroidResDirs,
+    BrandingFiles,
+    ChromeManifestEntry,
+    ConfigFileSubstitution,
+    Defines,
+    DirectoryTraversal,
+    Exports,
+    FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles,
+    GeneratedFile,
+    GeneratedSources,
+    HostDefines,
+    HostSources,
+    IPDLFile,
+    JARManifest,
+    LinkageMultipleRustLibrariesError,
+    LocalInclude,
+    Program,
+    RustLibrary,
+    SdkFiles,
+    SharedLibrary,
+    SimpleProgram,
+    Sources,
+    StaticLibrary,
+    TestHarnessFiles,
+    TestManifest,
+    UnifiedSources,
+    VariablePassthru,
+)
+from mozbuild.frontend.emitter import TreeMetadataEmitter
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import (
+    BuildReader,
+    BuildReaderError,
+    SandboxValidationError,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome import manifest
+
+from mozbuild.test.common import MockConfig
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+data_path = mozpath.join(data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestEmitterBasic(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._old_env = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_OBJDIR', None)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self._old_env)
+
+    def reader(self, name, enable_tests=False, extra_substs=None):
+        substs = dict(
+            ENABLE_TESTS='1' if enable_tests else '',
+            BIN_SUFFIX='.prog',
+            OS_TARGET='WINNT',
+            COMPILE_ENVIRONMENT='1',
+        )
+        if extra_substs:
+            substs.update(extra_substs)
+        config = MockConfig(mozpath.join(data_path, name), extra_substs=substs)
+
+        return BuildReader(config)
+
+    def read_topsrcdir(self, reader, filter_common=True):
+        emitter = TreeMetadataEmitter(reader.config)
+        objs = list(emitter.emit(reader.read_topsrcdir()))
+        self.assertGreater(len(objs), 0)
+
+        filtered = []
+        for obj in objs:
+            if filter_common and isinstance(obj, DirectoryTraversal):
+                continue
+
+            filtered.append(obj)
+
+        return filtered
+
+    def test_dirs_traversal_simple(self):
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-simple')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader, filter_common=False)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 4)
+
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, DirectoryTraversal)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isabs(o.context_main_path))
+            self.assertEqual(len(o.context_all_paths), 1)
+
+        reldirs = [o.relativedir for o in objs]
+        self.assertEqual(reldirs, ['', 'foo', 'foo/biz', 'bar'])
+
+        dirs = [[d.full_path for d in o.dirs] for o in objs]
+        self.assertEqual(dirs, [
+            [
+                mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'foo'),
+                mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'bar')
+            ], [
+                mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'foo', 'biz')
+            ], [], []])
+
+    def test_traversal_all_vars(self):
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-all-vars')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader, filter_common=False)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, DirectoryTraversal)
+
+        reldirs = set([o.relativedir for o in objs])
+        self.assertEqual(reldirs, set(['', 'regular']))
+
+        for o in objs:
+            reldir = o.relativedir
+
+            if reldir == '':
+                self.assertEqual([d.full_path for d in o.dirs], [
+                    mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'regular')])
+
+    def test_traversal_all_vars_enable_tests(self):
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-all-vars', enable_tests=True)
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader, filter_common=False)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, DirectoryTraversal)
+
+        reldirs = set([o.relativedir for o in objs])
+        self.assertEqual(reldirs, set(['', 'regular', 'test']))
+
+        for o in objs:
+            reldir = o.relativedir
+
+            if reldir == '':
+                self.assertEqual([d.full_path for d in o.dirs], [
+                    mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'regular'),
+                    mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'test')])
+
+    def test_config_file_substitution(self):
+        reader = self.reader('config-file-substitution')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], ConfigFileSubstitution)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[1], ConfigFileSubstitution)
+
+        topobjdir = mozpath.abspath(reader.config.topobjdir)
+        self.assertEqual(objs[0].relpath, 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(mozpath.normpath(objs[0].output_path),
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'foo')))
+        self.assertEqual(mozpath.normpath(objs[1].output_path),
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(topobjdir, 'bar')))
+
+    def test_variable_passthru(self):
+        reader = self.reader('variable-passthru')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], VariablePassthru)
+
+        wanted = {
+            'ALLOW_COMPILER_WARNINGS': True,
+            'DISABLE_STL_WRAPPING': True,
+            'NO_DIST_INSTALL': True,
+            'VISIBILITY_FLAGS': '',
+            'RCFILE': 'foo.rc',
+            'RESFILE': 'bar.res',
+            'RCINCLUDE': 'bar.rc',
+            'DEFFILE': 'baz.def',
+            'MOZBUILD_CFLAGS': ['-fno-exceptions', '-w'],
+            'MOZBUILD_CXXFLAGS': ['-fcxx-exceptions', '-include foo.h'],
+            'MOZBUILD_LDFLAGS': ['-framework Foo', '-x', '-DELAYLOAD:foo.dll',
+                                 '-DELAYLOAD:bar.dll'],
+            'MOZBUILD_HOST_CFLAGS': ['-funroll-loops', '-wall'],
+            'MOZBUILD_HOST_CXXFLAGS': ['-funroll-loops-harder',
+                                       '-wall-day-everyday'],
+            'WIN32_EXE_LDFLAGS': ['-subsystem:console'],
+        }
+
+        variables = objs[0].variables
+        maxDiff = self.maxDiff
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(wanted, variables)
+        self.maxDiff = maxDiff
+
+    def test_use_yasm(self):
+        # When yasm is not available, this should raise.
+        reader = self.reader('use-yasm')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'yasm is not available'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # When yasm is available, this should work.
+        reader = self.reader('use-yasm',
+                             extra_substs=dict(
+                                 YASM='yasm',
+                                 YASM_ASFLAGS='-foo',
+                             ))
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], VariablePassthru)
+        maxDiff = self.maxDiff
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(objs[0].variables,
+                         {'AS': 'yasm',
+                          'ASFLAGS': '-foo',
+                          'AS_DASH_C_FLAG': ''})
+        self.maxDiff = maxDiff
+
+
+    def test_generated_files(self):
+        reader = self.reader('generated-files')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, GeneratedFile)
+
+        expected = ['bar.c', 'foo.c', ('xpidllex.py', 'xpidlyacc.py'), ]
+        for o, f in zip(objs, expected):
+            expected_filename = f if isinstance(f, tuple) else (f,)
+            self.assertEqual(o.outputs, expected_filename)
+            self.assertEqual(o.script, None)
+            self.assertEqual(o.method, None)
+            self.assertEqual(o.inputs, [])
+
+    def test_generated_files_method_names(self):
+        reader = self.reader('generated-files-method-names')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, GeneratedFile)
+
+        expected = ['bar.c', 'foo.c']
+        expected_method_names = ['make_bar', 'main']
+        for o, expected_filename, expected_method in zip(objs, expected, expected_method_names):
+            self.assertEqual(o.outputs, (expected_filename,))
+            self.assertEqual(o.method, expected_method)
+            self.assertEqual(o.inputs, [])
+
+    def test_generated_files_absolute_script(self):
+        reader = self.reader('generated-files-absolute-script')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+
+        o = objs[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(o, GeneratedFile)
+        self.assertEqual(o.outputs, ('bar.c',))
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(o.script, 'script.py$')
+        self.assertEqual(o.method, 'make_bar')
+        self.assertEqual(o.inputs, [])
+
+    def test_generated_files_no_script(self):
+        reader = self.reader('generated-files-no-script')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'Script for generating bar.c does not exist'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_generated_files_no_inputs(self):
+        reader = self.reader('generated-files-no-inputs')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'Input for generating foo.c does not exist'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_generated_files_no_python_script(self):
+        reader = self.reader('generated-files-no-python-script')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'Script for generating bar.c does not end in .py'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_exports(self):
+        reader = self.reader('exports')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], Exports)
+
+        expected = [
+            ('', ['foo.h', 'bar.h', 'baz.h']),
+            ('mozilla', ['mozilla1.h', 'mozilla2.h']),
+            ('mozilla/dom', ['dom1.h', 'dom2.h', 'dom3.h']),
+            ('mozilla/gfx', ['gfx.h']),
+            ('nspr/private', ['pprio.h', 'pprthred.h']),
+            ('vpx', ['mem.h', 'mem2.h']),
+        ]
+        for (expect_path, expect_headers), (actual_path, actual_headers) in \
+                zip(expected, [(path, list(seq)) for path, seq in objs[0].files.walk()]):
+            self.assertEqual(expect_path, actual_path)
+            self.assertEqual(expect_headers, actual_headers)
+
+    def test_exports_missing(self):
+        '''
+        Missing files in EXPORTS is an error.
+        '''
+        reader = self.reader('exports-missing')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'File listed in EXPORTS does not exist:'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_exports_missing_generated(self):
+        '''
+        An objdir file in EXPORTS that is not in GENERATED_FILES is an error.
+        '''
+        reader = self.reader('exports-missing-generated')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'Objdir file listed in EXPORTS not in GENERATED_FILES:'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_exports_generated(self):
+        reader = self.reader('exports-generated')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], GeneratedFile)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[1], Exports)
+        exports = [(path, list(seq)) for path, seq in objs[1].files.walk()]
+        self.assertEqual(exports,
+                         [('', ['foo.h']),
+                          ('mozilla', ['mozilla1.h', '!mozilla2.h'])])
+        path, files = exports[1]
+        self.assertIsInstance(files[1], ObjDirPath)
+
+    def test_test_harness_files(self):
+        reader = self.reader('test-harness-files')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], TestHarnessFiles)
+
+        expected = {
+            'mochitest': ['runtests.py', 'utils.py'],
+            'testing/mochitest': ['mochitest.py', 'mochitest.ini'],
+        }
+
+        for path, strings in objs[0].files.walk():
+            self.assertTrue(path in expected)
+            basenames = sorted(mozpath.basename(s) for s in strings)
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(expected[path]), basenames)
+
+    def test_test_harness_files_root(self):
+        reader = self.reader('test-harness-files-root')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'Cannot install files to the root of TEST_HARNESS_FILES'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_branding_files(self):
+        reader = self.reader('branding-files')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], BrandingFiles)
+
+        files = objs[0].files
+
+        self.assertEqual(files._strings, ['bar.ico', 'baz.png', 'foo.xpm'])
+
+        self.assertIn('icons', files._children)
+        icons = files._children['icons']
+
+        self.assertEqual(icons._strings, ['quux.icns'])
+
+    def test_sdk_files(self):
+        reader = self.reader('sdk-files')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], SdkFiles)
+
+        files = objs[0].files
+
+        self.assertEqual(files._strings, ['bar.ico', 'baz.png', 'foo.xpm'])
+
+        self.assertIn('icons', files._children)
+        icons = files._children['icons']
+
+        self.assertEqual(icons._strings, ['quux.icns'])
+
+    def test_program(self):
+        reader = self.reader('program')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], Program)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[1], SimpleProgram)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[2], SimpleProgram)
+
+        self.assertEqual(objs[0].program, 'test_program.prog')
+        self.assertEqual(objs[1].program, 'test_program1.prog')
+        self.assertEqual(objs[2].program, 'test_program2.prog')
+
+    def test_test_manifest_missing_manifest(self):
+        """A missing manifest file should result in an error."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-missing-manifest')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(BuildReaderError, 'IOError: Missing files'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_empty_test_manifest_rejected(self):
+        """A test manifest without any entries is rejected."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-empty')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'Empty test manifest'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+
+    def test_test_manifest_just_support_files(self):
+        """A test manifest with no tests but support-files is not supported."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-just-support')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'Empty test manifest'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_dupe_support_files(self):
+        """A test manifest with dupe support-files in a single test is not
+        supported.
+        """
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-dupes')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'bar.js appears multiple times '
+            'in a test manifest under a support-files field, please omit the duplicate entry.'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_absolute_support_files(self):
+        """Support files starting with '/' are placed relative to the install root"""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-absolute-support')
+
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        o = objs[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(o.installs), 3)
+        expected = [
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "../.well-known/foo.txt")),
+            mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "absolute-support.ini"),
+            mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "test_file.js"),
+        ]
+        paths = sorted([v[0] for v in o.installs.values()])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, expected)
+
+    @unittest.skip('Bug 1304316 - Items in the second set but not the first')
+    def test_test_manifest_shared_support_files(self):
+        """Support files starting with '!' are given separate treatment, so their
+        installation can be resolved when running tests.
+        """
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-shared-support')
+        supported, child = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        expected_deferred_installs = {
+            '!/child/test_sub.js',
+            '!/child/another-file.sjs',
+            '!/child/data/**',
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(supported.installs), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(set(supported.deferred_installs),
+                         expected_deferred_installs)
+        self.assertEqual(len(child.installs), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(child.pattern_installs), 1)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_deffered_install_missing(self):
+        """A non-existent shared support file reference produces an error."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-shared-missing')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+                                     'entry in support-files not present in the srcdir'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_install_to_subdir(self):
+        """ """
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-install-subdir')
+
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        o = objs[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(o.installs), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(o.manifest_relpath, "subdir.ini")
+        self.assertEqual(o.manifest_obj_relpath, "subdir/subdir.ini")
+        expected = [
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "subdir/subdir.ini")),
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "subdir/support.txt")),
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "subdir/test_foo.html")),
+        ]
+        paths = sorted([v[0] for v in o.installs.values()])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, expected)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_install_includes(self):
+        """Ensure that any [include:foo.ini] are copied to the objdir."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-install-includes')
+
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        o = objs[0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(o.installs), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(o.manifest_relpath, "mochitest.ini")
+        self.assertEqual(o.manifest_obj_relpath, "subdir/mochitest.ini")
+        expected = [
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "subdir/common.ini")),
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "subdir/mochitest.ini")),
+            mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(o.install_prefix, "subdir/test_foo.html")),
+        ]
+        paths = sorted([v[0] for v in o.installs.values()])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, expected)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_includes(self):
+        """Ensure that manifest objects from the emitter list a correct manifest.
+        """
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-emitted-includes')
+        [obj] = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # Expected manifest leafs for our tests.
+        expected_manifests = {
+            'reftest1.html': 'reftest.list',
+            'reftest1-ref.html': 'reftest.list',
+            'reftest2.html': 'included-reftest.list',
+            'reftest2-ref.html': 'included-reftest.list',
+        }
+
+        for t in obj.tests:
+            self.assertTrue(t['manifest'].endswith(expected_manifests[t['name']]))
+
+    def test_python_unit_test_missing(self):
+        """Missing files in PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS should raise."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-python-unit-test-missing')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'Path specified in PYTHON_UNIT_TESTS does not exist:'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_keys_extracted(self):
+        """Ensure all metadata from test manifests is extracted."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-keys-extracted')
+
+        objs = [o for o in self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+                if isinstance(o, TestManifest)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 9)
+
+        metadata = {
+            'a11y.ini': {
+                'flavor': 'a11y',
+                'installs': {
+                    'a11y.ini': False,
+                    'test_a11y.js': True,
+                },
+                'pattern-installs': 1,
+            },
+            'browser.ini': {
+                'flavor': 'browser-chrome',
+                'installs': {
+                    'browser.ini': False,
+                    'test_browser.js': True,
+                    'support1': False,
+                    'support2': False,
+                },
+            },
+            'metro.ini': {
+                'flavor': 'metro-chrome',
+                'installs': {
+                    'metro.ini': False,
+                    'test_metro.js': True,
+                },
+            },
+            'mochitest.ini': {
+                'flavor': 'mochitest',
+                'installs': {
+                    'mochitest.ini': False,
+                    'test_mochitest.js': True,
+                },
+                'external': {
+                    'external1',
+                    'external2',
+                },
+            },
+            'chrome.ini': {
+                'flavor': 'chrome',
+                'installs': {
+                    'chrome.ini': False,
+                    'test_chrome.js': True,
+                },
+            },
+            'xpcshell.ini': {
+                'flavor': 'xpcshell',
+                'dupe': True,
+                'installs': {
+                    'xpcshell.ini': False,
+                    'test_xpcshell.js': True,
+                    'head1': False,
+                    'head2': False,
+                    'tail1': False,
+                    'tail2': False,
+                },
+            },
+            'reftest.list': {
+                'flavor': 'reftest',
+                'installs': {},
+            },
+            'crashtest.list': {
+                'flavor': 'crashtest',
+                'installs': {},
+            },
+            'moz.build': {
+                'flavor': 'python',
+                'installs': {},
+            }
+        }
+
+        for o in objs:
+            m = metadata[mozpath.basename(o.manifest_relpath)]
+
+            self.assertTrue(o.path.startswith(o.directory))
+            self.assertEqual(o.flavor, m['flavor'])
+            self.assertEqual(o.dupe_manifest, m.get('dupe', False))
+
+            external_normalized = set(mozpath.basename(p) for p in
+                    o.external_installs)
+            self.assertEqual(external_normalized, m.get('external', set()))
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(o.installs), len(m['installs']))
+            for path in o.installs.keys():
+                self.assertTrue(path.startswith(o.directory))
+                relpath = path[len(o.directory)+1:]
+
+                self.assertIn(relpath, m['installs'])
+                self.assertEqual(o.installs[path][1], m['installs'][relpath])
+
+            if 'pattern-installs' in m:
+                self.assertEqual(len(o.pattern_installs), m['pattern-installs'])
+
+    def test_test_manifest_unmatched_generated(self):
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-unmatched-generated')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'entry in generated-files not present elsewhere'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader),
+
+    def test_test_manifest_parent_support_files_dir(self):
+        """support-files referencing a file in a parent directory works."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-parent-support-files-dir')
+
+        objs = [o for o in self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+                if isinstance(o, TestManifest)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+
+        o = objs[0]
+
+        expected = mozpath.join(o.srcdir, 'support-file.txt')
+        self.assertIn(expected, o.installs)
+        self.assertEqual(o.installs[expected],
+            ('testing/mochitest/tests/child/support-file.txt', False))
+
+    def test_test_manifest_missing_test_error(self):
+        """Missing test files should result in error."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-missing-test-file')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'lists test that does not exist: test_missing.html'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_test_manifest_missing_test_error_unfiltered(self):
+        """Missing test files should result in error, even when the test list is not filtered."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-manifest-missing-test-file-unfiltered')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+            'lists test that does not exist: missing.js'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_ipdl_sources(self):
+        reader = self.reader('ipdl_sources')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        ipdls = []
+        for o in objs:
+            if isinstance(o, IPDLFile):
+                ipdls.append('%s/%s' % (o.relativedir, o.basename))
+
+        expected = [
+            'bar/bar.ipdl',
+            'bar/bar2.ipdlh',
+            'foo/foo.ipdl',
+            'foo/foo2.ipdlh',
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(ipdls, expected)
+
+    def test_local_includes(self):
+        """Test that LOCAL_INCLUDES is emitted correctly."""
+        reader = self.reader('local_includes')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        local_includes = [o.path for o in objs if isinstance(o, LocalInclude)]
+        expected = [
+            '/bar/baz',
+            'foo',
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(local_includes, expected)
+
+        local_includes = [o.path.full_path
+                          for o in objs if isinstance(o, LocalInclude)]
+        expected = [
+            mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'bar/baz'),
+            mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'foo'),
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(local_includes, expected)
+
+    def test_generated_includes(self):
+        """Test that GENERATED_INCLUDES is emitted correctly."""
+        reader = self.reader('generated_includes')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        generated_includes = [o.path for o in objs if isinstance(o, LocalInclude)]
+        expected = [
+            '!/bar/baz',
+            '!foo',
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(generated_includes, expected)
+
+        generated_includes = [o.path.full_path
+                              for o in objs if isinstance(o, LocalInclude)]
+        expected = [
+            mozpath.join(reader.config.topobjdir, 'bar/baz'),
+            mozpath.join(reader.config.topobjdir, 'foo'),
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(generated_includes, expected)
+
+    def test_defines(self):
+        reader = self.reader('defines')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        defines = {}
+        for o in objs:
+            if isinstance(o, Defines):
+                defines = o.defines
+
+        expected = {
+            'BAR': 7,
+            'BAZ': '"abcd"',
+            'FOO': True,
+            'VALUE': 'xyz',
+            'QUX': False,
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(defines, expected)
+
+    def test_host_defines(self):
+        reader = self.reader('host-defines')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        defines = {}
+        for o in objs:
+            if isinstance(o, HostDefines):
+                defines = o.defines
+
+        expected = {
+            'BAR': 7,
+            'BAZ': '"abcd"',
+            'FOO': True,
+            'VALUE': 'xyz',
+            'QUX': False,
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(defines, expected)
+
+    def test_jar_manifests(self):
+        reader = self.reader('jar-manifests')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        for obj in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(obj, JARManifest)
+            self.assertIsInstance(obj.path, Path)
+
+    def test_jar_manifests_multiple_files(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'limited to one value'):
+            reader = self.reader('jar-manifests-multiple-files')
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_xpidl_module_no_sources(self):
+        """XPIDL_MODULE without XPIDL_SOURCES should be rejected."""
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'XPIDL_MODULE '
+            'cannot be defined'):
+            reader = self.reader('xpidl-module-no-sources')
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_missing_local_includes(self):
+        """LOCAL_INCLUDES containing non-existent directories should be rejected."""
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'Path specified in '
+            'LOCAL_INCLUDES does not exist'):
+            reader = self.reader('missing-local-includes')
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_library_defines(self):
+        """Test that LIBRARY_DEFINES is propagated properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('library-defines')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        libraries = [o for o in objs if isinstance(o,StaticLibrary)]
+        expected = {
+            'liba': '-DIN_LIBA',
+            'libb': '-DIN_LIBA -DIN_LIBB',
+            'libc': '-DIN_LIBA -DIN_LIBB',
+            'libd': ''
+        }
+        defines = {}
+        for lib in libraries:
+            defines[lib.basename] = ' '.join(lib.lib_defines.get_defines())
+        self.assertEqual(expected, defines)
+
+    def test_sources(self):
+        """Test that SOURCES works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('sources')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # The last object is a Linkable.
+        linkable = objs.pop()
+        self.assertTrue(linkable.cxx_link)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 6)
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, Sources)
+
+        suffix_map = {obj.canonical_suffix: obj for obj in objs}
+        self.assertEqual(len(suffix_map), 6)
+
+        expected = {
+            '.cpp': ['a.cpp', 'b.cc', 'c.cxx'],
+            '.c': ['d.c'],
+            '.m': ['e.m'],
+            '.mm': ['f.mm'],
+            '.S': ['g.S'],
+            '.s': ['h.s', 'i.asm'],
+        }
+        for suffix, files in expected.items():
+            sources = suffix_map[suffix]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sources.files,
+                [mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, f) for f in files])
+
+    def test_sources_just_c(self):
+        """Test that a linkable with no C++ sources doesn't have cxx_link set."""
+        reader = self.reader('sources-just-c')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # The last object is a Linkable.
+        linkable = objs.pop()
+        self.assertFalse(linkable.cxx_link)
+
+    def test_linkables_cxx_link(self):
+        """Test that linkables transitively set cxx_link properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('test-linkables-cxx-link')
+        got_results = 0
+        for obj in self.read_topsrcdir(reader):
+            if isinstance(obj, SharedLibrary):
+                if obj.basename == 'cxx_shared':
+                    self.assertTrue(obj.cxx_link)
+                    got_results += 1
+                elif obj.basename == 'just_c_shared':
+                    self.assertFalse(obj.cxx_link)
+                    got_results += 1
+        self.assertEqual(got_results, 2)
+
+    def test_generated_sources(self):
+        """Test that GENERATED_SOURCES works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('generated-sources')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # The last object is a Linkable.
+        linkable = objs.pop()
+        self.assertTrue(linkable.cxx_link)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 6)
+
+        generated_sources = [o for o in objs if isinstance(o, GeneratedSources)]
+        self.assertEqual(len(generated_sources), 6)
+
+        suffix_map = {obj.canonical_suffix: obj for obj in generated_sources}
+        self.assertEqual(len(suffix_map), 6)
+
+        expected = {
+            '.cpp': ['a.cpp', 'b.cc', 'c.cxx'],
+            '.c': ['d.c'],
+            '.m': ['e.m'],
+            '.mm': ['f.mm'],
+            '.S': ['g.S'],
+            '.s': ['h.s', 'i.asm'],
+        }
+        for suffix, files in expected.items():
+            sources = suffix_map[suffix]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sources.files,
+                [mozpath.join(reader.config.topobjdir, f) for f in files])
+
+    def test_host_sources(self):
+        """Test that HOST_SOURCES works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('host-sources')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # The last object is a Linkable
+        linkable = objs.pop()
+        self.assertTrue(linkable.cxx_link)
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, HostSources)
+
+        suffix_map = {obj.canonical_suffix: obj for obj in objs}
+        self.assertEqual(len(suffix_map), 3)
+
+        expected = {
+            '.cpp': ['a.cpp', 'b.cc', 'c.cxx'],
+            '.c': ['d.c'],
+            '.mm': ['e.mm', 'f.mm'],
+        }
+        for suffix, files in expected.items():
+            sources = suffix_map[suffix]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sources.files,
+                [mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, f) for f in files])
+
+    def test_unified_sources(self):
+        """Test that UNIFIED_SOURCES works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('unified-sources')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # The last object is a Linkable, ignore it
+        objs = objs[:-1]
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, UnifiedSources)
+
+        suffix_map = {obj.canonical_suffix: obj for obj in objs}
+        self.assertEqual(len(suffix_map), 3)
+
+        expected = {
+            '.cpp': ['bar.cxx', 'foo.cpp', 'quux.cc'],
+            '.mm': ['objc1.mm', 'objc2.mm'],
+            '.c': ['c1.c', 'c2.c'],
+        }
+        for suffix, files in expected.items():
+            sources = suffix_map[suffix]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sources.files,
+                [mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, f) for f in files])
+            self.assertTrue(sources.have_unified_mapping)
+
+    def test_unified_sources_non_unified(self):
+        """Test that UNIFIED_SOURCES with FILES_PER_UNIFIED_FILE=1 works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('unified-sources-non-unified')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        # The last object is a Linkable, ignore it
+        objs = objs[:-1]
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+        for o in objs:
+            self.assertIsInstance(o, UnifiedSources)
+
+        suffix_map = {obj.canonical_suffix: obj for obj in objs}
+        self.assertEqual(len(suffix_map), 3)
+
+        expected = {
+            '.cpp': ['bar.cxx', 'foo.cpp', 'quux.cc'],
+            '.mm': ['objc1.mm', 'objc2.mm'],
+            '.c': ['c1.c', 'c2.c'],
+        }
+        for suffix, files in expected.items():
+            sources = suffix_map[suffix]
+            self.assertEqual(
+                sources.files,
+                [mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, f) for f in files])
+            self.assertFalse(sources.have_unified_mapping)
+
+    def test_final_target_pp_files(self):
+        """Test that FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('dist-files')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], FinalTargetPreprocessedFiles)
+
+        # Ideally we'd test hierarchies, but that would just be testing
+        # the HierarchicalStringList class, which we test separately.
+        for path, files in objs[0].files.walk():
+            self.assertEqual(path, '')
+            self.assertEqual(len(files), 2)
+
+            expected = {'install.rdf', 'main.js'}
+            for f in files:
+                self.assertTrue(unicode(f) in expected)
+
+    def test_missing_final_target_pp_files(self):
+        """Test that FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES with missing files throws errors."""
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError, 'File listed in '
+            'FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES does not exist'):
+            reader = self.reader('dist-files-missing')
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_final_target_pp_files_non_srcdir(self):
+        '''Test that non-srcdir paths in FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES throws errors.'''
+        reader = self.reader('final-target-pp-files-non-srcdir')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'Only source directory paths allowed in FINAL_TARGET_PP_FILES:'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_no_cargo_toml(self):
+        '''Test that defining a RustLibrary without a Cargo.toml fails.'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-no-cargo-toml')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'No Cargo.toml file found'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_name_mismatch(self):
+        '''Test that defining a RustLibrary that doesn't match Cargo.toml fails.'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-name-mismatch')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'library.*does not match Cargo.toml-defined package'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_no_lib_section(self):
+        '''Test that a RustLibrary Cargo.toml with no [lib] section fails.'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-no-lib-section')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'Cargo.toml for.* has no \\[lib\\] section'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_no_profile_section(self):
+        '''Test that a RustLibrary Cargo.toml with no [profile] section fails.'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-no-profile-section')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'Cargo.toml for.* has no \\[profile\\.dev\\] section'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_invalid_crate_type(self):
+        '''Test that a RustLibrary Cargo.toml has a permitted crate-type.'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-invalid-crate-type')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'crate-type.* is not permitted'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_non_abort_panic(self):
+        '''Test that a RustLibrary Cargo.toml has `panic = "abort" set'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-non-abort-panic')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'does not specify `panic = "abort"`'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_rust_library_dash_folding(self):
+        '''Test that on-disk names of RustLibrary objects convert dashes to underscores.'''
+        reader = self.reader('rust-library-dash-folding',
+                             extra_substs=dict(RUST_TARGET='i686-pc-windows-msvc'))
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        lib = objs[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(lib, RustLibrary)
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(lib.lib_name, "random_crate")
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(lib.import_name, "random_crate")
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(lib.basename, "random-crate")
+
+    def test_multiple_rust_libraries(self):
+        '''Test that linking multiple Rust libraries throws an error'''
+        reader = self.reader('multiple-rust-libraries',
+                             extra_substs=dict(RUST_TARGET='i686-pc-windows-msvc'))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(LinkageMultipleRustLibrariesError,
+             'Cannot link multiple Rust libraries'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+    def test_crate_dependency_path_resolution(self):
+        '''Test recursive dependencies resolve with the correct paths.'''
+        reader = self.reader('crate-dependency-path-resolution',
+                             extra_substs=dict(RUST_TARGET='i686-pc-windows-msvc'))
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], RustLibrary)
+
+    def test_android_res_dirs(self):
+        """Test that ANDROID_RES_DIRS works properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('android-res-dirs')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], AndroidResDirs)
+
+        # Android resource directories are ordered.
+        expected = [
+            mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'dir1'),
+            mozpath.join(reader.config.topobjdir, 'dir2'),
+            '/dir3',
+        ]
+        self.assertEquals([p.full_path for p in objs[0].paths], expected)
+
+    def test_binary_components(self):
+        """Test that IS_COMPONENT/NO_COMPONENTS_MANIFEST work properly."""
+        reader = self.reader('binary-components')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 3)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], ChromeManifestEntry)
+        self.assertEqual(objs[0].path,
+                         'dist/bin/components/components.manifest')
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0].entry, manifest.ManifestBinaryComponent)
+        self.assertEqual(objs[0].entry.base, 'dist/bin/components')
+        self.assertEqual(objs[0].entry.relpath, objs[1].lib_name)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[1], SharedLibrary)
+        self.assertEqual(objs[1].basename, 'foo')
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[2], SharedLibrary)
+        self.assertEqual(objs[2].basename, 'bar')
+
+    def test_install_shared_lib(self):
+        """Test that we can install a shared library with TEST_HARNESS_FILES"""
+        reader = self.reader('test-install-shared-lib')
+        objs = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[0], TestHarnessFiles)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[1], VariablePassthru)
+        self.assertIsInstance(objs[2], SharedLibrary)
+        for path, files in objs[0].files.walk():
+            for f in files:
+                self.assertEqual(str(f), '!libfoo.so')
+                self.assertEqual(path, 'foo/bar')
+
+    def test_symbols_file(self):
+        """Test that SYMBOLS_FILE works"""
+        reader = self.reader('test-symbols-file')
+        genfile, shlib = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(genfile, GeneratedFile)
+        self.assertIsInstance(shlib, SharedLibrary)
+        # This looks weird but MockConfig sets DLL_{PREFIX,SUFFIX} and
+        # the reader method in this class sets OS_TARGET=WINNT.
+        self.assertEqual(shlib.symbols_file, 'libfoo.so.def')
+
+    def test_symbols_file_objdir(self):
+        """Test that a SYMBOLS_FILE in the objdir works"""
+        reader = self.reader('test-symbols-file-objdir')
+        genfile, shlib = self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+        self.assertIsInstance(genfile, GeneratedFile)
+        self.assertEqual(genfile.script,
+                         mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'foo.py'))
+        self.assertIsInstance(shlib, SharedLibrary)
+        self.assertEqual(shlib.symbols_file, 'foo.symbols')
+
+    def test_symbols_file_objdir_missing_generated(self):
+        """Test that a SYMBOLS_FILE in the objdir that's missing
+        from GENERATED_FILES is an error.
+        """
+        reader = self.reader('test-symbols-file-objdir-missing-generated')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SandboxValidationError,
+             'Objdir file specified in SYMBOLS_FILE not in GENERATED_FILES:'):
+            self.read_topsrcdir(reader)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_namespaces.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_namespaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71cc634e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_namespaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    Context,
+    ContextDerivedValue,
+    ContextDerivedTypedList,
+    ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendList,
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory,
+    UnsortedError,
+)
+
+
+class Fuga(object):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+
+class Piyo(ContextDerivedValue):
+    def __init__(self, context, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, unicode):
+            raise ValueError
+        self.context = context
+        self.value = value
+
+    def lower(self):
+        return self.value.lower()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.value
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        return cmp(self.value, str(other))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.value)
+
+
+VARIABLES = {
+    'HOGE': (unicode, unicode, None),
+    'FUGA': (Fuga, unicode, None),
+    'PIYO': (Piyo, unicode, None),
+    'HOGERA': (ContextDerivedTypedList(Piyo, StrictOrderingOnAppendList),
+        list, None),
+    'HOGEHOGE': (ContextDerivedTypedListWithItems(
+        Piyo,
+        StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+            'foo': bool,
+        })), list, None),
+}
+
+class TestContext(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_key_rejection(self):
+        # Lowercase keys should be rejected during normal operation.
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError) as ke:
+            ns['foo'] = True
+
+        e = ke.exception.args
+        self.assertEqual(e[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e[1], 'set_unknown')
+        self.assertEqual(e[2], 'foo')
+        self.assertTrue(e[3])
+
+        # Unknown uppercase keys should be rejected.
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError) as ke:
+            ns['FOO'] = True
+
+        e = ke.exception.args
+        self.assertEqual(e[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e[1], 'set_unknown')
+        self.assertEqual(e[2], 'FOO')
+        self.assertTrue(e[3])
+
+    def test_allowed_set(self):
+        self.assertIn('HOGE', VARIABLES)
+
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        ns['HOGE'] = 'foo'
+        self.assertEqual(ns['HOGE'], 'foo')
+
+    def test_value_checking(self):
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        # Setting to a non-allowed type should not work.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            ns['HOGE'] = True
+
+        e = ve.exception.args
+        self.assertEqual(e[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e[1], 'set_type')
+        self.assertEqual(e[2], 'HOGE')
+        self.assertEqual(e[3], True)
+        self.assertEqual(e[4], unicode)
+
+    def test_key_checking(self):
+        # Checking for existence of a key should not populate the key if it
+        # doesn't exist.
+        g = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        self.assertFalse('HOGE' in g)
+        self.assertFalse('HOGE' in g)
+
+    def test_coercion(self):
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        # Setting to a type different from the allowed input type should not
+        # work.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            ns['FUGA'] = False
+
+        e = ve.exception.args
+        self.assertEqual(e[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e[1], 'set_type')
+        self.assertEqual(e[2], 'FUGA')
+        self.assertEqual(e[3], False)
+        self.assertEqual(e[4], unicode)
+
+        ns['FUGA'] = 'fuga'
+        self.assertIsInstance(ns['FUGA'], Fuga)
+        self.assertEqual(ns['FUGA'].value, 'fuga')
+
+        ns['FUGA'] = Fuga('hoge')
+        self.assertIsInstance(ns['FUGA'], Fuga)
+        self.assertEqual(ns['FUGA'].value, 'hoge')
+
+    def test_context_derived_coercion(self):
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        # Setting to a type different from the allowed input type should not
+        # work.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            ns['PIYO'] = False
+
+        e = ve.exception.args
+        self.assertEqual(e[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e[1], 'set_type')
+        self.assertEqual(e[2], 'PIYO')
+        self.assertEqual(e[3], False)
+        self.assertEqual(e[4], unicode)
+
+        ns['PIYO'] = 'piyo'
+        self.assertIsInstance(ns['PIYO'], Piyo)
+        self.assertEqual(ns['PIYO'].value, 'piyo')
+        self.assertEqual(ns['PIYO'].context, ns)
+
+        ns['PIYO'] = Piyo(ns, 'fuga')
+        self.assertIsInstance(ns['PIYO'], Piyo)
+        self.assertEqual(ns['PIYO'].value, 'fuga')
+        self.assertEqual(ns['PIYO'].context, ns)
+
+    def test_context_derived_typed_list(self):
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        # Setting to a type that's rejected by coercion should not work.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ns['HOGERA'] = [False]
+
+        ns['HOGERA'] += ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(ns['HOGERA'], VARIABLES['HOGERA'][0])
+        for n in range(0, 3):
+            self.assertIsInstance(ns['HOGERA'][n], Piyo)
+            self.assertEqual(ns['HOGERA'][n].value, ['a', 'b', 'c'][n])
+            self.assertEqual(ns['HOGERA'][n].context, ns)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            ns['HOGERA'] += ['f', 'e', 'd']
+
+    def test_context_derived_typed_list_with_items(self):
+        ns = Context(allowed_variables=VARIABLES)
+
+        # Setting to a type that's rejected by coercion should not work.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ns['HOGEHOGE'] = [False]
+
+        values = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        ns['HOGEHOGE'] += values
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(ns['HOGEHOGE'], VARIABLES['HOGEHOGE'][0])
+        for v in values:
+            ns['HOGEHOGE'][v].foo = True
+
+        for v, item in zip(values, ns['HOGEHOGE']):
+            self.assertIsInstance(item, Piyo)
+            self.assertEqual(v, item)
+            self.assertEqual(ns['HOGEHOGE'][v].foo, True)
+            self.assertEqual(ns['HOGEHOGE'][item].foo, True)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            ns['HOGEHOGE'] += ['f', 'e', 'd']
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_reader.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c2aed9df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import BugzillaComponent
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import (
+    BuildReaderError,
+    BuildReader,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.test.common import MockConfig
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+if sys.version_info.major == 2:
+    text_type = 'unicode'
+else:
+    text_type = 'str'
+
+data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+data_path = mozpath.join(data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestBuildReader(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._old_env = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_OBJDIR', None)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self._old_env)
+
+    def config(self, name, **kwargs):
+        path = mozpath.join(data_path, name)
+
+        return MockConfig(path, **kwargs)
+
+    def reader(self, name, enable_tests=False, error_is_fatal=True, **kwargs):
+        extra = {}
+        if enable_tests:
+            extra['ENABLE_TESTS'] = '1'
+        config = self.config(name,
+                             extra_substs=extra,
+                             error_is_fatal=error_is_fatal)
+
+        return BuildReader(config, **kwargs)
+
+    def file_path(self, name, *args):
+        return mozpath.join(data_path, name, *args)
+
+    def test_dirs_traversal_simple(self):
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-simple')
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 4)
+
+    def test_dirs_traversal_no_descend(self):
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-simple')
+
+        path = mozpath.join(reader.config.topsrcdir, 'moz.build')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(path))
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_mozbuild(path, reader.config,
+            descend=False))
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 1)
+
+    def test_dirs_traversal_all_variables(self):
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-all-vars')
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 2)
+
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-all-vars', enable_tests=True)
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 3)
+
+    def test_relative_dirs(self):
+        # Ensure relative directories are traversed.
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-relative-dirs')
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 3)
+
+    def test_repeated_dirs_ignored(self):
+        # Ensure repeated directories are ignored.
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-repeated-dirs')
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 3)
+
+    def test_outside_topsrcdir(self):
+        # References to directories outside the topsrcdir should fail.
+        reader = self.reader('traversal-outside-topsrcdir')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+    def test_error_basic(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-basic')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertEqual(e.actual_file, self.file_path('reader-error-basic',
+            'moz.build'))
+
+        self.assertIn('The error occurred while processing the', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_included_from(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-included-from')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertEqual(e.actual_file,
+            self.file_path('reader-error-included-from', 'child.build'))
+        self.assertEqual(e.main_file,
+            self.file_path('reader-error-included-from', 'moz.build'))
+
+        self.assertIn('This file was included as part of processing', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_syntax_error(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-syntax')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('Python syntax error on line 5', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('    foo =', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('         ^', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_read_unknown_global(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-read-unknown-global')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('The error was triggered on line 5', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('The underlying problem is an attempt to read', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('    FOO', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_write_unknown_global(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-write-unknown-global')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('The error was triggered on line 7', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('The underlying problem is an attempt to write', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('    FOO', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_write_bad_value(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-write-bad-value')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('The error was triggered on line 5', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('is an attempt to write an illegal value to a special',
+            str(e))
+
+        self.assertIn('variable whose value was rejected is:\n\n    DIRS',
+            str(e))
+
+        self.assertIn('written to it was of the following type:\n\n    %s' % text_type,
+            str(e))
+
+        self.assertIn('expects the following type(s):\n\n    list', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_illegal_path(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-outside-topsrcdir')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('The underlying problem is an illegal file access',
+            str(e))
+
+    def test_error_missing_include_path(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-missing-include')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('we referenced a path that does not exist', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_script_error(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-script-error')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('The error appears to be the fault of the script',
+            str(e))
+        self.assertIn('    ["TypeError: unsupported operand', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_bad_dir(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-bad-dir')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('we referenced a path that does not exist', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_repeated_dir(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-repeated-dir')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('Directory (foo) registered multiple times', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_error_func(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-error-func')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('A moz.build file called the error() function.', str(e))
+        self.assertIn('    Some error.', str(e))
+
+    def test_error_error_func_ok(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-error-func', error_is_fatal=False)
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+    def test_error_empty_list(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-error-empty-list')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError) as bre:
+            list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        e = bre.exception
+        self.assertIn('Variable DIRS assigned an empty value.', str(e))
+
+    def test_inheriting_variables(self):
+        reader = self.reader('inheriting-variables')
+
+        contexts = list(reader.read_topsrcdir())
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 4)
+        self.assertEqual([context.relsrcdir for context in contexts],
+            ['', 'foo', 'foo/baz', 'bar'])
+        self.assertEqual([context['XPIDL_MODULE'] for context in contexts],
+            ['foobar', 'foobar', 'baz', 'foobar'])
+
+    def test_find_relevant_mozbuilds(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-relevant-mozbuild')
+
+        # Absolute paths outside topsrcdir are rejected.
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds(['/foo'])
+
+        # File in root directory.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds(['file'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {'file': ['moz.build']})
+
+        # File in child directory.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds(['d1/file1'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {'d1/file1': ['moz.build', 'd1/moz.build']})
+
+        # Multiple files in same directory.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds(['d1/file1', 'd1/file2'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {
+            'd1/file1': ['moz.build', 'd1/moz.build'],
+            'd1/file2': ['moz.build', 'd1/moz.build']})
+
+        # Missing moz.build from missing intermediate directory.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds(
+            ['d1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/file'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {
+            'd1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/file': [
+                'moz.build', 'd1/moz.build', 'd1/no-intermediate-moz-build/child/moz.build']})
+
+        # Lots of empty directories.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds([
+            'd1/parent-is-far/dir1/dir2/dir3/file'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {
+            'd1/parent-is-far/dir1/dir2/dir3/file':
+                ['moz.build', 'd1/moz.build', 'd1/parent-is-far/moz.build']})
+
+        # Lots of levels.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds([
+            'd1/every-level/a/file', 'd1/every-level/b/file'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {
+            'd1/every-level/a/file': [
+                'moz.build',
+                'd1/moz.build',
+                'd1/every-level/moz.build',
+                'd1/every-level/a/moz.build',
+            ],
+            'd1/every-level/b/file': [
+                'moz.build',
+                'd1/moz.build',
+                'd1/every-level/moz.build',
+                'd1/every-level/b/moz.build',
+            ],
+        })
+
+        # Different root directories.
+        paths = reader._find_relevant_mozbuilds(['d1/file', 'd2/file', 'file'])
+        self.assertEqual(paths, {
+            'file': ['moz.build'],
+            'd1/file': ['moz.build', 'd1/moz.build'],
+            'd2/file': ['moz.build', 'd2/moz.build'],
+        })
+
+    def test_read_relevant_mozbuilds(self):
+        reader = self.reader('reader-relevant-mozbuild')
+
+        paths, contexts = reader.read_relevant_mozbuilds(['d1/every-level/a/file',
+            'd1/every-level/b/file', 'd2/file'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(contexts), 6)
+
+        self.assertEqual([ctx.relsrcdir for ctx in paths['d1/every-level/a/file']],
+            ['', 'd1', 'd1/every-level', 'd1/every-level/a'])
+        self.assertEqual([ctx.relsrcdir for ctx in paths['d1/every-level/b/file']],
+            ['', 'd1', 'd1/every-level', 'd1/every-level/b'])
+        self.assertEqual([ctx.relsrcdir for ctx in paths['d2/file']],
+            ['', 'd2'])
+
+    def test_files_bad_bug_component(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-info')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError):
+            reader.files_info(['bug_component/bad-assignment/moz.build'])
+
+    def test_files_bug_component_static(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-info')
+
+        v = reader.files_info(['bug_component/static/foo',
+                               'bug_component/static/bar',
+                               'bug_component/static/foo/baz'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(v), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/static/foo']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+                         BugzillaComponent('FooProduct', 'FooComponent'))
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/static/bar']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+                         BugzillaComponent('BarProduct', 'BarComponent'))
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/static/foo/baz']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+                         BugzillaComponent('default_product', 'default_component'))
+
+    def test_files_bug_component_simple(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-info')
+
+        v = reader.files_info(['bug_component/simple/moz.build'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(v), 1)
+        flags = v['bug_component/simple/moz.build']
+        self.assertEqual(flags['BUG_COMPONENT'].product, 'Core')
+        self.assertEqual(flags['BUG_COMPONENT'].component, 'Build Config')
+
+    def test_files_bug_component_different_matchers(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-info')
+
+        v = reader.files_info([
+            'bug_component/different-matchers/foo.jsm',
+            'bug_component/different-matchers/bar.cpp',
+            'bug_component/different-matchers/baz.misc'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(v), 3)
+
+        js_flags = v['bug_component/different-matchers/foo.jsm']
+        cpp_flags = v['bug_component/different-matchers/bar.cpp']
+        misc_flags = v['bug_component/different-matchers/baz.misc']
+
+        self.assertEqual(js_flags['BUG_COMPONENT'], BugzillaComponent('Firefox', 'JS'))
+        self.assertEqual(cpp_flags['BUG_COMPONENT'], BugzillaComponent('Firefox', 'C++'))
+        self.assertEqual(misc_flags['BUG_COMPONENT'], BugzillaComponent('default_product', 'default_component'))
+
+    def test_files_bug_component_final(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-info')
+
+        v = reader.files_info([
+            'bug_component/final/foo',
+            'bug_component/final/Makefile.in',
+            'bug_component/final/subcomponent/Makefile.in',
+            'bug_component/final/subcomponent/bar'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/final/foo']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+            BugzillaComponent('default_product', 'default_component'))
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/final/Makefile.in']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+            BugzillaComponent('Core', 'Build Config'))
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/final/subcomponent/Makefile.in']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+            BugzillaComponent('Core', 'Build Config'))
+        self.assertEqual(v['bug_component/final/subcomponent/bar']['BUG_COMPONENT'],
+            BugzillaComponent('Another', 'Component'))
+
+    def test_file_test_deps(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-test-metadata')
+
+        expected = {
+            'simple/src/module.jsm': set(['simple/tests/test_general.html',
+                                          'simple/browser/**.js']),
+            'simple/base.cpp': set(['simple/tests/*',
+                                    'default/tests/xpcshell/test_default_mod.js']),
+        }
+
+        v = reader.files_info([
+            'simple/src/module.jsm',
+            'simple/base.cpp',
+        ])
+
+        for path, pattern_set in expected.items():
+            self.assertEqual(v[path].test_files,
+                             expected[path])
+
+    def test_file_test_deps_default(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-test-metadata')
+        v = reader.files_info([
+            'default/module.js',
+        ])
+
+        expected = {
+            'default/module.js': set(['default/tests/xpcshell/**',
+                                      'default/tests/reftests/**']),
+        }
+
+        for path, pattern_set in expected.items():
+            self.assertEqual(v[path].test_files,
+                             expected[path])
+
+    def test_file_test_deps_tags(self):
+        reader = self.reader('files-test-metadata')
+        v = reader.files_info([
+            'tagged/src/bar.jsm',
+            'tagged/src/submodule/foo.js',
+        ])
+
+        expected_patterns = {
+            'tagged/src/submodule/foo.js': set([]),
+            'tagged/src/bar.jsm': set(['tagged/**.js']),
+        }
+
+        for path, pattern_set in expected_patterns.items():
+            self.assertEqual(v[path].test_files,
+                             expected_patterns[path])
+
+        expected_tags = {
+            'tagged/src/submodule/foo.js': set(['submodule']),
+            'tagged/src/bar.jsm': set([]),
+        }
+        for path, pattern_set in expected_tags.items():
+            self.assertEqual(v[path].test_tags,
+                             expected_tags[path])
+
+        expected_flavors = {
+            'tagged/src/bar.jsm': set(['browser-chrome']),
+            'tagged/src/submodule/foo.js': set([]),
+        }
+        for path, pattern_set in expected_flavors.items():
+            self.assertEqual(v[path].test_flavors,
+                             expected_flavors[path])
+
+    def test_invalid_flavor(self):
+        reader = self.reader('invalid-files-flavor')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(BuildReaderError):
+            reader.files_info(['foo.js'])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_sandbox.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_sandbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d24c5d9ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/frontend/test_sandbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.reader import (
+    MozbuildSandbox,
+    SandboxCalledError,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.sandbox import (
+    Sandbox,
+    SandboxExecutionError,
+    SandboxLoadError,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.frontend.context import (
+    Context,
+    FUNCTIONS,
+    SourcePath,
+    SPECIAL_VARIABLES,
+    VARIABLES,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.test.common import MockConfig
+from types import StringTypes
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestSandbox(unittest.TestCase):
+    def sandbox(self):
+        return Sandbox(Context({
+            'DIRS': (list, list, None),
+        }))
+
+    def test_exec_source_success(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        context = sandbox._context
+
+        sandbox.exec_source('foo = True', mozpath.abspath('foo.py'))
+
+        self.assertNotIn('foo', context)
+        self.assertEqual(context.main_path, mozpath.abspath('foo.py'))
+        self.assertEqual(context.all_paths, set([mozpath.abspath('foo.py')]))
+
+    def test_exec_compile_error(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_source('2f23;k;asfj', mozpath.abspath('foo.py'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(se.exception.file_stack, [mozpath.abspath('foo.py')])
+        self.assertIsInstance(se.exception.exc_value, SyntaxError)
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox._context.main_path, mozpath.abspath('foo.py'))
+
+    def test_exec_import_denied(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_source('import sys')
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(se.exception, SandboxExecutionError)
+        self.assertEqual(se.exception.exc_type, ImportError)
+
+    def test_exec_source_multiple(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        sandbox.exec_source('DIRS = ["foo"]')
+        sandbox.exec_source('DIRS += ["bar"]')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIRS'], ['foo', 'bar'])
+
+    def test_exec_source_illegal_key_set(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_source('ILLEGAL = True')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[1], 'set_unknown')
+
+    def test_exec_source_reassign(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        sandbox.exec_source('DIRS = ["foo"]')
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+          sandbox.exec_source('DIRS = ["bar"]')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIRS'], ['foo'])
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[1], 'reassign')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[2], 'DIRS')
+
+    def test_exec_source_reassign_builtin(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_source('True = 1')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], 'Cannot reassign builtins')
+
+
+class TestedSandbox(MozbuildSandbox):
+    '''Version of MozbuildSandbox with a little more convenience for testing.
+
+    It automatically normalizes paths given to exec_file and exec_source. This
+    helps simplify the test code.
+    '''
+    def normalize_path(self, path):
+        return mozpath.normpath(
+            mozpath.join(self._context.config.topsrcdir, path))
+
+    def source_path(self, path):
+        return SourcePath(self._context, path)
+
+    def exec_file(self, path):
+        super(TestedSandbox, self).exec_file(self.normalize_path(path))
+
+    def exec_source(self, source, path=''):
+        super(TestedSandbox, self).exec_source(source,
+            self.normalize_path(path) if path else '')
+
+
+class TestMozbuildSandbox(unittest.TestCase):
+    def sandbox(self, data_path=None, metadata={}):
+        config = None
+
+        if data_path is not None:
+            config = MockConfig(mozpath.join(test_data_path, data_path))
+        else:
+            config = MockConfig()
+
+        return TestedSandbox(Context(VARIABLES, config), metadata)
+
+    def test_default_state(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        sandbox._context.add_source(sandbox.normalize_path('moz.build'))
+        config = sandbox._context.config
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['TOPSRCDIR'], config.topsrcdir)
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['TOPOBJDIR'], config.topobjdir)
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['RELATIVEDIR'], '')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['SRCDIR'], config.topsrcdir)
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['OBJDIR'], config.topobjdir)
+
+    def test_symbol_presence(self):
+        # Ensure no discrepancies between the master symbol table and what's in
+        # the sandbox.
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        sandbox._context.add_source(sandbox.normalize_path('moz.build'))
+
+        all_symbols = set()
+        all_symbols |= set(FUNCTIONS.keys())
+        all_symbols |= set(SPECIAL_VARIABLES.keys())
+
+        for symbol in all_symbols:
+            self.assertIsNotNone(sandbox[symbol])
+
+    def test_path_calculation(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        sandbox._context.add_source(sandbox.normalize_path('foo/bar/moz.build'))
+        config = sandbox._context.config
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['TOPSRCDIR'], config.topsrcdir)
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['TOPOBJDIR'], config.topobjdir)
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['RELATIVEDIR'], 'foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['SRCDIR'],
+            mozpath.join(config.topsrcdir, 'foo/bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['OBJDIR'],
+            mozpath.join(config.topobjdir, 'foo/bar'))
+
+    def test_config_access(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        config = sandbox._context.config
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['CONFIG']['MOZ_TRUE'], '1')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['CONFIG']['MOZ_FOO'], config.substs['MOZ_FOO'])
+
+        # Access to an undefined substitution should return None.
+        self.assertNotIn('MISSING', sandbox['CONFIG'])
+        self.assertIsNone(sandbox['CONFIG']['MISSING'])
+
+        # Should shouldn't be allowed to assign to the config.
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            sandbox['CONFIG']['FOO'] = ''
+
+    def test_special_variables(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        sandbox._context.add_source(sandbox.normalize_path('moz.build'))
+
+        for k in SPECIAL_VARIABLES:
+            with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+                sandbox[k] = 0
+
+    def test_exec_source_reassign_exported(self):
+        template_sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='templates')
+
+        # Templates need to be defined in actual files because of
+        # inspect.getsourcelines.
+        template_sandbox.exec_file('templates.mozbuild')
+
+        config = MockConfig()
+
+        exports = {'DIST_SUBDIR': 'browser'}
+
+        sandbox = TestedSandbox(Context(VARIABLES, config), metadata={
+            'exports': exports,
+            'templates': template_sandbox.templates,
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIST_SUBDIR'], 'browser')
+
+        # Templates should not interfere
+        sandbox.exec_source('Template([])', 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        sandbox.exec_source('DIST_SUBDIR = "foo"')
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+          sandbox.exec_source('DIST_SUBDIR = "bar"')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIST_SUBDIR'], 'foo')
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[1], 'reassign')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[2], 'DIST_SUBDIR')
+
+    def test_include_basic(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-basic')
+
+        sandbox.exec_file('moz.build')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIRS'], [
+            sandbox.source_path('foo'),
+            sandbox.source_path('bar'),
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox._context.main_path,
+            sandbox.normalize_path('moz.build'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(sandbox._context.all_paths), 2)
+
+    def test_include_outside_topsrcdir(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-outside-topsrcdir')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxLoadError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_file('relative.build')
+
+        self.assertEqual(se.exception.illegal_path,
+            sandbox.normalize_path('../moz.build'))
+
+    def test_include_error_stack(self):
+        # Ensure the path stack is reported properly in exceptions.
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-file-stack')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_file('moz.build')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        args = e.exc_value.args
+        self.assertEqual(args[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(args[1], 'set_unknown')
+        self.assertEqual(args[2], 'ILLEGAL')
+
+        expected_stack = [mozpath.join(sandbox._context.config.topsrcdir, p) for p in [
+            'moz.build', 'included-1.build', 'included-2.build']]
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.file_stack, expected_stack)
+
+    def test_include_missing(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-missing')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxLoadError) as sle:
+            sandbox.exec_file('moz.build')
+
+        self.assertIsNotNone(sle.exception.read_error)
+
+    def test_include_relative_from_child_dir(self):
+        # A relative path from a subdirectory should be relative from that
+        # child directory.
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-relative-from-child')
+        sandbox.exec_file('child/child.build')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIRS'], [sandbox.source_path('../foo')])
+
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-relative-from-child')
+        sandbox.exec_file('child/child2.build')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIRS'], [sandbox.source_path('../foo')])
+
+    def test_include_topsrcdir_relative(self):
+        # An absolute path for include() is relative to topsrcdir.
+
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='include-topsrcdir-relative')
+        sandbox.exec_file('moz.build')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['DIRS'], [sandbox.source_path('foo')])
+
+    def test_error(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxCalledError) as sce:
+            sandbox.exec_source('error("This is an error.")')
+
+        e = sce.exception
+        self.assertEqual(e.message, 'This is an error.')
+
+    def test_substitute_config_files(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+        sandbox._context.add_source(sandbox.normalize_path('moz.build'))
+
+        sandbox.exec_source('CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES += ["bar", "foo"]')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES'], ['bar', 'foo'])
+        for item in sandbox['CONFIGURE_SUBST_FILES']:
+            self.assertIsInstance(item, SourcePath)
+
+    def test_invalid_utf8_substs(self):
+        """Ensure invalid UTF-8 in substs is converted with an error."""
+
+        # This is really mbcs. It's a bunch of invalid UTF-8.
+        config = MockConfig(extra_substs={'BAD_UTF8': b'\x83\x81\x83\x82\x3A'})
+
+        sandbox = MozbuildSandbox(Context(VARIABLES, config))
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox['CONFIG']['BAD_UTF8'],
+            u'\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd:')
+
+    def test_invalid_exports_set_base(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox.exec_source('EXPORTS = "foo.h"')
+
+        self.assertEqual(se.exception.exc_type, ValueError)
+
+    def test_templates(self):
+        sandbox = self.sandbox(data_path='templates')
+
+        # Templates need to be defined in actual files because of
+        # inspect.getsourcelines.
+        sandbox.exec_file('templates.mozbuild')
+
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+Template([
+    'foo.cpp',
+])
+'''
+        sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox2._context, {
+            'SOURCES': ['foo.cpp'],
+            'DIRS': [],
+        })
+
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+SOURCES += ['qux.cpp']
+Template([
+    'bar.cpp',
+    'foo.cpp',
+],[
+    'foo',
+])
+SOURCES += ['hoge.cpp']
+'''
+        sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox2._context, {
+            'SOURCES': ['qux.cpp', 'bar.cpp', 'foo.cpp', 'hoge.cpp'],
+            'DIRS': [sandbox2.source_path('foo')],
+        })
+
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+TemplateError([
+    'foo.cpp',
+])
+'''
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[0], 'global_ns')
+        self.assertEqual(e.args[1], 'set_unknown')
+
+        # TemplateGlobalVariable tries to access 'illegal' but that is expected
+        # to throw.
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+illegal = True
+TemplateGlobalVariable()
+'''
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, NameError)
+
+        # TemplateGlobalUPPERVariable sets SOURCES with DIRS, but the context
+        # used when running the template is not expected to access variables
+        # from the global context.
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+DIRS += ['foo']
+TemplateGlobalUPPERVariable()
+'''
+        sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox2._context, {
+            'SOURCES': [],
+            'DIRS': [sandbox2.source_path('foo')],
+        })
+
+        # However, the result of the template is mixed with the global
+        # context.
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+SOURCES += ['qux.cpp']
+TemplateInherit([
+    'bar.cpp',
+    'foo.cpp',
+])
+SOURCES += ['hoge.cpp']
+'''
+        sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        self.assertEqual(sandbox2._context, {
+            'SOURCES': ['qux.cpp', 'bar.cpp', 'foo.cpp', 'hoge.cpp'],
+            'USE_LIBS': ['foo'],
+            'DIRS': [],
+        })
+
+        # Template names must be CamelCase. Here, we can define the template
+        # inline because the error happens before inspect.getsourcelines.
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+@template
+def foo():
+    pass
+'''
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, NameError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.message,
+            'Template function names must be CamelCase.')
+
+        # Template names must not already be registered.
+        sandbox2 = self.sandbox(metadata={'templates': sandbox.templates})
+        source = '''
+@template
+def Template():
+    pass
+'''
+        with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+            sandbox2.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+        e = se.exception
+        self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, KeyError)
+
+        e = se.exception.exc_value
+        self.assertEqual(e.message,
+            'A template named "Template" was already declared in %s.' %
+            sandbox.normalize_path('templates.mozbuild'))
+
+    def test_function_args(self):
+        class Foo(int): pass
+
+        def foo(a, b):
+            return type(a), type(b)
+
+        FUNCTIONS.update({
+            'foo': (lambda self: foo, (Foo, int), ''),
+        })
+
+        try:
+            sandbox = self.sandbox()
+            source = 'foo("a", "b")'
+
+            with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+                sandbox.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+            e = se.exception
+            self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, ValueError)
+
+            sandbox = self.sandbox()
+            source = 'foo(1, "b")'
+
+            with self.assertRaises(SandboxExecutionError) as se:
+                sandbox.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+            e = se.exception
+            self.assertIsInstance(e.exc_value, ValueError)
+
+            sandbox = self.sandbox()
+            source = 'a = foo(1, 2)'
+            sandbox.exec_source(source, 'foo.mozbuild')
+
+            self.assertEquals(sandbox['a'], (Foo, int))
+        finally:
+            del FUNCTIONS['foo']
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_android_version_code.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_android_version_code.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..059f4588c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_android_version_code.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozunit import main
+import unittest
+
+from mozbuild.android_version_code import (
+    android_version_code_v0,
+    android_version_code_v1,
+)
+
+class TestAndroidVersionCode(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_android_version_code_v0(self):
+        # From https://treeherder.mozilla.org/#/jobs?repo=mozilla-central&revision=e25de9972a77.
+        buildid = '20150708104620'
+        arm_api9  = 2015070819
+        arm_api11 = 2015070821
+        x86_api9  = 2015070822
+        self.assertEqual(android_version_code_v0(buildid, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None), arm_api9)
+        self.assertEqual(android_version_code_v0(buildid, cpu_arch='armeabi-v7a', min_sdk=11, max_sdk=None), arm_api11)
+        self.assertEqual(android_version_code_v0(buildid, cpu_arch='x86', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None), x86_api9)
+
+    def test_android_version_code_v1(self):
+        buildid = '20150825141628'
+        arm_api15 = 0b01111000001000000001001001110001
+        x86_api9  = 0b01111000001000000001001001110100
+        self.assertEqual(android_version_code_v1(buildid, cpu_arch='armeabi-v7a', min_sdk=15, max_sdk=None), arm_api15)
+        self.assertEqual(android_version_code_v1(buildid, cpu_arch='x86', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None), x86_api9)
+
+    def test_android_version_code_v1_underflow(self):
+        '''Verify that it is an error to ask for v1 codes predating the cutoff.'''
+        buildid = '201508010000' # Earliest possible.
+        arm_api9 = 0b01111000001000000000000000000000
+        self.assertEqual(android_version_code_v1(buildid, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None), arm_api9)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            underflow = '201507310000' # Latest possible (valid) underflowing date.
+            android_version_code_v1(underflow, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None)
+        self.assertTrue('underflow' in cm.exception.message)
+
+    def test_android_version_code_v1_running_low(self):
+        '''Verify there is an informative message if one asks for v1 codes that are close to overflow.'''
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            overflow = '20290801000000'
+            android_version_code_v1(overflow, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None)
+        self.assertTrue('Running out of low order bits' in cm.exception.message)
+
+    def test_android_version_code_v1_overflow(self):
+        '''Verify that it is an error to ask for v1 codes that actually does overflow.'''
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            overflow = '20310801000000'
+            android_version_code_v1(overflow, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None)
+        self.assertTrue('overflow' in cm.exception.message)
+
+    def test_android_version_code_v0_relative_v1(self):
+        '''Verify that the first v1 code is greater than the equivalent v0 code.'''
+        buildid = '20150801000000'
+        self.assertGreater(android_version_code_v1(buildid, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None),
+                           android_version_code_v0(buildid, cpu_arch='armeabi', min_sdk=9, max_sdk=None))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_base.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87f0db85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+from mozfile.mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mach.logging import LoggingManager
+
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    BadEnvironmentException,
+    MachCommandBase,
+    MozbuildObject,
+    ObjdirMismatchException,
+    PathArgument,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+from buildconfig import topsrcdir, topobjdir
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+curdir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+log_manager = LoggingManager()
+
+
+class TestMozbuildObject(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._old_cwd = os.getcwd()
+        self._old_env = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZCONFIG', None)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_OBJDIR', None)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_CURRENT_PROJECT', None)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self._old_env)
+
+    def get_base(self, topobjdir=None):
+        return MozbuildObject(topsrcdir, None, log_manager, topobjdir=topobjdir)
+
+    def test_objdir_config_guess(self):
+        base = self.get_base()
+
+        with NamedTemporaryFile() as mozconfig:
+            os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = mozconfig.name
+
+            self.assertIsNotNone(base.topobjdir)
+            self.assertEqual(len(base.topobjdir.split()), 1)
+            config_guess = base.resolve_config_guess()
+            self.assertTrue(base.topobjdir.endswith(config_guess))
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isabs(base.topobjdir))
+            self.assertTrue(base.topobjdir.startswith(base.topsrcdir))
+
+    def test_objdir_trailing_slash(self):
+        """Trailing slashes in topobjdir should be removed."""
+        base = self.get_base()
+
+        with NamedTemporaryFile() as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=@TOPSRCDIR@/foo/')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+            os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = mozconfig.name
+
+            self.assertEqual(base.topobjdir, mozpath.join(base.topsrcdir,
+                'foo'))
+            self.assertTrue(base.topobjdir.endswith('foo'))
+
+    def test_objdir_config_status(self):
+        """Ensure @CONFIG_GUESS@ is handled when loading mozconfig."""
+        base = self.get_base()
+        cmd = base._normalize_command(
+            [os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'autoconf', 'config.guess')],
+            True)
+        guess = subprocess.check_output(cmd, cwd=topsrcdir).strip()
+
+        # There may be symlinks involved, so we use real paths to ensure
+        # path consistency.
+        d = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+        try:
+            mozconfig = os.path.join(d, 'mozconfig')
+            with open(mozconfig, 'wt') as fh:
+                fh.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=@TOPSRCDIR@/foo/@CONFIG_GUESS@')
+            print('Wrote mozconfig %s' % mozconfig)
+
+            topobjdir = os.path.join(d, 'foo', guess)
+            os.makedirs(topobjdir)
+
+            # Create a fake topsrcdir.
+            guess_path = os.path.join(d, 'build', 'autoconf', 'config.guess')
+            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(guess_path))
+            shutil.copy(os.path.join(topsrcdir, 'build', 'autoconf',
+                'config.guess',), guess_path)
+
+            mozinfo = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'mozinfo.json')
+            with open(mozinfo, 'wt') as fh:
+                json.dump(dict(
+                    topsrcdir=d,
+                    mozconfig=mozconfig,
+                ), fh)
+
+            os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = mozconfig.encode('utf-8')
+            os.chdir(topobjdir)
+
+            obj = MozbuildObject.from_environment(
+                detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False)
+
+            self.assertEqual(obj.topobjdir, mozpath.normsep(topobjdir))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_relative_objdir(self):
+        """Relative defined objdirs are loaded properly."""
+        d = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+        try:
+            mozconfig = os.path.join(d, 'mozconfig')
+            with open(mozconfig, 'wt') as fh:
+                fh.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=./objdir')
+
+            topobjdir = mozpath.join(d, 'objdir')
+            os.mkdir(topobjdir)
+
+            mozinfo = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'mozinfo.json')
+            with open(mozinfo, 'wt') as fh:
+                json.dump(dict(
+                    topsrcdir=d,
+                    mozconfig=mozconfig,
+                ), fh)
+
+            os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = mozconfig.encode('utf-8')
+            child = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'foo', 'bar')
+            os.makedirs(child)
+            os.chdir(child)
+
+            obj = MozbuildObject.from_environment(
+                detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False)
+
+            self.assertEqual(obj.topobjdir, topobjdir)
+
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(os, 'symlink'), 'symlinks not available.')
+    def test_symlink_objdir(self):
+        """Objdir that is a symlink is loaded properly."""
+        d = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+        try:
+            topobjdir_real = os.path.join(d, 'objdir')
+            topobjdir_link = os.path.join(d, 'objlink')
+
+            os.mkdir(topobjdir_real)
+            os.symlink(topobjdir_real, topobjdir_link)
+
+            mozconfig = os.path.join(d, 'mozconfig')
+            with open(mozconfig, 'wt') as fh:
+                fh.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=%s' % topobjdir_link)
+
+            mozinfo = os.path.join(topobjdir_real, 'mozinfo.json')
+            with open(mozinfo, 'wt') as fh:
+                json.dump(dict(
+                    topsrcdir=d,
+                    mozconfig=mozconfig,
+                ), fh)
+
+            os.chdir(topobjdir_link)
+            obj = MozbuildObject.from_environment(detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False)
+            self.assertEqual(obj.topobjdir, topobjdir_real)
+
+            os.chdir(topobjdir_real)
+            obj = MozbuildObject.from_environment(detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False)
+            self.assertEqual(obj.topobjdir, topobjdir_real)
+
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_mach_command_base_inside_objdir(self):
+        """Ensure a MachCommandBase constructed from inside the objdir works."""
+
+        d = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+        try:
+            topobjdir = os.path.join(d, 'objdir')
+            os.makedirs(topobjdir)
+
+            topsrcdir = os.path.join(d, 'srcdir')
+            os.makedirs(topsrcdir)
+
+            mozinfo = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'mozinfo.json')
+            with open(mozinfo, 'wt') as fh:
+                json.dump(dict(
+                    topsrcdir=topsrcdir,
+                ), fh)
+
+            os.chdir(topobjdir)
+
+            class MockMachContext(object):
+                pass
+
+            context = MockMachContext()
+            context.cwd = topobjdir
+            context.topdir = topsrcdir
+            context.settings = None
+            context.log_manager = None
+            context.detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False
+
+            o = MachCommandBase(context)
+
+            self.assertEqual(o.topobjdir, mozpath.normsep(topobjdir))
+            self.assertEqual(o.topsrcdir, mozpath.normsep(topsrcdir))
+
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_objdir_is_srcdir_rejected(self):
+        """Ensure the srcdir configurations are rejected."""
+        d = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+        try:
+            # The easiest way to do this is to create a mozinfo.json with data
+            # that will never happen.
+            mozinfo = os.path.join(d, 'mozinfo.json')
+            with open(mozinfo, 'wt') as fh:
+                json.dump({'topsrcdir': d}, fh)
+
+            os.chdir(d)
+
+            with self.assertRaises(BadEnvironmentException):
+                MozbuildObject.from_environment(detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False)
+
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_objdir_mismatch(self):
+        """Ensure MachCommandBase throwing on objdir mismatch."""
+        d = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp())
+
+        try:
+            real_topobjdir = os.path.join(d, 'real-objdir')
+            os.makedirs(real_topobjdir)
+
+            topobjdir = os.path.join(d, 'objdir')
+            os.makedirs(topobjdir)
+
+            topsrcdir = os.path.join(d, 'srcdir')
+            os.makedirs(topsrcdir)
+
+            mozconfig = os.path.join(d, 'mozconfig')
+            with open(mozconfig, 'wt') as fh:
+                fh.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=%s' % real_topobjdir)
+
+            mozinfo = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'mozinfo.json')
+            with open(mozinfo, 'wt') as fh:
+                json.dump(dict(
+                    topsrcdir=topsrcdir,
+                    mozconfig=mozconfig,
+                ), fh)
+
+            os.chdir(topobjdir)
+
+            class MockMachContext(object):
+                pass
+
+            context = MockMachContext()
+            context.cwd = topobjdir
+            context.topdir = topsrcdir
+            context.settings = None
+            context.log_manager = None
+            context.detect_virtualenv_mozinfo=False
+
+            stdout = sys.stdout
+            sys.stdout = StringIO()
+            try:
+                with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+                    MachCommandBase(context)
+
+                self.assertTrue(sys.stdout.getvalue().startswith(
+                    'Ambiguous object directory detected.'))
+            finally:
+                sys.stdout = stdout
+
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(self._old_cwd)
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_config_environment(self):
+        base = self.get_base(topobjdir=topobjdir)
+
+        ce = base.config_environment
+        self.assertIsInstance(ce, ConfigEnvironment)
+
+        self.assertEqual(base.defines, ce.defines)
+        self.assertEqual(base.substs, ce.substs)
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(base.defines, dict)
+        self.assertIsInstance(base.substs, dict)
+
+    def test_get_binary_path(self):
+        base = self.get_base(topobjdir=topobjdir)
+
+        platform = sys.platform
+
+        # We should ideally use the config.status from the build. Let's install
+        # a fake one.
+        substs = [
+            ('MOZ_APP_NAME', 'awesomeapp'),
+            ('MOZ_BUILD_APP', 'awesomeapp'),
+        ]
+        if sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            substs.append(('OS_ARCH', 'Darwin'))
+            substs.append(('BIN_SUFFIX', ''))
+            substs.append(('MOZ_MACBUNDLE_NAME', 'Nightly.app'))
+        elif sys.platform.startswith(('win32', 'cygwin')):
+            substs.append(('OS_ARCH', 'WINNT'))
+            substs.append(('BIN_SUFFIX', '.exe'))
+        else:
+            substs.append(('OS_ARCH', 'something'))
+            substs.append(('BIN_SUFFIX', ''))
+
+        base._config_environment = ConfigEnvironment(base.topsrcdir,
+            base.topobjdir, substs=substs)
+
+        p = base.get_binary_path('xpcshell', False)
+        if platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('Contents/MacOS/xpcshell'))
+        elif platform.startswith(('win32', 'cygwin')):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('xpcshell.exe'))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('dist/bin/xpcshell'))
+
+        p = base.get_binary_path(validate_exists=False)
+        if platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('Contents/MacOS/awesomeapp'))
+        elif platform.startswith(('win32', 'cygwin')):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('awesomeapp.exe'))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('dist/bin/awesomeapp'))
+
+        p = base.get_binary_path(validate_exists=False, where="staged-package")
+        if platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('awesomeapp/Nightly.app/Contents/MacOS/awesomeapp'))
+        elif platform.startswith(('win32', 'cygwin')):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('awesomeapp\\awesomeapp.exe'))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('awesomeapp/awesomeapp'))
+
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, base.get_binary_path, where="somewhere")
+
+        p = base.get_binary_path('foobar', validate_exists=False)
+        if platform.startswith('win32'):
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('foobar.exe'))
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(p.endswith('foobar'))
+
+class TestPathArgument(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_path_argument(self):
+        # Absolute path
+        p = PathArgument("/obj/foo", "/src", "/obj", "/src")
+        self.assertEqual(p.relpath(), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.srcdir_path(), "/src/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.objdir_path(), "/obj/foo")
+
+        # Relative path within srcdir
+        p = PathArgument("foo", "/src", "/obj", "/src")
+        self.assertEqual(p.relpath(), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.srcdir_path(), "/src/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.objdir_path(), "/obj/foo")
+
+        # Relative path within subdirectory
+        p = PathArgument("bar", "/src", "/obj", "/src/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.relpath(), "foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(p.srcdir_path(), "/src/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(p.objdir_path(), "/obj/foo/bar")
+
+        # Relative path within objdir
+        p = PathArgument("foo", "/src", "/obj", "/obj")
+        self.assertEqual(p.relpath(), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.srcdir_path(), "/src/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.objdir_path(), "/obj/foo")
+
+        # "." path
+        p = PathArgument(".", "/src", "/obj", "/src/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.relpath(), "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.srcdir_path(), "/src/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.objdir_path(), "/obj/foo")
+
+        # Nested src/obj directories
+        p = PathArgument("bar", "/src", "/src/obj", "/src/obj/foo")
+        self.assertEqual(p.relpath(), "foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(p.srcdir_path(), "/src/foo/bar")
+        self.assertEqual(p.objdir_path(), "/src/obj/foo/bar")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_containers.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_containers.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d46f86a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_containers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    KeyedDefaultDict,
+    List,
+    OrderedDefaultDict,
+    ReadOnlyNamespace,
+    ReadOnlyDefaultDict,
+    ReadOnlyDict,
+    ReadOnlyKeyedDefaultDict,
+)
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+
+class TestReadOnlyNamespace(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        test = ReadOnlyNamespace(foo=1, bar=2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.foo, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(test.bar, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(i for i in dir(test) if not i.startswith('__')),
+            ['bar', 'foo'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            value = test.missing
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test.foo = 2
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            del test.foo
+
+        self.assertEqual(test, test)
+        self.assertEqual(test, ReadOnlyNamespace(foo=1, bar=2))
+        self.assertNotEqual(test, ReadOnlyNamespace(foo='1', bar=2))
+        self.assertNotEqual(test, ReadOnlyNamespace(foo=1, bar=2, qux=3))
+        self.assertNotEqual(test, ReadOnlyNamespace(foo=1, qux=3))
+        self.assertNotEqual(test, ReadOnlyNamespace(foo=3, bar='42'))
+
+
+class TestReadOnlyDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        original = {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2}
+
+        test = ReadOnlyDict(original)
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, test)
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            value = test['missing']
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test['baz'] = True
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        original = {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2}
+
+        test = ReadOnlyDict(original)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test.update(foo=2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, test)
+
+    def test_del(self):
+        original = {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2}
+
+        test = ReadOnlyDict(original)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            del test['foo']
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, test)
+
+
+class TestReadOnlyDefaultDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        original = {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2}
+
+        test = ReadOnlyDefaultDict(bool, original)
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, test)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+    def test_assignment(self):
+        test = ReadOnlyDefaultDict(bool, {})
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test['foo'] = True
+
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        test = ReadOnlyDefaultDict(bool, {'foo': 1})
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['qux'], False)
+
+
+class TestList(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_add_list(self):
+        test = List([1, 2, 3])
+
+        test += [4, 5, 6]
+        self.assertIsInstance(test, List)
+        self.assertEqual(test, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+        test = test + [7, 8]
+        self.assertIsInstance(test, List)
+        self.assertEqual(test, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+
+    def test_add_string(self):
+        test = List([1, 2, 3])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            test += 'string'
+
+    def test_none(self):
+        """As a special exception, we allow None to be treated as an empty
+        list."""
+        test = List([1, 2, 3])
+
+        test += None
+        self.assertEqual(test, [1, 2, 3])
+
+        test = test + None
+        self.assertIsInstance(test, List)
+        self.assertEqual(test, [1, 2, 3])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            test += False
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            test = test + False
+
+class TestOrderedDefaultDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        original = OrderedDict(foo=1, bar=2)
+
+        test = OrderedDefaultDict(bool, original)
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, test)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.keys(), ['foo', 'bar' ])
+
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        test = OrderedDefaultDict(bool, {'foo': 1 })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['qux'], False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test.keys(), ['foo', 'qux' ])
+
+
+class TestKeyedDefaultDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        original = {'foo': 1, 'bar': 2 }
+
+        test = KeyedDefaultDict(lambda x: x, original)
+
+        self.assertEqual(original, test)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        test = KeyedDefaultDict(lambda x: x, {'foo': 1 })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['qux'], 'qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['bar'], 'bar')
+
+        test['foo'] = 2
+        test['qux'] = None
+        test['baz'] = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['qux'], None)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['baz'], 'foo')
+
+
+class TestReadOnlyKeyedDefaultDict(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_defaults(self):
+        test = ReadOnlyKeyedDefaultDict(lambda x: x, {'foo': 1 })
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['foo'], 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['qux'], 'qux')
+
+        self.assertEqual(test['bar'], 'bar')
+
+        copy = dict(test)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test['foo'] = 2
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test['qux'] = None
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            test['baz'] = 'foo'
+
+        self.assertEqual(test, copy)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(test), 3)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_dotproperties.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_dotproperties.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a03f85b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_dotproperties.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mozbuild.dotproperties import (
+    DotProperties,
+)
+
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+)
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestDotProperties(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_get(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+key=value
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('missing'), None)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('missing', 'default'), 'default')
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('key'), 'value')
+
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+old=old value
+key=value
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('old'), 'old value')
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('key'), 'value')
+
+        new_contents = StringIO('''
+key=new value
+''')
+        p.update(new_contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('old'), 'old value')
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('key'), 'new value')
+
+
+    def test_get_list(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+list.0=A
+list.1=B
+list.2=C
+
+order.1=B
+order.0=A
+order.2=C
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('missing'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list'), ['A', 'B', 'C'])
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('order'), ['A', 'B', 'C'])
+
+
+    def test_get_list_with_shared_prefix(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+list.0=A
+list.1=B
+list.2=C
+
+list.sublist.1=E
+list.sublist.0=D
+list.sublist.2=F
+
+list.sublist.second.0=G
+
+list.other.0=H
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list'), ['A', 'B', 'C'])
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list.sublist'), ['D', 'E', 'F'])
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list.sublist.second'), ['G'])
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list.other'), ['H'])
+
+
+    def test_get_dict(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+A.title=title A
+
+B.title=title B
+B.url=url B
+
+C=value
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('missing'), {})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('A'), {'title': 'title A'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('B'), {'title': 'title B', 'url': 'url B'})
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.get_dict('A', required_keys=['title', 'url'])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.get_dict('missing', required_keys=['key'])
+        # A key=value pair is considered to root an empty dict.
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('C'), {})
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.get_dict('C', required_keys=['missing_key'])
+
+
+    def test_get_dict_with_shared_prefix(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+A.title=title A
+A.subdict.title=title A subdict
+
+B.title=title B
+B.url=url B
+B.subdict.title=title B subdict
+B.subdict.url=url B subdict
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('A'), {'title': 'title A'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('B'), {'title': 'title B', 'url': 'url B'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('A.subdict'),
+            {'title': 'title A subdict'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('B.subdict'),
+            {'title': 'title B subdict', 'url': 'url B subdict'})
+
+    def test_get_dict_with_value_prefix(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+A.default=A
+A.default.B=B
+A.default.B.ignored=B ignored
+A.default.C=C
+A.default.C.ignored=C ignored
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('A.default'), 'A')
+        # This enumerates the properties.
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('A.default'), {'B': 'B', 'C': 'C'})
+        # They can still be fetched directly.
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('A.default.B'), 'B')
+        self.assertEqual(p.get('A.default.C'), 'C')
+
+
+    def test_unicode(self):
+        contents = StringIO('''
+# Danish.
+# ####  ~~ Søren Munk Skrøder, sskroeder - 2009-05-30 @ #mozmae
+
+# Korean.
+A.title=한메�
+
+# Russian.
+list.0 = test
+list.1 = Яндек�
+''')
+        p = DotProperties(contents)
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('A'), {'title': '한메�'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list'), ['test', 'Яндек�'])
+
+    def test_valid_unicode_from_file(self):
+        # The contents of valid.properties is identical to the contents of the
+        # test above.  This specifically exercises reading from a file.
+        p = DotProperties(os.path.join(test_data_path, 'valid.properties'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_dict('A'), {'title': '한메�'})
+        self.assertEqual(p.get_list('list'), ['test', 'Яндек�'])
+
+    def test_bad_unicode_from_file(self):
+        # The contents of bad.properties is not valid Unicode; see the comments
+        # in the file itself for details.
+        with self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError):
+            DotProperties(os.path.join(test_data_path, 'bad.properties'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_expression.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb3c45894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_expression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import unittest
+
+import sys
+import os.path
+import mozunit
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Expression, Context
+
+class TestContext(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Unit tests for the Context class
+  """
+
+  def setUp(self):
+    self.c = Context()
+    self.c['FAIL'] = 'PASS'
+
+  def test_string_literal(self):
+    """test string literal, fall-through for undefined var in a Context"""
+    self.assertEqual(self.c['PASS'], 'PASS')
+
+  def test_variable(self):
+    """test value for defined var in the Context class"""
+    self.assertEqual(self.c['FAIL'], 'PASS')
+
+  def test_in(self):
+    """test 'var in context' to not fall for fallback"""
+    self.assert_('FAIL' in self.c)
+    self.assert_('PASS' not in self.c)
+
+class TestExpression(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Unit tests for the Expression class
+  evaluate() is called with a context {FAIL: 'PASS'}
+  """
+
+  def setUp(self):
+    self.c = Context()
+    self.c['FAIL'] = 'PASS'
+
+  def test_string_literal(self):
+    """Test for a string literal in an Expression"""
+    self.assertEqual(Expression('PASS').evaluate(self.c), 'PASS')
+
+  def test_variable(self):
+    """Test for variable value in an Expression"""
+    self.assertEqual(Expression('FAIL').evaluate(self.c), 'PASS')
+
+  def test_not(self):
+    """Test for the ! operator"""
+    self.assert_(Expression('!0').evaluate(self.c))
+    self.assert_(not Expression('!1').evaluate(self.c))
+
+  def test_equals(self):
+    """ Test for the == operator"""
+    self.assert_(Expression('FAIL == PASS').evaluate(self.c))
+
+  def test_notequals(self):
+    """ Test for the != operator"""
+    self.assert_(Expression('FAIL != 1').evaluate(self.c))
+
+  def test_logical_and(self):
+    """ Test for the && operator"""
+    self.assertTrue(Expression('PASS == PASS && PASS != NOTPASS').evaluate(self.c))
+
+  def test_logical_or(self):
+    """ Test for the || operator"""
+    self.assertTrue(Expression('PASS == NOTPASS || PASS != NOTPASS').evaluate(self.c))
+
+  def test_logical_ops(self):
+    """ Test for the && and || operators precedence"""
+    # Would evaluate to false if precedence was wrong
+    self.assertTrue(Expression('PASS == PASS || PASS != NOTPASS && PASS == NOTPASS').evaluate(self.c))
+
+  def test_defined(self):
+    """ Test for the defined() value"""
+    self.assertTrue(Expression('defined(FAIL)').evaluate(self.c))
+    self.assertTrue(Expression('!defined(PASS)').evaluate(self.c))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_jarmaker.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_jarmaker.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4d4156a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_jarmaker.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import unittest
+
+import os, sys, os.path, time, inspect
+from filecmp import dircmp
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from shutil import rmtree, copy2
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+import mozunit
+
+from mozbuild.jar import JarMaker
+
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import POINTER, WinError
+    DWORD = ctypes.c_ulong
+    LPDWORD = POINTER(DWORD)
+    HANDLE = ctypes.c_void_p
+    GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000
+    FILE_SHARE_READ = 0x00000001
+    OPEN_EXISTING = 3
+    MAX_PATH = 260
+
+    class FILETIME(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [("dwLowDateTime", DWORD),
+                    ("dwHighDateTime", DWORD)]
+
+    class BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [("dwFileAttributes", DWORD),
+                    ("ftCreationTime", FILETIME),
+                    ("ftLastAccessTime", FILETIME),
+                    ("ftLastWriteTime", FILETIME),
+                    ("dwVolumeSerialNumber", DWORD),
+                    ("nFileSizeHigh", DWORD),
+                    ("nFileSizeLow", DWORD),
+                    ("nNumberOfLinks", DWORD),
+                    ("nFileIndexHigh", DWORD),
+                    ("nFileIndexLow", DWORD)]
+
+    # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363858
+    CreateFile = ctypes.windll.kernel32.CreateFileA
+    CreateFile.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, DWORD, DWORD, ctypes.c_void_p,
+                           DWORD, DWORD, HANDLE]
+    CreateFile.restype = HANDLE
+
+    # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364952
+    GetFileInformationByHandle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetFileInformationByHandle
+    GetFileInformationByHandle.argtypes = [HANDLE, POINTER(BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION)]
+    GetFileInformationByHandle.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+    # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364996
+    GetVolumePathName = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetVolumePathNameA
+    GetVolumePathName.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p, DWORD]
+    GetVolumePathName.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+    # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364993
+    GetVolumeInformation = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetVolumeInformationA
+    GetVolumeInformation.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_char_p, DWORD,
+                                     LPDWORD, LPDWORD, LPDWORD, ctypes.c_char_p,
+                                     DWORD]
+    GetVolumeInformation.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+def symlinks_supported(path):
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        # Add 1 for a trailing backslash if necessary, and 1 for the terminating
+        # null character.
+        volpath = ctypes.create_string_buffer(len(path) + 2)
+        rv = GetVolumePathName(path, volpath, len(volpath))
+        if rv == 0:
+            raise WinError()
+
+        fsname = ctypes.create_string_buffer(MAX_PATH + 1)
+        rv = GetVolumeInformation(volpath, None, 0, None, None, None, fsname,
+                                  len(fsname))
+        if rv == 0:
+            raise WinError()
+
+        # Return true only if the fsname is NTFS
+        return fsname.value == "NTFS"
+    else:
+        return True
+
+def _getfileinfo(path):
+    """Return information for the given file. This only works on Windows."""
+    fh = CreateFile(path, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, None, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, None)
+    if fh is None:
+        raise WinError()
+    info = BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION()
+    rv = GetFileInformationByHandle(fh, info)
+    if rv == 0:
+        raise WinError()
+    return info
+
+def is_symlink_to(dest, src):
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        # Check if both are on the same volume and have the same file ID
+        destinfo = _getfileinfo(dest)
+        srcinfo = _getfileinfo(src)
+        return (destinfo.dwVolumeSerialNumber == srcinfo.dwVolumeSerialNumber and
+                destinfo.nFileIndexHigh == srcinfo.nFileIndexHigh and
+                destinfo.nFileIndexLow == srcinfo.nFileIndexLow)
+    else:
+        # Read the link and check if it is correct
+        if not os.path.islink(dest):
+            return False
+        target = os.path.abspath(os.readlink(dest))
+        abssrc = os.path.abspath(src)
+        return target == abssrc
+
+class _TreeDiff(dircmp):
+    """Helper to report rich results on difference between two directories.
+    """
+    def _fillDiff(self, dc, rv, basepath="{0}"):
+        rv['right_only'] += map(lambda l: basepath.format(l), dc.right_only)
+        rv['left_only'] += map(lambda l: basepath.format(l), dc.left_only)
+        rv['diff_files'] += map(lambda l: basepath.format(l), dc.diff_files)
+        rv['funny'] += map(lambda l: basepath.format(l), dc.common_funny)
+        rv['funny'] += map(lambda l: basepath.format(l), dc.funny_files)
+        for subdir, _dc in dc.subdirs.iteritems():
+            self._fillDiff(_dc, rv, basepath.format(subdir + "/{0}"))
+    def allResults(self, left, right):
+        rv = {'right_only':[], 'left_only':[],
+              'diff_files':[], 'funny': []}
+        self._fillDiff(self, rv)
+        chunks = []
+        if rv['right_only']:
+            chunks.append('{0} only in {1}'.format(', '.join(rv['right_only']),
+                                                   right))
+        if rv['left_only']:
+            chunks.append('{0} only in {1}'.format(', '.join(rv['left_only']),
+                                                   left))
+        if rv['diff_files']:
+            chunks.append('{0} differ'.format(', '.join(rv['diff_files'])))
+        if rv['funny']:
+            chunks.append("{0} don't compare".format(', '.join(rv['funny'])))
+        return '; '.join(chunks)
+
+class TestJarMaker(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    Unit tests for JarMaker.py
+    """
+    debug = False # set to True to debug failing tests on disk
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmpdir = mkdtemp()
+        self.srcdir = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, 'src')
+        os.mkdir(self.srcdir)
+        self.builddir = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, 'build')
+        os.mkdir(self.builddir)
+        self.refdir = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, 'ref')
+        os.mkdir(self.refdir)
+        self.stagedir = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, 'stage')
+        os.mkdir(self.stagedir)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self.debug:
+            print(self.tmpdir)
+        elif sys.platform != "win32":
+            # can't clean up on windows
+            rmtree(self.tmpdir)
+
+    def _jar_and_compare(self, infile, **kwargs):
+        jm = JarMaker(outputFormat='jar')
+        if 'topsourcedir' not in kwargs:
+            kwargs['topsourcedir'] = self.srcdir
+        for attr in ('topsourcedir', 'sourcedirs'):
+            if attr in kwargs:
+                setattr(jm, attr, kwargs[attr])
+        jm.makeJar(infile, self.builddir)
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(self.builddir)
+        try:
+            # expand build to stage
+            for path, dirs, files in os.walk('.'):
+                stagedir = os.path.join(self.stagedir, path)
+                if not os.path.isdir(stagedir):
+                    os.mkdir(stagedir)
+                for file in files:
+                    if file.endswith('.jar'):
+                        # expand jar
+                        stagepath = os.path.join(stagedir, file)
+                        os.mkdir(stagepath)
+                        zf = ZipFile(os.path.join(path, file))
+                        # extractall is only in 2.6, do this manually :-(
+                        for entry_name in zf.namelist():
+                            segs = entry_name.split('/')
+                            fname = segs.pop()
+                            dname = os.path.join(stagepath, *segs)
+                            if not os.path.isdir(dname):
+                                os.makedirs(dname)
+                            if not fname:
+                                # directory, we're done
+                                continue
+                            _c = zf.read(entry_name)
+                            open(os.path.join(dname, fname), 'wb').write(_c)
+                        zf.close()
+                    else:
+                        copy2(os.path.join(path, file), stagedir)
+            # compare both dirs
+            os.chdir('..')
+            td = _TreeDiff('ref', 'stage')
+            return td.allResults('reference', 'build')
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(cwd)
+
+    def _create_simple_setup(self):
+        # create src content
+        jarf = open(os.path.join(self.srcdir, 'jar.mn'), 'w')
+        jarf.write('''test.jar:
+ dir/foo (bar)
+''')
+        jarf.close()
+        open(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'bar'),'w').write('content\n')
+        # create reference
+        refpath = os.path.join(self.refdir, 'chrome', 'test.jar', 'dir')
+        os.makedirs(refpath)
+        open(os.path.join(refpath, 'foo'), 'w').write('content\n')        
+
+    def test_a_simple_jar(self):
+        '''Test a simple jar.mn'''
+        self._create_simple_setup()
+        # call JarMaker
+        rv = self._jar_and_compare(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'jar.mn'),
+                                   sourcedirs = [self.srcdir])
+        self.assertTrue(not rv, rv)
+
+    def test_a_simple_symlink(self):
+        '''Test a simple jar.mn with a symlink'''
+        if not symlinks_supported(self.srcdir):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('symlinks not supported')
+
+        self._create_simple_setup()
+        jm = JarMaker(outputFormat='symlink')
+        jm.sourcedirs = [self.srcdir]
+        jm.topsourcedir = self.srcdir
+        jm.makeJar(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'jar.mn'), self.builddir)
+        # All we do is check that srcdir/bar points to builddir/chrome/test/dir/foo
+        srcbar = os.path.join(self.srcdir, 'bar')
+        destfoo = os.path.join(self.builddir, 'chrome', 'test', 'dir', 'foo')
+        self.assertTrue(is_symlink_to(destfoo, srcbar),
+                        "{0} is not a symlink to {1}".format(destfoo, srcbar))
+
+    def _create_wildcard_setup(self):
+        # create src content
+        jarf = open(os.path.join(self.srcdir, 'jar.mn'), 'w')
+        jarf.write('''test.jar:
+ dir/bar (*.js)
+ dir/hoge (qux/*)
+''')
+        jarf.close()
+        open(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'foo.js'),'w').write('foo.js\n')
+        open(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'bar.js'),'w').write('bar.js\n')
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(self.srcdir, 'qux', 'foo'))
+        open(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'qux', 'foo', '1'),'w').write('1\n')
+        open(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'qux', 'foo', '2'),'w').write('2\n')
+        open(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'qux', 'baz'),'w').write('baz\n')
+        # create reference
+        refpath = os.path.join(self.refdir, 'chrome', 'test.jar', 'dir')
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(refpath, 'bar'))
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(refpath, 'hoge', 'foo'))
+        open(os.path.join(refpath, 'bar', 'foo.js'), 'w').write('foo.js\n')
+        open(os.path.join(refpath, 'bar', 'bar.js'), 'w').write('bar.js\n')
+        open(os.path.join(refpath, 'hoge', 'foo', '1'), 'w').write('1\n')
+        open(os.path.join(refpath, 'hoge', 'foo', '2'), 'w').write('2\n')
+        open(os.path.join(refpath, 'hoge', 'baz'), 'w').write('baz\n')
+
+    def test_a_wildcard_jar(self):
+        '''Test a wildcard in jar.mn'''
+        self._create_wildcard_setup()
+        # call JarMaker
+        rv = self._jar_and_compare(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'jar.mn'),
+                                   sourcedirs = [self.srcdir])
+        self.assertTrue(not rv, rv)
+
+    def test_a_wildcard_symlink(self):
+        '''Test a wildcard in jar.mn with symlinks'''
+        if not symlinks_supported(self.srcdir):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('symlinks not supported')
+
+        self._create_wildcard_setup()
+        jm = JarMaker(outputFormat='symlink')
+        jm.sourcedirs = [self.srcdir]
+        jm.topsourcedir = self.srcdir
+        jm.makeJar(os.path.join(self.srcdir,'jar.mn'), self.builddir)
+
+        expected_symlinks = {
+            ('bar', 'foo.js'): ('foo.js',),
+            ('bar', 'bar.js'): ('bar.js',),
+            ('hoge', 'foo', '1'): ('qux', 'foo', '1'),
+            ('hoge', 'foo', '2'): ('qux', 'foo', '2'),
+            ('hoge', 'baz'): ('qux', 'baz'),
+        }
+        for dest, src in expected_symlinks.iteritems():
+            srcpath = os.path.join(self.srcdir, *src)
+            destpath = os.path.join(self.builddir, 'chrome', 'test', 'dir',
+                                    *dest)
+            self.assertTrue(is_symlink_to(destpath, srcpath),
+                            "{0} is not a symlink to {1}".format(destpath,
+                                                                 srcpath))
+
+
+class Test_relativesrcdir(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.jm = JarMaker()
+        self.jm.topsourcedir = '/TOPSOURCEDIR'
+        self.jm.relativesrcdir = 'browser/locales'
+        self.fake_empty_file = StringIO()
+        self.fake_empty_file.name = 'fake_empty_file'
+    def tearDown(self):
+        del self.jm
+        del self.fake_empty_file
+    def test_en_US(self):
+        jm = self.jm
+        jm.makeJar(self.fake_empty_file, '/NO_OUTPUT_REQUIRED')
+        self.assertEquals(jm.localedirs,
+                          [
+                            os.path.join(os.path.abspath('/TOPSOURCEDIR'),
+                                         'browser/locales', 'en-US')
+                            ])
+    def test_l10n_no_merge(self):
+        jm = self.jm
+        jm.l10nbase = '/L10N_BASE'
+        jm.makeJar(self.fake_empty_file, '/NO_OUTPUT_REQUIRED')
+        self.assertEquals(jm.localedirs, [os.path.join('/L10N_BASE', 'browser')])
+    def test_l10n_merge(self):
+        jm = self.jm
+        jm.l10nbase = '/L10N_BASE'
+        jm.l10nmerge = '/L10N_MERGE'
+        jm.makeJar(self.fake_empty_file, '/NO_OUTPUT_REQUIRED')
+        self.assertEquals(jm.localedirs,
+                          [os.path.join('/L10N_MERGE', 'browser'),
+                           os.path.join('/L10N_BASE', 'browser'),
+                           os.path.join(os.path.abspath('/TOPSOURCEDIR'),
+                                        'browser/locales', 'en-US')
+                           ])
+    def test_override(self):
+        jm = self.jm
+        jm.outputFormat = 'flat'  # doesn't touch chrome dir without files
+        jarcontents = StringIO('''en-US.jar:
+relativesrcdir dom/locales:
+''')
+        jarcontents.name = 'override.mn'
+        jm.makeJar(jarcontents, '/NO_OUTPUT_REQUIRED')
+        self.assertEquals(jm.localedirs,
+                          [
+                            os.path.join(os.path.abspath('/TOPSOURCEDIR'),
+                                         'dom/locales', 'en-US')
+                            ])
+    def test_override_l10n(self):
+        jm = self.jm
+        jm.l10nbase = '/L10N_BASE'
+        jm.outputFormat = 'flat'  # doesn't touch chrome dir without files
+        jarcontents = StringIO('''en-US.jar:
+relativesrcdir dom/locales:
+''')
+        jarcontents.name = 'override.mn'
+        jm.makeJar(jarcontents, '/NO_OUTPUT_REQUIRED')
+        self.assertEquals(jm.localedirs, [os.path.join('/L10N_BASE', 'dom')])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_line_endings.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_line_endings.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..565abc8c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_line_endings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import unittest
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import sys
+import os.path
+import mozunit
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+
+class TestLineEndings(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Unit tests for the Context class
+  """
+
+  def setUp(self):
+    self.pp = Preprocessor()
+    self.pp.out = StringIO()
+    self.tempnam = os.tempnam('.')
+
+  def tearDown(self):
+    os.remove(self.tempnam)
+
+  def createFile(self, lineendings):
+    f = open(self.tempnam, 'wb')
+    for line, ending in zip(['a', '#literal b', 'c'], lineendings):
+      f.write(line+ending)
+    f.close()
+
+  def testMac(self):
+    self.createFile(['\x0D']*3)
+    self.pp.do_include(self.tempnam)
+    self.assertEquals(self.pp.out.getvalue(), 'a\nb\nc\n')
+
+  def testUnix(self):
+    self.createFile(['\x0A']*3)
+    self.pp.do_include(self.tempnam)
+    self.assertEquals(self.pp.out.getvalue(), 'a\nb\nc\n')
+
+  def testWindows(self):
+    self.createFile(['\x0D\x0A']*3)
+    self.pp.do_include(self.tempnam)
+    self.assertEquals(self.pp.out.getvalue(), 'a\nb\nc\n')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_makeutil.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_makeutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fffa0e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_makeutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozbuild.makeutil import (
+    Makefile,
+    read_dep_makefile,
+    Rule,
+    write_dep_makefile,
+)
+from mozunit import main
+import os
+import unittest
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+
+class TestMakefile(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_rule(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        rule = Rule()
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), '')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_targets(['foo', 'bar'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar:\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_targets(['baz'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(['qux', 'hoge', 'piyo'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar baz: qux hoge piyo\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule = Rule(['foo', 'bar'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(['baz'])
+        rule.add_commands(['echo $@'])
+        rule.add_commands(['$(BAZ) -o $@ $<', '$(TOUCH) $@'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+            'foo bar: baz\n' +
+            '\techo $@\n' +
+            '\t$(BAZ) -o $@ $<\n' +
+            '\t$(TOUCH) $@\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule = Rule(['foo'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(['bar', 'foo', 'baz'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo: bar baz\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_targets(['bar'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar: baz\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_targets(['bar'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar: baz\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_dependencies(['bar'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar: baz\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_dependencies(['qux'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar: baz qux\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_dependencies(['qux'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar: baz qux\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_dependencies(['hoge', 'hoge'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar: baz qux hoge\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        rule.add_targets(['fuga', 'fuga'])
+        rule.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), 'foo bar fuga: baz qux hoge\n')
+
+    def test_makefile(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        mk = Makefile()
+        rule = mk.create_rule(['foo'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(['bar', 'baz', 'qux'])
+        rule.add_commands(['echo foo'])
+        rule = mk.create_rule().add_targets(['bar', 'baz'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(['hoge'])
+        rule.add_commands(['echo $@'])
+        mk.dump(out, removal_guard=False)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+            'foo: bar baz qux\n' +
+            '\techo foo\n' +
+            'bar baz: hoge\n' +
+            '\techo $@\n')
+        out.truncate(0)
+
+        mk.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+            'foo: bar baz qux\n' +
+            '\techo foo\n' +
+            'bar baz: hoge\n' +
+            '\techo $@\n' +
+            'hoge qux:\n')
+
+    def test_statement(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        mk = Makefile()
+        mk.create_rule(['foo']).add_dependencies(['bar']) \
+                               .add_commands(['echo foo'])
+        mk.add_statement('BAR = bar')
+        mk.create_rule(['$(BAR)']).add_commands(['echo $@'])
+        mk.dump(out, removal_guard=False)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+            'foo: bar\n' +
+            '\techo foo\n' +
+            'BAR = bar\n' +
+            '$(BAR):\n' +
+            '\techo $@\n')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', 'Test only applicable on Windows.')
+    def test_path_normalization(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        mk = Makefile()
+        rule = mk.create_rule(['c:\\foo'])
+        rule.add_dependencies(['c:\\bar', 'c:\\baz\\qux'])
+        rule.add_commands(['echo c:\\foo'])
+        mk.dump(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+            'c:/foo: c:/bar c:/baz/qux\n' +
+            '\techo c:\\foo\n' +
+            'c:/bar c:/baz/qux:\n')
+
+    def test_read_dep_makefile(self):
+        input = StringIO(
+            os.path.abspath('foo') + ': bar\n' +
+            'baz qux: \\ \n' +
+            'hoge \\\n' +
+            'piyo \\\n' +
+            'fuga\n' +
+            'fuga:\n'
+        )
+        result = list(read_dep_makefile(input))
+        self.assertEqual(len(result), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(list(result[0].targets()), [os.path.abspath('foo').replace(os.sep, '/')])
+        self.assertEqual(list(result[0].dependencies()), ['bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(result[1].targets()), ['baz', 'qux'])
+        self.assertEqual(list(result[1].dependencies()), ['hoge', 'piyo', 'fuga'])
+
+    def test_write_dep_makefile(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        write_dep_makefile(out, 'target', ['b', 'c', 'a'])
+        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(),
+                         'target: b c a\n' +
+                         'a b c:\n')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozconfig.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cd125912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import unittest
+
+from shutil import rmtree
+
+from tempfile import (
+    gettempdir,
+    mkdtemp,
+)
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.mozconfig import (
+    MozconfigFindException,
+    MozconfigLoadException,
+    MozconfigLoader,
+)
+
+
+class TestMozconfigLoader(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._old_env = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZCONFIG', None)
+        os.environ.pop('MOZ_OBJDIR', None)
+        os.environ.pop('CC', None)
+        os.environ.pop('CXX', None)
+        self._temp_dirs = set()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self._old_env)
+
+        for d in self._temp_dirs:
+            rmtree(d)
+
+    def get_loader(self):
+        return MozconfigLoader(self.get_temp_dir())
+
+    def get_temp_dir(self):
+        d = mkdtemp()
+        self._temp_dirs.add(d)
+
+        return d
+
+    def test_find_legacy_env(self):
+        """Ensure legacy mozconfig path definitions result in error."""
+
+        os.environ[b'MOZ_MYCONFIG'] = '/foo'
+
+        with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+            self.get_loader().find_mozconfig()
+
+        self.assertTrue(e.exception.message.startswith('The MOZ_MYCONFIG'))
+
+    def test_find_multiple_configs(self):
+        """Ensure multiple relative-path MOZCONFIGs result in error."""
+        relative_mozconfig = '.mconfig'
+        os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = relative_mozconfig
+
+        srcdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        curdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        dirs = [srcdir, curdir]
+        loader = MozconfigLoader(srcdir)
+        for d in dirs:
+            path = os.path.join(d, relative_mozconfig)
+            with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(path)
+
+        orig_dir = os.getcwd()
+        try:
+            os.chdir(curdir)
+            with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+                loader.find_mozconfig()
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(orig_dir)
+
+        self.assertIn('exists in more than one of', e.exception.message)
+        for d in dirs:
+            self.assertIn(d, e.exception.message)
+
+    def test_find_multiple_but_identical_configs(self):
+        """Ensure multiple relative-path MOZCONFIGs pointing at the same file are OK."""
+        relative_mozconfig = '../src/.mconfig'
+        os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = relative_mozconfig
+
+        topdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        srcdir = os.path.join(topdir, 'src')
+        os.mkdir(srcdir)
+        curdir = os.path.join(topdir, 'obj')
+        os.mkdir(curdir)
+
+        loader = MozconfigLoader(srcdir)
+        path = os.path.join(srcdir, relative_mozconfig)
+        with open(path, 'w'):
+            pass
+
+        orig_dir = os.getcwd()
+        try:
+            os.chdir(curdir)
+            self.assertEqual(os.path.realpath(loader.find_mozconfig()),
+                             os.path.realpath(path))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(orig_dir)
+
+    def test_find_no_relative_configs(self):
+        """Ensure a missing relative-path MOZCONFIG is detected."""
+        relative_mozconfig = '.mconfig'
+        os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = relative_mozconfig
+
+        srcdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        curdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        dirs = [srcdir, curdir]
+        loader = MozconfigLoader(srcdir)
+
+        orig_dir = os.getcwd()
+        try:
+            os.chdir(curdir)
+            with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+                loader.find_mozconfig()
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(orig_dir)
+
+        self.assertIn('does not exist in any of', e.exception.message)
+        for d in dirs:
+            self.assertIn(d, e.exception.message)
+
+    def test_find_relative_mozconfig(self):
+        """Ensure a relative MOZCONFIG can be found in the srcdir."""
+        relative_mozconfig = '.mconfig'
+        os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = relative_mozconfig
+
+        srcdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        curdir = self.get_temp_dir()
+        dirs = [srcdir, curdir]
+        loader = MozconfigLoader(srcdir)
+
+        path = os.path.join(srcdir, relative_mozconfig)
+        with open(path, 'w'):
+            pass
+
+        orig_dir = os.getcwd()
+        try:
+            os.chdir(curdir)
+            self.assertEqual(os.path.normpath(loader.find_mozconfig()),
+                             os.path.normpath(path))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(orig_dir)
+
+    def test_find_abs_path_not_exist(self):
+        """Ensure a missing absolute path is detected."""
+        os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = '/foo/bar/does/not/exist'
+
+        with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+            self.get_loader().find_mozconfig()
+
+        self.assertIn('path that does not exist', e.exception.message)
+        self.assertTrue(e.exception.message.endswith('/foo/bar/does/not/exist'))
+
+    def test_find_path_not_file(self):
+        """Ensure non-file paths are detected."""
+
+        os.environ[b'MOZCONFIG'] = gettempdir()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+            self.get_loader().find_mozconfig()
+
+        self.assertIn('refers to a non-file', e.exception.message)
+        self.assertTrue(e.exception.message.endswith(gettempdir()))
+
+    def test_find_default_files(self):
+        """Ensure default paths are used when present."""
+        for p in MozconfigLoader.DEFAULT_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS:
+            d = self.get_temp_dir()
+            path = os.path.join(d, p)
+
+            with open(path, 'w'):
+                pass
+
+            self.assertEqual(MozconfigLoader(d).find_mozconfig(), path)
+
+    def test_find_multiple_defaults(self):
+        """Ensure we error when multiple default files are present."""
+        self.assertGreater(len(MozconfigLoader.DEFAULT_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS), 1)
+
+        d = self.get_temp_dir()
+        for p in MozconfigLoader.DEFAULT_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS:
+            with open(os.path.join(d, p), 'w'):
+                pass
+
+        with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+            MozconfigLoader(d).find_mozconfig()
+
+        self.assertIn('Multiple default mozconfig files present',
+            e.exception.message)
+
+    def test_find_deprecated_path_srcdir(self):
+        """Ensure we error when deprecated path locations are present."""
+        for p in MozconfigLoader.DEPRECATED_TOPSRCDIR_PATHS:
+            d = self.get_temp_dir()
+            with open(os.path.join(d, p), 'w'):
+                pass
+
+            with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+                MozconfigLoader(d).find_mozconfig()
+
+            self.assertIn('This implicit location is no longer',
+                e.exception.message)
+            self.assertIn(d, e.exception.message)
+
+    def test_find_deprecated_home_paths(self):
+        """Ensure we error when deprecated home directory paths are present."""
+
+        for p in MozconfigLoader.DEPRECATED_HOME_PATHS:
+            home = self.get_temp_dir()
+            os.environ[b'HOME'] = home
+            path = os.path.join(home, p)
+
+            with open(path, 'w'):
+                pass
+
+            with self.assertRaises(MozconfigFindException) as e:
+                self.get_loader().find_mozconfig()
+
+            self.assertIn('This implicit location is no longer',
+                e.exception.message)
+            self.assertIn(path, e.exception.message)
+
+    def test_read_no_mozconfig(self):
+        # This is basically to ensure changes to defaults incur a test failure.
+        result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig()
+
+        self.assertEqual(result, {
+            'path': None,
+            'topobjdir': None,
+            'configure_args': None,
+            'make_flags': None,
+            'make_extra': None,
+            'env': None,
+            'vars': None,
+        })
+
+    def test_read_empty_mozconfig(self):
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['path'], mozconfig.name)
+            self.assertIsNone(result['topobjdir'])
+            self.assertEqual(result['configure_args'], [])
+            self.assertEqual(result['make_flags'], [])
+            self.assertEqual(result['make_extra'], [])
+
+            for f in ('added', 'removed', 'modified'):
+                self.assertEqual(len(result['vars'][f]), 0)
+                self.assertEqual(len(result['env'][f]), 0)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['unmodified'], {})
+
+    def test_read_capture_ac_options(self):
+        """Ensures ac_add_options calls are captured."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_options --enable-debug\n')
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_options --disable-tests --enable-foo\n')
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_options --foo="bar baz"\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+            self.assertEqual(result['configure_args'], [
+                '--enable-debug', '--disable-tests', '--enable-foo',
+                '--foo=bar baz'])
+
+    def test_read_ac_options_substitution(self):
+        """Ensure ac_add_options values are substituted."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_options --foo=@TOPSRCDIR@\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            loader = self.get_loader()
+            result = loader.read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+            self.assertEqual(result['configure_args'], [
+                '--foo=%s' % loader.topsrcdir])
+
+    def test_read_ac_app_options(self):
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_options --foo=@TOPSRCDIR@\n')
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_app_options app1 --bar=@TOPSRCDIR@\n')
+            mozconfig.write('ac_add_app_options app2 --bar=x\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            loader = self.get_loader()
+            result = loader.read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name, moz_build_app='app1')
+            self.assertEqual(result['configure_args'], [
+                '--foo=%s' % loader.topsrcdir,
+                '--bar=%s' % loader.topsrcdir])
+
+            result = loader.read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name, moz_build_app='app2')
+            self.assertEqual(result['configure_args'], [
+                '--foo=%s' % loader.topsrcdir,
+                '--bar=x'])
+
+    def test_read_capture_mk_options(self):
+        """Ensures mk_add_options calls are captured."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=/foo/bar\n')
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options MOZ_MAKE_FLAGS="-j8 -s"\n')
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options FOO="BAR BAZ"\n')
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options BIZ=1\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+            self.assertEqual(result['topobjdir'], '/foo/bar')
+            self.assertEqual(result['make_flags'], ['-j8', '-s'])
+            self.assertEqual(result['make_extra'], ['FOO=BAR BAZ', 'BIZ=1'])
+
+            vars = result['vars']['added']
+            for var in ('MOZ_OBJDIR', 'MOZ_MAKE_FLAGS', 'FOO', 'BIZ'):
+                self.assertEqual(vars.get('%s_IS_SET' % var), '1')
+
+    def test_read_empty_mozconfig_objdir_environ(self):
+        os.environ[b'MOZ_OBJDIR'] = b'obj-firefox'
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+            self.assertEqual(result['topobjdir'], 'obj-firefox')
+
+    def test_read_capture_mk_options_objdir_environ(self):
+        """Ensures mk_add_options calls are captured and override the environ."""
+        os.environ[b'MOZ_OBJDIR'] = b'obj-firefox'
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=/foo/bar\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+            self.assertEqual(result['topobjdir'], '/foo/bar')
+
+    def test_read_moz_objdir_substitution(self):
+        """Ensure @TOPSRCDIR@ substitution is recognized in MOZ_OBJDIR."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('mk_add_options MOZ_OBJDIR=@TOPSRCDIR@/some-objdir')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            loader = self.get_loader()
+            result = loader.read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['topobjdir'], '%s/some-objdir' %
+                loader.topsrcdir)
+
+    def test_read_new_variables(self):
+        """New variables declared in mozconfig file are detected."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('CC=/usr/local/bin/clang\n')
+            mozconfig.write('CXX=/usr/local/bin/clang++\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['added'], {
+                'CC': '/usr/local/bin/clang',
+                'CXX': '/usr/local/bin/clang++'})
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['added'], {})
+
+    def test_read_exported_variables(self):
+        """Exported variables are caught as new variables."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('export MY_EXPORTED=woot\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['added'], {})
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['added'], {
+                'MY_EXPORTED': 'woot'})
+
+    def test_read_modify_variables(self):
+        """Variables modified by mozconfig are detected."""
+        old_path = os.path.realpath(b'/usr/bin/gcc')
+        new_path = os.path.realpath(b'/usr/local/bin/clang')
+        os.environ[b'CC'] = old_path
+
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('CC="%s"\n' % new_path)
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['modified'], {})
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['modified'], {
+                'CC': (old_path, new_path)
+            })
+
+    def test_read_unmodified_variables(self):
+        """Variables modified by mozconfig are detected."""
+        cc_path = os.path.realpath(b'/usr/bin/gcc')
+        os.environ[b'CC'] = cc_path
+
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['unmodified'], {})
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['unmodified'], {
+                'CC': cc_path
+            })
+
+    def test_read_removed_variables(self):
+        """Variables unset by the mozconfig are detected."""
+        cc_path = os.path.realpath(b'/usr/bin/clang')
+        os.environ[b'CC'] = cc_path
+
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('unset CC\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['removed'], {})
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['removed'], {
+                'CC': cc_path})
+
+    def test_read_multiline_variables(self):
+        """Ensure multi-line variables are captured properly."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('multi="foo\nbar"\n')
+            mozconfig.write('single=1\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['added'], {
+                'multi': 'foo\nbar',
+                'single': '1'
+            })
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['added'], {})
+
+    def test_read_topsrcdir_defined(self):
+        """Ensure $topsrcdir references work as expected."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('TEST=$topsrcdir')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            loader = self.get_loader()
+            result = loader.read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['added']['TEST'],
+                loader.topsrcdir.replace(os.sep, '/'))
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['added'], {})
+
+    def test_read_empty_variable_value(self):
+        """Ensure empty variable values are parsed properly."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('EMPTY=\n')
+            mozconfig.write('export EXPORT_EMPTY=\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            result = self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertEqual(result['vars']['added'], {
+                'EMPTY': '',
+            })
+            self.assertEqual(result['env']['added'], {
+                'EXPORT_EMPTY': ''
+            })
+
+    def test_read_load_exception(self):
+        """Ensure non-0 exit codes in mozconfigs are handled properly."""
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w') as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('echo "hello world"\n')
+            mozconfig.write('exit 1\n')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+
+            with self.assertRaises(MozconfigLoadException) as e:
+                self.get_loader().read_mozconfig(mozconfig.name)
+
+            self.assertTrue(e.exception.message.startswith(
+                'Evaluation of your mozconfig exited with an error'))
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.path,
+                mozconfig.name.replace(os.sep, '/'))
+            self.assertEquals(e.exception.output, ['hello world'])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozinfo.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozinfo.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1a4194cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_mozinfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import json
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+import mozunit
+
+from mozbuild.backend.configenvironment import ConfigEnvironment
+
+from mozbuild.mozinfo import (
+    build_dict,
+    write_mozinfo,
+)
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+
+
+class Base(object):
+    def _config(self, substs={}):
+        d = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+        return ConfigEnvironment(d, d, substs=substs)
+
+
+class TestBuildDict(unittest.TestCase, Base):
+    def test_missing(self):
+        """
+        Test that missing required values raises.
+        """
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            build_dict(self._config(substs=dict(OS_TARGET='foo')))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            build_dict(self._config(substs=dict(TARGET_CPU='foo')))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            build_dict(self._config(substs=dict(MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='foo')))
+
+    def test_win(self):
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='WINNT',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='windows',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('win', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('windows', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(32, d['bits'])
+
+    def test_linux(self):
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('linux', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('gtk2', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(32, d['bits'])
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='x86_64',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('linux', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('x86_64', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('gtk2', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(64, d['bits'])
+
+    def test_mac(self):
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Darwin',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='cocoa',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('mac', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('cocoa', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(32, d['bits'])
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Darwin',
+            TARGET_CPU='x86_64',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='cocoa',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('mac', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('x86_64', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('cocoa', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(64, d['bits'])
+
+    def test_mac_universal(self):
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Darwin',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='cocoa',
+            UNIVERSAL_BINARY='1',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('mac', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('universal-x86-x86_64', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('cocoa', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertFalse('bits' in d)
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Darwin',
+            TARGET_CPU='x86_64',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='cocoa',
+            UNIVERSAL_BINARY='1',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('mac', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('universal-x86-x86_64', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('cocoa', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertFalse('bits' in d)
+
+    def test_android(self):
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Android',
+            TARGET_CPU='arm',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='android',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('android', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('arm', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('android', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(32, d['bits'])
+
+    def test_x86(self):
+        """
+        Test that various i?86 values => x86.
+        """
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='WINNT',
+            TARGET_CPU='i486',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='windows',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='WINNT',
+            TARGET_CPU='i686',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='windows',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+
+    def test_arm(self):
+        """
+        Test that all arm CPU architectures => arm.
+        """
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='arm',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('arm', d['processor'])
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='armv7',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual('arm', d['processor'])
+
+    def test_unknown(self):
+        """
+        Test that unknown values pass through okay.
+        """
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='RandOS',
+            TARGET_CPU='cptwo',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='foobar',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual("randos", d["os"])
+        self.assertEqual("cptwo", d["processor"])
+        self.assertEqual("foobar", d["toolkit"])
+        # unknown CPUs should not get a bits value
+        self.assertFalse("bits" in d)
+
+    def test_debug(self):
+        """
+        Test that debug values are properly detected.
+        """
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual(False, d['debug'])
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+            MOZ_DEBUG='1',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual(True, d['debug'])
+
+    def test_crashreporter(self):
+        """
+        Test that crashreporter values are properly detected.
+        """
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual(False, d['crashreporter'])
+
+        d = build_dict(self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='Linux',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='gtk2',
+            MOZ_CRASHREPORTER='1',
+        )))
+        self.assertEqual(True, d['crashreporter'])
+
+
+class TestWriteMozinfo(unittest.TestCase, Base):
+    """
+    Test the write_mozinfo function.
+    """
+    def setUp(self):
+        fd, self.f = tempfile.mkstemp()
+        os.close(fd)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.unlink(self.f)
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        """
+        Test that writing to a file produces correct output.
+        """
+        c = self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='WINNT',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='windows',
+        ))
+        tempdir = tempfile.tempdir
+        c.topsrcdir = tempdir
+        with NamedTemporaryFile(dir=os.path.normpath(c.topsrcdir)) as mozconfig:
+            mozconfig.write('unused contents')
+            mozconfig.flush()
+            c.mozconfig = mozconfig.name
+            write_mozinfo(self.f, c)
+            with open(self.f) as f:
+                d = json.load(f)
+                self.assertEqual('win', d['os'])
+                self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+                self.assertEqual('windows', d['toolkit'])
+                self.assertEqual(tempdir, d['topsrcdir'])
+                self.assertEqual(mozconfig.name, d['mozconfig'])
+                self.assertEqual(32, d['bits'])
+
+    def test_fileobj(self):
+        """
+        Test that writing to a file-like object produces correct output.
+        """
+        s = StringIO()
+        c = self._config(dict(
+            OS_TARGET='WINNT',
+            TARGET_CPU='i386',
+            MOZ_WIDGET_TOOLKIT='windows',
+        ))
+        write_mozinfo(s, c)
+        d = json.loads(s.getvalue())
+        self.assertEqual('win', d['os'])
+        self.assertEqual('x86', d['processor'])
+        self.assertEqual('windows', d['toolkit'])
+        self.assertEqual(32, d['bits'])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_preprocessor.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_preprocessor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aba94853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_preprocessor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+
+from StringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import shutil
+
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+
+from mozunit import main, MockedOpen
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+
+
+class TestPreprocessor(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    Unit tests for the Context class
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.pp = Preprocessor()
+        self.pp.out = StringIO()
+
+    def do_include_compare(self, content_lines, expected_lines):
+        content = '%s' % '\n'.join(content_lines)
+        expected = '%s'.rstrip() % '\n'.join(expected_lines)
+
+        with MockedOpen({'dummy': content}):
+            self.pp.do_include('dummy')
+            self.assertEqual(self.pp.out.getvalue().rstrip('\n'), expected)
+
+    def do_include_pass(self, content_lines):
+        self.do_include_compare(content_lines, ['PASS'])
+
+    def test_conditional_if_0(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 0',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_no_marker(self):
+        lines = [
+            '#if 0',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ]
+        self.pp.setMarker(None)
+        self.do_include_compare(lines, lines)
+
+    def test_string_value(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#define FOO STRING',
+            '#if FOO',
+            'string value is true',
+            '#else',
+            'string value is false',
+            '#endif',
+        ], ['string value is false'])
+
+    def test_number_value(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#define FOO 1',
+            '#if FOO',
+            'number value is true',
+            '#else',
+            'number value is false',
+            '#endif',
+        ], ['number value is true'])
+
+    def test_conditional_if_0_elif_1(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 0',
+            '#elif 1',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_if_1(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 1',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_if_0_or_1(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 0 || 1',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_if_1_elif_1_else(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 1',
+            'PASS',
+            '#elif 1',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_if_1_if_1(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 1',
+            '#if 1',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_not_0(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if !0',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_not_0_and_1(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if !0 && !1',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_not_1(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if !1',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_conditional_not_emptyval(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#define EMPTYVAL',
+            '#ifndef EMPTYVAL',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+            '#ifdef EMPTYVAL',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ], ['PASS', 'PASS'])
+
+    def test_conditional_not_nullval(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define NULLVAL 0',
+            '#if !NULLVAL',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_expand(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define ASVAR AS',
+            '#expand P__ASVAR__S',
+        ])
+
+    def test_undef_defined(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#define BAR',
+            '#undef BAR',
+            'BAR',
+        ], ['BAR'])
+
+    def test_undef_undefined(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#undef BAR',
+        ], [])
+
+    def test_filter_attemptSubstitution(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#filter attemptSubstitution',
+            '@PASS@',
+            '#unfilter attemptSubstitution',
+        ], ['@PASS@'])
+
+    def test_filter_emptyLines(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            'lines with a',
+            '',
+            'blank line',
+            '#filter emptyLines',
+            'lines with',
+            '',
+            'no blank lines',
+            '#unfilter emptyLines',
+            'yet more lines with',
+            '',
+            'blank lines',
+        ], [
+            'lines with a',
+            '',
+            'blank line',
+            'lines with',
+            'no blank lines',
+            'yet more lines with',
+            '',
+            'blank lines',
+        ])
+
+    def test_filter_slashslash(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#filter slashslash',
+            'PASS//FAIL  // FAIL',
+            '#unfilter slashslash',
+            'PASS // PASS',
+        ], [
+            'PASS',
+            'PASS // PASS',
+        ])
+
+    def test_filter_spaces(self):
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#filter spaces',
+            'You should see two nice ascii tables',
+            ' +-+-+-+',
+            ' | |   |     |',
+            ' +-+-+-+',
+            '#unfilter spaces',
+            '+-+---+',
+            '| |   |',
+            '+-+---+',
+        ], [
+            'You should see two nice ascii tables',
+            '+-+-+-+',
+            '| | | |',
+            '+-+-+-+',
+            '+-+---+',
+            '| |   |',
+            '+-+---+',
+        ])
+
+    def test_filter_substitution(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define VAR ASS',
+            '#filter substitution',
+            'P@VAR@',
+            '#unfilter substitution',
+        ])
+
+    def test_error(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'f': '#error spit this message out\n'}):
+            with self.assertRaises(Preprocessor.Error) as e:
+                self.pp.do_include('f')
+                self.assertEqual(e.args[0][-1], 'spit this message out')
+
+    def test_javascript_line(self):
+        # The preprocessor is reading the filename from somewhere not caught
+        # by MockedOpen.
+        tmpdir = mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            full = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'javascript_line.js.in')
+            with open(full, 'w') as fh:
+                fh.write('\n'.join([
+                    '// Line 1',
+                    '#if 0',
+                    '// line 3',
+                    '#endif',
+                    '// line 5',
+                    '# comment',
+                    '// line 7',
+                    '// line 8',
+                    '// line 9',
+                    '# another comment',
+                    '// line 11',
+                    '#define LINE 1',
+                    '// line 13, given line number overwritten with 2',
+                    '',
+                ]))
+
+            self.pp.do_include(full)
+            out = '\n'.join([
+                '// Line 1',
+                '//@line 5 "CWDjavascript_line.js.in"',
+                '// line 5',
+                '//@line 7 "CWDjavascript_line.js.in"',
+                '// line 7',
+                '// line 8',
+                '// line 9',
+                '//@line 11 "CWDjavascript_line.js.in"',
+                '// line 11',
+                '//@line 2 "CWDjavascript_line.js.in"',
+                '// line 13, given line number overwritten with 2',
+                '',
+            ])
+            out = out.replace('CWD', tmpdir + os.path.sep)
+            self.assertEqual(self.pp.out.getvalue(), out)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#literal PASS',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_directory(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#ifdef DIRECTORY',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_file(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#ifdef FILE',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_if_0(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define VAR 0',
+            '#if VAR',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_if_0_elifdef(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 0',
+            '#elifdef FILE',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_if_0_elifndef(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if 0',
+            '#elifndef VAR',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_ifdef_0(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define VAR 0',
+            '#ifdef VAR',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_ifdef_1_or_undef(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define FOO 1',
+            '#if defined(FOO) || defined(BAR)',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_ifdef_undef(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define VAR 0',
+            '#undef VAR',
+            '#ifdef VAR',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_ifndef_0(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define VAR 0',
+            '#ifndef VAR',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_ifndef_0_and_undef(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define FOO 0',
+            '#if !defined(FOO) && !defined(BAR)',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_ifndef_undef(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define VAR 0',
+            '#undef VAR',
+            '#ifndef VAR',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_var_line(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#ifdef LINE',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_filterDefine(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#filter substitution',
+            '#define VAR AS',
+            '#define VAR2 P@VAR@',
+            '@VAR2@S',
+        ])
+
+    def test_number_value_equals(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define FOO 1000',
+            '#if FOO == 1000',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_default_defines(self):
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(["-DFOO"])
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if FOO == 1',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+        ])
+
+    def test_number_value_equals_defines(self):
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(["-DFOO=1000"])
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if FOO == 1000',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+        ])
+
+    def test_octal_value_equals(self):
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#define FOO 0100',
+            '#if FOO == 0100',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_octal_value_equals_defines(self):
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(["-DFOO=0100"])
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if FOO == 0100',
+            'PASS',
+            '#else',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_value_quoted_expansion(self):
+        """
+        Quoted values on the commandline don't currently have quotes stripped.
+        Pike says this is for compat reasons.
+        """
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(['-DFOO="ABCD"'])
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#filter substitution',
+            '@FOO@',
+        ], ['"ABCD"'])
+
+    def test_octal_value_quoted_expansion(self):
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(['-DFOO="0100"'])
+        self.do_include_compare([
+            '#filter substitution',
+            '@FOO@',
+        ], ['"0100"'])
+
+    def test_number_value_not_equals_quoted_defines(self):
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(['-DFOO="1000"'])
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if FOO == 1000',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_octal_value_not_equals_quoted_defines(self):
+        self.pp.handleCommandLine(['-DFOO="0100"'])
+        self.do_include_pass([
+            '#if FOO == 0100',
+            'FAIL',
+            '#else',
+            'PASS',
+            '#endif',
+        ])
+
+    def test_undefined_variable(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'f': '#filter substitution\n@foo@'}):
+            with self.assertRaises(Preprocessor.Error) as e:
+                self.pp.do_include('f')
+                self.assertEqual(e.key, 'UNDEFINED_VAR')
+
+    def test_include(self):
+        files = {
+            'foo/test': '\n'.join([
+                '#define foo foobarbaz',
+                '#include @inc@',
+                '@bar@',
+                '',
+            ]),
+            'bar': '\n'.join([
+                '#define bar barfoobaz',
+                '@foo@',
+                '',
+            ]),
+            'f': '\n'.join([
+                '#filter substitution',
+                '#define inc ../bar',
+                '#include foo/test',
+                '',
+            ]),
+        }
+
+        with MockedOpen(files):
+            self.pp.do_include('f')
+            self.assertEqual(self.pp.out.getvalue(), 'foobarbaz\nbarfoobaz\n')
+
+    def test_include_line(self):
+        files = {
+            'test.js': '\n'.join([
+                '#define foo foobarbaz',
+                '#include @inc@',
+                '@bar@',
+                '',
+            ]),
+            'bar.js': '\n'.join([
+                '#define bar barfoobaz',
+                '@foo@',
+                '',
+            ]),
+            'foo.js': '\n'.join([
+                'bazfoobar',
+                '#include bar.js',
+                'bazbarfoo',
+                '',
+            ]),
+            'baz.js': 'baz\n',
+            'f.js': '\n'.join([
+                '#include foo.js',
+                '#filter substitution',
+                '#define inc bar.js',
+                '#include test.js',
+                '#include baz.js',
+                'fin',
+                '',
+            ]),
+        }
+
+        with MockedOpen(files):
+            self.pp.do_include('f.js')
+            self.assertEqual(self.pp.out.getvalue(),
+                             ('//@line 1 "CWD/foo.js"\n'
+                              'bazfoobar\n'
+                              '//@line 2 "CWD/bar.js"\n'
+                              '@foo@\n'
+                              '//@line 3 "CWD/foo.js"\n'
+                              'bazbarfoo\n'
+                              '//@line 2 "CWD/bar.js"\n'
+                              'foobarbaz\n'
+                              '//@line 3 "CWD/test.js"\n'
+                              'barfoobaz\n'
+                              '//@line 1 "CWD/baz.js"\n'
+                              'baz\n'
+                              '//@line 6 "CWD/f.js"\n'
+                              'fin\n').replace('CWD/',
+                                               os.getcwd() + os.path.sep))
+
+    def test_include_missing_file(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'f': '#include foo\n'}):
+            with self.assertRaises(Preprocessor.Error) as e:
+                self.pp.do_include('f')
+            self.assertEqual(e.exception.key, 'FILE_NOT_FOUND')
+
+    def test_include_undefined_variable(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'f': '#filter substitution\n#include @foo@\n'}):
+            with self.assertRaises(Preprocessor.Error) as e:
+                self.pp.do_include('f')
+            self.assertEqual(e.exception.key, 'UNDEFINED_VAR')
+
+    def test_include_literal_at(self):
+        files = {
+            '@foo@': '#define foo foobarbaz\n',
+            'f': '#include @foo@\n#filter substitution\n@foo@\n',
+        }
+
+        with MockedOpen(files):
+            self.pp.do_include('f')
+            self.assertEqual(self.pp.out.getvalue(), 'foobarbaz\n')
+
+    def test_command_line_literal_at(self):
+        with MockedOpen({"@foo@.in": '@foo@\n'}):
+            self.pp.handleCommandLine(['-Fsubstitution', '-Dfoo=foobarbaz', '@foo@.in'])
+            self.assertEqual(self.pp.out.getvalue(), 'foobarbaz\n')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_pythonutil.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_pythonutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87399b3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_pythonutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozbuild.pythonutil import iter_modules_in_path
+from mozunit import main
+import os
+import unittest
+
+
+class TestIterModules(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_iter_modules_in_path(self):
+        mozbuild_path = os.path.normcase(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)))
+        paths = list(iter_modules_in_path(mozbuild_path))
+        self.assertEquals(sorted(paths), [
+            os.path.join(os.path.abspath(mozbuild_path), '__init__.py'),
+            os.path.join(os.path.abspath(mozbuild_path), 'pythonutil.py'),
+            os.path.join(os.path.abspath(mozbuild_path), 'test', 'test_pythonutil.py'),
+        ])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_testing.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e71892e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import cPickle as pickle
+import os
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from mozunit import main
+
+from mozbuild.base import MozbuildObject
+from mozbuild.testing import (
+    TestMetadata,
+    TestResolver,
+)
+
+
+ALL_TESTS = {
+    "accessible/tests/mochitest/actions/test_anchors.html": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "accessible/tests/mochitest/actions",
+            "expected": "pass",
+            "file_relpath": "accessible/tests/mochitest/actions/test_anchors.html",
+            "flavor": "a11y",
+            "here": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/accessible/tests/mochitest/actions",
+            "manifest": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/accessible/tests/mochitest/actions/a11y.ini",
+            "name": "test_anchors.html",
+            "path": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/accessible/tests/mochitest/actions/test_anchors.html",
+            "relpath": "test_anchors.html"
+        }
+    ],
+    "services/common/tests/unit/test_async_chain.js": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "services/common/tests/unit",
+            "file_relpath": "services/common/tests/unit/test_async_chain.js",
+            "firefox-appdir": "browser",
+            "flavor": "xpcshell",
+            "head": "head_global.js head_helpers.js head_http.js",
+            "here": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/services/common/tests/unit",
+            "manifest": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/services/common/tests/unit/xpcshell.ini",
+            "name": "test_async_chain.js",
+            "path": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/services/common/tests/unit/test_async_chain.js",
+            "relpath": "test_async_chain.js",
+            "tail": ""
+        }
+    ],
+    "services/common/tests/unit/test_async_querySpinningly.js": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "services/common/tests/unit",
+            "file_relpath": "services/common/tests/unit/test_async_querySpinningly.js",
+            "firefox-appdir": "browser",
+            "flavor": "xpcshell",
+            "head": "head_global.js head_helpers.js head_http.js",
+            "here": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/services/common/tests/unit",
+            "manifest": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/services/common/tests/unit/xpcshell.ini",
+            "name": "test_async_querySpinningly.js",
+            "path": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/services/common/tests/unit/test_async_querySpinningly.js",
+            "relpath": "test_async_querySpinningly.js",
+            "tail": ""
+        }
+    ],
+   "toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit",
+            "file_relpath": "toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "flavor": "xpcshell",
+            "generated-files": "head_update.js",
+            "head": "head_update.js",
+            "here": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit",
+            "manifest": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/xpcshell_updater.ini",
+            "name": "test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "path": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "reason": "bug 820380",
+            "relpath": "test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "run-sequentially": "Launches application.",
+            "skip-if": "toolkit == 'gonk' || os == 'android'",
+            "tail": ""
+        },
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit",
+            "file_relpath": "toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "flavor": "xpcshell",
+            "generated-files": "head_update.js",
+            "head": "head_update.js head2.js",
+            "here": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit",
+            "manifest": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/xpcshell_updater.ini",
+            "name": "test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "path": "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "reason": "bug 820380",
+            "relpath": "test_0201_app_launch_apply_update.js",
+            "run-sequentially": "Launches application.",
+            "skip-if": "toolkit == 'gonk' || os == 'android'",
+            "tail": ""
+        }
+    ],
+    "mobile/android/tests/background/junit3/src/common/TestAndroidLogWriters.java": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "mobile/android/tests/background/junit3/src/common",
+            "file_relpath": "mobile/android/tests/background/junit3/src/common/TestAndroidLogWriters.java",
+            "flavor": "instrumentation",
+            "here": "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/mobile/android/tests/background/junit3",
+            "manifest": "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/mobile/android/tests/background/junit3/instrumentation.ini",
+            "name": "src/common/TestAndroidLogWriters.java",
+            "path": "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/mobile/android/tests/background/junit3/src/common/TestAndroidLogWriters.java",
+            "relpath": "src/common/TestAndroidLogWriters.java",
+            "subsuite": "background"
+        }
+    ],
+    "mobile/android/tests/browser/junit3/src/TestDistribution.java": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "mobile/android/tests/browser/junit3/src",
+            "file_relpath": "mobile/android/tests/browser/junit3/src/TestDistribution.java",
+            "flavor": "instrumentation",
+            "here": "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/mobile/android/tests/browser/junit3",
+            "manifest": "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/mobile/android/tests/browser/junit3/instrumentation.ini",
+            "name": "src/TestDistribution.java",
+            "path": "/Users/nalexander/Mozilla/gecko-dev/mobile/android/tests/browser/junit3/src/TestDistribution.java",
+            "relpath": "src/TestDistribution.java",
+            "subsuite": "browser"
+        }
+    ],
+    "image/test/browser/browser_bug666317.js": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "image/test/browser",
+            "file_relpath": "image/test/browser/browser_bug666317.js",
+            "flavor": "browser-chrome",
+            "here": "/home/chris/m-c/obj-dbg/_tests/testing/mochitest/browser/image/test/browser",
+            "manifest": "/home/chris/m-c/image/test/browser/browser.ini",
+            "name": "browser_bug666317.js",
+            "path": "/home/chris/m-c/obj-dbg/_tests/testing/mochitest/browser/image/test/browser/browser_bug666317.js",
+            "relpath": "image/test/browser/browser_bug666317.js",
+            "skip-if": "e10s # Bug 948194 - Decoded Images seem to not be discarded on memory-pressure notification with e10s enabled",
+            "subsuite": ""
+        }
+   ],
+   "devtools/client/markupview/test/browser_markupview_copy_image_data.js": [
+        {
+            "dir_relpath": "devtools/client/markupview/test",
+            "file_relpath": "devtools/client/markupview/test/browser_markupview_copy_image_data.js",
+            "flavor": "browser-chrome",
+            "here": "/home/chris/m-c/obj-dbg/_tests/testing/mochitest/browser/devtools/client/markupview/test",
+            "manifest": "/home/chris/m-c/devtools/client/markupview/test/browser.ini",
+            "name": "browser_markupview_copy_image_data.js",
+            "path": "/home/chris/m-c/obj-dbg/_tests/testing/mochitest/browser/devtools/client/markupview/test/browser_markupview_copy_image_data.js",
+            "relpath": "devtools/client/markupview/test/browser_markupview_copy_image_data.js",
+            "subsuite": "devtools",
+            "tags": "devtools"
+        }
+   ]
+}
+
+TEST_DEFAULTS = {
+    "/Users/gps/src/firefox/toolkit/mozapps/update/test/unit/xpcshell_updater.ini": {"support-files": "\ndata/**\nxpcshell_updater.ini"}
+}
+
+
+class Base(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._temp_files = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for f in self._temp_files:
+            del f
+
+        self._temp_files = []
+
+    def _get_test_metadata(self):
+        all_tests = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wb')
+        pickle.dump(ALL_TESTS, all_tests)
+        all_tests.flush()
+        self._temp_files.append(all_tests)
+
+        test_defaults = NamedTemporaryFile(mode='wb')
+        pickle.dump(TEST_DEFAULTS, test_defaults)
+        test_defaults.flush()
+        self._temp_files.append(test_defaults)
+
+        return TestMetadata(all_tests.name, test_defaults=test_defaults.name)
+
+
+class TestTestMetadata(Base):
+    def test_load(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        self.assertEqual(len(t._tests_by_path), 8)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.tests_with_flavor('xpcshell'))), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.tests_with_flavor('mochitest-plain'))), 0)
+
+    def test_resolve_all(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.resolve_tests())), 9)
+
+    def test_resolve_filter_flavor(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.resolve_tests(flavor='xpcshell'))), 4)
+
+    def test_resolve_by_dir(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.resolve_tests(paths=['services/common']))), 2)
+
+    def test_resolve_under_path(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.resolve_tests(under_path='services'))), 2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(t.resolve_tests(flavor='xpcshell',
+            under_path='services'))), 2)
+
+    def test_resolve_multiple_paths(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        result = list(t.resolve_tests(paths=['services', 'toolkit']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(result), 4)
+
+    def test_resolve_support_files(self):
+        expected_support_files = "\ndata/**\nxpcshell_updater.ini"
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        result = list(t.resolve_tests(paths=['toolkit']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(result), 2)
+
+        for test in result:
+            self.assertEqual(test['support-files'],
+                             expected_support_files)
+
+    def test_resolve_path_prefix(self):
+        t = self._get_test_metadata()
+        result = list(t.resolve_tests(paths=['image']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
+
+
+class TestTestResolver(Base):
+    FAKE_TOPSRCDIR = '/Users/gps/src/firefox'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        Base.setUp(self)
+
+        self._temp_dirs = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        Base.tearDown(self)
+
+        for d in self._temp_dirs:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def _get_resolver(self):
+        topobjdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        self._temp_dirs.append(topobjdir)
+
+        with open(os.path.join(topobjdir, 'all-tests.pkl'), 'wb') as fh:
+            pickle.dump(ALL_TESTS, fh)
+        with open(os.path.join(topobjdir, 'test-defaults.pkl'), 'wb') as fh:
+            pickle.dump(TEST_DEFAULTS, fh)
+
+        o = MozbuildObject(self.FAKE_TOPSRCDIR, None, None, topobjdir=topobjdir)
+
+        # Monkey patch the test resolver to avoid tests failing to find make
+        # due to our fake topscrdir.
+        TestResolver._run_make = lambda *a, **b: None
+
+        return o._spawn(TestResolver)
+
+    def test_cwd_children_only(self):
+        """If cwd is defined, only resolve tests under the specified cwd."""
+        r = self._get_resolver()
+
+        # Pretend we're under '/services' and ask for 'common'. This should
+        # pick up all tests from '/services/common'
+        tests = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['common'], cwd=os.path.join(r.topsrcdir,
+            'services')))
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(tests), 2)
+
+        # Tests should be rewritten to objdir.
+        for t in tests:
+            self.assertEqual(t['here'], mozpath.join(r.topobjdir,
+                '_tests/xpcshell/services/common/tests/unit'))
+
+    def test_various_cwd(self):
+        """Test various cwd conditions are all equal."""
+
+        r = self._get_resolver()
+
+        expected = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['services']))
+        actual = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['services'], cwd='/'))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        actual = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['services'], cwd=r.topsrcdir))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        actual = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['services'], cwd=r.topobjdir))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_subsuites(self):
+        """Test filtering by subsuite."""
+
+        r = self._get_resolver()
+
+        tests = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['mobile']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(tests), 2)
+
+        tests = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['mobile'], subsuite='browser'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(tests), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(tests[0]['name'], 'src/TestDistribution.java')
+
+        tests = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['mobile'], subsuite='background'))
+        self.assertEqual(len(tests), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(tests[0]['name'], 'src/common/TestAndroidLogWriters.java')
+
+    def test_wildcard_patterns(self):
+        """Test matching paths by wildcard."""
+
+        r = self._get_resolver()
+
+        tests = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['mobile/**']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(tests), 2)
+        for t in tests:
+            self.assertTrue(t['file_relpath'].startswith('mobile'))
+
+        tests = list(r.resolve_tests(paths=['**/**.js', 'accessible/**']))
+        self.assertEqual(len(tests), 7)
+        for t in tests:
+            path = t['file_relpath']
+            self.assertTrue(path.startswith('accessible') or path.endswith('.js'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_util.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c3b39b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/test/test_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,924 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import itertools
+import hashlib
+import os
+import unittest
+import shutil
+import string
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+
+from mozfile.mozfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from mozunit import (
+    main,
+    MockedOpen,
+)
+
+from mozbuild.util import (
+    expand_variables,
+    FileAvoidWrite,
+    group_unified_files,
+    hash_file,
+    indented_repr,
+    memoize,
+    memoized_property,
+    pair,
+    resolve_target_to_make,
+    MozbuildDeletionError,
+    HierarchicalStringList,
+    EnumString,
+    EnumStringComparisonError,
+    ListWithAction,
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendList,
+    StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory,
+    TypedList,
+    TypedNamedTuple,
+    UnsortedError,
+)
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
+    str_type = 'str'
+else:
+    str_type = 'unicode'
+
+data_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+data_path = os.path.join(data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestHashing(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_hash_file_known_hash(self):
+        """Ensure a known hash value is recreated."""
+        data = b'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog'
+        expected = 'de9f2c7fd25e1b3afad3e85a0bd17d9b100db4b3'
+
+        temp = NamedTemporaryFile()
+        temp.write(data)
+        temp.flush()
+
+        actual = hash_file(temp.name)
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_hash_file_large(self):
+        """Ensure that hash_file seems to work with a large file."""
+        data = b'x' * 1048576
+
+        hasher = hashlib.sha1()
+        hasher.update(data)
+        expected = hasher.hexdigest()
+
+        temp = NamedTemporaryFile()
+        temp.write(data)
+        temp.flush()
+
+        actual = hash_file(temp.name)
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+class TestFileAvoidWrite(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_file_avoid_write(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'file': 'content'}):
+            # Overwriting an existing file replaces its content
+            faw = FileAvoidWrite('file')
+            faw.write('bazqux')
+            self.assertEqual(faw.close(), (True, True))
+            self.assertEqual(open('file', 'r').read(), 'bazqux')
+
+            # Creating a new file (obviously) stores its content
+            faw = FileAvoidWrite('file2')
+            faw.write('content')
+            self.assertEqual(faw.close(), (False, True))
+            self.assertEqual(open('file2').read(), 'content')
+
+        with MockedOpen({'file': 'content'}):
+            with FileAvoidWrite('file') as file:
+                file.write('foobar')
+
+            self.assertEqual(open('file', 'r').read(), 'foobar')
+
+        class MyMockedOpen(MockedOpen):
+            '''MockedOpen extension to raise an exception if something
+            attempts to write in an opened file.
+            '''
+            def __call__(self, name, mode):
+                if 'w' in mode:
+                    raise Exception, 'Unexpected open with write mode'
+                return MockedOpen.__call__(self, name, mode)
+
+        with MyMockedOpen({'file': 'content'}):
+            # Validate that MyMockedOpen works as intended
+            file = FileAvoidWrite('file')
+            file.write('foobar')
+            self.assertRaises(Exception, file.close)
+
+            # Check that no write actually happens when writing the
+            # same content as what already is in the file
+            faw = FileAvoidWrite('file')
+            faw.write('content')
+            self.assertEqual(faw.close(), (True, False))
+
+    def test_diff_not_default(self):
+        """Diffs are not produced by default."""
+
+        with MockedOpen({'file': 'old'}):
+            faw = FileAvoidWrite('file')
+            faw.write('dummy')
+            faw.close()
+            self.assertIsNone(faw.diff)
+
+    def test_diff_update(self):
+        """Diffs are produced on file update."""
+
+        with MockedOpen({'file': 'old'}):
+            faw = FileAvoidWrite('file', capture_diff=True)
+            faw.write('new')
+            faw.close()
+
+            diff = '\n'.join(faw.diff)
+            self.assertIn('-old', diff)
+            self.assertIn('+new', diff)
+
+    def test_diff_create(self):
+        """Diffs are produced when files are created."""
+
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            path = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'file')
+            faw = FileAvoidWrite(path, capture_diff=True)
+            faw.write('new')
+            faw.close()
+
+            diff = '\n'.join(faw.diff)
+            self.assertIn('+new', diff)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+class TestResolveTargetToMake(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.topobjdir = data_path
+
+    def assertResolve(self, path, expected):
+        # Handle Windows path separators.
+        (reldir, target) = resolve_target_to_make(self.topobjdir, path)
+        if reldir is not None:
+            reldir = reldir.replace(os.sep, '/')
+        if target is not None:
+            target = target.replace(os.sep, '/')
+        self.assertEqual((reldir, target), expected)
+
+    def test_root_path(self):
+        self.assertResolve('/test-dir', ('test-dir', None))
+        self.assertResolve('/test-dir/with', ('test-dir/with', None))
+        self.assertResolve('/test-dir/without', ('test-dir', None))
+        self.assertResolve('/test-dir/without/with', ('test-dir/without/with', None))
+
+    def test_dir(self):
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir', ('test-dir', None))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with', ('test-dir/with', None))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with', ('test-dir/with', None))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without', ('test-dir', None))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/with', ('test-dir/without/with', None))
+
+    def test_top_level(self):
+        self.assertResolve('package', (None, 'package'))
+        # Makefile handling shouldn't affect top-level targets.
+        self.assertResolve('Makefile', (None, 'Makefile'))
+
+    def test_regular_file(self):
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with/file', ('test-dir/with', 'file'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with/without/file', ('test-dir/with', 'without/file'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with/without/with/file', ('test-dir/with/without/with', 'file'))
+
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/file', ('test-dir', 'without/file'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/with/file', ('test-dir/without/with', 'file'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/with/without/file', ('test-dir/without/with', 'without/file'))
+
+    def test_Makefile(self):
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with/Makefile', ('test-dir', 'with/Makefile'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with/without/Makefile', ('test-dir/with', 'without/Makefile'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/with/without/with/Makefile', ('test-dir/with', 'without/with/Makefile'))
+
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/Makefile', ('test-dir', 'without/Makefile'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/with/Makefile', ('test-dir', 'without/with/Makefile'))
+        self.assertResolve('test-dir/without/with/without/Makefile', ('test-dir/without/with', 'without/Makefile'))
+
+class TestHierarchicalStringList(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.EXPORTS = HierarchicalStringList()
+
+    def test_exports_append(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS._strings, [])
+        self.EXPORTS += ["foo.h"]
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS._strings, ["foo.h"])
+        self.EXPORTS += ["bar.h"]
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS._strings, ["foo.h", "bar.h"])
+
+    def test_exports_subdir(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS._children, {})
+        self.EXPORTS.foo += ["foo.h"]
+        self.assertItemsEqual(self.EXPORTS._children, {"foo" : True})
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS.foo._strings, ["foo.h"])
+        self.EXPORTS.bar += ["bar.h"]
+        self.assertItemsEqual(self.EXPORTS._children,
+                              {"foo" : True, "bar" : True})
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS.foo._strings, ["foo.h"])
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS.bar._strings, ["bar.h"])
+
+    def test_exports_multiple_subdir(self):
+        self.EXPORTS.foo.bar = ["foobar.h"]
+        self.assertItemsEqual(self.EXPORTS._children, {"foo" : True})
+        self.assertItemsEqual(self.EXPORTS.foo._children, {"bar" : True})
+        self.assertItemsEqual(self.EXPORTS.foo.bar._children, {})
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS._strings, [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS.foo._strings, [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.EXPORTS.foo.bar._strings, ["foobar.h"])
+
+    def test_invalid_exports_append(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            self.EXPORTS += "foo.h"
+        self.assertEqual(str(ve.exception),
+                         "Expected a list of strings, not <type '%s'>" % str_type)
+
+    def test_invalid_exports_set(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            self.EXPORTS.foo = "foo.h"
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(ve.exception),
+                         "Expected a list of strings, not <type '%s'>" % str_type)
+
+    def test_invalid_exports_append_base(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            self.EXPORTS += "foo.h"
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(ve.exception),
+                         "Expected a list of strings, not <type '%s'>" % str_type)
+
+    def test_invalid_exports_bool(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ve:
+            self.EXPORTS += [True]
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(ve.exception),
+                         "Expected a list of strings, not an element of "
+                         "<type 'bool'>")
+
+    def test_del_exports(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(MozbuildDeletionError) as mde:
+            self.EXPORTS.foo += ['bar.h']
+            del self.EXPORTS.foo
+
+    def test_unsorted(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError) as ee:
+            self.EXPORTS += ['foo.h', 'bar.h']
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError) as ee:
+            self.EXPORTS.foo = ['foo.h', 'bar.h']
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError) as ee:
+            self.EXPORTS.foo += ['foo.h', 'bar.h']
+
+    def test_reassign(self):
+        self.EXPORTS.foo = ['foo.h']
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError) as ee:
+            self.EXPORTS.foo = ['bar.h']
+
+    def test_walk(self):
+        l = HierarchicalStringList()
+        l += ['root1', 'root2', 'root3']
+        l.child1 += ['child11', 'child12', 'child13']
+        l.child1.grandchild1 += ['grandchild111', 'grandchild112']
+        l.child1.grandchild2 += ['grandchild121', 'grandchild122']
+        l.child2.grandchild1 += ['grandchild211', 'grandchild212']
+        l.child2.grandchild1 += ['grandchild213', 'grandchild214']
+
+        els = list((path, list(seq)) for path, seq in l.walk())
+        self.assertEqual(els, [
+            ('', ['root1', 'root2', 'root3']),
+            ('child1', ['child11', 'child12', 'child13']),
+            ('child1/grandchild1', ['grandchild111', 'grandchild112']),
+            ('child1/grandchild2', ['grandchild121', 'grandchild122']),
+            ('child2/grandchild1', ['grandchild211', 'grandchild212',
+                                    'grandchild213', 'grandchild214']),
+        ])
+
+    def test_merge(self):
+        l1 = HierarchicalStringList()
+        l1 += ['root1', 'root2', 'root3']
+        l1.child1 += ['child11', 'child12', 'child13']
+        l1.child1.grandchild1 += ['grandchild111', 'grandchild112']
+        l1.child1.grandchild2 += ['grandchild121', 'grandchild122']
+        l1.child2.grandchild1 += ['grandchild211', 'grandchild212']
+        l1.child2.grandchild1 += ['grandchild213', 'grandchild214']
+        l2 = HierarchicalStringList()
+        l2.child1 += ['child14', 'child15']
+        l2.child1.grandchild2 += ['grandchild123']
+        l2.child3 += ['child31', 'child32']
+
+        l1 += l2
+        els = list((path, list(seq)) for path, seq in l1.walk())
+        self.assertEqual(els, [
+            ('', ['root1', 'root2', 'root3']),
+            ('child1', ['child11', 'child12', 'child13', 'child14',
+                        'child15']),
+            ('child1/grandchild1', ['grandchild111', 'grandchild112']),
+            ('child1/grandchild2', ['grandchild121', 'grandchild122',
+                                    'grandchild123']),
+            ('child2/grandchild1', ['grandchild211', 'grandchild212',
+                                    'grandchild213', 'grandchild214']),
+            ('child3', ['child31', 'child32']),
+        ])
+
+
+class TestStrictOrderingOnAppendList(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_init(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 3)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            StrictOrderingOnAppendList(['c', 'b', 'a'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 3)
+
+    def test_extend(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        l.extend(['a', 'b'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            l.extend(['d', 'c'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_slicing(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        l[:] = ['a', 'b']
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            l[:] = ['b', 'a']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_add(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        l2 = l + ['a', 'b']
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(l2), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l2, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            l2 = l + ['b', 'a']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+
+    def test_iadd(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        l += ['a', 'b']
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            l += ['b', 'a']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_add_after_iadd(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList(['b'])
+        l += ['a']
+        l2 = l + ['c', 'd']
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(l2), 4)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l2, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            l2 = l + ['d', 'c']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_add_StrictOrderingOnAppendList(self):
+        l = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        l += ['c', 'd']
+        l += ['a', 'b']
+        l2 = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            l2 += list(l)
+        # Adding a StrictOrderingOnAppendList to another shouldn't throw
+        l2 += l
+
+
+class TestListWithAction(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.action = lambda a: (a, id(a))
+
+    def assertSameList(self, expected, actual):
+        self.assertEqual(len(expected), len(actual))
+        for idx, item in enumerate(actual):
+            self.assertEqual(item, expected[idx])
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        l = ListWithAction(action=self.action)
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+        original = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+        l = ListWithAction(['a', 'b', 'c'], action=self.action)
+        expected = map(self.action, original)
+        self.assertSameList(expected, l)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ListWithAction('abc', action=self.action)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ListWithAction()
+
+    def test_extend(self):
+        l = ListWithAction(action=self.action)
+        original = ['a', 'b']
+        l.extend(original)
+        expected = map(self.action, original)
+        self.assertSameList(expected, l)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l.extend('ab')
+
+    def test_slicing(self):
+        l = ListWithAction(action=self.action)
+        original = ['a', 'b']
+        l[:] = original
+        expected = map(self.action, original)
+        self.assertSameList(expected, l)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l[:] = 'ab'
+
+    def test_add(self):
+        l = ListWithAction(action=self.action)
+        original = ['a', 'b']
+        l2 = l + original
+        expected = map(self.action, original)
+        self.assertSameList(expected, l2)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l + 'abc'
+
+    def test_iadd(self):
+        l = ListWithAction(action=self.action)
+        original = ['a', 'b']
+        l += original
+        expected = map(self.action, original)
+        self.assertSameList(expected, l)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l += 'abc'
+
+
+class TestStrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_strict_ordering_on_append_list_with_flags_factory(self):
+        cls = StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+            'foo': bool,
+            'bar': int,
+        })
+
+        l = cls()
+        l += ['a', 'b']
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            l['a'] = 'foo'
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            c = l['c']
+
+        self.assertEqual(l['a'].foo, False)
+        l['a'].foo = True
+        self.assertEqual(l['a'].foo, True)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            l['a'].bar = 'bar'
+
+        self.assertEqual(l['a'].bar, 0)
+        l['a'].bar = 42
+        self.assertEqual(l['a'].bar, 42)
+
+        l['b'].foo = True
+        self.assertEqual(l['b'].foo, True)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            l['b'].baz = False
+
+        l['b'].update(foo=False, bar=12)
+        self.assertEqual(l['b'].foo, False)
+        self.assertEqual(l['b'].bar, 12)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            l['b'].update(xyz=1)
+
+    def test_strict_ordering_on_append_list_with_flags_factory_extend(self):
+        FooList = StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+            'foo': bool, 'bar': unicode
+        })
+        foo = FooList(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        foo['a'].foo = True
+        foo['b'].bar = 'bar'
+
+        # Don't allow extending lists with different flag definitions.
+        BarList = StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+            'foo': unicode, 'baz': bool
+        })
+        bar = BarList(['d', 'e', 'f'])
+        bar['d'].foo = 'foo'
+        bar['e'].baz = True
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            foo + bar
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            bar + foo
+
+        # It's not obvious what to do with duplicate list items with possibly
+        # different flag values, so don't allow that case.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            foo + foo
+
+        def assertExtended(l):
+            self.assertEqual(len(l), 6)
+            self.assertEqual(l['a'].foo, True)
+            self.assertEqual(l['b'].bar, 'bar')
+            self.assertTrue('c' in l)
+            self.assertEqual(l['d'].foo, True)
+            self.assertEqual(l['e'].bar, 'bar')
+            self.assertTrue('f' in l)
+
+        # Test extend.
+        zot = FooList(['d', 'e', 'f'])
+        zot['d'].foo = True
+        zot['e'].bar = 'bar'
+        zot.extend(foo)
+        assertExtended(zot)
+
+        # Test __add__.
+        zot = FooList(['d', 'e', 'f'])
+        zot['d'].foo = True
+        zot['e'].bar = 'bar'
+        assertExtended(foo + zot)
+        assertExtended(zot + foo)
+
+        # Test __iadd__.
+        foo += zot
+        assertExtended(foo)
+
+        # Test __setslice__.
+        foo[3:] = []
+        self.assertEqual(len(foo), 3)
+        foo[3:] = zot
+        assertExtended(foo)
+
+
+class TestMemoize(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_memoize(self):
+        self._count = 0
+        @memoize
+        def wrapped(a, b):
+            self._count += 1
+            return a + b
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapped(1, 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapped(1, 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapped(2, 1), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapped(1, 2), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapped(1, 2), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapped(1, 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self._count, 3)
+
+    def test_memoize_method(self):
+        class foo(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self._count = 0
+
+            @memoize
+            def wrapped(self, a, b):
+                self._count += 1
+                return a + b
+
+        instance = foo()
+        refcount = sys.getrefcount(instance)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped(1, 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped(1, 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped(2, 1), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped(1, 2), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped(1, 2), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped(1, 1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 3)
+
+        # Memoization of methods is expected to not keep references to
+        # instances, so the refcount shouldn't have changed after executing the
+        # memoized method.
+        self.assertEqual(refcount, sys.getrefcount(instance))
+
+    def test_memoized_property(self):
+        class foo(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self._count = 0
+
+            @memoized_property
+            def wrapped(self):
+                self._count += 1
+                return 42
+
+        instance = foo()
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrapped, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(instance._count, 1)
+
+
+class TestTypedList(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_init(self):
+        cls = TypedList(int)
+        l = cls()
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+
+        l = cls([1, 2, 3])
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 3)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            cls([1, 2, 'c'])
+
+    def test_extend(self):
+        cls = TypedList(int)
+        l = cls()
+        l.extend([1, 2])
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l, cls)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l.extend([3, 'c'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_slicing(self):
+        cls = TypedList(int)
+        l = cls()
+        l[:] = [1, 2]
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l, cls)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l[:] = [3, 'c']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_add(self):
+        cls = TypedList(int)
+        l = cls()
+        l2 = l + [1, 2]
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(l2), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l2, cls)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l2 = l + [3, 'c']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+
+    def test_iadd(self):
+        cls = TypedList(int)
+        l = cls()
+        l += [1, 2]
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+        self.assertIsInstance(l, cls)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            l += [3, 'c']
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 2)
+
+    def test_add_coercion(self):
+        objs = []
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            def __init__(self, obj):
+                objs.append(obj)
+
+        cls = TypedList(Foo)
+        l = cls()
+        l += [1, 2]
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(type(l[0]), Foo)
+        self.assertEqual(type(l[1]), Foo)
+
+        # Adding a TypedList to a TypedList shouldn't trigger coercion again
+        l2 = cls()
+        l2 += l
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(type(l2[0]), Foo)
+        self.assertEqual(type(l2[1]), Foo)
+
+        # Adding a TypedList to a TypedList shouldn't even trigger the code
+        # that does coercion at all.
+        l2 = cls()
+        list.__setslice__(l, 0, -1, [1, 2])
+        l2 += l
+        self.assertEqual(len(objs), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(type(l2[0]), int)
+        self.assertEqual(type(l2[1]), int)
+
+    def test_memoized(self):
+        cls = TypedList(int)
+        cls2 = TypedList(str)
+        self.assertEqual(TypedList(int), cls)
+        self.assertNotEqual(cls, cls2)
+
+
+class TypedTestStrictOrderingOnAppendList(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_init(self):
+        class Unicode(unicode):
+            def __init__(self, other):
+                if not isinstance(other, unicode):
+                    raise ValueError()
+                super(Unicode, self).__init__(other)
+
+        cls = TypedList(Unicode, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+        l = cls()
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 0)
+
+        l = cls(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 3)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnsortedError):
+            cls(['c', 'b', 'a'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            cls(['a', 'b', 3])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(l), 3)
+
+
+class TestTypedNamedTuple(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        FooBar = TypedNamedTuple('FooBar', [('foo', unicode), ('bar', int)])
+
+        t = FooBar(foo='foo', bar=2)
+        self.assertEquals(type(t), FooBar)
+        self.assertEquals(t.foo, 'foo')
+        self.assertEquals(t.bar, 2)
+        self.assertEquals(t[0], 'foo')
+        self.assertEquals(t[1], 2)
+
+        FooBar('foo', 2)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            FooBar('foo', 'not integer')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            FooBar(2, 4)
+
+        # Passing a tuple as the first argument is the same as passing multiple
+        # arguments.
+        t1 = ('foo', 3)
+        t2 = FooBar(t1)
+        self.assertEquals(type(t2), FooBar)
+        self.assertEqual(FooBar(t1), FooBar('foo', 3))
+
+
+class TestGroupUnifiedFiles(unittest.TestCase):
+    FILES = ['%s.cpp' % letter for letter in string.ascii_lowercase]
+
+    def test_multiple_files(self):
+        mapping = list(group_unified_files(self.FILES, 'Unified', 'cpp', 5))
+
+        def check_mapping(index, expected_num_source_files):
+            (unified_file, source_files) = mapping[index]
+
+            self.assertEqual(unified_file, 'Unified%d.cpp' % index)
+            self.assertEqual(len(source_files), expected_num_source_files)
+
+        all_files = list(itertools.chain(*[files for (_, files) in mapping]))
+        self.assertEqual(len(all_files), len(self.FILES))
+        self.assertEqual(set(all_files), set(self.FILES))
+
+        expected_amounts = [5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1]
+        for i, amount in enumerate(expected_amounts):
+            check_mapping(i, amount)
+
+    def test_unsorted_files(self):
+        unsorted_files = ['a%d.cpp' % i for i in range(11)]
+        sorted_files = sorted(unsorted_files)
+        mapping = list(group_unified_files(unsorted_files, 'Unified', 'cpp', 5))
+
+        self.assertEqual(mapping[0][1], sorted_files[0:5])
+        self.assertEqual(mapping[1][1], sorted_files[5:10])
+        self.assertEqual(mapping[2][1], sorted_files[10:])
+
+
+class TestMisc(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pair(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(pair([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])),
+            [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            list(pair([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])),
+            [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, None)]
+        )
+
+    def test_expand_variables(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expand_variables('$(var)', {'var': 'value'}),
+            'value'
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expand_variables('$(a) and $(b)', {'a': '1', 'b': '2'}),
+            '1 and 2'
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expand_variables('$(a) and $(undefined)', {'a': '1', 'b': '2'}),
+            '1 and '
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expand_variables('before $(string) between $(list) after', {
+                'string': 'abc',
+                'list': ['a', 'b', 'c']
+            }),
+            'before abc between a b c after'
+        )
+
+class TestEnumString(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_string(self):
+        CompilerType = EnumString.subclass('msvc', 'gcc', 'clang', 'clang-cl')
+
+        type = CompilerType('msvc')
+        self.assertEquals(type, 'msvc')
+        self.assertNotEquals(type, 'gcc')
+        self.assertNotEquals(type, 'clang')
+        self.assertNotEquals(type, 'clang-cl')
+        self.assertIn(type, ('msvc', 'clang-cl'))
+        self.assertNotIn(type, ('gcc', 'clang'))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(EnumStringComparisonError):
+            self.assertEquals(type, 'foo')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(EnumStringComparisonError):
+            self.assertNotEquals(type, 'foo')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(EnumStringComparisonError):
+            self.assertIn(type, ('foo', 'gcc'))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            type = CompilerType('foo')
+
+
+class TestIndentedRepr(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_indented_repr(self):
+        data = textwrap.dedent(r'''
+        {
+            'a': 1,
+            'b': b'abc',
+            b'c': 'xyz',
+            'd': False,
+            'e': {
+                'a': 1,
+                'b': b'2',
+                'c': '3',
+            },
+            'f': [
+                1,
+                b'2',
+                '3',
+            ],
+            'pile_of_bytes': b'\xf0\x9f\x92\xa9',
+            'pile_of_poo': '💩',
+            'special_chars': '\\\'"\x08\n\t',
+            'with_accents': 'éàñ',
+        }''').lstrip()
+
+        obj = eval(data)
+
+        self.assertEqual(indented_repr(obj), data)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/testing.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b327cd74f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+import cPickle as pickle
+import os
+import sys
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+from mozpack.copier import FileCopier
+from mozpack.manifests import InstallManifest
+
+from .base import MozbuildObject
+from .util import OrderedDefaultDict
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+import manifestparser
+
+def rewrite_test_base(test, new_base, honor_install_to_subdir=False):
+    """Rewrite paths in a test to be under a new base path.
+
+    This is useful for running tests from a separate location from where they
+    were defined.
+
+    honor_install_to_subdir and the underlying install-to-subdir field are a
+    giant hack intended to work around the restriction where the mochitest
+    runner can't handle single test files with multiple configurations. This
+    argument should be removed once the mochitest runner talks manifests
+    (bug 984670).
+    """
+    test['here'] = mozpath.join(new_base, test['dir_relpath'])
+
+    if honor_install_to_subdir and test.get('install-to-subdir'):
+        manifest_relpath = mozpath.relpath(test['path'],
+            mozpath.dirname(test['manifest']))
+        test['path'] = mozpath.join(new_base, test['dir_relpath'],
+            test['install-to-subdir'], manifest_relpath)
+    else:
+        test['path'] = mozpath.join(new_base, test['file_relpath'])
+
+    return test
+
+
+class TestMetadata(object):
+    """Holds information about tests.
+
+    This class provides an API to query tests active in the build
+    configuration.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, all_tests, test_defaults=None):
+        self._tests_by_path = OrderedDefaultDict(list)
+        self._tests_by_flavor = defaultdict(set)
+        self._test_dirs = set()
+
+        with open(all_tests, 'rb') as fh:
+            test_data = pickle.load(fh)
+        defaults = None
+        if test_defaults:
+            with open(test_defaults, 'rb') as fh:
+                defaults = pickle.load(fh)
+        for path, tests in test_data.items():
+            for metadata in tests:
+                if defaults:
+                    manifest = metadata['manifest']
+                    manifest_defaults = defaults.get(manifest)
+                    if manifest_defaults:
+                        metadata = manifestparser.combine_fields(manifest_defaults,
+                                                                 metadata)
+                self._tests_by_path[path].append(metadata)
+                self._test_dirs.add(os.path.dirname(path))
+                flavor = metadata.get('flavor')
+                self._tests_by_flavor[flavor].add(path)
+
+    def tests_with_flavor(self, flavor):
+        """Obtain all tests having the specified flavor.
+
+        This is a generator of dicts describing each test.
+        """
+
+        for path in sorted(self._tests_by_flavor.get(flavor, [])):
+            yield self._tests_by_path[path]
+
+    def resolve_tests(self, paths=None, flavor=None, subsuite=None, under_path=None,
+                      tags=None):
+        """Resolve tests from an identifier.
+
+        This is a generator of dicts describing each test.
+
+        ``paths`` can be an iterable of values to use to identify tests to run.
+        If an entry is a known test file, tests associated with that file are
+        returned (there may be multiple configurations for a single file). If
+        an entry is a directory, or a prefix of a directory containing tests,
+        all tests in that directory are returned. If the string appears in a
+        known test file, that test file is considered. If the path contains
+        a wildcard pattern, tests matching that pattern are returned.
+
+        If ``under_path`` is a string, it will be used to filter out tests that
+        aren't in the specified path prefix relative to topsrcdir or the
+        test's installed dir.
+
+        If ``flavor`` is a string, it will be used to filter returned tests
+        to only be the flavor specified. A flavor is something like
+        ``xpcshell``.
+
+        If ``subsuite`` is a string, it will be used to filter returned tests
+        to only be in the subsuite specified.
+
+        If ``tags`` are specified, they will be used to filter returned tests
+        to only those with a matching tag.
+        """
+        if tags:
+            tags = set(tags)
+
+        def fltr(tests):
+            for test in tests:
+                if flavor:
+                   if (flavor == 'devtools' and test.get('flavor') != 'browser-chrome') or \
+                      (flavor != 'devtools' and test.get('flavor') != flavor):
+                    continue
+
+                if subsuite and test.get('subsuite') != subsuite:
+                    continue
+
+                if tags and not (tags & set(test.get('tags', '').split())):
+                    continue
+
+                if under_path \
+                    and not test['file_relpath'].startswith(under_path):
+                    continue
+
+                # Make a copy so modifications don't change the source.
+                yield dict(test)
+
+        paths = paths or []
+        paths = [mozpath.normpath(p) for p in paths]
+        if not paths:
+            paths = [None]
+
+        candidate_paths = set()
+
+        for path in sorted(paths):
+            if path is None:
+                candidate_paths |= set(self._tests_by_path.keys())
+                continue
+
+            if '*' in path:
+                candidate_paths |= {p for p in self._tests_by_path
+                                    if mozpath.match(p, path)}
+                continue
+
+            # If the path is a directory, or the path is a prefix of a directory
+            # containing tests, pull in all tests in that directory.
+            if (path in self._test_dirs or
+                any(p.startswith(path) for p in self._tests_by_path)):
+                candidate_paths |= {p for p in self._tests_by_path
+                                    if p.startswith(path)}
+                continue
+
+            # If it's a test file, add just that file.
+            candidate_paths |= {p for p in self._tests_by_path if path in p}
+
+        for p in sorted(candidate_paths):
+            tests = self._tests_by_path[p]
+
+            for test in fltr(tests):
+                yield test
+
+
+class TestResolver(MozbuildObject):
+    """Helper to resolve tests from the current environment to test files."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        MozbuildObject.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        # If installing tests is going to result in re-generating the build
+        # backend, we need to do this here, so that the updated contents of
+        # all-tests.pkl make it to the set of tests to run.
+        self._run_make(target='run-tests-deps', pass_thru=True,
+                       print_directory=False)
+
+        self._tests = TestMetadata(os.path.join(self.topobjdir,
+                                                'all-tests.pkl'),
+                                   test_defaults=os.path.join(self.topobjdir,
+                                                              'test-defaults.pkl'))
+
+        self._test_rewrites = {
+            'a11y': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                'mochitest', 'a11y'),
+            'browser-chrome': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                'mochitest', 'browser'),
+            'jetpack-package': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                'mochitest', 'jetpack-package'),
+            'jetpack-addon': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                'mochitest', 'jetpack-addon'),
+            'chrome': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                'mochitest', 'chrome'),
+            'mochitest': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                'mochitest', 'tests'),
+            'web-platform-tests': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'testing',
+                                               'web-platform'),
+            'xpcshell': os.path.join(self.topobjdir, '_tests', 'xpcshell'),
+        }
+
+    def resolve_tests(self, cwd=None, **kwargs):
+        """Resolve tests in the context of the current environment.
+
+        This is a more intelligent version of TestMetadata.resolve_tests().
+
+        This function provides additional massaging and filtering of low-level
+        results.
+
+        Paths in returned tests are automatically translated to the paths in
+        the _tests directory under the object directory.
+
+        If cwd is defined, we will limit our results to tests under the
+        directory specified. The directory should be defined as an absolute
+        path under topsrcdir or topobjdir for it to work properly.
+        """
+        rewrite_base = None
+
+        if cwd:
+            norm_cwd = mozpath.normpath(cwd)
+            norm_srcdir = mozpath.normpath(self.topsrcdir)
+            norm_objdir = mozpath.normpath(self.topobjdir)
+
+            reldir = None
+
+            if norm_cwd.startswith(norm_objdir):
+                reldir = norm_cwd[len(norm_objdir)+1:]
+            elif norm_cwd.startswith(norm_srcdir):
+                reldir = norm_cwd[len(norm_srcdir)+1:]
+
+            result = self._tests.resolve_tests(under_path=reldir,
+                **kwargs)
+
+        else:
+            result = self._tests.resolve_tests(**kwargs)
+
+        for test in result:
+            rewrite_base = self._test_rewrites.get(test['flavor'], None)
+
+            if rewrite_base:
+                yield rewrite_test_base(test, rewrite_base,
+                    honor_install_to_subdir=True)
+            else:
+                yield test
+
+# These definitions provide a single source of truth for modules attempting
+# to get a view of all tests for a build. Used by the emitter to figure out
+# how to read/install manifests and by test dependency annotations in Files()
+# entries to enumerate test flavors.
+
+# While there are multiple test manifests, the behavior is very similar
+# across them. We enforce this by having common handling of all
+# manifests and outputting a single class type with the differences
+# described inside the instance.
+#
+# Keys are variable prefixes and values are tuples describing how these
+# manifests should be handled:
+#
+#    (flavor, install_root, install_subdir, package_tests)
+#
+# flavor identifies the flavor of this test.
+# install_root is the path prefix to install the files starting from the root
+#     directory and not as specified by the manifest location. (bug 972168)
+# install_subdir is the path of where to install the files in
+#     the tests directory.
+# package_tests indicates whether to package test files into the test
+#     package; suites that compile the test files should not install
+#     them into the test package.
+#
+TEST_MANIFESTS = dict(
+    A11Y=('a11y', 'testing/mochitest', 'a11y', True),
+    BROWSER_CHROME=('browser-chrome', 'testing/mochitest', 'browser', True),
+    ANDROID_INSTRUMENTATION=('instrumentation', 'instrumentation', '.', False),
+    JETPACK_PACKAGE=('jetpack-package', 'testing/mochitest', 'jetpack-package', True),
+    JETPACK_ADDON=('jetpack-addon', 'testing/mochitest', 'jetpack-addon', False),
+    FIREFOX_UI_FUNCTIONAL=('firefox-ui-functional', 'firefox-ui', '.', False),
+    FIREFOX_UI_UPDATE=('firefox-ui-update', 'firefox-ui', '.', False),
+    PUPPETEER_FIREFOX=('firefox-ui-functional', 'firefox-ui', '.', False),
+
+    # marionette tests are run from the srcdir
+    # TODO(ato): make packaging work as for other test suites
+    MARIONETTE=('marionette', 'marionette', '.', False),
+    MARIONETTE_UNIT=('marionette', 'marionette', '.', False),
+    MARIONETTE_WEBAPI=('marionette', 'marionette', '.', False),
+
+    METRO_CHROME=('metro-chrome', 'testing/mochitest', 'metro', True),
+    MOCHITEST=('mochitest', 'testing/mochitest', 'tests', True),
+    MOCHITEST_CHROME=('chrome', 'testing/mochitest', 'chrome', True),
+    WEBRTC_SIGNALLING_TEST=('steeplechase', 'steeplechase', '.', True),
+    XPCSHELL_TESTS=('xpcshell', 'xpcshell', '.', True),
+)
+
+# Reftests have their own manifest format and are processed separately.
+REFTEST_FLAVORS = ('crashtest', 'reftest')
+
+# Web platform tests have their own manifest format and are processed separately.
+WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_FLAVORS = ('web-platform-tests',)
+
+def all_test_flavors():
+    return ([v[0] for v in TEST_MANIFESTS.values()] +
+            list(REFTEST_FLAVORS) +
+            list(WEB_PLATFORM_TESTS_FLAVORS) +
+            ['python'])
+
+class TestInstallInfo(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.seen = set()
+        self.pattern_installs = []
+        self.installs = []
+        self.external_installs = set()
+        self.deferred_installs = set()
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        self.pattern_installs.extend(other.pattern_installs)
+        self.installs.extend(other.installs)
+        self.external_installs |= other.external_installs
+        self.deferred_installs |= other.deferred_installs
+        return self
+
+class SupportFilesConverter(object):
+    """Processes a "support-files" entry from a test object, either from
+    a parsed object from a test manifests or its representation in
+    moz.build and returns the installs to perform for this test object.
+
+    Processing the same support files multiple times will not have any further
+    effect, and the structure of the parsed objects from manifests will have a
+    lot of repeated entries, so this class takes care of memoizing.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._fields = (('head', set()),
+                        ('tail', set()),
+                        ('support-files', set()),
+                        ('generated-files', set()))
+
+    def convert_support_files(self, test, install_root, manifest_dir, out_dir):
+        # Arguments:
+        #  test - The test object to process.
+        #  install_root - The directory under $objdir/_tests that will contain
+        #                 the tests for this harness (examples are "testing/mochitest",
+        #                 "xpcshell").
+        #  manifest_dir - Absoulute path to the (srcdir) directory containing the
+        #                 manifest that included this test
+        #  out_dir - The path relative to $objdir/_tests used as the destination for the
+        #            test, based on the relative path to the manifest in the srcdir,
+        #            the install_root, and 'install-to-subdir', if present in the manifest.
+        info = TestInstallInfo()
+        for field, seen in self._fields:
+            value = test.get(field, '')
+            for pattern in value.split():
+
+                # We track uniqueness locally (per test) where duplicates are forbidden,
+                # and globally, where they are permitted. If a support file appears multiple
+                # times for a single test, there are unnecessary entries in the manifest. But
+                # many entries will be shared across tests that share defaults.
+                # We need to memoize on the basis of both the path and the output
+                # directory for the benefit of tests specifying 'install-to-subdir'.
+                key = field, pattern, out_dir
+                if key in info.seen:
+                    raise ValueError("%s appears multiple times in a test manifest under a %s field,"
+                                     " please omit the duplicate entry." % (pattern, field))
+                info.seen.add(key)
+                if key in seen:
+                    continue
+                seen.add(key)
+
+                if field == 'generated-files':
+                    info.external_installs.add(mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(out_dir, pattern)))
+                # '!' indicates our syntax for inter-directory support file
+                # dependencies. These receive special handling in the backend.
+                elif pattern[0] == '!':
+                    info.deferred_installs.add(pattern)
+                # We only support globbing on support-files because
+                # the harness doesn't support * for head and tail.
+                elif '*' in pattern and field == 'support-files':
+                    info.pattern_installs.append((manifest_dir, pattern, out_dir))
+                # "absolute" paths identify files that are to be
+                # placed in the install_root directory (no globs)
+                elif pattern[0] == '/':
+                    full = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(manifest_dir,
+                                                         mozpath.basename(pattern)))
+                    info.installs.append((full, mozpath.join(install_root, pattern[1:])))
+                else:
+                    full = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(manifest_dir, pattern))
+                    dest_path = mozpath.join(out_dir, pattern)
+
+                    # If the path resolves to a different directory
+                    # tree, we take special behavior depending on the
+                    # entry type.
+                    if not full.startswith(manifest_dir):
+                        # If it's a support file, we install the file
+                        # into the current destination directory.
+                        # This implementation makes installing things
+                        # with custom prefixes impossible. If this is
+                        # needed, we can add support for that via a
+                        # special syntax later.
+                        if field == 'support-files':
+                            dest_path = mozpath.join(out_dir,
+                                                     os.path.basename(pattern))
+                        # If it's not a support file, we ignore it.
+                        # This preserves old behavior so things like
+                        # head files doesn't get installed multiple
+                        # times.
+                        else:
+                            continue
+                    info.installs.append((full, mozpath.normpath(dest_path)))
+        return info
+
+def _resolve_installs(paths, topobjdir, manifest):
+    """Using the given paths as keys, find any unresolved installs noted
+    by the build backend corresponding to those keys, and add them
+    to the given manifest.
+    """
+    filename = os.path.join(topobjdir, 'test-installs.pkl')
+    with open(filename, 'rb') as fh:
+        resolved_installs = pickle.load(fh)
+
+    for path in paths:
+        path = path[2:]
+        if path not in resolved_installs:
+            raise Exception('A cross-directory support file path noted in a '
+                'test manifest does not appear in any other manifest.\n "%s" '
+                'must appear in another test manifest to specify an install '
+                'for "!/%s".' % (path, path))
+        installs = resolved_installs[path]
+        for install_info in installs:
+            try:
+                if len(install_info) == 3:
+                    manifest.add_pattern_symlink(*install_info)
+                if len(install_info) == 2:
+                    manifest.add_symlink(*install_info)
+            except ValueError:
+                # A duplicate value here is pretty likely when running
+                # multiple directories at once, and harmless.
+                pass
+
+def install_test_files(topsrcdir, topobjdir, tests_root, test_objs):
+    """Installs the requested test files to the objdir. This is invoked by
+    test runners to avoid installing tens of thousands of test files when
+    only a few tests need to be run.
+    """
+    flavor_info = {flavor: (root, prefix, install)
+                   for (flavor, root, prefix, install) in TEST_MANIFESTS.values()}
+    objdir_dest = mozpath.join(topobjdir, tests_root)
+
+    converter = SupportFilesConverter()
+    install_info = TestInstallInfo()
+    for o in test_objs:
+        flavor = o['flavor']
+        if flavor not in flavor_info:
+            # This is a test flavor that isn't installed by the build system.
+            continue
+        root, prefix, install = flavor_info[flavor]
+        if not install:
+            # This flavor isn't installed to the objdir.
+            continue
+
+        manifest_path = o['manifest']
+        manifest_dir = mozpath.dirname(manifest_path)
+
+        out_dir = mozpath.join(root, prefix, manifest_dir[len(topsrcdir) + 1:])
+        file_relpath = o['file_relpath']
+        source = mozpath.join(topsrcdir, file_relpath)
+        dest = mozpath.join(root, prefix, file_relpath)
+        if 'install-to-subdir' in o:
+            out_dir = mozpath.join(out_dir, o['install-to-subdir'])
+            manifest_relpath = mozpath.relpath(source, mozpath.dirname(manifest_path))
+            dest = mozpath.join(out_dir, manifest_relpath)
+
+        install_info.installs.append((source, dest))
+        install_info |= converter.convert_support_files(o, root,
+                                                        manifest_dir,
+                                                        out_dir)
+
+    manifest = InstallManifest()
+
+    for source, dest in set(install_info.installs):
+        if dest in install_info.external_installs:
+            continue
+        manifest.add_symlink(source, dest)
+    for base, pattern, dest in install_info.pattern_installs:
+        manifest.add_pattern_symlink(base, pattern, dest)
+
+    _resolve_installs(install_info.deferred_installs, topobjdir, manifest)
+
+    # Harness files are treated as a monolith and installed each time we run tests.
+    # Fortunately there are not very many.
+    manifest |= InstallManifest(mozpath.join(topobjdir,
+                                             '_build_manifests',
+                                             'install', tests_root))
+    copier = FileCopier()
+    manifest.populate_registry(copier)
+    copier.copy(objdir_dest,
+                remove_unaccounted=False)
+
+
+# Convenience methods for test manifest reading.
+def read_manifestparser_manifest(context, manifest_path):
+    path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(context.srcdir, manifest_path))
+    return manifestparser.TestManifest(manifests=[path], strict=True,
+                                       rootdir=context.config.topsrcdir,
+                                       finder=context._finder,
+                                       handle_defaults=False)
+
+def read_reftest_manifest(context, manifest_path):
+    import reftest
+    path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(context.srcdir, manifest_path))
+    manifest = reftest.ReftestManifest(finder=context._finder)
+    manifest.load(path)
+    return manifest
+
+def read_wpt_manifest(context, paths):
+    manifest_path, tests_root = paths
+    full_path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(context.srcdir, manifest_path))
+    old_path = sys.path[:]
+    try:
+        # Setup sys.path to include all the dependencies required to import
+        # the web-platform-tests manifest parser. web-platform-tests provides
+        # a the localpaths.py to do the path manipulation, which we load,
+        # providing the __file__ variable so it can resolve the relative
+        # paths correctly.
+        paths_file = os.path.join(context.config.topsrcdir, "testing",
+                                  "web-platform", "tests", "tools", "localpaths.py")
+        _globals = {"__file__": paths_file}
+        execfile(paths_file, _globals)
+        import manifest as wptmanifest
+    finally:
+        sys.path = old_path
+        f = context._finder.get(full_path)
+        return wptmanifest.manifest.load(tests_root, f)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/util.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58dd9daf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1264 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file contains miscellaneous utility functions that don't belong anywhere
+# in particular.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals, print_function
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+import ctypes
+import difflib
+import errno
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import itertools
+import os
+import re
+import stat
+import sys
+import time
+import types
+
+from collections import (
+    defaultdict,
+    Iterable,
+    OrderedDict,
+)
+from io import (
+    StringIO,
+    BytesIO,
+)
+
+
+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
+    str_type = str
+else:
+    str_type = basestring
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    _kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+    _FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED = 0x2000
+
+
+def exec_(object, globals=None, locals=None):
+    """Wrapper around the exec statement to avoid bogus errors like:
+
+    SyntaxError: unqualified exec is not allowed in function ...
+    it is a nested function.
+
+    or
+
+    SyntaxError: unqualified exec is not allowed in function ...
+    it contains a nested function with free variable
+
+    which happen with older versions of python 2.7.
+    """
+    exec(object, globals, locals)
+
+
+def hash_file(path, hasher=None):
+    """Hashes a file specified by the path given and returns the hex digest."""
+
+    # If the default hashing function changes, this may invalidate
+    # lots of cached data.  Don't change it lightly.
+    h = hasher or hashlib.sha1()
+
+    with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+        while True:
+            data = fh.read(8192)
+
+            if not len(data):
+                break
+
+            h.update(data)
+
+    return h.hexdigest()
+
+
+class EmptyValue(unicode):
+    """A dummy type that behaves like an empty string and sequence.
+
+    This type exists in order to support
+    :py:class:`mozbuild.frontend.reader.EmptyConfig`. It should likely not be
+    used elsewhere.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(EmptyValue, self).__init__()
+
+
+class ReadOnlyNamespace(object):
+    """A class for objects with immutable attributes set at initialization."""
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        for k, v in kwargs.iteritems():
+            super(ReadOnlyNamespace, self).__setattr__(k, v)
+
+    def __delattr__(self, key):
+        raise Exception('Object does not support deletion.')
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        raise Exception('Object does not support assignment.')
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self is other or (
+            hasattr(other, '__dict__') and self.__dict__ == other.__dict__)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__)
+
+
+class ReadOnlyDict(dict):
+    """A read-only dictionary."""
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise Exception('Object does not support deletion.')
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        raise Exception('Object does not support assignment.')
+
+    def update(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise Exception('Object does not support update.')
+
+
+class undefined_default(object):
+    """Represents an undefined argument value that isn't None."""
+
+
+undefined = undefined_default()
+
+
+class ReadOnlyDefaultDict(ReadOnlyDict):
+    """A read-only dictionary that supports default values on retrieval."""
+    def __init__(self, default_factory, *args, **kwargs):
+        ReadOnlyDict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._default_factory = default_factory
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        value = self._default_factory()
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        return value
+
+
+def ensureParentDir(path):
+    """Ensures the directory parent to the given file exists."""
+    d = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if d and not os.path.exists(path):
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(d)
+        except OSError, error:
+            if error.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+
+def mkdir(path, not_indexed=False):
+    """Ensure a directory exists.
+
+    If ``not_indexed`` is True, an attribute is set that disables content
+    indexing on the directory.
+    """
+    try:
+        os.makedirs(path)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+            raise
+
+    if not_indexed:
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            if isinstance(path, str_type):
+                fn = _kernel32.SetFileAttributesW
+            else:
+                fn = _kernel32.SetFileAttributesA
+
+            fn(path, _FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_CONTENT_INDEXED)
+        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            with open(os.path.join(path, '.metadata_never_index'), 'a'):
+                pass
+
+
+def simple_diff(filename, old_lines, new_lines):
+    """Returns the diff between old_lines and new_lines, in unified diff form,
+    as a list of lines.
+
+    old_lines and new_lines are lists of non-newline terminated lines to
+    compare.
+    old_lines can be None, indicating a file creation.
+    new_lines can be None, indicating a file deletion.
+    """
+
+    old_name = '/dev/null' if old_lines is None else filename
+    new_name = '/dev/null' if new_lines is None else filename
+
+    return difflib.unified_diff(old_lines or [], new_lines or [],
+                                old_name, new_name, n=4, lineterm='')
+
+
+class FileAvoidWrite(BytesIO):
+    """File-like object that buffers output and only writes if content changed.
+
+    We create an instance from an existing filename. New content is written to
+    it. When we close the file object, if the content in the in-memory buffer
+    differs from what is on disk, then we write out the new content. Otherwise,
+    the original file is untouched.
+
+    Instances can optionally capture diffs of file changes. This feature is not
+    enabled by default because it a) doesn't make sense for binary files b)
+    could add unwanted overhead to calls.
+
+    Additionally, there is dry run mode where the file is not actually written
+    out, but reports whether the file was existing and would have been updated
+    still occur, as well as diff capture if requested.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, filename, capture_diff=False, dry_run=False, mode='rU'):
+        BytesIO.__init__(self)
+        self.name = filename
+        self._capture_diff = capture_diff
+        self._dry_run = dry_run
+        self.diff = None
+        self.mode = mode
+
+    def write(self, buf):
+        if isinstance(buf, unicode):
+            buf = buf.encode('utf-8')
+        BytesIO.write(self, buf)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Stop accepting writes, compare file contents, and rewrite if needed.
+
+        Returns a tuple of bools indicating what action was performed:
+
+            (file existed, file updated)
+
+        If ``capture_diff`` was specified at construction time and the
+        underlying file was changed, ``.diff`` will be populated with the diff
+        of the result.
+        """
+        buf = self.getvalue()
+        BytesIO.close(self)
+        existed = False
+        old_content = None
+
+        try:
+            existing = open(self.name, self.mode)
+            existed = True
+        except IOError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            try:
+                old_content = existing.read()
+                if old_content == buf:
+                    return True, False
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+            finally:
+                existing.close()
+
+        if not self._dry_run:
+            ensureParentDir(self.name)
+            # Maintain 'b' if specified.  'U' only applies to modes starting with
+            # 'r', so it is dropped.
+            writemode = 'w'
+            if 'b' in self.mode:
+                writemode += 'b'
+            with open(self.name, writemode) as file:
+                file.write(buf)
+
+        if self._capture_diff:
+            try:
+                old_lines = old_content.splitlines() if existed else None
+                new_lines = buf.splitlines()
+
+                self.diff = simple_diff(self.name, old_lines, new_lines)
+            # FileAvoidWrite isn't unicode/bytes safe. So, files with non-ascii
+            # content or opened and written in different modes may involve
+            # implicit conversion and this will make Python unhappy. Since
+            # diffing isn't a critical feature, we just ignore the failure.
+            # This can go away once FileAvoidWrite uses io.BytesIO and
+            # io.StringIO. But that will require a lot of work.
+            except (UnicodeDecodeError, UnicodeEncodeError):
+                self.diff = ['Binary or non-ascii file changed: %s' %
+                             self.name]
+
+        return existed, True
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.close()
+
+
+def resolve_target_to_make(topobjdir, target):
+    r'''
+    Resolve `target` (a target, directory, or file) to a make target.
+
+    `topobjdir` is the object directory; all make targets will be
+    rooted at or below the top-level Makefile in this directory.
+
+    Returns a pair `(reldir, target)` where `reldir` is a directory
+    relative to `topobjdir` containing a Makefile and `target` is a
+    make target (possibly `None`).
+
+    A directory resolves to the nearest directory at or above
+    containing a Makefile, and target `None`.
+
+    A regular (non-Makefile) file resolves to the nearest directory at
+    or above the file containing a Makefile, and an appropriate
+    target.
+
+    A Makefile resolves to the nearest parent strictly above the
+    Makefile containing a different Makefile, and an appropriate
+    target.
+    '''
+
+    target = target.replace(os.sep, '/').lstrip('/')
+    abs_target = os.path.join(topobjdir, target)
+
+    # For directories, run |make -C dir|. If the directory does not
+    # contain a Makefile, check parents until we find one. At worst,
+    # this will terminate at the root.
+    if os.path.isdir(abs_target):
+        current = abs_target
+
+        while True:
+            make_path = os.path.join(current, 'Makefile')
+            if os.path.exists(make_path):
+                return (current[len(topobjdir) + 1:], None)
+
+            current = os.path.dirname(current)
+
+    # If it's not in a directory, this is probably a top-level make
+    # target. Treat it as such.
+    if '/' not in target:
+        return (None, target)
+
+    # We have a relative path within the tree. We look for a Makefile
+    # as far into the path as possible. Then, we compute the make
+    # target as relative to that directory.
+    reldir = os.path.dirname(target)
+    target = os.path.basename(target)
+
+    while True:
+        make_path = os.path.join(topobjdir, reldir, 'Makefile')
+
+        # We append to target every iteration, so the check below
+        # happens exactly once.
+        if target != 'Makefile' and os.path.exists(make_path):
+            return (reldir, target)
+
+        target = os.path.join(os.path.basename(reldir), target)
+        reldir = os.path.dirname(reldir)
+
+
+class ListMixin(object):
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwargs):
+        if iterable is None:
+            iterable = []
+        if not isinstance(iterable, list):
+            raise ValueError('List can only be created from other list instances.')
+
+        self._kwargs = kwargs
+        return super(ListMixin, self).__init__(iterable, **kwargs)
+
+    def extend(self, l):
+        if not isinstance(l, list):
+            raise ValueError('List can only be extended with other list instances.')
+
+        return super(ListMixin, self).extend(l)
+
+    def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence):
+        if not isinstance(sequence, list):
+            raise ValueError('List can only be sliced with other list instances.')
+
+        return super(ListMixin, self).__setslice__(i, j, sequence)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        # Allow None and EmptyValue is a special case because it makes undefined
+        # variable references in moz.build behave better.
+        other = [] if isinstance(other, (types.NoneType, EmptyValue)) else other
+        if not isinstance(other, list):
+            raise ValueError('Only lists can be appended to lists.')
+
+        new_list = self.__class__(self, **self._kwargs)
+        new_list.extend(other)
+        return new_list
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        other = [] if isinstance(other, (types.NoneType, EmptyValue)) else other
+        if not isinstance(other, list):
+            raise ValueError('Only lists can be appended to lists.')
+
+        return super(ListMixin, self).__iadd__(other)
+
+
+class List(ListMixin, list):
+    """A list specialized for moz.build environments.
+
+    We overload the assignment and append operations to require that the
+    appended thing is a list. This avoids bad surprises coming from appending
+    a string to a list, which would just add each letter of the string.
+    """
+
+
+class UnsortedError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, srtd, original):
+        assert len(srtd) == len(original)
+
+        self.sorted = srtd
+        self.original = original
+
+        for i, orig in enumerate(original):
+            s = srtd[i]
+
+            if orig != s:
+                self.i = i
+                break
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = StringIO()
+
+        s.write('An attempt was made to add an unsorted sequence to a list. ')
+        s.write('The incoming list is unsorted starting at element %d. ' %
+            self.i)
+        s.write('We expected "%s" but got "%s"' % (
+            self.sorted[self.i], self.original[self.i]))
+
+        return s.getvalue()
+
+
+class StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin(object):
+    @staticmethod
+    def ensure_sorted(l):
+        if isinstance(l, StrictOrderingOnAppendList):
+            return
+
+        def _first_element(e):
+            # If the list entry is a tuple, we sort based on the first element
+            # in the tuple.
+            return e[0] if isinstance(e, tuple) else e
+        srtd = sorted(l, key=lambda x: _first_element(x).lower())
+
+        if srtd != l:
+            raise UnsortedError(srtd, l)
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwargs):
+        if iterable is None:
+            iterable = []
+
+        StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin.ensure_sorted(iterable)
+
+        super(StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin, self).__init__(iterable, **kwargs)
+
+    def extend(self, l):
+        StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin.ensure_sorted(l)
+
+        return super(StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin, self).extend(l)
+
+    def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence):
+        StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin.ensure_sorted(sequence)
+
+        return super(StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin, self).__setslice__(i, j,
+            sequence)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin.ensure_sorted(other)
+
+        return super(StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin, self).__add__(other)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin.ensure_sorted(other)
+
+        return super(StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin, self).__iadd__(other)
+
+
+class StrictOrderingOnAppendList(ListMixin, StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin,
+        list):
+    """A list specialized for moz.build environments.
+
+    We overload the assignment and append operations to require that incoming
+    elements be ordered. This enforces cleaner style in moz.build files.
+    """
+
+class ListWithActionMixin(object):
+    """Mixin to create lists with pre-processing. See ListWithAction."""
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None, action=None):
+        if iterable is None:
+            iterable = []
+        if not callable(action):
+            raise ValueError('A callabe action is required to construct '
+                             'a ListWithAction')
+
+        self._action = action
+        iterable = [self._action(i) for i in iterable]
+        super(ListWithActionMixin, self).__init__(iterable)
+
+    def extend(self, l):
+        l = [self._action(i) for i in l]
+        return super(ListWithActionMixin, self).extend(l)
+
+    def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence):
+        sequence = [self._action(item) for item in sequence]
+        return super(ListWithActionMixin, self).__setslice__(i, j, sequence)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        other = [self._action(i) for i in other]
+        return super(ListWithActionMixin, self).__iadd__(other)
+
+class StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithAction(StrictOrderingOnAppendListMixin,
+    ListMixin, ListWithActionMixin, list):
+    """An ordered list that accepts a callable to be applied to each item.
+
+    A callable (action) passed to the constructor is run on each item of input.
+    The result of running the callable on each item will be stored in place of
+    the original input, but the original item must be used to enforce sortedness.
+    Note that the order of superclasses is therefore significant.
+    """
+
+class ListWithAction(ListMixin, ListWithActionMixin, list):
+    """A list that accepts a callable to be applied to each item.
+
+    A callable (action) may optionally be passed to the constructor to run on
+    each item of input. The result of calling the callable on each item will be
+    stored in place of the original input.
+    """
+
+class MozbuildDeletionError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def FlagsFactory(flags):
+    """Returns a class which holds optional flags for an item in a list.
+
+    The flags are defined in the dict given as argument, where keys are
+    the flag names, and values the type used for the value of that flag.
+
+    The resulting class is used by the various <TypeName>WithFlagsFactory
+    functions below.
+    """
+    assert isinstance(flags, dict)
+    assert all(isinstance(v, type) for v in flags.values())
+
+    class Flags(object):
+        __slots__ = flags.keys()
+        _flags = flags
+
+        def update(self, **kwargs):
+            for k, v in kwargs.iteritems():
+                setattr(self, k, v)
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            if name not in self.__slots__:
+                raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" %
+                                     (self.__class__.__name__, name))
+            try:
+                return object.__getattr__(self, name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                value = self._flags[name]()
+                self.__setattr__(name, value)
+                return value
+
+        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+            if name not in self.__slots__:
+                raise AttributeError("'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" %
+                                     (self.__class__.__name__, name))
+            if not isinstance(value, self._flags[name]):
+                raise TypeError("'%s' attribute of class '%s' must be '%s'" %
+                                (name, self.__class__.__name__,
+                                 self._flags[name].__name__))
+            return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+        def __delattr__(self, name):
+            raise MozbuildDeletionError('Unable to delete attributes for this object')
+
+    return Flags
+
+
+class StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags(StrictOrderingOnAppendList):
+    """A list with flags specialized for moz.build environments.
+
+    Each subclass has a set of typed flags; this class lets us use `isinstance`
+    for natural testing.
+    """
+
+
+def StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory(flags):
+    """Returns a StrictOrderingOnAppendList-like object, with optional
+    flags on each item.
+
+    The flags are defined in the dict given as argument, where keys are
+    the flag names, and values the type used for the value of that flag.
+
+    Example:
+        FooList = StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsFactory({
+            'foo': bool, 'bar': unicode
+        })
+        foo = FooList(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        foo['a'].foo = True
+        foo['b'].bar = 'bar'
+    """
+    class StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsSpecialization(StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags):
+        def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+            if iterable is None:
+                iterable = []
+            StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags.__init__(self, iterable)
+            self._flags_type = FlagsFactory(flags)
+            self._flags = dict()
+
+        def __getitem__(self, name):
+            if name not in self._flags:
+                if name not in self:
+                    raise KeyError("'%s'" % name)
+                self._flags[name] = self._flags_type()
+            return self._flags[name]
+
+        def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+            raise TypeError("'%s' object does not support item assignment" %
+                            self.__class__.__name__)
+
+        def _update_flags(self, other):
+            if self._flags_type._flags != other._flags_type._flags:
+                raise ValueError('Expected a list of strings with flags like %s, not like %s' %
+                                 (self._flags_type._flags, other._flags_type._flags))
+            intersection = set(self._flags.keys()) & set(other._flags.keys())
+            if intersection:
+                raise ValueError('Cannot update flags: both lists of strings with flags configure %s' %
+                                 intersection)
+            self._flags.update(other._flags)
+
+        def extend(self, l):
+            result = super(StrictOrderingOnAppendList, self).extend(l)
+            if isinstance(l, StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags):
+                self._update_flags(l)
+            return result
+
+        def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence):
+            result = super(StrictOrderingOnAppendList, self).__setslice__(i, j, sequence)
+            # We may have removed items.
+            for name in set(self._flags.keys()) - set(self):
+                del self._flags[name]
+            if isinstance(sequence, StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags):
+                self._update_flags(sequence)
+            return result
+
+        def __add__(self, other):
+            result = super(StrictOrderingOnAppendList, self).__add__(other)
+            if isinstance(other, StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags):
+                # Result has flags from other but not from self, since
+                # internally we duplicate self and then extend with other, and
+                # only extend knows about flags.  Since we don't allow updating
+                # when the set of flag keys intersect, which we instance we pass
+                # to _update_flags here matters.  This needs to be correct but
+                # is an implementation detail.
+                result._update_flags(self)
+            return result
+
+        def __iadd__(self, other):
+            result = super(StrictOrderingOnAppendList, self).__iadd__(other)
+            if isinstance(other, StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlags):
+                self._update_flags(other)
+            return result
+
+    return StrictOrderingOnAppendListWithFlagsSpecialization
+
+
+class HierarchicalStringList(object):
+    """A hierarchy of lists of strings.
+
+    Each instance of this object contains a list of strings, which can be set or
+    appended to. A sub-level of the hierarchy is also an instance of this class,
+    can be added by appending to an attribute instead.
+
+    For example, the moz.build variable EXPORTS is an instance of this class. We
+    can do:
+
+    EXPORTS += ['foo.h']
+    EXPORTS.mozilla.dom += ['bar.h']
+
+    In this case, we have 3 instances (EXPORTS, EXPORTS.mozilla, and
+    EXPORTS.mozilla.dom), and the first and last each have one element in their
+    list.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('_strings', '_children')
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Please change ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList in context.py
+        # if you make changes here.
+        self._strings = StrictOrderingOnAppendList()
+        self._children = {}
+
+    class StringListAdaptor(collections.Sequence):
+        def __init__(self, hsl):
+            self._hsl = hsl
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index):
+            return self._hsl._strings[index]
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(self._hsl._strings)
+
+    def walk(self):
+        """Walk over all HierarchicalStringLists in the hierarchy.
+
+        This is a generator of (path, sequence).
+
+        The path is '' for the root level and '/'-delimited strings for
+        any descendants.  The sequence is a read-only sequence of the
+        strings contained at that level.
+        """
+
+        if self._strings:
+            path_to_here = ''
+            yield path_to_here, self.StringListAdaptor(self)
+
+        for k, l in sorted(self._children.items()):
+            for p, v in l.walk():
+                path_to_there = '%s/%s' % (k, p)
+                yield path_to_there.strip('/'), v
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        if name in self.__slots__:
+            return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+        # __setattr__ can be called with a list when a simple assignment is
+        # used:
+        #
+        # EXPORTS.foo = ['file.h']
+        #
+        # In this case, we need to overwrite foo's current list of strings.
+        #
+        # However, __setattr__ is also called with a HierarchicalStringList
+        # to try to actually set the attribute. We want to ignore this case,
+        # since we don't actually create an attribute called 'foo', but just add
+        # it to our list of children (using _get_exportvariable()).
+        self._set_exportvariable(name, value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name.startswith('__'):
+            return object.__getattr__(self, name)
+        return self._get_exportvariable(name)
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name):
+        raise MozbuildDeletionError('Unable to delete attributes for this object')
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, HierarchicalStringList):
+            self._strings += other._strings
+            for c in other._children:
+                self[c] += other[c]
+        else:
+            self._check_list(other)
+            self._strings += other
+        return self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self._get_exportvariable(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        self._set_exportvariable(name, value)
+
+    def _get_exportvariable(self, name):
+        # Please change ContextDerivedTypedHierarchicalStringList in context.py
+        # if you make changes here.
+        child = self._children.get(name)
+        if not child:
+            child = self._children[name] = HierarchicalStringList()
+        return child
+
+    def _set_exportvariable(self, name, value):
+        if name in self._children:
+            if value is self._get_exportvariable(name):
+                return
+            raise KeyError('global_ns', 'reassign',
+                           '<some variable>.%s' % name)
+
+        exports = self._get_exportvariable(name)
+        exports._check_list(value)
+        exports._strings += value
+
+    def _check_list(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, list):
+            raise ValueError('Expected a list of strings, not %s' % type(value))
+        for v in value:
+            if not isinstance(v, str_type):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Expected a list of strings, not an element of %s' % type(v))
+
+
+class LockFile(object):
+    """LockFile is used by the lock_file method to hold the lock.
+
+    This object should not be used directly, but only through
+    the lock_file method below.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, lockfile):
+        self.lockfile = lockfile
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                os.remove(self.lockfile)
+                break
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno == errno.EACCES:
+                    # Another process probably has the file open, we'll retry.
+                    # Just a short sleep since we want to drop the lock ASAP
+                    # (but we need to let some other process close the file
+                    # first).
+                    time.sleep(0.1)
+            else:
+                # Re-raise unknown errors
+                raise
+
+
+def lock_file(lockfile, max_wait = 600):
+    """Create and hold a lockfile of the given name, with the given timeout.
+
+    To release the lock, delete the returned object.
+    """
+
+    # FUTURE This function and object could be written as a context manager.
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(lockfile, os.O_EXCL | os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
+            # We created the lockfile, so we're the owner
+            break
+        except OSError as e:
+            if (e.errno == errno.EEXIST or
+                (sys.platform == "win32" and e.errno == errno.EACCES)):
+                pass
+            else:
+                # Should not occur
+                raise
+
+        try:
+            # The lock file exists, try to stat it to get its age
+            # and read its contents to report the owner PID
+            f = open(lockfile, 'r')
+            s = os.stat(lockfile)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT or e.errno == errno.EACCES:
+            # We didn't create the lockfile, so it did exist, but it's
+            # gone now. Just try again
+                continue
+
+            raise Exception('{0} exists but stat() failed: {1}'.format(
+                lockfile, e.strerror))
+
+        # We didn't create the lockfile and it's still there, check
+        # its age
+        now = int(time.time())
+        if now - s[stat.ST_MTIME] > max_wait:
+            pid = f.readline().rstrip()
+            raise Exception('{0} has been locked for more than '
+                '{1} seconds (PID {2})'.format(lockfile, max_wait, pid))
+
+        # It's not been locked too long, wait a while and retry
+        f.close()
+        time.sleep(1)
+
+    # if we get here. we have the lockfile. Convert the os.open file
+    # descriptor into a Python file object and record our PID in it
+    f = os.fdopen(fd, 'w')
+    f.write('{0}\n'.format(os.getpid()))
+    f.close()
+
+    return LockFile(lockfile)
+
+
+class OrderedDefaultDict(OrderedDict):
+    '''A combination of OrderedDict and defaultdict.'''
+    def __init__(self, default_factory, *args, **kwargs):
+        OrderedDict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._default_factory = default_factory
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        value = self[key] = self._default_factory()
+        return value
+
+
+class KeyedDefaultDict(dict):
+    '''Like a defaultdict, but the default_factory function takes the key as
+    argument'''
+    def __init__(self, default_factory, *args, **kwargs):
+        dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._default_factory = default_factory
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        value = self._default_factory(key)
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class ReadOnlyKeyedDefaultDict(KeyedDefaultDict, ReadOnlyDict):
+    '''Like KeyedDefaultDict, but read-only.'''
+
+
+class memoize(dict):
+    '''A decorator to memoize the results of function calls depending
+    on its arguments.
+    Both functions and instance methods are handled, although in the
+    instance method case, the results are cache in the instance itself.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        if args not in self:
+            self[args] = self.func(*args)
+        return self[args]
+
+    def method_call(self, instance, *args):
+        name = '_%s' % self.func.__name__
+        if not hasattr(instance, name):
+            setattr(instance, name, {})
+        cache = getattr(instance, name)
+        if args not in cache:
+            cache[args] = self.func(instance, *args)
+        return cache[args]
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, cls):
+        return functools.update_wrapper(
+            functools.partial(self.method_call, instance), self.func)
+
+
+class memoized_property(object):
+    '''A specialized version of the memoize decorator that works for
+    class instance properties.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, cls):
+        name = '_%s' % self.func.__name__
+        if not hasattr(instance, name):
+            setattr(instance, name, self.func(instance))
+        return getattr(instance, name)
+
+
+def TypedNamedTuple(name, fields):
+    """Factory for named tuple types with strong typing.
+
+    Arguments are an iterable of 2-tuples. The first member is the
+    the field name. The second member is a type the field will be validated
+    to be.
+
+    Construction of instances varies from ``collections.namedtuple``.
+
+    First, if a single tuple argument is given to the constructor, this is
+    treated as the equivalent of passing each tuple value as a separate
+    argument into __init__. e.g.::
+
+        t = (1, 2)
+        TypedTuple(t) == TypedTuple(1, 2)
+
+    This behavior is meant for moz.build files, so vanilla tuples are
+    automatically cast to typed tuple instances.
+
+    Second, fields in the tuple are validated to be instances of the specified
+    type. This is done via an ``isinstance()`` check. To allow multiple types,
+    pass a tuple as the allowed types field.
+    """
+    cls = collections.namedtuple(name, (name for name, typ in fields))
+
+    class TypedTuple(cls):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(klass, *args, **kwargs):
+            if len(args) == 1 and not kwargs and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
+                args = args[0]
+
+            return super(TypedTuple, klass).__new__(klass, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            for i, (fname, ftype) in enumerate(self._fields):
+                value = self[i]
+
+                if not isinstance(value, ftype):
+                    raise TypeError('field in tuple not of proper type: %s; '
+                                    'got %s, expected %s' % (fname,
+                                    type(value), ftype))
+
+            super(TypedTuple, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    TypedTuple._fields = fields
+
+    return TypedTuple
+
+
+class TypedListMixin(object):
+    '''Mixin for a list with type coercion. See TypedList.'''
+
+    def _ensure_type(self, l):
+        if isinstance(l, self.__class__):
+            return l
+
+        return [self.normalize(e) for e in l]
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwargs):
+        if iterable is None:
+            iterable = []
+        iterable = self._ensure_type(iterable)
+
+        super(TypedListMixin, self).__init__(iterable, **kwargs)
+
+    def extend(self, l):
+        l = self._ensure_type(l)
+
+        return super(TypedListMixin, self).extend(l)
+
+    def __setslice__(self, i, j, sequence):
+        sequence = self._ensure_type(sequence)
+
+        return super(TypedListMixin, self).__setslice__(i, j,
+            sequence)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        other = self._ensure_type(other)
+
+        return super(TypedListMixin, self).__add__(other)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        other = self._ensure_type(other)
+
+        return super(TypedListMixin, self).__iadd__(other)
+
+    def append(self, other):
+        self += [other]
+
+
+@memoize
+def TypedList(type, base_class=List):
+    '''A list with type coercion.
+
+    The given ``type`` is what list elements are being coerced to. It may do
+    strict validation, throwing ValueError exceptions.
+
+    A ``base_class`` type can be given for more specific uses than a List. For
+    example, a Typed StrictOrderingOnAppendList can be created with:
+
+       TypedList(unicode, StrictOrderingOnAppendList)
+    '''
+    class _TypedList(TypedListMixin, base_class):
+        @staticmethod
+        def normalize(e):
+            if not isinstance(e, type):
+                e = type(e)
+            return e
+
+    return _TypedList
+
+def group_unified_files(files, unified_prefix, unified_suffix,
+                        files_per_unified_file):
+    """Return an iterator of (unified_filename, source_filenames) tuples.
+
+    We compile most C and C++ files in "unified mode"; instead of compiling
+    ``a.cpp``, ``b.cpp``, and ``c.cpp`` separately, we compile a single file
+    that looks approximately like::
+
+       #include "a.cpp"
+       #include "b.cpp"
+       #include "c.cpp"
+
+    This function handles the details of generating names for the unified
+    files, and determining which original source files go in which unified
+    file."""
+
+    # Make sure the input list is sorted. If it's not, bad things could happen!
+    files = sorted(files)
+
+    # Our last returned list of source filenames may be short, and we
+    # don't want the fill value inserted by izip_longest to be an
+    # issue.  So we do a little dance to filter it out ourselves.
+    dummy_fill_value = ("dummy",)
+    def filter_out_dummy(iterable):
+        return itertools.ifilter(lambda x: x != dummy_fill_value,
+                                 iterable)
+
+    # From the itertools documentation, slightly modified:
+    def grouper(n, iterable):
+        "grouper(3, 'ABCDEFG', 'x') --> ABC DEF Gxx"
+        args = [iter(iterable)] * n
+        return itertools.izip_longest(fillvalue=dummy_fill_value, *args)
+
+    for i, unified_group in enumerate(grouper(files_per_unified_file,
+                                              files)):
+        just_the_filenames = list(filter_out_dummy(unified_group))
+        yield '%s%d.%s' % (unified_prefix, i, unified_suffix), just_the_filenames
+
+
+def pair(iterable):
+    '''Given an iterable, returns an iterable pairing its items.
+
+    For example,
+        list(pair([1,2,3,4,5,6]))
+    returns
+        [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)]
+    '''
+    i = iter(iterable)
+    return itertools.izip_longest(i, i)
+
+
+VARIABLES_RE = re.compile('\$\((\w+)\)')
+
+
+def expand_variables(s, variables):
+    '''Given a string with $(var) variable references, replace those references
+    with the corresponding entries from the given `variables` dict.
+
+    If a variable value is not a string, it is iterated and its items are
+    joined with a whitespace.'''
+    result = ''
+    for s, name in pair(VARIABLES_RE.split(s)):
+        result += s
+        value = variables.get(name)
+        if not value:
+            continue
+        if not isinstance(value, types.StringTypes):
+            value = ' '.join(value)
+        result += value
+    return result
+
+
+class DefinesAction(argparse.Action):
+    '''An ArgumentParser action to handle -Dvar[=value] type of arguments.'''
+    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string):
+        defines = getattr(namespace, self.dest)
+        if defines is None:
+            defines = {}
+        values = values.split('=', 1)
+        if len(values) == 1:
+            name, value = values[0], 1
+        else:
+            name, value = values
+            if value.isdigit():
+                value = int(value)
+        defines[name] = value
+        setattr(namespace, self.dest, defines)
+
+
+class EnumStringComparisonError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class EnumString(unicode):
+    '''A string type that only can have a limited set of values, similarly to
+    an Enum, and can only be compared against that set of values.
+
+    The class is meant to be subclassed, where the subclass defines
+    POSSIBLE_VALUES. The `subclass` method is a helper to create such
+    subclasses.
+    '''
+    POSSIBLE_VALUES = ()
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        if value not in self.POSSIBLE_VALUES:
+            raise ValueError("'%s' is not a valid value for %s"
+                             % (value, self.__class__.__name__))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if other not in self.POSSIBLE_VALUES:
+            raise EnumStringComparisonError(
+                'Can only compare with %s'
+                % ', '.join("'%s'" % v for v in self.POSSIBLE_VALUES))
+        return super(EnumString, self).__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def subclass(*possible_values):
+        class EnumStringSubclass(EnumString):
+            POSSIBLE_VALUES = possible_values
+        return EnumStringSubclass
+
+
+def _escape_char(c):
+    # str.encode('unicode_espace') doesn't escape quotes, presumably because
+    # quoting could be done with either ' or ".
+    if c == "'":
+        return "\\'"
+    return unicode(c.encode('unicode_escape'))
+
+# Mapping table between raw characters below \x80 and their escaped
+# counterpart, when they differ
+_INDENTED_REPR_TABLE = {
+    c: e
+    for c, e in map(lambda x: (x, _escape_char(x)),
+                    map(unichr, range(128)))
+    if c != e
+}
+# Regexp matching all characters to escape.
+_INDENTED_REPR_RE = re.compile(
+    '([' + ''.join(_INDENTED_REPR_TABLE.values()) + ']+)')
+
+
+def indented_repr(o, indent=4):
+    '''Similar to repr(), but returns an indented representation of the object
+
+    One notable difference with repr is that the returned representation
+    assumes `from __future__ import unicode_literals`.
+    '''
+    one_indent = ' ' * indent
+    def recurse_indented_repr(o, level):
+        if isinstance(o, dict):
+            yield '{\n'
+            for k, v in sorted(o.items()):
+                yield one_indent * (level + 1)
+                for d in recurse_indented_repr(k, level + 1):
+                    yield d
+                yield ': '
+                for d in recurse_indented_repr(v, level + 1):
+                    yield d
+                yield ',\n'
+            yield one_indent * level
+            yield '}'
+        elif isinstance(o, bytes):
+            yield 'b'
+            yield repr(o)
+        elif isinstance(o, unicode):
+            yield "'"
+            # We want a readable string (non escaped unicode), but some
+            # special characters need escaping (e.g. \n, \t, etc.)
+            for i, s in enumerate(_INDENTED_REPR_RE.split(o)):
+                if i % 2:
+                    for c in s:
+                        yield _INDENTED_REPR_TABLE[c]
+                else:
+                    yield s
+            yield "'"
+        elif hasattr(o, '__iter__'):
+            yield '[\n'
+            for i in o:
+                yield one_indent * (level + 1)
+                for d in recurse_indented_repr(i, level + 1):
+                    yield d
+                yield ',\n'
+            yield one_indent * level
+            yield ']'
+        else:
+            yield repr(o)
+    return ''.join(recurse_indented_repr(o, 0))
+
+
+def encode(obj, encoding='utf-8'):
+    '''Recursively encode unicode strings with the given encoding.'''
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return {
+            encode(k, encoding): encode(v, encoding)
+            for k, v in obj.iteritems()
+        }
+    if isinstance(obj, bytes):
+        return obj
+    if isinstance(obj, unicode):
+        return obj.encode(encoding)
+    if isinstance(obj, Iterable):
+        return [encode(i, encoding) for i in obj]
+    return obj
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/vendor_rust.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/vendor_rust.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92103e1cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/vendor_rust.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, # You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+import logging
+from mozbuild.base import (
+    BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException,
+    MozbuildObject,
+)
+import mozfile
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+class VendorRust(MozbuildObject):
+    def get_cargo_path(self):
+        try:
+            # If the build isn't --enable-rust then CARGO won't be set.
+            return self.substs['CARGO']
+        except (BuildEnvironmentNotFoundException, KeyError):
+            # Default if this tree isn't configured.
+            import which
+            return which.which('cargo')
+
+    def check_cargo_version(self, cargo):
+        '''
+        Ensure that cargo is new enough. cargo 0.12 added support
+        for source replacement, which is required for vendoring to work.
+        '''
+        out = subprocess.check_output([cargo, '--version']).splitlines()[0]
+        if not out.startswith('cargo'):
+            return False
+        return LooseVersion(out.split()[1]) >= b'0.13'
+
+    def check_modified_files(self):
+        '''
+        Ensure that there aren't any uncommitted changes to files
+        in the working copy, since we're going to change some state
+        on the user. Allow changes to Cargo.{toml,lock} since that's
+        likely to be a common use case.
+        '''
+        modified = [f for f in self.repository.get_modified_files() if os.path.basename(f) not in ('Cargo.toml', 'Cargo.lock')]
+        if modified:
+            self.log(logging.ERROR, 'modified_files', {},
+                     '''You have uncommitted changes to the following files:
+
+{files}
+
+Please commit or stash these changes before vendoring, or re-run with `--ignore-modified`.
+'''.format(files='\n'.join(sorted(modified))))
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def vendor(self, ignore_modified=False):
+        self.populate_logger()
+        self.log_manager.enable_unstructured()
+        if not ignore_modified:
+            self.check_modified_files()
+        cargo = self.get_cargo_path()
+        if not self.check_cargo_version(cargo):
+            self.log(logging.ERROR, 'cargo_version', {}, 'Cargo >= 0.13 required (install Rust 1.12 or newer)')
+            return
+        else:
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'cargo_version', {}, 'cargo is new enough')
+        have_vendor = any(l.strip() == 'vendor' for l in subprocess.check_output([cargo, '--list']).splitlines())
+        if not have_vendor:
+            self.log(logging.INFO, 'installing', {}, 'Installing cargo-vendor')
+            self.run_process(args=[cargo, 'install', 'cargo-vendor'])
+        else:
+            self.log(logging.DEBUG, 'cargo_vendor', {}, 'cargo-vendor already intalled')
+        vendor_dir = mozpath.join(self.topsrcdir, 'third_party/rust')
+        self.log(logging.INFO, 'rm_vendor_dir', {}, 'rm -rf %s' % vendor_dir)
+        mozfile.remove(vendor_dir)
+        # Once we require a new enough cargo to switch to workspaces, we can
+        # just do this once on the workspace root crate.
+        for crate_root in ('toolkit/library/rust/',
+                           'toolkit/library/gtest/rust'):
+            path = mozpath.join(self.topsrcdir, crate_root)
+            self._run_command_in_srcdir(args=[cargo, 'generate-lockfile', '--manifest-path', mozpath.join(path, 'Cargo.toml')])
+            self._run_command_in_srcdir(args=[cargo, 'vendor', '--sync', mozpath.join(path, 'Cargo.lock'), vendor_dir])
+        #TODO: print stats on size of files added/removed, warn or error
+        # when adding very large files (bug 1306078)
+        self.repository.add_remove_files(vendor_dir)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/virtualenv.py b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/virtualenv.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05d30424b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozbuild/virtualenv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+# This file contains code for populating the virtualenv environment for
+# Mozilla's build system. It is typically called as part of configure.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import distutils.sysconfig
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+
+IS_NATIVE_WIN = (sys.platform == 'win32' and os.sep == '\\')
+IS_MSYS2 = (sys.platform == 'win32' and os.sep == '/')
+IS_CYGWIN = (sys.platform == 'cygwin')
+
+# Minimum version of Python required to build.
+MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION = LooseVersion('2.7.3')
+MINIMUM_PYTHON_MAJOR = 2
+
+
+UPGRADE_WINDOWS = '''
+Please upgrade to the latest MozillaBuild development environment. See
+https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Developer_Guide/Build_Instructions/Windows_Prerequisites
+'''.lstrip()
+
+UPGRADE_OTHER = '''
+Run |mach bootstrap| to ensure your system is up to date.
+
+If you still receive this error, your shell environment is likely detecting
+another Python version. Ensure a modern Python can be found in the paths
+defined by the $PATH environment variable and try again.
+'''.lstrip()
+
+
+class VirtualenvManager(object):
+    """Contains logic for managing virtualenvs for building the tree."""
+
+    def __init__(self, topsrcdir, topobjdir, virtualenv_path, log_handle,
+        manifest_path):
+        """Create a new manager.
+
+        Each manager is associated with a source directory, a path where you
+        want the virtualenv to be created, and a handle to write output to.
+        """
+        assert os.path.isabs(manifest_path), "manifest_path must be an absolute path: %s" % (manifest_path)
+        self.topsrcdir = topsrcdir
+        self.topobjdir = topobjdir
+        self.virtualenv_root = virtualenv_path
+
+        # Record the Python executable that was used to create the Virtualenv
+        # so we can check this against sys.executable when verifying the
+        # integrity of the virtualenv.
+        self.exe_info_path = os.path.join(self.virtualenv_root,
+                                          'python_exe.txt')
+
+        self.log_handle = log_handle
+        self.manifest_path = manifest_path
+
+    @property
+    def virtualenv_script_path(self):
+        """Path to virtualenv's own populator script."""
+        return os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, 'python', 'virtualenv',
+            'virtualenv.py')
+
+    @property
+    def bin_path(self):
+        # virtualenv.py provides a similar API via path_locations(). However,
+        # we have a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem and can't reliably
+        # import virtualenv. The functionality is trivial, so just implement
+        # it here.
+        if IS_CYGWIN or IS_NATIVE_WIN:
+            return os.path.join(self.virtualenv_root, 'Scripts')
+
+        return os.path.join(self.virtualenv_root, 'bin')
+
+    @property
+    def python_path(self):
+        binary = 'python'
+        if sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin'):
+            binary += '.exe'
+
+        return os.path.join(self.bin_path, binary)
+
+    @property
+    def activate_path(self):
+        return os.path.join(self.bin_path, 'activate_this.py')
+
+    def get_exe_info(self):
+        """Returns the version and file size of the python executable that was in
+        use when this virutalenv was created.
+        """
+        with open(self.exe_info_path, 'r') as fh:
+            version, size = fh.read().splitlines()
+        return int(version), int(size)
+
+    def write_exe_info(self, python):
+        """Records the the version of the python executable that was in use when
+        this virutalenv was created. We record this explicitly because
+        on OS X our python path may end up being a different or modified
+        executable.
+        """
+        ver = subprocess.check_output([python, '-c', 'import sys; print(sys.hexversion)']).rstrip()
+        with open(self.exe_info_path, 'w') as fh:
+            fh.write("%s\n" % ver)
+            fh.write("%s\n" % os.path.getsize(python))
+
+    def up_to_date(self, python=sys.executable):
+        """Returns whether the virtualenv is present and up to date."""
+
+        deps = [self.manifest_path, __file__]
+
+        # check if virtualenv exists
+        if not os.path.exists(self.virtualenv_root) or \
+            not os.path.exists(self.activate_path):
+
+            return False
+
+        # check modification times
+        activate_mtime = os.path.getmtime(self.activate_path)
+        dep_mtime = max(os.path.getmtime(p) for p in deps)
+        if dep_mtime > activate_mtime:
+            return False
+
+        # Verify that the Python we're checking here is either the virutalenv
+        # python, or we have the Python version that was used to create the
+        # virtualenv. If this fails, it is likely system Python has been
+        # upgraded, and our virtualenv would not be usable.
+        python_size = os.path.getsize(python)
+        if ((python, python_size) != (self.python_path, os.path.getsize(self.python_path)) and
+            (sys.hexversion, python_size) != self.get_exe_info()):
+            return False
+
+        # recursively check sub packages.txt files
+        submanifests = [i[1] for i in self.packages()
+                        if i[0] == 'packages.txt']
+        for submanifest in submanifests:
+            submanifest = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, submanifest)
+            submanager = VirtualenvManager(self.topsrcdir,
+                                           self.topobjdir,
+                                           self.virtualenv_root,
+                                           self.log_handle,
+                                           submanifest)
+            if not submanager.up_to_date(python):
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def ensure(self, python=sys.executable):
+        """Ensure the virtualenv is present and up to date.
+
+        If the virtualenv is up to date, this does nothing. Otherwise, it
+        creates and populates the virtualenv as necessary.
+
+        This should be the main API used from this class as it is the
+        highest-level.
+        """
+        if self.up_to_date(python):
+            return self.virtualenv_root
+        return self.build(python)
+
+    def _log_process_output(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if hasattr(self.log_handle, 'fileno'):
+            return subprocess.call(*args, stdout=self.log_handle,
+                                   stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, **kwargs)
+
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(*args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, **kwargs)
+
+        for line in proc.stdout:
+            self.log_handle.write(line)
+
+        return proc.wait()
+
+    def create(self, python=sys.executable):
+        """Create a new, empty virtualenv.
+
+        Receives the path to virtualenv's virtualenv.py script (which will be
+        called out to), the path to create the virtualenv in, and a handle to
+        write output to.
+        """
+        env = dict(os.environ)
+        env.pop('PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE', None)
+
+        args = [python, self.virtualenv_script_path,
+            # Without this, virtualenv.py may attempt to contact the outside
+            # world and search for or download a newer version of pip,
+            # setuptools, or wheel. This is bad for security, reproducibility,
+            # and speed.
+            '--no-download',
+            self.virtualenv_root]
+
+        result = self._log_process_output(args, env=env)
+
+        if result:
+            raise Exception(
+                'Failed to create virtualenv: %s' % self.virtualenv_root)
+
+        self.write_exe_info(python)
+
+        return self.virtualenv_root
+
+    def packages(self):
+        with file(self.manifest_path, 'rU') as fh:
+            packages = [line.rstrip().split(':')
+                        for line in fh]
+        return packages
+
+    def populate(self):
+        """Populate the virtualenv.
+
+        The manifest file consists of colon-delimited fields. The first field
+        specifies the action. The remaining fields are arguments to that
+        action. The following actions are supported:
+
+        setup.py -- Invoke setup.py for a package. Expects the arguments:
+            1. relative path directory containing setup.py.
+            2. argument(s) to setup.py. e.g. "develop". Each program argument
+               is delimited by a colon. Arguments with colons are not yet
+               supported.
+
+        filename.pth -- Adds the path given as argument to filename.pth under
+            the virtualenv site packages directory.
+
+        optional -- This denotes the action as optional. The requested action
+            is attempted. If it fails, we issue a warning and go on. The
+            initial "optional" field is stripped then the remaining line is
+            processed like normal. e.g.
+            "optional:setup.py:python/foo:built_ext:-i"
+
+        copy -- Copies the given file in the virtualenv site packages
+            directory.
+
+        packages.txt -- Denotes that the specified path is a child manifest. It
+            will be read and processed as if its contents were concatenated
+            into the manifest being read.
+
+        objdir -- Denotes a relative path in the object directory to add to the
+            search path. e.g. "objdir:build" will add $topobjdir/build to the
+            search path.
+
+        Note that the Python interpreter running this function should be the
+        one from the virtualenv. If it is the system Python or if the
+        environment is not configured properly, packages could be installed
+        into the wrong place. This is how virtualenv's work.
+        """
+
+        packages = self.packages()
+        python_lib = distutils.sysconfig.get_python_lib()
+
+        def handle_package(package):
+            if package[0] == 'setup.py':
+                assert len(package) >= 2
+
+                self.call_setup(os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, package[1]),
+                    package[2:])
+
+                return True
+
+            if package[0] == 'copy':
+                assert len(package) == 2
+
+                src = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, package[1])
+                dst = os.path.join(python_lib, os.path.basename(package[1]))
+
+                shutil.copy(src, dst)
+
+                return True
+
+            if package[0] == 'packages.txt':
+                assert len(package) == 2
+
+                src = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, package[1])
+                assert os.path.isfile(src), "'%s' does not exist" % src
+                submanager = VirtualenvManager(self.topsrcdir,
+                                               self.topobjdir,
+                                               self.virtualenv_root,
+                                               self.log_handle,
+                                               src)
+                submanager.populate()
+
+                return True
+
+            if package[0].endswith('.pth'):
+                assert len(package) == 2
+
+                path = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, package[1])
+
+                with open(os.path.join(python_lib, package[0]), 'a') as f:
+                    # This path is relative to the .pth file.  Using a
+                    # relative path allows the srcdir/objdir combination
+                    # to be moved around (as long as the paths relative to
+                    # each other remain the same).
+                    try:
+                        f.write("%s\n" % os.path.relpath(path, python_lib))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        # When objdir is on a separate drive, relpath throws
+                        f.write("%s\n" % os.path.join(python_lib, path))
+
+                return True
+
+            if package[0] == 'optional':
+                try:
+                    handle_package(package[1:])
+                    return True
+                except:
+                    print('Error processing command. Ignoring', \
+                        'because optional. (%s)' % ':'.join(package),
+                        file=self.log_handle)
+                    return False
+
+            if package[0] == 'objdir':
+                assert len(package) == 2
+                path = os.path.join(self.topobjdir, package[1])
+
+                with open(os.path.join(python_lib, 'objdir.pth'), 'a') as f:
+                    f.write('%s\n' % path)
+
+                return True
+
+            raise Exception('Unknown action: %s' % package[0])
+
+        # We always target the OS X deployment target that Python itself was
+        # built with, regardless of what's in the current environment. If we
+        # don't do # this, we may run into a Python bug. See
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue9516 and bug 659881.
+        #
+        # Note that this assumes that nothing compiled in the virtualenv is
+        # shipped as part of a distribution. If we do ship anything, the
+        # deployment target here may be different from what's targeted by the
+        # shipping binaries and # virtualenv-produced binaries may fail to
+        # work.
+        #
+        # We also ignore environment variables that may have been altered by
+        # configure or a mozconfig activated in the current shell. We trust
+        # Python is smart enough to find a proper compiler and to use the
+        # proper compiler flags. If it isn't your Python is likely broken.
+        IGNORE_ENV_VARIABLES = ('CC', 'CXX', 'CFLAGS', 'CXXFLAGS', 'LDFLAGS',
+            'PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE')
+
+        try:
+            old_target = os.environ.get('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET', None)
+            sysconfig_target = \
+                distutils.sysconfig.get_config_var('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET')
+
+            if sysconfig_target is not None:
+                os.environ['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = sysconfig_target
+
+            old_env_variables = {}
+            for k in IGNORE_ENV_VARIABLES:
+                if k not in os.environ:
+                    continue
+
+                old_env_variables[k] = os.environ[k]
+                del os.environ[k]
+
+            # HACK ALERT.
+            #
+            # The following adjustment to the VSNNCOMNTOOLS environment
+            # variables are wrong. This is done as a hack to facilitate the
+            # building of binary Python packages - notably psutil - on Windows
+            # machines that don't have the Visual Studio 2008 binaries
+            # installed. This hack assumes the Python on that system was built
+            # with Visual Studio 2008. The hack is wrong for the reasons
+            # explained at
+            # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3047542/building-lxml-for-python-2-7-on-windows/5122521#5122521.
+            if sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin') and \
+                'VS90COMNTOOLS' not in os.environ:
+
+                warnings.warn('Hacking environment to allow binary Python '
+                    'extensions to build. You can make this warning go away '
+                    'by installing Visual Studio 2008. You can download the '
+                    'Express Edition installer from '
+                    'http://go.microsoft.com/?linkid=7729279')
+
+                # We list in order from oldest to newest to prefer the closest
+                # to 2008 so differences are minimized.
+                for ver in ('100', '110', '120'):
+                    var = 'VS%sCOMNTOOLS' % ver
+                    if var in os.environ:
+                        os.environ['VS90COMNTOOLS'] = os.environ[var]
+                        break
+
+            for package in packages:
+                handle_package(package)
+
+            sitecustomize = os.path.join(
+                os.path.dirname(os.__file__), 'sitecustomize.py')
+            with open(sitecustomize, 'w') as f:
+                f.write(
+                    '# Importing mach_bootstrap has the side effect of\n'
+                    '# installing an import hook\n'
+                    'import mach_bootstrap\n'
+                )
+
+        finally:
+            os.environ.pop('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET', None)
+
+            if old_target is not None:
+                os.environ['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = old_target
+
+            os.environ.update(old_env_variables)
+
+    def call_setup(self, directory, arguments):
+        """Calls setup.py in a directory."""
+        setup = os.path.join(directory, 'setup.py')
+
+        program = [self.python_path, setup]
+        program.extend(arguments)
+
+        # We probably could call the contents of this file inside the context
+        # of this interpreter using execfile() or similar. However, if global
+        # variables like sys.path are adjusted, this could cause all kinds of
+        # havoc. While this may work, invoking a new process is safer.
+
+        try:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(program, cwd=directory, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+            print(output)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            if 'Python.h: No such file or directory' in e.output:
+                print('WARNING: Python.h not found. Install Python development headers.')
+            else:
+                print(e.output)
+
+            raise Exception('Error installing package: %s' % directory)
+
+    def build(self, python=sys.executable):
+        """Build a virtualenv per tree conventions.
+
+        This returns the path of the created virtualenv.
+        """
+
+        self.create(python)
+
+        # We need to populate the virtualenv using the Python executable in
+        # the virtualenv for paths to be proper.
+
+        args = [self.python_path, __file__, 'populate', self.topsrcdir,
+            self.topobjdir, self.virtualenv_root, self.manifest_path]
+
+        result = self._log_process_output(args, cwd=self.topsrcdir)
+
+        if result != 0:
+            raise Exception('Error populating virtualenv.')
+
+        os.utime(self.activate_path, None)
+
+        return self.virtualenv_root
+
+    def activate(self):
+        """Activate the virtualenv in this Python context.
+
+        If you run a random Python script and wish to "activate" the
+        virtualenv, you can simply instantiate an instance of this class
+        and call .ensure() and .activate() to make the virtualenv active.
+        """
+
+        execfile(self.activate_path, dict(__file__=self.activate_path))
+        if isinstance(os.environ['PATH'], unicode):
+            os.environ['PATH'] = os.environ['PATH'].encode('utf-8')
+
+    def install_pip_package(self, package):
+        """Install a package via pip.
+
+        The supplied package is specified using a pip requirement specifier.
+        e.g. 'foo' or 'foo==1.0'.
+
+        If the package is already installed, this is a no-op.
+        """
+        from pip.req import InstallRequirement
+
+        req = InstallRequirement.from_line(package)
+        if req.check_if_exists():
+            return
+
+        args = [
+            'install',
+            '--use-wheel',
+            package,
+        ]
+
+        return self._run_pip(args)
+
+    def install_pip_requirements(self, path, require_hashes=True):
+        """Install a pip requirements.txt file.
+
+        The supplied path is a text file containing pip requirement
+        specifiers.
+
+        If require_hashes is True, each specifier must contain the
+        expected hash of the downloaded package. See:
+        https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/reference/pip_install/#hash-checking-mode
+        """
+
+        if not os.path.isabs(path):
+            path = os.path.join(self.topsrcdir, path)
+
+        args = [
+            'install',
+            '--requirement',
+            path,
+        ]
+
+        if require_hashes:
+            args.append('--require-hashes')
+
+        return self._run_pip(args)
+
+    def _run_pip(self, args):
+        # It's tempting to call pip natively via pip.main(). However,
+        # the current Python interpreter may not be the virtualenv python.
+        # This will confuse pip and cause the package to attempt to install
+        # against the executing interpreter. By creating a new process, we
+        # force the virtualenv's interpreter to be used and all is well.
+        # It /might/ be possible to cheat and set sys.executable to
+        # self.python_path. However, this seems more risk than it's worth.
+        subprocess.check_call([os.path.join(self.bin_path, 'pip')] + args,
+            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+
+
+def verify_python_version(log_handle):
+    """Ensure the current version of Python is sufficient."""
+    major, minor, micro = sys.version_info[:3]
+
+    our = LooseVersion('%d.%d.%d' % (major, minor, micro))
+
+    if major != MINIMUM_PYTHON_MAJOR or our < MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION:
+        log_handle.write('Python %s or greater (but not Python 3) is '
+            'required to build. ' % MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION)
+        log_handle.write('You are running Python %s.\n' % our)
+
+        if os.name in ('nt', 'ce'):
+            log_handle.write(UPGRADE_WINDOWS)
+        else:
+            log_handle.write(UPGRADE_OTHER)
+
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) < 5:
+        print('Usage: populate_virtualenv.py /path/to/topsrcdir /path/to/topobjdir /path/to/virtualenv /path/to/virtualenv_manifest')
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    verify_python_version(sys.stdout)
+
+    topsrcdir, topobjdir, virtualenv_path, manifest_path = sys.argv[1:5]
+    populate = False
+
+    # This should only be called internally.
+    if sys.argv[1] == 'populate':
+        populate = True
+        topsrcdir, topobjdir, virtualenv_path, manifest_path = sys.argv[2:]
+
+    manager = VirtualenvManager(topsrcdir, topobjdir, virtualenv_path,
+        sys.stdout, manifest_path)
+
+    if populate:
+        manager.populate()
+    else:
+        manager.ensure()
+
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/archive.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3015ff21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import bz2
+import gzip
+import stat
+import tarfile
+
+
+# 2016-01-01T00:00:00+0000
+DEFAULT_MTIME = 1451606400
+
+
+def create_tar_from_files(fp, files):
+    """Create a tar file deterministically.
+
+    Receives a dict mapping names of files in the archive to local filesystem
+    paths.
+
+    The files will be archived and written to the passed file handle opened
+    for writing.
+
+    Only regular files can be written.
+
+    FUTURE accept mozpack.files classes for writing
+    FUTURE accept a filename argument (or create APIs to write files)
+    """
+    with tarfile.open(name='', mode='w', fileobj=fp, dereference=True) as tf:
+        for archive_path, fs_path in sorted(files.items()):
+            ti = tf.gettarinfo(fs_path, archive_path)
+
+            if not ti.isreg():
+                raise ValueError('not a regular file: %s' % fs_path)
+
+            # Disallow setuid and setgid bits. This is an arbitrary restriction.
+            # However, since we set uid/gid to root:root, setuid and setgid
+            # would be a glaring security hole if the archive were
+            # uncompressed as root.
+            if ti.mode & (stat.S_ISUID | stat.S_ISGID):
+                raise ValueError('cannot add file with setuid or setgid set: '
+                                 '%s' % fs_path)
+
+            # Set uid, gid, username, and group as deterministic values.
+            ti.uid = 0
+            ti.gid = 0
+            ti.uname = ''
+            ti.gname = ''
+
+            # Set mtime to a constant value.
+            ti.mtime = DEFAULT_MTIME
+
+            with open(fs_path, 'rb') as fh:
+                tf.addfile(ti, fh)
+
+
+def create_tar_gz_from_files(fp, files, filename=None, compresslevel=9):
+    """Create a tar.gz file deterministically from files.
+
+    This is a glorified wrapper around ``create_tar_from_files`` that
+    adds gzip compression.
+
+    The passed file handle should be opened for writing in binary mode.
+    When the function returns, all data has been written to the handle.
+    """
+    # Offset 3-7 in the gzip header contains an mtime. Pin it to a known
+    # value so output is deterministic.
+    gf = gzip.GzipFile(filename=filename or '', mode='wb', fileobj=fp,
+                       compresslevel=compresslevel, mtime=DEFAULT_MTIME)
+    with gf:
+        create_tar_from_files(gf, files)
+
+
+class _BZ2Proxy(object):
+    """File object that proxies writes to a bz2 compressor."""
+    def __init__(self, fp, compresslevel=9):
+        self.fp = fp
+        self.compressor = bz2.BZ2Compressor(compresslevel=compresslevel)
+        self.pos = 0
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self.pos
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        data = self.compressor.compress(data)
+        self.pos += len(data)
+        self.fp.write(data)
+
+    def close(self):
+        data = self.compressor.flush()
+        self.pos += len(data)
+        self.fp.write(data)
+
+
+def create_tar_bz2_from_files(fp, files, compresslevel=9):
+    """Create a tar.bz2 file deterministically from files.
+
+    This is a glorified wrapper around ``create_tar_from_files`` that
+    adds bzip2 compression.
+
+    This function is similar to ``create_tar_gzip_from_files()``.
+    """
+    proxy = _BZ2Proxy(fp, compresslevel=compresslevel)
+    create_tar_from_files(proxy, files)
+    proxy.close()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/flags.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/flags.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c5c9a54c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/flags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+
+class Flag(object):
+    '''
+    Class for flags in manifest entries in the form:
+        "flag"   (same as "flag=true")
+        "flag=yes|true|1"
+        "flag=no|false|0"
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        '''
+        Initialize a Flag with the given name.
+        '''
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = None
+
+    def add_definition(self, definition):
+        '''
+        Add a flag value definition. Replaces any previously set value.
+        '''
+        if definition == self.name:
+            self.value = True
+            return
+        assert(definition.startswith(self.name))
+        if definition[len(self.name)] != '=':
+            return errors.fatal('Malformed flag: %s' % definition)
+        value = definition[len(self.name) + 1:]
+        if value in ('yes', 'true', '1', 'no', 'false', '0'):
+            self.value = value
+        else:
+            return errors.fatal('Unknown value in: %s' % definition)
+
+    def matches(self, value):
+        '''
+        Return whether the flag value matches the given value. The values
+        are canonicalized for comparison.
+        '''
+        if value in ('yes', 'true', '1', True):
+            return self.value in ('yes', 'true', '1', True)
+        if value in ('no', 'false', '0', False):
+            return self.value in ('no', 'false', '0', False, None)
+        raise RuntimeError('Invalid value: %s' % value)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        '''
+        Serialize the flag value in the same form given to the last
+        add_definition() call.
+        '''
+        if self.value is None:
+            return ''
+        if self.value is True:
+            return self.name
+        return '%s=%s' % (self.name, self.value)
+
+
+class StringFlag(object):
+    '''
+    Class for string flags in manifest entries in the form:
+        "flag=string"
+        "flag!=string"
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        '''
+        Initialize a StringFlag with the given name.
+        '''
+        self.name = name
+        self.values = []
+
+    def add_definition(self, definition):
+        '''
+        Add a string flag definition.
+        '''
+        assert(definition.startswith(self.name))
+        value = definition[len(self.name):]
+        if value.startswith('='):
+            self.values.append(('==', value[1:]))
+        elif value.startswith('!='):
+            self.values.append(('!=', value[2:]))
+        else:
+            return errors.fatal('Malformed flag: %s' % definition)
+
+    def matches(self, value):
+        '''
+        Return whether one of the string flag definitions matches the given
+        value.
+        For example,
+            flag = StringFlag('foo')
+            flag.add_definition('foo!=bar')
+            flag.matches('bar') returns False
+            flag.matches('qux') returns True
+            flag = StringFlag('foo')
+            flag.add_definition('foo=bar')
+            flag.add_definition('foo=baz')
+            flag.matches('bar') returns True
+            flag.matches('baz') returns True
+            flag.matches('qux') returns False
+        '''
+        if not self.values:
+            return True
+        for comparison, val in self.values:
+            if eval('value %s val' % comparison):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        '''
+        Serialize the flag definitions in the same form given to each
+        add_definition() call.
+        '''
+        res = []
+        for comparison, val in self.values:
+            if comparison == '==':
+                res.append('%s=%s' % (self.name, val))
+            else:
+                res.append('%s!=%s' % (self.name, val))
+        return ' '.join(res)
+
+
+class VersionFlag(object):
+    '''
+    Class for version flags in manifest entries in the form:
+        "flag=version"
+        "flag<=version"
+        "flag<version"
+        "flag>=version"
+        "flag>version"
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        '''
+        Initialize a VersionFlag with the given name.
+        '''
+        self.name = name
+        self.values = []
+
+    def add_definition(self, definition):
+        '''
+        Add a version flag definition.
+        '''
+        assert(definition.startswith(self.name))
+        value = definition[len(self.name):]
+        if value.startswith('='):
+            self.values.append(('==', LooseVersion(value[1:])))
+        elif len(value) > 1 and value[0] in ['<', '>']:
+            if value[1] == '=':
+                if len(value) < 3:
+                    return errors.fatal('Malformed flag: %s' % definition)
+                self.values.append((value[0:2], LooseVersion(value[2:])))
+            else:
+                self.values.append((value[0], LooseVersion(value[1:])))
+        else:
+            return errors.fatal('Malformed flag: %s' % definition)
+
+    def matches(self, value):
+        '''
+        Return whether one of the version flag definitions matches the given
+        value.
+        For example,
+            flag = VersionFlag('foo')
+            flag.add_definition('foo>=1.0')
+            flag.matches('1.0') returns True
+            flag.matches('1.1') returns True
+            flag.matches('0.9') returns False
+            flag = VersionFlag('foo')
+            flag.add_definition('foo>=1.0')
+            flag.add_definition('foo<0.5')
+            flag.matches('0.4') returns True
+            flag.matches('1.0') returns True
+            flag.matches('0.6') returns False
+        '''
+        value = LooseVersion(value)
+        if not self.values:
+            return True
+        for comparison, val in self.values:
+            if eval('value %s val' % comparison):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        '''
+        Serialize the flag definitions in the same form given to each
+        add_definition() call.
+        '''
+        res = []
+        for comparison, val in self.values:
+            if comparison == '==':
+                res.append('%s=%s' % (self.name, val))
+            else:
+                res.append('%s%s%s' % (self.name, comparison, val))
+        return ' '.join(res)
+
+
+class Flags(OrderedDict):
+    '''
+    Class to handle a set of flags definitions given on a single manifest
+    entry.
+    '''
+    FLAGS = {
+        'application': StringFlag,
+        'appversion': VersionFlag,
+        'platformversion': VersionFlag,
+        'contentaccessible': Flag,
+        'os': StringFlag,
+        'osversion': VersionFlag,
+        'abi': StringFlag,
+        'platform': Flag,
+        'xpcnativewrappers': Flag,
+        'tablet': Flag,
+        'process': StringFlag,
+    }
+    RE = re.compile(r'([!<>=]+)')
+
+    def __init__(self, *flags):
+        '''
+        Initialize a set of flags given in string form.
+           flags = Flags('contentaccessible=yes', 'appversion>=3.5')
+        '''
+        OrderedDict.__init__(self)
+        for f in flags:
+            name = self.RE.split(f)
+            name = name[0]
+            if not name in self.FLAGS:
+                errors.fatal('Unknown flag: %s' % name)
+                continue
+            if not name in self:
+                self[name] = self.FLAGS[name](name)
+            self[name].add_definition(f)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        '''
+        Serialize the set of flags.
+        '''
+        return ' '.join(str(self[k]) for k in self)
+
+    def match(self, **filter):
+        '''
+        Return whether the set of flags match the set of given filters.
+            flags = Flags('contentaccessible=yes', 'appversion>=3.5',
+                          'application=foo')
+            flags.match(application='foo') returns True
+            flags.match(application='foo', appversion='3.5') returns True
+            flags.match(application='foo', appversion='3.0') returns False
+        '''
+        for name, value in filter.iteritems():
+            if not name in self:
+                continue
+            if not self[name].matches(value):
+                return False
+        return True
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/manifest.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71241764d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/chrome/manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+import os
+from urlparse import urlparse
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozpack.chrome.flags import Flags
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+
+
+class ManifestEntry(object):
+    '''
+    Base class for all manifest entry types.
+    Subclasses may define the following class or member variables:
+        - localized: indicates whether the manifest entry is used for localized
+          data.
+        - type: the manifest entry type (e.g. 'content' in
+          'content global content/global/')
+        - allowed_flags: a set of flags allowed to be defined for the given
+          manifest entry type.
+
+    A manifest entry is attached to a base path, defining where the manifest
+    entry is bound to, and that is used to find relative paths defined in
+    entries.
+    '''
+    localized = False
+    type = None
+    allowed_flags = [
+        'application',
+        'platformversion',
+        'os',
+        'osversion',
+        'abi',
+        'xpcnativewrappers',
+        'tablet',
+        'process',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, base, *flags):
+        '''
+        Initialize a manifest entry with the given base path and flags.
+        '''
+        self.base = base
+        self.flags = Flags(*flags)
+        if not all(f in self.allowed_flags for f in self.flags):
+            errors.fatal('%s unsupported for %s manifest entries' %
+                         (','.join(f for f in self.flags
+                          if not f in self.allowed_flags), self.type))
+
+    def serialize(self, *args):
+        '''
+        Serialize the manifest entry.
+        '''
+        entry = [self.type] + list(args)
+        flags = str(self.flags)
+        if flags:
+            entry.append(flags)
+        return ' '.join(entry)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.base == other.base and str(self) == str(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s@%s>' % (str(self), self.base)
+
+    def move(self, base):
+        '''
+        Return a new manifest entry with a different base path.
+        '''
+        return parse_manifest_line(base, str(self))
+
+    def rebase(self, base):
+        '''
+        Return a new manifest entry with all relative paths defined in the
+        entry relative to a new base directory.
+        The base class doesn't define relative paths, so it is equivalent to
+        move().
+        '''
+        return self.move(base)
+
+
+class ManifestEntryWithRelPath(ManifestEntry):
+    '''
+    Abstract manifest entry type with a relative path definition.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, base, relpath, *flags):
+        ManifestEntry.__init__(self, base, *flags)
+        self.relpath = relpath
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.relpath)
+
+    def rebase(self, base):
+        '''
+        Return a new manifest entry with all relative paths defined in the
+        entry relative to a new base directory.
+        '''
+        clone = ManifestEntry.rebase(self, base)
+        clone.relpath = mozpath.rebase(self.base, base, self.relpath)
+        return clone
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(self.base,
+                                                       self.relpath))
+
+
+class Manifest(ManifestEntryWithRelPath):
+    '''
+    Class for 'manifest' entries.
+        manifest some/path/to/another.manifest
+    '''
+    type = 'manifest'
+
+
+class ManifestChrome(ManifestEntryWithRelPath):
+    '''
+    Abstract class for chrome entries.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, base, name, relpath, *flags):
+        ManifestEntryWithRelPath.__init__(self, base, relpath, *flags)
+        self.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def location(self):
+        return mozpath.join(self.base, self.relpath)
+
+
+class ManifestContent(ManifestChrome):
+    '''
+    Class for 'content' entries.
+        content global content/global/
+    '''
+    type = 'content'
+    allowed_flags = ManifestChrome.allowed_flags + [
+        'contentaccessible',
+        'platform',
+    ]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.name, self.relpath)
+
+
+class ManifestMultiContent(ManifestChrome):
+    '''
+    Abstract class for chrome entries with multiple definitions.
+    Used for locale and skin entries.
+    '''
+    type = None
+
+    def __init__(self, base, name, id, relpath, *flags):
+        ManifestChrome.__init__(self, base, name, relpath, *flags)
+        self.id = id
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.name, self.id, self.relpath)
+
+
+class ManifestLocale(ManifestMultiContent):
+    '''
+    Class for 'locale' entries.
+        locale global en-US content/en-US/
+        locale global fr content/fr/
+    '''
+    localized = True
+    type = 'locale'
+
+
+class ManifestSkin(ManifestMultiContent):
+    '''
+    Class for 'skin' entries.
+        skin global classic/1.0 content/skin/classic/
+    '''
+    type = 'skin'
+
+
+class ManifestOverload(ManifestEntry):
+    '''
+    Abstract class for chrome entries defining some kind of overloading.
+    Used for overlay, override or style entries.
+    '''
+    type = None
+
+    def __init__(self, base, overloaded, overload, *flags):
+        ManifestEntry.__init__(self, base, *flags)
+        self.overloaded = overloaded
+        self.overload = overload
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.overloaded, self.overload)
+
+    @property
+    def localized(self):
+        u = urlparse(self.overload)
+        return u.scheme == 'chrome' and \
+               u.path.split('/')[0:2] == ['', 'locale']
+
+
+class ManifestOverlay(ManifestOverload):
+    '''
+    Class for 'overlay' entries.
+        overlay chrome://global/content/viewSource.xul \
+            chrome://browser/content/viewSourceOverlay.xul
+    '''
+    type = 'overlay'
+
+
+class ManifestStyle(ManifestOverload):
+    '''
+    Class for 'style' entries.
+        style chrome://global/content/customizeToolbar.xul \
+            chrome://browser/skin/
+    '''
+    type = 'style'
+
+
+class ManifestOverride(ManifestOverload):
+    '''
+    Class for 'override' entries.
+        override chrome://global/locale/netError.dtd \
+            chrome://browser/locale/netError.dtd
+    '''
+    type = 'override'
+
+
+class ManifestResource(ManifestEntry):
+    '''
+    Class for 'resource' entries.
+        resource gre-resources toolkit/res/
+        resource services-sync resource://gre/modules/services-sync/
+
+    The target may be a relative path or a resource or chrome url.
+    '''
+    type = 'resource'
+
+    def __init__(self, base, name, target, *flags):
+        ManifestEntry.__init__(self, base, *flags)
+        self.name = name
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.name, self.target)
+
+    def rebase(self, base):
+        u = urlparse(self.target)
+        if u.scheme and u.scheme != 'jar':
+            return ManifestEntry.rebase(self, base)
+        clone = ManifestEntry.rebase(self, base)
+        clone.target = mozpath.rebase(self.base, base, self.target)
+        return clone
+
+
+class ManifestBinaryComponent(ManifestEntryWithRelPath):
+    '''
+    Class for 'binary-component' entries.
+        binary-component some/path/to/a/component.dll
+    '''
+    type = 'binary-component'
+
+
+class ManifestComponent(ManifestEntryWithRelPath):
+    '''
+    Class for 'component' entries.
+        component {b2bba4df-057d-41ea-b6b1-94a10a8ede68} foo.js
+    '''
+    type = 'component'
+
+    def __init__(self, base, cid, file, *flags):
+        ManifestEntryWithRelPath.__init__(self, base, file, *flags)
+        self.cid = cid
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.cid, self.relpath)
+
+
+class ManifestInterfaces(ManifestEntryWithRelPath):
+    '''
+    Class for 'interfaces' entries.
+        interfaces foo.xpt
+    '''
+    type = 'interfaces'
+
+
+class ManifestCategory(ManifestEntry):
+    '''
+    Class for 'category' entries.
+        category command-line-handler m-browser @mozilla.org/browser/clh;
+    '''
+    type = 'category'
+
+    def __init__(self, base, category, name, value, *flags):
+        ManifestEntry.__init__(self, base, *flags)
+        self.category = category
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.category, self.name, self.value)
+
+
+class ManifestContract(ManifestEntry):
+    '''
+    Class for 'contract' entries.
+        contract @mozilla.org/foo;1 {b2bba4df-057d-41ea-b6b1-94a10a8ede68}
+    '''
+    type = 'contract'
+
+    def __init__(self, base, contractID, cid, *flags):
+        ManifestEntry.__init__(self, base, *flags)
+        self.contractID = contractID
+        self.cid = cid
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.serialize(self.contractID, self.cid)
+
+# All manifest classes by their type name.
+MANIFESTS_TYPES = dict([(c.type, c) for c in globals().values()
+                       if type(c) == type and issubclass(c, ManifestEntry)
+                       and hasattr(c, 'type') and c.type])
+
+MANIFEST_RE = re.compile(r'^#.*$')
+
+
+def parse_manifest_line(base, line):
+    '''
+    Parse a line from a manifest file with the given base directory and
+    return the corresponding ManifestEntry instance.
+    '''
+    # Remove comments
+    cmd = MANIFEST_RE.sub('', line).strip().split()
+    if not cmd:
+        return None
+    if not cmd[0] in MANIFESTS_TYPES:
+        return errors.fatal('Unknown manifest directive: %s' % cmd[0])
+    return MANIFESTS_TYPES[cmd[0]](base, *cmd[1:])
+
+
+def parse_manifest(root, path, fileobj=None):
+    '''
+    Parse a manifest file.
+    '''
+    base = mozpath.dirname(path)
+    if root:
+        path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, path)))
+    if not fileobj:
+        fileobj = open(path)
+    linenum = 0
+    for line in fileobj:
+        linenum += 1
+        with errors.context(path, linenum):
+            e = parse_manifest_line(base, line)
+            if e:
+                yield e
+
+
+def is_manifest(path):
+    '''
+    Return whether the given path is that of a manifest file.
+    '''
+    return path.endswith('.manifest') and not path.endswith('.CRT.manifest') \
+        and not path.endswith('.exe.manifest')
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/copier.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/copier.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..386930fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/copier.py
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import stat
+import sys
+
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+from mozpack.files import (
+    BaseFile,
+    Dest,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import errno
+from collections import (
+    Counter,
+    OrderedDict,
+)
+import concurrent.futures as futures
+
+
+class FileRegistry(object):
+    '''
+    Generic container to keep track of a set of BaseFile instances. It
+    preserves the order under which the files are added, but doesn't keep
+    track of empty directories (directories are not stored at all).
+    The paths associated with the BaseFile instances are relative to an
+    unspecified (virtual) root directory.
+
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        registry.add('foo/bar', file_instance)
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._files = OrderedDict()
+        self._required_directories = Counter()
+        self._partial_paths_cache = {}
+
+    def _partial_paths(self, path):
+        '''
+        Turn "foo/bar/baz/zot" into ["foo/bar/baz", "foo/bar", "foo"].
+        '''
+        dir_name = path.rpartition('/')[0]
+        if not dir_name:
+            return []
+
+        partial_paths = self._partial_paths_cache.get(dir_name)
+        if partial_paths:
+            return partial_paths
+
+        partial_paths = [dir_name] + self._partial_paths(dir_name)
+
+        self._partial_paths_cache[dir_name] = partial_paths
+        return partial_paths
+
+    def add(self, path, content):
+        '''
+        Add a BaseFile instance to the container, under the given path.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(content, BaseFile)
+        if path in self._files:
+            return errors.error("%s already added" % path)
+        if self._required_directories[path] > 0:
+            return errors.error("Can't add %s: it is a required directory" %
+                                path)
+        # Check whether any parent of the given path is already stored
+        partial_paths = self._partial_paths(path)
+        for partial_path in partial_paths:
+            if partial_path in self._files:
+                return errors.error("Can't add %s: %s is a file" %
+                                    (path, partial_path))
+        self._files[path] = content
+        self._required_directories.update(partial_paths)
+
+    def match(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Return the list of paths, stored in the container, matching the
+        given pattern. See the mozpack.path.match documentation for a
+        description of the handled patterns.
+        '''
+        if '*' in pattern:
+            return [p for p in self.paths()
+                    if mozpath.match(p, pattern)]
+        if pattern == '':
+            return self.paths()
+        if pattern in self._files:
+            return [pattern]
+        return [p for p in self.paths()
+                if mozpath.basedir(p, [pattern]) == pattern]
+
+    def remove(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Remove paths matching the given pattern from the container. See the
+        mozpack.path.match documentation for a description of the handled
+        patterns.
+        '''
+        items = self.match(pattern)
+        if not items:
+            return errors.error("Can't remove %s: %s" % (pattern,
+                                "not matching anything previously added"))
+        for i in items:
+            del self._files[i]
+            self._required_directories.subtract(self._partial_paths(i))
+
+    def paths(self):
+        '''
+        Return all paths stored in the container, in the order they were added.
+        '''
+        return self._files.keys()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        '''
+        Return number of paths stored in the container.
+        '''
+        return len(self._files)
+
+    def __contains__(self, pattern):
+        raise RuntimeError("'in' operator forbidden for %s. Use contains()." %
+                           self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def contains(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Return whether the container contains paths matching the given
+        pattern. See the mozpack.path.match documentation for a description of
+        the handled patterns.
+        '''
+        return len(self.match(pattern)) > 0
+
+    def __getitem__(self, path):
+        '''
+        Return the BaseFile instance stored in the container for the given
+        path.
+        '''
+        return self._files[path]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Iterate over all (path, BaseFile instance) pairs from the container.
+            for path, file in registry:
+                (...)
+        '''
+        return self._files.iteritems()
+
+    def required_directories(self):
+        '''
+        Return the set of directories required by the paths in the container,
+        in no particular order.  The returned directories are relative to an
+        unspecified (virtual) root directory (and do not include said root
+        directory).
+        '''
+        return set(k for k, v in self._required_directories.items() if v > 0)
+
+
+class FileRegistrySubtree(object):
+    '''A proxy class to give access to a subtree of an existing FileRegistry.
+
+    Note this doesn't implement the whole FileRegistry interface.'''
+    def __new__(cls, base, registry):
+        if not base:
+            return registry
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, base, registry):
+        self._base = base
+        self._registry = registry
+
+    def _get_path(self, path):
+        # mozpath.join will return a trailing slash if path is empty, and we
+        # don't want that.
+        return mozpath.join(self._base, path) if path else self._base
+
+    def add(self, path, content):
+        return self._registry.add(self._get_path(path), content)
+
+    def match(self, pattern):
+        return [mozpath.relpath(p, self._base)
+                for p in self._registry.match(self._get_path(pattern))]
+
+    def remove(self, pattern):
+        return self._registry.remove(self._get_path(pattern))
+
+    def paths(self):
+        return [p for p, f in self]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.paths())
+
+    def contains(self, pattern):
+        return self._registry.contains(self._get_path(pattern))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, path):
+        return self._registry[self._get_path(path)]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for p, f in self._registry:
+            if mozpath.basedir(p, [self._base]):
+                yield mozpath.relpath(p, self._base), f
+
+
+class FileCopyResult(object):
+    """Represents results of a FileCopier.copy operation."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.updated_files = set()
+        self.existing_files = set()
+        self.removed_files = set()
+        self.removed_directories = set()
+
+    @property
+    def updated_files_count(self):
+        return len(self.updated_files)
+
+    @property
+    def existing_files_count(self):
+        return len(self.existing_files)
+
+    @property
+    def removed_files_count(self):
+        return len(self.removed_files)
+
+    @property
+    def removed_directories_count(self):
+        return len(self.removed_directories)
+
+
+class FileCopier(FileRegistry):
+    '''
+    FileRegistry with the ability to copy the registered files to a separate
+    directory.
+    '''
+    def copy(self, destination, skip_if_older=True,
+             remove_unaccounted=True,
+             remove_all_directory_symlinks=True,
+             remove_empty_directories=True):
+        '''
+        Copy all registered files to the given destination path. The given
+        destination can be an existing directory, or not exist at all. It
+        can't be e.g. a file.
+        The copy process acts a bit like rsync: files are not copied when they
+        don't need to (see mozpack.files for details on file.copy).
+
+        By default, files in the destination directory that aren't
+        registered are removed and empty directories are deleted. In
+        addition, all directory symlinks in the destination directory
+        are deleted: this is a conservative approach to ensure that we
+        never accidently write files into a directory that is not the
+        destination directory. In the worst case, we might have a
+        directory symlink in the object directory to the source
+        directory.
+
+        To disable removing of unregistered files, pass
+        remove_unaccounted=False. To disable removing empty
+        directories, pass remove_empty_directories=False. In rare
+        cases, you might want to maintain directory symlinks in the
+        destination directory (at least those that are not required to
+        be regular directories): pass
+        remove_all_directory_symlinks=False. Exercise caution with
+        this flag: you almost certainly do not want to preserve
+        directory symlinks.
+
+        Returns a FileCopyResult that details what changed.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(destination, basestring)
+        assert not os.path.exists(destination) or os.path.isdir(destination)
+
+        result = FileCopyResult()
+        have_symlinks = hasattr(os, 'symlink')
+        destination = os.path.normpath(destination)
+
+        # We create the destination directory specially. We can't do this as
+        # part of the loop doing mkdir() below because that loop munges
+        # symlinks and permissions and parent directories of the destination
+        # directory may have their own weird schema. The contract is we only
+        # manage children of destination, not its parents.
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(destination)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+        # Because we could be handling thousands of files, code in this
+        # function is optimized to minimize system calls. We prefer CPU time
+        # in Python over possibly I/O bound filesystem calls to stat() and
+        # friends.
+
+        required_dirs = set([destination])
+        required_dirs |= set(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(destination, d))
+            for d in self.required_directories())
+
+        # Ensure destination directories are in place and proper.
+        #
+        # The "proper" bit is important. We need to ensure that directories
+        # have appropriate permissions or we will be unable to discover
+        # and write files. Furthermore, we need to verify directories aren't
+        # symlinks.
+        #
+        # Symlinked directories (a symlink whose target is a directory) are
+        # incompatible with us because our manifest talks in terms of files,
+        # not directories. If we leave symlinked directories unchecked, we
+        # would blindly follow symlinks and this might confuse file
+        # installation. For example, if an existing directory is a symlink
+        # to directory X and we attempt to install a symlink in this directory
+        # to a file in directory X, we may create a recursive symlink!
+        for d in sorted(required_dirs, key=len):
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(d)
+            except OSError as error:
+                if error.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                    raise
+
+            # We allow the destination to be a symlink because the caller
+            # is responsible for managing the destination and we assume
+            # they know what they are doing.
+            if have_symlinks and d != destination:
+                st = os.lstat(d)
+                if stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
+                    # While we have remove_unaccounted, it doesn't apply
+                    # to directory symlinks because if it did, our behavior
+                    # could be very wrong.
+                    os.remove(d)
+                    os.mkdir(d)
+
+            if not os.access(d, os.W_OK):
+                umask = os.umask(0o077)
+                os.umask(umask)
+                os.chmod(d, 0o777 & ~umask)
+
+        if isinstance(remove_unaccounted, FileRegistry):
+            existing_files = set(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(destination, p))
+                                 for p in remove_unaccounted.paths())
+            existing_dirs = set(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(destination, p))
+                                for p in remove_unaccounted
+                                         .required_directories())
+            existing_dirs |= {os.path.normpath(destination)}
+        else:
+            # While we have remove_unaccounted, it doesn't apply to empty
+            # directories because it wouldn't make sense: an empty directory
+            # is empty, so removing it should have no effect.
+            existing_dirs = set()
+            existing_files = set()
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(destination):
+                # We need to perform the same symlink detection as above.
+                # os.walk() doesn't follow symlinks into directories by
+                # default, so we need to check dirs (we can't wait for root).
+                if have_symlinks:
+                    filtered = []
+                    for d in dirs:
+                        full = os.path.join(root, d)
+                        st = os.lstat(full)
+                        if stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
+                            # This directory symlink is not a required
+                            # directory: any such symlink would have been
+                            # removed and a directory created above.
+                            if remove_all_directory_symlinks:
+                                os.remove(full)
+                                result.removed_files.add(
+                                    os.path.normpath(full))
+                            else:
+                                existing_files.add(os.path.normpath(full))
+                        else:
+                            filtered.append(d)
+
+                    dirs[:] = filtered
+
+                existing_dirs.add(os.path.normpath(root))
+
+                for d in dirs:
+                    existing_dirs.add(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(root, d)))
+
+                for f in files:
+                    existing_files.add(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(root, f)))
+
+        # Now we reconcile the state of the world against what we want.
+        dest_files = set()
+
+        # Install files.
+        #
+        # Creating/appending new files on Windows/NTFS is slow. So we use a
+        # thread pool to speed it up significantly. The performance of this
+        # loop is so critical to common build operations on Linux that the
+        # overhead of the thread pool is worth avoiding, so we have 2 code
+        # paths. We also employ a low water mark to prevent thread pool
+        # creation if number of files is too small to benefit.
+        copy_results = []
+        if sys.platform == 'win32' and len(self) > 100:
+            with futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(4) as e:
+                fs = []
+                for p, f in self:
+                    destfile = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(destination, p))
+                    fs.append((destfile, e.submit(f.copy, destfile, skip_if_older)))
+
+            copy_results = [(destfile, f.result) for destfile, f in fs]
+        else:
+            for p, f in self:
+                destfile = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(destination, p))
+                copy_results.append((destfile, f.copy(destfile, skip_if_older)))
+
+        for destfile, copy_result in copy_results:
+            dest_files.add(destfile)
+            if copy_result:
+                result.updated_files.add(destfile)
+            else:
+                result.existing_files.add(destfile)
+
+        # Remove files no longer accounted for.
+        if remove_unaccounted:
+            for f in existing_files - dest_files:
+                # Windows requires write access to remove files.
+                if os.name == 'nt' and not os.access(f, os.W_OK):
+                    # It doesn't matter what we set permissions to since we
+                    # will remove this file shortly.
+                    os.chmod(f, 0o600)
+
+                os.remove(f)
+                result.removed_files.add(f)
+
+        if not remove_empty_directories:
+            return result
+
+        # Figure out which directories can be removed. This is complicated
+        # by the fact we optionally remove existing files. This would be easy
+        # if we walked the directory tree after installing files. But, we're
+        # trying to minimize system calls.
+
+        # Start with the ideal set.
+        remove_dirs = existing_dirs - required_dirs
+
+        # Then don't remove directories if we didn't remove unaccounted files
+        # and one of those files exists.
+        if not remove_unaccounted:
+            parents = set()
+            pathsep = os.path.sep
+            for f in existing_files:
+                path = f
+                while True:
+                    # All the paths are normalized and relative by this point,
+                    # so os.path.dirname would only do extra work.
+                    dirname = path.rpartition(pathsep)[0]
+                    if dirname in parents:
+                        break
+                    parents.add(dirname)
+                    path = dirname
+            remove_dirs -= parents
+
+        # Remove empty directories that aren't required.
+        for d in sorted(remove_dirs, key=len, reverse=True):
+            try:
+                try:
+                    os.rmdir(d)
+                except OSError as e:
+                    if e.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                        # Permissions may not allow deletion. So ensure write
+                        # access is in place before attempting to rmdir again.
+                        os.chmod(d, 0o700)
+                        os.rmdir(d)
+                    else:
+                        raise
+            except OSError as e:
+                # If remove_unaccounted is a # FileRegistry, then we have a
+                # list of directories that may not be empty, so ignore rmdir
+                # ENOTEMPTY errors for them.
+                if (isinstance(remove_unaccounted, FileRegistry) and
+                        e.errno == errno.ENOTEMPTY):
+                    continue
+                raise
+            result.removed_directories.add(d)
+
+        return result
+
+
+class Jarrer(FileRegistry, BaseFile):
+    '''
+    FileRegistry with the ability to copy and pack the registered files as a
+    jar file. Also acts as a BaseFile instance, to be copied with a FileCopier.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, compress=True, optimize=True):
+        '''
+        Create a Jarrer instance. See mozpack.mozjar.JarWriter documentation
+        for details on the compress and optimize arguments.
+        '''
+        self.compress = compress
+        self.optimize = optimize
+        self._preload = []
+        self._compress_options = {}  # Map path to compress boolean option.
+        FileRegistry.__init__(self)
+
+    def add(self, path, content, compress=None):
+        FileRegistry.add(self, path, content)
+        if compress is not None:
+            self._compress_options[path] = compress
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        '''
+        Pack all registered files in the given destination jar. The given
+        destination jar may be a path to jar file, or a Dest instance for
+        a jar file.
+        If the destination jar file exists, its (compressed) contents are used
+        instead of the registered BaseFile instances when appropriate.
+        '''
+        class DeflaterDest(Dest):
+            '''
+            Dest-like class, reading from a file-like object initially, but
+            switching to a Deflater object if written to.
+
+                dest = DeflaterDest(original_file)
+                dest.read()      # Reads original_file
+                dest.write(data) # Creates a Deflater and write data there
+                dest.read()      # Re-opens the Deflater and reads from it
+            '''
+            def __init__(self, orig=None, compress=True):
+                self.mode = None
+                self.deflater = orig
+                self.compress = compress
+
+            def read(self, length=-1):
+                if self.mode != 'r':
+                    assert self.mode is None
+                    self.mode = 'r'
+                return self.deflater.read(length)
+
+            def write(self, data):
+                if self.mode != 'w':
+                    from mozpack.mozjar import Deflater
+                    self.deflater = Deflater(self.compress)
+                    self.mode = 'w'
+                self.deflater.write(data)
+
+            def exists(self):
+                return self.deflater is not None
+
+        if isinstance(dest, basestring):
+            dest = Dest(dest)
+        assert isinstance(dest, Dest)
+
+        from mozpack.mozjar import JarWriter, JarReader
+        try:
+            old_jar = JarReader(fileobj=dest)
+        except Exception:
+            old_jar = []
+
+        old_contents = dict([(f.filename, f) for f in old_jar])
+
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=dest, compress=self.compress,
+                       optimize=self.optimize) as jar:
+            for path, file in self:
+                compress = self._compress_options.get(path, self.compress)
+
+                if path in old_contents:
+                    deflater = DeflaterDest(old_contents[path], compress)
+                else:
+                    deflater = DeflaterDest(compress=compress)
+                file.copy(deflater, skip_if_older)
+                jar.add(path, deflater.deflater, mode=file.mode, compress=compress)
+            if self._preload:
+                jar.preload(self._preload)
+
+    def open(self):
+        raise RuntimeError('unsupported')
+
+    def preload(self, paths):
+        '''
+        Add the given set of paths to the list of preloaded files. See
+        mozpack.mozjar.JarWriter documentation for details on jar preloading.
+        '''
+        self._preload.extend(paths)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/dmg.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/dmg.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..036302214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/dmg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import errno
+import mozfile
+import os
+import platform
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+
+is_linux = platform.system() == 'Linux'
+
+def mkdir(dir):
+    if not os.path.isdir(dir):
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(dir)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+
+def chmod(dir):
+    'Set permissions of DMG contents correctly'
+    subprocess.check_call(['chmod', '-R', 'a+rX,a-st,u+w,go-w', dir])
+
+
+def rsync(source, dest):
+    'rsync the contents of directory source into directory dest'
+    # Ensure a trailing slash so rsync copies the *contents* of source.
+    if not source.endswith('/'):
+        source += '/'
+    subprocess.check_call(['rsync', '-a', '--copy-unsafe-links',
+                           source, dest])
+
+
+def set_folder_icon(dir):
+    'Set HFS attributes of dir to use a custom icon'
+    if not is_linux:
+        #TODO: bug 1197325 - figure out how to support this on Linux
+        subprocess.check_call(['SetFile', '-a', 'C', dir])
+
+
+def create_dmg_from_staged(stagedir, output_dmg, tmpdir, volume_name):
+    'Given a prepared directory stagedir, produce a DMG at output_dmg.'
+    if not is_linux:
+        # Running on OS X
+        hybrid = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'hybrid.dmg')
+        subprocess.check_call(['hdiutil', 'makehybrid', '-hfs',
+                               '-hfs-volume-name', volume_name,
+                               '-hfs-openfolder', stagedir,
+                               '-ov', stagedir,
+                               '-o', hybrid])
+        subprocess.check_call(['hdiutil', 'convert', '-format', 'UDBZ',
+                               '-imagekey', 'bzip2-level=9',
+                               '-ov', hybrid, '-o', output_dmg])
+    else:
+        import buildconfig
+        uncompressed = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'uncompressed.dmg')
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            buildconfig.substs['GENISOIMAGE'],
+            '-V', volume_name,
+            '-D', '-R', '-apple', '-no-pad',
+            '-o', uncompressed,
+            stagedir
+        ])
+        subprocess.check_call([
+            buildconfig.substs['DMG_TOOL'],
+            'dmg',
+            uncompressed,
+            output_dmg
+        ],
+                              # dmg is seriously chatty
+                              stdout=open(os.devnull, 'wb'))
+
+def check_tools(*tools):
+    '''
+    Check that each tool named in tools exists in SUBSTS and is executable.
+    '''
+    import buildconfig
+    for tool in tools:
+        path = buildconfig.substs[tool]
+        if not path:
+            raise Exception('Required tool "%s" not found' % tool)
+        if not os.path.isfile(path):
+            raise Exception('Required tool "%s" not found at path "%s"' % (tool, path))
+        if not os.access(path, os.X_OK):
+            raise Exception('Required tool "%s" at path "%s" is not executable' % (tool, path))
+
+
+def create_dmg(source_directory, output_dmg, volume_name, extra_files):
+    '''
+    Create a DMG disk image at the path output_dmg from source_directory.
+
+    Use volume_name as the disk image volume name, and
+    use extra_files as a list of tuples of (filename, relative path) to copy
+    into the disk image.
+    '''
+    if platform.system() not in ('Darwin', 'Linux'):
+        raise Exception("Don't know how to build a DMG on '%s'" % platform.system())
+
+    if is_linux:
+        check_tools('DMG_TOOL', 'GENISOIMAGE')
+    with mozfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+        stagedir = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'stage')
+        os.mkdir(stagedir)
+        # Copy the app bundle over using rsync
+        rsync(source_directory, stagedir)
+        # Copy extra files
+        for source, target in extra_files:
+            full_target = os.path.join(stagedir, target)
+            mkdir(os.path.dirname(full_target))
+            shutil.copyfile(source, full_target)
+        # Make a symlink to /Applications. The symlink name is a space
+        # so we don't have to localize it. The Applications folder icon
+        # will be shown in Finder, which should be clear enough for users.
+        os.symlink('/Applications', os.path.join(stagedir, ' '))
+        # Set the folder attributes to use a custom icon
+        set_folder_icon(stagedir)
+        chmod(stagedir)
+        create_dmg_from_staged(stagedir, output_dmg, tmpdir, volume_name)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/errors.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b4b80072
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+
+class ErrorMessage(Exception):
+    '''Exception type raised from errors.error() and errors.fatal()'''
+
+
+class AccumulatedErrors(Exception):
+    '''Exception type raised from errors.accumulate()'''
+
+
+class ErrorCollector(object):
+    '''
+    Error handling/logging class. A global instance, errors, is provided for
+    convenience.
+
+    Warnings, errors and fatal errors may be logged by calls to the following
+    functions:
+        errors.warn(message)
+        errors.error(message)
+        errors.fatal(message)
+
+    Warnings only send the message on the logging output, while errors and
+    fatal errors send the message and throw an ErrorMessage exception. The
+    exception, however, may be deferred. See further below.
+
+    Errors may be ignored by calling:
+        errors.ignore_errors()
+
+    After calling that function, only fatal errors throw an exception.
+
+    The warnings, errors or fatal errors messages may be augmented with context
+    information when a context is provided. Context is defined by a pair
+    (filename, linenumber), and may be set with errors.context() used as a
+    context manager:
+        with errors.context(filename, linenumber):
+            errors.warn(message)
+
+    Arbitrary nesting is supported, both for errors.context calls:
+        with errors.context(filename1, linenumber1):
+            errors.warn(message)
+            with errors.context(filename2, linenumber2):
+                errors.warn(message)
+
+    as well as for function calls:
+        def func():
+            errors.warn(message)
+        with errors.context(filename, linenumber):
+            func()
+
+    Errors and fatal errors can have their exception thrown at a later time,
+    allowing for several different errors to be reported at once before
+    throwing. This is achieved with errors.accumulate() as a context manager:
+        with errors.accumulate():
+            if test1:
+                errors.error(message1)
+            if test2:
+                errors.error(message2)
+
+    In such cases, a single AccumulatedErrors exception is thrown, but doesn't
+    contain information about the exceptions. The logged messages do.
+    '''
+    out = sys.stderr
+    WARN = 1
+    ERROR = 2
+    FATAL = 3
+    _level = ERROR
+    _context = []
+    _count = None
+
+    def ignore_errors(self, ignore=True):
+        if ignore:
+            self._level = self.FATAL
+        else:
+            self._level = self.ERROR
+
+    def _full_message(self, level, msg):
+        if level >= self._level:
+            level = 'Error'
+        else:
+            level = 'Warning'
+        if self._context:
+            file, line = self._context[-1]
+            return "%s: %s:%d: %s" % (level, file, line, msg)
+        return "%s: %s" % (level, msg)
+
+    def _handle(self, level, msg):
+        msg = self._full_message(level, msg)
+        if level >= self._level:
+            if self._count is None:
+                raise ErrorMessage(msg)
+            self._count += 1
+        print >>self.out, msg
+
+    def fatal(self, msg):
+        self._handle(self.FATAL, msg)
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        self._handle(self.ERROR, msg)
+
+    def warn(self, msg):
+        self._handle(self.WARN, msg)
+
+    def get_context(self):
+        if self._context:
+            return self._context[-1]
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def context(self, file, line):
+        if file and line:
+            self._context.append((file, line))
+        yield
+        if file and line:
+            self._context.pop()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def accumulate(self):
+        assert self._count is None
+        self._count = 0
+        yield
+        count = self._count
+        self._count = None
+        if count:
+            raise AccumulatedErrors()
+
+    @property
+    def count(self):
+        # _count can be None.
+        return self._count if self._count else 0
+
+
+errors = ErrorCollector()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/executables.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/executables.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c943564fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/executables.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import struct
+import subprocess
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+
+MACHO_SIGNATURES = [
+    0xfeedface,  # mach-o 32-bits big endian
+    0xcefaedfe,  # mach-o 32-bits little endian
+    0xfeedfacf,  # mach-o 64-bits big endian
+    0xcffaedfe,  # mach-o 64-bits little endian
+]
+
+FAT_SIGNATURE = 0xcafebabe  # mach-o FAT binary
+
+ELF_SIGNATURE = 0x7f454c46  # Elf binary
+
+UNKNOWN = 0
+MACHO = 1
+ELF = 2
+
+def get_type(path):
+    '''
+    Check the signature of the give file and returns what kind of executable
+    matches.
+    '''
+    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+        signature = f.read(4)
+        if len(signature) < 4:
+            return UNKNOWN
+        signature = struct.unpack('>L', signature)[0]
+        if signature == ELF_SIGNATURE:
+            return ELF
+        if signature in MACHO_SIGNATURES:
+            return MACHO
+        if signature != FAT_SIGNATURE:
+            return UNKNOWN
+        # We have to sanity check the second four bytes, because Java class
+        # files use the same magic number as Mach-O fat binaries.
+        # This logic is adapted from file(1), which says that Mach-O uses
+        # these bytes to count the number of architectures within, while
+        # Java uses it for a version number. Conveniently, there are only
+        # 18 labelled Mach-O architectures, and Java's first released
+        # class format used the version 43.0.
+        num = f.read(4)
+        if len(num) < 4:
+            return UNKNOWN
+        num = struct.unpack('>L', num)[0]
+        if num < 20:
+            return MACHO
+        return UNKNOWN
+
+
+def is_executable(path):
+    '''
+    Return whether a given file path points to an executable or a library,
+    where an executable or library is identified by:
+        - the file extension on OS/2 and WINNT
+        - the file signature on OS/X and ELF systems (GNU/Linux, Android, BSD,
+          Solaris)
+
+    As this function is intended for use to choose between the ExecutableFile
+    and File classes in FileFinder, and choosing ExecutableFile only matters
+    on OS/2, OS/X, ELF and WINNT (in GCC build) systems, we don't bother
+    detecting other kind of executables.
+    '''
+    from buildconfig import substs
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        return False
+
+    if substs['OS_ARCH'] == 'WINNT':
+        return path.lower().endswith((substs['DLL_SUFFIX'],
+                                      substs['BIN_SUFFIX']))
+
+    return get_type(path) != UNKNOWN
+
+
+def may_strip(path):
+    '''
+    Return whether strip() should be called
+    '''
+    from buildconfig import substs
+    return not substs['PKG_SKIP_STRIP']
+
+
+def strip(path):
+    '''
+    Execute the STRIP command with STRIP_FLAGS on the given path.
+    '''
+    from buildconfig import substs
+    strip = substs['STRIP']
+    flags = substs['STRIP_FLAGS'].split() if 'STRIP_FLAGS' in substs else []
+    cmd = [strip] + flags + [path]
+    if subprocess.call(cmd) != 0:
+        errors.fatal('Error executing ' + ' '.join(cmd))
+
+
+def may_elfhack(path):
+    '''
+    Return whether elfhack() should be called
+    '''
+    # elfhack only supports libraries. We should check the ELF header for
+    # the right flag, but checking the file extension works too.
+    from buildconfig import substs
+    return ('USE_ELF_HACK' in substs and substs['USE_ELF_HACK'] and
+        path.endswith(substs['DLL_SUFFIX']) and
+        'COMPILE_ENVIRONMENT' in substs and substs['COMPILE_ENVIRONMENT'])
+
+
+def elfhack(path):
+    '''
+    Execute the elfhack command on the given path.
+    '''
+    from buildconfig import topobjdir
+    cmd = [os.path.join(topobjdir, 'build/unix/elfhack/elfhack'), path]
+    if 'ELF_HACK_FLAGS' in os.environ:
+        cmd[1:0] = os.environ['ELF_HACK_FLAGS'].split()
+    if subprocess.call(cmd) != 0:
+        errors.fatal('Error executing ' + ' '.join(cmd))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/files.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/files.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64902e195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1106 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import os
+import platform
+import shutil
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import uuid
+import mozbuild.makeutil as makeutil
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from mozbuild.util import FileAvoidWrite
+from mozpack.executables import (
+    is_executable,
+    may_strip,
+    strip,
+    may_elfhack,
+    elfhack,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import ManifestEntry
+from io import BytesIO
+from mozpack.errors import (
+    ErrorMessage,
+    errors,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarReader
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from jsmin import JavascriptMinify
+from tempfile import (
+    mkstemp,
+    NamedTemporaryFile,
+)
+from tarfile import (
+    TarFile,
+    TarInfo,
+)
+try:
+    import hglib
+except ImportError:
+    hglib = None
+
+
+# For clean builds, copying files on win32 using CopyFile through ctypes is
+# ~2x as fast as using shutil.copyfile.
+if platform.system() != 'Windows':
+    _copyfile = shutil.copyfile
+else:
+    import ctypes
+    _kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+    _CopyFileA = _kernel32.CopyFileA
+    _CopyFileW = _kernel32.CopyFileW
+
+    def _copyfile(src, dest):
+        # False indicates `dest` should be overwritten if it exists already.
+        if isinstance(src, unicode) and isinstance(dest, unicode):
+            _CopyFileW(src, dest, False)
+        elif isinstance(src, str) and isinstance(dest, str):
+            _CopyFileA(src, dest, False)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('mismatched path types!')
+
+class Dest(object):
+    '''
+    Helper interface for BaseFile.copy. The interface works as follows:
+    - read() and write() can be used to sequentially read/write from the
+      underlying file.
+    - a call to read() after a write() will re-open the underlying file and
+      read from it.
+    - a call to write() after a read() will re-open the underlying file,
+      emptying it, and write to it.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+        self.mode = None
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.path
+
+    def read(self, length=-1):
+        if self.mode != 'r':
+            self.file = open(self.path, 'rb')
+            self.mode = 'r'
+        return self.file.read(length)
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        if self.mode != 'w':
+            self.file = open(self.path, 'wb')
+            self.mode = 'w'
+        return self.file.write(data)
+
+    def exists(self):
+        return os.path.exists(self.path)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.mode:
+            self.mode = None
+            self.file.close()
+
+
+class BaseFile(object):
+    '''
+    Base interface and helper for file copying. Derived class may implement
+    their own copy function, or rely on BaseFile.copy using the open() member
+    function and/or the path property.
+    '''
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_older(first, second):
+        '''
+        Compares the modification time of two files, and returns whether the
+        ``first`` file is older than the ``second`` file.
+        '''
+        # os.path.getmtime returns a result in seconds with precision up to
+        # the microsecond. But microsecond is too precise because
+        # shutil.copystat only copies milliseconds, and seconds is not
+        # enough precision.
+        return int(os.path.getmtime(first) * 1000) \
+                <= int(os.path.getmtime(second) * 1000)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def any_newer(dest, inputs):
+        '''
+        Compares the modification time of ``dest`` to multiple input files, and
+        returns whether any of the ``inputs`` is newer (has a later mtime) than
+        ``dest``.
+        '''
+        # os.path.getmtime returns a result in seconds with precision up to
+        # the microsecond. But microsecond is too precise because
+        # shutil.copystat only copies milliseconds, and seconds is not
+        # enough precision.
+        dest_mtime = int(os.path.getmtime(dest) * 1000)
+        for input in inputs:
+            if dest_mtime < int(os.path.getmtime(input) * 1000):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_mode(mode):
+        # Normalize file mode:
+        # - keep file type (e.g. S_IFREG)
+        ret = stat.S_IFMT(mode)
+        # - expand user read and execute permissions to everyone
+        if mode & 0400:
+            ret |= 0444
+        if mode & 0100:
+            ret |= 0111
+        # - keep user write permissions
+        if mode & 0200:
+            ret |= 0200
+        # - leave away sticky bit, setuid, setgid
+        return ret
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        '''
+        Copy the BaseFile content to the destination given as a string or a
+        Dest instance. Avoids replacing existing files if the BaseFile content
+        matches that of the destination, or in case of plain files, if the
+        destination is newer than the original file. This latter behaviour is
+        disabled when skip_if_older is False.
+        Returns whether a copy was actually performed (True) or not (False).
+        '''
+        if isinstance(dest, basestring):
+            dest = Dest(dest)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(dest, Dest)
+
+        can_skip_content_check = False
+        if not dest.exists():
+            can_skip_content_check = True
+        elif getattr(self, 'path', None) and getattr(dest, 'path', None):
+            if skip_if_older and BaseFile.is_older(self.path, dest.path):
+                return False
+            elif os.path.getsize(self.path) != os.path.getsize(dest.path):
+                can_skip_content_check = True
+
+        if can_skip_content_check:
+            if getattr(self, 'path', None) and getattr(dest, 'path', None):
+                _copyfile(self.path, dest.path)
+                shutil.copystat(self.path, dest.path)
+            else:
+                # Ensure the file is always created
+                if not dest.exists():
+                    dest.write('')
+                shutil.copyfileobj(self.open(), dest)
+            return True
+
+        src = self.open()
+        copy_content = ''
+        while True:
+            dest_content = dest.read(32768)
+            src_content = src.read(32768)
+            copy_content += src_content
+            if len(dest_content) == len(src_content) == 0:
+                break
+            # If the read content differs between origin and destination,
+            # write what was read up to now, and copy the remainder.
+            if dest_content != src_content:
+                dest.write(copy_content)
+                shutil.copyfileobj(src, dest)
+                break
+        if hasattr(self, 'path') and hasattr(dest, 'path'):
+            shutil.copystat(self.path, dest.path)
+        return True
+
+    def open(self):
+        '''
+        Return a file-like object allowing to read() the content of the
+        associated file. This is meant to be overloaded in subclasses to return
+        a custom file-like object.
+        '''
+        assert self.path is not None
+        return open(self.path, 'rb')
+
+    def read(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('BaseFile.read() not implemented. Bug 1170329.')
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self):
+        '''
+        Return the file's unix mode, or None if it has no meaning.
+        '''
+        return None
+
+
+class File(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for plain files.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self):
+        '''
+        Return the file's unix mode, as returned by os.stat().st_mode.
+        '''
+        if platform.system() == 'Windows':
+            return None
+        assert self.path is not None
+        mode = os.stat(self.path).st_mode
+        return self.normalize_mode(mode)
+
+    def read(self):
+        '''Return the contents of the file.'''
+        with open(self.path, 'rb') as fh:
+            return fh.read()
+
+
+class ExecutableFile(File):
+    '''
+    File class for executable and library files on OS/2, OS/X and ELF systems.
+    (see mozpack.executables.is_executable documentation).
+    '''
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        real_dest = dest
+        if not isinstance(dest, basestring):
+            fd, dest = mkstemp()
+            os.close(fd)
+            os.remove(dest)
+        assert isinstance(dest, basestring)
+        # If File.copy didn't actually copy because dest is newer, check the
+        # file sizes. If dest is smaller, it means it is already stripped and
+        # elfhacked, so we can skip.
+        if not File.copy(self, dest, skip_if_older) and \
+                os.path.getsize(self.path) > os.path.getsize(dest):
+            return False
+        try:
+            if may_strip(dest):
+                strip(dest)
+            if may_elfhack(dest):
+                elfhack(dest)
+        except ErrorMessage:
+            os.remove(dest)
+            raise
+
+        if real_dest != dest:
+            f = File(dest)
+            ret = f.copy(real_dest, skip_if_older)
+            os.remove(dest)
+            return ret
+        return True
+
+
+class AbsoluteSymlinkFile(File):
+    '''File class that is copied by symlinking (if available).
+
+    This class only works if the target path is absolute.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        if not os.path.isabs(path):
+            raise ValueError('Symlink target not absolute: %s' % path)
+
+        File.__init__(self, path)
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        assert isinstance(dest, basestring)
+
+        # The logic in this function is complicated by the fact that symlinks
+        # aren't universally supported. So, where symlinks aren't supported, we
+        # fall back to file copying. Keep in mind that symlink support is
+        # per-filesystem, not per-OS.
+
+        # Handle the simple case where symlinks are definitely not supported by
+        # falling back to file copy.
+        if not hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
+            return File.copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=skip_if_older)
+
+        # Always verify the symlink target path exists.
+        if not os.path.exists(self.path):
+            raise ErrorMessage('Symlink target path does not exist: %s' % self.path)
+
+        st = None
+
+        try:
+            st = os.lstat(dest)
+        except OSError as ose:
+            if ose.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                raise
+
+        # If the dest is a symlink pointing to us, we have nothing to do.
+        # If it's the wrong symlink, the filesystem must support symlinks,
+        # so we replace with a proper symlink.
+        if st and stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
+            link = os.readlink(dest)
+            if link == self.path:
+                return False
+
+            os.remove(dest)
+            os.symlink(self.path, dest)
+            return True
+
+        # If the destination doesn't exist, we try to create a symlink. If that
+        # fails, we fall back to copy code.
+        if not st:
+            try:
+                os.symlink(self.path, dest)
+                return True
+            except OSError:
+                return File.copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=skip_if_older)
+
+        # Now the complicated part. If the destination exists, we could be
+        # replacing a file with a symlink. Or, the filesystem may not support
+        # symlinks. We want to minimize I/O overhead for performance reasons,
+        # so we keep the existing destination file around as long as possible.
+        # A lot of the system calls would be eliminated if we cached whether
+        # symlinks are supported. However, even if we performed a single
+        # up-front test of whether the root of the destination directory
+        # supports symlinks, there's no guarantee that all operations for that
+        # dest (or source) would be on the same filesystem and would support
+        # symlinks.
+        #
+        # Our strategy is to attempt to create a new symlink with a random
+        # name. If that fails, we fall back to copy mode. If that works, we
+        # remove the old destination and move the newly-created symlink into
+        # its place.
+
+        temp_dest = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(dest), str(uuid.uuid4()))
+        try:
+            os.symlink(self.path, temp_dest)
+        # TODO Figure out exactly how symlink creation fails and only trap
+        # that.
+        except EnvironmentError:
+            return File.copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=skip_if_older)
+
+        # If removing the original file fails, don't forget to clean up the
+        # temporary symlink.
+        try:
+            os.remove(dest)
+        except EnvironmentError:
+            os.remove(temp_dest)
+            raise
+
+        os.rename(temp_dest, dest)
+        return True
+
+
+class ExistingFile(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class that represents a file that may exist but whose content comes
+    from elsewhere.
+
+    This purpose of this class is to account for files that are installed via
+    external means. It is typically only used in manifests or in registries to
+    account for files.
+
+    When asked to copy, this class does nothing because nothing is known about
+    the source file/data.
+
+    Instances of this class come in two flavors: required and optional. If an
+    existing file is required, it must exist during copy() or an error is
+    raised.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, required):
+        self.required = required
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        if isinstance(dest, basestring):
+            dest = Dest(dest)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(dest, Dest)
+
+        if not self.required:
+            return
+
+        if not dest.exists():
+            errors.fatal("Required existing file doesn't exist: %s" %
+                dest.path)
+
+
+class PreprocessedFile(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for a file that is preprocessed. PreprocessedFile.copy() runs
+    the preprocessor on the file to create the output.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, path, depfile_path, marker, defines, extra_depends=None,
+                 silence_missing_directive_warnings=False):
+        self.path = path
+        self.depfile = depfile_path
+        self.marker = marker
+        self.defines = defines
+        self.extra_depends = list(extra_depends or [])
+        self.silence_missing_directive_warnings = \
+            silence_missing_directive_warnings
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        '''
+        Invokes the preprocessor to create the destination file.
+        '''
+        if isinstance(dest, basestring):
+            dest = Dest(dest)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(dest, Dest)
+
+        # We have to account for the case where the destination exists and is a
+        # symlink to something. Since we know the preprocessor is certainly not
+        # going to create a symlink, we can just remove the existing one. If the
+        # destination is not a symlink, we leave it alone, since we're going to
+        # overwrite its contents anyway.
+        # If symlinks aren't supported at all, we can skip this step.
+        if hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
+            if os.path.islink(dest.path):
+                os.remove(dest.path)
+
+        pp_deps = set(self.extra_depends)
+
+        # If a dependency file was specified, and it exists, add any
+        # dependencies from that file to our list.
+        if self.depfile and os.path.exists(self.depfile):
+            target = mozpath.normpath(dest.name)
+            with open(self.depfile, 'rb') as fileobj:
+                for rule in makeutil.read_dep_makefile(fileobj):
+                    if target in rule.targets():
+                        pp_deps.update(rule.dependencies())
+
+        skip = False
+        if dest.exists() and skip_if_older:
+            # If a dependency file was specified, and it doesn't exist,
+            # assume that the preprocessor needs to be rerun. That will
+            # regenerate the dependency file.
+            if self.depfile and not os.path.exists(self.depfile):
+                skip = False
+            else:
+                skip = not BaseFile.any_newer(dest.path, pp_deps)
+
+        if skip:
+            return False
+
+        deps_out = None
+        if self.depfile:
+            deps_out = FileAvoidWrite(self.depfile)
+        pp = Preprocessor(defines=self.defines, marker=self.marker)
+        pp.setSilenceDirectiveWarnings(self.silence_missing_directive_warnings)
+
+        with open(self.path, 'rU') as input:
+            pp.processFile(input=input, output=dest, depfile=deps_out)
+
+        dest.close()
+        if self.depfile:
+            deps_out.close()
+
+        return True
+
+
+class GeneratedFile(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for content with no previous existence on the filesystem.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, content):
+        self.content = content
+
+    def open(self):
+        return BytesIO(self.content)
+
+
+class DeflatedFile(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for members of a jar archive. DeflatedFile.copy() effectively
+    extracts the file from the jar archive.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, file):
+        from mozpack.mozjar import JarFileReader
+        assert isinstance(file, JarFileReader)
+        self.file = file
+
+    def open(self):
+        self.file.seek(0)
+        return self.file
+
+class ExtractedTarFile(GeneratedFile):
+    '''
+    File class for members of a tar archive. Contents of the underlying file
+    are extracted immediately and stored in memory.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, tar, info):
+        assert isinstance(info, TarInfo)
+        assert isinstance(tar, TarFile)
+        GeneratedFile.__init__(self, tar.extractfile(info).read())
+        self._mode = self.normalize_mode(info.mode)
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self):
+        return self._mode
+
+    def read(self):
+        return self.content
+
+class XPTFile(GeneratedFile):
+    '''
+    File class for a linked XPT file. It takes several XPT files as input
+    (using the add() and remove() member functions), and links them at copy()
+    time.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._files = set()
+
+    def add(self, xpt):
+        '''
+        Add the given XPT file (as a BaseFile instance) to the list of XPTs
+        to link.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(xpt, BaseFile)
+        self._files.add(xpt)
+
+    def remove(self, xpt):
+        '''
+        Remove the given XPT file (as a BaseFile instance) from the list of
+        XPTs to link.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(xpt, BaseFile)
+        self._files.remove(xpt)
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        '''
+        Link the registered XPTs and place the resulting linked XPT at the
+        destination given as a string or a Dest instance. Avoids an expensive
+        XPT linking if the interfaces in an existing destination match those of
+        the individual XPTs to link.
+        skip_if_older is ignored.
+        '''
+        if isinstance(dest, basestring):
+            dest = Dest(dest)
+        assert isinstance(dest, Dest)
+
+        from xpt import xpt_link, Typelib, Interface
+        all_typelibs = [Typelib.read(f.open()) for f in self._files]
+        if dest.exists():
+            # Typelib.read() needs to seek(), so use a BytesIO for dest
+            # content.
+            dest_interfaces = \
+                dict((i.name, i)
+                     for i in Typelib.read(BytesIO(dest.read())).interfaces
+                     if i.iid != Interface.UNRESOLVED_IID)
+            identical = True
+            for f in self._files:
+                typelib = Typelib.read(f.open())
+                for i in typelib.interfaces:
+                    if i.iid != Interface.UNRESOLVED_IID and \
+                            not (i.name in dest_interfaces and
+                                 i == dest_interfaces[i.name]):
+                        identical = False
+                        break
+            if identical:
+                return False
+        s = BytesIO()
+        xpt_link(all_typelibs).write(s)
+        dest.write(s.getvalue())
+        return True
+
+    def open(self):
+        raise RuntimeError("Unsupported")
+
+    def isempty(self):
+        '''
+        Return whether there are XPT files to link.
+        '''
+        return len(self._files) == 0
+
+
+class ManifestFile(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for a manifest file. It takes individual manifest entries (using
+    the add() and remove() member functions), and adjusts them to be relative
+    to the base path for the manifest, given at creation.
+    Example:
+        There is a manifest entry "content foobar foobar/content/" relative
+        to "foobar/chrome". When packaging, the entry will be stored in
+        jar:foobar/omni.ja!/chrome/chrome.manifest, which means the entry
+        will have to be relative to "chrome" instead of "foobar/chrome". This
+        doesn't really matter when serializing the entry, since this base path
+        is not written out, but it matters when moving the entry at the same
+        time, e.g. to jar:foobar/omni.ja!/chrome.manifest, which we don't do
+        currently but could in the future.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, base, entries=None):
+        self._entries = entries if entries else []
+        self._base = base
+
+    def add(self, entry):
+        '''
+        Add the given entry to the manifest. Entries are rebased at open() time
+        instead of add() time so that they can be more easily remove()d.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(entry, ManifestEntry)
+        self._entries.append(entry)
+
+    def remove(self, entry):
+        '''
+        Remove the given entry from the manifest.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(entry, ManifestEntry)
+        self._entries.remove(entry)
+
+    def open(self):
+        '''
+        Return a file-like object allowing to read() the serialized content of
+        the manifest.
+        '''
+        return BytesIO(''.join('%s\n' % e.rebase(self._base)
+                               for e in self._entries))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Iterate over entries in the manifest file.
+        '''
+        return iter(self._entries)
+
+    def isempty(self):
+        '''
+        Return whether there are manifest entries to write
+        '''
+        return len(self._entries) == 0
+
+
+class MinifiedProperties(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for minified properties. This wraps around a BaseFile instance,
+    and removes lines starting with a # from its content.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, file):
+        assert isinstance(file, BaseFile)
+        self._file = file
+
+    def open(self):
+        '''
+        Return a file-like object allowing to read() the minified content of
+        the properties file.
+        '''
+        return BytesIO(''.join(l for l in self._file.open().readlines()
+                               if not l.startswith('#')))
+
+
+class MinifiedJavaScript(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for minifying JavaScript files.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, file, verify_command=None):
+        assert isinstance(file, BaseFile)
+        self._file = file
+        self._verify_command = verify_command
+
+    def open(self):
+        output = BytesIO()
+        minify = JavascriptMinify(self._file.open(), output, quote_chars="'\"`")
+        minify.minify()
+        output.seek(0)
+
+        if not self._verify_command:
+            return output
+
+        input_source = self._file.open().read()
+        output_source = output.getvalue()
+
+        with NamedTemporaryFile() as fh1, NamedTemporaryFile() as fh2:
+            fh1.write(input_source)
+            fh2.write(output_source)
+            fh1.flush()
+            fh2.flush()
+
+            try:
+                args = list(self._verify_command)
+                args.extend([fh1.name, fh2.name])
+                subprocess.check_output(args, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+                errors.warn('JS minification verification failed for %s:' %
+                    (getattr(self._file, 'path', '<unknown>')))
+                # Prefix each line with "Warning:" so mozharness doesn't
+                # think these error messages are real errors.
+                for line in e.output.splitlines():
+                    errors.warn(line)
+
+                return self._file.open()
+
+        return output
+
+
+class BaseFinder(object):
+    def __init__(self, base, minify=False, minify_js=False,
+        minify_js_verify_command=None):
+        '''
+        Initializes the instance with a reference base directory.
+
+        The optional minify argument specifies whether minification of code
+        should occur. minify_js is an additional option to control minification
+        of JavaScript. It requires minify to be True.
+
+        minify_js_verify_command can be used to optionally verify the results
+        of JavaScript minification. If defined, it is expected to be an iterable
+        that will constitute the first arguments to a called process which will
+        receive the filenames of the original and minified JavaScript files.
+        The invoked process can then verify the results. If minification is
+        rejected, the process exits with a non-0 exit code and the original
+        JavaScript source is used. An example value for this argument is
+        ('/path/to/js', '/path/to/verify/script.js').
+        '''
+        if minify_js and not minify:
+            raise ValueError('minify_js requires minify.')
+
+        self.base = base
+        self._minify = minify
+        self._minify_js = minify_js
+        self._minify_js_verify_command = minify_js_verify_command
+
+    def find(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Yield path, BaseFile_instance pairs for all files under the base
+        directory and its subdirectories that match the given pattern. See the
+        mozpack.path.match documentation for a description of the handled
+        patterns.
+        '''
+        while pattern.startswith('/'):
+            pattern = pattern[1:]
+        for p, f in self._find(pattern):
+            yield p, self._minify_file(p, f)
+
+    def get(self, path):
+        """Obtain a single file.
+
+        Where ``find`` is tailored towards matching multiple files, this method
+        is used for retrieving a single file. Use this method when performance
+        is critical.
+
+        Returns a ``BaseFile`` if at most one file exists or ``None`` otherwise.
+        """
+        files = list(self.find(path))
+        if len(files) != 1:
+            return None
+        return files[0][1]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Iterates over all files under the base directory (excluding files
+        starting with a '.' and files at any level under a directory starting
+        with a '.').
+            for path, file in finder:
+                ...
+        '''
+        return self.find('')
+
+    def __contains__(self, pattern):
+        raise RuntimeError("'in' operator forbidden for %s. Use contains()." %
+                           self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def contains(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Return whether some files under the base directory match the given
+        pattern. See the mozpack.path.match documentation for a description of
+        the handled patterns.
+        '''
+        return any(self.find(pattern))
+
+    def _minify_file(self, path, file):
+        '''
+        Return an appropriate MinifiedSomething wrapper for the given BaseFile
+        instance (file), according to the file type (determined by the given
+        path), if the FileFinder was created with minification enabled.
+        Otherwise, just return the given BaseFile instance.
+        '''
+        if not self._minify or isinstance(file, ExecutableFile):
+            return file
+
+        if path.endswith('.properties'):
+            return MinifiedProperties(file)
+
+        if self._minify_js and path.endswith(('.js', '.jsm')):
+            return MinifiedJavaScript(file, self._minify_js_verify_command)
+
+        return file
+
+    def _find_helper(self, pattern, files, file_getter):
+        """Generic implementation of _find.
+
+        A few *Finder implementations share logic for returning results.
+        This function implements the custom logic.
+
+        The ``file_getter`` argument is a callable that receives a path
+        that is known to exist. The callable should return a ``BaseFile``
+        instance.
+        """
+        if '*' in pattern:
+            for p in files:
+                if mozpath.match(p, pattern):
+                    yield p, file_getter(p)
+        elif pattern == '':
+            for p in files:
+                yield p, file_getter(p)
+        elif pattern in files:
+            yield pattern, file_getter(pattern)
+        else:
+            for p in files:
+                if mozpath.basedir(p, [pattern]) == pattern:
+                    yield p, file_getter(p)
+
+
+class FileFinder(BaseFinder):
+    '''
+    Helper to get appropriate BaseFile instances from the file system.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, base, find_executables=True, ignore=(),
+                 find_dotfiles=False, **kargs):
+        '''
+        Create a FileFinder for files under the given base directory.
+
+        The find_executables argument determines whether the finder needs to
+        try to guess whether files are executables. Disabling this guessing
+        when not necessary can speed up the finder significantly.
+
+        ``ignore`` accepts an iterable of patterns to ignore. Entries are
+        strings that match paths relative to ``base`` using
+        ``mozpath.match()``. This means if an entry corresponds
+        to a directory, all files under that directory will be ignored. If
+        an entry corresponds to a file, that particular file will be ignored.
+        '''
+        BaseFinder.__init__(self, base, **kargs)
+        self.find_dotfiles = find_dotfiles
+        self.find_executables = find_executables
+        self.ignore = ignore
+
+    def _find(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Actual implementation of FileFinder.find(), dispatching to specialized
+        member functions depending on what kind of pattern was given.
+        Note all files with a name starting with a '.' are ignored when
+        scanning directories, but are not ignored when explicitely requested.
+        '''
+        if '*' in pattern:
+            return self._find_glob('', mozpath.split(pattern))
+        elif os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self.base, pattern)):
+            return self._find_dir(pattern)
+        else:
+            f = self.get(pattern)
+            return ((pattern, f),) if f else ()
+
+    def _find_dir(self, path):
+        '''
+        Actual implementation of FileFinder.find() when the given pattern
+        corresponds to an existing directory under the base directory.
+        Ignores file names starting with a '.' under the given path. If the
+        path itself has leafs starting with a '.', they are not ignored.
+        '''
+        for p in self.ignore:
+            if mozpath.match(path, p):
+                return
+
+        # The sorted makes the output idempotent. Otherwise, we are
+        # likely dependent on filesystem implementation details, such as
+        # inode ordering.
+        for p in sorted(os.listdir(os.path.join(self.base, path))):
+            if p.startswith('.'):
+                if p in ('.', '..'):
+                    continue
+                if not self.find_dotfiles:
+                    continue
+            for p_, f in self._find(mozpath.join(path, p)):
+                yield p_, f
+
+    def get(self, path):
+        srcpath = os.path.join(self.base, path)
+        if not os.path.exists(srcpath):
+            return None
+
+        for p in self.ignore:
+            if mozpath.match(path, p):
+                return None
+
+        if self.find_executables and is_executable(srcpath):
+            return ExecutableFile(srcpath)
+        else:
+            return File(srcpath)
+
+    def _find_glob(self, base, pattern):
+        '''
+        Actual implementation of FileFinder.find() when the given pattern
+        contains globbing patterns ('*' or '**'). This is meant to be an
+        equivalent of:
+            for p, f in self:
+                if mozpath.match(p, pattern):
+                    yield p, f
+        but avoids scanning the entire tree.
+        '''
+        if not pattern:
+            for p, f in self._find(base):
+                yield p, f
+        elif pattern[0] == '**':
+            for p, f in self._find(base):
+                if mozpath.match(p, mozpath.join(*pattern)):
+                    yield p, f
+        elif '*' in pattern[0]:
+            if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.base, base)):
+                return
+
+            for p in self.ignore:
+                if mozpath.match(base, p):
+                    return
+
+            # See above comment w.r.t. sorted() and idempotent behavior.
+            for p in sorted(os.listdir(os.path.join(self.base, base))):
+                if p.startswith('.') and not pattern[0].startswith('.'):
+                    continue
+                if mozpath.match(p, pattern[0]):
+                    for p_, f in self._find_glob(mozpath.join(base, p),
+                                                 pattern[1:]):
+                        yield p_, f
+        else:
+            for p, f in self._find_glob(mozpath.join(base, pattern[0]),
+                                        pattern[1:]):
+                yield p, f
+
+
+class JarFinder(BaseFinder):
+    '''
+    Helper to get appropriate DeflatedFile instances from a JarReader.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, base, reader, **kargs):
+        '''
+        Create a JarFinder for files in the given JarReader. The base argument
+        is used as an indication of the Jar file location.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(reader, JarReader)
+        BaseFinder.__init__(self, base, **kargs)
+        self._files = OrderedDict((f.filename, f) for f in reader)
+
+    def _find(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Actual implementation of JarFinder.find(), dispatching to specialized
+        member functions depending on what kind of pattern was given.
+        '''
+        return self._find_helper(pattern, self._files,
+                                 lambda x: DeflatedFile(self._files[x]))
+
+
+class TarFinder(BaseFinder):
+    '''
+    Helper to get files from a TarFile.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, base, tar, **kargs):
+        '''
+        Create a TarFinder for files in the given TarFile. The base argument
+        is used as an indication of the Tar file location.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(tar, TarFile)
+        self._tar = tar
+        BaseFinder.__init__(self, base, **kargs)
+        self._files = OrderedDict((f.name, f) for f in tar if f.isfile())
+
+    def _find(self, pattern):
+        '''
+        Actual implementation of TarFinder.find(), dispatching to specialized
+        member functions depending on what kind of pattern was given.
+        '''
+        return self._find_helper(pattern, self._files,
+                                 lambda x: ExtractedTarFile(self._tar,
+                                                            self._files[x]))
+
+
+class ComposedFinder(BaseFinder):
+    '''
+    Composes multiple File Finders in some sort of virtual file system.
+
+    A ComposedFinder is initialized from a dictionary associating paths to
+    *Finder instances.
+
+    Note this could be optimized to be smarter than getting all the files
+    in advance.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, finders):
+        # Can't import globally, because of the dependency of mozpack.copier
+        # on this module.
+        from mozpack.copier import FileRegistry
+        self.files = FileRegistry()
+
+        for base, finder in sorted(finders.iteritems()):
+            if self.files.contains(base):
+                self.files.remove(base)
+            for p, f in finder.find(''):
+                self.files.add(mozpath.join(base, p), f)
+
+    def find(self, pattern):
+        for p in self.files.match(pattern):
+            yield p, self.files[p]
+
+
+class MercurialFile(BaseFile):
+    """File class for holding data from Mercurial."""
+    def __init__(self, client, rev, path):
+        self._content = client.cat([path], rev=rev)
+
+    def read(self):
+        return self._content
+
+
+class MercurialRevisionFinder(BaseFinder):
+    """A finder that operates on a specific Mercurial revision."""
+
+    def __init__(self, repo, rev='.', recognize_repo_paths=False, **kwargs):
+        """Create a finder attached to a specific revision in a repository.
+
+        If no revision is given, open the parent of the working directory.
+
+        ``recognize_repo_paths`` will enable a mode where ``.get()`` will
+        recognize full paths that include the repo's path. Typically Finder
+        instances are "bound" to a base directory and paths are relative to
+        that directory. This mode changes that. When this mode is activated,
+        ``.find()`` will not work! This mode exists to support the moz.build
+        reader, which uses absolute paths instead of relative paths. The reader
+        should eventually be rewritten to use relative paths and this hack
+        should be removed (TODO bug 1171069).
+        """
+        if not hglib:
+            raise Exception('hglib package not found')
+
+        super(MercurialRevisionFinder, self).__init__(base=repo, **kwargs)
+
+        self._root = mozpath.normpath(repo).rstrip('/')
+        self._recognize_repo_paths = recognize_repo_paths
+
+        # We change directories here otherwise we have to deal with relative
+        # paths.
+        oldcwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(self._root)
+        try:
+            self._client = hglib.open(path=repo, encoding=b'utf-8')
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(oldcwd)
+        self._rev = rev if rev is not None else b'.'
+        self._files = OrderedDict()
+
+        # Immediately populate the list of files in the repo since nearly every
+        # operation requires this list.
+        out = self._client.rawcommand([b'files', b'--rev', str(self._rev)])
+        for relpath in out.splitlines():
+            self._files[relpath] = None
+
+    def _find(self, pattern):
+        if self._recognize_repo_paths:
+            raise NotImplementedError('cannot use find with recognize_repo_path')
+
+        return self._find_helper(pattern, self._files, self._get)
+
+    def get(self, path):
+        if self._recognize_repo_paths:
+            if not path.startswith(self._root):
+                raise ValueError('lookups in recognize_repo_paths mode must be '
+                                 'prefixed with repo path: %s' % path)
+            path = path[len(self._root) + 1:]
+
+        try:
+            return self._get(path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        # We lazy populate self._files because potentially creating tens of
+        # thousands of MercurialFile instances for every file in the repo is
+        # inefficient.
+        f = self._files[path]
+        if not f:
+            f = MercurialFile(self._client, self._rev, path)
+            self._files[path] = f
+
+        return f
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/hg.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/hg.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79876061f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/hg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2015 Mozilla Contributors
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
+#
+# As a special exception, the copyright holders of this code give you
+# permission to combine this code with the software known as 'mozbuild',
+# and to distribute those combinations without any restriction
+# coming from the use of this file. (The General Public License
+# restrictions do apply in other respects; for example, they cover
+# modification of the file, and distribution when not combined with
+# mozbuild.)
+#
+# If you modify this code, you may extend this exception to your
+# version of the code, but you are not obliged to do so. If you
+# do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your
+# version.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import mercurial.error as error
+import mercurial.hg as hg
+import mercurial.ui as hgui
+
+from .files import (
+    BaseFinder,
+    MercurialFile,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+# This isn't a complete implementation of BaseFile. But it is complete
+# enough for moz.build reading.
+class MercurialNativeFile(MercurialFile):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def read(self):
+        return self.data
+
+
+class MercurialNativeRevisionFinder(BaseFinder):
+    def __init__(self, repo, rev='.', recognize_repo_paths=False):
+        """Create a finder attached to a specific changeset.
+
+        Accepts a Mercurial localrepo and changectx instance.
+        """
+        if isinstance(repo, (str, unicode)):
+            path = repo
+            repo = hg.repository(hgui.ui(), repo)
+        else:
+            path = repo.root
+
+        super(MercurialNativeRevisionFinder, self).__init__(base=repo.root)
+
+        self._repo = repo
+        self._rev = rev
+        self._root = mozpath.normpath(path)
+        self._recognize_repo_paths = recognize_repo_paths
+
+    def _find(self, pattern):
+        if self._recognize_repo_paths:
+            raise NotImplementedError('cannot use find with recognize_repo_path')
+
+        return self._find_helper(pattern, self._repo[self._rev], self._get)
+
+    def get(self, path):
+        if self._recognize_repo_paths:
+            if not path.startswith(self._root):
+                raise ValueError('lookups in recognize_repo_paths mode must be '
+                                 'prefixed with repo path: %s' % path)
+            path = path[len(self._root) + 1:]
+
+        return self._get(path)
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        if isinstance(path, unicode):
+            path = path.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+        try:
+            fctx = self._repo.filectx(path, self._rev)
+            return MercurialNativeFile(fctx.data())
+        except error.LookupError:
+            return None
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/manifests.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/manifests.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93bd6c2ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/manifests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import json
+
+from .files import (
+    AbsoluteSymlinkFile,
+    ExistingFile,
+    File,
+    FileFinder,
+    GeneratedFile,
+    PreprocessedFile,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+# This probably belongs in a more generic module. Where?
+@contextmanager
+def _auto_fileobj(path, fileobj, mode='r'):
+    if path and fileobj:
+        raise AssertionError('Only 1 of path or fileobj may be defined.')
+
+    if not path and not fileobj:
+        raise AssertionError('Must specified 1 of path or fileobj.')
+
+    if path:
+        fileobj = open(path, mode)
+
+    try:
+        yield fileobj
+    finally:
+        if path:
+            fileobj.close()
+
+
+class UnreadableInstallManifest(Exception):
+    """Raised when an invalid install manifest is parsed."""
+
+
+class InstallManifest(object):
+    """Describes actions to be used with a copier.FileCopier instance.
+
+    This class facilitates serialization and deserialization of data used to
+    construct a copier.FileCopier and to perform copy operations.
+
+    The manifest defines source paths, destination paths, and a mechanism by
+    which the destination file should come into existence.
+
+    Entries in the manifest correspond to the following types:
+
+      copy -- The file specified as the source path will be copied to the
+          destination path.
+
+      symlink -- The destination path will be a symlink to the source path.
+          If symlinks are not supported, a copy will be performed.
+
+      exists -- The destination path is accounted for and won't be deleted by
+          the FileCopier. If the destination path doesn't exist, an error is
+          raised.
+
+      optional -- The destination path is accounted for and won't be deleted by
+          the FileCopier. No error is raised if the destination path does not
+          exist.
+
+      patternsymlink -- Paths matched by the expression in the source path
+          will be symlinked to the destination directory.
+
+      patterncopy -- Similar to patternsymlink except files are copied, not
+          symlinked.
+
+      preprocess -- The file specified at the source path will be run through
+          the preprocessor, and the output will be written to the destination
+          path.
+
+      content -- The destination file will be created with the given content.
+
+    Version 1 of the manifest was the initial version.
+    Version 2 added optional path support
+    Version 3 added support for pattern entries.
+    Version 4 added preprocessed file support.
+    Version 5 added content support.
+    """
+
+    CURRENT_VERSION = 5
+
+    FIELD_SEPARATOR = '\x1f'
+
+    # Negative values are reserved for non-actionable items, that is, metadata
+    # that doesn't describe files in the destination.
+    SYMLINK = 1
+    COPY = 2
+    REQUIRED_EXISTS = 3
+    OPTIONAL_EXISTS = 4
+    PATTERN_SYMLINK = 5
+    PATTERN_COPY = 6
+    PREPROCESS = 7
+    CONTENT = 8
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None):
+        """Create a new InstallManifest entry.
+
+        If path is defined, the manifest will be populated with data from the
+        file path.
+
+        If fileobj is defined, the manifest will be populated with data read
+        from the specified file object.
+
+        Both path and fileobj cannot be defined.
+        """
+        self._dests = {}
+        self._source_files = set()
+
+        if path or fileobj:
+            with _auto_fileobj(path, fileobj, 'rb') as fh:
+                self._source_files.add(fh.name)
+                self._load_from_fileobj(fh)
+
+    def _load_from_fileobj(self, fileobj):
+        version = fileobj.readline().rstrip()
+        if version not in ('1', '2', '3', '4', '5'):
+            raise UnreadableInstallManifest('Unknown manifest version: %s' %
+                version)
+
+        for line in fileobj:
+            line = line.rstrip()
+
+            fields = line.split(self.FIELD_SEPARATOR)
+
+            record_type = int(fields[0])
+
+            if record_type == self.SYMLINK:
+                dest, source = fields[1:]
+                self.add_symlink(source, dest)
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.COPY:
+                dest, source = fields[1:]
+                self.add_copy(source, dest)
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.REQUIRED_EXISTS:
+                _, path = fields
+                self.add_required_exists(path)
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.OPTIONAL_EXISTS:
+                _, path = fields
+                self.add_optional_exists(path)
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.PATTERN_SYMLINK:
+                _, base, pattern, dest = fields[1:]
+                self.add_pattern_symlink(base, pattern, dest)
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.PATTERN_COPY:
+                _, base, pattern, dest = fields[1:]
+                self.add_pattern_copy(base, pattern, dest)
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.PREPROCESS:
+                dest, source, deps, marker, defines, warnings = fields[1:]
+
+                self.add_preprocess(source, dest, deps, marker,
+                    self._decode_field_entry(defines),
+                    silence_missing_directive_warnings=bool(int(warnings)))
+                continue
+
+            if record_type == self.CONTENT:
+                dest, content = fields[1:]
+
+                self.add_content(
+                    self._decode_field_entry(content).encode('utf-8'), dest)
+                continue
+
+            # Don't fail for non-actionable items, allowing
+            # forward-compatibility with those we will add in the future.
+            if record_type >= 0:
+                raise UnreadableInstallManifest('Unknown record type: %d' %
+                    record_type)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._dests)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self._dests
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, InstallManifest) and self._dests == other._dests
+
+    def __neq__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, InstallManifest):
+            raise ValueError('Can only | with another instance of InstallManifest.')
+
+        # We must copy source files to ourselves so extra dependencies from
+        # the preprocessor are taken into account. Ideally, we would track
+        # which source file each entry came from. However, this is more
+        # complicated and not yet implemented. The current implementation
+        # will result in over invalidation, possibly leading to performance
+        # loss.
+        self._source_files |= other._source_files
+
+        for dest in sorted(other._dests):
+            self._add_entry(dest, other._dests[dest])
+
+        return self
+
+    def _encode_field_entry(self, data):
+        """Converts an object into a format that can be stored in the manifest file.
+
+        Complex data types, such as ``dict``, need to be converted into a text
+        representation before they can be written to a file.
+        """
+        return json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True)
+
+    def _decode_field_entry(self, data):
+        """Restores an object from a format that can be stored in the manifest file.
+
+        Complex data types, such as ``dict``, need to be converted into a text
+        representation before they can be written to a file.
+        """
+        return json.loads(data)
+
+    def write(self, path=None, fileobj=None):
+        """Serialize this manifest to a file or file object.
+
+        If path is specified, that file will be written to. If fileobj is specified,
+        the serialized content will be written to that file object.
+
+        It is an error if both are specified.
+        """
+        with _auto_fileobj(path, fileobj, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write('%d\n' % self.CURRENT_VERSION)
+
+            for dest in sorted(self._dests):
+                entry = self._dests[dest]
+
+                parts = ['%d' % entry[0], dest]
+                parts.extend(entry[1:])
+                fh.write('%s\n' % self.FIELD_SEPARATOR.join(
+                    p.encode('utf-8') for p in parts))
+
+    def add_symlink(self, source, dest):
+        """Add a symlink to this manifest.
+
+        dest will be a symlink to source.
+        """
+        self._add_entry(dest, (self.SYMLINK, source))
+
+    def add_copy(self, source, dest):
+        """Add a copy to this manifest.
+
+        source will be copied to dest.
+        """
+        self._add_entry(dest, (self.COPY, source))
+
+    def add_required_exists(self, dest):
+        """Record that a destination file must exist.
+
+        This effectively prevents the listed file from being deleted.
+        """
+        self._add_entry(dest, (self.REQUIRED_EXISTS,))
+
+    def add_optional_exists(self, dest):
+        """Record that a destination file may exist.
+
+        This effectively prevents the listed file from being deleted. Unlike a
+        "required exists" file, files of this type do not raise errors if the
+        destination file does not exist.
+        """
+        self._add_entry(dest, (self.OPTIONAL_EXISTS,))
+
+    def add_pattern_symlink(self, base, pattern, dest):
+        """Add a pattern match that results in symlinks being created.
+
+        A ``FileFinder`` will be created with its base set to ``base``
+        and ``FileFinder.find()`` will be called with ``pattern`` to discover
+        source files. Each source file will be symlinked under ``dest``.
+
+        Filenames under ``dest`` are constructed by taking the path fragment
+        after ``base`` and concatenating it with ``dest``. e.g.
+
+           <base>/foo/bar.h -> <dest>/foo/bar.h
+        """
+        self._add_entry(mozpath.join(base, pattern, dest),
+            (self.PATTERN_SYMLINK, base, pattern, dest))
+
+    def add_pattern_copy(self, base, pattern, dest):
+        """Add a pattern match that results in copies.
+
+        See ``add_pattern_symlink()`` for usage.
+        """
+        self._add_entry(mozpath.join(base, pattern, dest),
+            (self.PATTERN_COPY, base, pattern, dest))
+
+    def add_preprocess(self, source, dest, deps, marker='#', defines={},
+                       silence_missing_directive_warnings=False):
+        """Add a preprocessed file to this manifest.
+
+        ``source`` will be passed through preprocessor.py, and the output will be
+        written to ``dest``.
+        """
+        self._add_entry(dest, (
+            self.PREPROCESS,
+            source,
+            deps,
+            marker,
+            self._encode_field_entry(defines),
+            '1' if silence_missing_directive_warnings else '0',
+        ))
+
+    def add_content(self, content, dest):
+        """Add a file with the given content."""
+        self._add_entry(dest, (
+            self.CONTENT,
+            self._encode_field_entry(content),
+        ))
+
+    def _add_entry(self, dest, entry):
+        if dest in self._dests:
+            raise ValueError('Item already in manifest: %s' % dest)
+
+        self._dests[dest] = entry
+
+    def populate_registry(self, registry, defines_override={}):
+        """Populate a mozpack.copier.FileRegistry instance with data from us.
+
+        The caller supplied a FileRegistry instance (or at least something that
+        conforms to its interface) and that instance is populated with data
+        from this manifest.
+
+        Defines can be given to override the ones in the manifest for
+        preprocessing.
+        """
+        for dest in sorted(self._dests):
+            entry = self._dests[dest]
+            install_type = entry[0]
+
+            if install_type == self.SYMLINK:
+                registry.add(dest, AbsoluteSymlinkFile(entry[1]))
+                continue
+
+            if install_type == self.COPY:
+                registry.add(dest, File(entry[1]))
+                continue
+
+            if install_type == self.REQUIRED_EXISTS:
+                registry.add(dest, ExistingFile(required=True))
+                continue
+
+            if install_type == self.OPTIONAL_EXISTS:
+                registry.add(dest, ExistingFile(required=False))
+                continue
+
+            if install_type in (self.PATTERN_SYMLINK, self.PATTERN_COPY):
+                _, base, pattern, dest = entry
+                finder = FileFinder(base, find_executables=False)
+                paths = [f[0] for f in finder.find(pattern)]
+
+                if install_type == self.PATTERN_SYMLINK:
+                    cls = AbsoluteSymlinkFile
+                else:
+                    cls = File
+
+                for path in paths:
+                    source = mozpath.join(base, path)
+                    registry.add(mozpath.join(dest, path), cls(source))
+
+                continue
+
+            if install_type == self.PREPROCESS:
+                defines = self._decode_field_entry(entry[4])
+                if defines_override:
+                    defines.update(defines_override)
+                registry.add(dest, PreprocessedFile(entry[1],
+                    depfile_path=entry[2],
+                    marker=entry[3],
+                    defines=defines,
+                    extra_depends=self._source_files,
+                    silence_missing_directive_warnings=bool(int(entry[5]))))
+
+                continue
+
+            if install_type == self.CONTENT:
+                # GeneratedFile expect the buffer interface, which the unicode
+                # type doesn't have, so encode to a str.
+                content = self._decode_field_entry(entry[1]).encode('utf-8')
+                registry.add(dest, GeneratedFile(content))
+                continue
+
+            raise Exception('Unknown install type defined in manifest: %d' %
+                install_type)
+
+
+class InstallManifestNoSymlinks(InstallManifest):
+    """Like InstallManifest, but files are never installed as symbolic links.
+    Instead, they are always copied.
+    """
+
+    def add_symlink(self, source, dest):
+        """A wrapper that accept symlink entries and install file copies.
+
+        source will be copied to dest.
+        """
+        self.add_copy(source, dest)
+
+    def add_pattern_symlink(self, base, pattern, dest):
+        """A wrapper that accepts symlink patterns and installs file copies.
+
+        Files discovered with ``pattern`` will be copied to ``dest``.
+        """
+        self.add_pattern_copy(base, pattern, dest)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/mozjar.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/mozjar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1ada8594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/mozjar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,816 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from io import BytesIO
+import struct
+import zlib
+import os
+from zipfile import (
+    ZIP_STORED,
+    ZIP_DEFLATED,
+)
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from urlparse import urlparse, ParseResult
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+JAR_STORED = ZIP_STORED
+JAR_DEFLATED = ZIP_DEFLATED
+MAX_WBITS = 15
+
+
+class JarReaderError(Exception):
+    '''Error type for Jar reader errors.'''
+
+
+class JarWriterError(Exception):
+    '''Error type for Jar writer errors.'''
+
+
+class JarStruct(object):
+    '''
+    Helper used to define ZIP archive raw data structures. Data structures
+    handled by this helper all start with a magic number, defined in
+    subclasses MAGIC field as a 32-bits unsigned integer, followed by data
+    structured as described in subclasses STRUCT field.
+
+    The STRUCT field contains a list of (name, type) pairs where name is a
+    field name, and the type can be one of 'uint32', 'uint16' or one of the
+    field names. In the latter case, the field is considered to be a string
+    buffer with a length given in that field.
+    For example,
+        STRUCT = [
+            ('version', 'uint32'),
+            ('filename_size', 'uint16'),
+            ('filename', 'filename_size')
+        ]
+    describes a structure with a 'version' 32-bits unsigned integer field,
+    followed by a 'filename_size' 16-bits unsigned integer field, followed by a
+    filename_size-long string buffer 'filename'.
+
+    Fields that are used as other fields size are not stored in objects. In the
+    above example, an instance of such subclass would only have two attributes:
+        obj['version']
+        obj['filename']
+    filename_size would be obtained with len(obj['filename']).
+
+    JarStruct subclasses instances can be either initialized from existing data
+    (deserialized), or with empty fields.
+    '''
+
+    TYPE_MAPPING = {'uint32': ('I', 4), 'uint16': ('H', 2)}
+
+    def __init__(self, data=None):
+        '''
+        Create an instance from the given data. Data may be omitted to create
+        an instance with empty fields.
+        '''
+        assert self.MAGIC and isinstance(self.STRUCT, OrderedDict)
+        self.size_fields = set(t for t in self.STRUCT.itervalues()
+                               if not t in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING)
+        self._values = {}
+        if data:
+            self._init_data(data)
+        else:
+            self._init_empty()
+
+    def _init_data(self, data):
+        '''
+        Initialize an instance from data, following the data structure
+        described in self.STRUCT. The self.MAGIC signature is expected at
+        data[:4].
+        '''
+        assert data is not None
+        self.signature, size = JarStruct.get_data('uint32', data)
+        if self.signature != self.MAGIC:
+            raise JarReaderError('Bad magic')
+        offset = size
+        # For all fields used as other fields sizes, keep track of their value
+        # separately.
+        sizes = dict((t, 0) for t in self.size_fields)
+        for name, t in self.STRUCT.iteritems():
+            if t in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING:
+                value, size = JarStruct.get_data(t, data[offset:])
+            else:
+                size = sizes[t]
+                value = data[offset:offset + size]
+                if isinstance(value, memoryview):
+                    value = value.tobytes()
+            if not name in sizes:
+                self._values[name] = value
+            else:
+                sizes[name] = value
+            offset += size
+
+    def _init_empty(self):
+        '''
+        Initialize an instance with empty fields.
+        '''
+        self.signature = self.MAGIC
+        for name, t in self.STRUCT.iteritems():
+            if name in self.size_fields:
+                continue
+            self._values[name] = 0 if t in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING else ''
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_data(type, data):
+        '''
+        Deserialize a single field of given type (must be one of
+        JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING) at the given offset in the given data.
+        '''
+        assert type in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING
+        assert data is not None
+        format, size = JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING[type]
+        data = data[:size]
+        if isinstance(data, memoryview):
+            data = data.tobytes()
+        return struct.unpack('<' + format, data)[0], size
+
+    def serialize(self):
+        '''
+        Serialize the data structure according to the data structure definition
+        from self.STRUCT.
+        '''
+        serialized = struct.pack('<I', self.signature)
+        sizes = dict((t, name) for name, t in self.STRUCT.iteritems()
+                     if not t in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING)
+        for name, t in self.STRUCT.iteritems():
+            if t in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING:
+                format, size = JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING[t]
+                if name in sizes:
+                    value = len(self[sizes[name]])
+                else:
+                    value = self[name]
+                serialized += struct.pack('<' + format, value)
+            else:
+                serialized += self[name]
+        return serialized
+
+    @property
+    def size(self):
+        '''
+        Return the size of the data structure, given the current values of all
+        variable length fields.
+        '''
+        size = JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING['uint32'][1]
+        for name, type in self.STRUCT.iteritems():
+            if type in JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING:
+                size += JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING[type][1]
+            else:
+                size += len(self[name])
+        return size
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._values[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if not key in self.STRUCT:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        if key in self.size_fields:
+            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+        self._values[key] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._values
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._values.iteritems()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                            ' '.join('%s=%s' % (n, v) for n, v in self))
+
+
+class JarCdirEnd(JarStruct):
+    '''
+    End of central directory record.
+    '''
+    MAGIC = 0x06054b50
+    STRUCT = OrderedDict([
+        ('disk_num', 'uint16'),
+        ('cdir_disk', 'uint16'),
+        ('disk_entries', 'uint16'),
+        ('cdir_entries', 'uint16'),
+        ('cdir_size', 'uint32'),
+        ('cdir_offset', 'uint32'),
+        ('comment_size', 'uint16'),
+        ('comment', 'comment_size'),
+    ])
+
+CDIR_END_SIZE = JarCdirEnd().size
+
+
+class JarCdirEntry(JarStruct):
+    '''
+    Central directory file header
+    '''
+    MAGIC = 0x02014b50
+    STRUCT = OrderedDict([
+        ('creator_version', 'uint16'),
+        ('min_version', 'uint16'),
+        ('general_flag', 'uint16'),
+        ('compression', 'uint16'),
+        ('lastmod_time', 'uint16'),
+        ('lastmod_date', 'uint16'),
+        ('crc32', 'uint32'),
+        ('compressed_size', 'uint32'),
+        ('uncompressed_size', 'uint32'),
+        ('filename_size', 'uint16'),
+        ('extrafield_size', 'uint16'),
+        ('filecomment_size', 'uint16'),
+        ('disknum', 'uint16'),
+        ('internal_attr', 'uint16'),
+        ('external_attr', 'uint32'),
+        ('offset', 'uint32'),
+        ('filename', 'filename_size'),
+        ('extrafield', 'extrafield_size'),
+        ('filecomment', 'filecomment_size'),
+    ])
+
+
+class JarLocalFileHeader(JarStruct):
+    '''
+    Local file header
+    '''
+    MAGIC = 0x04034b50
+    STRUCT = OrderedDict([
+        ('min_version', 'uint16'),
+        ('general_flag', 'uint16'),
+        ('compression', 'uint16'),
+        ('lastmod_time', 'uint16'),
+        ('lastmod_date', 'uint16'),
+        ('crc32', 'uint32'),
+        ('compressed_size', 'uint32'),
+        ('uncompressed_size', 'uint32'),
+        ('filename_size', 'uint16'),
+        ('extra_field_size', 'uint16'),
+        ('filename', 'filename_size'),
+        ('extra_field', 'extra_field_size'),
+    ])
+
+
+class JarFileReader(object):
+    '''
+    File-like class for use by JarReader to give access to individual files
+    within a Jar archive.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, header, data):
+        '''
+        Initialize a JarFileReader. header is the local file header
+        corresponding to the file in the jar archive, data a buffer containing
+        the file data.
+        '''
+        assert header['compression'] in [JAR_DEFLATED, JAR_STORED]
+        self._data = data
+        # Copy some local file header fields.
+        for name in ['filename', 'compressed_size',
+                     'uncompressed_size', 'crc32']:
+            setattr(self, name, header[name])
+        self.compressed = header['compression'] == JAR_DEFLATED
+
+    def read(self, length=-1):
+        '''
+        Read some amount of uncompressed data.
+        '''
+        return self.uncompressed_data.read(length)
+
+    def readlines(self):
+        '''
+        Return a list containing all the lines of data in the uncompressed
+        data.
+        '''
+        return self.read().splitlines(True)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Iterator, to support the "for line in fileobj" constructs.
+        '''
+        return iter(self.readlines())
+
+    def seek(self, pos, whence=os.SEEK_SET):
+        '''
+        Change the current position in the uncompressed data. Subsequent reads
+        will start from there.
+        '''
+        return self.uncompressed_data.seek(pos, whence)
+
+    def close(self):
+        '''
+        Free the uncompressed data buffer.
+        '''
+        self.uncompressed_data.close()
+
+    @property
+    def compressed_data(self):
+        '''
+        Return the raw compressed data.
+        '''
+        return self._data[:self.compressed_size]
+
+    @property
+    def uncompressed_data(self):
+        '''
+        Return the uncompressed data.
+        '''
+        if hasattr(self, '_uncompressed_data'):
+            return self._uncompressed_data
+        data = self.compressed_data
+        if self.compressed:
+            data = zlib.decompress(data.tobytes(), -MAX_WBITS)
+        else:
+            data = data.tobytes()
+        if len(data) != self.uncompressed_size:
+            raise JarReaderError('Corrupted file? %s' % self.filename)
+        self._uncompressed_data = BytesIO(data)
+        return self._uncompressed_data
+
+
+class JarReader(object):
+    '''
+    Class with methods to read Jar files. Can open standard jar files as well
+    as Mozilla jar files (see further details in the JarWriter documentation).
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, file=None, fileobj=None, data=None):
+        '''
+        Opens the given file as a Jar archive. Use the given file-like object
+        if one is given instead of opening the given file name.
+        '''
+        if fileobj:
+            data = fileobj.read()
+        elif file:
+            data = open(file, 'rb').read()
+        self._data = memoryview(data)
+        # The End of Central Directory Record has a variable size because of
+        # comments it may contain, so scan for it from the end of the file.
+        offset = -CDIR_END_SIZE
+        while True:
+            signature = JarStruct.get_data('uint32', self._data[offset:])[0]
+            if signature == JarCdirEnd.MAGIC:
+                break
+            if offset == -len(self._data):
+                raise JarReaderError('Not a jar?')
+            offset -= 1
+        self._cdir_end = JarCdirEnd(self._data[offset:])
+
+    def close(self):
+        '''
+        Free some resources associated with the Jar.
+        '''
+        del self._data
+
+    @property
+    def entries(self):
+        '''
+        Return an ordered dict of central directory entries, indexed by
+        filename, in the order they appear in the Jar archive central
+        directory. Directory entries are skipped.
+        '''
+        if hasattr(self, '_entries'):
+            return self._entries
+        preload = 0
+        if self.is_optimized:
+            preload = JarStruct.get_data('uint32', self._data)[0]
+        entries = OrderedDict()
+        offset = self._cdir_end['cdir_offset']
+        for e in xrange(self._cdir_end['cdir_entries']):
+            entry = JarCdirEntry(self._data[offset:])
+            offset += entry.size
+            # Creator host system. 0 is MSDOS, 3 is Unix
+            host = entry['creator_version'] >> 8
+            # External attributes values depend on host above. On Unix the
+            # higher bits are the stat.st_mode value. On MSDOS, the lower bits
+            # are the FAT attributes.
+            xattr = entry['external_attr']
+            # Skip directories
+            if (host == 0 and xattr & 0x10) or (host == 3 and
+                                                xattr & (040000 << 16)):
+                continue
+            entries[entry['filename']] = entry
+            if entry['offset'] < preload:
+                self._last_preloaded = entry['filename']
+        self._entries = entries
+        return entries
+
+    @property
+    def is_optimized(self):
+        '''
+        Return whether the jar archive is optimized.
+        '''
+        # In optimized jars, the central directory is at the beginning of the
+        # file, after a single 32-bits value, which is the length of data
+        # preloaded.
+        return self._cdir_end['cdir_offset'] == \
+            JarStruct.TYPE_MAPPING['uint32'][1]
+
+    @property
+    def last_preloaded(self):
+        '''
+        Return the name of the last file that is set to be preloaded.
+        See JarWriter documentation for more details on preloading.
+        '''
+        if hasattr(self, '_last_preloaded'):
+            return self._last_preloaded
+        self._last_preloaded = None
+        self.entries
+        return self._last_preloaded
+
+    def _getreader(self, entry):
+        '''
+        Helper to create a JarFileReader corresponding to the given central
+        directory entry.
+        '''
+        header = JarLocalFileHeader(self._data[entry['offset']:])
+        for key, value in entry:
+            if key in header and header[key] != value:
+                raise JarReaderError('Central directory and file header ' +
+                                     'mismatch. Corrupted archive?')
+        return JarFileReader(header,
+                             self._data[entry['offset'] + header.size:])
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        '''
+        Iterate over all files in the Jar archive, in the form of
+        JarFileReaders.
+            for file in jarReader:
+                ...
+        '''
+        for entry in self.entries.itervalues():
+            yield self._getreader(entry)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        '''
+        Get a JarFileReader for the given file name.
+        '''
+        return self._getreader(self.entries[name])
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        '''
+        Return whether the given file name appears in the Jar archive.
+        '''
+        return name in self.entries
+
+
+class JarWriter(object):
+    '''
+    Class with methods to write Jar files. Can write more-or-less standard jar
+    archives as well as jar archives optimized for Gecko. See the documentation
+    for the close() member function for a description of both layouts.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, file=None, fileobj=None, compress=True, optimize=True,
+                 compress_level=9):
+        '''
+        Initialize a Jar archive in the given file. Use the given file-like
+        object if one is given instead of opening the given file name.
+        The compress option determines the default behavior for storing data
+        in the jar archive. The optimize options determines whether the jar
+        archive should be optimized for Gecko or not. ``compress_level``
+        defines the zlib compression level. It must be a value between 0 and 9
+        and defaults to 9, the highest and slowest level of compression.
+        '''
+        if fileobj:
+            self._data = fileobj
+        else:
+            self._data = open(file, 'wb')
+        self._compress = compress
+        self._compress_level = compress_level
+        self._contents = OrderedDict()
+        self._last_preloaded = None
+        self._optimize = optimize
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        '''
+        Context manager __enter__ method for JarWriter.
+        '''
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
+        '''
+        Context manager __exit__ method for JarWriter.
+        '''
+        self.finish()
+
+    def finish(self):
+        '''
+        Flush and close the Jar archive.
+
+        Standard jar archives are laid out like the following:
+            - Local file header 1
+            - File data 1
+            - Local file header 2
+            - File data 2
+            - (...)
+            - Central directory entry pointing at Local file header 1
+            - Central directory entry pointing at Local file header 2
+            - (...)
+            - End of central directory, pointing at first central directory
+              entry.
+
+        Jar archives optimized for Gecko are laid out like the following:
+            - 32-bits unsigned integer giving the amount of data to preload.
+            - Central directory entry pointing at Local file header 1
+            - Central directory entry pointing at Local file header 2
+            - (...)
+            - End of central directory, pointing at first central directory
+              entry.
+            - Local file header 1
+            - File data 1
+            - Local file header 2
+            - File data 2
+            - (...)
+            - End of central directory, pointing at first central directory
+              entry.
+        The duplication of the End of central directory is to accomodate some
+        Zip reading tools that want an end of central directory structure to
+        follow the central directory entries.
+        '''
+        offset = 0
+        headers = {}
+        preload_size = 0
+        # Prepare central directory entries
+        for entry, content in self._contents.itervalues():
+            header = JarLocalFileHeader()
+            for name in entry.STRUCT:
+                if name in header:
+                    header[name] = entry[name]
+            entry['offset'] = offset
+            offset += len(content) + header.size
+            if entry['filename'] == self._last_preloaded:
+                preload_size = offset
+            headers[entry] = header
+        # Prepare end of central directory
+        end = JarCdirEnd()
+        end['disk_entries'] = len(self._contents)
+        end['cdir_entries'] = end['disk_entries']
+        end['cdir_size'] = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y[0].size,
+                                  self._contents.values(), 0)
+        # On optimized archives, store the preloaded size and the central
+        # directory entries, followed by the first end of central directory.
+        if self._optimize:
+            end['cdir_offset'] = 4
+            offset = end['cdir_size'] + end['cdir_offset'] + end.size
+            if preload_size:
+                preload_size += offset
+            self._data.write(struct.pack('<I', preload_size))
+            for entry, _ in self._contents.itervalues():
+                entry['offset'] += offset
+                self._data.write(entry.serialize())
+            self._data.write(end.serialize())
+        # Store local file entries followed by compressed data
+        for entry, content in self._contents.itervalues():
+            self._data.write(headers[entry].serialize())
+            self._data.write(content)
+        # On non optimized archives, store the central directory entries.
+        if not self._optimize:
+            end['cdir_offset'] = offset
+            for entry, _ in self._contents.itervalues():
+                self._data.write(entry.serialize())
+        # Store the end of central directory.
+        self._data.write(end.serialize())
+        self._data.close()
+
+    def add(self, name, data, compress=None, mode=None, skip_duplicates=False):
+        '''
+        Add a new member to the jar archive, with the given name and the given
+        data.
+        The compress option indicates if the given data should be compressed
+        (True), not compressed (False), or compressed according to the default
+        defined when creating the JarWriter (None).
+        When the data should be compressed (True or None with self.compress ==
+        True), it is only really compressed if the compressed size is smaller
+        than the uncompressed size.
+        The mode option gives the unix permissions that should be stored
+        for the jar entry.
+        If a duplicated member is found skip_duplicates will prevent raising
+        an exception if set to True.
+        The given data may be a buffer, a file-like instance, a Deflater or a
+        JarFileReader instance. The latter two allow to avoid uncompressing
+        data to recompress it.
+        '''
+        name = mozpath.normsep(name)
+
+        if name in self._contents and not skip_duplicates:
+            raise JarWriterError("File %s already in JarWriter" % name)
+        if compress is None:
+            compress = self._compress
+        if (isinstance(data, JarFileReader) and data.compressed == compress) \
+                or (isinstance(data, Deflater) and data.compress == compress):
+            deflater = data
+        else:
+            deflater = Deflater(compress, compress_level=self._compress_level)
+            if isinstance(data, basestring):
+                deflater.write(data)
+            elif hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                if hasattr(data, 'seek'):
+                    data.seek(0)
+                deflater.write(data.read())
+            else:
+                raise JarWriterError("Don't know how to handle %s" %
+                                     type(data))
+        # Fill a central directory entry for this new member.
+        entry = JarCdirEntry()
+        entry['creator_version'] = 20
+        if mode is not None:
+            # Set creator host system (upper byte of creator_version)
+            # to 3 (Unix) so mode is honored when there is one.
+            entry['creator_version'] |= 3 << 8
+            entry['external_attr'] = (mode & 0xFFFF) << 16L
+        if deflater.compressed:
+            entry['min_version'] = 20  # Version 2.0 supports deflated streams
+            entry['general_flag'] = 2  # Max compression
+            entry['compression'] = JAR_DEFLATED
+        else:
+            entry['min_version'] = 10  # Version 1.0 for stored streams
+            entry['general_flag'] = 0
+            entry['compression'] = JAR_STORED
+        # January 1st, 2010. See bug 592369.
+        entry['lastmod_date'] = ((2010 - 1980) << 9) | (1 << 5) | 1
+        entry['lastmod_time'] = 0
+        entry['crc32'] = deflater.crc32
+        entry['compressed_size'] = deflater.compressed_size
+        entry['uncompressed_size'] = deflater.uncompressed_size
+        entry['filename'] = name
+        self._contents[name] = entry, deflater.compressed_data
+
+    def preload(self, files):
+        '''
+        Set which members of the jar archive should be preloaded when opening
+        the archive in Gecko. This reorders the members according to the order
+        of given list.
+        '''
+        new_contents = OrderedDict()
+        for f in files:
+            if not f in self._contents:
+                continue
+            new_contents[f] = self._contents[f]
+            self._last_preloaded = f
+        for f in self._contents:
+            if not f in new_contents:
+                new_contents[f] = self._contents[f]
+        self._contents = new_contents
+
+
+class Deflater(object):
+    '''
+    File-like interface to zlib compression. The data is actually not
+    compressed unless the compressed form is smaller than the uncompressed
+    data.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, compress=True, compress_level=9):
+        '''
+        Initialize a Deflater. The compress argument determines whether to
+        try to compress at all.
+        '''
+        self._data = BytesIO()
+        self.compress = compress
+        if compress:
+            self._deflater = zlib.compressobj(compress_level, zlib.DEFLATED,
+                                              -MAX_WBITS)
+            self._deflated = BytesIO()
+        else:
+            self._deflater = None
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        '''
+        Append a buffer to the Deflater.
+        '''
+        self._data.write(data)
+        if self.compress:
+            if self._deflater:
+                if isinstance(data, memoryview):
+                    data = data.tobytes()
+                self._deflated.write(self._deflater.compress(data))
+            else:
+                raise JarWriterError("Can't write after flush")
+
+    def close(self):
+        '''
+        Close the Deflater.
+        '''
+        self._data.close()
+        if self.compress:
+            self._deflated.close()
+
+    def _flush(self):
+        '''
+        Flush the underlying zlib compression object.
+        '''
+        if self.compress and self._deflater:
+            self._deflated.write(self._deflater.flush())
+            self._deflater = None
+
+    @property
+    def compressed(self):
+        '''
+        Return whether the data should be compressed.
+        '''
+        return self._compressed_size < self.uncompressed_size
+
+    @property
+    def _compressed_size(self):
+        '''
+        Return the real compressed size of the data written to the Deflater. If
+        the Deflater is set not to compress, the uncompressed size is returned.
+        Otherwise, the actual compressed size is returned, whether or not it is
+        a win over the uncompressed size.
+        '''
+        if self.compress:
+            self._flush()
+            return self._deflated.tell()
+        return self.uncompressed_size
+
+    @property
+    def compressed_size(self):
+        '''
+        Return the compressed size of the data written to the Deflater. If the
+        Deflater is set not to compress, the uncompressed size is returned.
+        Otherwise, if the data should not be compressed (the real compressed
+        size is bigger than the uncompressed size), return the uncompressed
+        size.
+        '''
+        if self.compressed:
+            return self._compressed_size
+        return self.uncompressed_size
+
+    @property
+    def uncompressed_size(self):
+        '''
+        Return the size of the data written to the Deflater.
+        '''
+        return self._data.tell()
+
+    @property
+    def crc32(self):
+        '''
+        Return the crc32 of the data written to the Deflater.
+        '''
+        return zlib.crc32(self._data.getvalue()) & 0xffffffff
+
+    @property
+    def compressed_data(self):
+        '''
+        Return the compressed data, if the data should be compressed (real
+        compressed size smaller than the uncompressed size), or the
+        uncompressed data otherwise.
+        '''
+        if self.compressed:
+            return self._deflated.getvalue()
+        return self._data.getvalue()
+
+
+class JarLog(dict):
+    '''
+    Helper to read the file Gecko generates when setting MOZ_JAR_LOG_FILE.
+    The jar log is then available as a dict with the jar path as key (see
+    canonicalize for more details on the key value), and the corresponding
+    access log as a list value. Only the first access to a given member of
+    a jar is stored.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, file=None, fileobj=None):
+        if not fileobj:
+            fileobj = open(file, 'r')
+        urlmap = {}
+        for line in fileobj:
+            url, path = line.strip().split(None, 1)
+            if not url or not path:
+                continue
+            if url not in urlmap:
+                urlmap[url] = JarLog.canonicalize(url)
+            jar = urlmap[url]
+            entry = self.setdefault(jar, [])
+            if path not in entry:
+                entry.append(path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def canonicalize(url):
+        '''
+        The jar path is stored in a MOZ_JAR_LOG_FILE log as a url. This method
+        returns a unique value corresponding to such urls.
+        - file:///{path} becomes {path}
+        - jar:file:///{path}!/{subpath} becomes ({path}, {subpath})
+        - jar:jar:file:///{path}!/{subpath}!/{subpath2} becomes
+           ({path}, {subpath}, {subpath2})
+        '''
+        if not isinstance(url, ParseResult):
+            # Assume that if it doesn't start with jar: or file:, it's a path.
+            if not url.startswith(('jar:', 'file:')):
+                url = 'file:///' + os.path.abspath(url)
+            url = urlparse(url)
+        assert url.scheme
+        assert url.scheme in ('jar', 'file')
+        if url.scheme == 'jar':
+            path = JarLog.canonicalize(url.path)
+            if isinstance(path, tuple):
+                return path[:-1] + tuple(path[-1].split('!/', 1))
+            return tuple(path.split('!/', 1))
+        if url.scheme == 'file':
+            assert os.path.isabs(url.path)
+            path = url.path
+            # On Windows, url.path will be /drive:/path ; on Unix systems,
+            # /path. As we want drive:/path instead of /drive:/path on Windows,
+            # remove the leading /.
+            if os.path.isabs(path[1:]):
+                path = path[1:]
+            path = os.path.realpath(path)
+            return mozpath.normsep(os.path.normcase(path))
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c98ec3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+import re
+import os
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    Manifest,
+    ManifestBinaryComponent,
+    ManifestChrome,
+    ManifestInterfaces,
+    is_manifest,
+    parse_manifest,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from collections import deque
+
+
+class Component(object):
+    '''
+    Class that represents a component in a package manifest.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, name, destdir=''):
+        if name.find(' ') > 0:
+            errors.fatal('Malformed manifest: space in component name "%s"'
+                         % component)
+        self._name = name
+        self._destdir = destdir
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        s = self.name
+        if self.destdir:
+            s += ' destdir="%s"' % self.destdir
+        return s
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def destdir(self):
+        return self._destdir
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _triples(lst):
+        '''
+        Split [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] into [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)].
+        '''
+        return zip(*[iter(lst)] * 3)
+
+    KEY_VALUE_RE = re.compile(r'''
+        \s*                 # optional whitespace.
+        ([a-zA-Z0-9_]+)     # key.
+        \s*=\s*             # optional space around =.
+        "([^"]*)"           # value without surrounding quotes.
+        (?:\s+|$)
+        ''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _split_options(string):
+        '''
+        Split 'key1="value1" key2="value2"' into
+        {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2'}.
+
+        Returned keys and values are all strings.
+
+        Throws ValueError if the input is malformed.
+        '''
+        options = {}
+        splits = Component.KEY_VALUE_RE.split(string)
+        if len(splits) % 3 != 1:
+            # This should never happen -- we expect to always split
+            # into ['', ('key', 'val', '')*].
+            raise ValueError("Bad input")
+        if splits[0]:
+            raise ValueError('Unrecognized input ' + splits[0])
+        for key, val, no_match in Component._triples(splits[1:]):
+            if no_match:
+                raise ValueError('Unrecognized input ' + no_match)
+            options[key] = val
+        return options
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _split_component_and_options(string):
+        '''
+        Split 'name key1="value1" key2="value2"' into
+        ('name', {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2'}).
+
+        Returned name, keys and values are all strings.
+
+        Raises ValueError if the input is malformed.
+        '''
+        splits = string.strip().split(None, 1)
+        if not splits:
+            raise ValueError('No component found')
+        component = splits[0].strip()
+        if not component:
+            raise ValueError('No component found')
+        if not re.match('[a-zA-Z0-9_\-]+$', component):
+            raise ValueError('Bad component name ' + component)
+        options = Component._split_options(splits[1]) if len(splits) > 1 else {}
+        return component, options
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_string(string):
+        '''
+        Create a component from a string.
+        '''
+        try:
+            name, options = Component._split_component_and_options(string)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            errors.fatal('Malformed manifest: %s' % e)
+            return
+        destdir = options.pop('destdir', '')
+        if options:
+            errors.fatal('Malformed manifest: options %s not recognized'
+                         % options.keys())
+        return Component(name, destdir=destdir)
+
+
+class PackageManifestParser(object):
+    '''
+    Class for parsing of a package manifest, after preprocessing.
+
+    A package manifest is a list of file paths, with some syntaxic sugar:
+        [] designates a toplevel component. Example: [xpcom]
+        - in front of a file specifies it to be removed
+        * wildcard support
+        ** expands to all files and zero or more directories
+        ; file comment
+
+    The parser takes input from the preprocessor line by line, and pushes
+    parsed information to a sink object.
+
+    The add and remove methods of the sink object are called with the
+    current Component instance and a path.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, sink):
+        '''
+        Initialize the package manifest parser with the given sink.
+        '''
+        self._component = Component('')
+        self._sink = sink
+
+    def handle_line(self, str):
+        '''
+        Handle a line of input and push the parsed information to the sink
+        object.
+        '''
+        # Remove comments.
+        str = str.strip()
+        if not str or str.startswith(';'):
+            return
+        if str.startswith('[') and str.endswith(']'):
+            self._component = Component.from_string(str[1:-1])
+        elif str.startswith('-'):
+            str = str[1:]
+            self._sink.remove(self._component, str)
+        elif ',' in str:
+            errors.fatal('Incompatible syntax')
+        else:
+            self._sink.add(self._component, str)
+
+
+class PreprocessorOutputWrapper(object):
+    '''
+    File-like helper to handle the preprocessor output and send it to a parser.
+    The parser's handle_line method is called in the relevant errors.context.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, preprocessor, parser):
+        self._parser = parser
+        self._pp = preprocessor
+
+    def write(self, str):
+        file = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(self._pp.context['FILE']))
+        with errors.context(file, self._pp.context['LINE']):
+            self._parser.handle_line(str)
+
+
+def preprocess(input, parser, defines={}):
+    '''
+    Preprocess the file-like input with the given defines, and send the
+    preprocessed output line by line to the given parser.
+    '''
+    pp = Preprocessor()
+    pp.context.update(defines)
+    pp.do_filter('substitution')
+    pp.out = PreprocessorOutputWrapper(pp, parser)
+    pp.do_include(input)
+
+
+def preprocess_manifest(sink, manifest, defines={}):
+    '''
+    Preprocess the given file-like manifest with the given defines, and push
+    the parsed information to a sink. See PackageManifestParser documentation
+    for more details on the sink.
+    '''
+    preprocess(manifest, PackageManifestParser(sink), defines)
+
+
+class CallDeque(deque):
+    '''
+    Queue of function calls to make.
+    '''
+    def append(self, function, *args):
+        deque.append(self, (errors.get_context(), function, args))
+
+    def execute(self):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                context, function, args = self.popleft()
+            except IndexError:
+                return
+            if context:
+                with errors.context(context[0], context[1]):
+                    function(*args)
+            else:
+                function(*args)
+
+
+class SimplePackager(object):
+    '''
+    Helper used to translate and buffer instructions from the
+    SimpleManifestSink to a formatter. Formatters expect some information to be
+    given first that the simple manifest contents can't guarantee before the
+    end of the input.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, formatter):
+        self.formatter = formatter
+        # Queue for formatter.add_interfaces()/add_manifest() calls.
+        self._queue = CallDeque()
+        # Queue for formatter.add_manifest() calls for ManifestChrome.
+        self._chrome_queue = CallDeque()
+        # Queue for formatter.add() calls.
+        self._file_queue = CallDeque()
+        # All paths containing addons. (key is path, value is whether it
+        # should be packed or unpacked)
+        self._addons = {}
+        # All manifest paths imported.
+        self._manifests = set()
+        # All manifest paths included from some other manifest.
+        self._included_manifests = {}
+        self._closed = False
+
+    # Parsing RDF is complex, and would require an external library to do
+    # properly. Just go with some hackish but probably sufficient regexp
+    UNPACK_ADDON_RE = re.compile(r'''(?:
+        <em:unpack>true</em:unpack>
+        |em:unpack=(?P<quote>["']?)true(?P=quote)
+    )''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+    def add(self, path, file):
+        '''
+        Add the given BaseFile instance with the given path.
+        '''
+        assert not self._closed
+        if is_manifest(path):
+            self._add_manifest_file(path, file)
+        elif path.endswith('.xpt'):
+            self._queue.append(self.formatter.add_interfaces, path, file)
+        else:
+            self._file_queue.append(self.formatter.add, path, file)
+            if mozpath.basename(path) == 'install.rdf':
+                addon = True
+                install_rdf = file.open().read()
+                if self.UNPACK_ADDON_RE.search(install_rdf):
+                    addon = 'unpacked'
+                self._addons[mozpath.dirname(path)] = addon
+
+    def _add_manifest_file(self, path, file):
+        '''
+        Add the given BaseFile with manifest file contents with the given path.
+        '''
+        self._manifests.add(path)
+        base = ''
+        if hasattr(file, 'path'):
+            # Find the directory the given path is relative to.
+            b = mozpath.normsep(file.path)
+            if b.endswith('/' + path) or b == path:
+                base = os.path.normpath(b[:-len(path)])
+        for e in parse_manifest(base, path, file.open()):
+            # ManifestResources need to be given after ManifestChrome, so just
+            # put all ManifestChrome in a separate queue to make them first.
+            if isinstance(e, ManifestChrome):
+                # e.move(e.base) just returns a clone of the entry.
+                self._chrome_queue.append(self.formatter.add_manifest,
+                                          e.move(e.base))
+            elif not isinstance(e, (Manifest, ManifestInterfaces)):
+                self._queue.append(self.formatter.add_manifest, e.move(e.base))
+            # If a binary component is added to an addon, prevent the addon
+            # from being packed.
+            if isinstance(e, ManifestBinaryComponent):
+                addon = mozpath.basedir(e.base, self._addons)
+                if addon:
+                    self._addons[addon] = 'unpacked'
+            if isinstance(e, Manifest):
+                if e.flags:
+                    errors.fatal('Flags are not supported on ' +
+                                 '"manifest" entries')
+                self._included_manifests[e.path] = path
+
+    def get_bases(self, addons=True):
+        '''
+        Return all paths under which root manifests have been found. Root
+        manifests are manifests that are included in no other manifest.
+        `addons` indicates whether to include addon bases as well.
+        '''
+        all_bases = set(mozpath.dirname(m)
+                        for m in self._manifests
+                                 - set(self._included_manifests))
+        if not addons:
+            all_bases -= set(self._addons)
+        else:
+            # If for some reason some detected addon doesn't have a
+            # non-included manifest.
+            all_bases |= set(self._addons)
+        return all_bases
+
+    def close(self):
+        '''
+        Push all instructions to the formatter.
+        '''
+        self._closed = True
+
+        bases = self.get_bases()
+        broken_bases = sorted(
+            m for m, includer in self._included_manifests.iteritems()
+            if mozpath.basedir(m, bases) != mozpath.basedir(includer, bases))
+        for m in broken_bases:
+            errors.fatal('"%s" is included from "%s", which is outside "%s"' %
+                         (m, self._included_manifests[m],
+                          mozpath.basedir(m, bases)))
+        for base in sorted(bases):
+            self.formatter.add_base(base, self._addons.get(base, False))
+        self._chrome_queue.execute()
+        self._queue.execute()
+        self._file_queue.execute()
+
+
+class SimpleManifestSink(object):
+    '''
+    Parser sink for "simple" package manifests. Simple package manifests use
+    the format described in the PackageManifestParser documentation, but don't
+    support file removals, and require manifests, interfaces and chrome data to
+    be explicitely listed.
+    Entries starting with bin/ are searched under bin/ in the FileFinder, but
+    are packaged without the bin/ prefix.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, finder, formatter):
+        '''
+        Initialize the SimpleManifestSink. The given FileFinder is used to
+        get files matching the patterns given in the manifest. The given
+        formatter does the packaging job.
+        '''
+        self._finder = finder
+        self.packager = SimplePackager(formatter)
+        self._closed = False
+        self._manifests = set()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_path(path):
+        '''
+        Remove any bin/ prefix.
+        '''
+        if mozpath.basedir(path, ['bin']) == 'bin':
+            return mozpath.relpath(path, 'bin')
+        return path
+
+    def add(self, component, pattern):
+        '''
+        Add files with the given pattern in the given component.
+        '''
+        assert not self._closed
+        added = False
+        for p, f in self._finder.find(pattern):
+            added = True
+            if is_manifest(p):
+                self._manifests.add(p)
+            dest = mozpath.join(component.destdir, SimpleManifestSink.normalize_path(p))
+            self.packager.add(dest, f)
+        if not added:
+            errors.error('Missing file(s): %s' % pattern)
+
+    def remove(self, component, pattern):
+        '''
+        Remove files with the given pattern in the given component.
+        '''
+        assert not self._closed
+        errors.fatal('Removal is unsupported')
+
+    def close(self, auto_root_manifest=True):
+        '''
+        Add possibly missing bits and push all instructions to the formatter.
+        '''
+        if auto_root_manifest:
+            # Simple package manifests don't contain the root manifests, so
+            # find and add them.
+            paths = [mozpath.dirname(m) for m in self._manifests]
+            path = mozpath.dirname(mozpath.commonprefix(paths))
+            for p, f in self._finder.find(mozpath.join(path,
+                                          'chrome.manifest')):
+                if not p in self._manifests:
+                    self.packager.add(SimpleManifestSink.normalize_path(p), f)
+        self.packager.close()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/formats.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/formats.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4adabab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/formats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    Manifest,
+    ManifestInterfaces,
+    ManifestChrome,
+    ManifestBinaryComponent,
+    ManifestResource,
+)
+from urlparse import urlparse
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozpack.files import (
+    ManifestFile,
+    XPTFile,
+)
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileRegistry,
+    FileRegistrySubtree,
+    Jarrer,
+)
+
+STARTUP_CACHE_PATHS = [
+    'jsloader',
+    'jssubloader',
+]
+
+'''
+Formatters are classes receiving packaging instructions and creating the
+appropriate package layout.
+
+There are three distinct formatters, each handling one of the different chrome
+formats:
+    - flat: essentially, copies files from the source with the same file system
+      layout. Manifests entries are grouped in a single manifest per directory,
+      as well as XPT interfaces.
+    - jar: chrome content is packaged in jar files.
+    - omni: chrome content, modules, non-binary components, and many other
+      elements are packaged in an omnijar file for each base directory.
+
+The base interface provides the following methods:
+    - add_base(path [, addon])
+        Register a base directory for an application or GRE, or an addon.
+        Base directories usually contain a root manifest (manifests not
+        included in any other manifest) named chrome.manifest.
+        The optional addon argument tells whether the base directory
+        is that of a packed addon (True), unpacked addon ('unpacked') or
+        otherwise (False).
+    - add(path, content)
+        Add the given content (BaseFile instance) at the given virtual path
+    - add_interfaces(path, content)
+        Add the given content (BaseFile instance) and link it to other
+        interfaces in the parent directory of the given virtual path.
+    - add_manifest(entry)
+        Add a ManifestEntry.
+    - contains(path)
+        Returns whether the given virtual path is known of the formatter.
+
+The virtual paths mentioned above are paths as they would be with a flat
+chrome.
+
+Formatters all take a FileCopier instance they will fill with the packaged
+data.
+'''
+
+
+class PiecemealFormatter(object):
+    '''
+    Generic formatter that dispatches across different sub-formatters
+    according to paths.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, copier):
+        assert isinstance(copier, (FileRegistry, FileRegistrySubtree))
+        self.copier = copier
+        self._sub_formatter = {}
+        self._frozen_bases = False
+
+    def add_base(self, base, addon=False):
+        # Only allow to add a base directory before calls to _get_base()
+        assert not self._frozen_bases
+        assert base not in self._sub_formatter
+        self._add_base(base, addon)
+
+    def _get_base(self, path):
+        '''
+        Return the deepest base directory containing the given path.
+        '''
+        self._frozen_bases = True
+        base = mozpath.basedir(path, self._sub_formatter.keys())
+        relpath = mozpath.relpath(path, base) if base else path
+        return base, relpath
+
+    def add(self, path, content):
+        base, relpath = self._get_base(path)
+        if base is None:
+            return self.copier.add(relpath, content)
+        return self._sub_formatter[base].add(relpath, content)
+
+    def add_manifest(self, entry):
+        base, relpath = self._get_base(entry.base)
+        assert base is not None
+        return self._sub_formatter[base].add_manifest(entry.move(relpath))
+
+    def add_interfaces(self, path, content):
+        base, relpath = self._get_base(path)
+        assert base is not None
+        return self._sub_formatter[base].add_interfaces(relpath, content)
+
+    def contains(self, path):
+        assert '*' not in path
+        base, relpath = self._get_base(path)
+        if base is None:
+            return self.copier.contains(relpath)
+        return self._sub_formatter[base].contains(relpath)
+
+
+class FlatFormatter(PiecemealFormatter):
+    '''
+    Formatter for the flat package format.
+    '''
+    def _add_base(self, base, addon=False):
+        self._sub_formatter[base] = FlatSubFormatter(
+            FileRegistrySubtree(base, self.copier))
+
+
+class FlatSubFormatter(object):
+    '''
+    Sub-formatter for the flat package format.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, copier):
+        assert isinstance(copier, (FileRegistry, FileRegistrySubtree))
+        self.copier = copier
+
+    def add(self, path, content):
+        self.copier.add(path, content)
+
+    def add_manifest(self, entry):
+        # Store manifest entries in a single manifest per directory, named
+        # after their parent directory, except for root manifests, all named
+        # chrome.manifest.
+        if entry.base:
+            name = mozpath.basename(entry.base)
+        else:
+            name = 'chrome'
+        path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(entry.base, '%s.manifest' % name))
+        if not self.copier.contains(path):
+            # Add a reference to the manifest file in the parent manifest, if
+            # the manifest file is not a root manifest.
+            if entry.base:
+                parent = mozpath.dirname(entry.base)
+                relbase = mozpath.basename(entry.base)
+                relpath = mozpath.join(relbase,
+                                            mozpath.basename(path))
+                self.add_manifest(Manifest(parent, relpath))
+            self.copier.add(path, ManifestFile(entry.base))
+        self.copier[path].add(entry)
+
+    def add_interfaces(self, path, content):
+        # Interfaces in the same directory are all linked together in an
+        # interfaces.xpt file.
+        interfaces_path = mozpath.join(mozpath.dirname(path),
+                                       'interfaces.xpt')
+        if not self.copier.contains(interfaces_path):
+            self.add_manifest(ManifestInterfaces(mozpath.dirname(path),
+                                                 'interfaces.xpt'))
+            self.copier.add(interfaces_path, XPTFile())
+        self.copier[interfaces_path].add(content)
+
+    def contains(self, path):
+        assert '*' not in path
+        return self.copier.contains(path)
+
+
+class JarFormatter(PiecemealFormatter):
+    '''
+    Formatter for the jar package format. Assumes manifest entries related to
+    chrome are registered before the chrome data files are added. Also assumes
+    manifest entries for resources are registered after chrome manifest
+    entries.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, copier, compress=True, optimize=True):
+        PiecemealFormatter.__init__(self, copier)
+        self._compress=compress
+        self._optimize=optimize
+
+    def _add_base(self, base, addon=False):
+        if addon is True:
+            jarrer = Jarrer(self._compress, self._optimize)
+            self.copier.add(base + '.xpi', jarrer)
+            self._sub_formatter[base] = FlatSubFormatter(jarrer)
+        else:
+            self._sub_formatter[base] = JarSubFormatter(
+                FileRegistrySubtree(base, self.copier),
+                self._compress, self._optimize)
+
+
+class JarSubFormatter(PiecemealFormatter):
+    '''
+    Sub-formatter for the jar package format. It is a PiecemealFormatter that
+    dispatches between further sub-formatter for each of the jar files it
+    dispatches the chrome data to, and a FlatSubFormatter for the non-chrome
+    files.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, copier, compress=True, optimize=True):
+        PiecemealFormatter.__init__(self, copier)
+        self._frozen_chrome = False
+        self._compress = compress
+        self._optimize = optimize
+        self._sub_formatter[''] = FlatSubFormatter(copier)
+
+    def _jarize(self, entry, relpath):
+        '''
+        Transform a manifest entry in one pointing to chrome data in a jar.
+        Return the corresponding chrome path and the new entry.
+        '''
+        base = entry.base
+        basepath = mozpath.split(relpath)[0]
+        chromepath = mozpath.join(base, basepath)
+        entry = entry.rebase(chromepath) \
+            .move(mozpath.join(base, 'jar:%s.jar!' % basepath)) \
+            .rebase(base)
+        return chromepath, entry
+
+    def add_manifest(self, entry):
+        if isinstance(entry, ManifestChrome) and \
+                not urlparse(entry.relpath).scheme:
+            chromepath, entry = self._jarize(entry, entry.relpath)
+            assert not self._frozen_chrome
+            if chromepath not in self._sub_formatter:
+                jarrer = Jarrer(self._compress, self._optimize)
+                self.copier.add(chromepath + '.jar', jarrer)
+                self._sub_formatter[chromepath] = FlatSubFormatter(jarrer)
+        elif isinstance(entry, ManifestResource) and \
+                not urlparse(entry.target).scheme:
+            chromepath, new_entry = self._jarize(entry, entry.target)
+            if chromepath in self._sub_formatter:
+                entry = new_entry
+        PiecemealFormatter.add_manifest(self, entry)
+
+
+class OmniJarFormatter(JarFormatter):
+    '''
+    Formatter for the omnijar package format.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, copier, omnijar_name, compress=True, optimize=True,
+                 non_resources=()):
+        JarFormatter.__init__(self, copier, compress, optimize)
+        self._omnijar_name = omnijar_name
+        self._non_resources = non_resources
+
+    def _add_base(self, base, addon=False):
+        if addon:
+            JarFormatter._add_base(self, base, addon)
+        else:
+            # Initialize a chrome.manifest next to the omnijar file so that
+            # there's always a chrome.manifest file, even an empty one.
+            path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(base, 'chrome.manifest'))
+            if not self.copier.contains(path):
+                self.copier.add(path, ManifestFile(''))
+            self._sub_formatter[base] = OmniJarSubFormatter(
+                FileRegistrySubtree(base, self.copier), self._omnijar_name,
+                self._compress, self._optimize, self._non_resources)
+
+
+class OmniJarSubFormatter(PiecemealFormatter):
+    '''
+    Sub-formatter for the omnijar package format. It is a PiecemealFormatter
+    that dispatches between a FlatSubFormatter for the resources data and
+    another FlatSubFormatter for the other files.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, copier, omnijar_name, compress=True, optimize=True,
+                 non_resources=()):
+        PiecemealFormatter.__init__(self, copier)
+        self._omnijar_name = omnijar_name
+        self._compress = compress
+        self._optimize = optimize
+        self._non_resources = non_resources
+        self._sub_formatter[''] = FlatSubFormatter(copier)
+        jarrer = Jarrer(self._compress, self._optimize)
+        self._sub_formatter[omnijar_name] = FlatSubFormatter(jarrer)
+
+    def _get_base(self, path):
+        base = self._omnijar_name if self.is_resource(path) else ''
+        # Only add the omnijar file if something ends up in it.
+        if base and not self.copier.contains(base):
+            self.copier.add(base, self._sub_formatter[base].copier)
+        return base, path
+
+    def add_manifest(self, entry):
+        base = ''
+        if not isinstance(entry, ManifestBinaryComponent):
+            base = self._omnijar_name
+        formatter = self._sub_formatter[base]
+        return formatter.add_manifest(entry)
+
+    def is_resource(self, path):
+        '''
+        Return whether the given path corresponds to a resource to be put in an
+        omnijar archive.
+        '''
+        if any(mozpath.match(path, p.replace('*', '**'))
+               for p in self._non_resources):
+            return False
+        path = mozpath.split(path)
+        if path[0] == 'chrome':
+            return len(path) == 1 or path[1] != 'icons'
+        if path[0] == 'components':
+            return path[-1].endswith(('.js', '.xpt'))
+        if path[0] == 'res':
+            return len(path) == 1 or \
+                (path[1] != 'cursors' and path[1] != 'MainMenu.nib')
+        if path[0] == 'defaults':
+            return len(path) != 3 or \
+                not (path[2] == 'channel-prefs.js' and
+                     path[1] in ['pref', 'preferences'])
+        return path[0] in [
+            'modules',
+            'greprefs.js',
+            'hyphenation',
+            'update.locale',
+        ] or path[0] in STARTUP_CACHE_PATHS
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/l10n.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/l10n.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..758064f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/l10n.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+'''
+Replace localized parts of a packaged directory with data from a langpack
+directory.
+'''
+
+import os
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozpack.packager.formats import (
+    FlatFormatter,
+    JarFormatter,
+    OmniJarFormatter,
+)
+from mozpack.packager import (
+    Component,
+    SimplePackager,
+    SimpleManifestSink,
+)
+from mozpack.files import (
+    ComposedFinder,
+    ManifestFile,
+)
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileCopier,
+    Jarrer,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    ManifestLocale,
+    ManifestEntryWithRelPath,
+    is_manifest,
+    ManifestChrome,
+    Manifest,
+)
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+from mozpack.packager.unpack import UnpackFinder
+from createprecomplete import generate_precomplete
+
+
+class LocaleManifestFinder(object):
+    def __init__(self, finder):
+        entries = self.entries = []
+        bases = self.bases = []
+
+        class MockFormatter(object):
+            def add_interfaces(self, path, content):
+                pass
+
+            def add(self, path, content):
+                pass
+
+            def add_manifest(self, entry):
+                if entry.localized:
+                    entries.append(entry)
+
+            def add_base(self, base, addon=False):
+                bases.append(base)
+
+        # SimplePackager rejects "manifest foo.manifest" entries with
+        # additional flags (such as "manifest foo.manifest application=bar").
+        # Those type of entries are used by language packs to work as addons,
+        # but are not necessary for the purpose of l10n repacking. So we wrap
+        # the finder in order to remove those entries.
+        class WrapFinder(object):
+            def __init__(self, finder):
+                self._finder = finder
+
+            def find(self, pattern):
+                for p, f in self._finder.find(pattern):
+                    if isinstance(f, ManifestFile):
+                        unwanted = [
+                            e for e in f._entries
+                            if isinstance(e, Manifest) and e.flags
+                        ]
+                        if unwanted:
+                            f = ManifestFile(
+                                f._base,
+                                [e for e in f._entries if e not in unwanted])
+                    yield p, f
+
+        sink = SimpleManifestSink(WrapFinder(finder), MockFormatter())
+        sink.add(Component(''), '*')
+        sink.close(False)
+
+        # Find unique locales used in these manifest entries.
+        self.locales = list(set(e.id for e in self.entries
+                                if isinstance(e, ManifestLocale)))
+
+
+def _repack(app_finder, l10n_finder, copier, formatter, non_chrome=set()):
+    app = LocaleManifestFinder(app_finder)
+    l10n = LocaleManifestFinder(l10n_finder)
+
+    # The code further below assumes there's only one locale replaced with
+    # another one.
+    if len(app.locales) > 1:
+        errors.fatal("Multiple app locales aren't supported: " +
+                     ",".join(app.locales))
+    if len(l10n.locales) > 1:
+        errors.fatal("Multiple l10n locales aren't supported: " +
+                     ",".join(l10n.locales))
+    locale = app.locales[0]
+    l10n_locale = l10n.locales[0]
+
+    # For each base directory, store what path a locale chrome package name
+    # corresponds to.
+    # e.g., for the following entry under app/chrome:
+    #     locale foo en-US path/to/files
+    # keep track that the locale path for foo in app is
+    # app/chrome/path/to/files.
+    l10n_paths = {}
+    for e in l10n.entries:
+        if isinstance(e, ManifestChrome):
+            base = mozpath.basedir(e.path, app.bases)
+            l10n_paths.setdefault(base, {})
+            l10n_paths[base][e.name] = e.path
+
+    # For chrome and non chrome files or directories, store what langpack path
+    # corresponds to a package path.
+    paths = {}
+    for e in app.entries:
+        if isinstance(e, ManifestEntryWithRelPath):
+            base = mozpath.basedir(e.path, app.bases)
+            if base not in l10n_paths:
+                errors.fatal("Locale doesn't contain %s/" % base)
+                # Allow errors to accumulate
+                continue
+            if e.name not in l10n_paths[base]:
+                errors.fatal("Locale doesn't have a manifest entry for '%s'" %
+                    e.name)
+                # Allow errors to accumulate
+                continue
+            paths[e.path] = l10n_paths[base][e.name]
+
+    for pattern in non_chrome:
+        for base in app.bases:
+            path = mozpath.join(base, pattern)
+            left = set(p for p, f in app_finder.find(path))
+            right = set(p for p, f in l10n_finder.find(path))
+            for p in right:
+                paths[p] = p
+            for p in left - right:
+                paths[p] = None
+
+    # Create a new package, with non localized bits coming from the original
+    # package, and localized bits coming from the langpack.
+    packager = SimplePackager(formatter)
+    for p, f in app_finder:
+        if is_manifest(p):
+            # Remove localized manifest entries.
+            for e in [e for e in f if e.localized]:
+                f.remove(e)
+        # If the path is one that needs a locale replacement, use the
+        # corresponding file from the langpack.
+        path = None
+        if p in paths:
+            path = paths[p]
+            if not path:
+                continue
+        else:
+            base = mozpath.basedir(p, paths.keys())
+            if base:
+                subpath = mozpath.relpath(p, base)
+                path = mozpath.normpath(mozpath.join(paths[base],
+                                                               subpath))
+        if path:
+            files = [f for p, f in l10n_finder.find(path)]
+            if not len(files):
+                if base not in non_chrome:
+                    finderBase = ""
+                    if hasattr(l10n_finder, 'base'):
+                        finderBase = l10n_finder.base
+                    errors.error("Missing file: %s" %
+                                 os.path.join(finderBase, path))
+            else:
+                packager.add(path, files[0])
+        else:
+            packager.add(p, f)
+
+    # Add localized manifest entries from the langpack.
+    l10n_manifests = []
+    for base in set(e.base for e in l10n.entries):
+        m = ManifestFile(base, [e for e in l10n.entries if e.base == base])
+        path = mozpath.join(base, 'chrome.%s.manifest' % l10n_locale)
+        l10n_manifests.append((path, m))
+    bases = packager.get_bases()
+    for path, m in l10n_manifests:
+        base = mozpath.basedir(path, bases)
+        packager.add(path, m)
+        # Add a "manifest $path" entry in the top manifest under that base.
+        m = ManifestFile(base)
+        m.add(Manifest(base, mozpath.relpath(path, base)))
+        packager.add(mozpath.join(base, 'chrome.manifest'), m)
+
+    packager.close()
+
+    # Add any remaining non chrome files.
+    for pattern in non_chrome:
+        for base in bases:
+            for p, f in l10n_finder.find(mozpath.join(base, pattern)):
+                if not formatter.contains(p):
+                    formatter.add(p, f)
+
+    # Transplant jar preloading information.
+    for path, log in app_finder.jarlogs.iteritems():
+        assert isinstance(copier[path], Jarrer)
+        copier[path].preload([l.replace(locale, l10n_locale) for l in log])
+
+
+def repack(source, l10n, extra_l10n={}, non_resources=[], non_chrome=set()):
+    '''
+    Replace localized data from the `source` directory with localized data
+    from `l10n` and `extra_l10n`.
+
+    The `source` argument points to a directory containing a packaged
+    application (in omnijar, jar or flat form).
+    The `l10n` argument points to a directory containing the main localized
+    data (usually in the form of a language pack addon) to use to replace
+    in the packaged application.
+    The `extra_l10n` argument contains a dict associating relative paths in
+    the source to separate directories containing localized data for them.
+    This can be used to point at different language pack addons for different
+    parts of the package application.
+    The `non_resources` argument gives a list of relative paths in the source
+    that should not be added in an omnijar in case the packaged application
+    is in that format.
+    The `non_chrome` argument gives a list of file/directory patterns for
+    localized files that are not listed in a chrome.manifest.
+    '''
+    app_finder = UnpackFinder(source)
+    l10n_finder = UnpackFinder(l10n)
+    if extra_l10n:
+        finders = {
+            '': l10n_finder,
+        }
+        for base, path in extra_l10n.iteritems():
+            finders[base] = UnpackFinder(path)
+        l10n_finder = ComposedFinder(finders)
+    copier = FileCopier()
+    if app_finder.kind == 'flat':
+        formatter = FlatFormatter(copier)
+    elif app_finder.kind == 'jar':
+        formatter = JarFormatter(copier,
+                                 optimize=app_finder.optimizedjars,
+                                 compress=app_finder.compressed)
+    elif app_finder.kind == 'omni':
+        formatter = OmniJarFormatter(copier, app_finder.omnijar,
+                                     optimize=app_finder.optimizedjars,
+                                     compress=app_finder.compressed,
+                                     non_resources=non_resources)
+
+    with errors.accumulate():
+        _repack(app_finder, l10n_finder, copier, formatter, non_chrome)
+    copier.copy(source, skip_if_older=False)
+    generate_precomplete(source)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/unpack.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/unpack.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa2b474e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/packager/unpack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from mozpack.files import (
+    BaseFinder,
+    FileFinder,
+    DeflatedFile,
+    ManifestFile,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    parse_manifest,
+    ManifestEntryWithRelPath,
+    ManifestResource,
+    is_manifest,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarReader
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileRegistry,
+    FileCopier,
+)
+from mozpack.packager import SimplePackager
+from mozpack.packager.formats import (
+    FlatFormatter,
+    STARTUP_CACHE_PATHS,
+)
+from urlparse import urlparse
+
+
+class UnpackFinder(BaseFinder):
+    '''
+    Special Finder object that treats the source package directory as if it
+    were in the flat chrome format, whatever chrome format it actually is in.
+
+    This means that for example, paths like chrome/browser/content/... match
+    files under jar:chrome/browser.jar!/content/... in case of jar chrome
+    format.
+
+    The only argument to the constructor is a Finder instance or a path.
+    The UnpackFinder is populated with files from this Finder instance,
+    or with files from a FileFinder using the given path as its root.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, source):
+        if isinstance(source, BaseFinder):
+            self._finder = source
+        else:
+            self._finder = FileFinder(source)
+        self.base = self._finder.base
+        self.files = FileRegistry()
+        self.kind = 'flat'
+        self.omnijar = None
+        self.jarlogs = {}
+        self.optimizedjars = False
+        self.compressed = True
+
+        jars = set()
+
+        for p, f in self._finder.find('*'):
+            # Skip the precomplete file, which is generated at packaging time.
+            if p == 'precomplete':
+                continue
+            base = mozpath.dirname(p)
+            # If the file is a zip/jar that is not a .xpi, and contains a
+            # chrome.manifest, it is an omnijar. All the files it contains
+            # go in the directory containing the omnijar. Manifests are merged
+            # if there is a corresponding manifest in the directory.
+            if not p.endswith('.xpi') and self._maybe_zip(f) and \
+                    (mozpath.basename(p) == self.omnijar or
+                     not self.omnijar):
+                jar = self._open_jar(p, f)
+                if 'chrome.manifest' in jar:
+                    self.kind = 'omni'
+                    self.omnijar = mozpath.basename(p)
+                    self._fill_with_jar(base, jar)
+                    continue
+            # If the file is a manifest, scan its entries for some referencing
+            # jar: urls. If there are some, the files contained in the jar they
+            # point to, go under a directory named after the jar.
+            if is_manifest(p):
+                m = self.files[p] if self.files.contains(p) \
+                    else ManifestFile(base)
+                for e in parse_manifest(self.base, p, f.open()):
+                    m.add(self._handle_manifest_entry(e, jars))
+                if self.files.contains(p):
+                    continue
+                f = m
+            # If the file is a packed addon, unpack it under a directory named
+            # after the xpi.
+            if p.endswith('.xpi') and self._maybe_zip(f):
+                self._fill_with_jar(p[:-4], self._open_jar(p, f))
+                continue
+            if not p in jars:
+                self.files.add(p, f)
+
+    def _fill_with_jar(self, base, jar):
+        for j in jar:
+            path = mozpath.join(base, j.filename)
+            if is_manifest(j.filename):
+                m = self.files[path] if self.files.contains(path) \
+                    else ManifestFile(mozpath.dirname(path))
+                for e in parse_manifest(None, path, j):
+                    m.add(e)
+                if not self.files.contains(path):
+                    self.files.add(path, m)
+                continue
+            else:
+                self.files.add(path, DeflatedFile(j))
+
+    def _handle_manifest_entry(self, entry, jars):
+        jarpath = None
+        if isinstance(entry, ManifestEntryWithRelPath) and \
+                urlparse(entry.relpath).scheme == 'jar':
+            jarpath, entry = self._unjarize(entry, entry.relpath)
+        elif isinstance(entry, ManifestResource) and \
+                urlparse(entry.target).scheme == 'jar':
+            jarpath, entry = self._unjarize(entry, entry.target)
+        if jarpath:
+            # Don't defer unpacking the jar file. If we already saw
+            # it, take (and remove) it from the registry. If we
+            # haven't, try to find it now.
+            if self.files.contains(jarpath):
+                jar = self.files[jarpath]
+                self.files.remove(jarpath)
+            else:
+                jar = [f for p, f in self._finder.find(jarpath)]
+                assert len(jar) == 1
+                jar = jar[0]
+            if not jarpath in jars:
+                base = mozpath.splitext(jarpath)[0]
+                for j in self._open_jar(jarpath, jar):
+                    self.files.add(mozpath.join(base,
+                                                     j.filename),
+                                   DeflatedFile(j))
+            jars.add(jarpath)
+            self.kind = 'jar'
+        return entry
+
+    def _open_jar(self, path, file):
+        '''
+        Return a JarReader for the given BaseFile instance, keeping a log of
+        the preloaded entries it has.
+        '''
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=file.open())
+        if jar.is_optimized:
+            self.optimizedjars = True
+        if not any(f.compressed for f in jar):
+            self.compressed = False
+        if jar.last_preloaded:
+            jarlog = jar.entries.keys()
+            self.jarlogs[path] = jarlog[:jarlog.index(jar.last_preloaded) + 1]
+        return jar
+
+    def find(self, path):
+        for p in self.files.match(path):
+            yield p, self.files[p]
+
+    def _maybe_zip(self, file):
+        '''
+        Return whether the given BaseFile looks like a ZIP/Jar.
+        '''
+        header = file.open().read(8)
+        return len(header) == 8 and (header[0:2] == 'PK' or
+                                     header[4:6] == 'PK')
+
+    def _unjarize(self, entry, relpath):
+        '''
+        Transform a manifest entry pointing to chrome data in a jar in one
+        pointing to the corresponding unpacked path. Return the jar path and
+        the new entry.
+        '''
+        base = entry.base
+        jar, relpath = urlparse(relpath).path.split('!', 1)
+        entry = entry.rebase(mozpath.join(base, 'jar:%s!' % jar)) \
+            .move(mozpath.join(base, mozpath.splitext(jar)[0])) \
+            .rebase(base)
+        return mozpath.join(base, jar), entry
+
+
+def unpack_to_registry(source, registry):
+    '''
+    Transform a jar chrome or omnijar packaged directory into a flat package.
+
+    The given registry is filled with the flat package.
+    '''
+    finder = UnpackFinder(source)
+    packager = SimplePackager(FlatFormatter(registry))
+    for p, f in finder.find('*'):
+        if mozpath.split(p)[0] not in STARTUP_CACHE_PATHS:
+            packager.add(p, f)
+    packager.close()
+
+
+def unpack(source):
+    '''
+    Transform a jar chrome or omnijar packaged directory into a flat package.
+    '''
+    copier = FileCopier()
+    unpack_to_registry(source, copier)
+    copier.copy(source, skip_if_older=False)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/path.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/path.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ea8ea85a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/path.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import posixpath
+import os
+import re
+
+'''
+Like os.path, with a reduced set of functions, and with normalized path
+separators (always use forward slashes).
+Also contains a few additional utilities not found in os.path.
+'''
+
+
+def normsep(path):
+    '''
+    Normalize path separators, by using forward slashes instead of whatever
+    os.sep is.
+    '''
+    if os.sep != '/':
+        path = path.replace(os.sep, '/')
+    if os.altsep and os.altsep != '/':
+        path = path.replace(os.altsep, '/')
+    return path
+
+
+def relpath(path, start):
+    rel = normsep(os.path.relpath(path, start))
+    return '' if rel == '.' else rel
+
+
+def realpath(path):
+    return normsep(os.path.realpath(path))
+
+
+def abspath(path):
+    return normsep(os.path.abspath(path))
+
+
+def join(*paths):
+    return normsep(os.path.join(*paths))
+
+
+def normpath(path):
+    return posixpath.normpath(normsep(path))
+
+
+def dirname(path):
+    return posixpath.dirname(normsep(path))
+
+
+def commonprefix(paths):
+    return posixpath.commonprefix([normsep(path) for path in paths])
+
+
+def basename(path):
+    return os.path.basename(path)
+
+
+def splitext(path):
+    return posixpath.splitext(normsep(path))
+
+
+def split(path):
+    '''
+    Return the normalized path as a list of its components.
+        split('foo/bar/baz') returns ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
+    '''
+    return normsep(path).split('/')
+
+
+def basedir(path, bases):
+    '''
+    Given a list of directories (bases), return which one contains the given
+    path. If several matches are found, the deepest base directory is returned.
+        basedir('foo/bar/baz', ['foo', 'baz', 'foo/bar']) returns 'foo/bar'
+        ('foo' and 'foo/bar' both match, but 'foo/bar' is the deepest match)
+    '''
+    path = normsep(path)
+    bases = [normsep(b) for b in bases]
+    if path in bases:
+        return path
+    for b in sorted(bases, reverse=True):
+        if b == '' or path.startswith(b + '/'):
+            return b
+
+
+re_cache = {}
+
+def match(path, pattern):
+    '''
+    Return whether the given path matches the given pattern.
+    An asterisk can be used to match any string, including the null string, in
+    one part of the path:
+        'foo' matches '*', 'f*' or 'fo*o'
+    However, an asterisk matching a subdirectory may not match the null string:
+        'foo/bar' does *not* match 'foo/*/bar'
+    If the pattern matches one of the ancestor directories of the path, the
+    patch is considered matching:
+        'foo/bar' matches 'foo'
+    Two adjacent asterisks can be used to match files and zero or more
+    directories and subdirectories.
+        'foo/bar' matches 'foo/**/bar', or '**/bar'
+    '''
+    if not pattern:
+        return True
+    if pattern not in re_cache:
+        p = re.escape(pattern)
+        p = re.sub(r'(^|\\\/)\\\*\\\*\\\/', r'\1(?:.+/)?', p)
+        p = re.sub(r'(^|\\\/)\\\*\\\*$', r'(?:\1.+)?', p)
+        p = p.replace(r'\*', '[^/]*') + '(?:/.*)?$'
+        re_cache[pattern] = re.compile(p)
+    return re_cache[pattern].match(path) is not None
+
+
+def rebase(oldbase, base, relativepath):
+    '''
+    Return relativepath relative to base instead of oldbase.
+    '''
+    if base == oldbase:
+        return relativepath
+    if len(base) < len(oldbase):
+        assert basedir(oldbase, [base]) == base
+        relbase = relpath(oldbase, base)
+        result = join(relbase, relativepath)
+    else:
+        assert basedir(base, [oldbase]) == oldbase
+        relbase = relpath(base, oldbase)
+        result = relpath(relativepath, relbase)
+    result = normpath(result)
+    if relativepath.endswith('/') and not result.endswith('/'):
+        result += '/'
+    return result
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/__init__.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/data/test_data b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/data/test_data
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb7f0c4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/data/test_data
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+test_data
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/support/minify_js_verify.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/support/minify_js_verify.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e4e8b759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/support/minify_js_verify.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import sys
+
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 4:
+    raise Exception('Usage: minify_js_verify <exitcode> <orig> <minified>')
+
+retcode = int(sys.argv[1])
+
+if retcode:
+    print('Error message', file=sys.stderr)
+
+sys.exit(retcode)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_archive.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f61f7eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import shutil
+import stat
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+from mozpack.archive import (
+    DEFAULT_MTIME,
+    create_tar_from_files,
+    create_tar_gz_from_files,
+    create_tar_bz2_from_files,
+)
+
+from mozunit import main
+
+
+MODE_STANDARD = stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IROTH
+
+
+def file_hash(path):
+    h = hashlib.sha1()
+    with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+        while True:
+            data = fh.read(8192)
+            if not data:
+                break
+            h.update(data)
+
+    return h.hexdigest()
+
+
+class TestArchive(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _create_files(self, root):
+        files = {}
+        for i in range(10):
+            p = os.path.join(root, b'file%d' % i)
+            with open(p, 'wb') as fh:
+                fh.write(b'file%d' % i)
+            # Need to set permissions or umask may influence testing.
+            os.chmod(p, MODE_STANDARD)
+            files[b'file%d' % i] = p
+
+        return files
+
+    def _verify_basic_tarfile(self, tf):
+        self.assertEqual(len(tf.getmembers()), 10)
+
+        names = ['file%d' % i for i in range(10)]
+        self.assertEqual(tf.getnames(), names)
+
+        for ti in tf.getmembers():
+            self.assertEqual(ti.uid, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(ti.gid, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(ti.uname, '')
+            self.assertEqual(ti.gname, '')
+            self.assertEqual(ti.mode, MODE_STANDARD)
+            self.assertEqual(ti.mtime, DEFAULT_MTIME)
+
+    def test_dirs_refused(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            tp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar')
+            with open(tp, 'wb') as fh:
+                with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, 'not a regular'):
+                    create_tar_from_files(fh, {'test': d})
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_setuid_setgid_refused(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            uid = os.path.join(d, 'setuid')
+            gid = os.path.join(d, 'setgid')
+            with open(uid, 'a'):
+                pass
+            with open(gid, 'a'):
+                pass
+
+            os.chmod(uid, MODE_STANDARD | stat.S_ISUID)
+            os.chmod(gid, MODE_STANDARD | stat.S_ISGID)
+
+            tp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar')
+            with open(tp, 'wb') as fh:
+                with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, 'cannot add file with setuid'):
+                    create_tar_from_files(fh, {'test': uid})
+                with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, 'cannot add file with setuid'):
+                    create_tar_from_files(fh, {'test': gid})
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_create_tar_basic(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            files = self._create_files(d)
+
+            tp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar')
+            with open(tp, 'wb') as fh:
+                create_tar_from_files(fh, files)
+
+            # Output should be deterministic.
+            self.assertEqual(file_hash(tp), 'cd16cee6f13391abd94dfa435d2633b61ed727f1')
+
+            with tarfile.open(tp, 'r') as tf:
+                self._verify_basic_tarfile(tf)
+
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_executable_preserved(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            p = os.path.join(d, 'exec')
+            with open(p, 'wb') as fh:
+                fh.write('#!/bin/bash\n')
+            os.chmod(p, MODE_STANDARD | stat.S_IXUSR)
+
+            tp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar')
+            with open(tp, 'wb') as fh:
+                create_tar_from_files(fh, {'exec': p})
+
+            self.assertEqual(file_hash(tp), '357e1b81c0b6cfdfa5d2d118d420025c3c76ee93')
+
+            with tarfile.open(tp, 'r') as tf:
+                m = tf.getmember('exec')
+                self.assertEqual(m.mode, MODE_STANDARD | stat.S_IXUSR)
+
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_create_tar_gz_basic(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            files = self._create_files(d)
+
+            gp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar.gz')
+            with open(gp, 'wb') as fh:
+                create_tar_gz_from_files(fh, files)
+
+            self.assertEqual(file_hash(gp), 'acb602239c1aeb625da5e69336775609516d60f5')
+
+            with tarfile.open(gp, 'r:gz') as tf:
+                self._verify_basic_tarfile(tf)
+
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_tar_gz_name(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            files = self._create_files(d)
+
+            gp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar.gz')
+            with open(gp, 'wb') as fh:
+                create_tar_gz_from_files(fh, files, filename='foobar', compresslevel=1)
+
+            self.assertEqual(file_hash(gp), 'fd099f96480cc1100f37baa8e89a6b820dbbcbd3')
+
+            with tarfile.open(gp, 'r:gz') as tf:
+                self._verify_basic_tarfile(tf)
+
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+    def test_create_tar_bz2_basic(self):
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            files = self._create_files(d)
+
+            bp = os.path.join(d, 'test.tar.bz2')
+            with open(bp, 'wb') as fh:
+                create_tar_bz2_from_files(fh, files)
+
+            self.assertEqual(file_hash(bp), '1827ad00dfe7acf857b7a1c95ce100361e3f6eea')
+
+            with tarfile.open(bp, 'r:bz2') as tf:
+                self._verify_basic_tarfile(tf)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(d)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_flags.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_flags.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6a5257e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_flags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+from mozpack.chrome.flags import (
+    Flag,
+    StringFlag,
+    VersionFlag,
+    Flags,
+)
+from mozpack.errors import ErrorMessage
+
+
+class TestFlag(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_flag(self):
+        flag = Flag('flag')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), '')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches(False))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('false'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('true'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, flag.add_definition, 'flag=')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, flag.add_definition, 'flag=42')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, flag.add_definition, 'flag!=false')
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=1')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=1')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches(True))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('1'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('no'))
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=true')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=true')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches(True))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('true'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('0'))
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=no')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=no')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('false'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('1'))
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag')
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('false'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('true'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches(False))
+
+    def test_string_flag(self):
+        flag = StringFlag('flag')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), '')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('foo'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, flag.add_definition, 'flag>=2')
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=foo')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=foo')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('foo'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('bar'))
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=foo flag=bar')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('foo'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('bar'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('baz'))
+
+        flag = StringFlag('flag')
+        flag.add_definition('flag!=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag!=bar')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('foo'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('bar'))
+
+    def test_version_flag(self):
+        flag = VersionFlag('flag')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), '')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('1.0'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, flag.add_definition, 'flag!=2')
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=1.0')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=1.0')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('1.0'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('2.0'))
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag=2.0')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag=1.0 flag=2.0')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('1.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('2.0'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('3.0'))
+
+        flag = VersionFlag('flag')
+        flag.add_definition('flag>=2.0')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag>=2.0')
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('1.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('2.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('3.0'))
+
+        flag.add_definition('flag<1.10')
+        self.assertEqual(str(flag), 'flag>=2.0 flag<1.10')
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('1.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('1.9'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('1.10'))
+        self.assertFalse(flag.matches('1.20'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('2.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(flag.matches('3.0'))
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, flag.add_definition, 'flag<')
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, flag.add_definition, 'flag>')
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, flag.add_definition, 'flag>=')
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, flag.add_definition, 'flag<=')
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, flag.add_definition, 'flag!=1.0')
+
+
+class TestFlags(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.flags = Flags('contentaccessible=yes',
+                           'appversion>=3.5',
+                           'application=foo',
+                           'application=bar',
+                           'appversion<2.0',
+                           'platform',
+                           'abi!=Linux_x86-gcc3')
+
+    def test_flags_str(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.flags), 'contentaccessible=yes ' +
+                         'appversion>=3.5 appversion<2.0 application=foo ' +
+                         'application=bar platform abi!=Linux_x86-gcc3')
+
+    def test_flags_match_unset(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(os='WINNT'))
+
+    def test_flags_match(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(application='foo'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.flags.match(application='qux'))
+
+    def test_flags_match_different(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(abi='WINNT_x86-MSVC'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.flags.match(abi='Linux_x86-gcc3'))
+
+    def test_flags_match_version(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(appversion='1.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(appversion='1.5'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.flags.match(appversion='2.0'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.flags.match(appversion='3.0'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(appversion='3.5'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.flags.match(appversion='3.10'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_manifest.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..690c6acdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_chrome_manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+import os
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    ManifestContent,
+    ManifestLocale,
+    ManifestSkin,
+    Manifest,
+    ManifestResource,
+    ManifestOverride,
+    ManifestComponent,
+    ManifestContract,
+    ManifestInterfaces,
+    ManifestBinaryComponent,
+    ManifestCategory,
+    ManifestStyle,
+    ManifestOverlay,
+    MANIFESTS_TYPES,
+    parse_manifest,
+    parse_manifest_line,
+)
+from mozpack.errors import errors, AccumulatedErrors
+from test_errors import TestErrors
+
+
+class TestManifest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_parse_manifest(self):
+        manifest = [
+            'content global content/global/',
+            'content global content/global/ application=foo application=bar' +
+            ' platform',
+            'locale global en-US content/en-US/',
+            'locale global en-US content/en-US/ application=foo',
+            'skin global classic/1.0 content/skin/classic/',
+            'skin global classic/1.0 content/skin/classic/ application=foo' +
+            ' os=WINNT',
+            '',
+            'manifest pdfjs/chrome.manifest',
+            'resource gre-resources toolkit/res/',
+            'override chrome://global/locale/netError.dtd' +
+            ' chrome://browser/locale/netError.dtd',
+            '# Comment',
+            'component {b2bba4df-057d-41ea-b6b1-94a10a8ede68} foo.js',
+            'contract @mozilla.org/foo;1' +
+            ' {b2bba4df-057d-41ea-b6b1-94a10a8ede68}',
+            'interfaces foo.xpt',
+            'binary-component bar.so',
+            'category command-line-handler m-browser' +
+            ' @mozilla.org/browser/clh;1' +
+            ' application={ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}',
+            'style chrome://global/content/customizeToolbar.xul' +
+            ' chrome://browser/skin/',
+            'overlay chrome://global/content/viewSource.xul' +
+            ' chrome://browser/content/viewSourceOverlay.xul',
+        ]
+        other_manifest = [
+            'content global content/global/'
+        ]
+        expected_result = [
+            ManifestContent('', 'global', 'content/global/'),
+            ManifestContent('', 'global', 'content/global/', 'application=foo',
+                            'application=bar', 'platform'),
+            ManifestLocale('', 'global', 'en-US', 'content/en-US/'),
+            ManifestLocale('', 'global', 'en-US', 'content/en-US/',
+                           'application=foo'),
+            ManifestSkin('', 'global', 'classic/1.0', 'content/skin/classic/'),
+            ManifestSkin('', 'global', 'classic/1.0', 'content/skin/classic/',
+                         'application=foo', 'os=WINNT'),
+            Manifest('', 'pdfjs/chrome.manifest'),
+            ManifestResource('', 'gre-resources', 'toolkit/res/'),
+            ManifestOverride('', 'chrome://global/locale/netError.dtd',
+                             'chrome://browser/locale/netError.dtd'),
+            ManifestComponent('', '{b2bba4df-057d-41ea-b6b1-94a10a8ede68}',
+                              'foo.js'),
+            ManifestContract('', '@mozilla.org/foo;1',
+                             '{b2bba4df-057d-41ea-b6b1-94a10a8ede68}'),
+            ManifestInterfaces('', 'foo.xpt'),
+            ManifestBinaryComponent('', 'bar.so'),
+            ManifestCategory('', 'command-line-handler', 'm-browser',
+                             '@mozilla.org/browser/clh;1', 'application=' +
+                             '{ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384}'),
+            ManifestStyle('', 'chrome://global/content/customizeToolbar.xul',
+                          'chrome://browser/skin/'),
+            ManifestOverlay('', 'chrome://global/content/viewSource.xul',
+                            'chrome://browser/content/viewSourceOverlay.xul'),
+        ]
+        with mozunit.MockedOpen({'manifest': '\n'.join(manifest),
+                                 'other/manifest': '\n'.join(other_manifest)}):
+            # Ensure we have tests for all types of manifests.
+            self.assertEqual(set(type(e) for e in expected_result),
+                             set(MANIFESTS_TYPES.values()))
+            self.assertEqual(list(parse_manifest(os.curdir, 'manifest')),
+                             expected_result)
+            self.assertEqual(list(parse_manifest(os.curdir, 'other/manifest')),
+                             [ManifestContent('other', 'global',
+                                              'content/global/')])
+
+    def test_manifest_rebase(self):
+        m = parse_manifest_line('chrome', 'content global content/global/')
+        m = m.rebase('')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'content global chrome/content/global/')
+        m = m.rebase('chrome')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'content global content/global/')
+
+        m = parse_manifest_line('chrome/foo', 'content global content/global/')
+        m = m.rebase('chrome')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'content global foo/content/global/')
+        m = m.rebase('chrome/foo')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'content global content/global/')
+
+        m = parse_manifest_line('modules/foo', 'resource foo ./')
+        m = m.rebase('modules')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'resource foo foo/')
+        m = m.rebase('modules/foo')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'resource foo ./')
+
+        m = parse_manifest_line('chrome', 'content browser browser/content/')
+        m = m.rebase('chrome/browser').move('jar:browser.jar!').rebase('')
+        self.assertEqual(str(m), 'content browser jar:browser.jar!/content/')
+
+
+class TestManifestErrors(TestErrors, unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_parse_manifest_errors(self):
+        manifest = [
+            'skin global classic/1.0 content/skin/classic/ platform',
+            '',
+            'binary-component bar.so',
+            'unsupported foo',
+        ]
+        with mozunit.MockedOpen({'manifest': '\n'.join(manifest)}):
+            with self.assertRaises(AccumulatedErrors):
+                with errors.accumulate():
+                    list(parse_manifest(os.curdir, 'manifest'))
+            out = self.get_output()
+            # Expecting 2 errors
+            self.assertEqual(len(out), 2)
+            path = os.path.abspath('manifest')
+            # First on line 1
+            self.assertTrue(out[0].startswith('Error: %s:1: ' % path))
+            # Second on line 4
+            self.assertTrue(out[1].startswith('Error: %s:4: ' % path))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_copier.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_copier.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6688b3d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_copier.py
@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileCopier,
+    FileRegistry,
+    FileRegistrySubtree,
+    Jarrer,
+)
+from mozpack.files import (
+    GeneratedFile,
+    ExistingFile,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarReader
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+import os
+import stat
+from mozpack.errors import ErrorMessage
+from mozpack.test.test_files import (
+    MockDest,
+    MatchTestTemplate,
+    TestWithTmpDir,
+)
+
+
+class BaseTestFileRegistry(MatchTestTemplate):
+    def add(self, path):
+        self.registry.add(path, GeneratedFile(path))
+
+    def do_check(self, pattern, result):
+        self.checked = True
+        if result:
+            self.assertTrue(self.registry.contains(pattern))
+        else:
+            self.assertFalse(self.registry.contains(pattern))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.match(pattern), result)
+
+    def do_test_file_registry(self, registry):
+        self.registry = registry
+        self.registry.add('foo', GeneratedFile('foo'))
+        bar = GeneratedFile('bar')
+        self.registry.add('bar', bar)
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), ['foo', 'bar'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry['bar'], bar)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'foo',
+                          GeneratedFile('foo2'))
+
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.remove, 'qux')
+
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'foo/bar',
+                          GeneratedFile('foobar'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'foo/bar/baz',
+                          GeneratedFile('foobar'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), ['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        self.registry.remove('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), ['bar'])
+        self.registry.remove('bar')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), [])
+
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        self.do_match_test()
+        self.assertTrue(self.checked)
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), [
+            'bar',
+            'foo/bar',
+            'foo/baz',
+            'foo/qux/1',
+            'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test',
+            'foo/qux/2/test2',
+        ])
+
+        self.registry.remove('foo/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), ['bar', 'foo/bar', 'foo/baz'])
+
+        self.registry.add('foo/qux', GeneratedFile('fooqux'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), ['bar', 'foo/bar', 'foo/baz',
+                                                 'foo/qux'])
+        self.registry.remove('foo/b*')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.paths(), ['bar', 'foo/qux'])
+
+        self.assertEqual([f for f, c in self.registry], ['bar', 'foo/qux'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.registry), 2)
+
+        self.add('foo/.foo')
+        self.assertTrue(self.registry.contains('foo/.foo'))
+
+    def do_test_registry_paths(self, registry):
+        self.registry = registry
+
+        # Can't add a file if it requires a directory in place of a
+        # file we also require.
+        self.registry.add('foo', GeneratedFile('foo'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'foo/bar',
+                          GeneratedFile('foobar'))
+
+        # Can't add a file if we already have a directory there.
+        self.registry.add('bar/baz', GeneratedFile('barbaz'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'bar',
+                          GeneratedFile('bar'))
+
+        # Bump the count of things that require bar/ to 2.
+        self.registry.add('bar/zot', GeneratedFile('barzot'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'bar',
+                          GeneratedFile('bar'))
+
+        # Drop the count of things that require bar/ to 1.
+        self.registry.remove('bar/baz')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, self.registry.add, 'bar',
+                          GeneratedFile('bar'))
+
+        # Drop the count of things that require bar/ to 0.
+        self.registry.remove('bar/zot')
+        self.registry.add('bar/zot', GeneratedFile('barzot'))
+
+class TestFileRegistry(BaseTestFileRegistry, unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_partial_paths(self):
+        cases = {
+            'foo/bar/baz/zot': ['foo/bar/baz', 'foo/bar', 'foo'],
+            'foo/bar': ['foo'],
+            'bar': [],
+        }
+        reg = FileRegistry()
+        for path, parts in cases.iteritems():
+            self.assertEqual(reg._partial_paths(path), parts)
+
+    def test_file_registry(self):
+        self.do_test_file_registry(FileRegistry())
+
+    def test_registry_paths(self):
+        self.do_test_registry_paths(FileRegistry())
+
+    def test_required_directories(self):
+        self.registry = FileRegistry()
+
+        self.registry.add('foo', GeneratedFile('foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), set())
+
+        self.registry.add('bar/baz', GeneratedFile('barbaz'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), {'bar'})
+
+        self.registry.add('bar/zot', GeneratedFile('barzot'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), {'bar'})
+
+        self.registry.add('bar/zap/zot', GeneratedFile('barzapzot'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), {'bar', 'bar/zap'})
+
+        self.registry.remove('bar/zap/zot')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), {'bar'})
+
+        self.registry.remove('bar/baz')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), {'bar'})
+
+        self.registry.remove('bar/zot')
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), set())
+
+        self.registry.add('x/y/z', GeneratedFile('xyz'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.registry.required_directories(), {'x', 'x/y'})
+
+
+class TestFileRegistrySubtree(BaseTestFileRegistry, unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_file_registry_subtree_base(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        self.assertEqual(registry, FileRegistrySubtree('', registry))
+        self.assertNotEqual(registry, FileRegistrySubtree('base', registry))
+
+    def create_registry(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        registry.add('foo/bar', GeneratedFile('foo/bar'))
+        registry.add('baz/qux', GeneratedFile('baz/qux'))
+        return FileRegistrySubtree('base/root', registry)
+
+    def test_file_registry_subtree(self):
+        self.do_test_file_registry(self.create_registry())
+
+    def test_registry_paths_subtree(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        self.do_test_registry_paths(self.create_registry())
+
+
+class TestFileCopier(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def all_dirs(self, base):
+        all_dirs = set()
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base):
+            if not dirs:
+                all_dirs.add(mozpath.relpath(root, base))
+        return all_dirs
+
+    def all_files(self, base):
+        all_files = set()
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base):
+            for f in files:
+                all_files.add(
+                    mozpath.join(mozpath.relpath(root, base), f))
+        return all_files
+
+    def test_file_copier(self):
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo/bar', GeneratedFile('foobar'))
+        copier.add('foo/qux', GeneratedFile('fooqux'))
+        copier.add('foo/deep/nested/directory/file', GeneratedFile('fooz'))
+        copier.add('bar', GeneratedFile('bar'))
+        copier.add('qux/foo', GeneratedFile('quxfoo'))
+        copier.add('qux/bar', GeneratedFile(''))
+
+        result = copier.copy(self.tmpdir)
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(self.tmpdir), set(copier.paths()))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(self.tmpdir),
+                         set(['foo/deep/nested/directory', 'qux']))
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.updated_files, set(self.tmppath(p) for p in
+            self.all_files(self.tmpdir)))
+        self.assertEqual(result.existing_files, set())
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, set())
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set())
+
+        copier.remove('foo')
+        copier.add('test', GeneratedFile('test'))
+        result = copier.copy(self.tmpdir)
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(self.tmpdir), set(copier.paths()))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(self.tmpdir), set(['qux']))
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, set(self.tmppath(p) for p in
+            ('foo/bar', 'foo/qux', 'foo/deep/nested/directory/file')))
+
+    def test_symlink_directory_replaced(self):
+        """Directory symlinks in destination are replaced if they need to be
+        real directories."""
+        if not self.symlink_supported:
+            return
+
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo/bar/baz', GeneratedFile('foobarbaz'))
+
+        os.makedirs(self.tmppath('dest/foo'))
+        dummy = self.tmppath('dummy')
+        os.mkdir(dummy)
+        link = self.tmppath('dest/foo/bar')
+        os.symlink(dummy, link)
+
+        result = copier.copy(dest)
+
+        st = os.lstat(link)
+        self.assertFalse(stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+        self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(dest), set(copier.paths()))
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set())
+        self.assertEqual(len(result.updated_files), 1)
+
+    def test_remove_unaccounted_directory_symlinks(self):
+        """Directory symlinks in destination that are not in the way are
+        deleted according to remove_unaccounted and
+        remove_all_directory_symlinks.
+        """
+        if not self.symlink_supported:
+            return
+
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo/bar/baz', GeneratedFile('foobarbaz'))
+
+        os.makedirs(self.tmppath('dest/foo'))
+        dummy = self.tmppath('dummy')
+        os.mkdir(dummy)
+
+        os.mkdir(self.tmppath('dest/zot'))
+        link = self.tmppath('dest/zot/zap')
+        os.symlink(dummy, link)
+
+        # If not remove_unaccounted but remove_empty_directories, then
+        # the symlinked directory remains (as does its containing
+        # directory).
+        result = copier.copy(dest, remove_unaccounted=False,
+            remove_empty_directories=True,
+            remove_all_directory_symlinks=False)
+
+        st = os.lstat(link)
+        self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+        self.assertFalse(stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(dest), set(copier.paths()))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(dest), set(['foo/bar']))
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set())
+        self.assertEqual(len(result.updated_files), 1)
+
+        # If remove_unaccounted but not remove_empty_directories, then
+        # only the symlinked directory is removed.
+        result = copier.copy(dest, remove_unaccounted=True,
+            remove_empty_directories=False,
+            remove_all_directory_symlinks=False)
+
+        st = os.lstat(self.tmppath('dest/zot'))
+        self.assertFalse(stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+        self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, set([link]))
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set())
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(dest), set(copier.paths()))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(dest), set(['foo/bar', 'zot']))
+
+        # If remove_unaccounted and remove_empty_directories, then
+        # both the symlink and its containing directory are removed.
+        link = self.tmppath('dest/zot/zap')
+        os.symlink(dummy, link)
+
+        result = copier.copy(dest, remove_unaccounted=True,
+            remove_empty_directories=True,
+            remove_all_directory_symlinks=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, set([link]))
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set([self.tmppath('dest/zot')]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(dest), set(copier.paths()))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(dest), set(['foo/bar']))
+
+    def test_permissions(self):
+        """Ensure files without write permission can be deleted."""
+        with open(self.tmppath('dummy'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        p = self.tmppath('no_perms')
+        with open(p, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        # Make file and directory unwritable. Reminder: making a directory
+        # unwritable prevents modifications (including deletes) from the list
+        # of files in that directory.
+        os.chmod(p, 0o400)
+        os.chmod(self.tmpdir, 0o400)
+
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('dummy', GeneratedFile('content'))
+        result = copier.copy(self.tmpdir)
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files_count, 1)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(p))
+
+    def test_no_remove(self):
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo', GeneratedFile('foo'))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('bar'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        os.mkdir(self.tmppath('emptydir'))
+        d = self.tmppath('populateddir')
+        os.mkdir(d)
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('populateddir/foo'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        result = copier.copy(self.tmpdir, remove_unaccounted=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(self.tmpdir), set(['foo', 'bar',
+            'populateddir/foo']))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(self.tmpdir), set(['populateddir']))
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, set())
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories,
+            set([self.tmppath('emptydir')]))
+
+    def test_no_remove_empty_directories(self):
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo', GeneratedFile('foo'))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('bar'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        os.mkdir(self.tmppath('emptydir'))
+        d = self.tmppath('populateddir')
+        os.mkdir(d)
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('populateddir/foo'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        result = copier.copy(self.tmpdir, remove_unaccounted=False,
+            remove_empty_directories=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(self.tmpdir), set(['foo', 'bar',
+            'populateddir/foo']))
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(self.tmpdir), set(['emptydir',
+            'populateddir']))
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, set())
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set())
+
+    def test_optional_exists_creates_unneeded_directory(self):
+        """Demonstrate that a directory not strictly required, but specified
+        as the path to an optional file, will be unnecessarily created.
+
+        This behaviour is wrong; fixing it is tracked by Bug 972432;
+        and this test exists to guard against unexpected changes in
+        behaviour.
+        """
+
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo/bar', ExistingFile(required=False))
+
+        result = copier.copy(dest)
+
+        st = os.lstat(self.tmppath('dest/foo'))
+        self.assertFalse(stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+        self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+
+        # What's worse, we have no record that dest was created.
+        self.assertEquals(len(result.updated_files), 0)
+
+        # But we do have an erroneous record of an optional file
+        # existing when it does not.
+        self.assertIn(self.tmppath('dest/foo/bar'), result.existing_files)
+
+    def test_remove_unaccounted_file_registry(self):
+        """Test FileCopier.copy(remove_unaccounted=FileRegistry())"""
+
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        copier.add('foo/bar/baz', GeneratedFile('foobarbaz'))
+        copier.add('foo/bar/qux', GeneratedFile('foobarqux'))
+        copier.add('foo/hoge/fuga', GeneratedFile('foohogefuga'))
+        copier.add('foo/toto/tata', GeneratedFile('footototata'))
+
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(dest, 'bar'))
+        with open(os.path.join(dest, 'bar', 'bar'), 'w') as fh:
+            fh.write('barbar');
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(dest, 'foo', 'toto'))
+        with open(os.path.join(dest, 'foo', 'toto', 'toto'), 'w') as fh:
+            fh.write('foototototo');
+
+        result = copier.copy(dest, remove_unaccounted=False)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(dest),
+                         set(copier.paths()) | { 'foo/toto/toto', 'bar/bar'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(dest),
+                         {'foo/bar', 'foo/hoge', 'foo/toto', 'bar'})
+
+        copier2 = FileCopier()
+        copier2.add('foo/hoge/fuga', GeneratedFile('foohogefuga'))
+
+        # We expect only files copied from the first copier to be removed,
+        # not the extra file that was there beforehand.
+        result = copier2.copy(dest, remove_unaccounted=copier)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_files(dest),
+                         set(copier2.paths()) | { 'foo/toto/toto', 'bar/bar'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.all_dirs(dest),
+                         {'foo/hoge', 'foo/toto', 'bar'})
+        self.assertEqual(result.updated_files,
+                         {self.tmppath('dest/foo/hoge/fuga')})
+        self.assertEqual(result.existing_files, set())
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, {self.tmppath(p) for p in
+            ('dest/foo/bar/baz', 'dest/foo/bar/qux', 'dest/foo/toto/tata')})
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories,
+                         {self.tmppath('dest/foo/bar')})
+
+
+class TestJarrer(unittest.TestCase):
+    def check_jar(self, dest, copier):
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=dest)
+        self.assertEqual([f.filename for f in jar], copier.paths())
+        for f in jar:
+            self.assertEqual(f.uncompressed_data.read(),
+                             copier[f.filename].content)
+
+    def test_jarrer(self):
+        copier = Jarrer()
+        copier.add('foo/bar', GeneratedFile('foobar'))
+        copier.add('foo/qux', GeneratedFile('fooqux'))
+        copier.add('foo/deep/nested/directory/file', GeneratedFile('fooz'))
+        copier.add('bar', GeneratedFile('bar'))
+        copier.add('qux/foo', GeneratedFile('quxfoo'))
+        copier.add('qux/bar', GeneratedFile(''))
+
+        dest = MockDest()
+        copier.copy(dest)
+        self.check_jar(dest, copier)
+
+        copier.remove('foo')
+        copier.add('test', GeneratedFile('test'))
+        copier.copy(dest)
+        self.check_jar(dest, copier)
+
+        copier.remove('test')
+        copier.add('test', GeneratedFile('replaced-content'))
+        copier.copy(dest)
+        self.check_jar(dest, copier)
+
+        copier.copy(dest)
+        self.check_jar(dest, copier)
+
+        preloaded = ['qux/bar', 'bar']
+        copier.preload(preloaded)
+        copier.copy(dest)
+
+        dest.seek(0)
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=dest)
+        self.assertEqual([f.filename for f in jar], preloaded +
+                         [p for p in copier.paths() if not p in preloaded])
+        self.assertEqual(jar.last_preloaded, preloaded[-1])
+
+
+    def test_jarrer_compress(self):
+        copier = Jarrer()
+        copier.add('foo/bar', GeneratedFile('ffffff'))
+        copier.add('foo/qux', GeneratedFile('ffffff'), compress=False)
+
+        dest = MockDest()
+        copier.copy(dest)
+        self.check_jar(dest, copier)
+
+        dest.seek(0)
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=dest)
+        self.assertTrue(jar['foo/bar'].compressed)
+        self.assertFalse(jar['foo/qux'].compressed)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_errors.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16e2b0496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozpack.errors import (
+    errors,
+    ErrorMessage,
+    AccumulatedErrors,
+)
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+import sys
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+
+
+class TestErrors(object):
+    def setUp(self):
+        errors.out = StringIO()
+        errors.ignore_errors(False)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        errors.out = sys.stderr
+
+    def get_output(self):
+        return [l.strip() for l in errors.out.getvalue().splitlines()]
+
+
+class TestErrorsImpl(TestErrors, unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_plain_error(self):
+        errors.warn('foo')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, errors.error, 'foo')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, errors.fatal, 'foo')
+        self.assertEquals(self.get_output(), ['Warning: foo'])
+
+    def test_ignore_errors(self):
+        errors.ignore_errors()
+        errors.warn('foo')
+        errors.error('bar')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, errors.fatal, 'foo')
+        self.assertEquals(self.get_output(), ['Warning: foo', 'Warning: bar'])
+
+    def test_no_error(self):
+        with errors.accumulate():
+            errors.warn('1')
+
+    def test_simple_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AccumulatedErrors):
+            with errors.accumulate():
+                errors.error('1')
+        self.assertEquals(self.get_output(), ['Error: 1'])
+
+    def test_error_loop(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AccumulatedErrors):
+            with errors.accumulate():
+                for i in range(3):
+                    errors.error('%d' % i)
+        self.assertEquals(self.get_output(),
+                          ['Error: 0', 'Error: 1', 'Error: 2'])
+
+    def test_multiple_errors(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AccumulatedErrors):
+            with errors.accumulate():
+                errors.error('foo')
+                for i in range(3):
+                    if i == 2:
+                        errors.warn('%d' % i)
+                    else:
+                        errors.error('%d' % i)
+                errors.error('bar')
+        self.assertEquals(self.get_output(),
+                          ['Error: foo', 'Error: 0', 'Error: 1',
+                           'Warning: 2', 'Error: bar'])
+
+    def test_errors_context(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AccumulatedErrors):
+            with errors.accumulate():
+                self.assertEqual(errors.get_context(), None)
+                with errors.context('foo', 1):
+                    self.assertEqual(errors.get_context(), ('foo', 1))
+                    errors.error('a')
+                    with errors.context('bar', 2):
+                        self.assertEqual(errors.get_context(), ('bar', 2))
+                        errors.error('b')
+                    self.assertEqual(errors.get_context(), ('foo', 1))
+                    errors.error('c')
+        self.assertEqual(self.get_output(), [
+            'Error: foo:1: a',
+            'Error: bar:2: b',
+            'Error: foo:1: c',
+        ])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_files.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_files.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6fd617828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1160 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozbuild.util import ensureParentDir
+
+from mozpack.errors import (
+    ErrorMessage,
+    errors,
+)
+from mozpack.files import (
+    AbsoluteSymlinkFile,
+    ComposedFinder,
+    DeflatedFile,
+    Dest,
+    ExistingFile,
+    ExtractedTarFile,
+    FileFinder,
+    File,
+    GeneratedFile,
+    JarFinder,
+    TarFinder,
+    ManifestFile,
+    MercurialFile,
+    MercurialRevisionFinder,
+    MinifiedJavaScript,
+    MinifiedProperties,
+    PreprocessedFile,
+    XPTFile,
+)
+
+# We don't have hglib installed everywhere.
+try:
+    import hglib
+except ImportError:
+    hglib = None
+
+try:
+    from mozpack.hg import MercurialNativeRevisionFinder
+except ImportError:
+    MercurialNativeRevisionFinder = None
+
+from mozpack.mozjar import (
+    JarReader,
+    JarWriter,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    ManifestContent,
+    ManifestResource,
+    ManifestLocale,
+    ManifestOverride,
+)
+import unittest
+import mozfile
+import mozunit
+import os
+import random
+import string
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from io import BytesIO
+from StringIO import StringIO
+from xpt import Typelib
+
+
+class TestWithTmpDir(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.tmpdir = mkdtemp()
+
+        self.symlink_supported = False
+
+        if not hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
+            return
+
+        dummy_path = self.tmppath('dummy_file')
+        with open(dummy_path, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            os.symlink(dummy_path, self.tmppath('dummy_symlink'))
+            os.remove(self.tmppath('dummy_symlink'))
+        except EnvironmentError:
+            pass
+        finally:
+            os.remove(dummy_path)
+
+        self.symlink_supported = True
+
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        mozfile.rmtree(self.tmpdir)
+
+    def tmppath(self, relpath):
+        return os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.tmpdir, relpath))
+
+
+class MockDest(BytesIO, Dest):
+    def __init__(self):
+        BytesIO.__init__(self)
+        self.mode = None
+
+    def read(self, length=-1):
+        if self.mode != 'r':
+            self.seek(0)
+            self.mode = 'r'
+        return BytesIO.read(self, length)
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        if self.mode != 'w':
+            self.seek(0)
+            self.truncate(0)
+            self.mode = 'w'
+        return BytesIO.write(self, data)
+
+    def exists(self):
+        return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.mode:
+            self.mode = None
+
+
+class DestNoWrite(Dest):
+    def write(self, data):
+        raise RuntimeError
+
+
+class TestDest(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_dest(self):
+        dest = Dest(self.tmppath('dest'))
+        self.assertFalse(dest.exists())
+        dest.write('foo')
+        self.assertTrue(dest.exists())
+        dest.write('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(dest.read(4), 'foof')
+        self.assertEqual(dest.read(), 'oo')
+        self.assertEqual(dest.read(), '')
+        dest.write('bar')
+        self.assertEqual(dest.read(4), 'bar')
+        dest.close()
+        self.assertEqual(dest.read(), 'bar')
+        dest.write('foo')
+        dest.close()
+        dest.write('qux')
+        self.assertEqual(dest.read(), 'qux')
+
+rand = ''.join(random.choice(string.letters) for i in xrange(131597))
+samples = [
+    '',
+    'test',
+    'fooo',
+    'same',
+    'same',
+    'Different and longer',
+    rand,
+    rand,
+    rand[:-1] + '_',
+    'test'
+]
+
+
+class TestFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_file(self):
+        '''
+        Check that File.copy yields the proper content in the destination file
+        in all situations that trigger different code paths:
+        - different content
+        - different content of the same size
+        - same content
+        - long content
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        for content in samples:
+            with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+                tmp.write(content)
+            # Ensure the destination file, when it exists, is older than the
+            # source
+            if os.path.exists(dest):
+                time = os.path.getmtime(src) - 1
+                os.utime(dest, (time, time))
+            f = File(src)
+            f.copy(dest)
+            self.assertEqual(content, open(dest, 'rb').read())
+            self.assertEqual(content, f.open().read())
+            self.assertEqual(content, f.open().read())
+
+    def test_file_dest(self):
+        '''
+        Similar to test_file, but for a destination object instead of
+        a destination file. This ensures the destination object is being
+        used properly by File.copy, ensuring that other subclasses of Dest
+        will work.
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        dest = MockDest()
+
+        for content in samples:
+            with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+                tmp.write(content)
+            f = File(src)
+            f.copy(dest)
+            self.assertEqual(content, dest.getvalue())
+
+    def test_file_open(self):
+        '''
+        Test whether File.open returns an appropriately reset file object.
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        content = ''.join(samples)
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write(content)
+
+        f = File(src)
+        self.assertEqual(content[:42], f.open().read(42))
+        self.assertEqual(content, f.open().read())
+
+    def test_file_no_write(self):
+        '''
+        Test various conditions where File.copy is expected not to write
+        in the destination file.
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('test')
+
+        # Initial copy
+        f = File(src)
+        f.copy(dest)
+
+        # Ensure subsequent copies won't trigger writes
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # When the source file is newer, but with the same content, no copy
+        # should occur
+        time = os.path.getmtime(src) - 1
+        os.utime(dest, (time, time))
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # When the source file is older than the destination file, even with
+        # different content, no copy should occur.
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('fooo')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(dest) - 1
+        os.utime(src, (time, time))
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # Double check that under conditions where a copy occurs, we would get
+        # an exception.
+        time = os.path.getmtime(src) - 1
+        os.utime(dest, (time, time))
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, f.copy, DestNoWrite(dest))
+
+        # skip_if_older=False is expected to force a copy in this situation.
+        f.copy(dest, skip_if_older=False)
+        self.assertEqual('fooo', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+
+class TestAbsoluteSymlinkFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_absolute_relative(self):
+        AbsoluteSymlinkFile('/foo')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, 'Symlink target not absolute'):
+            AbsoluteSymlinkFile('./foo')
+
+    def test_symlink_file(self):
+        source = self.tmppath('test_path')
+        with open(source, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('Hello world')
+
+        s = AbsoluteSymlinkFile(source)
+        dest = self.tmppath('symlink')
+        self.assertTrue(s.copy(dest))
+
+        if self.symlink_supported:
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dest))
+            link = os.readlink(dest)
+            self.assertEqual(link, source)
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(dest))
+            content = open(dest).read()
+            self.assertEqual(content, 'Hello world')
+
+    def test_replace_file_with_symlink(self):
+        # If symlinks are supported, an existing file should be replaced by a
+        # symlink.
+        source = self.tmppath('test_path')
+        with open(source, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('source')
+
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        with open(dest, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        s = AbsoluteSymlinkFile(source)
+        s.copy(dest, skip_if_older=False)
+
+        if self.symlink_supported:
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dest))
+            link = os.readlink(dest)
+            self.assertEqual(link, source)
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(dest))
+            content = open(dest).read()
+            self.assertEqual(content, 'source')
+
+    def test_replace_symlink(self):
+        if not self.symlink_supported:
+            return
+
+        source = self.tmppath('source')
+        with open(source, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        os.symlink(self.tmppath('bad'), dest)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dest))
+
+        s = AbsoluteSymlinkFile(source)
+        self.assertTrue(s.copy(dest))
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dest))
+        link = os.readlink(dest)
+        self.assertEqual(link, source)
+
+    def test_noop(self):
+        if not hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
+            return
+
+        source = self.tmppath('source')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        with open(source, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        os.symlink(source, dest)
+        link = os.readlink(dest)
+        self.assertEqual(link, source)
+
+        s = AbsoluteSymlinkFile(source)
+        self.assertFalse(s.copy(dest))
+
+        link = os.readlink(dest)
+        self.assertEqual(link, source)
+
+class TestPreprocessedFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_preprocess(self):
+        '''
+        Test that copying the file invokes the preprocessor
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('#ifdef FOO\ntest\n#endif')
+
+        f = PreprocessedFile(src, depfile_path=None, marker='#', defines={'FOO': True})
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest))
+
+        self.assertEqual('test\n', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+    def test_preprocess_file_no_write(self):
+        '''
+        Test various conditions where PreprocessedFile.copy is expected not to
+        write in the destination file.
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        depfile = self.tmppath('depfile')
+
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('#ifdef FOO\ntest\n#endif')
+
+        # Initial copy
+        f = PreprocessedFile(src, depfile_path=depfile, marker='#', defines={'FOO': True})
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest))
+
+        # Ensure subsequent copies won't trigger writes
+        self.assertFalse(f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest)))
+        self.assertEqual('test\n', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # When the source file is older than the destination file, even with
+        # different content, no copy should occur.
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('#ifdef FOO\nfooo\n#endif')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(dest) - 1
+        os.utime(src, (time, time))
+        self.assertFalse(f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest)))
+        self.assertEqual('test\n', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # skip_if_older=False is expected to force a copy in this situation.
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest, skip_if_older=False))
+        self.assertEqual('fooo\n', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+    def test_preprocess_file_dependencies(self):
+        '''
+        Test that the preprocess runs if the dependencies of the source change
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        incl = self.tmppath('incl')
+        deps = self.tmppath('src.pp')
+
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('#ifdef FOO\ntest\n#endif')
+
+        with open(incl, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('foo bar')
+
+        # Initial copy
+        f = PreprocessedFile(src, depfile_path=deps, marker='#', defines={'FOO': True})
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest))
+
+        # Update the source so it #includes the include file.
+        with open(src, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('#include incl\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(dest) + 1
+        os.utime(src, (time, time))
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('foo bar', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # If one of the dependencies changes, the file should be updated. The
+        # mtime of the dependency is set after the destination file, to avoid
+        # both files having the same time.
+        with open(incl, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('quux')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(dest) + 1
+        os.utime(incl, (time, time))
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('quux', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # Perform one final copy to confirm that we don't run the preprocessor
+        # again. We update the mtime of the destination so it's newer than the
+        # input files. This would "just work" if we weren't changing
+        time = os.path.getmtime(incl) + 1
+        os.utime(dest, (time, time))
+        self.assertFalse(f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest)))
+
+    def test_replace_symlink(self):
+        '''
+        Test that if the destination exists, and is a symlink, the target of
+        the symlink is not overwritten by the preprocessor output.
+        '''
+        if not self.symlink_supported:
+            return
+
+        source = self.tmppath('source')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        pp_source = self.tmppath('pp_in')
+        deps = self.tmppath('deps')
+
+        with open(source, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        os.symlink(source, dest)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dest))
+
+        with open(pp_source, 'wb') as tmp:
+            tmp.write('#define FOO\nPREPROCESSED')
+
+        f = PreprocessedFile(pp_source, depfile_path=deps, marker='#',
+            defines={'FOO': True})
+        self.assertTrue(f.copy(dest))
+
+        self.assertEqual('PREPROCESSED', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('', open(source, 'rb').read())
+
+class TestExistingFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_required_missing_dest(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ErrorMessage, 'Required existing file'):
+            f = ExistingFile(required=True)
+            f.copy(self.tmppath('dest'))
+
+    def test_required_existing_dest(self):
+        p = self.tmppath('dest')
+        with open(p, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        f = ExistingFile(required=True)
+        f.copy(p)
+
+    def test_optional_missing_dest(self):
+        f = ExistingFile(required=False)
+        f.copy(self.tmppath('dest'))
+
+    def test_optional_existing_dest(self):
+        p = self.tmppath('dest')
+        with open(p, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        f = ExistingFile(required=False)
+        f.copy(p)
+
+
+class TestGeneratedFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_generated_file(self):
+        '''
+        Check that GeneratedFile.copy yields the proper content in the
+        destination file in all situations that trigger different code paths
+        (see TestFile.test_file)
+        '''
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        for content in samples:
+            f = GeneratedFile(content)
+            f.copy(dest)
+            self.assertEqual(content, open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+    def test_generated_file_open(self):
+        '''
+        Test whether GeneratedFile.open returns an appropriately reset file
+        object.
+        '''
+        content = ''.join(samples)
+        f = GeneratedFile(content)
+        self.assertEqual(content[:42], f.open().read(42))
+        self.assertEqual(content, f.open().read())
+
+    def test_generated_file_no_write(self):
+        '''
+        Test various conditions where GeneratedFile.copy is expected not to
+        write in the destination file.
+        '''
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        # Initial copy
+        f = GeneratedFile('test')
+        f.copy(dest)
+
+        # Ensure subsequent copies won't trigger writes
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # When using a new instance with the same content, no copy should occur
+        f = GeneratedFile('test')
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # Double check that under conditions where a copy occurs, we would get
+        # an exception.
+        f = GeneratedFile('fooo')
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, f.copy, DestNoWrite(dest))
+
+
+class TestDeflatedFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_deflated_file(self):
+        '''
+        Check that DeflatedFile.copy yields the proper content in the
+        destination file in all situations that trigger different code paths
+        (see TestFile.test_file)
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src.jar')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        contents = {}
+        with JarWriter(src) as jar:
+            for content in samples:
+                name = ''.join(random.choice(string.letters)
+                               for i in xrange(8))
+                jar.add(name, content, compress=True)
+                contents[name] = content
+
+        for j in JarReader(src):
+            f = DeflatedFile(j)
+            f.copy(dest)
+            self.assertEqual(contents[j.filename], open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+    def test_deflated_file_open(self):
+        '''
+        Test whether DeflatedFile.open returns an appropriately reset file
+        object.
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src.jar')
+        content = ''.join(samples)
+        with JarWriter(src) as jar:
+            jar.add('content', content)
+
+        f = DeflatedFile(JarReader(src)['content'])
+        self.assertEqual(content[:42], f.open().read(42))
+        self.assertEqual(content, f.open().read())
+
+    def test_deflated_file_no_write(self):
+        '''
+        Test various conditions where DeflatedFile.copy is expected not to
+        write in the destination file.
+        '''
+        src = self.tmppath('src.jar')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+
+        with JarWriter(src) as jar:
+            jar.add('test', 'test')
+            jar.add('test2', 'test')
+            jar.add('fooo', 'fooo')
+
+        jar = JarReader(src)
+        # Initial copy
+        f = DeflatedFile(jar['test'])
+        f.copy(dest)
+
+        # Ensure subsequent copies won't trigger writes
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # When using a different file with the same content, no copy should
+        # occur
+        f = DeflatedFile(jar['test2'])
+        f.copy(DestNoWrite(dest))
+        self.assertEqual('test', open(dest, 'rb').read())
+
+        # Double check that under conditions where a copy occurs, we would get
+        # an exception.
+        f = DeflatedFile(jar['fooo'])
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, f.copy, DestNoWrite(dest))
+
+
+class TestManifestFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_manifest_file(self):
+        f = ManifestFile('chrome')
+        f.add(ManifestContent('chrome', 'global', 'toolkit/content/global/'))
+        f.add(ManifestResource('chrome', 'gre-resources', 'toolkit/res/'))
+        f.add(ManifestResource('chrome/pdfjs', 'pdfjs', './'))
+        f.add(ManifestContent('chrome/pdfjs', 'pdfjs', 'pdfjs'))
+        f.add(ManifestLocale('chrome', 'browser', 'en-US',
+                             'en-US/locale/browser/'))
+
+        f.copy(self.tmppath('chrome.manifest'))
+        self.assertEqual(open(self.tmppath('chrome.manifest')).readlines(), [
+            'content global toolkit/content/global/\n',
+            'resource gre-resources toolkit/res/\n',
+            'resource pdfjs pdfjs/\n',
+            'content pdfjs pdfjs/pdfjs\n',
+            'locale browser en-US en-US/locale/browser/\n',
+        ])
+
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError,
+            f.remove,
+            ManifestContent('', 'global', 'toolkit/content/global/')
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError,
+            f.remove,
+            ManifestOverride('chrome', 'chrome://global/locale/netError.dtd',
+                             'chrome://browser/locale/netError.dtd')
+        )
+
+        f.remove(ManifestContent('chrome', 'global',
+                                 'toolkit/content/global/'))
+        self.assertRaises(
+            ValueError,
+            f.remove,
+            ManifestContent('chrome', 'global', 'toolkit/content/global/')
+        )
+
+        f.copy(self.tmppath('chrome.manifest'))
+        content = open(self.tmppath('chrome.manifest')).read()
+        self.assertEqual(content[:42], f.open().read(42))
+        self.assertEqual(content, f.open().read())
+
+# Compiled typelib for the following IDL:
+#     interface foo;
+#     [scriptable, uuid(5f70da76-519c-4858-b71e-e3c92333e2d6)]
+#     interface bar {
+#         void bar(in foo f);
+#     };
+# We need to make this [scriptable] so it doesn't get deleted from the
+# typelib.  We don't need to make the foo interfaces below [scriptable],
+# because they will be automatically included by virtue of being an
+# argument to a method of |bar|.
+bar_xpt = GeneratedFile(
+    b'\x58\x50\x43\x4F\x4D\x0A\x54\x79\x70\x65\x4C\x69\x62\x0D\x0A\x1A' +
+    b'\x01\x02\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x7B\x00\x00\x00\x24\x00\x00\x00\x5C' +
+    b'\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00' +
+    b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x5F' +
+    b'\x70\xDA\x76\x51\x9C\x48\x58\xB7\x1E\xE3\xC9\x23\x33\xE2\xD6\x00' +
+    b'\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0D\x00\x66\x6F\x6F\x00' +
+    b'\x62\x61\x72\x00\x62\x61\x72\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00' +
+    b'\x09\x01\x80\x92\x00\x01\x80\x06\x00\x00\x80'
+)
+
+# Compiled typelib for the following IDL:
+#     [uuid(3271bebc-927e-4bef-935e-44e0aaf3c1e5)]
+#     interface foo {
+#         void foo();
+#     };
+foo_xpt = GeneratedFile(
+    b'\x58\x50\x43\x4F\x4D\x0A\x54\x79\x70\x65\x4C\x69\x62\x0D\x0A\x1A' +
+    b'\x01\x02\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x57\x00\x00\x00\x24\x00\x00\x00\x40' +
+    b'\x80\x00\x00\x32\x71\xBE\xBC\x92\x7E\x4B\xEF\x93\x5E\x44\xE0\xAA' +
+    b'\xF3\xC1\xE5\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x09\x00' +
+    b'\x66\x6F\x6F\x00\x66\x6F\x6F\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00' +
+    b'\x05\x00\x80\x06\x00\x00\x00'
+)
+
+# Compiled typelib for the following IDL:
+#     [uuid(7057f2aa-fdc2-4559-abde-08d939f7e80d)]
+#     interface foo {
+#         void foo();
+#     };
+foo2_xpt = GeneratedFile(
+    b'\x58\x50\x43\x4F\x4D\x0A\x54\x79\x70\x65\x4C\x69\x62\x0D\x0A\x1A' +
+    b'\x01\x02\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x57\x00\x00\x00\x24\x00\x00\x00\x40' +
+    b'\x80\x00\x00\x70\x57\xF2\xAA\xFD\xC2\x45\x59\xAB\xDE\x08\xD9\x39' +
+    b'\xF7\xE8\x0D\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x09\x00' +
+    b'\x66\x6F\x6F\x00\x66\x6F\x6F\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00' +
+    b'\x05\x00\x80\x06\x00\x00\x00'
+)
+
+
+def read_interfaces(file):
+    return dict((i.name, i) for i in Typelib.read(file).interfaces)
+
+
+class TestXPTFile(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_xpt_file(self):
+        x = XPTFile()
+        x.add(foo_xpt)
+        x.add(bar_xpt)
+        x.copy(self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt'))
+
+        foo = read_interfaces(foo_xpt.open())
+        foo2 = read_interfaces(foo2_xpt.open())
+        bar = read_interfaces(bar_xpt.open())
+        linked = read_interfaces(self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt'))
+        self.assertEqual(foo['foo'], linked['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(bar['bar'], linked['bar'])
+
+        x.remove(foo_xpt)
+        x.copy(self.tmppath('interfaces2.xpt'))
+        linked = read_interfaces(self.tmppath('interfaces2.xpt'))
+        self.assertEqual(bar['foo'], linked['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(bar['bar'], linked['bar'])
+
+        x.add(foo_xpt)
+        x.copy(DestNoWrite(self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt')))
+        linked = read_interfaces(self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt'))
+        self.assertEqual(foo['foo'], linked['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(bar['bar'], linked['bar'])
+
+        x = XPTFile()
+        x.add(foo2_xpt)
+        x.add(bar_xpt)
+        x.copy(self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt'))
+        linked = read_interfaces(self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt'))
+        self.assertEqual(foo2['foo'], linked['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(bar['bar'], linked['bar'])
+
+        x = XPTFile()
+        x.add(foo_xpt)
+        x.add(foo2_xpt)
+        x.add(bar_xpt)
+        from xpt import DataError
+        self.assertRaises(DataError, x.copy, self.tmppath('interfaces.xpt'))
+
+
+class TestMinifiedProperties(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_minified_properties(self):
+        propLines = [
+            '# Comments are removed',
+            'foo = bar',
+            '',
+            '# Another comment',
+        ]
+        prop = GeneratedFile('\n'.join(propLines))
+        self.assertEqual(MinifiedProperties(prop).open().readlines(),
+                         ['foo = bar\n', '\n'])
+        open(self.tmppath('prop'), 'wb').write('\n'.join(propLines))
+        MinifiedProperties(File(self.tmppath('prop'))) \
+            .copy(self.tmppath('prop2'))
+        self.assertEqual(open(self.tmppath('prop2')).readlines(),
+                         ['foo = bar\n', '\n'])
+
+
+class TestMinifiedJavaScript(TestWithTmpDir):
+    orig_lines = [
+        '// Comment line',
+        'let foo = "bar";',
+        'var bar = true;',
+        '',
+        '// Another comment',
+    ]
+
+    def test_minified_javascript(self):
+        orig_f = GeneratedFile('\n'.join(self.orig_lines))
+        min_f = MinifiedJavaScript(orig_f)
+
+        mini_lines = min_f.open().readlines()
+        self.assertTrue(mini_lines)
+        self.assertTrue(len(mini_lines) < len(self.orig_lines))
+
+    def _verify_command(self, code):
+        our_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        return [
+            sys.executable,
+            os.path.join(our_dir, 'support', 'minify_js_verify.py'),
+            code,
+        ]
+
+    def test_minified_verify_success(self):
+        orig_f = GeneratedFile('\n'.join(self.orig_lines))
+        min_f = MinifiedJavaScript(orig_f,
+            verify_command=self._verify_command('0'))
+
+        mini_lines = min_f.open().readlines()
+        self.assertTrue(mini_lines)
+        self.assertTrue(len(mini_lines) < len(self.orig_lines))
+
+    def test_minified_verify_failure(self):
+        orig_f = GeneratedFile('\n'.join(self.orig_lines))
+        errors.out = StringIO()
+        min_f = MinifiedJavaScript(orig_f,
+            verify_command=self._verify_command('1'))
+
+        mini_lines = min_f.open().readlines()
+        output = errors.out.getvalue()
+        errors.out = sys.stderr
+        self.assertEqual(output,
+            'Warning: JS minification verification failed for <unknown>:\n'
+            'Warning: Error message\n')
+        self.assertEqual(mini_lines, orig_f.open().readlines())
+
+
+class MatchTestTemplate(object):
+    def prepare_match_test(self, with_dotfiles=False):
+        self.add('bar')
+        self.add('foo/bar')
+        self.add('foo/baz')
+        self.add('foo/qux/1')
+        self.add('foo/qux/bar')
+        self.add('foo/qux/2/test')
+        self.add('foo/qux/2/test2')
+        if with_dotfiles:
+            self.add('foo/.foo')
+            self.add('foo/.bar/foo')
+
+    def do_match_test(self):
+        self.do_check('', [
+            'bar', 'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('*', [
+            'bar', 'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('foo/qux', [
+            'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar', 'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('foo/b*', ['foo/bar', 'foo/baz'])
+        self.do_check('baz', [])
+        self.do_check('foo/foo', [])
+        self.do_check('foo/*ar', ['foo/bar'])
+        self.do_check('*ar', ['bar'])
+        self.do_check('*/bar', ['foo/bar'])
+        self.do_check('foo/*ux', [
+            'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar', 'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('foo/q*ux', [
+            'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar', 'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('foo/*/2/test*', ['foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'])
+        self.do_check('**/bar', ['bar', 'foo/bar', 'foo/qux/bar'])
+        self.do_check('foo/**/test', ['foo/qux/2/test'])
+        self.do_check('foo', [
+            'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('foo/**', [
+            'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('**/2/test*', ['foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'])
+        self.do_check('**/foo', [
+            'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'
+        ])
+        self.do_check('**/barbaz', [])
+        self.do_check('f**/bar', ['foo/bar'])
+
+    def do_finder_test(self, finder):
+        self.assertTrue(finder.contains('foo/.foo'))
+        self.assertTrue(finder.contains('foo/.bar'))
+        self.assertTrue('foo/.foo' in [f for f, c in
+                                       finder.find('foo/.foo')])
+        self.assertTrue('foo/.bar/foo' in [f for f, c in
+                                           finder.find('foo/.bar')])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted([f for f, c in finder.find('foo/.*')]),
+                         ['foo/.bar/foo', 'foo/.foo'])
+        for pattern in ['foo', '**', '**/*', '**/foo', 'foo/*']:
+            self.assertFalse('foo/.foo' in [f for f, c in
+                                            finder.find(pattern)])
+            self.assertFalse('foo/.bar/foo' in [f for f, c in
+                                                finder.find(pattern)])
+            self.assertEqual(sorted([f for f, c in finder.find(pattern)]),
+                             sorted([f for f, c in finder
+                                     if mozpath.match(f, pattern)]))
+
+
+def do_check(test, finder, pattern, result):
+    if result:
+        test.assertTrue(finder.contains(pattern))
+    else:
+        test.assertFalse(finder.contains(pattern))
+    test.assertEqual(sorted(list(f for f, c in finder.find(pattern))),
+                     sorted(result))
+
+
+class TestFileFinder(MatchTestTemplate, TestWithTmpDir):
+    def add(self, path):
+        ensureParentDir(self.tmppath(path))
+        open(self.tmppath(path), 'wb').write(path)
+
+    def do_check(self, pattern, result):
+        do_check(self, self.finder, pattern, result)
+
+    def test_file_finder(self):
+        self.prepare_match_test(with_dotfiles=True)
+        self.finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir)
+        self.do_match_test()
+        self.do_finder_test(self.finder)
+
+    def test_get(self):
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir)
+
+        self.assertIsNone(finder.get('does-not-exist'))
+        res = finder.get('bar')
+        self.assertIsInstance(res, File)
+        self.assertEqual(mozpath.normpath(res.path),
+                         mozpath.join(self.tmpdir, 'bar'))
+
+    def test_ignored_dirs(self):
+        """Ignored directories should not have results returned."""
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        self.add('fooz')
+
+        # Present to ensure prefix matching doesn't exclude.
+        self.add('foo/quxz')
+
+        self.finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir, ignore=['foo/qux'])
+
+        self.do_check('**', ['bar', 'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/quxz', 'fooz'])
+        self.do_check('foo/*', ['foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/quxz'])
+        self.do_check('foo/**', ['foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/quxz'])
+        self.do_check('foo/qux/**', [])
+        self.do_check('foo/qux/*', [])
+        self.do_check('foo/qux/bar', [])
+        self.do_check('foo/quxz', ['foo/quxz'])
+        self.do_check('fooz', ['fooz'])
+
+    def test_ignored_files(self):
+        """Ignored files should not have results returned."""
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+
+        # Be sure prefix match doesn't get ignored.
+        self.add('barz')
+
+        self.finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir, ignore=['foo/bar', 'bar'])
+        self.do_check('**', ['barz', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/2/test',
+            'foo/qux/2/test2', 'foo/qux/bar'])
+        self.do_check('foo/**', ['foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/2/test',
+            'foo/qux/2/test2', 'foo/qux/bar'])
+
+    def test_ignored_patterns(self):
+        """Ignore entries with patterns should be honored."""
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+
+        self.add('foo/quxz')
+
+        self.finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir, ignore=['foo/qux/*'])
+        self.do_check('**', ['foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/quxz', 'bar'])
+        self.do_check('foo/**', ['foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/quxz'])
+
+    def test_dotfiles(self):
+        """Finder can find files beginning with . is configured."""
+        self.prepare_match_test(with_dotfiles=True)
+        self.finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir, find_dotfiles=True)
+        self.do_check('**', ['bar', 'foo/.foo', 'foo/.bar/foo',
+            'foo/bar', 'foo/baz', 'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar',
+            'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'])
+
+    def test_dotfiles_plus_ignore(self):
+        self.prepare_match_test(with_dotfiles=True)
+        self.finder = FileFinder(self.tmpdir, find_dotfiles=True,
+                                 ignore=['foo/.bar/**'])
+        self.do_check('foo/**', ['foo/.foo', 'foo/bar', 'foo/baz',
+            'foo/qux/1', 'foo/qux/bar', 'foo/qux/2/test', 'foo/qux/2/test2'])
+
+
+class TestJarFinder(MatchTestTemplate, TestWithTmpDir):
+    def add(self, path):
+        self.jar.add(path, path, compress=True)
+
+    def do_check(self, pattern, result):
+        do_check(self, self.finder, pattern, result)
+
+    def test_jar_finder(self):
+        self.jar = JarWriter(file=self.tmppath('test.jar'))
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        self.jar.finish()
+        reader = JarReader(file=self.tmppath('test.jar'))
+        self.finder = JarFinder(self.tmppath('test.jar'), reader)
+        self.do_match_test()
+
+        self.assertIsNone(self.finder.get('does-not-exist'))
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.finder.get('bar'), DeflatedFile)
+
+class TestTarFinder(MatchTestTemplate, TestWithTmpDir):
+    def add(self, path):
+        self.tar.addfile(tarfile.TarInfo(name=path))
+
+    def do_check(self, pattern, result):
+        do_check(self, self.finder, pattern, result)
+
+    def test_tar_finder(self):
+        self.tar = tarfile.open(name=self.tmppath('test.tar.bz2'),
+                                mode='w:bz2')
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        self.tar.close()
+        with tarfile.open(name=self.tmppath('test.tar.bz2'),
+                          mode='r:bz2') as tarreader:
+            self.finder = TarFinder(self.tmppath('test.tar.bz2'), tarreader)
+            self.do_match_test()
+
+            self.assertIsNone(self.finder.get('does-not-exist'))
+            self.assertIsInstance(self.finder.get('bar'), ExtractedTarFile)
+
+
+class TestComposedFinder(MatchTestTemplate, TestWithTmpDir):
+    def add(self, path, content=None):
+        # Put foo/qux files under $tmp/b.
+        if path.startswith('foo/qux/'):
+            real_path = mozpath.join('b', path[8:])
+        else:
+            real_path = mozpath.join('a', path)
+        ensureParentDir(self.tmppath(real_path))
+        if not content:
+            content = path
+        open(self.tmppath(real_path), 'wb').write(content)
+
+    def do_check(self, pattern, result):
+        if '*' in pattern:
+            return
+        do_check(self, self.finder, pattern, result)
+
+    def test_composed_finder(self):
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        # Also add files in $tmp/a/foo/qux because ComposedFinder is
+        # expected to mask foo/qux entirely with content from $tmp/b.
+        ensureParentDir(self.tmppath('a/foo/qux/hoge'))
+        open(self.tmppath('a/foo/qux/hoge'), 'wb').write('hoge')
+        open(self.tmppath('a/foo/qux/bar'), 'wb').write('not the right content')
+        self.finder = ComposedFinder({
+            '': FileFinder(self.tmppath('a')),
+            'foo/qux': FileFinder(self.tmppath('b')),
+        })
+        self.do_match_test()
+
+        self.assertIsNone(self.finder.get('does-not-exist'))
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.finder.get('bar'), File)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(hglib, 'hglib not available')
+class TestMercurialRevisionFinder(MatchTestTemplate, TestWithTmpDir):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(TestMercurialRevisionFinder, self).setUp()
+        hglib.init(self.tmpdir)
+
+    def add(self, path):
+        c = hglib.open(self.tmpdir)
+        ensureParentDir(self.tmppath(path))
+        with open(self.tmppath(path), 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write(path)
+        c.add(self.tmppath(path))
+
+    def do_check(self, pattern, result):
+        do_check(self, self.finder, pattern, result)
+
+    def _get_finder(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return MercurialRevisionFinder(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def test_default_revision(self):
+        self.prepare_match_test()
+        c = hglib.open(self.tmpdir)
+        c.commit('initial commit')
+        self.finder = self._get_finder(self.tmpdir)
+        self.do_match_test()
+
+        self.assertIsNone(self.finder.get('does-not-exist'))
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.finder.get('bar'), MercurialFile)
+
+    def test_old_revision(self):
+        c = hglib.open(self.tmpdir)
+        with open(self.tmppath('foo'), 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write('foo initial')
+        c.add(self.tmppath('foo'))
+        c.commit('initial')
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('foo'), 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write('foo second')
+        with open(self.tmppath('bar'), 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write('bar second')
+        c.add(self.tmppath('bar'))
+        c.commit('second')
+        # This wipes out the working directory, ensuring the finder isn't
+        # finding anything from the filesystem.
+        c.rawcommand(['update', 'null'])
+
+        finder = self._get_finder(self.tmpdir, 0)
+        f = finder.get('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'foo initial')
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'foo initial', 'read again for good measure')
+        self.assertIsNone(finder.get('bar'))
+
+        finder = MercurialRevisionFinder(self.tmpdir, rev=1)
+        f = finder.get('foo')
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'foo second')
+        f = finder.get('bar')
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'bar second')
+
+    def test_recognize_repo_paths(self):
+        c = hglib.open(self.tmpdir)
+        with open(self.tmppath('foo'), 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.write('initial')
+        c.add(self.tmppath('foo'))
+        c.commit('initial')
+        c.rawcommand(['update', 'null'])
+
+        finder = self._get_finder(self.tmpdir, 0,
+                                  recognize_repo_paths=True)
+        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
+            list(finder.find(''))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            finder.get('foo')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            finder.get('')
+
+        f = finder.get(self.tmppath('foo'))
+        self.assertIsInstance(f, MercurialFile)
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'initial')
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(MercurialNativeRevisionFinder, 'hgnative not available')
+class TestMercurialNativeRevisionFinder(TestMercurialRevisionFinder):
+    def _get_finder(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return MercurialNativeRevisionFinder(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_manifests.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_manifests.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b785d014a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_manifests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+
+import mozunit
+
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileCopier,
+    FileRegistry,
+)
+from mozpack.manifests import (
+    InstallManifest,
+    UnreadableInstallManifest,
+)
+from mozpack.test.test_files import TestWithTmpDir
+
+
+class TestInstallManifest(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def test_construct(self):
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 0)
+
+    def test_malformed(self):
+        f = self.tmppath('manifest')
+        open(f, 'wb').write('junk\n')
+        with self.assertRaises(UnreadableInstallManifest):
+            m = InstallManifest(f)
+
+    def test_adds(self):
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m.add_symlink('s_source', 's_dest')
+        m.add_copy('c_source', 'c_dest')
+        m.add_required_exists('e_dest')
+        m.add_optional_exists('o_dest')
+        m.add_pattern_symlink('ps_base', 'ps/*', 'ps_dest')
+        m.add_pattern_copy('pc_base', 'pc/**', 'pc_dest')
+        m.add_preprocess('p_source', 'p_dest', 'p_source.pp')
+        m.add_content('content', 'content')
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(m), 8)
+        self.assertIn('s_dest', m)
+        self.assertIn('c_dest', m)
+        self.assertIn('p_dest', m)
+        self.assertIn('e_dest', m)
+        self.assertIn('o_dest', m)
+        self.assertIn('content', m)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_symlink('s_other', 's_dest')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_copy('c_other', 'c_dest')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_preprocess('p_other', 'p_dest', 'p_other.pp')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_required_exists('e_dest')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_optional_exists('o_dest')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_pattern_symlink('ps_base', 'ps/*', 'ps_dest')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_pattern_copy('pc_base', 'pc/**', 'pc_dest')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            m.add_content('content', 'content')
+
+    def _get_test_manifest(self):
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m.add_symlink(self.tmppath('s_source'), 's_dest')
+        m.add_copy(self.tmppath('c_source'), 'c_dest')
+        m.add_preprocess(self.tmppath('p_source'), 'p_dest', self.tmppath('p_source.pp'), '#', {'FOO':'BAR', 'BAZ':'QUX'})
+        m.add_required_exists('e_dest')
+        m.add_optional_exists('o_dest')
+        m.add_pattern_symlink('ps_base', '*', 'ps_dest')
+        m.add_pattern_copy('pc_base', '**', 'pc_dest')
+        m.add_content('the content\non\nmultiple lines', 'content')
+
+        return m
+
+    def test_serialization(self):
+        m = self._get_test_manifest()
+
+        p = self.tmppath('m')
+        m.write(path=p)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(p))
+
+        with open(p, 'rb') as fh:
+            c = fh.read()
+
+        self.assertEqual(c.count('\n'), 9)
+
+        lines = c.splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(len(lines), 9)
+
+        self.assertEqual(lines[0], '5')
+
+        m2 = InstallManifest(path=p)
+        self.assertEqual(m, m2)
+        p2 = self.tmppath('m2')
+        m2.write(path=p2)
+
+        with open(p2, 'rb') as fh:
+            c2 = fh.read()
+
+        self.assertEqual(c, c2)
+
+    def test_populate_registry(self):
+        m = self._get_test_manifest()
+        r = FileRegistry()
+        m.populate_registry(r)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(r), 6)
+        self.assertEqual(r.paths(), ['c_dest', 'content', 'e_dest', 'o_dest',
+                                     'p_dest', 's_dest'])
+
+    def test_pattern_expansion(self):
+        source = self.tmppath('source')
+        os.mkdir(source)
+        os.mkdir('%s/base' % source)
+        os.mkdir('%s/base/foo' % source)
+
+        with open('%s/base/foo/file1' % source, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        with open('%s/base/foo/file2' % source, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m.add_pattern_symlink('%s/base' % source, '**', 'dest')
+
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        self.assertEqual(c.paths(), ['dest/foo/file1', 'dest/foo/file2'])
+
+    def test_or(self):
+        m1 = self._get_test_manifest()
+        orig_length = len(m1)
+        m2 = InstallManifest()
+        m2.add_symlink('s_source2', 's_dest2')
+        m2.add_copy('c_source2', 'c_dest2')
+
+        m1 |= m2
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(m2), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(m1), orig_length + 2)
+
+        self.assertIn('s_dest2', m1)
+        self.assertIn('c_dest2', m1)
+
+    def test_copier_application(self):
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        os.mkdir(dest)
+
+        to_delete = self.tmppath('dest/to_delete')
+        with open(to_delete, 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('s_source'), 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('symlink!')
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('c_source'), 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('copy!')
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('p_source'), 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('#define FOO 1\npreprocess!')
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/e_dest'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/o_dest'), 'a'):
+            pass
+
+        m = self._get_test_manifest()
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        result = c.copy(dest)
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/s_dest')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/c_dest')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/e_dest')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/o_dest')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/content')))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(to_delete))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/s_dest'), 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'symlink!')
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/c_dest'), 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'copy!')
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest'), 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'preprocess!')
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.updated_files, set(self.tmppath(p) for p in (
+            'dest/s_dest', 'dest/c_dest', 'dest/p_dest', 'dest/content')))
+        self.assertEqual(result.existing_files,
+            set([self.tmppath('dest/e_dest'), self.tmppath('dest/o_dest')]))
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_files, {to_delete})
+        self.assertEqual(result.removed_directories, set())
+
+    def test_preprocessor(self):
+        manifest = self.tmppath('m')
+        deps = self.tmppath('m.pp')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        include = self.tmppath('p_incl')
+
+        with open(include, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('#define INCL\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(include) - 3
+        os.utime(include, (time, time))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('p_source'), 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('#ifdef FOO\n#if BAZ == QUX\nPASS1\n#endif\n#endif\n')
+            fh.write('#ifdef DEPTEST\nPASS2\n#endif\n')
+            fh.write('#include p_incl\n#ifdef INCLTEST\nPASS3\n#endif\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(self.tmppath('p_source')) - 3
+        os.utime(self.tmppath('p_source'), (time, time))
+
+        # Create and write a manifest with the preprocessed file, then apply it.
+        # This should write out our preprocessed file.
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m.add_preprocess(self.tmppath('p_source'), 'p_dest', deps, '#', {'FOO':'BAR', 'BAZ':'QUX'})
+        m.write(path=manifest)
+
+        m = InstallManifest(path=manifest)
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        c.copy(dest)
+
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest')))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest'), 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'PASS1\n')
+
+        # Create a second manifest with the preprocessed file, then apply it.
+        # Since this manifest does not exist on the disk, there should not be a
+        # dependency on it, and the preprocessed file should not be modified.
+        m2 = InstallManifest()
+        m2.add_preprocess(self.tmppath('p_source'), 'p_dest', deps, '#', {'DEPTEST':True})
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m2.populate_registry(c)
+        result = c.copy(dest)
+
+        self.assertFalse(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest') in result.updated_files)
+        self.assertTrue(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest') in result.existing_files)
+
+        # Write out the second manifest, then load it back in from the disk.
+        # This should add the dependency on the manifest file, so our
+        # preprocessed file should be regenerated with the new defines.
+        # We also set the mtime on the destination file back, so it will be
+        # older than the manifest file.
+        m2.write(path=manifest)
+        time = os.path.getmtime(manifest) - 1
+        os.utime(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest'), (time, time))
+        m2 = InstallManifest(path=manifest)
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m2.populate_registry(c)
+        self.assertTrue(c.copy(dest))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest'), 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'PASS2\n')
+
+        # Set the time on the manifest back, so it won't be picked up as
+        # modified in the next test
+        time = os.path.getmtime(manifest) - 1
+        os.utime(manifest, (time, time))
+
+        # Update the contents of a file included by the source file. This should
+        # cause the destination to be regenerated.
+        with open(include, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('#define INCLTEST\n')
+
+        time = os.path.getmtime(include) - 1
+        os.utime(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest'), (time, time))
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m2.populate_registry(c)
+        self.assertTrue(c.copy(dest))
+
+        with open(self.tmppath('dest/p_dest'), 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'PASS2\nPASS3\n')
+
+    def test_preprocessor_dependencies(self):
+        manifest = self.tmppath('m')
+        deps = self.tmppath('m.pp')
+        dest = self.tmppath('dest')
+        source = self.tmppath('p_source')
+        destfile = self.tmppath('dest/p_dest')
+        include = self.tmppath('p_incl')
+        os.mkdir(dest)
+
+        with open(source, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('#define SRC\nSOURCE\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(source) - 3
+        os.utime(source, (time, time))
+
+        with open(include, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('INCLUDE\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(source) - 3
+        os.utime(include, (time, time))
+
+        # Create and write a manifest with the preprocessed file.
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m.add_preprocess(source, 'p_dest', deps, '#', {'FOO':'BAR', 'BAZ':'QUX'})
+        m.write(path=manifest)
+
+        time = os.path.getmtime(source) - 5
+        os.utime(manifest, (time, time))
+
+        # Now read the manifest back in, and apply it. This should write out
+        # our preprocessed file.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=manifest)
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        self.assertTrue(c.copy(dest))
+
+        with open(destfile, 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'SOURCE\n')
+
+        # Next, modify the source to #INCLUDE another file.
+        with open(source, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('SOURCE\n#include p_incl\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(source) - 1
+        os.utime(destfile, (time, time))
+
+        # Apply the manifest, and confirm that it also reads the newly included
+        # file.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=manifest)
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        c.copy(dest)
+
+        with open(destfile, 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'SOURCE\nINCLUDE\n')
+
+        # Set the time on the source file back, so it won't be picked up as
+        # modified in the next test.
+        time = os.path.getmtime(source) - 1
+        os.utime(source, (time, time))
+
+        # Now, modify the include file (but not the original source).
+        with open(include, 'wt') as fh:
+            fh.write('INCLUDE MODIFIED\n')
+        time = os.path.getmtime(include) - 1
+        os.utime(destfile, (time, time))
+
+        # Apply the manifest, and confirm that the change to the include file
+        # is detected. That should cause the preprocessor to run again.
+        m = InstallManifest(path=manifest)
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        c.copy(dest)
+
+        with open(destfile, 'rt') as fh:
+            self.assertEqual(fh.read(), 'SOURCE\nINCLUDE MODIFIED\n')
+
+        # ORing an InstallManifest should copy file dependencies
+        m = InstallManifest()
+        m |= InstallManifest(path=manifest)
+        c = FileCopier()
+        m.populate_registry(c)
+        e = c._files['p_dest']
+        self.assertEqual(e.extra_depends, [manifest])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_mozjar.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_mozjar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..948403006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_mozjar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from mozpack.mozjar import (
+    JarReaderError,
+    JarWriterError,
+    JarStruct,
+    JarReader,
+    JarWriter,
+    Deflater,
+    JarLog,
+)
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from mozpack.test.test_files import MockDest
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+from urllib import pathname2url
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import os
+
+
+test_data_path = mozpath.abspath(mozpath.dirname(__file__))
+test_data_path = mozpath.join(test_data_path, 'data')
+
+
+class TestJarStruct(unittest.TestCase):
+    class Foo(JarStruct):
+        MAGIC = 0x01020304
+        STRUCT = OrderedDict([
+            ('foo', 'uint32'),
+            ('bar', 'uint16'),
+            ('qux', 'uint16'),
+            ('length', 'uint16'),
+            ('length2', 'uint16'),
+            ('string', 'length'),
+            ('string2', 'length2'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_jar_struct(self):
+        foo = TestJarStruct.Foo()
+        self.assertEqual(foo.signature, TestJarStruct.Foo.MAGIC)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['foo'], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['bar'], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['qux'], 0)
+        self.assertFalse('length' in foo)
+        self.assertFalse('length2' in foo)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['string'], '')
+        self.assertEqual(foo['string2'], '')
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.size, 16)
+
+        foo['foo'] = 0x42434445
+        foo['bar'] = 0xabcd
+        foo['qux'] = 0xef01
+        foo['string'] = 'abcde'
+        foo['string2'] = 'Arbitrarily long string'
+
+        serialized = b'\x04\x03\x02\x01\x45\x44\x43\x42\xcd\xab\x01\xef' + \
+                     b'\x05\x00\x17\x00abcdeArbitrarily long string'
+        self.assertEqual(foo.size, len(serialized))
+        foo_serialized = foo.serialize()
+        self.assertEqual(foo_serialized, serialized)
+
+    def do_test_read_jar_struct(self, data):
+        self.assertRaises(JarReaderError, TestJarStruct.Foo, data)
+        self.assertRaises(JarReaderError, TestJarStruct.Foo, data[2:])
+
+        foo = TestJarStruct.Foo(data[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(foo['foo'], 0x45444342)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['bar'], 0xcdab)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['qux'], 0x01ef)
+        self.assertFalse('length' in foo)
+        self.assertFalse('length2' in foo)
+        self.assertEqual(foo['string'], '012345')
+        self.assertEqual(foo['string2'], '67')
+
+    def test_read_jar_struct(self):
+        data = b'\x00\x04\x03\x02\x01\x42\x43\x44\x45\xab\xcd\xef' + \
+               b'\x01\x06\x00\x02\x0001234567890'
+        self.do_test_read_jar_struct(data)
+
+    def test_read_jar_struct_memoryview(self):
+        data = b'\x00\x04\x03\x02\x01\x42\x43\x44\x45\xab\xcd\xef' + \
+               b'\x01\x06\x00\x02\x0001234567890'
+        self.do_test_read_jar_struct(memoryview(data))
+
+
+class TestDeflater(unittest.TestCase):
+    def wrap(self, data):
+        return data
+
+    def test_deflater_no_compress(self):
+        deflater = Deflater(False)
+        deflater.write(self.wrap('abc'))
+        self.assertFalse(deflater.compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.uncompressed_size, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.compressed_size, deflater.uncompressed_size)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.compressed_data, 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.crc32, 0x352441c2)
+
+    def test_deflater_compress_no_gain(self):
+        deflater = Deflater(True)
+        deflater.write(self.wrap('abc'))
+        self.assertFalse(deflater.compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.uncompressed_size, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.compressed_size, deflater.uncompressed_size)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.compressed_data, 'abc')
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.crc32, 0x352441c2)
+
+    def test_deflater_compress(self):
+        deflater = Deflater(True)
+        deflater.write(self.wrap('aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz'))
+        self.assertTrue(deflater.compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.uncompressed_size, 26)
+        self.assertNotEqual(deflater.compressed_size,
+                            deflater.uncompressed_size)
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.crc32, 0xd46b97ed)
+        # The CRC is the same as when not compressed
+        deflater = Deflater(False)
+        self.assertFalse(deflater.compressed)
+        deflater.write(self.wrap('aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz'))
+        self.assertEqual(deflater.crc32, 0xd46b97ed)
+
+
+class TestDeflaterMemoryView(TestDeflater):
+    def wrap(self, data):
+        return memoryview(data)
+
+
+class TestJar(unittest.TestCase):
+    optimize = False
+
+    def test_jar(self):
+        s = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=s, optimize=self.optimize) as jar:
+            jar.add('foo', 'foo')
+            self.assertRaises(JarWriterError, jar.add, 'foo', 'bar')
+            jar.add('bar', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+            jar.add('baz/qux', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz', False)
+            jar.add('baz\\backslash', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa')
+
+        files = [j for j in JarReader(fileobj=s)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].filename, 'foo')
+        self.assertFalse(files[0].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].read(), 'foo')
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].filename, 'bar')
+        self.assertTrue(files[1].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].read(), 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].filename, 'baz/qux')
+        self.assertFalse(files[2].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].read(), 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+        if os.sep == '\\':
+            self.assertEqual(files[3].filename, 'baz/backslash',
+                'backslashes in filenames on Windows should get normalized')
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(files[3].filename, 'baz\\backslash',
+                'backslashes in filenames on POSIX platform are untouched')
+
+        s = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=s, compress=False,
+                       optimize=self.optimize) as jar:
+            jar.add('bar', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+            jar.add('foo', 'foo')
+            jar.add('baz/qux', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz', True)
+
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=s)
+        files = [j for j in jar]
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].filename, 'bar')
+        self.assertFalse(files[0].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].read(), 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].filename, 'foo')
+        self.assertFalse(files[1].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].read(), 'foo')
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].filename, 'baz/qux')
+        self.assertTrue(files[2].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].read(), 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+        self.assertTrue('bar' in jar)
+        self.assertTrue('foo' in jar)
+        self.assertFalse('baz' in jar)
+        self.assertTrue('baz/qux' in jar)
+        self.assertTrue(jar['bar'], files[1])
+        self.assertTrue(jar['foo'], files[0])
+        self.assertTrue(jar['baz/qux'], files[2])
+
+        s.seek(0)
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=s)
+        self.assertTrue('bar' in jar)
+        self.assertTrue('foo' in jar)
+        self.assertFalse('baz' in jar)
+        self.assertTrue('baz/qux' in jar)
+
+        files[0].seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['bar'].filename, files[0].filename)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['bar'].compressed, files[0].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['bar'].read(), files[0].read())
+
+        files[1].seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['foo'].filename, files[1].filename)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['foo'].compressed, files[1].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['foo'].read(), files[1].read())
+
+        files[2].seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['baz/qux'].filename, files[2].filename)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['baz/qux'].compressed, files[2].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(jar['baz/qux'].read(), files[2].read())
+
+    def test_rejar(self):
+        s = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=s, optimize=self.optimize) as jar:
+            jar.add('foo', 'foo')
+            jar.add('bar', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+            jar.add('baz/qux', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz', False)
+
+        new = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=new, optimize=self.optimize) as jar:
+            for j in JarReader(fileobj=s):
+                jar.add(j.filename, j)
+
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=new)
+        files = [j for j in jar]
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].filename, 'foo')
+        self.assertFalse(files[0].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].read(), 'foo')
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].filename, 'bar')
+        self.assertTrue(files[1].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].read(), 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].filename, 'baz/qux')
+        self.assertTrue(files[2].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].read(), 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+    def test_add_from_finder(self):
+        s = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=s, optimize=self.optimize) as jar:
+            finder = FileFinder(test_data_path)
+            for p, f in finder.find('test_data'):
+                jar.add('test_data', f)
+
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=s)
+        files = [j for j in jar]
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].filename, 'test_data')
+        self.assertFalse(files[0].compressed)
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].read(), 'test_data')
+
+
+class TestOptimizeJar(TestJar):
+    optimize = True
+
+
+class TestPreload(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_preload(self):
+        s = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=s) as jar:
+            jar.add('foo', 'foo')
+            jar.add('bar', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
+            jar.add('baz/qux', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=s)
+        self.assertEqual(jar.last_preloaded, None)
+
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=s) as jar:
+            jar.add('foo', 'foo')
+            jar.add('bar', 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
+            jar.add('baz/qux', 'aaaaaaaaaaaaanopqrstuvwxyz')
+            jar.preload(['baz/qux', 'bar'])
+
+        jar = JarReader(fileobj=s)
+        self.assertEqual(jar.last_preloaded, 'bar')
+        files = [j for j in jar]
+
+        self.assertEqual(files[0].filename, 'baz/qux')
+        self.assertEqual(files[1].filename, 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(files[2].filename, 'foo')
+
+
+class TestJarLog(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_jarlog(self):
+        base = 'file:' + pathname2url(os.path.abspath(os.curdir))
+        s = StringIO('\n'.join([
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar first',
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar second',
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar third',
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar second',
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar second',
+            'jar:' + base + '/qux.zip!/omni.ja stuff',
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar first',
+            'jar:' + base + '/qux.zip!/omni.ja other/stuff',
+            'jar:' + base + '/qux.zip!/omni.ja stuff',
+            base + '/bar/baz.jar third',
+            'jar:jar:' + base + '/qux.zip!/baz/baz.jar!/omni.ja nested/stuff',
+            'jar:jar:jar:' + base + '/qux.zip!/baz/baz.jar!/foo.zip!/omni.ja' +
+            ' deeply/nested/stuff',
+        ]))
+        log = JarLog(fileobj=s)
+        canonicalize = lambda p: \
+            mozpath.normsep(os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(p)))
+        baz_jar = canonicalize('bar/baz.jar')
+        qux_zip = canonicalize('qux.zip')
+        self.assertEqual(set(log.keys()), set([
+            baz_jar,
+            (qux_zip, 'omni.ja'),
+            (qux_zip, 'baz/baz.jar', 'omni.ja'),
+            (qux_zip, 'baz/baz.jar', 'foo.zip', 'omni.ja'),
+        ]))
+        self.assertEqual(log[baz_jar], [
+            'first',
+            'second',
+            'third',
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(log[(qux_zip, 'omni.ja')], [
+            'stuff',
+            'other/stuff',
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(log[(qux_zip, 'baz/baz.jar', 'omni.ja')],
+                         ['nested/stuff'])
+        self.assertEqual(log[(qux_zip, 'baz/baz.jar', 'foo.zip',
+                              'omni.ja')], ['deeply/nested/stuff'])
+
+        # The above tests also indirectly check the value returned by
+        # JarLog.canonicalize for various jar: and file: urls, but
+        # JarLog.canonicalize also supports plain paths.
+        self.assertEqual(JarLog.canonicalize(os.path.abspath('bar/baz.jar')),
+                         baz_jar)
+        self.assertEqual(JarLog.canonicalize('bar/baz.jar'), baz_jar)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..397f40538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+import os
+from mozpack.packager import (
+    preprocess_manifest,
+    CallDeque,
+    Component,
+    SimplePackager,
+    SimpleManifestSink,
+)
+from mozpack.files import GeneratedFile
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    ManifestBinaryComponent,
+    ManifestContent,
+    ManifestResource,
+)
+from mozunit import MockedOpen
+from mozbuild.preprocessor import Preprocessor
+from mozpack.errors import (
+    errors,
+    ErrorMessage,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+MANIFEST = '''
+bar/*
+[foo]
+foo/*
+-foo/bar
+chrome.manifest
+[zot destdir="destdir"]
+foo/zot
+; comment
+#ifdef baz
+[baz]
+baz@SUFFIX@
+#endif
+'''
+
+
+class TestPreprocessManifest(unittest.TestCase):
+    MANIFEST_PATH = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(os.curdir), 'manifest')
+
+    EXPECTED_LOG = [
+        ((MANIFEST_PATH, 2), 'add', '', 'bar/*'),
+        ((MANIFEST_PATH, 4), 'add', 'foo', 'foo/*'),
+        ((MANIFEST_PATH, 5), 'remove', 'foo', 'foo/bar'),
+        ((MANIFEST_PATH, 6), 'add', 'foo', 'chrome.manifest'),
+        ((MANIFEST_PATH, 8), 'add', 'zot destdir="destdir"', 'foo/zot'),
+    ]
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        class MockSink(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.log = []
+
+            def add(self, component, path):
+                self._log(errors.get_context(), 'add', repr(component), path)
+
+            def remove(self, component, path):
+                self._log(errors.get_context(), 'remove', repr(component), path)
+
+            def _log(self, *args):
+                self.log.append(args)
+
+        self.sink = MockSink()
+
+    def test_preprocess_manifest(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'manifest': MANIFEST}):
+            preprocess_manifest(self.sink, 'manifest')
+        self.assertEqual(self.sink.log, self.EXPECTED_LOG)
+
+    def test_preprocess_manifest_missing_define(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'manifest': MANIFEST}):
+            self.assertRaises(
+                Preprocessor.Error,
+                preprocess_manifest,
+                self.sink,
+                'manifest',
+                {'baz': 1}
+            )
+
+    def test_preprocess_manifest_defines(self):
+        with MockedOpen({'manifest': MANIFEST}):
+            preprocess_manifest(self.sink, 'manifest',
+                                {'baz': 1, 'SUFFIX': '.exe'})
+        self.assertEqual(self.sink.log, self.EXPECTED_LOG +
+                         [((self.MANIFEST_PATH, 12), 'add', 'baz', 'baz.exe')])
+
+
+class MockFinder(object):
+    def __init__(self, files):
+        self.files = files
+        self.log = []
+
+    def find(self, path):
+        self.log.append(path)
+        for f in sorted(self.files):
+            if mozpath.match(f, path):
+                yield f, self.files[f]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self.find('')
+
+
+class MockFormatter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.log = []
+
+    def add_base(self, *args):
+        self._log(errors.get_context(), 'add_base', *args)
+
+    def add_manifest(self, *args):
+        self._log(errors.get_context(), 'add_manifest', *args)
+
+    def add_interfaces(self, *args):
+        self._log(errors.get_context(), 'add_interfaces', *args)
+
+    def add(self, *args):
+        self._log(errors.get_context(), 'add', *args)
+
+    def _log(self, *args):
+        self.log.append(args)
+
+
+class TestSimplePackager(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple_packager(self):
+        class GeneratedFileWithPath(GeneratedFile):
+            def __init__(self, path, content):
+                GeneratedFile.__init__(self, content)
+                self.path = path
+
+        formatter = MockFormatter()
+        packager = SimplePackager(formatter)
+        curdir = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+        file = GeneratedFileWithPath(os.path.join(curdir, 'foo',
+                                                  'bar.manifest'),
+                                     'resource bar bar/\ncontent bar bar/')
+        with errors.context('manifest', 1):
+            packager.add('foo/bar.manifest', file)
+
+        file = GeneratedFileWithPath(os.path.join(curdir, 'foo',
+                                                  'baz.manifest'),
+                                     'resource baz baz/')
+        with errors.context('manifest', 2):
+            packager.add('bar/baz.manifest', file)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 3):
+            packager.add('qux/qux.manifest',
+                         GeneratedFile(''.join([
+                            'resource qux qux/\n',
+                            'binary-component qux.so\n',
+                         ])))
+        bar_xpt = GeneratedFile('bar.xpt')
+        qux_xpt = GeneratedFile('qux.xpt')
+        foo_html = GeneratedFile('foo_html')
+        bar_html = GeneratedFile('bar_html')
+        with errors.context('manifest', 4):
+            packager.add('foo/bar.xpt', bar_xpt)
+        with errors.context('manifest', 5):
+            packager.add('foo/bar/foo.html', foo_html)
+            packager.add('foo/bar/bar.html', bar_html)
+
+        file = GeneratedFileWithPath(os.path.join(curdir, 'foo.manifest'),
+                                     ''.join([
+                                         'manifest foo/bar.manifest\n',
+                                         'manifest bar/baz.manifest\n',
+                                     ]))
+        with errors.context('manifest', 6):
+            packager.add('foo.manifest', file)
+        with errors.context('manifest', 7):
+            packager.add('foo/qux.xpt', qux_xpt)
+
+        file = GeneratedFileWithPath(os.path.join(curdir, 'addon',
+                                                  'chrome.manifest'),
+                                     'resource hoge hoge/')
+        with errors.context('manifest', 8):
+            packager.add('addon/chrome.manifest', file)
+
+        install_rdf = GeneratedFile('<RDF></RDF>')
+        with errors.context('manifest', 9):
+            packager.add('addon/install.rdf', install_rdf)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 10):
+            packager.add('addon2/install.rdf', install_rdf)
+            packager.add('addon2/chrome.manifest',
+                         GeneratedFile('binary-component addon2.so'))
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 11):
+            packager.add('addon3/install.rdf', install_rdf)
+            packager.add('addon3/chrome.manifest', GeneratedFile(
+                'manifest components/components.manifest'))
+            packager.add('addon3/components/components.manifest',
+                         GeneratedFile('binary-component addon3.so'))
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 12):
+            install_rdf_addon4 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<...>\n<em:unpack>true</em:unpack>\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon4/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon4)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 13):
+            install_rdf_addon5 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<...>\n<em:unpack>false</em:unpack>\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon5/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon5)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 14):
+            install_rdf_addon6 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<... em:unpack=true>\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon6/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon6)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 15):
+            install_rdf_addon7 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<... em:unpack=false>\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon7/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon7)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 16):
+            install_rdf_addon8 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<... em:unpack="true">\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon8/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon8)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 17):
+            install_rdf_addon9 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<... em:unpack="false">\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon9/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon9)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 18):
+            install_rdf_addon10 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<... em:unpack=\'true\'>\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon10/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon10)
+
+        with errors.context('manifest', 19):
+            install_rdf_addon11 = GeneratedFile(
+                '<RDF>\n<... em:unpack=\'false\'>\n<...>\n</RDF>')
+            packager.add('addon11/install.rdf', install_rdf_addon11)
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatter.log, [])
+
+        with errors.context('dummy', 1):
+            packager.close()
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        # The formatter is expected to reorder the manifest entries so that
+        # chrome entries appear before the others.
+        self.assertEqual(formatter.log, [
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', '', False),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon', True),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon10', 'unpacked'),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon11', True),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon2', 'unpacked'),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon3', 'unpacked'),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon4', 'unpacked'),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon5', True),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon6', 'unpacked'),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon7', True),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon8', 'unpacked'),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'addon9', True),
+            (('dummy', 1), 'add_base', 'qux', False),
+            ((os.path.join(curdir, 'foo', 'bar.manifest'), 2),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestContent('foo', 'bar', 'bar/')),
+            ((os.path.join(curdir, 'foo', 'bar.manifest'), 1),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestResource('foo', 'bar', 'bar/')),
+            (('bar/baz.manifest', 1),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestResource('bar', 'baz', 'baz/')),
+            (('qux/qux.manifest', 1),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestResource('qux', 'qux', 'qux/')),
+            (('qux/qux.manifest', 2),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestBinaryComponent('qux', 'qux.so')),
+            (('manifest', 4), 'add_interfaces', 'foo/bar.xpt', bar_xpt),
+            (('manifest', 7), 'add_interfaces', 'foo/qux.xpt', qux_xpt),
+            ((os.path.join(curdir, 'addon', 'chrome.manifest'), 1),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestResource('addon', 'hoge', 'hoge/')),
+            (('addon2/chrome.manifest', 1), 'add_manifest',
+             ManifestBinaryComponent('addon2', 'addon2.so')),
+            (('addon3/components/components.manifest', 1), 'add_manifest',
+             ManifestBinaryComponent('addon3/components', 'addon3.so')),
+            (('manifest', 5), 'add', 'foo/bar/foo.html', foo_html),
+            (('manifest', 5), 'add', 'foo/bar/bar.html', bar_html),
+            (('manifest', 9), 'add', 'addon/install.rdf', install_rdf),
+            (('manifest', 10), 'add', 'addon2/install.rdf', install_rdf),
+            (('manifest', 11), 'add', 'addon3/install.rdf', install_rdf),
+            (('manifest', 12), 'add', 'addon4/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon4),
+            (('manifest', 13), 'add', 'addon5/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon5),
+            (('manifest', 14), 'add', 'addon6/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon6),
+            (('manifest', 15), 'add', 'addon7/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon7),
+            (('manifest', 16), 'add', 'addon8/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon8),
+            (('manifest', 17), 'add', 'addon9/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon9),
+            (('manifest', 18), 'add', 'addon10/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon10),
+            (('manifest', 19), 'add', 'addon11/install.rdf',
+             install_rdf_addon11),
+        ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(packager.get_bases(),
+                         set(['', 'addon', 'addon2', 'addon3', 'addon4',
+                              'addon5', 'addon6', 'addon7', 'addon8',
+                              'addon9', 'addon10', 'addon11', 'qux']))
+        self.assertEqual(packager.get_bases(addons=False), set(['', 'qux']))
+
+    def test_simple_packager_manifest_consistency(self):
+        formatter = MockFormatter()
+        # bar/ is detected as an addon because of install.rdf, but top-level
+        # includes a manifest inside bar/.
+        packager = SimplePackager(formatter)
+        packager.add('base.manifest', GeneratedFile(
+            'manifest foo/bar.manifest\n'
+            'manifest bar/baz.manifest\n'
+        ))
+        packager.add('foo/bar.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource bar bar'))
+        packager.add('bar/baz.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource baz baz'))
+        packager.add('bar/install.rdf', GeneratedFile(''))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage) as e:
+            packager.close()
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.message,
+            'Error: "bar/baz.manifest" is included from "base.manifest", '
+            'which is outside "bar"')
+
+        # bar/ is detected as a separate base because of chrome.manifest that
+        # is included nowhere, but top-level includes another manifest inside
+        # bar/.
+        packager = SimplePackager(formatter)
+        packager.add('base.manifest', GeneratedFile(
+            'manifest foo/bar.manifest\n'
+            'manifest bar/baz.manifest\n'
+        ))
+        packager.add('foo/bar.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource bar bar'))
+        packager.add('bar/baz.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource baz baz'))
+        packager.add('bar/chrome.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource baz baz'))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage) as e:
+            packager.close()
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.exception.message,
+            'Error: "bar/baz.manifest" is included from "base.manifest", '
+            'which is outside "bar"')
+
+        # bar/ is detected as a separate base because of chrome.manifest that
+        # is included nowhere, but chrome.manifest includes baz.manifest from
+        # the same directory. This shouldn't error out.
+        packager = SimplePackager(formatter)
+        packager.add('base.manifest', GeneratedFile(
+            'manifest foo/bar.manifest\n'
+        ))
+        packager.add('foo/bar.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource bar bar'))
+        packager.add('bar/baz.manifest', GeneratedFile('resource baz baz'))
+        packager.add('bar/chrome.manifest',
+                     GeneratedFile('manifest baz.manifest'))
+        packager.close()
+
+
+class TestSimpleManifestSink(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple_manifest_parser(self):
+        formatter = MockFormatter()
+        foobar = GeneratedFile('foobar')
+        foobaz = GeneratedFile('foobaz')
+        fooqux = GeneratedFile('fooqux')
+        foozot = GeneratedFile('foozot')
+        finder = MockFinder({
+            'bin/foo/bar': foobar,
+            'bin/foo/baz': foobaz,
+            'bin/foo/qux': fooqux,
+            'bin/foo/zot': foozot,
+            'bin/foo/chrome.manifest': GeneratedFile('resource foo foo/'),
+            'bin/chrome.manifest':
+            GeneratedFile('manifest foo/chrome.manifest'),
+        })
+        parser = SimpleManifestSink(finder, formatter)
+        component0 = Component('component0')
+        component1 = Component('component1')
+        component2 = Component('component2', destdir='destdir')
+        parser.add(component0, 'bin/foo/b*')
+        parser.add(component1, 'bin/foo/qux')
+        parser.add(component1, 'bin/foo/chrome.manifest')
+        parser.add(component2, 'bin/foo/zot')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, parser.add, 'component1', 'bin/bar')
+
+        self.assertEqual(formatter.log, [])
+        parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(formatter.log, [
+            (None, 'add_base', '', False),
+            (('foo/chrome.manifest', 1),
+             'add_manifest', ManifestResource('foo', 'foo', 'foo/')),
+            (None, 'add', 'foo/bar', foobar),
+            (None, 'add', 'foo/baz', foobaz),
+            (None, 'add', 'foo/qux', fooqux),
+            (None, 'add', 'destdir/foo/zot', foozot),
+        ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(finder.log, [
+            'bin/foo/b*',
+            'bin/foo/qux',
+            'bin/foo/chrome.manifest',
+            'bin/foo/zot',
+            'bin/bar',
+            'bin/chrome.manifest'
+        ])
+
+
+class TestCallDeque(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_call_deque(self):
+        class Logger(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self._log = []
+
+            def log(self, str):
+                self._log.append(str)
+
+            @staticmethod
+            def staticlog(logger, str):
+                logger.log(str)
+
+        def do_log(logger, str):
+            logger.log(str)
+
+        logger = Logger()
+        d = CallDeque()
+        d.append(logger.log, 'foo')
+        d.append(logger.log, 'bar')
+        d.append(logger.staticlog, logger, 'baz')
+        d.append(do_log, logger, 'qux')
+        self.assertEqual(logger._log, [])
+        d.execute()
+        self.assertEqual(logger._log, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux'])
+
+
+class TestComponent(unittest.TestCase):
+    def do_split(self, string, name, options):
+        n, o = Component._split_component_and_options(string)
+        self.assertEqual(name, n)
+        self.assertEqual(options, o)
+
+    def test_component_split_component_and_options(self):
+        self.do_split('component', 'component', {})
+        self.do_split('trailingspace ', 'trailingspace', {})
+        self.do_split(' leadingspace', 'leadingspace', {})
+        self.do_split(' trim ', 'trim', {})
+        self.do_split(' trim key="value"', 'trim', {'key':'value'})
+        self.do_split(' trim empty=""', 'trim', {'empty':''})
+        self.do_split(' trim space=" "', 'trim', {'space':' '})
+        self.do_split('component key="value"  key2="second" ',
+                      'component', {'key':'value', 'key2':'second'})
+        self.do_split( 'trim key="  value with spaces   "  key2="spaces again"',
+                       'trim', {'key':'  value with spaces   ', 'key2': 'spaces again'})
+
+    def do_split_error(self, string):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Component._split_component_and_options, string)
+
+    def test_component_split_component_and_options_errors(self):
+        self.do_split_error('"component')
+        self.do_split_error('comp"onent')
+        self.do_split_error('component"')
+        self.do_split_error('"component"')
+        self.do_split_error('=component')
+        self.do_split_error('comp=onent')
+        self.do_split_error('component=')
+        self.do_split_error('key="val"')
+        self.do_split_error('component key=')
+        self.do_split_error('component key="val')
+        self.do_split_error('component key=val"')
+        self.do_split_error('component key="val" x')
+        self.do_split_error('component x key="val"')
+        self.do_split_error('component key1="val" x key2="val"')
+
+    def do_from_string(self, string, name, destdir=''):
+        component = Component.from_string(string)
+        self.assertEqual(name, component.name)
+        self.assertEqual(destdir, component.destdir)
+
+    def test_component_from_string(self):
+        self.do_from_string('component', 'component')
+        self.do_from_string('component-with-hyphen', 'component-with-hyphen')
+        self.do_from_string('component destdir="foo/bar"', 'component', 'foo/bar')
+        self.do_from_string('component destdir="bar spc"', 'component', 'bar spc')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, Component.from_string, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, Component.from_string, 'component novalue=')
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, Component.from_string, 'component badoption=badvalue')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_formats.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_formats.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1af4336b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_formats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import mozunit
+import unittest
+from mozpack.packager.formats import (
+    FlatFormatter,
+    JarFormatter,
+    OmniJarFormatter,
+)
+from mozpack.copier import FileRegistry
+from mozpack.files import (
+    GeneratedFile,
+    ManifestFile,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    ManifestContent,
+    ManifestComponent,
+    ManifestResource,
+    ManifestBinaryComponent,
+)
+from mozpack.test.test_files import (
+    MockDest,
+    foo_xpt,
+    foo2_xpt,
+    bar_xpt,
+    read_interfaces,
+)
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+
+
+CONTENTS = {
+    'bases': {
+        # base_path: is_addon?
+        '': False,
+        'app': False,
+        'addon0': 'unpacked',
+        'addon1': True,
+    },
+    'manifests': [
+        ManifestContent('chrome/f', 'oo', 'oo/'),
+        ManifestContent('chrome/f', 'bar', 'oo/bar/'),
+        ManifestResource('chrome/f', 'foo', 'resource://bar/'),
+        ManifestBinaryComponent('components', 'foo.so'),
+        ManifestContent('app/chrome', 'content', 'foo/'),
+        ManifestComponent('app/components', '{foo-id}', 'foo.js'),
+        ManifestContent('addon0/chrome', 'content', 'foo/bar/'),
+        ManifestContent('addon1/chrome', 'content', 'foo/bar/'),
+    ],
+    'files': {
+        'chrome/f/oo/bar/baz': GeneratedFile('foobarbaz'),
+        'chrome/f/oo/baz': GeneratedFile('foobaz'),
+        'chrome/f/oo/qux': GeneratedFile('fooqux'),
+        'components/foo.so': GeneratedFile('foo.so'),
+        'components/foo.xpt': foo_xpt,
+        'components/bar.xpt': bar_xpt,
+        'foo': GeneratedFile('foo'),
+        'app/chrome/foo/foo': GeneratedFile('appfoo'),
+        'app/components/foo.js': GeneratedFile('foo.js'),
+        'addon0/chrome/foo/bar/baz': GeneratedFile('foobarbaz'),
+        'addon0/components/foo.xpt': foo2_xpt,
+        'addon0/components/bar.xpt': bar_xpt,
+        'addon1/chrome/foo/bar/baz': GeneratedFile('foobarbaz'),
+        'addon1/components/foo.xpt': foo2_xpt,
+        'addon1/components/bar.xpt': bar_xpt,
+    },
+}
+
+FILES = CONTENTS['files']
+
+RESULT_FLAT = {
+    'chrome.manifest': [
+        'manifest chrome/chrome.manifest',
+        'manifest components/components.manifest',
+    ],
+    'chrome/chrome.manifest': [
+        'manifest f/f.manifest',
+    ],
+    'chrome/f/f.manifest': [
+        'content oo oo/',
+        'content bar oo/bar/',
+        'resource foo resource://bar/',
+    ],
+    'chrome/f/oo/bar/baz': FILES['chrome/f/oo/bar/baz'],
+    'chrome/f/oo/baz': FILES['chrome/f/oo/baz'],
+    'chrome/f/oo/qux': FILES['chrome/f/oo/qux'],
+    'components/components.manifest': [
+        'binary-component foo.so',
+        'interfaces interfaces.xpt',
+    ],
+    'components/foo.so': FILES['components/foo.so'],
+    'components/interfaces.xpt': {
+        'foo': read_interfaces(foo_xpt.open())['foo'],
+        'bar': read_interfaces(bar_xpt.open())['bar'],
+    },
+    'foo': FILES['foo'],
+    'app/chrome.manifest': [
+        'manifest chrome/chrome.manifest',
+        'manifest components/components.manifest',
+    ],
+    'app/chrome/chrome.manifest': [
+        'content content foo/',
+    ],
+    'app/chrome/foo/foo': FILES['app/chrome/foo/foo'],
+    'app/components/components.manifest': [
+        'component {foo-id} foo.js',
+    ],
+    'app/components/foo.js': FILES['app/components/foo.js'],
+}
+
+for addon in ('addon0', 'addon1'):
+    RESULT_FLAT.update({
+        mozpath.join(addon, p): f
+        for p, f in {
+            'chrome.manifest': [
+                'manifest chrome/chrome.manifest',
+                'manifest components/components.manifest',
+            ],
+            'chrome/chrome.manifest': [
+                'content content foo/bar/',
+            ],
+            'chrome/foo/bar/baz': FILES[mozpath.join(addon, 'chrome/foo/bar/baz')],
+            'components/components.manifest': [
+                'interfaces interfaces.xpt',
+            ],
+            'components/interfaces.xpt': {
+                'foo': read_interfaces(foo2_xpt.open())['foo'],
+                'bar': read_interfaces(bar_xpt.open())['bar'],
+            },
+        }.iteritems()
+    })
+
+RESULT_JAR = {
+    p: RESULT_FLAT[p]
+    for p in (
+        'chrome.manifest',
+        'chrome/chrome.manifest',
+        'components/components.manifest',
+        'components/foo.so',
+        'components/interfaces.xpt',
+        'foo',
+        'app/chrome.manifest',
+        'app/components/components.manifest',
+        'app/components/foo.js',
+        'addon0/chrome.manifest',
+        'addon0/components/components.manifest',
+        'addon0/components/interfaces.xpt',
+    )
+}
+
+RESULT_JAR.update({
+    'chrome/f/f.manifest': [
+        'content oo jar:oo.jar!/',
+        'content bar jar:oo.jar!/bar/',
+        'resource foo resource://bar/',
+    ],
+    'chrome/f/oo.jar': {
+        'bar/baz': FILES['chrome/f/oo/bar/baz'],
+        'baz': FILES['chrome/f/oo/baz'],
+        'qux': FILES['chrome/f/oo/qux'],
+    },
+    'app/chrome/chrome.manifest': [
+        'content content jar:foo.jar!/',
+    ],
+    'app/chrome/foo.jar': {
+        'foo': FILES['app/chrome/foo/foo'],
+    },
+    'addon0/chrome/chrome.manifest': [
+        'content content jar:foo.jar!/bar/',
+    ],
+    'addon0/chrome/foo.jar': {
+        'bar/baz': FILES['addon0/chrome/foo/bar/baz'],
+    },
+    'addon1.xpi': {
+        mozpath.relpath(p, 'addon1'): f
+        for p, f in RESULT_FLAT.iteritems()
+        if p.startswith('addon1/')
+    },
+})
+
+RESULT_OMNIJAR = {
+    p: RESULT_FLAT[p]
+    for p in (
+        'components/foo.so',
+        'foo',
+    )
+}
+
+RESULT_OMNIJAR.update({
+    p: RESULT_JAR[p]
+    for p in RESULT_JAR
+    if p.startswith('addon')
+})
+
+RESULT_OMNIJAR.update({
+    'omni.foo': {
+        'components/components.manifest': [
+            'interfaces interfaces.xpt',
+        ],
+    },
+    'chrome.manifest': [
+        'manifest components/components.manifest',
+    ],
+    'components/components.manifest': [
+        'binary-component foo.so',
+    ],
+    'app/omni.foo': {
+        p: RESULT_FLAT['app/' + p]
+        for p in (
+            'chrome.manifest',
+            'chrome/chrome.manifest',
+            'chrome/foo/foo',
+            'components/components.manifest',
+            'components/foo.js',
+        )
+    },
+    'app/chrome.manifest': [],
+})
+
+RESULT_OMNIJAR['omni.foo'].update({
+    p: RESULT_FLAT[p]
+    for p in (
+        'chrome.manifest',
+        'chrome/chrome.manifest',
+        'chrome/f/f.manifest',
+        'chrome/f/oo/bar/baz',
+        'chrome/f/oo/baz',
+        'chrome/f/oo/qux',
+        'components/interfaces.xpt',
+    )
+})
+
+CONTENTS_WITH_BASE = {
+    'bases': {
+        mozpath.join('base/root', b) if b else 'base/root': a
+        for b, a in CONTENTS['bases'].iteritems()
+    },
+    'manifests': [
+        m.move(mozpath.join('base/root', m.base))
+        for m in CONTENTS['manifests']
+    ],
+    'files': {
+        mozpath.join('base/root', p): f
+        for p, f in CONTENTS['files'].iteritems()
+    },
+}
+
+EXTRA_CONTENTS = {
+    'extra/file': GeneratedFile('extra file'),
+}
+
+CONTENTS_WITH_BASE['files'].update(EXTRA_CONTENTS)
+
+def result_with_base(results):
+    result = {
+        mozpath.join('base/root', p): v
+        for p, v in results.iteritems()
+    }
+    result.update(EXTRA_CONTENTS)
+    return result
+
+RESULT_FLAT_WITH_BASE = result_with_base(RESULT_FLAT)
+RESULT_JAR_WITH_BASE = result_with_base(RESULT_JAR)
+RESULT_OMNIJAR_WITH_BASE = result_with_base(RESULT_OMNIJAR)
+
+
+class MockDest(MockDest):
+    def exists(self):
+        return False
+
+
+def fill_formatter(formatter, contents):
+    for base, is_addon in contents['bases'].items():
+        formatter.add_base(base, is_addon)
+
+    for manifest in contents['manifests']:
+        formatter.add_manifest(manifest)
+
+    for k, v in contents['files'].iteritems():
+        if k.endswith('.xpt'):
+            formatter.add_interfaces(k, v)
+        else:
+            formatter.add(k, v)
+
+
+def get_contents(registry, read_all=False):
+    result = {}
+    for k, v in registry:
+        if k.endswith('.xpt'):
+            tmpfile = MockDest()
+            registry[k].copy(tmpfile)
+            result[k] = read_interfaces(tmpfile)
+        elif isinstance(v, FileRegistry):
+            result[k] = get_contents(v)
+        elif isinstance(v, ManifestFile) or read_all:
+            result[k] = v.open().read().splitlines()
+        else:
+            result[k] = v
+    return result
+
+
+class TestFormatters(unittest.TestCase):
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def test_bases(self):
+        formatter = FlatFormatter(FileRegistry())
+        formatter.add_base('')
+        formatter.add_base('browser')
+        formatter.add_base('addon0', addon=True)
+        self.assertEqual(formatter._get_base('platform.ini'),
+                         ('', 'platform.ini'))
+        self.assertEqual(formatter._get_base('browser/application.ini'),
+                         ('browser', 'application.ini'))
+        self.assertEqual(formatter._get_base('addon0/install.rdf'),
+                         ('addon0', 'install.rdf'))
+
+    def do_test_contents(self, formatter, contents):
+        for f in contents['files']:
+            # .xpt files are merged, so skip them.
+            if not f.endswith('.xpt'):
+                self.assertTrue(formatter.contains(f))
+
+    def test_flat_formatter(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = FlatFormatter(registry)
+
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry), RESULT_FLAT)
+        self.do_test_contents(formatter, CONTENTS)
+
+    def test_jar_formatter(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = JarFormatter(registry)
+
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry), RESULT_JAR)
+        self.do_test_contents(formatter, CONTENTS)
+
+    def test_omnijar_formatter(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = OmniJarFormatter(registry, 'omni.foo')
+
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry), RESULT_OMNIJAR)
+        self.do_test_contents(formatter, CONTENTS)
+
+    def test_flat_formatter_with_base(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = FlatFormatter(registry)
+
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS_WITH_BASE)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry), RESULT_FLAT_WITH_BASE)
+        self.do_test_contents(formatter, CONTENTS_WITH_BASE)
+
+    def test_jar_formatter_with_base(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = JarFormatter(registry)
+
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS_WITH_BASE)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry), RESULT_JAR_WITH_BASE)
+        self.do_test_contents(formatter, CONTENTS_WITH_BASE)
+
+    def test_omnijar_formatter_with_base(self):
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = OmniJarFormatter(registry, 'omni.foo')
+
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS_WITH_BASE)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry), RESULT_OMNIJAR_WITH_BASE)
+        self.do_test_contents(formatter, CONTENTS_WITH_BASE)
+
+    def test_omnijar_is_resource(self):
+        def is_resource(base, path):
+            registry = FileRegistry()
+            f = OmniJarFormatter(registry, 'omni.foo', non_resources=[
+                'defaults/messenger/mailViews.dat',
+                'defaults/foo/*',
+                '*/dummy',
+            ])
+            f.add_base('')
+            f.add_base('app')
+            f.add(mozpath.join(base, path), GeneratedFile(''))
+            if f.copier.contains(mozpath.join(base, path)):
+                return False
+            self.assertTrue(f.copier.contains(mozpath.join(base, 'omni.foo')))
+            self.assertTrue(f.copier[mozpath.join(base, 'omni.foo')]
+                            .contains(path))
+            return True
+
+        for base in ['', 'app/']:
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'chrome'))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                is_resource(base, 'chrome/foo/bar/baz.properties'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'chrome/icons/foo.png'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'components/foo.js'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'components/foo.so'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'res/foo.css'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'res/cursors/foo.png'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'res/MainMenu.nib/foo'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'defaults/pref/foo.js'))
+            self.assertFalse(
+                is_resource(base, 'defaults/pref/channel-prefs.js'))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                is_resource(base, 'defaults/preferences/foo.js'))
+            self.assertFalse(
+                is_resource(base, 'defaults/preferences/channel-prefs.js'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'modules/foo.jsm'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'greprefs.js'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'hyphenation/foo'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'update.locale'))
+            self.assertTrue(
+                is_resource(base, 'jsloader/resource/gre/modules/foo.jsm'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'foo'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'foo/bar/greprefs.js'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'defaults/messenger/foo.dat'))
+            self.assertFalse(
+                is_resource(base, 'defaults/messenger/mailViews.dat'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'defaults/pref/foo.js'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'defaults/foo/bar.dat'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'defaults/foo/bar/baz.dat'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'chrome/foo/bar/baz/dummy_'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'chrome/foo/bar/baz/dummy'))
+            self.assertTrue(is_resource(base, 'chrome/foo/bar/dummy_'))
+            self.assertFalse(is_resource(base, 'chrome/foo/bar/dummy'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_l10n.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_l10n.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c797eadd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_l10n.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+from test_packager import MockFinder
+from mozpack.packager import l10n
+from mozpack.files import (
+    GeneratedFile,
+    ManifestFile,
+)
+from mozpack.chrome.manifest import (
+    Manifest,
+    ManifestLocale,
+    ManifestContent,
+)
+from mozpack.copier import FileRegistry
+from mozpack.packager.formats import FlatFormatter
+
+
+class TestL10NRepack(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_l10n_repack(self):
+        foo = GeneratedFile('foo')
+        foobar = GeneratedFile('foobar')
+        qux = GeneratedFile('qux')
+        bar = GeneratedFile('bar')
+        baz = GeneratedFile('baz')
+        dict_aa = GeneratedFile('dict_aa')
+        dict_bb = GeneratedFile('dict_bb')
+        dict_cc = GeneratedFile('dict_cc')
+        barbaz = GeneratedFile('barbaz')
+        lst = GeneratedFile('foo\nbar')
+        app_finder = MockFinder({
+            'bar/foo': foo,
+            'chrome/foo/foobar': foobar,
+            'chrome/qux/qux.properties': qux,
+            'chrome/qux/baz/baz.properties': baz,
+            'chrome/chrome.manifest': ManifestFile('chrome', [
+                ManifestContent('chrome', 'foo', 'foo/'),
+                ManifestLocale('chrome', 'qux', 'en-US', 'qux/'),
+            ]),
+            'chrome.manifest':
+            ManifestFile('', [Manifest('', 'chrome/chrome.manifest')]),
+            'dict/aa': dict_aa,
+            'app/chrome/bar/barbaz.dtd': barbaz,
+            'app/chrome/chrome.manifest': ManifestFile('app/chrome', [
+                ManifestLocale('app/chrome', 'bar', 'en-US', 'bar/')
+            ]),
+            'app/chrome.manifest':
+            ManifestFile('app', [Manifest('app', 'chrome/chrome.manifest')]),
+            'app/dict/bb': dict_bb,
+            'app/dict/cc': dict_cc,
+            'app/chrome/bar/search/foo.xml': foo,
+            'app/chrome/bar/search/bar.xml': bar,
+            'app/chrome/bar/search/lst.txt': lst,
+        })
+        app_finder.jarlogs = {}
+        app_finder.base = 'app'
+        foo_l10n = GeneratedFile('foo_l10n')
+        qux_l10n = GeneratedFile('qux_l10n')
+        baz_l10n = GeneratedFile('baz_l10n')
+        barbaz_l10n = GeneratedFile('barbaz_l10n')
+        lst_l10n = GeneratedFile('foo\nqux')
+        l10n_finder = MockFinder({
+            'chrome/qux-l10n/qux.properties': qux_l10n,
+            'chrome/qux-l10n/baz/baz.properties': baz_l10n,
+            'chrome/chrome.manifest': ManifestFile('chrome', [
+                ManifestLocale('chrome', 'qux', 'x-test', 'qux-l10n/'),
+            ]),
+            'chrome.manifest':
+            ManifestFile('', [Manifest('', 'chrome/chrome.manifest')]),
+            'dict/bb': dict_bb,
+            'dict/cc': dict_cc,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/barbaz.dtd': barbaz_l10n,
+            'app/chrome/chrome.manifest': ManifestFile('app/chrome', [
+                ManifestLocale('app/chrome', 'bar', 'x-test', 'bar-l10n/')
+            ]),
+            'app/chrome.manifest':
+            ManifestFile('app', [Manifest('app', 'chrome/chrome.manifest')]),
+            'app/dict/aa': dict_aa,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/search/foo.xml': foo_l10n,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/search/qux.xml': qux_l10n,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/search/lst.txt': lst_l10n,
+        })
+        l10n_finder.base = 'l10n'
+        copier = FileRegistry()
+        formatter = FlatFormatter(copier)
+
+        l10n._repack(app_finder, l10n_finder, copier, formatter,
+                     ['dict', 'chrome/**/search/*.xml'])
+        self.maxDiff = None
+
+        repacked = {
+            'bar/foo': foo,
+            'chrome/foo/foobar': foobar,
+            'chrome/qux-l10n/qux.properties': qux_l10n,
+            'chrome/qux-l10n/baz/baz.properties': baz_l10n,
+            'chrome/chrome.manifest': ManifestFile('chrome', [
+                ManifestContent('chrome', 'foo', 'foo/'),
+                ManifestLocale('chrome', 'qux', 'x-test', 'qux-l10n/'),
+            ]),
+            'chrome.manifest':
+            ManifestFile('', [Manifest('', 'chrome/chrome.manifest')]),
+            'dict/bb': dict_bb,
+            'dict/cc': dict_cc,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/barbaz.dtd': barbaz_l10n,
+            'app/chrome/chrome.manifest': ManifestFile('app/chrome', [
+                ManifestLocale('app/chrome', 'bar', 'x-test', 'bar-l10n/')
+            ]),
+            'app/chrome.manifest':
+            ManifestFile('app', [Manifest('app', 'chrome/chrome.manifest')]),
+            'app/dict/aa': dict_aa,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/search/foo.xml': foo_l10n,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/search/qux.xml': qux_l10n,
+            'app/chrome/bar-l10n/search/lst.txt': lst_l10n,
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            dict((p, f.open().read()) for p, f in copier),
+            dict((p, f.open().read()) for p, f in repacked.iteritems())
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_unpack.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_unpack.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d201cabf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_packager_unpack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import mozunit
+from mozpack.packager.formats import (
+    FlatFormatter,
+    JarFormatter,
+    OmniJarFormatter,
+)
+from mozpack.packager.unpack import unpack_to_registry
+from mozpack.copier import (
+    FileCopier,
+    FileRegistry,
+)
+from mozpack.test.test_packager_formats import (
+    CONTENTS,
+    fill_formatter,
+    get_contents,
+)
+from mozpack.test.test_files import TestWithTmpDir
+
+
+class TestUnpack(TestWithTmpDir):
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_copier(cls):
+        copier = FileCopier()
+        formatter = cls(copier)
+        fill_formatter(formatter, CONTENTS)
+        return copier
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.contents = get_contents(cls._get_copier(FlatFormatter),
+                                    read_all=True)
+
+    def _unpack_test(self, cls):
+        # Format a package with the given formatter class
+        copier = self._get_copier(cls)
+        copier.copy(self.tmpdir)
+
+        # Unpack that package. Its content is expected to match that of a Flat
+        # formatted package.
+        registry = FileRegistry()
+        unpack_to_registry(self.tmpdir, registry)
+        self.assertEqual(get_contents(registry, read_all=True), self.contents)
+
+    def test_flat_unpack(self):
+        self._unpack_test(FlatFormatter)
+
+    def test_jar_unpack(self):
+        self._unpack_test(JarFormatter)
+
+    def test_omnijar_unpack(self):
+        class OmniFooFormatter(OmniJarFormatter):
+            def __init__(self, registry):
+                super(OmniFooFormatter, self).__init__(registry, 'omni.foo')
+
+        self._unpack_test(OmniFooFormatter)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_path.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_path.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee41e4a69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_path.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozpack.path import (
+    relpath,
+    join,
+    normpath,
+    dirname,
+    commonprefix,
+    basename,
+    split,
+    splitext,
+    basedir,
+    match,
+    rebase,
+)
+import unittest
+import mozunit
+import os
+
+
+class TestPath(unittest.TestCase):
+    SEP = os.sep
+
+    def test_relpath(self):
+        self.assertEqual(relpath('foo', 'foo'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar')), 'foo/bar'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar')), 'foo'), 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz')), 'foo'),
+                         'bar/baz')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar')), 'foo/bar/baz'),
+                         '..')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar')), 'foo/baz'),
+                         '../bar')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath('foo/', 'foo'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(relpath('foo/bar/', 'foo'), 'bar')
+
+    def test_join(self):
+        self.assertEqual(join('foo', 'bar', 'baz'), 'foo/bar/baz')
+        self.assertEqual(join('foo', '', 'bar'), 'foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(join('', 'foo', 'bar'), 'foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(join('', 'foo', '/bar'), '/bar')
+
+    def test_normpath(self):
+        self.assertEqual(normpath(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz',
+                                                 '..', 'qux'))), 'foo/bar/qux')
+
+    def test_dirname(self):
+        self.assertEqual(dirname('foo/bar/baz'), 'foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(dirname('foo/bar'), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(dirname('foo'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(dirname('foo/bar/'), 'foo/bar')
+
+    def test_commonprefix(self):
+        self.assertEqual(commonprefix([self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz')),
+                                       'foo/qux', 'foo/baz/qux']), 'foo/')
+        self.assertEqual(commonprefix([self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz')),
+                                       'foo/qux', 'baz/qux']), '')
+
+    def test_basename(self):
+        self.assertEqual(basename('foo/bar/baz'), 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(basename('foo/bar'), 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(basename('foo'), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(basename('foo/bar/'), '')
+
+    def test_split(self):
+        self.assertEqual(split(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz'))),
+                         ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
+
+    def test_splitext(self):
+        self.assertEqual(splitext(self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz.qux'))),
+                         ('foo/bar/baz', '.qux'))
+
+    def test_basedir(self):
+        foobarbaz = self.SEP.join(('foo', 'bar', 'baz'))
+        self.assertEqual(basedir(foobarbaz, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(basedir(foobarbaz, ['foo', 'foo/bar', 'baz']),
+                         'foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(basedir(foobarbaz, ['foo/bar', 'foo', 'baz']),
+                         'foo/bar')
+        self.assertEqual(basedir(foobarbaz, ['foo', 'bar', '']), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(basedir(foobarbaz, ['bar', 'baz', '']), '')
+
+    def test_match(self):
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo', ''))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/bar'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo', '*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/bar/*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/bar/*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/bar/*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/bar/*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/*/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '*/bar/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '*/*/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '*/*/*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/*/*'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/*/*.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/b*/*z.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/b*r/ba*z.qux'))
+        self.assertFalse(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/b*z/ba*r.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '**'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '**/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '**/bar/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/*.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '**/foo/bar/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/bar/baz.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/bar/*.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/*.qux'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '**/*.qux'))
+        self.assertFalse(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', '**.qux'))
+        self.assertFalse(match('foo/bar', 'foo/*/bar'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/bar/**'))
+        self.assertFalse(match('foo/nobar/baz.qux', 'foo/**/bar/**'))
+        self.assertTrue(match('foo/bar', 'foo/**/bar/**'))
+
+    def test_rebase(self):
+        self.assertEqual(rebase('foo', 'foo/bar', 'bar/baz'), 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(rebase('foo', 'foo', 'bar/baz'), 'bar/baz')
+        self.assertEqual(rebase('foo/bar', 'foo', 'baz'), 'bar/baz')
+
+
+if os.altsep:
+    class TestAltPath(TestPath):
+        SEP = os.altsep
+
+    class TestReverseAltPath(TestPath):
+        def setUp(self):
+            sep = os.sep
+            os.sep = os.altsep
+            os.altsep = sep
+
+        def tearDown(self):
+            self.setUp()
+
+    class TestAltReverseAltPath(TestReverseAltPath):
+        SEP = os.altsep
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_unify.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_unify.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2bbb4470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/test/test_unify.py
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozbuild.util import ensureParentDir
+
+from mozpack.unify import (
+    UnifiedFinder,
+    UnifiedBuildFinder,
+)
+import mozunit
+from mozpack.test.test_files import TestWithTmpDir
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarWriter
+from mozpack.test.test_files import MockDest
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+import os
+import sys
+from mozpack.errors import (
+    ErrorMessage,
+    AccumulatedErrors,
+    errors,
+)
+
+
+class TestUnified(TestWithTmpDir):
+    def create_one(self, which, path, content):
+        file = self.tmppath(os.path.join(which, path))
+        ensureParentDir(file)
+        open(file, 'wb').write(content)
+
+    def create_both(self, path, content):
+        for p in ['a', 'b']:
+            self.create_one(p, path, content)
+
+
+class TestUnifiedFinder(TestUnified):
+    def test_unified_finder(self):
+        self.create_both('foo/bar', 'foobar')
+        self.create_both('foo/baz', 'foobaz')
+        self.create_one('a', 'bar', 'bar')
+        self.create_one('b', 'baz', 'baz')
+        self.create_one('a', 'qux', 'foobar')
+        self.create_one('b', 'qux', 'baz')
+        self.create_one('a', 'test/foo', 'a\nb\nc\n')
+        self.create_one('b', 'test/foo', 'b\nc\na\n')
+        self.create_both('test/bar', 'a\nb\nc\n')
+
+        finder = UnifiedFinder(FileFinder(self.tmppath('a')),
+                               FileFinder(self.tmppath('b')),
+                               sorted=['test'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted([(f, c.open().read())
+                                 for f, c in finder.find('foo')]),
+                         [('foo/bar', 'foobar'), ('foo/baz', 'foobaz')])
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, any, finder.find('bar'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, any, finder.find('baz'))
+        self.assertRaises(ErrorMessage, any, finder.find('qux'))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted([(f, c.open().read())
+                                 for f, c in finder.find('test')]),
+                         [('test/bar', 'a\nb\nc\n'),
+                          ('test/foo', 'a\nb\nc\n')])
+
+
+class TestUnifiedBuildFinder(TestUnified):
+    def test_unified_build_finder(self):
+        finder = UnifiedBuildFinder(FileFinder(self.tmppath('a')),
+                                    FileFinder(self.tmppath('b')))
+
+        # Test chrome.manifest unification
+        self.create_both('chrome.manifest', 'a\nb\nc\n')
+        self.create_one('a', 'chrome/chrome.manifest', 'a\nb\nc\n')
+        self.create_one('b', 'chrome/chrome.manifest', 'b\nc\na\n')
+        self.assertEqual(sorted([(f, c.open().read()) for f, c in
+                                 finder.find('**/chrome.manifest')]),
+                         [('chrome.manifest', 'a\nb\nc\n'),
+                          ('chrome/chrome.manifest', 'a\nb\nc\n')])
+
+        # Test buildconfig.html unification
+        self.create_one('a', 'chrome/browser/foo/buildconfig.html',
+                        '\n'.join([
+                            '<html>',
+                            '<body>',
+                            '<h1>about:buildconfig</h1>',
+                            '<div>foo</div>',
+                            '</body>',
+                            '</html>',
+                        ]))
+        self.create_one('b', 'chrome/browser/foo/buildconfig.html',
+                        '\n'.join([
+                            '<html>',
+                            '<body>',
+                            '<h1>about:buildconfig</h1>',
+                            '<div>bar</div>',
+                            '</body>',
+                            '</html>',
+                        ]))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted([(f, c.open().read()) for f, c in
+                                 finder.find('**/buildconfig.html')]),
+                         [('chrome/browser/foo/buildconfig.html', '\n'.join([
+                             '<html>',
+                             '<body>',
+                             '<h1>about:buildconfig</h1>',
+                             '<div>foo</div>',
+                             '<hr> </hr>',
+                             '<div>bar</div>',
+                             '</body>',
+                             '</html>',
+                         ]))])
+
+        # Test xpi file unification
+        xpi = MockDest()
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=xpi, compress=True) as jar:
+            jar.add('foo', 'foo')
+            jar.add('bar', 'bar')
+        foo_xpi = xpi.read()
+        self.create_both('foo.xpi', foo_xpi)
+
+        with JarWriter(fileobj=xpi, compress=True) as jar:
+            jar.add('foo', 'bar')
+        self.create_one('a', 'bar.xpi', foo_xpi)
+        self.create_one('b', 'bar.xpi', xpi.read())
+
+        errors.out = StringIO()
+        with self.assertRaises(AccumulatedErrors), errors.accumulate():
+            self.assertEqual([(f, c.open().read()) for f, c in
+                              finder.find('*.xpi')],
+                             [('foo.xpi', foo_xpi)])
+        errors.out = sys.stderr
+
+        # Test install.rdf unification
+        x86_64 = 'Darwin_x86_64-gcc3'
+        x86 = 'Darwin_x86-gcc3'
+        target_tag = '<{em}targetPlatform>{platform}</{em}targetPlatform>'
+        target_attr = '{em}targetPlatform="{platform}" '
+
+        rdf_tag = ''.join([
+            '<{RDF}Description {em}bar="bar" {em}qux="qux">',
+              '<{em}foo>foo</{em}foo>',
+              '{targets}',
+              '<{em}baz>baz</{em}baz>',
+            '</{RDF}Description>'
+        ])
+        rdf_attr = ''.join([
+            '<{RDF}Description {em}bar="bar" {attr}{em}qux="qux">',
+              '{targets}',
+              '<{em}foo>foo</{em}foo><{em}baz>baz</{em}baz>',
+            '</{RDF}Description>'
+        ])
+
+        for descr_ns, target_ns in (('RDF:', ''), ('', 'em:'), ('RDF:', 'em:')):
+            # First we need to infuse the above strings with our namespaces and
+            # platform values.
+            ns = { 'RDF': descr_ns, 'em': target_ns }
+            target_tag_x86_64 = target_tag.format(platform=x86_64, **ns)
+            target_tag_x86 = target_tag.format(platform=x86, **ns)
+            target_attr_x86_64 = target_attr.format(platform=x86_64, **ns)
+            target_attr_x86 = target_attr.format(platform=x86, **ns)
+
+            tag_x86_64 = rdf_tag.format(targets=target_tag_x86_64, **ns)
+            tag_x86 = rdf_tag.format(targets=target_tag_x86, **ns)
+            tag_merged = rdf_tag.format(targets=target_tag_x86_64 + target_tag_x86, **ns)
+            tag_empty = rdf_tag.format(targets="", **ns)
+
+            attr_x86_64 = rdf_attr.format(attr=target_attr_x86_64, targets="", **ns)
+            attr_x86 = rdf_attr.format(attr=target_attr_x86, targets="", **ns)
+            attr_merged = rdf_attr.format(attr="", targets=target_tag_x86_64 + target_tag_x86, **ns)
+
+            # This table defines the test cases, columns "a" and "b" being the
+            # contents of the install.rdf of the respective platform and
+            # "result" the exepected merged content after unification.
+            testcases = (
+              #_____a_____  _____b_____  ___result___#
+              (tag_x86_64,  tag_x86,     tag_merged  ),
+              (tag_x86_64,  tag_empty,   tag_empty   ),
+              (tag_empty,   tag_x86,     tag_empty   ),
+              (tag_empty,   tag_empty,   tag_empty   ),
+
+              (attr_x86_64, attr_x86,    attr_merged ),
+              (tag_x86_64,  attr_x86,    tag_merged  ),
+              (attr_x86_64, tag_x86,     attr_merged ),
+
+              (attr_x86_64, tag_empty,   tag_empty   ),
+              (tag_empty,   attr_x86,    tag_empty   )
+            )
+
+            # Now create the files from the above table and compare
+            results = []
+            for emid, (rdf_a, rdf_b, result) in enumerate(testcases):
+                filename = 'ext/id{0}/install.rdf'.format(emid)
+                self.create_one('a', filename, rdf_a)
+                self.create_one('b', filename, rdf_b)
+                results.append((filename, result))
+
+            self.assertEqual(sorted([(f, c.open().read()) for f, c in
+                                     finder.find('**/install.rdf')]), results)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    mozunit.main()
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/mozpack/unify.py b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/unify.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c8a8d605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/mozpack/unify.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from mozpack.files import (
+    BaseFinder,
+    JarFinder,
+    ExecutableFile,
+    BaseFile,
+    GeneratedFile,
+)
+from mozpack.executables import (
+    MACHO_SIGNATURES,
+)
+from mozpack.mozjar import JarReader
+from mozpack.errors import errors
+from tempfile import mkstemp
+import mozpack.path as mozpath
+import struct
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import buildconfig
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+# Regular expressions for unifying install.rdf
+FIND_TARGET_PLATFORM = re.compile(r"""
+    <(?P<ns>[-._0-9A-Za-z]+:)?targetPlatform>       # The targetPlatform tag, with any namespace
+    (?P<platform>[^<]*)                             # The actual platform value
+    </(?P=ns)?targetPlatform>                       # The closing tag
+    """, re.X)
+FIND_TARGET_PLATFORM_ATTR = re.compile(r"""
+    (?P<tag><(?:[-._0-9A-Za-z]+:)?Description)      # The opening part of the <Description> tag
+    (?P<attrs>[^>]*?)\s+                            # The initial attributes
+    (?P<ns>[-._0-9A-Za-z]+:)?targetPlatform=        # The targetPlatform attribute, with any namespace
+    [\'"](?P<platform>[^\'"]+)[\'"]                 # The actual platform value
+    (?P<otherattrs>[^>]*?>)                         # The remaining attributes and closing angle bracket
+    """, re.X)
+
+def may_unify_binary(file):
+    '''
+    Return whether the given BaseFile instance is an ExecutableFile that
+    may be unified. Only non-fat Mach-O binaries are to be unified.
+    '''
+    if isinstance(file, ExecutableFile):
+        signature = file.open().read(4)
+        if len(signature) < 4:
+            return False
+        signature = struct.unpack('>L', signature)[0]
+        if signature in MACHO_SIGNATURES:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class UnifiedExecutableFile(BaseFile):
+    '''
+    File class for executable and library files that to be unified with 'lipo'.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, executable1, executable2):
+        '''
+        Initialize a UnifiedExecutableFile with a pair of ExecutableFiles to
+        be unified. They are expected to be non-fat Mach-O executables.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(executable1, ExecutableFile)
+        assert isinstance(executable2, ExecutableFile)
+        self._executables = (executable1, executable2)
+
+    def copy(self, dest, skip_if_older=True):
+        '''
+        Create a fat executable from the two Mach-O executable given when
+        creating the instance.
+        skip_if_older is ignored.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(dest, basestring)
+        tmpfiles = []
+        try:
+            for e in self._executables:
+                fd, f = mkstemp()
+                os.close(fd)
+                tmpfiles.append(f)
+                e.copy(f, skip_if_older=False)
+            lipo = buildconfig.substs.get('LIPO') or 'lipo'
+            subprocess.call([lipo, '-create'] + tmpfiles + ['-output', dest])
+        finally:
+            for f in tmpfiles:
+                os.unlink(f)
+
+
+class UnifiedFinder(BaseFinder):
+    '''
+    Helper to get unified BaseFile instances from two distinct trees on the
+    file system.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, finder1, finder2, sorted=[], **kargs):
+        '''
+        Initialize a UnifiedFinder. finder1 and finder2 are BaseFinder
+        instances from which files are picked. UnifiedFinder.find() will act as
+        FileFinder.find() but will error out when matches can only be found in
+        one of the two trees and not the other. It will also error out if
+        matches can be found on both ends but their contents are not identical.
+
+        The sorted argument gives a list of mozpath.match patterns. File
+        paths matching one of these patterns will have their contents compared
+        with their lines sorted.
+        '''
+        assert isinstance(finder1, BaseFinder)
+        assert isinstance(finder2, BaseFinder)
+        self._finder1 = finder1
+        self._finder2 = finder2
+        self._sorted = sorted
+        BaseFinder.__init__(self, finder1.base, **kargs)
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        '''
+        UnifiedFinder.find() implementation.
+        '''
+        files1 = OrderedDict()
+        for p, f in self._finder1.find(path):
+            files1[p] = f
+        files2 = set()
+        for p, f in self._finder2.find(path):
+            files2.add(p)
+            if p in files1:
+                if may_unify_binary(files1[p]) and \
+                        may_unify_binary(f):
+                    yield p, UnifiedExecutableFile(files1[p], f)
+                else:
+                    err = errors.count
+                    unified = self.unify_file(p, files1[p], f)
+                    if unified:
+                        yield p, unified
+                    elif err == errors.count:
+                        self._report_difference(p, files1[p], f)
+            else:
+                errors.error('File missing in %s: %s' %
+                             (self._finder1.base, p))
+        for p in [p for p in files1 if not p in files2]:
+            errors.error('File missing in %s: %s' % (self._finder2.base, p))
+
+    def _report_difference(self, path, file1, file2):
+        '''
+        Report differences between files in both trees.
+        '''
+        errors.error("Can't unify %s: file differs between %s and %s" %
+                     (path, self._finder1.base, self._finder2.base))
+        if not isinstance(file1, ExecutableFile) and \
+                not isinstance(file2, ExecutableFile):
+            from difflib import unified_diff
+            for line in unified_diff(file1.open().readlines(),
+                                     file2.open().readlines(),
+                                     os.path.join(self._finder1.base, path),
+                                     os.path.join(self._finder2.base, path)):
+                errors.out.write(line)
+
+    def unify_file(self, path, file1, file2):
+        '''
+        Given two BaseFiles and the path they were found at, check whether
+        their content match and return the first BaseFile if they do.
+        '''
+        content1 = file1.open().readlines()
+        content2 = file2.open().readlines()
+        if content1 == content2:
+            return file1
+        for pattern in self._sorted:
+            if mozpath.match(path, pattern):
+                if sorted(content1) == sorted(content2):
+                    return file1
+                break
+        return None
+
+
+class UnifiedBuildFinder(UnifiedFinder):
+    '''
+    Specialized UnifiedFinder for Mozilla applications packaging. It allows
+    "*.manifest" files to differ in their order, and unifies "buildconfig.html"
+    files by merging their content.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, finder1, finder2, **kargs):
+        UnifiedFinder.__init__(self, finder1, finder2,
+                               sorted=['**/*.manifest'], **kargs)
+
+    def unify_file(self, path, file1, file2):
+        '''
+        Unify files taking Mozilla application special cases into account.
+        Otherwise defer to UnifiedFinder.unify_file.
+        '''
+        basename = mozpath.basename(path)
+        if basename == 'buildconfig.html':
+            content1 = file1.open().readlines()
+            content2 = file2.open().readlines()
+            # Copy everything from the first file up to the end of its <body>,
+            # insert a <hr> between the two files and copy the second file's
+            # content beginning after its leading <h1>.
+            return GeneratedFile(''.join(
+                content1[:content1.index('</body>\n')] +
+                ['<hr> </hr>\n'] +
+                content2[content2.index('<h1>about:buildconfig</h1>\n') + 1:]
+            ))
+        elif basename == 'install.rdf':
+            # install.rdf files often have em:targetPlatform (either as
+            # attribute or as tag) that will differ between platforms. The
+            # unified install.rdf should contain both em:targetPlatforms if
+            # they exist, or strip them if only one file has a target platform.
+            content1, content2 = (
+                FIND_TARGET_PLATFORM_ATTR.sub(lambda m: \
+                    m.group('tag') + m.group('attrs') + m.group('otherattrs') +
+                        '<%stargetPlatform>%s</%stargetPlatform>' % \
+                        (m.group('ns') or "", m.group('platform'), m.group('ns') or ""),
+                    f.open().read()
+                ) for f in (file1, file2)
+            )
+
+            platform2 = FIND_TARGET_PLATFORM.search(content2)
+            return GeneratedFile(FIND_TARGET_PLATFORM.sub(
+                lambda m: m.group(0) + platform2.group(0) if platform2 else '',
+                content1
+            ))
+        elif path.endswith('.xpi'):
+            finder1 = JarFinder(os.path.join(self._finder1.base, path),
+                                JarReader(fileobj=file1.open()))
+            finder2 = JarFinder(os.path.join(self._finder2.base, path),
+                                JarReader(fileobj=file2.open()))
+            unifier = UnifiedFinder(finder1, finder2, sorted=self._sorted)
+            err = errors.count
+            all(unifier.find(''))
+            if err == errors.count:
+                return file1
+            return None
+        return UnifiedFinder.unify_file(self, path, file1, file2)
diff --git a/python/mozbuild/setup.py b/python/mozbuild/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..448a1362a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozbuild/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from setuptools import setup, find_packages
+
+VERSION = '0.2'
+
+setup(
+    author='Mozilla Foundation',
+    author_email='dev-builds@lists.mozilla.org',
+    name='mozbuild',
+    description='Mozilla build system functionality.',
+    license='MPL 2.0',
+    packages=find_packages(),
+    version=VERSION,
+    install_requires=[
+        'jsmin',
+        'mozfile',
+    ],
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',
+        'Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: Mozilla Public License 2.0 (MPL 2.0)',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
+    ],
+    keywords='mozilla build',
+)
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/__init__.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18eaf5112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+# flake8: noqa
+
+from .roller import LintRoller
+from .result import ResultContainer
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/cli.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84c1b6aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import sys
+from argparse import ArgumentParser, REMAINDER
+
+
+SEARCH_PATHS = []
+
+
+class MozlintParser(ArgumentParser):
+    arguments = [
+        [['paths'],
+         {'nargs': '*',
+          'default': None,
+          'help': "Paths to file or directories to lint, like "
+                  "'browser/components/loop' or 'mobile/android'. "
+                  "Defaults to the current directory if not given.",
+          }],
+        [['-l', '--linter'],
+         {'dest': 'linters',
+          'default': [],
+          'action': 'append',
+          'help': "Linters to run, e.g 'eslint'. By default all linters "
+                  "are run for all the appropriate files.",
+          }],
+        [['-f', '--format'],
+         {'dest': 'fmt',
+          'default': 'stylish',
+          'help': "Formatter to use. Defaults to 'stylish'.",
+          }],
+        [['-n', '--no-filter'],
+         {'dest': 'use_filters',
+          'default': True,
+          'action': 'store_false',
+          'help': "Ignore all filtering. This is useful for quickly "
+                  "testing a directory that otherwise wouldn't be run, "
+                  "without needing to modify the config file.",
+          }],
+        [['-r', '--rev'],
+         {'default': None,
+          'help': "Lint files touched by the given revision(s). Works with "
+                  "mercurial or git."
+          }],
+        [['-w', '--workdir'],
+         {'default': False,
+          'action': 'store_true',
+          'help': "Lint files touched by changes in the working directory "
+                  "(i.e haven't been committed yet). Works with mercurial or git.",
+          }],
+        [['extra_args'],
+         {'nargs': REMAINDER,
+          'help': "Extra arguments that will be forwarded to the underlying linter.",
+          }],
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        ArgumentParser.__init__(self, usage=self.__doc__, **kwargs)
+
+        for cli, args in self.arguments:
+            self.add_argument(*cli, **args)
+
+    def parse_known_args(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # This is here so the eslint mach command doesn't lose 'extra_args'
+        # when using mach's dispatch functionality.
+        args, extra = ArgumentParser.parse_known_args(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        args.extra_args = extra
+        return args, extra
+
+
+def find_linters(linters=None):
+    lints = []
+    for search_path in SEARCH_PATHS:
+        if not os.path.isdir(search_path):
+            continue
+
+        files = os.listdir(search_path)
+        for f in files:
+            name, ext = os.path.splitext(f)
+            if ext != '.lint':
+                continue
+
+            if linters and name not in linters:
+                continue
+
+            lints.append(os.path.join(search_path, f))
+    return lints
+
+
+def run(paths, linters, fmt, rev, workdir, **lintargs):
+    from mozlint import LintRoller, formatters
+
+    lint = LintRoller(**lintargs)
+    lint.read(find_linters(linters))
+
+    # run all linters
+    results = lint.roll(paths, rev=rev, workdir=workdir)
+
+    formatter = formatters.get(fmt)
+
+    # Explicitly utf-8 encode the output as some of the formatters make
+    # use of unicode characters. This will prevent a UnicodeEncodeError
+    # on environments where utf-8 isn't the default
+    print(formatter(results).encode('utf-8', 'replace'))
+    return lint.return_code
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    parser = MozlintParser()
+    args = vars(parser.parse_args())
+    sys.exit(run(**args))
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/errors.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a899a1974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+
+
+class LintException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class LinterNotFound(LintException):
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        LintException.__init__(self, "Could not find lint file '{}'".format(path))
+
+
+class LinterParseError(LintException):
+    def __init__(self, path, message):
+        LintException.__init__(self, "{}: {}".format(os.path.basename(path), message))
+
+
+class LintersNotConfigured(LintException):
+    def __init__(self):
+        LintException.__init__(self, "No linters registered! Use `LintRoller.read` "
+                                     "to register a linter.")
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/__init__.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33aca0446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import json
+
+from ..result import ResultEncoder
+from .stylish import StylishFormatter
+from .treeherder import TreeherderFormatter
+
+
+class JSONFormatter(object):
+    def __call__(self, results):
+        return json.dumps(results, cls=ResultEncoder)
+
+
+all_formatters = {
+    'json': JSONFormatter,
+    'stylish': StylishFormatter,
+    'treeherder': TreeherderFormatter,
+}
+
+
+def get(name, **fmtargs):
+    return all_formatters[name](**fmtargs)
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/stylish.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/stylish.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62ddfbeb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/stylish.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from ..result import ResultContainer
+
+try:
+    import blessings
+except ImportError:
+    blessings = None
+
+
+class NullTerminal(object):
+    """Replacement for `blessings.Terminal()` that does no formatting."""
+    class NullCallableString(unicode):
+        """A dummy callable Unicode stolen from blessings"""
+        def __new__(cls):
+            new = unicode.__new__(cls, u'')
+            return new
+
+        def __call__(self, *args):
+            if len(args) != 1 or isinstance(args[0], int):
+                return u''
+            return args[0]
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return self.NullCallableString()
+
+
+class StylishFormatter(object):
+    """Formatter based on the eslint default."""
+
+    # Colors later on in the list are fallbacks in case the terminal
+    # doesn't support colors earlier in the list.
+    # See http://www.calmar.ws/vim/256-xterm-24bit-rgb-color-chart.html
+    _colors = {
+        'grey': [247, 8, 7],
+        'red': [1],
+        'yellow': [3],
+        'brightred': [9, 1],
+        'brightyellow': [11, 3],
+    }
+    fmt = "  {c1}{lineno}{column}  {c2}{level}{normal}  {message}  {c1}{rule}({linter}){normal}"
+    fmt_summary = "{t.bold}{c}\u2716 {problem} ({error}, {warning}){t.normal}"
+
+    def __init__(self, disable_colors=None):
+        if disable_colors or not blessings:
+            self.term = NullTerminal()
+        else:
+            self.term = blessings.Terminal()
+        self.num_colors = self.term.number_of_colors
+
+    def color(self, color):
+        for num in self._colors[color]:
+            if num < self.num_colors:
+                return self.term.color(num)
+        return ''
+
+    def _reset_max(self):
+        self.max_lineno = 0
+        self.max_column = 0
+        self.max_level = 0
+        self.max_message = 0
+
+    def _update_max(self, err):
+        """Calculates the longest length of each token for spacing."""
+        self.max_lineno = max(self.max_lineno, len(str(err.lineno)))
+        if err.column:
+            self.max_column = max(self.max_column, len(str(err.column)))
+        self.max_level = max(self.max_level, len(str(err.level)))
+        self.max_message = max(self.max_message, len(err.message))
+
+    def _pluralize(self, s, num):
+        if num != 1:
+            s += 's'
+        return str(num) + ' ' + s
+
+    def __call__(self, result):
+        message = []
+
+        num_errors = 0
+        num_warnings = 0
+        for path, errors in sorted(result.iteritems()):
+            self._reset_max()
+
+            message.append(self.term.underline(path))
+            # Do a first pass to calculate required padding
+            for err in errors:
+                assert isinstance(err, ResultContainer)
+                self._update_max(err)
+                if err.level == 'error':
+                    num_errors += 1
+                else:
+                    num_warnings += 1
+
+            for err in errors:
+                message.append(self.fmt.format(
+                    normal=self.term.normal,
+                    c1=self.color('grey'),
+                    c2=self.color('red') if err.level == 'error' else self.color('yellow'),
+                    lineno=str(err.lineno).rjust(self.max_lineno),
+                    column=(":" + str(err.column).ljust(self.max_column)) if err.column else "",
+                    level=err.level.ljust(self.max_level),
+                    message=err.message.ljust(self.max_message),
+                    rule='{} '.format(err.rule) if err.rule else '',
+                    linter=err.linter.lower(),
+                ))
+
+            message.append('')  # newline
+
+        # Print a summary
+        message.append(self.fmt_summary.format(
+            t=self.term,
+            c=self.color('brightred') if num_errors else self.color('brightyellow'),
+            problem=self._pluralize('problem', num_errors + num_warnings),
+            error=self._pluralize('error', num_errors),
+            warning=self._pluralize('warning', num_warnings),
+        ))
+
+        return '\n'.join(message)
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/treeherder.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/treeherder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c27011cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/formatters/treeherder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from ..result import ResultContainer
+
+
+class TreeherderFormatter(object):
+    """Formatter for treeherder friendly output.
+
+    This formatter looks ugly, but prints output such that
+    treeherder is able to highlight the errors and warnings.
+    This is a stop-gap until bug 1276486 is fixed.
+    """
+    fmt = "TEST-UNEXPECTED-{level} | {path}:{lineno}{column} | {message} ({rule})"
+
+    def __call__(self, result):
+        message = []
+        for path, errors in sorted(result.iteritems()):
+            for err in errors:
+                assert isinstance(err, ResultContainer)
+
+                d = {s: getattr(err, s) for s in err.__slots__}
+                d["column"] = ":%s" % d["column"] if d["column"] else ""
+                d['level'] = d['level'].upper()
+                d['rule'] = d['rule'] or d['linter']
+                message.append(self.fmt.format(**d))
+
+        return "\n".join(message)
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/parser.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f350d0de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import imp
+import os
+import sys
+import uuid
+
+from .types import supported_types
+from .errors import LinterNotFound, LinterParseError
+
+
+class Parser(object):
+    """Reads and validates `.lint` files."""
+    required_attributes = (
+        'name',
+        'description',
+        'type',
+        'payload',
+    )
+
+    def __call__(self, path):
+        return self.parse(path)
+
+    def _load_linter(self, path):
+        # Ensure parent module is present otherwise we'll (likely) get
+        # an error due to unknown parent.
+        parent_module = 'mozlint.linters'
+        if parent_module not in sys.modules:
+            mod = imp.new_module(parent_module)
+            sys.modules[parent_module] = mod
+
+        write_bytecode = sys.dont_write_bytecode
+        sys.dont_write_bytecode = True
+
+        module_name = '{}.{}'.format(parent_module, uuid.uuid1().get_hex())
+        imp.load_source(module_name, path)
+
+        sys.dont_write_bytecode = write_bytecode
+
+        mod = sys.modules[module_name]
+
+        if not hasattr(mod, 'LINTER'):
+            raise LinterParseError(path, "No LINTER definition found!")
+
+        definition = mod.LINTER
+        definition['path'] = path
+        return definition
+
+    def _validate(self, linter):
+        missing_attrs = []
+        for attr in self.required_attributes:
+            if attr not in linter:
+                missing_attrs.append(attr)
+
+        if missing_attrs:
+            raise LinterParseError(linter['path'], "Missing required attribute(s): "
+                                                   "{}".format(','.join(missing_attrs)))
+
+        if linter['type'] not in supported_types:
+            raise LinterParseError(linter['path'], "Invalid type '{}'".format(linter['type']))
+
+        for attr in ('include', 'exclude'):
+            if attr in linter and (not isinstance(linter[attr], list) or
+                                   not all(isinstance(a, basestring) for a in linter[attr])):
+                raise LinterParseError(linter['path'], "The {} directive must be a "
+                                                       "list of strings!".format(attr))
+
+    def parse(self, path):
+        """Read a linter and return its LINTER definition.
+
+        :param path: Path to the linter.
+        :returns: Linter definition (dict)
+        :raises: LinterNotFound, LinterParseError
+        """
+        if not os.path.isfile(path):
+            raise LinterNotFound(path)
+
+        if not path.endswith('.lint'):
+            raise LinterParseError(path, "Invalid filename, linters must end with '.lint'!")
+
+        linter = self._load_linter(path)
+        self._validate(linter)
+        return linter
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/pathutils.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/pathutils.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..532904dca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/pathutils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+
+from mozpack import path as mozpath
+from mozpack.files import FileFinder
+
+
+class FilterPath(object):
+    """Helper class to make comparing and matching file paths easier."""
+    def __init__(self, path, exclude=None):
+        self.path = os.path.normpath(path)
+        self._finder = None
+        self.exclude = exclude
+
+    @property
+    def finder(self):
+        if self._finder:
+            return self._finder
+        self._finder = FileFinder(
+            self.path, find_executables=False, ignore=self.exclude)
+        return self._finder
+
+    @property
+    def ext(self):
+        return os.path.splitext(self.path)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def exists(self):
+        return os.path.exists(self.path)
+
+    @property
+    def isfile(self):
+        return os.path.isfile(self.path)
+
+    @property
+    def isdir(self):
+        return os.path.isdir(self.path)
+
+    def join(self, *args):
+        return FilterPath(os.path.join(self, *args))
+
+    def match(self, patterns):
+        return any(mozpath.match(self.path, pattern.path) for pattern in patterns)
+
+    def contains(self, other):
+        """Return True if other is a subdirectory of self or equals self."""
+        if isinstance(other, FilterPath):
+            other = other.path
+        a = os.path.abspath(self.path)
+        b = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(other))
+
+        if b.startswith(a):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.path)
+
+
+def filterpaths(paths, linter, **lintargs):
+    """Filters a list of paths.
+
+    Given a list of paths, and a linter definition plus extra
+    arguments, return the set of paths that should be linted.
+
+    :param paths: A starting list of paths to possibly lint.
+    :param linter: A linter definition.
+    :param lintargs: Extra arguments passed to the linter.
+    :returns: A list of file paths to lint.
+    """
+    include = linter.get('include', [])
+    exclude = lintargs.get('exclude', [])
+    exclude.extend(linter.get('exclude', []))
+    root = lintargs['root']
+
+    if not lintargs.get('use_filters', True) or (not include and not exclude):
+        return paths
+
+    def normalize(path):
+        if not os.path.isabs(path):
+            path = os.path.join(root, path)
+        return FilterPath(path)
+
+    include = map(normalize, include)
+    exclude = map(normalize, exclude)
+
+    # Paths with and without globs will be handled separately,
+    # pull them apart now.
+    includepaths = [p for p in include if p.exists]
+    excludepaths = [p for p in exclude if p.exists]
+
+    includeglobs = [p for p in include if not p.exists]
+    excludeglobs = [p for p in exclude if not p.exists]
+
+    extensions = linter.get('extensions')
+    keep = set()
+    discard = set()
+    for path in map(FilterPath, paths):
+        # Exclude bad file extensions
+        if extensions and path.isfile and path.ext not in extensions:
+            continue
+
+        if path.match(excludeglobs):
+            continue
+
+        # First handle include/exclude directives
+        # that exist (i.e don't have globs)
+        for inc in includepaths:
+            # Only excludes that are subdirectories of the include
+            # path matter.
+            excs = [e for e in excludepaths if inc.contains(e)]
+
+            if path.contains(inc):
+                # If specified path is an ancestor of include path,
+                # then lint the include path.
+                keep.add(inc)
+
+                # We can't apply these exclude paths without explicitly
+                # including every sibling file. Rather than do that,
+                # just return them and hope the underlying linter will
+                # deal with them.
+                discard.update(excs)
+
+            elif inc.contains(path):
+                # If the include path is an ancestor of the specified
+                # path, then add the specified path only if there are
+                # no exclude paths in-between them.
+                if not any(e.contains(path) for e in excs):
+                    keep.add(path)
+
+        # Next handle include/exclude directives that
+        # contain globs.
+        if path.isfile:
+            # If the specified path is a file it must be both
+            # matched by an include directive and not matched
+            # by an exclude directive.
+            if not path.match(includeglobs):
+                continue
+
+            keep.add(path)
+        elif path.isdir:
+            # If the specified path is a directory, use a
+            # FileFinder to resolve all relevant globs.
+            path.exclude = [e.path for e in excludeglobs]
+            for pattern in includeglobs:
+                for p, f in path.finder.find(pattern.path):
+                    keep.add(path.join(p))
+
+    # Only pass paths we couldn't exclude here to the underlying linter
+    lintargs['exclude'] = [f.path for f in discard]
+    return [f.path for f in keep]
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/result.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c56f1d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from json import dumps, JSONEncoder
+
+
+class ResultContainer(object):
+    """Represents a single lint error and its related metadata.
+
+    :param linter: name of the linter that flagged this error
+    :param path: path to the file containing the error
+    :param message: text describing the error
+    :param lineno: line number that contains the error
+    :param column: column containing the error
+    :param level: severity of the error, either 'warning' or 'error' (default 'error')
+    :param hint: suggestion for fixing the error (optional)
+    :param source: source code context of the error (optional)
+    :param rule: name of the rule that was violated (optional)
+    :param lineoffset: denotes an error spans multiple lines, of the form
+                       (<lineno offset>, <num lines>) (optional)
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'linter',
+        'path',
+        'message',
+        'lineno',
+        'column',
+        'hint',
+        'source',
+        'level',
+        'rule',
+        'lineoffset',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, linter, path, message, lineno, column=None, hint=None,
+                 source=None, level=None, rule=None, lineoffset=None):
+        self.path = path
+        self.message = message
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.column = column
+        self.hint = hint
+        self.source = source
+        self.level = level or 'error'
+        self.linter = linter
+        self.rule = rule
+        self.lineoffset = lineoffset
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        s = dumps(self, cls=ResultEncoder, indent=2)
+        return "ResultContainer({})".format(s)
+
+
+class ResultEncoder(JSONEncoder):
+    """Class for encoding :class:`~result.ResultContainer`s to json.
+
+    Usage:
+
+        json.dumps(results, cls=ResultEncoder)
+    """
+    def default(self, o):
+        if isinstance(o, ResultContainer):
+            return {a: getattr(o, a) for a in o.__slots__}
+        return JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
+
+
+def from_linter(lintobj, **kwargs):
+    """Create a :class:`~result.ResultContainer` from a LINTER definition.
+
+    Convenience method that pulls defaults from a LINTER
+    definition and forwards them.
+
+    :param lintobj: LINTER obj as defined in a .lint file
+    :param kwargs: same as :class:`~result.ResultContainer`
+    :returns: :class:`~result.ResultContainer` object
+    """
+    attrs = {}
+    for attr in ResultContainer.__slots__:
+        attrs[attr] = kwargs.get(attr, lintobj.get(attr))
+
+    if not attrs['linter']:
+        attrs['linter'] = lintobj.get('name')
+
+    if not attrs['message']:
+        attrs['message'] = lintobj.get('description')
+
+    return ResultContainer(**attrs)
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/roller.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/roller.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d1608dd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/roller.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import signal
+import sys
+import traceback
+from collections import defaultdict
+from Queue import Empty
+from multiprocessing import (
+    Manager,
+    Pool,
+    cpu_count,
+)
+
+from .errors import LintersNotConfigured
+from .types import supported_types
+from .parser import Parser
+from .vcs import VCSFiles
+
+
+def _run_linters(queue, paths, **lintargs):
+    parse = Parser()
+    results = defaultdict(list)
+    return_code = 0
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            # The astute reader may wonder what is preventing the worker from
+            # grabbing the next linter from the queue after a SIGINT. Because
+            # this is a Manager.Queue(), it is itself in a child process which
+            # also received SIGINT. By the time the worker gets back here, the
+            # Queue is dead and IOError is raised.
+            linter_path = queue.get(False)
+        except (Empty, IOError):
+            return results, return_code
+
+        # Ideally we would pass the entire LINTER definition as an argument
+        # to the worker instead of re-parsing it. But passing a function from
+        # a dynamically created module (with imp) does not seem to be possible
+        # with multiprocessing on Windows.
+        linter = parse(linter_path)
+        func = supported_types[linter['type']]
+        res = func(paths, linter, **lintargs) or []
+
+        if not isinstance(res, (list, tuple)):
+            if res:
+                return_code = 1
+            continue
+
+        for r in res:
+            results[r.path].append(r)
+
+
+def _run_worker(*args, **lintargs):
+    try:
+        return _run_linters(*args, **lintargs)
+    except Exception:
+        # multiprocessing seems to munge worker exceptions, print
+        # it here so it isn't lost.
+        traceback.print_exc()
+        raise
+    finally:
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+
+class LintRoller(object):
+    """Registers and runs linters.
+
+    :param root: Path to which relative paths will be joined. If
+                 unspecified, root will either be determined from
+                 version control or cwd.
+    :param lintargs: Arguments to pass to the underlying linter(s).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, root=None, **lintargs):
+        self.parse = Parser()
+        self.vcs = VCSFiles()
+
+        self.linters = []
+        self.lintargs = lintargs
+        self.lintargs['root'] = root or self.vcs.root or os.getcwd()
+
+        self.return_code = None
+
+    def read(self, paths):
+        """Parse one or more linters and add them to the registry.
+
+        :param paths: A path or iterable of paths to linter definitions.
+        """
+        if isinstance(paths, basestring):
+            paths = (paths,)
+
+        for path in paths:
+            self.linters.append(self.parse(path))
+
+    def roll(self, paths=None, rev=None, workdir=None, num_procs=None):
+        """Run all of the registered linters against the specified file paths.
+
+        :param paths: An iterable of files and/or directories to lint.
+        :param rev: Lint all files touched by the specified revision.
+        :param workdir: Lint all files touched in the working directory.
+        :param num_procs: The number of processes to use. Default: cpu count
+        :return: A dictionary with file names as the key, and a list of
+                 :class:`~result.ResultContainer`s as the value.
+        """
+        paths = paths or []
+        if isinstance(paths, basestring):
+            paths = [paths]
+
+        if not self.linters:
+            raise LintersNotConfigured
+
+        # Calculate files from VCS
+        if rev:
+            paths.extend(self.vcs.by_rev(rev))
+        if workdir:
+            paths.extend(self.vcs.by_workdir())
+        paths = paths or ['.']
+        paths = map(os.path.abspath, paths)
+
+        # Set up multiprocessing
+        m = Manager()
+        queue = m.Queue()
+
+        for linter in self.linters:
+            queue.put(linter['path'])
+
+        num_procs = num_procs or cpu_count()
+        num_procs = min(num_procs, len(self.linters))
+        pool = Pool(num_procs)
+
+        all_results = defaultdict(list)
+        workers = []
+        for i in range(num_procs):
+            workers.append(
+                pool.apply_async(_run_worker, args=(queue, paths), kwds=self.lintargs))
+        pool.close()
+
+        # ignore SIGINT in parent so we can still get partial results
+        # from child processes. These should shutdown quickly anyway.
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_IGN)
+        self.return_code = 0
+        for worker in workers:
+            # parent process blocks on worker.get()
+            results, return_code = worker.get()
+            if results or return_code:
+                self.return_code = 1
+            for k, v in results.iteritems():
+                all_results[k].extend(v)
+        return all_results
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/types.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f49ae2bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import re
+import sys
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+
+from mozlog import get_default_logger, commandline, structuredlog
+from mozlog.reader import LogHandler
+
+from . import result
+from .pathutils import filterpaths
+
+
+class BaseType(object):
+    """Abstract base class for all types of linters."""
+    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
+    batch = False
+
+    def __call__(self, paths, linter, **lintargs):
+        """Run `linter` against `paths` with `lintargs`.
+
+        :param paths: Paths to lint. Can be a file or directory.
+        :param linter: Linter definition paths are being linted against.
+        :param lintargs: External arguments to the linter not defined in
+                         the definition, but passed in by a consumer.
+        :returns: A list of :class:`~result.ResultContainer` objects.
+        """
+        paths = filterpaths(paths, linter, **lintargs)
+        if not paths:
+            print("{}: no files to lint in specified paths".format(linter['name']))
+            return
+
+        if self.batch:
+            return self._lint(paths, linter, **lintargs)
+
+        errors = []
+        try:
+            for p in paths:
+                result = self._lint(p, linter, **lintargs)
+                if result:
+                    errors.extend(result)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            pass
+        return errors
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _lint(self, path):
+        pass
+
+
+class LineType(BaseType):
+    """Abstract base class for linter types that check each line individually.
+
+    Subclasses of this linter type will read each file and check the provided
+    payload against each line one by one.
+    """
+    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def condition(payload, line):
+        pass
+
+    def _lint(self, path, linter, **lintargs):
+        payload = linter['payload']
+
+        with open(path, 'r') as fh:
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+
+        errors = []
+        for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+            if self.condition(payload, line):
+                errors.append(result.from_linter(linter, path=path, lineno=i+1))
+
+        return errors
+
+
+class StringType(LineType):
+    """Linter type that checks whether a substring is found."""
+
+    def condition(self, payload, line):
+        return payload in line
+
+
+class RegexType(LineType):
+    """Linter type that checks whether a regex match is found."""
+
+    def condition(self, payload, line):
+        return re.search(payload, line)
+
+
+class ExternalType(BaseType):
+    """Linter type that runs an external function.
+
+    The function is responsible for properly formatting the results
+    into a list of :class:`~result.ResultContainer` objects.
+    """
+    batch = True
+
+    def _lint(self, files, linter, **lintargs):
+        payload = linter['payload']
+        return payload(files, **lintargs)
+
+
+class LintHandler(LogHandler):
+    def __init__(self, linter):
+        self.linter = linter
+        self.results = []
+
+    def lint(self, data):
+        self.results.append(result.from_linter(self.linter, **data))
+
+
+class StructuredLogType(BaseType):
+    batch = True
+
+    def _lint(self, files, linter, **lintargs):
+        payload = linter["payload"]
+        handler = LintHandler(linter)
+        logger = linter.get("logger")
+        if logger is None:
+            logger = get_default_logger()
+        if logger is None:
+            logger = structuredlog.StructuredLogger(linter["name"])
+            commandline.setup_logging(logger, {}, {"mach": sys.stdout})
+        logger.add_handler(handler)
+        try:
+            payload(files, logger, **lintargs)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            pass
+        return handler.results
+
+supported_types = {
+    'string': StringType(),
+    'regex': RegexType(),
+    'external': ExternalType(),
+    'structured_log': StructuredLogType()
+}
+"""Mapping of type string to an associated instance."""
diff --git a/python/mozlint/mozlint/vcs.py b/python/mozlint/mozlint/vcs.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a118f2e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/mozlint/vcs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+
+class VCSFiles(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._root = None
+        self._vcs = None
+
+    @property
+    def root(self):
+        if self._root:
+            return self._root
+
+        # First check if we're in an hg repo, if not try git
+        commands = (
+            ['hg', 'root'],
+            ['git', 'rev-parse', '--show-toplevel'],
+        )
+
+        for cmd in commands:
+            proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+            output = proc.communicate()[0].strip()
+
+            if proc.returncode == 0:
+                self._vcs = cmd[0]
+                self._root = output
+                return self._root
+
+    @property
+    def vcs(self):
+        return self._vcs or (self.root and self._vcs)
+
+    @property
+    def is_hg(self):
+        return self.vcs == 'hg'
+
+    @property
+    def is_git(self):
+        return self.vcs == 'git'
+
+    def _run(self, cmd):
+        files = subprocess.check_output(cmd).split()
+        return [os.path.join(self.root, f) for f in files]
+
+    def by_rev(self, rev):
+        if self.is_hg:
+            return self._run(['hg', 'log', '--template', '{files % "\\n{file}"}', '-r', rev])
+        elif self.is_git:
+            return self._run(['git', 'diff', '--name-only', rev])
+        return []
+
+    def by_workdir(self):
+        if self.is_hg:
+            return self._run(['hg', 'status', '-amn'])
+        elif self.is_git:
+            return self._run(['git', 'diff', '--name-only'])
+        return []
diff --git a/python/mozlint/setup.py b/python/mozlint/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62d25c38b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from setuptools import setup
+
+VERSION = 0.1
+DEPS = ["mozlog>=3.4"]
+
+setup(
+    name='mozlint',
+    description='Framework for registering and running micro lints',
+    license='MPL 2.0',
+    author='Andrew Halberstadt',
+    author_email='ahalberstadt@mozilla.com',
+    url='',
+    packages=['mozlint'],
+    version=VERSION,
+    classifiers=[
+        'Environment :: Console',
+        'Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: Mozilla Public License 2.0 (MPL 2.0)',
+        'Natural Language :: English',
+    ],
+    install_requires=DEPS,
+)
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/__init__.py b/python/mozlint/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/conftest.py b/python/mozlint/test/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e171798b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+from mozlint import LintRoller
+
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def lint(request):
+    lintargs = getattr(request.module, 'lintargs', {})
+    return LintRoller(root=here, **lintargs)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
+def filedir():
+    return os.path.join(here, 'files')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def files(filedir, request):
+    suffix_filter = getattr(request.module, 'files', [''])
+    return [os.path.join(filedir, p) for p in os.listdir(filedir)
+            if any(p.endswith(suffix) for suffix in suffix_filter)]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
+def lintdir():
+    return os.path.join(here, 'linters')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def linters(lintdir, request):
+    suffix_filter = getattr(request.module, 'linters', ['.lint'])
+    return [os.path.join(lintdir, p) for p in os.listdir(lintdir)
+            if any(p.endswith(suffix) for suffix in suffix_filter)]
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/files/foobar.js b/python/mozlint/test/files/foobar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9754d0a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/files/foobar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// Oh no.. we called this variable foobar, bad!
+var foobar = "a string";
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/files/foobar.py b/python/mozlint/test/files/foobar.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1677b3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/files/foobar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Oh no.. we called this variable foobar, bad!
+foobar = "a string"
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/files/no_foobar.js b/python/mozlint/test/files/no_foobar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b95d646c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/files/no_foobar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// What a relief
+var properlyNamed = "a string";
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/badreturncode.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/badreturncode.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..398d51a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/badreturncode.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+
+def lint(files, **lintargs):
+    return 1
+
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "BadReturnCodeLinter",
+    'description': "Returns an error code no matter what",
+    'include': [
+        'files',
+    ],
+    'type': 'external',
+    'extensions': ['.js', '.jsm'],
+    'payload': lint,
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/explicit_path.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/explicit_path.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c1a88a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/explicit_path.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "ExplicitPathLinter",
+    'description': "Only lint a specific file name",
+    'rule': 'no-foobar',
+    'include': [
+        'no_foobar.js',
+    ],
+    'type': 'string',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/external.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/external.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcae419db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/external.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozlint import result
+
+
+def lint(files, **lintargs):
+    results = []
+    for path in files:
+        with open(path, 'r') as fh:
+            for i, line in enumerate(fh.readlines()):
+                if 'foobar' in line:
+                    results.append(result.from_linter(
+                        LINTER, path=path, lineno=i+1, column=1, rule="no-foobar"))
+    return results
+
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "ExternalLinter",
+    'description': "It's bad to have the string foobar in js files.",
+    'include': [
+        'files',
+    ],
+    'type': 'external',
+    'extensions': ['.js', '.jsm'],
+    'payload': lint,
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_exclude.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_exclude.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be6d0045c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_exclude.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "BadExcludeLinter",
+    'description': "Has an invalid exclude directive.",
+    'exclude': [0, 1],  # should be a list of strings
+    'type': 'string',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_extension.lnt b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_extension.lnt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cb8153a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_extension.lnt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "BadExtensionLinter",
+    'description': "Has an invalid file extension.",
+    'type': 'string',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_include.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_include.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..343d5e195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_include.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "BadIncludeLinter",
+    'description': "Has an invalid include directive.",
+    'include': 'should be a list',
+    'type': 'string',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_type.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_type.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e5926c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/invalid_type.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "BadTypeLinter",
+    'description': "Has an invalid type.",
+    'type': 'invalid',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/missing_attrs.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/missing_attrs.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..380512b64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/missing_attrs.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "MissingAttrsLinter",
+    'description': "Missing type and payload",
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/missing_definition.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/missing_definition.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a84b305d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/missing_definition.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+# No LINTER variable
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/raises.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/raises.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f17e18733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/raises.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from mozlint.errors import LintException
+
+
+def lint(files, **lintargs):
+    raise LintException("Oh no something bad happened!")
+
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "RaisesLinter",
+    'description': "Raises an exception",
+    'type': 'external',
+    'payload': lint,
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/regex.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/regex.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..439cadf36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/regex.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "RegexLinter",
+    'description': "Make sure the string 'foobar' never appears "
+                   "in a js variable file because it is bad.",
+    'rule': 'no-foobar',
+    'include': [
+        '**/*.js',
+        '**/*.jsm',
+    ],
+    'type': 'regex',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/string.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/string.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46bf0e8b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/string.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "StringLinter",
+    'description': "Make sure the string 'foobar' never appears "
+                   "in browser js files because it is bad.",
+    'rule': 'no-foobar',
+    'include': [
+        '**/*.js',
+        '**/*.jsm',
+    ],
+    'type': 'string',
+    'payload': 'foobar',
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/linters/structured.lint b/python/mozlint/test/linters/structured.lint
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8be8d7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/linters/structured.lint
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# -*- Mode: python; indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 40 -*-
+# vim: set filetype=python:
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+
+def lint(files, logger, **kwargs):
+    for path in files:
+        with open(path, 'r') as fh:
+            for i, line in enumerate(fh.readlines()):
+                if 'foobar' in line:
+                    logger.lint_error(path=path,
+                                      lineno=i+1,
+                                      column=1,
+                                      rule="no-foobar")
+
+
+LINTER = {
+    'name': "StructuredLinter",
+    'description': "It's bad to have the string foobar in js files.",
+    'include': [
+        'files',
+    ],
+    'type': 'structured_log',
+    'extensions': ['.js', '.jsm'],
+    'payload': lint,
+}
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/test_formatters.py b/python/mozlint/test/test_formatters.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9e6512b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/test_formatters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import json
+import sys
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+import pytest
+
+from mozlint import ResultContainer
+from mozlint import formatters
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def results(scope='module'):
+    containers = (
+        ResultContainer(
+            linter='foo',
+            path='a/b/c.txt',
+            message="oh no foo",
+            lineno=1,
+        ),
+        ResultContainer(
+            linter='bar',
+            path='d/e/f.txt',
+            message="oh no bar",
+            hint="try baz instead",
+            level='warning',
+            lineno=4,
+            column=2,
+            rule="bar-not-allowed",
+        ),
+        ResultContainer(
+            linter='baz',
+            path='a/b/c.txt',
+            message="oh no baz",
+            lineno=4,
+            source="if baz:",
+        ),
+    )
+    results = defaultdict(list)
+    for c in containers:
+        results[c.path].append(c)
+    return results
+
+
+def test_stylish_formatter(results):
+    expected = """
+a/b/c.txt
+  1  error  oh no foo  (foo)
+  4  error  oh no baz  (baz)
+
+d/e/f.txt
+  4:2  warning  oh no bar  bar-not-allowed (bar)
+
+\u2716 3 problems (2 errors, 1 warning)
+""".strip()
+
+    fmt = formatters.get('stylish', disable_colors=True)
+    assert expected == fmt(results)
+
+
+def test_treeherder_formatter(results):
+    expected = """
+TEST-UNEXPECTED-ERROR | a/b/c.txt:1 | oh no foo (foo)
+TEST-UNEXPECTED-ERROR | a/b/c.txt:4 | oh no baz (baz)
+TEST-UNEXPECTED-WARNING | d/e/f.txt:4:2 | oh no bar (bar-not-allowed)
+""".strip()
+
+    fmt = formatters.get('treeherder')
+    assert expected == fmt(results)
+
+
+def test_json_formatter(results):
+    fmt = formatters.get('json')
+    formatted = json.loads(fmt(results))
+
+    assert set(formatted.keys()) == set(results.keys())
+
+    slots = ResultContainer.__slots__
+    for errors in formatted.values():
+        for err in errors:
+            assert all(s in err for s in slots)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(['--verbose', __file__]))
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/test_parser.py b/python/mozlint/test/test_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e18e7a5a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/test_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+from mozlint.parser import Parser
+from mozlint.errors import (
+    LinterNotFound,
+    LinterParseError,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def parse(lintdir):
+    parser = Parser()
+
+    def _parse(name):
+        path = os.path.join(lintdir, name)
+        return parser(path)
+    return _parse
+
+
+def test_parse_valid_linter(parse):
+    lintobj = parse('string.lint')
+    assert isinstance(lintobj, dict)
+    assert 'name' in lintobj
+    assert 'description' in lintobj
+    assert 'type' in lintobj
+    assert 'payload' in lintobj
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('linter', [
+    'invalid_type.lint',
+    'invalid_extension.lnt',
+    'invalid_include.lint',
+    'invalid_exclude.lint',
+    'missing_attrs.lint',
+    'missing_definition.lint',
+])
+def test_parse_invalid_linter(parse, linter):
+    with pytest.raises(LinterParseError):
+        parse(linter)
+
+
+def test_parse_non_existent_linter(parse):
+    with pytest.raises(LinterNotFound):
+        parse('missing_file.lint')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(['--verbose', __file__]))
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/test_roller.py b/python/mozlint/test/test_roller.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4b82c346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/test_roller.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+from mozlint import ResultContainer
+from mozlint.errors import LintersNotConfigured, LintException
+
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+linters = ('string.lint', 'regex.lint', 'external.lint')
+
+
+def test_roll_no_linters_configured(lint, files):
+    with pytest.raises(LintersNotConfigured):
+        lint.roll(files)
+
+
+def test_roll_successful(lint, linters, files):
+    lint.read(linters)
+
+    result = lint.roll(files)
+    assert len(result) == 1
+    assert lint.return_code == 1
+
+    path = result.keys()[0]
+    assert os.path.basename(path) == 'foobar.js'
+
+    errors = result[path]
+    assert isinstance(errors, list)
+    assert len(errors) == 6
+
+    container = errors[0]
+    assert isinstance(container, ResultContainer)
+    assert container.rule == 'no-foobar'
+
+
+def test_roll_catch_exception(lint, lintdir, files):
+    lint.read(os.path.join(lintdir, 'raises.lint'))
+
+    # suppress printed traceback from test output
+    old_stderr = sys.stderr
+    sys.stderr = open(os.devnull, 'w')
+    with pytest.raises(LintException):
+        lint.roll(files)
+    sys.stderr = old_stderr
+
+
+def test_roll_with_excluded_path(lint, linters, files):
+    lint.lintargs.update({'exclude': ['**/foobar.js']})
+
+    lint.read(linters)
+    result = lint.roll(files)
+
+    assert len(result) == 0
+    assert lint.return_code == 0
+
+
+def test_roll_with_invalid_extension(lint, lintdir, filedir):
+    lint.read(os.path.join(lintdir, 'external.lint'))
+    result = lint.roll(os.path.join(filedir, 'foobar.py'))
+    assert len(result) == 0
+    assert lint.return_code == 0
+
+
+def test_roll_with_failure_code(lint, lintdir, files):
+    lint.read(os.path.join(lintdir, 'badreturncode.lint'))
+
+    assert lint.return_code is None
+    result = lint.roll(files)
+    assert len(result) == 0
+    assert lint.return_code == 1
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(['--verbose', __file__]))
diff --git a/python/mozlint/test/test_types.py b/python/mozlint/test/test_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee0ea9b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozlint/test/test_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+from mozlint.result import ResultContainer
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def path(filedir):
+    def _path(name):
+        return os.path.join(filedir, name)
+    return _path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=['string.lint', 'regex.lint', 'external.lint', 'structured.lint'])
+def linter(lintdir, request):
+    return os.path.join(lintdir, request.param)
+
+
+def test_linter_types(lint, linter, files, path):
+    lint.read(linter)
+    result = lint.roll(files)
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert path('foobar.js') in result
+    assert path('no_foobar.js') not in result
+
+    result = result[path('foobar.js')][0]
+    assert isinstance(result, ResultContainer)
+
+    name = os.path.basename(linter).split('.')[0]
+    assert result.linter.lower().startswith(name)
+
+
+def test_no_filter(lint, lintdir, files):
+    lint.read(os.path.join(lintdir, 'explicit_path.lint'))
+    result = lint.roll(files)
+    assert len(result) == 0
+
+    lint.lintargs['use_filters'] = False
+    result = lint.roll(files)
+    assert len(result) == 2
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pytest.main(['--verbose', __file__]))
diff --git a/python/mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol/__init__.py b/python/mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..211d42ef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this,
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import which
+
+from distutils.version import LooseVersion
+
+def get_tool_path(tool):
+    """Obtain the path of `tool`."""
+    # We use subprocess in places, which expects a Win32 executable or
+    # batch script. On some versions of MozillaBuild, we have "hg.exe",
+    # "hg.bat," and "hg" (a Python script). "which" will happily return the
+    # Python script, which will cause subprocess to choke. Explicitly favor
+    # the Windows version over the plain script.
+    try:
+        return which.which(tool + '.exe')
+    except which.WhichError:
+        try:
+            return which.which(tool)
+        except which.WhichError as e:
+            print(e)
+
+    raise Exception('Unable to obtain %s path. Try running ' +
+                    '|mach bootstrap| to ensure your environment is up to ' +
+                    'date.' % tool)
+
+class Repository(object):
+    '''A class wrapping utility methods around version control repositories.'''
+    def __init__(self, path, tool):
+        self.path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        self._tool = get_tool_path(tool)
+        self._env = os.environ.copy()
+        self._version = None
+
+    def _run(self, *args):
+        return subprocess.check_output((self._tool, ) + args,
+                                       cwd=self.path,
+                                       env=self._env)
+
+    @property
+    def tool_version(self):
+        '''Return the version of the VCS tool in use as a `LooseVersion`.'''
+        if self._version:
+            return self._version
+        info = self._run('--version').strip()
+        match = re.search('version ([^\+\)]+)', info)
+        if not match:
+            raise Exception('Unable to identify tool version.')
+
+        self.version = LooseVersion(match.group(1))
+        return self.version
+
+    def get_modified_files(self):
+        '''Return a list of files that are modified in this repository's
+        working copy.'''
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def add_remove_files(self, path):
+        '''Add and remove files under `path` in this repository's working copy.
+        '''
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_files_in_working_directory(self):
+        """Obtain a list of managed files in the working directory."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HgRepository(Repository):
+    '''An implementation of `Repository` for Mercurial repositories.'''
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        super(HgRepository, self).__init__(path, 'hg')
+        self._env[b'HGPLAIN'] = b'1'
+
+    def get_modified_files(self):
+        return [line.strip().split()[1] for line in self._run('status', '--modified').splitlines()]
+
+    def add_remove_files(self, path):
+        args = ['addremove', path]
+        if self.tool_version >= b'3.9':
+            args = ['--config', 'extensions.automv='] + args
+        self._run(*args)
+
+    def get_files_in_working_directory(self):
+        # Can return backslashes on Windows. Normalize to forward slashes.
+        return list(p.replace('\\', '/') for p in
+                    self._run('files', '-0').split('\0'))
+
+
+class GitRepository(Repository):
+    '''An implementation of `Repository` for Git repositories.'''
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        super(GitRepository, self).__init__(path, 'git')
+
+    def get_modified_files(self):
+        # This is a little wonky, but it's good enough for this purpose.
+        return [bits[1] for bits in map(lambda line: line.strip().split(), self._run('status', '--porcelain').splitlines()) if 'M' in bits[0]]
+
+    def add_remove_files(self, path):
+        self._run('add', path)
+
+    def get_files_in_working_directory(self):
+        return self._run('ls-files', '-z').split('\0')
+
+
+class InvalidRepoPath(Exception):
+    """Represents a failure to find a VCS repo at a specified path."""
+
+
+def get_repository_object(path):
+    '''Get a repository object for the repository at `path`.
+    If `path` is not a known VCS repository, raise an exception.
+    '''
+    if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, '.hg')):
+        return HgRepository(path)
+    elif os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, '.git')):
+        return GitRepository(path)
+    else:
+        raise InvalidRepoPath('Unknown VCS, or not a source checkout: %s' %
+                              path)
+
+
+def get_repository_from_env():
+    """Obtain a repository object by looking at the environment."""
+    def ancestors(path):
+        while path:
+            yield path
+            path, child = os.path.split(path)
+            if child == '':
+                break
+
+    for path in ancestors(os.getcwd()):
+        try:
+            return get_repository_object(path)
+        except InvalidRepoPath:
+            continue
+
+    raise Exception('Could not find Mercurial or Git checkout for %s' %
+                    os.getcwd())
diff --git a/python/mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol/repoupdate.py b/python/mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol/repoupdate.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08be73a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/mozversioncontrol/mozversioncontrol/repoupdate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this,
+# file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+# The logic here is far from robust. Improvements are welcome.
+
+def update_mercurial_repo(hg, repo, path, revision='default',
+                          hostfingerprints=None, global_args=None):
+    """Ensure a HG repository exists at a path and is up to date."""
+    hostfingerprints = hostfingerprints or {}
+
+    args = [hg]
+    if global_args:
+        args.extend(global_args)
+
+    for host, fingerprint in sorted(hostfingerprints.items()):
+        args.extend(['--config', 'hostfingerprints.%s=%s' % (host,
+            fingerprint)])
+
+    if os.path.exists(path):
+        subprocess.check_call(args + ['pull', repo], cwd=path)
+    else:
+        subprocess.check_call(args + ['clone', repo, path])
+
+    subprocess.check_call([hg, 'update', '-r', revision], cwd=path)
+
+
+def update_git_repo(git, repo, path, revision='origin/master'):
+    """Ensure a Git repository exists at a path and is up to date."""
+    if os.path.exists(path):
+        subprocess.check_call([git, 'fetch', '--all'], cwd=path)
+    else:
+        subprocess.check_call([git, 'clone', repo, path])
+
+    subprocess.check_call([git, 'checkout', revision], cwd=path)
diff --git a/python/psutil/CREDITS b/python/psutil/CREDITS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..170751b0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/CREDITS
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+Intro
+=====
+
+I would like to recognize some of the people who have been instrumental in the
+development of psutil.
+I'm sure I'm forgetting some people (feel free to email me), but here is a
+short list.
+It's modeled after the Linux CREDITS file where the fields are:
+name (N), e-mail (E), web-address (W), country (C), description (D), (I) issues
+(issue tracker is at https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues).
+Really thanks to all of you.
+
+- Giampaolo
+
+Author
+======
+
+N: Giampaolo Rodola'
+C: Italy
+E: g.rodola@gmail.com
+W: http://grodola.blogspot.com/
+
+Contributors
+============
+
+N: Jay Loden
+C: NJ, USA
+E: jloden@gmail.com
+D: original co-author, initial design/bootstrap and occasional bug fixes
+W: http://www.jayloden.com
+
+N: Jeremy Whitlock
+E: jcscoobyrs@gmail.com
+D: great help with OSX C development.
+I: 125, 150, 174, 206
+
+N: wj32
+E: wj32.64@gmail.com
+D: process username() and get_connections() on Windows
+I: 114, 115
+
+N: Yan Raber
+C: Bologna, Italy
+E: yanraber@gmail.com
+D: help on Windows development (initial version of Process.username())
+
+N: Justin Venus
+E: justin.venus@gmail.com
+D: Solaris support
+I: 18
+
+N: Dave Daeschler
+C: USA
+E: david.daeschler@gmail.com
+W: http://daviddaeschler.com
+D: some contributions to initial design/bootstrap plus occasional bug fixing
+I: 522, 536
+
+N: cjgohlke
+E: cjgohlke@gmail.com
+D: Windows 64 bit support
+I: 107
+
+N: Jeffery Kline
+E: jeffery.kline@gmail.com
+I: 130
+
+N: Grabriel Monnerat
+E: gabrielmonnerat@gmail.com
+I: 146
+
+N: Philip Roberts
+E: philip.roberts@gmail.com
+I: 168
+
+N: jcscoobyrs
+E: jcscoobyrs@gmail.com
+I: 125
+
+N: Sandro Tosi
+E: sandro.tosi@gmail.com
+I: 200, 201
+
+N: Andrew Colin
+E: andrew.colin@gmail.com
+I: 248
+
+N: Amoser
+E: amoser@google.com
+I: 266, 267, 340
+
+N: Matthew Grant
+E: matthewgrant5@gmail.com
+I: 271
+
+N: oweidner
+E: oweidner@cct.lsu.edu
+I: 275
+
+N: Tarek Ziade
+E: ziade.tarek
+I: 281
+
+N: Luca Cipriani
+C: Turin, Italy
+E: luca.opensource@gmail.com
+I: 278
+
+N: Maciej Lach,
+E: maciej.lach@gmail.com
+I: 294
+
+N: James Pye
+E: james.pye@gmail.com
+I: 305, 306
+
+N: Stanchev Emil
+E: stanchev.emil
+I: 314
+
+N: Kim Gräsman
+E: kim.grasman@gmail.com
+D: ...also kindly donated some money.
+I: 316
+
+N: Riccardo Murri
+C: Italy
+I: 318
+
+N: Florent Xicluna
+E: florent.xicluna@gmail.com
+I: 319
+
+N: Michal Spondr
+E: michal.spondr
+I: 313
+
+N: Jean Sebastien
+E: dumbboules@gmail.com
+I: 344
+
+N: Rob Smith
+W: http://www.kormoc.com/
+I: 341
+
+N: Youngsik Kim
+W: https://plus.google.com/101320747613749824490/
+I: 317
+
+N: Gregory Szorc
+W: https://plus.google.com/116873264322260110710/posts
+I: 323
+
+N: André Oriani
+E: aoriani@gmail.com
+I: 361
+
+N: clackwell
+E: clackwell@gmail.com
+I: 356
+
+N: m.malycha
+E: m.malycha@gmail.com
+I: 351
+
+N: John Baldwin
+E: jhb@FreeBSD.org
+I: 370
+
+N: Jan Beich
+E: jbeich@tormail.org
+I: 325
+
+N: floppymaster
+E: floppymaster@gmail.com
+I: 380
+
+N: Arfrever.FTA
+E: Arfrever.FTA@gmail.com
+I: 369, 404
+
+N: danudey
+E: danudey@gmail.com
+I: 386
+
+N: Adrien Fallou
+I: 224
+
+N: Gisle Vanem
+E: gisle.vanem@gmail.com
+I: 411
+
+N: thepyr0
+E: thepyr0@gmail.com
+I: 414
+
+N: John Pankov
+E: john.pankov@gmail.com
+I: 435
+
+N: Matt Good
+W: http://matt-good.net/
+I: 438
+
+N: Ulrich Klank
+E: ulrich.klank@scitics.de
+I: 448
+
+N: Josiah Carlson
+E: josiah.carlson@gmail.com
+I: 451, 452
+
+N: Raymond Hettinger
+D: namedtuple and lru_cache backward compatible implementations.
+
+N: Jason Kirtland
+D: backward compatible implementation of collections.defaultdict.
+
+M: Ken Seeho
+D: @cached_property decorator
+
+N: crusaderky
+E: crusaderky@gmail.com
+I: 470, 477
+
+E: alex@mroja.net
+I: 471
+
+N: Gautam Singh
+E: gautam.singh@gmail.com
+I: 466
+
+E: lhn@hupfeldtit.dk
+I: 476, 479
+
+N: Francois Charron
+E: francois.charron.1@gmail.com
+I: 474
+
+N: Naveed Roudsari
+E: naveed.roudsari@gmail.com
+I: 421
+
+N: Alexander Grothe
+E: Alexander.Grothe@gmail.com
+I: 497
+
+N: Szigeti Gabor Niif
+E: szigeti.gabor.niif@gmail.com
+I: 446
+
+N: msabramo
+E: msabramo@gmail.com
+I: 492
+
+N: Jeff Tang
+W: https://github.com/mrjefftang
+I: 340, 529, 616, 653, 654
+
+N: Yaolong Huang
+E: airekans@gmail.com
+W: http://airekans.github.io/
+I: 530
+
+N: Anders Chrigström
+W: https://github.com/anders-chrigstrom
+I: 496
+
+N: spacewander
+E: spacewanderlzx@gmail.com
+I: 561
+
+N: Sylvain Mouquet
+E: sylvain.mouquet@gmail.com
+I: 565
+
+N: karthikrev
+I: 568
+
+N: Bruno Binet
+E: bruno.binet@gmail.com
+I: 572
+
+N: Gabi Davar
+C: Israel
+W: https://github.com/mindw
+I: 578, 581, 587
+
+N: spacewanderlzx
+C: Guangzhou,China
+E: spacewanderlzx@gmail.com
+I: 555
+
+N: Fabian Groffen
+I: 611, 618
+
+N: desbma
+W: https://github.com/desbma
+C: France
+I: 628
+
+N: John Burnett
+W: http://www.johnburnett.com/
+C: Irvine, CA, US
+I: 614
+
+N: �rni Már Jónsson
+E: Reykjavik, Iceland
+E: https://github.com/arnimarj
+I: 634
diff --git a/python/psutil/HISTORY.rst b/python/psutil/HISTORY.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12b985d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/HISTORY.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,1018 @@
+Bug tracker at https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues
+
+3.1.1 - 2015-07-15
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #645: [Linux] psutil.cpu_times_percent() may produce negative results.
+- #656: 'from psutil import *' does not work.
+
+
+3.1.0 - 2015-07-15
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #534: [Linux] disk_partitions() added support for ZFS filesystems.
+- #646: continuous tests integration for Windows with
+  https://ci.appveyor.com/project/giampaolo/psutil.
+- #647: new dev guide:
+  https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/DEVGUIDE.rst
+- #651: continuous code quality test integration with
+  https://scrutinizer-ci.com/g/giampaolo/psutil/
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #340: [Windows] Process.open_files() no longer hangs. Instead it uses a
+  thred which times out and skips the file handle in case it's taking too long
+  to be retrieved.  (patch by Jeff Tang, PR #597)
+- #627: [Windows] Process.name() no longer raises AccessDenied for pids owned
+  by another user.
+- #636: [Windows] Process.memory_info() raise AccessDenied.
+- #637: [UNIX] raise exception if trying to send signal to Process PID 0 as it
+  will affect os.getpid()'s process group instead of PID 0.
+- #639: [Linux] Process.cmdline() can be truncated.
+- #640: [Linux] *connections functions may swallow errors and return an
+  incomplete list of connnections.
+- #642: repr() of exceptions is incorrect.
+- #653: [Windows] Add inet_ntop function for Windows XP to support IPv6.
+- #641: [Windows] Replace deprecated string functions with safe equivalents.
+
+
+3.0.1 - 2015-06-18
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #632: [Linux] better error message if cannot parse process UNIX connections.
+- #634: [Linux] Proces.cmdline() does not include empty string arguments.
+- #635: [UNIX] crash on module import if 'enum' package is installed on python
+  < 3.4.
+
+
+3.0.0 - 2015-06-13
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #250: new psutil.net_if_stats() returning NIC statistics (isup, duplex,
+  speed, MTU).
+- #376: new psutil.net_if_addrs() returning all NIC addresses a-la ifconfig.
+- #469: on Python >= 3.4 ``IOPRIO_CLASS_*`` and ``*_PRIORITY_CLASS`` constants
+  returned by psutil.Process' ionice() and nice() methods are enums instead of
+  plain integers.
+- #581: add .gitignore. (patch by Gabi Davar)
+- #582: connection constants returned by psutil.net_connections() and
+  psutil.Process.connections() were turned from int to enums on Python > 3.4.
+- #587: Move native extension into the package.
+- #589: Process.cpu_affinity() accepts any kind of iterable (set, tuple, ...),
+  not only lists.
+- #594: all deprecated APIs were removed.
+- #599: [Windows] process name() can now be determined for all processes even
+  when running as a limited user.
+- #602: pre-commit GIT hook.
+- #629: enhanced support for py.test and nose test discovery and tests run.
+- #616: [Windows] Add inet_ntop function for Windows XP.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #428: [all UNIXes except Linux] correct handling of zombie processes;
+  introduced new ZombieProcess exception class.
+- #512: [BSD] fix segfault in net_connections().
+- #555: [Linux] psutil.users() correctly handles ":0" as an alias for
+  "localhost"
+- #579: [Windows] Fixed open_files() for PID>64K.
+- #579: [Windows] fixed many compiler warnings.
+- #585: [FreeBSD] net_connections() may raise KeyError.
+- #586: [FreeBSD] cpu_affinity() segfaults on set in case an invalid CPU
+  number is provided.
+- #593: [FreeBSD] Process().memory_maps() segfaults.
+- #606: Process.parent() may swallow NoSuchProcess exceptions.
+- #611: [SunOS] net_io_counters has send and received swapped
+- #614: [Linux]: cpu_count(logical=False) return the number of physical CPUs
+  instead of physical cores.
+- #618: [SunOS] swap tests fail on Solaris when run as normal user
+- #628: [Linux] Process.name() truncates process name in case it contains
+  spaces or parentheses.
+
+
+2.2.1 - 2015-02-02
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #496: [Linux] fix "ValueError: ambiguos inode with multiple PIDs references"
+  (patch by Bruno Binet)
+
+
+2.2.0 - 2015-01-06
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #521: drop support for Python 2.4 and 2.5.
+- #553: new examples/pstree.py script.
+- #564: C extension version mismatch in case the user messed up with psutil
+  installation or with sys.path is now detected at import time.
+- #568: New examples/pidof.py script.
+- #569: [FreeBSD] add support for process CPU affinity.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #496: [Solaris] can't import psutil.
+- #547: [UNIX] Process.username() may raise KeyError if UID can't be resolved.
+- #551: [Windows] get rid of the unicode hack for net_io_counters() NIC names.
+- #556: [Linux] lots of file handles were left open.
+- #561: [Linux] net_connections() might skip some legitimate UNIX sockets.
+  (patch by spacewander)
+- #565: [Windows] use proper encoding for psutil.Process.username() and
+  psutil.users(). (patch by Sylvain Mouquet)
+- #567: [Linux] in the alternative implementation of CPU affinity PyList_Append
+  and Py_BuildValue return values are not checked.
+- #569: [FreeBSD] fix memory leak in psutil.cpu_count(logical=False).
+- #571: [Linux] Process.open_files() might swallow AccessDenied exceptions and
+  return an incomplete list of open files.
+
+
+2.1.3 - 2014-09-26
+==================
+
+- #536: [Linux]: fix "undefined symbol: CPU_ALLOC" compilation error.
+
+
+2.1.2 - 2014-09-21
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #407: project moved from Google Code to Github; code moved from Mercurial
+  to Git.
+- #492: use tox to run tests on multiple python versions.  (patch by msabramo)
+- #505: [Windows] distribution as wheel packages.
+- #511: new examples/ps.py sample code.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #340: [Windows] Process.get_open_files() no longer hangs.  (patch by
+  Jeff Tang)
+- #501: [Windows] disk_io_counters() may return negative values.
+- #503: [Linux] in rare conditions Process exe(), open_files() and
+  connections() methods can raise OSError(ESRCH) instead of NoSuchProcess.
+- #504: [Linux] can't build RPM packages via setup.py
+- #506: [Linux] python 2.4 support was broken.
+- #522: [Linux] Process.cpu_affinity() might return EINVAL.  (patch by David
+  Daeschler)
+- #529: [Windows] Process.exe() may raise unhandled WindowsError exception
+  for PIDs 0 and 4.  (patch by Jeff Tang)
+- #530: [Linux] psutil.disk_io_counters() may crash on old Linux distros
+  (< 2.6.5)  (patch by Yaolong Huang)
+- #533: [Linux] Process.memory_maps() may raise TypeError on old Linux distros.
+
+
+2.1.1 - 2014-04-30
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #446: [Windows] fix encoding error when using net_io_counters() on Python 3.
+  (patch by Szigeti Gabor Niif)
+- #460: [Windows] net_io_counters() wraps after 4G.
+- #491: [Linux] psutil.net_connections() exceptions. (patch by Alexander Grothe)
+
+
+2.1.0 - 2014-04-08
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #387: system-wide open connections a-la netstat.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #421: [Solaris] psutil does not compile on SunOS 5.10 (patch by Naveed
+  Roudsari)
+- #489: [Linux] psutil.disk_partitions() return an empty list.
+
+
+2.0.0 - 2014-03-10
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #424: [Windows] installer for Python 3.X 64 bit.
+- #427: number of logical and physical CPUs (psutil.cpu_count()).
+- #447: psutil.wait_procs() timeout parameter is now optional.
+- #452: make Process instances hashable and usable with set()s.
+- #453: tests on Python < 2.7 require unittest2 module.
+- #459: add a make file for running tests and other repetitive tasks (also
+  on Windows).
+- #463: make timeout parameter of cpu_percent* functions default to 0.0 'cause
+  it's a common trap to introduce slowdowns.
+- #468: move documentation to readthedocs.com.
+- #477: process cpu_percent() is about 30% faster.  (suggested by crusaderky)
+- #478: [Linux] almost all APIs are about 30% faster on Python 3.X.
+- #479: long deprecated psutil.error module is gone; exception classes now
+  live in "psutil" namespace only.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #193: psutil.Popen constructor can throw an exception if the spawned process
+  terminates quickly.
+- #340: [Windows] process get_open_files() no longer hangs.  (patch by
+  jtang@vahna.net)
+- #443: [Linux] fix a potential overflow issue for Process.set_cpu_affinity()
+  on systems with more than 64 CPUs.
+- #448: [Windows] get_children() and ppid() memory leak (patch by Ulrich
+  Klank).
+- #457: [POSIX] pid_exists() always returns True for PID 0.
+- #461: namedtuples are not pickle-able.
+- #466: [Linux] process exe improper null bytes handling.  (patch by
+  Gautam Singh)
+- #470: wait_procs() might not wait.  (patch by crusaderky)
+- #471: [Windows] process exe improper unicode handling. (patch by
+  alex@mroja.net)
+- #473: psutil.Popen.wait() does not set returncode attribute.
+- #474: [Windows] Process.cpu_percent() is no longer capped at 100%.
+- #476: [Linux] encoding error for process name and cmdline.
+
+**API changes**
+
+For the sake of consistency a lot of psutil APIs have been renamed.
+In most cases accessing the old names will work but it will cause a
+DeprecationWarning.
+
+- psutil.* module level constants have being replaced by functions:
+
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | Old name              | Replacement                   |
+  +=======================+===============================+
+  | psutil.NUM_CPUS       | psutil.cpu_cpunt()            |
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | psutil.BOOT_TIME      | psutil.boot_time()            |
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | psutil.TOTAL_PHYMEM   | psutil.virtual_memory().total |
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
+
+- Renamed psutil.* functions:
+
+  +--------------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | Old name                 | Replacement                   |
+  +==========================+===============================+
+  | - psutil.get_pid_list()  | psutil.pids()                 |
+  +--------------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | - psutil.get_users()     | psutil.users()                |
+  +--------------------------+-------------------------------+
+  | - psutil.get_boot_time() | psutil.boot_time()            |
+  +--------------------------+-------------------------------+
+
+- All psutil.Process ``get_*`` methods lost the ``get_`` prefix.
+  get_ext_memory_info() renamed to memory_info_ex().
+  Assuming "p = psutil.Process()":
+
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | Old name                 | Replacement          |
+  +==========================+======================+
+  | p.get_children()         | p.children()         |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_connections()      | p.connections()      |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_cpu_affinity()     | p.cpu_affinity()     |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_cpu_percent()      | p.cpu_percent()      |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_cpu_times()        | p.cpu_times()        |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_ext_memory_info()  | p.memory_info_ex()   |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_io_counters()      | p.io_counters()      |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_ionice()           | p.ionice()           |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_memory_info()      | p.memory_info()      |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_memory_maps()      | p.memory_maps()      |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_memory_percent()   | p.memory_percent()   |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_nice()             | p.nice()             |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_num_ctx_switches() | p.num_ctx_switches() |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_num_fds()          | p.num_fds()          |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_num_threads()      | p.num_threads()      |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_open_files()       | p.open_files()       |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_rlimit()           | p.rlimit()           |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.get_threads()          | p.threads()          |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+  | p.getcwd()               | p.cwd()              |
+  +--------------------------+----------------------+
+
+- All psutil.Process ``set_*`` methods lost the ``set_`` prefix.
+  Assuming "p = psutil.Process()":
+
+  +----------------------+---------------------------------+
+  | Old name             | Replacement                     |
+  +======================+=================================+
+  | p.set_nice()         | p.nice(value)                   |
+  +----------------------+---------------------------------+
+  | p.set_ionice()       | p.ionice(ioclass, value=None)   |
+  +----------------------+---------------------------------+
+  | p.set_cpu_affinity() | p.cpu_affinity(cpus)            |
+  +----------------------+---------------------------------+
+  | p.set_rlimit()       | p.rlimit(resource, limits=None) |
+  +----------------------+---------------------------------+
+
+- Except for 'pid' all psutil.Process class properties have been turned into
+  methods. This is the only case which there are no aliases.
+  Assuming "p = psutil.Process()":
+
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | Old name      | Replacement     |
+  +===============+=================+
+  | p.name        | p.name()        |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.parent      | p.parent()      |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.ppid        | p.ppid()        |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.exe         | p.exe()         |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.cmdline     | p.cmdline()     |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.status      | p.status()      |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.uids        | p.uids()        |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.gids        | p.gids()        |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.username    | p.username()    |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+  | p.create_time | p.create_time() |
+  +---------------+-----------------+
+
+- timeout parameter of cpu_percent* functions defaults to 0.0 instead of 0.1.
+- long deprecated psutil.error module is gone; exception classes now live in
+  "psutil" namespace only.
+- Process instances' "retcode" attribute returned by psutil.wait_procs() has
+  been renamed to "returncode" for consistency with subprocess.Popen.
+
+
+1.2.1 - 2013-11-25
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #348: [Windows XP] fixed "ImportError: DLL load failed" occurring on module
+  import.
+- #425: [Solaris] crash on import due to failure at determining BOOT_TIME.
+- #443: [Linux] can't set CPU affinity on systems with more than 64 cores.
+
+
+1.2.0 - 2013-11-20
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #439: assume os.getpid() if no argument is passed to psutil.Process
+  constructor.
+- #440: new psutil.wait_procs() utility function which waits for multiple
+  processes to terminate.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #348: [Windows XP/Vista] fix "ImportError: DLL load failed" occurring on
+  module import.
+
+
+1.1.3 - 2013-11-07
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #442: [Linux] psutil won't compile on certain version of Linux because of
+  missing prlimit(2) syscall.
+
+
+1.1.2 - 2013-10-22
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #442: [Linux] psutil won't compile on Debian 6.0 because of missing
+  prlimit(2) syscall.
+
+
+1.1.1 - 2013-10-08
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #442: [Linux] psutil won't compile on kernels < 2.6.36 due to missing
+  prlimit(2) syscall.
+
+
+1.1.0 - 2013-09-28
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #410: host tar.gz and windows binary files are on PYPI.
+- #412: [Linux] get/set process resource limits.
+- #415: [Windows] Process.get_children() is an order of magnitude faster.
+- #426: [Windows] Process.name is an order of magnitude faster.
+- #431: [UNIX] Process.name is slightly faster because it unnecessarily
+  retrieved also process cmdline.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #391: [Windows] psutil.cpu_times_percent() returns negative percentages.
+- #408: STATUS_* and CONN_* constants don't properly serialize on JSON.
+- #411: [Windows] examples/disk_usage.py may pop-up a GUI error.
+- #413: [Windows] Process.get_memory_info() leaks memory.
+- #414: [Windows] Process.exe on Windows XP may raise ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER.
+- #416: psutil.disk_usage() doesn't work well with unicode path names.
+- #430: [Linux] process IO counters report wrong number of r/w syscalls.
+- #435: [Linux] psutil.net_io_counters() might report erreneous NIC names.
+- #436: [Linux] psutil.net_io_counters() reports a wrong 'dropin' value.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- #408: turn STATUS_* and CONN_* constants into plain Python strings.
+
+
+1.0.1 - 2013-07-12
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #405: network_io_counters(pernic=True) no longer works as intended in 1.0.0.
+
+
+1.0.0 - 2013-07-10
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #18:  Solaris support (yay!)  (thanks Justin Venus)
+- #367: Process.get_connections() 'status' strings are now constants.
+- #380: test suite exits with non-zero on failure.  (patch by floppymaster)
+- #391: introduce unittest2 facilities and provide workarounds if unittest2
+  is not installed (python < 2.7).
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #374: [Windows] negative memory usage reported if process uses a lot of
+  memory.
+- #379: [Linux] Process.get_memory_maps() may raise ValueError.
+- #394: [OSX] Mapped memory regions report incorrect file name.
+- #404: [Linux] sched_*affinity() are implicitly declared. (patch by Arfrever)
+
+**API changes**
+
+- Process.get_connections() 'status' field is no longer a string but a
+  constant object (psutil.CONN_*).
+- Process.get_connections() 'local_address' and 'remote_address' fields
+  renamed to 'laddr' and 'raddr'.
+- psutil.network_io_counters() renamed to psutil.net_io_counters().
+
+
+0.7.1 - 2013-05-03
+==================
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #325: [BSD] psutil.virtual_memory() can raise SystemError.
+  (patch by Jan Beich)
+- #370: [BSD] Process.get_connections() requires root.  (patch by John Baldwin)
+- #372: [BSD] different process methods raise NoSuchProcess instead of
+  AccessDenied.
+
+
+0.7.0 - 2013-04-12
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #233: code migrated to Mercurial (yay!)
+- #246: psutil.error module is deprecated and scheduled for removal.
+- #328: [Windows] process IO nice/priority support.
+- #359: psutil.get_boot_time()
+- #361: [Linux] psutil.cpu_times() now includes new 'steal', 'guest' and
+  'guest_nice' fields available on recent Linux kernels.
+  Also, psutil.cpu_percent() is more accurate.
+- #362: cpu_times_percent() (per-CPU-time utilization as a percentage)
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #234: [Windows] disk_io_counters() fails to list certain disks.
+- #264: [Windows] use of psutil.disk_partitions() may cause a message box to
+  appear.
+- #313: [Linux] psutil.virtual_memory() and psutil.swap_memory() can crash on
+  certain exotic Linux flavors having an incomplete /proc interface.
+  If that's the case we now set the unretrievable stats to 0 and raise a
+  RuntimeWarning.
+- #315: [OSX] fix some compilation warnings.
+- #317: [Windows] cannot set process CPU affinity above 31 cores.
+- #319: [Linux] process get_memory_maps() raises KeyError 'Anonymous' on Debian
+  squeeze.
+- #321: [UNIX] Process.ppid property is no longer cached as the kernel may set
+  the ppid to 1 in case of a zombie process.
+- #323: [OSX] disk_io_counters()'s read_time and write_time parameters were
+  reporting microseconds not milliseconds.  (patch by Gregory Szorc)
+- #331: Process cmdline is no longer cached after first acces as it may change.
+- #333: [OSX] Leak of Mach ports on OS X (patch by rsesek@google.com)
+- #337: [Linux] process methods not working because of a poor /proc
+  implementation will raise NotImplementedError rather than RuntimeError
+  and Process.as_dict() will not blow up.  (patch by Curtin1060)
+- #338: [Linux] disk_io_counters() fails to find some disks.
+- #339: [FreeBSD] get_pid_list() can allocate all the memory on system.
+- #341: [Linux] psutil might crash on import due to error in retrieving system
+  terminals map.
+- #344: [FreeBSD] swap_memory() might return incorrect results due to
+  kvm_open(3) not being called. (patch by Jean Sebastien)
+- #338: [Linux] disk_io_counters() fails to find some disks.
+- #351: [Windows] if psutil is compiled with mingw32 (provided installers for
+  py2.4 and py2.5 are) disk_io_counters() will fail. (Patch by m.malycha)
+- #353: [OSX] get_users() returns an empty list on OSX 10.8.
+- #356: Process.parent now checks whether parent PID has been reused in which
+  case returns None.
+- #365: Process.set_nice() should check PID has not been reused by another
+  process.
+- #366: [FreeBSD] get_memory_maps(), get_num_fds(), get_open_files() and
+  getcwd() Process methods raise RuntimeError instead of AccessDenied.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- Process.cmdline property is no longer cached after first access.
+- Process.ppid property is no longer cached after first access.
+- [Linux] Process methods not working because of a poor /proc implementation
+  will raise NotImplementedError instead of RuntimeError.
+- psutil.error module is deprecated and scheduled for removal.
+
+
+0.6.1 - 2012-08-16
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #316: process cmdline property now makes a better job at guessing the process
+  executable from the cmdline.
+
+**Bug fixes**
+
+- #316: process exe was resolved in case it was a symlink.
+- #318: python 2.4 compatibility was broken.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- process exe can now return an empty string instead of raising AccessDenied.
+- process exe is no longer resolved in case it's a symlink.
+
+
+0.6.0 - 2012-08-13
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #216: [POSIX] get_connections() UNIX sockets support.
+- #220: [FreeBSD] get_connections() has been rewritten in C and no longer
+  requires lsof.
+- #222: [OSX] add support for process cwd.
+- #261: process extended memory info.
+- #295: [OSX] process executable path is now determined by asking the OS
+  instead of being guessed from process cmdline.
+- #297: [OSX] the Process methods below were always raising AccessDenied for
+  any process except the current one. Now this is no longer true. Also
+  they are 2.5x faster.
+  - name
+  - get_memory_info()
+  - get_memory_percent()
+  - get_cpu_times()
+  - get_cpu_percent()
+  - get_num_threads()
+- #300: examples/pmap.py script.
+- #301: process_iter() now yields processes sorted by their PIDs.
+- #302: process number of voluntary and involuntary context switches.
+- #303: [Windows] the Process methods below were always raising AccessDenied
+  for any process not owned by current user. Now this is no longer true:
+  - create_time
+  - get_cpu_times()
+  - get_cpu_percent()
+  - get_memory_info()
+  - get_memory_percent()
+  - get_num_handles()
+  - get_io_counters()
+- #305: add examples/netstat.py script.
+- #311: system memory functions has been refactorized and rewritten and now
+  provide a more detailed and consistent representation of the system
+  memory. New psutil.virtual_memory() function provides the following
+  memory amounts:
+  - total
+  - available
+  - percent
+  - used
+  - active [POSIX]
+  - inactive [POSIX]
+  - buffers (BSD, Linux)
+  - cached (BSD, OSX)
+  - wired (OSX, BSD)
+  - shared [FreeBSD]
+  New psutil.swap_memory() provides:
+  - total
+  - used
+  - free
+  - percent
+  - sin (no. of bytes the system has swapped in from disk (cumulative))
+  - sout (no. of bytes the system has swapped out from disk (cumulative))
+  All old memory-related functions are deprecated.
+  Also two new example scripts were added:  free.py and meminfo.py.
+- #312: psutil.network_io_counters() namedtuple includes 4 new fields:
+  errin, errout dropin and dropout, reflecting the number of packets
+  dropped and with errors.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #298: [OSX and BSD] memory leak in get_num_fds().
+- #299: potential memory leak every time PyList_New(0) is used.
+- #303: [Windows] potential heap corruption in get_num_threads() and
+  get_status() Process methods.
+- #305: [FreeBSD] psutil can't compile on FreeBSD 9 due to removal of utmp.h.
+- #306: at C level, errors are not checked when invoking Py* functions which
+  create or manipulate Python objects leading to potential memory related
+  errors and/or segmentation faults.
+- #307: [FreeBSD] values returned by psutil.network_io_counters() are wrong.
+- #308: [BSD / Windows] psutil.virtmem_usage() wasn't actually returning
+  information about swap memory usage as it was supposed to do. It does
+  now.
+- #309: get_open_files() might not return files which can not be accessed
+  due to limited permissions. AccessDenied is now raised instead.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- psutil.phymem_usage() is deprecated       (use psutil.virtual_memory())
+- psutil.virtmem_usage() is deprecated      (use psutil.swap_memory())
+- psutil.phymem_buffers() on Linux is deprecated  (use psutil.virtual_memory())
+- psutil.cached_phymem() on Linux is deprecated   (use psutil.virtual_memory())
+- [Windows and BSD] psutil.virtmem_usage() now returns information about swap
+  memory instead of virtual memory.
+
+
+0.5.1 - 2012-06-29
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #293: [Windows] process executable path is now determined by asking the OS
+  instead of being guessed from process cmdline.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #292: [Linux] race condition in process files/threads/connections.
+- #294: [Windows] Process CPU affinity is only able to set CPU #0.
+
+
+0.5.0 - 2012-06-27
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #195: [Windows] number of handles opened by process.
+- #209: psutil.disk_partitions() now provides also mount options.
+- #229: list users currently connected on the system (psutil.get_users()).
+- #238: [Linux, Windows] process CPU affinity (get and set).
+- #242: Process.get_children(recursive=True): return all process
+  descendants.
+- #245: [POSIX] Process.wait() incrementally consumes less CPU cycles.
+- #257: [Windows] removed Windows 2000 support.
+- #258: [Linux] Process.get_memory_info() is now 0.5x faster.
+- #260: process's mapped memory regions. (Windows patch by wj32.64, OSX patch
+  by Jeremy Whitlock)
+- #262: [Windows] psutil.disk_partitions() was slow due to inspecting the
+  floppy disk drive also when "all" argument was False.
+- #273: psutil.get_process_list() is deprecated.
+- #274: psutil no longer requires 2to3 at installation time in order to work
+  with Python 3.
+- #278: new Process.as_dict() method.
+- #281: ppid, name, exe, cmdline and create_time properties of Process class
+  are now cached after being accessed.
+- #282: psutil.STATUS_* constants can now be compared by using their string
+  representation.
+- #283: speedup Process.is_running() by caching its return value in case the
+  process is terminated.
+- #284: [POSIX] per-process number of opened file descriptors.
+- #287: psutil.process_iter() now caches Process instances between calls.
+- #290: Process.nice property is deprecated in favor of new get_nice() and
+  set_nice() methods.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #193: psutil.Popen constructor can throw an exception if the spawned process
+  terminates quickly.
+- #240: [OSX] incorrect use of free() for Process.get_connections().
+- #244: [POSIX] Process.wait() can hog CPU resources if called against a
+  process which is not our children.
+- #248: [Linux] psutil.network_io_counters() might return erroneous NIC names.
+- #252: [Windows] process getcwd() erroneously raise NoSuchProcess for
+  processes owned by another user.  It now raises AccessDenied instead.
+- #266: [Windows] psutil.get_pid_list() only shows 1024 processes.
+  (patch by Amoser)
+- #267: [OSX] Process.get_connections() - an erroneous remote address was
+  returned. (Patch by Amoser)
+- #272: [Linux] Porcess.get_open_files() - potential race condition can lead to
+  unexpected NoSuchProcess exception.  Also, we can get incorrect reports
+  of not absolutized path names.
+- #275: [Linux] Process.get_io_counters() erroneously raise NoSuchProcess on
+  old Linux versions. Where not available it now raises
+  NotImplementedError.
+- #286: Process.is_running() doesn't actually check whether PID has been
+  reused.
+- #314: Process.get_children() can sometimes return non-children.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- Process.nice property is deprecated in favor of new get_nice() and set_nice()
+  methods.
+- psutil.get_process_list() is deprecated.
+- ppid, name, exe, cmdline and create_time properties of Process class are now
+  cached after being accessed, meaning NoSuchProcess will no longer be raised
+  in case the process is gone in the meantime.
+- psutil.STATUS_* constants can now be compared by using their string
+  representation.
+
+
+0.4.1 - 2011-12-14
+==================
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #228: some example scripts were not working with python 3.
+- #230: [Windows / OSX] memory leak in Process.get_connections().
+- #232: [Linux] psutil.phymem_usage() can report erroneous values which are
+  different than "free" command.
+- #236: [Windows] memory/handle leak in Process's get_memory_info(),
+  suspend() and resume() methods.
+
+
+0.4.0 - 2011-10-29
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #150: network I/O counters. (OSX and Windows patch by Jeremy Whitlock)
+- #154: [FreeBSD] add support for process getcwd()
+- #157: [Windows] provide installer for Python 3.2 64-bit.
+- #198: Process.wait(timeout=0) can now be used to make wait() return
+  immediately.
+- #206: disk I/O counters. (OSX and Windows patch by Jeremy Whitlock)
+- #213: examples/iotop.py script.
+- #217: Process.get_connections() now has a "kind" argument to filter
+  for connections with different criteria.
+- #221: [FreeBSD] Process.get_open_files has been rewritten in C and no longer
+  relies on lsof.
+- #223: examples/top.py script.
+- #227: examples/nettop.py script.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #135: [OSX] psutil cannot create Process object.
+- #144: [Linux] no longer support 0 special PID.
+- #188: [Linux] psutil import error on Linux ARM architectures.
+- #194: [POSIX] psutil.Process.get_cpu_percent() now reports a percentage over
+  100 on multicore processors.
+- #197: [Linux] Process.get_connections() is broken on platforms not
+  supporting IPv6.
+- #200: [Linux] psutil.NUM_CPUS not working on armel and sparc architectures
+  and causing crash on module import.
+- #201: [Linux] Process.get_connections() is broken on big-endian
+  architectures.
+- #211: Process instance can unexpectedly raise NoSuchProcess if tested for
+  equality with another object.
+- #218: [Linux] crash at import time on Debian 64-bit because of a missing
+  line in /proc/meminfo.
+- #226: [FreeBSD] crash at import time on FreeBSD 7 and minor.
+
+
+0.3.0 - 2011-07-08
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #125: system per-cpu percentage utilization and times.
+- #163: per-process associated terminal (TTY).
+- #171: added get_phymem() and get_virtmem() functions returning system
+  memory information (total, used, free) and memory percent usage.
+  total_* avail_* and used_* memory functions are deprecated.
+- #172: disk usage statistics.
+- #174: mounted disk partitions.
+- #179: setuptools is now used in setup.py
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #159: SetSeDebug() does not close handles or unset impersonation on return.
+- #164: [Windows] wait function raises a TimeoutException when a process
+  returns -1 .
+- #165: process.status raises an unhandled exception.
+- #166: get_memory_info() leaks handles hogging system resources.
+- #168: psutil.cpu_percent() returns erroneous results when used in
+  non-blocking mode.  (patch by Philip Roberts)
+- #178: OSX - Process.get_threads() leaks memory
+- #180: [Windows] Process's get_num_threads() and get_threads() methods can
+  raise NoSuchProcess exception while process still exists.
+
+
+0.2.1 - 2011-03-20
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #64: per-process I/O counters.
+- #116: per-process wait() (wait for process to terminate and return its exit
+  code).
+- #134: per-process get_threads() returning information (id, user and kernel
+  times) about threads opened by process.
+- #136: process executable path on FreeBSD is now determined by asking the
+  kernel instead of guessing it from cmdline[0].
+- #137: per-process real, effective and saved user and group ids.
+- #140: system boot time.
+- #142: per-process get and set niceness (priority).
+- #143: per-process status.
+- #147: per-process I/O nice (priority) - Linux only.
+- #148: psutil.Popen class which tidies up subprocess.Popen and psutil.Process
+  in a unique interface.
+- #152: [OSX] get_process_open_files() implementation has been rewritten
+  in C and no longer relies on lsof resulting in a 3x speedup.
+- #153: [OSX] get_process_connection() implementation has been rewritten
+  in C and no longer relies on lsof resulting in a 3x speedup.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #83:  process cmdline is empty on OSX 64-bit.
+- #130: a race condition can cause IOError exception be raised on
+  Linux if process disappears between open() and subsequent read() calls.
+- #145: WindowsError was raised instead of psutil.AccessDenied when using
+  process resume() or suspend() on Windows.
+- #146: 'exe' property on Linux can raise TypeError if path contains NULL
+  bytes.
+- #151: exe and getcwd() for PID 0 on Linux return inconsistent data.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- Process "uid" and "gid" properties are deprecated in favor of "uids" and
+  "gids" properties.
+
+
+0.2.0 - 2010-11-13
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #79: per-process open files.
+- #88: total system physical cached memory.
+- #88: total system physical memory buffers used by the kernel.
+- #91: per-process send_signal() and terminate() methods.
+- #95: NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied exception classes now provide "pid",
+  "name" and "msg" attributes.
+- #97: per-process children.
+- #98: Process.get_cpu_times() and Process.get_memory_info now return
+  a namedtuple instead of a tuple.
+- #103: per-process opened TCP and UDP connections.
+- #107: add support for Windows 64 bit. (patch by cjgohlke)
+- #111: per-process executable name.
+- #113: exception messages now include process name and pid.
+- #114: process username Windows implementation has been rewritten in pure
+  C and no longer uses WMI resulting in a big speedup. Also, pywin32 is no
+  longer required as a third-party dependancy. (patch by wj32)
+- #117: added support for Windows 2000.
+- #123: psutil.cpu_percent() and psutil.Process.cpu_percent() accept a
+  new 'interval' parameter.
+- #129: per-process number of threads.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #80: fixed warnings when installing psutil with easy_install.
+- #81: psutil fails to compile with Visual Studio.
+- #94: suspend() raises OSError instead of AccessDenied.
+- #86: psutil didn't compile against FreeBSD 6.x.
+- #102: orphaned process handles obtained by using OpenProcess in C were
+  left behind every time Process class was instantiated.
+- #111: path and name Process properties report truncated or erroneous
+  values on UNIX.
+- #120: cpu_percent() always returning 100% on OS X.
+- #112: uid and gid properties don't change if process changes effective
+  user/group id at some point.
+- #126: ppid, uid, gid, name, exe, cmdline and create_time properties are
+  no longer cached and correctly raise NoSuchProcess exception if the process
+  disappears.
+
+**API changes**
+
+- psutil.Process.path property is deprecated and works as an alias for "exe"
+  property.
+- psutil.Process.kill(): signal argument was removed - to send a signal to the
+  process use send_signal(signal) method instead.
+- psutil.Process.get_memory_info() returns a nametuple instead of a tuple.
+- psutil.cpu_times() returns a nametuple instead of a tuple.
+- New psutil.Process methods: get_open_files(), get_connections(),
+  send_signal() and terminate().
+- ppid, uid, gid, name, exe, cmdline and create_time properties are no longer
+  cached and raise NoSuchProcess exception if process disappears.
+- psutil.cpu_percent() no longer returns immediately (see issue 123).
+- psutil.Process.get_cpu_percent() and psutil.cpu_percent() no longer returns
+  immediately by default (see issue 123).
+
+
+0.1.3 - 2010-03-02
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #14: per-process username
+- #51: per-process current working directory (Windows and Linux only)
+- #59: Process.is_running() is now 10 times faster
+- #61: added supoprt for FreeBSD 64 bit
+- #71: implemented suspend/resume process
+- #75: python 3 support
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #36: process cpu_times() and memory_info() functions succeeded also for dead
+  processes while a NoSuchProcess exception is supposed to be raised.
+- #48: incorrect size for mib array defined in getcmdargs for BSD
+- #49: possible memory leak due to missing free() on error condition on
+- #50: fixed getcmdargs() memory fragmentation on BSD
+- #55: test_pid_4 was failing on Windows Vista
+- #57: some unit tests were failing on systems where no swap memory is
+  available
+- #58: is_running() is now called before kill() to make sure we are going
+  to kill the correct process.
+- #73: virtual memory size reported on OS X includes shared library size
+- #77: NoSuchProcess wasn't raised on Process.create_time if kill() was
+  used first.
+
+
+0.1.2 - 2009-05-06
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #32: Per-process CPU user/kernel times
+- #33: Process create time
+- #34: Per-process CPU utilization percentage
+- #38: Per-process memory usage (bytes)
+- #41: Per-process memory utilization (percent)
+- #39: System uptime
+- #43: Total system virtual memory
+- #46: Total system physical memory
+- #44: Total system used/free virtual and physical memory
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #36: [Windows] NoSuchProcess not raised when accessing timing methods.
+- #40: test_get_cpu_times() failing on FreeBSD and OS X.
+- #42: [Windows] get_memory_percent() raises AccessDenied.
+
+
+0.1.1 - 2009-03-06
+==================
+
+**Enhancements**
+
+- #4: FreeBSD support for all functions of psutil
+- #9: Process.uid and Process.gid now retrieve process UID and GID.
+- #11: Support for parent/ppid - Process.parent property returns a
+  Process object representing the parent process, and Process.ppid returns
+  the parent PID.
+- #12 & 15:
+  NoSuchProcess exception now raised when creating an object
+  for a nonexistent process, or when retrieving information about a process
+  that has gone away.
+- #21: AccessDenied exception created for raising access denied errors
+  from OSError or WindowsError on individual platforms.
+- #26: psutil.process_iter() function to iterate over processes as
+  Process objects with a generator.
+- #?:  Process objects can now also be compared with == operator for equality
+  (PID, name, command line are compared).
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- #16: [Windows] Special case for "System Idle Process" (PID 0) which
+  otherwise would return an "invalid parameter" exception.
+- #17: get_process_list() ignores NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied
+  exceptions during building of the list.
+- #22: [Windows] Process(0).kill() was failing with an unset exception.
+- #23: Special case for pid_exists(0)
+- #24: [Windows] Process(0).kill() now raises AccessDenied exception instead
+  of WindowsError.
+- #30: psutil.get_pid_list() was returning two instances of PID 0 on OSX and
+  FreeBSD platforms.
+
+
+0.1.0 - 2009-01-27
+==================
+
+- Initial release.
diff --git a/python/psutil/INSTALL.rst b/python/psutil/INSTALL.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e518c430e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/INSTALL.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+============================
+Installing using pip on UNIX
+============================
+
+The easiest way to install psutil on UNIX is by using pip (but first you might
+need to install python header files; see later).
+First install pip::
+
+    $ wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
+    $ python get-pip.py
+
+...then run::
+
+    $ pip install psutil
+
+You may need to install gcc and python header files first (see later).
+
+
+=====================
+Installing on Windows
+=====================
+
+Just get the right installer for your Python version and architecture from:
+https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil/#downloads
+Since wheels installers are also available you may also use pip.
+
+
+========================================
+Compiling on Windows using Visual Studio
+========================================
+
+In order to compile psutil on Windows you'll need Visual Studio (Mingw32 is
+no longer supported). You must have the same version of Visual Studio used to compile
+your installation of Python, that is::
+
+* Python 2.6:  VS 2008
+* Python 2.7:  VS 2008
+* Python 3.3, 3.4: VS 2010 (you can download it from `MS website <http://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/download-visual-studio-vs#d-2010-express>`_)
+* Python 3.5: `VS 2015 UP <http://www.visualstudio.com/en-au/news/vs2015-preview-vs>`_
+
+...then run::
+
+    setup.py build
+
+...or::
+
+    make.bat build
+
+Compiling 64 bit versions of Python 2.6 and 2.7 with VS 2008 requires
+Windows SDK and .NET Framework 3.5 SP1 to be installed first.
+Once you have those run vcvars64.bat, then compile:
+http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11072521/
+
+===================
+Installing on Linux
+===================
+
+gcc is required and so the python headers. They can easily be installed by
+using the distro package manager. For example, on Debian and Ubuntu::
+
+    $ sudo apt-get install gcc python-dev
+
+...on Redhat and CentOS::
+
+    $ sudo yum install gcc python-devel
+
+Once done, you can build/install psutil with::
+
+    $ python setup.py install
+
+
+==================
+Installing on OS X
+==================
+
+OS X installation from source will require gcc which you can obtain as part of
+the 'XcodeTools' installer from Apple. Then you can run the standard distutils
+commands.
+To build only::
+
+    $ python setup.py build
+
+To install and build::
+
+    $ python setup.py install
+
+
+=====================
+Installing on FreeBSD
+=====================
+
+The same compiler used to install Python must be present on the system in order
+to build modules using distutils. Assuming it is installed, you can build using
+the standard distutils commands.
+
+Build only::
+
+    $ python setup.py build
+
+Install and build::
+
+    $ python setup.py install
+
+
+========
+Makefile
+========
+
+A makefile is available for both UNIX and Windows (make.bat).  It provides
+some automations for the tasks described above and might be preferred over
+using setup.py. With it you can::
+
+    $ make install    # just install (in --user mode)
+    $ make uninstall  # uninstall (needs pip)
+    $ make test       # run tests
+    $ make clean      # remove installation files
diff --git a/python/psutil/LICENSE b/python/psutil/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e91b1359a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+psutil is distributed under BSD license reproduced below.
+
+Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Dave Daeschler, Giampaolo Rodola'
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * Neither the name of the psutil authors nor the names of its contributors
+   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+   specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
+ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/python/psutil/MANIFEST.in b/python/psutil/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d807be289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+include .coveragerc
+include .git-pre-commit
+include .git-pre-commit
+include .gitignore
+include .travis.yml
+include CREDITS
+include HISTORY.rst
+include INSTALL.rst
+include LICENSE
+include make.bat
+include Makefile
+include MANIFEST.in
+include README.rst
+include setup.py
+include TODO
+include tox.ini
+recursive-exclude docs/_build *
+recursive-include .appveyor/*
+recursive-include docs *
+recursive-include examples *.py
+recursive-include psutil *.py *.c *.h
+recursive-include test *.py README*
diff --git a/python/psutil/Makefile b/python/psutil/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e4eb4b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# Shortcuts for various tasks (UNIX only).
+# To use a specific Python version run:
+# $ make install PYTHON=python3.3
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+PYTHON    = python
+TSCRIPT   = test/test_psutil.py
+
+all: test
+
+clean:
+	rm -f `find . -type f -name \*.py[co]`
+	rm -f `find . -type f -name \*.so`
+	rm -f `find . -type f -name .\*~`
+	rm -f `find . -type f -name \*.orig`
+	rm -f `find . -type f -name \*.bak`
+	rm -f `find . -type f -name \*.rej`
+	rm -rf `find . -type d -name __pycache__`
+	rm -rf *.core
+	rm -rf *.egg-info
+	rm -rf *\$testfile*
+	rm -rf .coverage
+	rm -rf .tox
+	rm -rf build
+	rm -rf dist
+	rm -rf docs/_build
+	rm -rf htmlcov
+
+build: clean
+	$(PYTHON) setup.py build
+	@# copies *.so files in ./psutil directory in order to allow
+	@# "import psutil" when using the interactive interpreter from within
+	@# this directory.
+	$(PYTHON) setup.py build_ext -i
+
+# useful deps which are nice to have while developing / testing
+setup-dev-env:
+	python -c "import urllib2; \
+			   r = urllib2.urlopen('https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py'); \
+			   open('/tmp/get-pip.py', 'w').write(r.read());"
+	$(PYTHON) /tmp/get-pip.py --user
+	rm /tmp/get-pip.py
+	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --user --upgrade pip
+	$(PYTHON) -m pip install --user --upgrade \
+		coverage  \
+		flake8 \
+		ipaddress \
+		ipdb \
+		mock==1.0.1 \
+		nose \
+		pep8 \
+		pyflakes \
+		sphinx \
+		sphinx-pypi-upload \
+		unittest2 \
+
+install: build
+	$(PYTHON) setup.py install --user
+
+uninstall:
+	cd ..; $(PYTHON) -m pip uninstall -y -v psutil
+
+test: install
+	$(PYTHON) $(TSCRIPT)
+
+test-process: install
+	$(PYTHON) -m unittest -v test.test_psutil.TestProcess
+
+test-system: install
+	$(PYTHON) -m unittest -v test.test_psutil.TestSystemAPIs
+
+test-memleaks: install
+	$(PYTHON) test/test_memory_leaks.py
+
+# Run a specific test by name; e.g. "make test-by-name disk_" will run
+# all test methods containing "disk_" in their name.
+# Requires "pip install nose".
+test-by-name: install
+	@$(PYTHON) -m nose test/test_psutil.py test/_* --nocapture -v -m $(filter-out $@,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+
+# Same as above but for test_memory_leaks.py script.
+test-memleaks-by-name: install
+	@$(PYTHON) -m nose test/test_memory_leaks.py --nocapture -v -m $(filter-out $@,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+
+coverage: install
+	# Note: coverage options are controlled by .coveragerc file
+	rm -rf .coverage htmlcov
+	$(PYTHON) -m coverage run $(TSCRIPT)
+	$(PYTHON) -m coverage report
+	@echo "writing results to htmlcov/index.html"
+	$(PYTHON) -m coverage html
+	$(PYTHON) -m webbrowser -t htmlcov/index.html
+
+pep8:
+	@git ls-files | grep \\.py$ | xargs $(PYTHON) -m pep8
+
+pyflakes:
+	@export PYFLAKES_NODOCTEST=1 && \
+		git ls-files | grep \\.py$ | xargs $(PYTHON) -m pyflakes
+
+flake8:
+	@git ls-files | grep \\.py$ | xargs $(PYTHON) -m flake8
+
+# Upload source tarball on https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil.
+upload-src: clean
+	$(PYTHON) setup.py sdist upload
+
+# Build and upload doc on https://pythonhosted.org/psutil/.
+# Requires "pip install sphinx-pypi-upload".
+upload-doc:
+	cd docs; make html
+	$(PYTHON) setup.py upload_sphinx --upload-dir=docs/_build/html
+
+# git-tag a new release
+git-tag-release:
+	git tag -a release-`python -c "import setup; print(setup.get_version())"` -m `git rev-list HEAD --count`:`git rev-parse --short HEAD`
+	echo "done; now run 'git push --follow-tags' to push the new tag on the remote repo"
+
+# install GIT pre-commit hook
+install-git-hooks:
+	ln -sf ../../.git-pre-commit .git/hooks/pre-commit
+	chmod +x .git/hooks/pre-commit
diff --git a/python/psutil/PKG-INFO b/python/psutil/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e74d33f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: psutil
+Version: 3.1.1
+Summary: psutil is a cross-platform library for retrieving information onrunning processes and system utilization (CPU, memory, disks, network)in Python.
+Home-page: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
+Author: Giampaolo Rodola
+Author-email: g.rodola <at> gmail <dot> com
+License: BSD
+Description: .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/psutil.svg
+            :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil#downloads
+            :alt: Downloads this month
+        
+        .. image:: https://api.travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil.png?branch=master
+            :target: https://travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil
+            :alt: Linux tests (Travis)
+        
+        .. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/qdwvw7v1t915ywr5/branch/master?svg=true
+            :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/giampaolo/psutil
+            :alt: Windows tests (Appveyor)
+        
+        .. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/giampaolo/psutil/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github
+            :target: https://coveralls.io/github/giampaolo/psutil?branch=master
+            :alt: Test coverage (coverall.io)
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/psutil.svg
+            :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil/
+            :alt: Latest version
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/giampaolo/psutil.svg
+            :target: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/
+            :alt: Github stars
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/scrutinizer/g/giampaolo/psutil.svg
+            :target: https://scrutinizer-ci.com/g/giampaolo/psutil/
+            :alt: Code quality (scrutinizer-ci.com)
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/psutil.svg
+            :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil/
+            :alt: License
+        
+        ===========
+        Quick links
+        ===========
+        
+        - `Home page <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil>`_
+        - `Documentation <http://pythonhosted.org/psutil/>`_
+        - `Installation <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/INSTALL.rst>`_
+        - `Download <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=display&name=psutil#downloads>`_
+        - `Forum <http://groups.google.com/group/psutil/topics>`_
+        - `Blog <http://grodola.blogspot.com/search/label/psutil>`_
+        - `Development guide <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/DEVGUIDE.rst>`_
+        - `What's new <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/HISTORY.rst>`_
+        
+        =======
+        Summary
+        =======
+        
+        psutil (python system and process utilities) is a cross-platform library for
+        retrieving information on **running processes** and **system utilization**
+        (CPU, memory, disks, network) in Python. It is useful mainly for **system
+        monitoring**, **profiling and limiting process resources** and **management of
+        running processes**. It implements many functionalities offered by command line
+        tools such as: ps, top, lsof, netstat, ifconfig, who, df, kill, free, nice,
+        ionice, iostat, iotop, uptime, pidof, tty, taskset, pmap. It currently supports
+        **Linux, Windows, OSX, FreeBSD** and **Sun Solaris**, both **32-bit** and
+        **64-bit** architectures, with Python versions from **2.6 to 3.5** (users of
+        Python 2.4 and 2.5 may use `2.1.3 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?name=psutil&version=2.1.3&:action=files>`__ version).
+        `PyPy <http://pypy.org/>`__ is also known to work.
+        
+        ====================
+        Example applications
+        ====================
+        
+        .. image:: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/top-thumb.png
+            :target: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/top.png
+            :alt: top
+        
+        .. image:: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/nettop-thumb.png
+            :target: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/nettop.png
+            :alt: nettop
+        
+        .. image:: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/iotop-thumb.png
+            :target: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/iotop.png
+            :alt: iotop
+        
+        See also:
+        
+         * https://github.com/nicolargo/glances
+         * https://github.com/google/grr
+         * https://github.com/Jahaja/psdash
+        
+        ==============
+        Example usages
+        ==============
+        
+        CPU
+        ===
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> import psutil
+            >>> psutil.cpu_times()
+            scputimes(user=3961.46, nice=169.729, system=2150.659, idle=16900.540, iowait=629.59, irq=0.0, softirq=19.42, steal=0.0, guest=0, nice=0.0)
+            >>>
+            >>> for x in range(3):
+            ...     psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1)
+            ...
+            4.0
+            5.9
+            3.8
+            >>>
+            >>> for x in range(3):
+            ...     psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1, percpu=True)
+            ...
+            [4.0, 6.9, 3.7, 9.2]
+            [7.0, 8.5, 2.4, 2.1]
+            [1.2, 9.0, 9.9, 7.2]
+            >>>
+            >>>
+            >>> for x in range(3):
+            ...     psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=1, percpu=False)
+            ...
+            scputimes(user=1.5, nice=0.0, system=0.5, idle=96.5, iowait=1.5, irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+            scputimes(user=1.0, nice=0.0, system=0.0, idle=99.0, iowait=0.0, irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+            scputimes(user=2.0, nice=0.0, system=0.0, idle=98.0, iowait=0.0, irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.cpu_count()
+            4
+            >>> psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)
+            2
+            >>>
+        
+        Memory
+        ======
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> psutil.virtual_memory()
+            svmem(total=8374149120, available=2081050624, percent=75.1, used=8074080256, free=300068864, active=3294920704, inactive=1361616896, buffers=529895424, cached=1251086336)
+            >>> psutil.swap_memory()
+            sswap(total=2097147904, used=296128512, free=1801019392, percent=14.1, sin=304193536, sout=677842944)
+            >>>
+        
+        Disks
+        =====
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> psutil.disk_partitions()
+            [sdiskpart(device='/dev/sda1', mountpoint='/', fstype='ext4', opts='rw,nosuid'),
+             sdiskpart(device='/dev/sda2', mountpoint='/home', fstype='ext, opts='rw')]
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.disk_usage('/')
+            sdiskusage(total=21378641920, used=4809781248, free=15482871808, percent=22.5)
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=False)
+            sdiskio(read_count=719566, write_count=1082197, read_bytes=18626220032, write_bytes=24081764352, read_time=5023392, write_time=63199568)
+            >>>
+        
+        Network
+        =======
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+            {'eth0': netio(bytes_sent=485291293, bytes_recv=6004858642, packets_sent=3251564, packets_recv=4787798, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0),
+             'lo': netio(bytes_sent=2838627, bytes_recv=2838627, packets_sent=30567, packets_recv=30567, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0)}
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.net_connections()
+            [pconn(fd=115, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 48776), raddr=('93.186.135.91', 80), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=1254),
+             pconn(fd=117, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 43761), raddr=('72.14.234.100', 80), status='CLOSING', pid=2987),
+             pconn(fd=-1, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 60759), raddr=('72.14.234.104', 80), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=None),
+             pconn(fd=-1, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 51314), raddr=('72.14.234.83', 443), status='SYN_SENT', pid=None)
+             ...]
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.net_if_addrs()
+            {'lo': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast='127.0.0.1'),
+                    snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, address='::1', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff', broadcast=None),
+                    snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 17>, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast='00:00:00:00:00:00')],
+             'wlan0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='192.168.1.3', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255'),
+                       snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, address='fe80::c685:8ff:fe45:641%wlan0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=None),
+                       snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 17>, address='c4:85:08:45:06:41', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff')]}
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.net_if_stats()
+            {'eth0': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_FULL: 2>, speed=100, mtu=1500),
+             'lo': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: 0>, speed=0, mtu=65536)}
+        
+        Other system info
+        =================
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> psutil.users()
+            [user(name='giampaolo', terminal='pts/2', host='localhost', started=1340737536.0),
+             user(name='giampaolo', terminal='pts/3', host='localhost', started=1340737792.0)]
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.boot_time()
+            1365519115.0
+            >>>
+        
+        Process management
+        ==================
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> import psutil
+            >>> psutil.pids()
+            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 46, 48, 50, 51, 178, 182, 222, 223, 224,
+             268, 1215, 1216, 1220, 1221, 1243, 1244, 1301, 1601, 2237, 2355,
+             2637, 2774, 3932, 4176, 4177, 4185, 4187, 4189, 4225, 4243, 4245,
+             4263, 4282, 4306, 4311, 4312, 4313, 4314, 4337, 4339, 4357, 4358,
+             4363, 4383, 4395, 4408, 4433, 4443, 4445, 4446, 5167, 5234, 5235,
+             5252, 5318, 5424, 5644, 6987, 7054, 7055, 7071]
+            >>>
+            >>> p = psutil.Process(7055)
+            >>> p.name()
+            'python'
+            >>> p.exe()
+            '/usr/bin/python'
+            >>> p.cwd()
+            '/home/giampaolo'
+            >>> p.cmdline()
+            ['/usr/bin/python', 'main.py']
+            >>>
+            >>> p.status()
+            'running'
+            >>> p.username()
+            'giampaolo'
+            >>> p.create_time()
+            1267551141.5019531
+            >>> p.terminal()
+            '/dev/pts/0'
+            >>>
+            >>> p.uids()
+            puids(real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000)
+            >>> p.gids()
+            pgids(real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000)
+            >>>
+            >>> p.cpu_times()
+            pcputimes(user=1.02, system=0.31)
+            >>> p.cpu_percent(interval=1.0)
+            12.1
+            >>> p.cpu_affinity()
+            [0, 1, 2, 3]
+            >>> p.cpu_affinity([0])  # set
+            >>>
+            >>> p.memory_percent()
+            0.63423
+            >>>
+            >>> p.memory_info()
+            pmem(rss=7471104, vms=68513792)
+            >>> p.memory_info_ex()
+            extmem(rss=9662464, vms=49192960, shared=3612672, text=2564096, lib=0, data=5754880, dirty=0)
+            >>> p.memory_maps()
+            [pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libutil-2.15.so', rss=16384, anonymous=8192, swap=0),
+             pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.15.so', rss=6384, anonymous=15, swap=0),
+             pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.0.0', rss=34124, anonymous=1245, swap=0),
+             pmmap_grouped(path='[heap]', rss=54653, anonymous=8192, swap=0),
+             pmmap_grouped(path='[stack]', rss=1542, anonymous=166, swap=0),
+             ...]
+            >>>
+            >>> p.io_counters()
+            pio(read_count=478001, write_count=59371, read_bytes=700416, write_bytes=69632)
+            >>>
+            >>> p.open_files()
+            [popenfile(path='/home/giampaolo/svn/psutil/somefile', fd=3)]
+            >>>
+            >>> p.connections()
+            [pconn(fd=115, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 48776), raddr=('93.186.135.91', 80), status='ESTABLISHED'),
+             pconn(fd=117, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 43761), raddr=('72.14.234.100', 80), status='CLOSING'),
+             pconn(fd=119, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 60759), raddr=('72.14.234.104', 80), status='ESTABLISHED'),
+             pconn(fd=123, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 51314), raddr=('72.14.234.83', 443), status='SYN_SENT')]
+            >>>
+            >>> p.num_threads()
+            4
+            >>> p.num_fds()
+            8
+            >>> p.threads()
+            [pthread(id=5234, user_time=22.5, system_time=9.2891),
+             pthread(id=5235, user_time=0.0, system_time=0.0),
+             pthread(id=5236, user_time=0.0, system_time=0.0),
+             pthread(id=5237, user_time=0.0707, system_time=1.1)]
+            >>>
+            >>> p.num_ctx_switches()
+            pctxsw(voluntary=78, involuntary=19)
+            >>>
+            >>> p.nice()
+            0
+            >>> p.nice(10)  # set
+            >>>
+            >>> p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)  # IO priority (Win and Linux only)
+            >>> p.ionice()
+            pionice(ioclass=<IOPriority.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE: 3>, value=0)
+            >>>
+            >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))  # set resource limits (Linux only)
+            >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+            (5, 5)
+            >>>
+            >>> p.suspend()
+            >>> p.resume()
+            >>>
+            >>> p.terminate()
+            >>> p.wait(timeout=3)
+            0
+            >>>
+            >>> psutil.test()
+            USER         PID %CPU %MEM     VSZ     RSS TTY        START    TIME  COMMAND
+            root           1  0.0  0.0   24584    2240            Jun17   00:00  init
+            root           2  0.0  0.0       0       0            Jun17   00:00  kthreadd
+            root           3  0.0  0.0       0       0            Jun17   00:05  ksoftirqd/0
+            ...
+            giampaolo  31475  0.0  0.0   20760    3024 /dev/pts/0 Jun19   00:00  python2.4
+            giampaolo  31721  0.0  2.2  773060  181896            00:04   10:30  chrome
+            root       31763  0.0  0.0       0       0            00:05   00:00  kworker/0:1
+            >>>
+        
+        Further process APIs
+        ====================
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            ...     print(p)
+            ...
+            psutil.Process(pid=1, name='init')
+            psutil.Process(pid=2, name='kthreadd')
+            psutil.Process(pid=3, name='ksoftirqd/0')
+            ...
+            >>>
+            >>> def on_terminate(proc):
+            ...     print("process {} terminated".format(proc))
+            ...
+            >>> # waits for multiple processes to terminate
+            >>> gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs_list, 3, callback=on_terminate)
+            >>>
+        
+        ======
+        Donate
+        ======
+        
+        A lot of time and effort went into making psutil as it is right now.
+        If you feel psutil is useful to you or your business and want to support its future development please consider donating me (`Giampaolo Rodola' <http://grodola.blogspot.com/p/about.html>`_) some money.
+        I only ask for a small donation, but of course I appreciate any amount.
+        
+        .. image:: http://www.paypal.com/en_US/i/btn/x-click-but04.gif
+            :target: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=A9ZS7PKKRM3S8
+            :alt: Donate via PayPal
+        
+        Don't want to donate money? Then maybe you could `write me a recommendation on Linkedin <http://www.linkedin.com/in/grodola>`_.
+        
+        ============
+        Mailing list
+        ============
+        
+        http://groups.google.com/group/psutil/
+        
+        ========
+        Timeline
+        ========
+        
+        - 2015-07-15: `psutil-3.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2015-07-15: `psutil-3.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2015-06-18: `psutil-3.0.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.0.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2015-06-13: `psutil-3.0.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.0.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2015-02-02: `psutil-2.2.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.2.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2015-01-06: `psutil-2.2.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.2.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2014-09-26: `psutil-2.1.3.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.3.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2014-09-21: `psutil-2.1.2.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.2.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2014-04-30: `psutil-2.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2014-04-08: `psutil-2.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2014-03-10: `psutil-2.0.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.0.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-11-25: `psutil-1.2.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.2.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-11-20: `psutil-1.2.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.2.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-11-07: `psutil-1.1.3.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.3.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-10-22: `psutil-1.1.2.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.2.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-10-08: `psutil-1.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-09-28: `psutil-1.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-07-12: `psutil-1.0.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.0.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-07-10: `psutil-1.0.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.0.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-05-03: `psutil-0.7.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.7.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2013-04-12: `psutil-0.7.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.7.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2012-08-16: `psutil-0.6.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.6.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2012-08-13: `psutil-0.6.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.6.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2012-06-29: `psutil-0.5.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.5.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2012-06-27: `psutil-0.5.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.5.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2011-12-14: `psutil-0.4.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.4.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2011-10-29: `psutil-0.4.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.4.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2011-07-08: `psutil-0.3.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.3.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2011-03-20: `psutil-0.2.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.2.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2010-11-13: `psutil-0.2.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.2.0.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2010-03-02: `psutil-0.1.3.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.3.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2009-05-06: `psutil-0.1.2.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.2.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2009-03-06: `psutil-0.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+        - 2009-01-27: `psutil-0.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+        
+Keywords: ps,top,kill,free,lsof,netstat,nice,tty,ionice,uptime,taskmgr,process,df,iotop,iostat,ifconfig,taskset,who,pidof,pmap,smem,pstree,monitoring,ulimit,prlimit
+Platform: Platform Independent
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Environment :: Win32 (MS Windows)
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows :: Windows NT/2000
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD :: FreeBSD
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: SunOS/Solaris
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Programming Language :: C
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Benchmark
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Hardware
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Monitoring
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Networking :: Monitoring
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Networking
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Systems Administration
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
diff --git a/python/psutil/README.rst b/python/psutil/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..564656146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/psutil.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil#downloads
+    :alt: Downloads this month
+
+.. image:: https://api.travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil.png?branch=master
+    :target: https://travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil
+    :alt: Linux tests (Travis)
+
+.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/qdwvw7v1t915ywr5/branch/master?svg=true
+    :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/giampaolo/psutil
+    :alt: Windows tests (Appveyor)
+
+.. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/giampaolo/psutil/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github
+    :target: https://coveralls.io/github/giampaolo/psutil?branch=master
+    :alt: Test coverage (coverall.io)
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/psutil.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil/
+    :alt: Latest version
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/giampaolo/psutil.svg
+    :target: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/
+    :alt: Github stars
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/scrutinizer/g/giampaolo/psutil.svg
+    :target: https://scrutinizer-ci.com/g/giampaolo/psutil/
+    :alt: Code quality (scrutinizer-ci.com)
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/psutil.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil/
+    :alt: License
+
+===========
+Quick links
+===========
+
+- `Home page <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil>`_
+- `Documentation <http://pythonhosted.org/psutil/>`_
+- `Installation <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/INSTALL.rst>`_
+- `Download <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=display&name=psutil#downloads>`_
+- `Forum <http://groups.google.com/group/psutil/topics>`_
+- `Blog <http://grodola.blogspot.com/search/label/psutil>`_
+- `Development guide <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/DEVGUIDE.rst>`_
+- `What's new <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/HISTORY.rst>`_
+
+=======
+Summary
+=======
+
+psutil (python system and process utilities) is a cross-platform library for
+retrieving information on **running processes** and **system utilization**
+(CPU, memory, disks, network) in Python. It is useful mainly for **system
+monitoring**, **profiling and limiting process resources** and **management of
+running processes**. It implements many functionalities offered by command line
+tools such as: ps, top, lsof, netstat, ifconfig, who, df, kill, free, nice,
+ionice, iostat, iotop, uptime, pidof, tty, taskset, pmap. It currently supports
+**Linux, Windows, OSX, FreeBSD** and **Sun Solaris**, both **32-bit** and
+**64-bit** architectures, with Python versions from **2.6 to 3.5** (users of
+Python 2.4 and 2.5 may use `2.1.3 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?name=psutil&version=2.1.3&:action=files>`__ version).
+`PyPy <http://pypy.org/>`__ is also known to work.
+
+====================
+Example applications
+====================
+
+.. image:: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/top-thumb.png
+    :target: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/top.png
+    :alt: top
+
+.. image:: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/nettop-thumb.png
+    :target: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/nettop.png
+    :alt: nettop
+
+.. image:: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/iotop-thumb.png
+    :target: http://psutil.googlecode.com/svn/wiki/images/iotop.png
+    :alt: iotop
+
+See also:
+
+ * https://github.com/nicolargo/glances
+ * https://github.com/google/grr
+ * https://github.com/Jahaja/psdash
+
+==============
+Example usages
+==============
+
+CPU
+===
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.cpu_times()
+    scputimes(user=3961.46, nice=169.729, system=2150.659, idle=16900.540, iowait=629.59, irq=0.0, softirq=19.42, steal=0.0, guest=0, nice=0.0)
+    >>>
+    >>> for x in range(3):
+    ...     psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1)
+    ...
+    4.0
+    5.9
+    3.8
+    >>>
+    >>> for x in range(3):
+    ...     psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1, percpu=True)
+    ...
+    [4.0, 6.9, 3.7, 9.2]
+    [7.0, 8.5, 2.4, 2.1]
+    [1.2, 9.0, 9.9, 7.2]
+    >>>
+    >>>
+    >>> for x in range(3):
+    ...     psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=1, percpu=False)
+    ...
+    scputimes(user=1.5, nice=0.0, system=0.5, idle=96.5, iowait=1.5, irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+    scputimes(user=1.0, nice=0.0, system=0.0, idle=99.0, iowait=0.0, irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+    scputimes(user=2.0, nice=0.0, system=0.0, idle=98.0, iowait=0.0, irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.cpu_count()
+    4
+    >>> psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)
+    2
+    >>>
+
+Memory
+======
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> psutil.virtual_memory()
+    svmem(total=8374149120, available=2081050624, percent=75.1, used=8074080256, free=300068864, active=3294920704, inactive=1361616896, buffers=529895424, cached=1251086336)
+    >>> psutil.swap_memory()
+    sswap(total=2097147904, used=296128512, free=1801019392, percent=14.1, sin=304193536, sout=677842944)
+    >>>
+
+Disks
+=====
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> psutil.disk_partitions()
+    [sdiskpart(device='/dev/sda1', mountpoint='/', fstype='ext4', opts='rw,nosuid'),
+     sdiskpart(device='/dev/sda2', mountpoint='/home', fstype='ext, opts='rw')]
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.disk_usage('/')
+    sdiskusage(total=21378641920, used=4809781248, free=15482871808, percent=22.5)
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=False)
+    sdiskio(read_count=719566, write_count=1082197, read_bytes=18626220032, write_bytes=24081764352, read_time=5023392, write_time=63199568)
+    >>>
+
+Network
+=======
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+    {'eth0': netio(bytes_sent=485291293, bytes_recv=6004858642, packets_sent=3251564, packets_recv=4787798, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0),
+     'lo': netio(bytes_sent=2838627, bytes_recv=2838627, packets_sent=30567, packets_recv=30567, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0)}
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.net_connections()
+    [pconn(fd=115, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 48776), raddr=('93.186.135.91', 80), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=1254),
+     pconn(fd=117, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 43761), raddr=('72.14.234.100', 80), status='CLOSING', pid=2987),
+     pconn(fd=-1, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 60759), raddr=('72.14.234.104', 80), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=None),
+     pconn(fd=-1, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 51314), raddr=('72.14.234.83', 443), status='SYN_SENT', pid=None)
+     ...]
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.net_if_addrs()
+    {'lo': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast='127.0.0.1'),
+            snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, address='::1', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff', broadcast=None),
+            snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 17>, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast='00:00:00:00:00:00')],
+     'wlan0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='192.168.1.3', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255'),
+               snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, address='fe80::c685:8ff:fe45:641%wlan0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=None),
+               snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 17>, address='c4:85:08:45:06:41', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff')]}
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.net_if_stats()
+    {'eth0': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_FULL: 2>, speed=100, mtu=1500),
+     'lo': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: 0>, speed=0, mtu=65536)}
+
+Other system info
+=================
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> psutil.users()
+    [user(name='giampaolo', terminal='pts/2', host='localhost', started=1340737536.0),
+     user(name='giampaolo', terminal='pts/3', host='localhost', started=1340737792.0)]
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.boot_time()
+    1365519115.0
+    >>>
+
+Process management
+==================
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.pids()
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 46, 48, 50, 51, 178, 182, 222, 223, 224,
+     268, 1215, 1216, 1220, 1221, 1243, 1244, 1301, 1601, 2237, 2355,
+     2637, 2774, 3932, 4176, 4177, 4185, 4187, 4189, 4225, 4243, 4245,
+     4263, 4282, 4306, 4311, 4312, 4313, 4314, 4337, 4339, 4357, 4358,
+     4363, 4383, 4395, 4408, 4433, 4443, 4445, 4446, 5167, 5234, 5235,
+     5252, 5318, 5424, 5644, 6987, 7054, 7055, 7071]
+    >>>
+    >>> p = psutil.Process(7055)
+    >>> p.name()
+    'python'
+    >>> p.exe()
+    '/usr/bin/python'
+    >>> p.cwd()
+    '/home/giampaolo'
+    >>> p.cmdline()
+    ['/usr/bin/python', 'main.py']
+    >>>
+    >>> p.status()
+    'running'
+    >>> p.username()
+    'giampaolo'
+    >>> p.create_time()
+    1267551141.5019531
+    >>> p.terminal()
+    '/dev/pts/0'
+    >>>
+    >>> p.uids()
+    puids(real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000)
+    >>> p.gids()
+    pgids(real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000)
+    >>>
+    >>> p.cpu_times()
+    pcputimes(user=1.02, system=0.31)
+    >>> p.cpu_percent(interval=1.0)
+    12.1
+    >>> p.cpu_affinity()
+    [0, 1, 2, 3]
+    >>> p.cpu_affinity([0])  # set
+    >>>
+    >>> p.memory_percent()
+    0.63423
+    >>>
+    >>> p.memory_info()
+    pmem(rss=7471104, vms=68513792)
+    >>> p.memory_info_ex()
+    extmem(rss=9662464, vms=49192960, shared=3612672, text=2564096, lib=0, data=5754880, dirty=0)
+    >>> p.memory_maps()
+    [pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libutil-2.15.so', rss=16384, anonymous=8192, swap=0),
+     pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.15.so', rss=6384, anonymous=15, swap=0),
+     pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.1.0.0', rss=34124, anonymous=1245, swap=0),
+     pmmap_grouped(path='[heap]', rss=54653, anonymous=8192, swap=0),
+     pmmap_grouped(path='[stack]', rss=1542, anonymous=166, swap=0),
+     ...]
+    >>>
+    >>> p.io_counters()
+    pio(read_count=478001, write_count=59371, read_bytes=700416, write_bytes=69632)
+    >>>
+    >>> p.open_files()
+    [popenfile(path='/home/giampaolo/svn/psutil/somefile', fd=3)]
+    >>>
+    >>> p.connections()
+    [pconn(fd=115, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 48776), raddr=('93.186.135.91', 80), status='ESTABLISHED'),
+     pconn(fd=117, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 43761), raddr=('72.14.234.100', 80), status='CLOSING'),
+     pconn(fd=119, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 60759), raddr=('72.14.234.104', 80), status='ESTABLISHED'),
+     pconn(fd=123, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 51314), raddr=('72.14.234.83', 443), status='SYN_SENT')]
+    >>>
+    >>> p.num_threads()
+    4
+    >>> p.num_fds()
+    8
+    >>> p.threads()
+    [pthread(id=5234, user_time=22.5, system_time=9.2891),
+     pthread(id=5235, user_time=0.0, system_time=0.0),
+     pthread(id=5236, user_time=0.0, system_time=0.0),
+     pthread(id=5237, user_time=0.0707, system_time=1.1)]
+    >>>
+    >>> p.num_ctx_switches()
+    pctxsw(voluntary=78, involuntary=19)
+    >>>
+    >>> p.nice()
+    0
+    >>> p.nice(10)  # set
+    >>>
+    >>> p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)  # IO priority (Win and Linux only)
+    >>> p.ionice()
+    pionice(ioclass=<IOPriority.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE: 3>, value=0)
+    >>>
+    >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))  # set resource limits (Linux only)
+    >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+    (5, 5)
+    >>>
+    >>> p.suspend()
+    >>> p.resume()
+    >>>
+    >>> p.terminate()
+    >>> p.wait(timeout=3)
+    0
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.test()
+    USER         PID %CPU %MEM     VSZ     RSS TTY        START    TIME  COMMAND
+    root           1  0.0  0.0   24584    2240            Jun17   00:00  init
+    root           2  0.0  0.0       0       0            Jun17   00:00  kthreadd
+    root           3  0.0  0.0       0       0            Jun17   00:05  ksoftirqd/0
+    ...
+    giampaolo  31475  0.0  0.0   20760    3024 /dev/pts/0 Jun19   00:00  python2.4
+    giampaolo  31721  0.0  2.2  773060  181896            00:04   10:30  chrome
+    root       31763  0.0  0.0       0       0            00:05   00:00  kworker/0:1
+    >>>
+
+Further process APIs
+====================
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> for p in psutil.process_iter():
+    ...     print(p)
+    ...
+    psutil.Process(pid=1, name='init')
+    psutil.Process(pid=2, name='kthreadd')
+    psutil.Process(pid=3, name='ksoftirqd/0')
+    ...
+    >>>
+    >>> def on_terminate(proc):
+    ...     print("process {} terminated".format(proc))
+    ...
+    >>> # waits for multiple processes to terminate
+    >>> gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs_list, 3, callback=on_terminate)
+    >>>
+
+======
+Donate
+======
+
+A lot of time and effort went into making psutil as it is right now.
+If you feel psutil is useful to you or your business and want to support its future development please consider donating me (`Giampaolo Rodola' <http://grodola.blogspot.com/p/about.html>`_) some money.
+I only ask for a small donation, but of course I appreciate any amount.
+
+.. image:: http://www.paypal.com/en_US/i/btn/x-click-but04.gif
+    :target: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=A9ZS7PKKRM3S8
+    :alt: Donate via PayPal
+
+Don't want to donate money? Then maybe you could `write me a recommendation on Linkedin <http://www.linkedin.com/in/grodola>`_.
+
+============
+Mailing list
+============
+
+http://groups.google.com/group/psutil/
+
+========
+Timeline
+========
+
+- 2015-07-15: `psutil-3.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2015-07-15: `psutil-3.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2015-06-18: `psutil-3.0.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.0.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2015-06-13: `psutil-3.0.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-3.0.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2015-02-02: `psutil-2.2.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.2.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2015-01-06: `psutil-2.2.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.2.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2014-09-26: `psutil-2.1.3.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.3.tar.gz>`_
+- 2014-09-21: `psutil-2.1.2.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.2.tar.gz>`_
+- 2014-04-30: `psutil-2.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2014-04-08: `psutil-2.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2014-03-10: `psutil-2.0.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-2.0.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-11-25: `psutil-1.2.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.2.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-11-20: `psutil-1.2.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.2.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-11-07: `psutil-1.1.3.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.3.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-10-22: `psutil-1.1.2.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.2.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-10-08: `psutil-1.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-09-28: `psutil-1.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.1.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-07-12: `psutil-1.0.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.0.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-07-10: `psutil-1.0.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-1.0.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-05-03: `psutil-0.7.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.7.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2013-04-12: `psutil-0.7.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.7.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2012-08-16: `psutil-0.6.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.6.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2012-08-13: `psutil-0.6.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.6.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2012-06-29: `psutil-0.5.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.5.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2012-06-27: `psutil-0.5.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.5.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2011-12-14: `psutil-0.4.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.4.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2011-10-29: `psutil-0.4.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.4.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2011-07-08: `psutil-0.3.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.3.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2011-03-20: `psutil-0.2.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.2.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2010-11-13: `psutil-0.2.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.2.0.tar.gz>`_
+- 2010-03-02: `psutil-0.1.3.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.3.tar.gz>`_
+- 2009-05-06: `psutil-0.1.2.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.2.tar.gz>`_
+- 2009-03-06: `psutil-0.1.1.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.1.tar.gz>`_
+- 2009-01-27: `psutil-0.1.0.tar.gz <https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/p/psutil/psutil-0.1.0.tar.gz>`_
diff --git a/python/psutil/TODO b/python/psutil/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5df809d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+TODO
+====
+
+A collection of ideas and notes about stuff to implement in future versions.
+"#NNN" occurrences refer to bug tracker issues at:
+https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues
+
+
+HIGHER PRIORITY
+===============
+
+ * OpenBSD support.
+
+ * #371: CPU temperature (apparently OSX and Linux only; on Linux it requires
+   lm-sensors lib).
+
+ * #269: expose network ifaces RX/TW queues. This should probably go into
+   net_if_stats(). Figure out on what platforms this is supported:
+   Linux: yes
+   Others: ?
+
+ * Process.threads(): thread names; patch for OSX available at:
+   https://code.google.com/p/plcrashreporter/issues/detail?id=65
+
+ * Asynchronous psutil.Popen (see http://bugs.python.org/issue1191964)
+
+ * (Windows) fall back on using WMIC for Process methods returning AccessDenied
+
+ * #613: thread names.
+
+ * #604: emulate os.getloadavg() on Windows
+
+ * #269: NIC rx/tx queue.
+
+
+LOWER PRIORITY
+==============
+
+ * #355: Android support.
+
+ * #276: GNU/Hurd support.
+
+ * #429: NetBSD support.
+
+ * DragonFlyBSD support?
+
+ * AIX support?
+
+ * examples/taskmgr-gui.py (using tk).
+
+ * system-wide number of open file descriptors:
+    * https://jira.hyperic.com/browse/SIGAR-30
+    * http://www.netadmintools.com/part295.html
+
+ * Number of system threads.
+    * Windows: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms684824(v=vs.85).aspx
+
+ * #357: what CPU a process is on.
+
+  * Doc / wiki which compares similarities between UNIX cli tools and psutil.
+   Example:
+   df -a  ->  psutil.disk_partitions
+   lsof   ->  psutil.Process.open_files() and psutil.Process.open_connections()
+   killall->  (actual script)
+   tty    ->  psutil.Process.terminal()
+   who    ->  psutil.users()
+
+
+DEBATABLE
+=========
+
+ * psutil.proc_tree() something which obtains a {pid:ppid, ...} dict for
+   all running processes in one shot. This can be factored out from
+   Process.children() and exposed as a first class function.
+   PROS: on Windows we can take advantage of _psutil_windows.ppid_map()
+   which is faster than iterating over all pids and calling ppid().
+   CONS: examples/pstree.py shows this can be easily done in the user code
+   so maybe it's not worth the addition.
+
+ * advanced cmdline interface exposing the whole API and providing different
+   kind of outputs (e.g. pprinted, colorized, json).
+
+ * [Linux]: process cgroups (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups). They look
+   similar to prlimit() in terms of functionality but uglier (they should allow
+   limiting per-process network IO resources though, which is great). Needs
+   further reading.
+
+ * Should we expose OS constants (psutil.WINDOWS, psutil.OSX etc.)?
+
+ * Python 3.3. exposed different sched.h functions:
+   http://docs.python.org/dev/whatsnew/3.3.html#os
+   http://bugs.python.org/issue12655
+   http://docs.python.org/dev/library/os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler
+   It might be worth to take a look and figure out whether we can include some
+   of those in psutil.
+   Also, we can probably reimplement wait_pid() on POSIX which is currently
+   implemented as a busy-loop.
+
+ * Certain systems provide CPU times about process children. On those systems
+   Process.cpu_times() might return a (user, system, user_children,
+   system_children) ntuple.
+   * Linux: /proc/{PID}/stat
+   * Solaris: pr_cutime and pr_cstime
+   * FreeBSD: none
+   * OSX: none
+   * Windows: none
+
+ * ...also, os.times() provides 'elapsed' times as well.
+
+ * ...also Linux provides guest_time and cguest_time.
+
+ * Enrich exception classes hierarchy on Python >= 3.3 / post PEP-3151 so that:
+   - NoSuchProcess inherits from ProcessLookupError
+   - AccessDenied inherits from PermissionError
+   - TimeoutExpired inherits from TimeoutError (debatable)
+   See: http://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#os-exceptions
+
+ * Process.threads() might grow an extra "id" parameter so that it can be
+   used as such:
+
+    >>> p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+    >>> p.threads(id=psutil.current_thread_id())
+    thread(id=2539, user_time=0.03, system_time=0.02)
+    >>>
+
+   Note: this leads to questions such as "should we have a custom NoSuchThread
+   exception? Also see issue #418.
+
+   Note #2: this would work with os.getpid() only.
+   psutil.current_thread_id() might be desirable as per issue #418 though.
+
+  * should psutil.TimeoutExpired exception have a 'msg' kwarg similar to
+    NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied? Not that we need it, but currently we
+    cannot raise a TimeoutExpired exception with a specific error string.
+
+  * process_iter() might grow an "attrs" parameter similar to Process.as_dict()
+    invoke the necessary methods and include the results into a "cache"
+    attribute attached to the returned Process instances so that one can avoid
+    catching NSP and AccessDenied:
+        for p in process_iter(attrs=['cpu_percent']):
+            print(p.cache['cpu_percent'])
+    This also leads questions as whether we should introduce a sorting order.
+
+  * round Process.memory_percent() result?
+
+  * #550: number of threads per core.
+
+  * Have psutil.Process().cpu_affinity([]) be an alias for "all CPUs"?
+
+
+COMPATIBILITY BREAKAGE
+======================
+
+Removals (will likely happen in 2.2):
+
+ * (S) psutil.Process.nice  (deprecated in 0.5.0)
+ * (S) get_process_list  (deprecated in 0.5.0)
+ * (S) psutil.*mem* functions  (deprecated in 0.3.0 and 0.6.0)
+ * (M) psutil.network_io_counters  (deprecated in 1.0.0)
+ * (M) local_address and remote_address Process.connection() namedtuple fields
+       (deprecated in 1.0.0)
+
+
+REJECTED IDEAS
+==============
+
+STUB
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/Makefile b/python/psutil/docs/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b23ab4ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+BUILDDIR      = _build
+
+# User-friendly check for sphinx-build
+ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1)
+$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/)
+endif
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
+I18NSPHINXOPTS  = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html       to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
+	@echo "  pickle     to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json       to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
+	@echo "  epub       to make an epub"
+	@echo "  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  latexpdf   to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
+	@echo "  latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
+	@echo "  text       to make text files"
+	@echo "  man        to make manual pages"
+	@echo "  texinfo    to make Texinfo files"
+	@echo "  info       to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
+	@echo "  gettext    to make PO message catalogs"
+	@echo "  changes    to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  xml        to make Docutils-native XML files"
+	@echo "  pseudoxml  to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
+	@echo "  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)
+
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
+
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
+
+singlehtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
+
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
+
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/psutil.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/psutil.qhc"
+
+devhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished."
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/psutil"
+	@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/psutil"
+	@echo "# devhelp"
+
+epub:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
+
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
+	      "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
+
+latexpdf:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
+	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
+	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+
+latexpdfja:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
+	$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
+	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+
+text:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
+
+man:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
+
+texinfo:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
+	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
+	      "(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
+
+info:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
+	@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
+	make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
+	@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
+
+gettext:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
+
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
+
+xml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
+
+pseudoxml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/README b/python/psutil/docs/README
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3aaea8a5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/README
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+About
+=====
+
+This directory contains the reStructuredText (reST) sources to the psutil
+documentation.  You don't need to build them yourself, prebuilt versions are
+available at https://pythonhosted.org/psutil/.
+In case you want, you need to install sphinx first:
+
+    $ pip install sphinx
+
+Then run:
+
+    $ make html
+
+You'll then have an HTML version of the doc at _build/html/index.html.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_static/copybutton.js b/python/psutil/docs/_static/copybutton.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d82c672b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_static/copybutton.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+$(document).ready(function() {
+    /* Add a [>>>] button on the top-right corner of code samples to hide
+     * the >>> and ... prompts and the output and thus make the code
+     * copyable. */
+    var div = $('.highlight-python .highlight,' +
+                '.highlight-python3 .highlight')
+    var pre = div.find('pre');
+
+    // get the styles from the current theme
+    pre.parent().parent().css('position', 'relative');
+    var hide_text = 'Hide the prompts and output';
+    var show_text = 'Show the prompts and output';
+    var border_width = pre.css('border-top-width');
+    var border_style = pre.css('border-top-style');
+    var border_color = pre.css('border-top-color');
+    var button_styles = {
+        'cursor':'pointer', 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '0', 'right': '0',
+        'border-color': border_color, 'border-style': border_style,
+        'border-width': border_width, 'color': border_color, 'text-size': '75%',
+        'font-family': 'monospace', 'padding-left': '0.2em', 'padding-right': '0.2em',
+        'border-radius': '0 3px 0 0'
+    }
+
+    // create and add the button to all the code blocks that contain >>>
+    div.each(function(index) {
+        var jthis = $(this);
+        if (jthis.find('.gp').length > 0) {
+            var button = $('<span class="copybutton">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>');
+            button.css(button_styles)
+            button.attr('title', hide_text);
+            jthis.prepend(button);
+        }
+        // tracebacks (.gt) contain bare text elements that need to be
+        // wrapped in a span to work with .nextUntil() (see later)
+        jthis.find('pre:has(.gt)').contents().filter(function() {
+            return ((this.nodeType == 3) && (this.data.trim().length > 0));
+        }).wrap('<span>');
+    });
+
+    // define the behavior of the button when it's clicked
+    $('.copybutton').toggle(
+        function() {
+            var button = $(this);
+            button.parent().find('.go, .gp, .gt').hide();
+            button.next('pre').find('.gt').nextUntil('.gp, .go').css('visibility', 'hidden');
+            button.css('text-decoration', 'line-through');
+            button.attr('title', show_text);
+        },
+        function() {
+            var button = $(this);
+            button.parent().find('.go, .gp, .gt').show();
+            button.next('pre').find('.gt').nextUntil('.gp, .go').css('visibility', 'visible');
+            button.css('text-decoration', 'none');
+            button.attr('title', hide_text);
+        });
+});
+
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_static/favicon.ico b/python/psutil/docs/_static/favicon.ico
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9efc5844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_static/favicon.ico
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_static/logo.png b/python/psutil/docs/_static/logo.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d975ec9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_static/logo.png
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_static/sidebar.js b/python/psutil/docs/_static/sidebar.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..337696391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_static/sidebar.js
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/*
+ * sidebar.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This script makes the Sphinx sidebar collapsible.
+ *
+ * .sphinxsidebar contains .sphinxsidebarwrapper.  This script adds in
+ * .sphixsidebar, after .sphinxsidebarwrapper, the #sidebarbutton used to
+ * collapse and expand the sidebar.
+ *
+ * When the sidebar is collapsed the .sphinxsidebarwrapper is hidden and the
+ * width of the sidebar and the margin-left of the document are decreased.
+ * When the sidebar is expanded the opposite happens.  This script saves a
+ * per-browser/per-session cookie used to remember the position of the sidebar
+ * among the pages.  Once the browser is closed the cookie is deleted and the
+ * position reset to the default (expanded).
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+$(function() {
+  // global elements used by the functions.
+  // the 'sidebarbutton' element is defined as global after its
+  // creation, in the add_sidebar_button function
+  var bodywrapper = $('.bodywrapper');
+  var sidebar = $('.sphinxsidebar');
+  var sidebarwrapper = $('.sphinxsidebarwrapper');
+
+  // original margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+  // with the sidebar expanded
+  var bw_margin_expanded = bodywrapper.css('margin-left');
+  var ssb_width_expanded = sidebar.width();
+
+  // margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+  // with the sidebar collapsed
+  var bw_margin_collapsed = '.8em';
+  var ssb_width_collapsed = '.8em';
+
+  // colors used by the current theme
+  var dark_color = '#AAAAAA';
+  var light_color = '#CCCCCC';
+
+  function sidebar_is_collapsed() {
+    return sidebarwrapper.is(':not(:visible)');
+  }
+
+  function toggle_sidebar() {
+    if (sidebar_is_collapsed())
+      expand_sidebar();
+    else
+      collapse_sidebar();
+  }
+
+  function collapse_sidebar() {
+    sidebarwrapper.hide();
+    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_collapsed);
+    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_collapsed);
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'margin-left': '0',
+        //'height': bodywrapper.height(),
+        'height': sidebar.height(),
+        'border-radius': '5px'
+    });
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('»');
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Expand sidebar'));
+    document.cookie = 'sidebar=collapsed';
+  }
+
+  function expand_sidebar() {
+    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_expanded);
+    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_expanded);
+    sidebarwrapper.show();
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded-12,
+        //'height': bodywrapper.height(),
+        'height': sidebar.height(),
+        'border-radius': '0 5px 5px 0'
+    });
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('«');
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+    //sidebarwrapper.css({'padding-top':
+    //  Math.max(window.pageYOffset - sidebarwrapper.offset().top, 10)});
+    document.cookie = 'sidebar=expanded';
+  }
+
+  function add_sidebar_button() {
+    sidebarwrapper.css({
+        'float': 'left',
+        'margin-right': '0',
+        'width': ssb_width_expanded - 28
+    });
+    // create the button
+    sidebar.append(
+      '<div id="sidebarbutton"><span>&laquo;</span></div>'
+    );
+    var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+    // find the height of the viewport to center the '<<' in the page
+    var viewport_height;
+    if (window.innerHeight)
+ 	  viewport_height = window.innerHeight;
+    else
+	  viewport_height = $(window).height();
+    var sidebar_offset = sidebar.offset().top;
+
+    var sidebar_height = sidebar.height();
+    //var sidebar_height = Math.max(bodywrapper.height(), sidebar.height());
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').css({
+        'display': 'block',
+        'margin-top': sidebar_height/2 - 10
+        //'margin-top': (viewport_height - sidebar.position().top - 20) / 2
+        //'position': 'fixed',
+        //'top': Math.min(viewport_height/2, sidebar_height/2 + sidebar_offset) - 10
+    });
+
+    sidebarbutton.click(toggle_sidebar);
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'border-radius': '0 5px 5px 0',
+        'color': '#444444',
+        'background-color': '#CCCCCC',
+        'font-size': '1.2em',
+        'cursor': 'pointer',
+        'height': sidebar_height,
+        'padding-top': '1px',
+        'padding-left': '1px',
+        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded - 12
+    });
+
+    sidebarbutton.hover(
+      function () {
+          $(this).css('background-color', dark_color);
+      },
+      function () {
+          $(this).css('background-color', light_color);
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  function set_position_from_cookie() {
+    if (!document.cookie)
+      return;
+    var items = document.cookie.split(';');
+    for(var k=0; k<items.length; k++) {
+      var key_val = items[k].split('=');
+      var key = key_val[0];
+      if (key == 'sidebar') {
+        var value = key_val[1];
+        if ((value == 'collapsed') && (!sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+          collapse_sidebar();
+        else if ((value == 'expanded') && (sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+          expand_sidebar();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  add_sidebar_button();
+  var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+  set_position_from_cookie();
+});
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_template/globaltoc.html b/python/psutil/docs/_template/globaltoc.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5fbb406c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_template/globaltoc.html
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{#
+    basic/globaltoc.html
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Sphinx sidebar template: global table of contents.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2007-2011 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+#}
+<h3>{{ _('Manual') }}</h3>
+{{ toctree() }}
+<a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">Back to Welcome</a>
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_template/indexcontent.html b/python/psutil/docs/_template/indexcontent.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd5e7249a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_template/indexcontent.html
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{% extends "defindex.html" %}
+{% block tables %}
+
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_template/indexsidebar.html b/python/psutil/docs/_template/indexsidebar.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..903675d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_template/indexsidebar.html
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<h3>Useful links</h3>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil">Github project</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://grodola.blogspot.com/search/label/psutil">Blog</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=display&name=psutil#downloads">Download</a></li>
+  <li><a href="https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues">Issues</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/psutil/topics">Forum</a></li>
+</ul>
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_template/page.html b/python/psutil/docs/_template/page.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04b47b415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_template/page.html
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{% extends "!page.html" %}
+{% block extrahead %}
+{{ super() }}
+{% if not embedded %}<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ pathto('_static/copybutton.js', 1) }}"></script>{% endif %}
+<script type="text/javascript">
+
+  // Store editor pop-up help state in localStorage
+  // so it does not re-pop-up itself between page loads.
+  // Do not even to pretend to support IE gracefully.
+  (function($) {
+
+    $(document).ready(function() {
+        var box = $("#editor-trap");
+        var klass = "toggled";
+        var storageKey = "toggled";
+
+        function toggle() {
+            box.toggleClass(klass);
+            // Store the toggle status in local storage as "has value string" or null
+            window.localStorage.setItem(storageKey, box.hasClass(klass) ? "toggled" : "not-toggled");
+        }
+
+        box.click(toggle);
+
+        // Check the persistent state of the editor pop-up
+        // Note that localStorage does not necessarily support boolean values (ugh!)
+        // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3263161/cannot-set-boolean-values-in-localstorage
+        var v = window.localStorage.getItem(storageKey);
+        if(v == "toggled" || !v) {
+          box.addClass(klass);
+        }
+
+    });
+
+  })(jQuery);
+</script>
+<script type="text/javascript">
+
+  var _gaq = _gaq || [];
+  _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2097050-4']);
+  _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
+
+  (function() {
+    var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true;
+    ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js';
+    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);
+  })();
+
+</script>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block rootrellink %}
+    <li><a href="https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/"><img src="{{ pathto('_static/logo.png', 1) }}" style="height: 30px; vertical-align: middle; padding-right: 1em;" /> Project Homepage</a>{{ reldelim1 }}</li>
+	<li><a href="{{ pathto('index') }}">{{ shorttitle }}</a>{{ reldelim1 }}</li>
+{% endblock %}
+
+
+{% block footer %}
+<div class="footer">
+    &copy; Copyright {{ copyright|e }}.
+    <br />
+    Last updated on {{ last_updated|e }}.
+    <br />
+    Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> {{ sphinx_version|e }}.
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_themes/pydoctheme/static/pydoctheme.css b/python/psutil/docs/_themes/pydoctheme/static/pydoctheme.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4196e5582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_themes/pydoctheme/static/pydoctheme.css
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+@import url("default.css");
+
+body {
+    background-color: white;
+    margin-left: 1em;
+    margin-right: 1em;
+}
+
+div.related {
+    margin-bottom: 1.2em;
+    padding: 0.5em 0;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
+    margin-top: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.related a:hover {
+    color: #0095C4;
+}
+
+div.related:first-child {
+    border-top: 0;
+    padding-top: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+    background-color: #eeeeee;
+    border-radius: 5px;
+    line-height: 130%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3, div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    margin-top: 1.5em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper > h3:first-child {
+    margin-top: 0.2em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebarwrapper > ul > li > ul > li {
+    margin-bottom: 0.4em;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar a:hover {
+    color: #0095C4;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    font-family: 'Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans','DejaVu Sans',Arial,sans-serif;
+    border: 1px solid #999999;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input[type=text] {
+    max-width: 150px;
+}
+
+div.body {
+    padding: 0 0 0 1.2em;
+}
+
+div.body p {
+    line-height: 140%;
+}
+
+div.body h1, div.body h2, div.body h3, div.body h4, div.body h5, div.body h6 {
+    margin: 0;
+    border: 0;
+    padding: 0.3em 0;
+}
+
+div.body hr {
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: #ccc;
+    height: 1px;
+}
+
+div.body pre {
+    border-radius: 3px;
+    border: 1px solid #ac9;
+}
+
+div.body div.admonition, div.body div.impl-detail {
+    border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+div.body div.impl-detail > p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+div.body div.seealso {
+    border: 1px solid #dddd66;
+}
+
+div.body a {
+    color: #00608f;
+}
+
+div.body a:visited {
+    color: #30306f;
+}
+
+div.body a:hover {
+    color: #00B0E4;
+}
+
+tt, pre {
+    font-family: monospace, sans-serif;
+    font-size: 96.5%;
+}
+
+div.body tt {
+    border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+div.body tt.descname {
+    font-size: 120%;
+}
+
+div.body tt.xref, div.body a tt {
+    font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+p.deprecated {
+    border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+table.docutils {
+    border: 1px solid #ddd;
+    min-width: 20%;
+    border-radius: 3px;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    border: 1px solid #ddd !important;
+    border-radius: 3px;
+}
+
+table p, table li {
+    text-align: left !important;
+}
+
+table.docutils th {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    padding: 0.3em 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.docutils td {
+    background-color: white;
+    padding: 0.3em 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.footnote, table.footnote td {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+div.footer {
+    line-height: 150%;
+    margin-top: -2em;
+    text-align: right;
+    width: auto;
+    margin-right: 10px;
+}
+
+div.footer a:hover {
+    color: #0095C4;
+}
+
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3 {
+    background-color: #EAEAEA;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #CCC;
+    padding-top: 2px;
+    padding-bottom: 2px;
+    padding-left: 5px;
+    margin-top: 5px;
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.body h2 {
+    padding-left:10px;
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/_themes/pydoctheme/theme.conf b/python/psutil/docs/_themes/pydoctheme/theme.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95b97e536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/_themes/pydoctheme/theme.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[theme]
+inherit = default
+stylesheet = pydoctheme.css
+pygments_style = sphinx
+
+[options]
+bodyfont = 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Arial, sans-serif
+headfont = 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', 'DejaVu Sans', Arial, sans-serif
+footerbgcolor = white
+footertextcolor = #555555
+relbarbgcolor = white
+relbartextcolor = #666666
+relbarlinkcolor = #444444
+sidebarbgcolor = white
+sidebartextcolor = #444444
+sidebarlinkcolor = #444444
+bgcolor = white
+textcolor = #222222
+linkcolor = #0090c0
+visitedlinkcolor = #00608f
+headtextcolor = #1a1a1a
+headbgcolor = white
+headlinkcolor = #aaaaaa
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/conf.py b/python/psutil/docs/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fa163b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# psutil documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
+# containing dir.
+#
+# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
+# autogenerated file.
+#
+# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default.
+
+import datetime
+import os
+
+
+PROJECT_NAME = "psutil"
+AUTHOR = "Giampaolo Rodola'"
+THIS_YEAR = str(datetime.datetime.now().year)
+HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+def get_version():
+    INIT = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(HERE, '../psutil/__init__.py'))
+    with open(INIT, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith('__version__'):
+                ret = eval(line.strip().split(' = ')[1])
+                assert ret.count('.') == 2, ret
+                for num in ret.split('.'):
+                    assert num.isdigit(), ret
+                return ret
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("couldn't find version string")
+
+VERSION = get_version()
+
+# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
+needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
+# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
+# ones.
+extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc',
+              'sphinx.ext.coverage',
+              'sphinx.ext.pngmath',
+              'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
+              'sphinx.ext.intersphinx']
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_template']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The encoding of source files.
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General information about the project.
+project = PROJECT_NAME
+copyright = '2009-%s, %s' % (THIS_YEAR, AUTHOR)
+
+# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
+# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
+# built documents.
+#
+# The short X.Y version.
+version = VERSION
+
+# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
+# for a list of supported languages.
+# language = None
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+# today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+exclude_patterns = ['_build']
+
+# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
+# documents.
+# default_role = None
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+add_function_parentheses = True
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+# add_module_names = True
+
+autodoc_docstring_signature = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+# show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+
+# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
+# further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
+# documentation.
+html_theme = 'pydoctheme'
+html_theme_options = {'collapsiblesidebar': True}
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
+html_theme_path = ["_themes"]
+
+# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
+# "<project> v<release> documentation".
+html_title = "{project} {version} documentation".format(**locals())
+
+# A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
+# html_short_title = None
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
+# of the sidebar.
+# html_logo = 'logo.png'
+
+# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
+# docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
+# pixels large.
+html_favicon = '_static/favicon.ico'
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+html_sidebars = {
+    'index': 'indexsidebar.html',
+    '**': ['globaltoc.html',
+           'relations.html',
+           'sourcelink.html',
+           'searchbox.html']
+}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+# html_additional_pages = {
+#    'index': 'indexcontent.html',
+# }
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+html_domain_indices = False
+
+# If false, no index is generated.
+html_use_index = True
+
+# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
+# html_split_index = False
+
+# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
+# html_show_sourcelink = True
+
+# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+# html_show_sphinx = True
+
+# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
+# html_show_copyright = True
+
+# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
+# contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
+# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
+# html_use_opensearch = ''
+
+# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
+# html_file_suffix = None
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = '%s-doc' % PROJECT_NAME
+
+# -- Options for LaTeX output ------------------------------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+# latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+# latex_font_size = '10pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass
+# [howto/manual]).
+latex_documents = [
+    ('index', '%s.tex' % PROJECT_NAME,
+     '%s documentation' % PROJECT_NAME, AUTHOR),
+]
+
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at
+# the top of the title page.
+# latex_logo = None
+
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
+# not chapters.
+# latex_use_parts = False
+
+# If true, show page references after internal links.
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+# latex_show_urls = False
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+# latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+# latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+# latex_domain_indices = True
+
+
+# -- Options for manual page output ------------------------------------------
+
+# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
+# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
+man_pages = [
+    ('index', PROJECT_NAME, '%s documentation' % PROJECT_NAME, [AUTHOR], 1)
+]
+
+# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
+# man_show_urls = False
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/index.rst b/python/psutil/docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..443019226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@
+.. module:: psutil
+   :synopsis: psutil module
+.. moduleauthor:: Giampaolo Rodola' <grodola@gmail.com>
+
+.. warning::
+
+   This documentation refers to new 2.X version of psutil.
+   Instructions on how to port existing 1.2.1 code are
+   `here <http://grodola.blogspot.com/2014/01/psutil-20-porting.html>`__.
+   Old 1.2.1 documentation is still available
+   `here <https://code.google.com/p/psutil/wiki/Documentation>`__.
+
+psutil documentation
+====================
+
+Quick links
+-----------
+
+* `Home page <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil>`__
+* `Blog <http://grodola.blogspot.com/search/label/psutil>`__
+* `Forum <http://groups.google.com/group/psutil/topics>`__
+* `Download <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=display&name=psutil#downloads>`__
+* `Installation <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/INSTALL.rst>`_
+* `Development guide <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/DEVGUIDE.rst>`_
+* `What's new <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/HISTORY.rst>`__
+
+About
+-----
+
+From project's home page:
+
+  psutil (python system and process utilities) is a cross-platform library for
+  retrieving information on running
+  **processes** and **system utilization** (CPU, memory, disks, network) in
+  **Python**.
+  It is useful mainly for **system monitoring**, **profiling** and **limiting
+  process resources** and **management of running processes**.
+  It implements many functionalities offered by command line tools
+  such as: *ps, top, lsof, netstat, ifconfig, who, df, kill, free, nice,
+  ionice, iostat, iotop, uptime, pidof, tty, taskset, pmap*.
+  It currently supports **Linux, Windows, OSX, FreeBSD** and **Sun Solaris**,
+  both **32-bit** and **64-bit** architectures, with Python versions from
+  **2.6 to 3.4** (users of Python 2.4 and 2.5 may use `2.1.3 <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?name=psutil&version=2.1.3&:action=files>`__ version).
+  `PyPy <http://pypy.org/>`__ is also known to work.
+
+The psutil documentation you're reading is distributed as a single HTML page.
+
+System related functions
+========================
+
+CPU
+---
+
+.. function:: cpu_times(percpu=False)
+
+  Return system CPU times as a namedtuple.
+  Every attribute represents the seconds the CPU has spent in the given mode.
+  The attributes availability varies depending on the platform:
+
+  - **user**
+  - **system**
+  - **idle**
+  - **nice** *(UNIX)*
+  - **iowait** *(Linux)*
+  - **irq** *(Linux, FreeBSD)*
+  - **softirq** *(Linux)*
+  - **steal** *(Linux 2.6.11+)*
+  - **guest** *(Linux 2.6.24+)*
+  - **guest_nice** *(Linux 3.2.0+)*
+
+  When *percpu* is ``True`` return a list of namedtuples for each logical CPU
+  on the system.
+  First element of the list refers to first CPU, second element to second CPU
+  and so on.
+  The order of the list is consistent across calls.
+  Example output on Linux:
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.cpu_times()
+    scputimes(user=17411.7, nice=77.99, system=3797.02, idle=51266.57, iowait=732.58, irq=0.01, softirq=142.43, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+
+.. function:: cpu_percent(interval=None, percpu=False)
+
+  Return a float representing the current system-wide CPU utilization as a
+  percentage. When *interval* is > ``0.0`` compares system CPU times elapsed
+  before and after the interval (blocking).
+  When *interval* is ``0.0`` or ``None`` compares system CPU times elapsed
+  since last call or module import, returning immediately.
+  That means the first time this is called it will return a meaningless ``0.0``
+  value which you are supposed to ignore.
+  In this case is recommended for accuracy that this function be called with at
+  least ``0.1`` seconds between calls.
+  When *percpu* is ``True`` returns a list of floats representing the
+  utilization as a percentage for each CPU.
+  First element of the list refers to first CPU, second element to second CPU
+  and so on. The order of the list is consistent across calls.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> # blocking
+    >>> psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1)
+    2.0
+    >>> # non-blocking (percentage since last call)
+    >>> psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+    2.9
+    >>> # blocking, per-cpu
+    >>> psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1, percpu=True)
+    [2.0, 1.0]
+    >>>
+
+  .. warning::
+
+    the first time this function is called with *interval* = ``0.0`` or ``None``
+    it will return a meaningless ``0.0`` value which you are supposed to
+    ignore.
+
+.. function:: cpu_times_percent(interval=None, percpu=False)
+
+  Same as :func:`cpu_percent()` but provides utilization percentages for each
+  specific CPU time as is returned by
+  :func:`psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)<cpu_times()>`.
+  *interval* and
+  *percpu* arguments have the same meaning as in :func:`cpu_percent()`.
+
+  .. warning::
+
+    the first time this function is called with *interval* = ``0.0`` or
+    ``None`` it will return a meaningless ``0.0`` value which you are supposed
+    to ignore.
+
+.. function:: cpu_count(logical=True)
+
+    Return the number of logical CPUs in the system (same as
+    `os.cpu_count() <http://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.cpu_count>`__
+    in Python 3.4).
+    If *logical* is ``False`` return the number of physical cores only (hyper
+    thread CPUs are excluded). Return ``None`` if undetermined.
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> psutil.cpu_count()
+      4
+      >>> psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)
+      2
+      >>>
+
+Memory
+------
+
+.. function:: virtual_memory()
+
+  Return statistics about system memory usage as a namedtuple including the
+  following fields, expressed in bytes:
+
+  - **total**: total physical memory available.
+  - **available**: the actual amount of available memory that can be given
+    instantly to processes that request more memory in bytes; this is
+    calculated by summing different memory values depending on the platform
+    (e.g. free + buffers + cached on Linux) and it is supposed to be used to
+    monitor actual memory usage in a cross platform fashion.
+  - **percent**: the percentage usage calculated as
+    ``(total - available) / total * 100``.
+  - **used**: memory used, calculated differently depending on the platform and
+    designed for informational purposes only.
+  - **free**: memory not being used at all (zeroed) that is readily available;
+    note that this doesn't reflect the actual memory available (use 'available'
+    instead).
+
+  Platform-specific fields:
+
+  - **active**: (UNIX): memory currently in use or very recently used, and so
+    it is in RAM.
+  - **inactive**: (UNIX): memory that is marked as not used.
+  - **buffers**: (Linux, BSD): cache for things like file system metadata.
+  - **cached**: (Linux, BSD): cache for various things.
+  - **wired**: (BSD, OSX): memory that is marked to always stay in RAM. It is
+    never moved to disk.
+  - **shared**: (BSD): memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple
+    processes.
+
+  The sum of **used** and **available** does not necessarily equal **total**.
+  On Windows **available** and **free** are the same.
+  See `examples/meminfo.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/meminfo.py>`__
+  script providing an example on how to convert bytes in a human readable form.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> mem = psutil.virtual_memory()
+    >>> mem
+    svmem(total=8374149120L, available=1247768576L, percent=85.1, used=8246628352L, free=127520768L, active=3208777728, inactive=1133408256, buffers=342413312L, cached=777834496)
+    >>>
+    >>> THRESHOLD = 100 * 1024 * 1024  # 100MB
+    >>> if mem.available <= THRESHOLD:
+    ...     print("warning")
+    ...
+    >>>
+
+
+.. function:: swap_memory()
+
+  Return system swap memory statistics as a namedtuple including the following
+  fields:
+
+  * **total**: total swap memory in bytes
+  * **used**: used swap memory in bytes
+  * **free**: free swap memory in bytes
+  * **percent**: the percentage usage calculated as ``(total - available) / total * 100``
+  * **sin**: the number of bytes the system has swapped in from disk
+    (cumulative)
+  * **sout**: the number of bytes the system has swapped out from disk
+    (cumulative)
+
+  **sin** and **sout** on Windows are meaningless and are always set to ``0``.
+  See `examples/meminfo.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/meminfo.py>`__
+  script providing an example on how to convert bytes in a human readable form.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.swap_memory()
+    sswap(total=2097147904L, used=886620160L, free=1210527744L, percent=42.3, sin=1050411008, sout=1906720768)
+
+Disks
+-----
+
+.. function:: disk_partitions(all=False)
+
+  Return all mounted disk partitions as a list of namedtuples including device,
+  mount point and filesystem type, similarly to "df" command on UNIX. If *all*
+  parameter is ``False`` return physical devices only (e.g. hard disks, cd-rom
+  drives, USB keys) and ignore all others (e.g. memory partitions such as
+  `/dev/shm <http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/what-is-devshm-and-its-practical-usage.html>`__).
+  Namedtuple's **fstype** field is a string which varies depending on the
+  platform.
+  On Linux it can be one of the values found in /proc/filesystems (e.g.
+  ``'ext3'`` for an ext3 hard drive o ``'iso9660'`` for the CD-ROM drive).
+  On Windows it is determined via
+  `GetDriveType <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364939(v=vs.85).aspx>`__
+  and can be either ``"removable"``, ``"fixed"``, ``"remote"``, ``"cdrom"``,
+  ``"unmounted"`` or ``"ramdisk"``. On OSX and FreeBSD it is retrieved via
+  `getfsstat(2) <http://www.manpagez.com/man/2/getfsstat/>`__. See
+  `disk_usage.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/disk_usage.py>`__
+  script providing an example usage.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.disk_partitions()
+    [sdiskpart(device='/dev/sda3', mountpoint='/', fstype='ext4', opts='rw,errors=remount-ro'),
+     sdiskpart(device='/dev/sda7', mountpoint='/home', fstype='ext4', opts='rw')]
+
+.. function:: disk_usage(path)
+
+  Return disk usage statistics about the given *path* as a namedtuple including
+  **total**, **used** and **free** space expressed in bytes, plus the
+  **percentage** usage.
+  `OSError <http://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#OSError>`__ is
+  raised if *path* does not exist. See
+  `examples/disk_usage.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/disk_usage.py>`__
+  script providing an example usage. Starting from
+  `Python 3.3 <http://bugs.python.org/issue12442>`__  this is also
+  available as
+  `shutil.disk_usage() <http://docs.python.org/3/library/shutil.html#shutil.disk_usage>`__.
+  See
+  `disk_usage.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/disk_usage.py>`__
+  script providing an example usage.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.disk_usage('/')
+    sdiskusage(total=21378641920, used=4809781248, free=15482871808, percent=22.5)
+
+.. function:: disk_io_counters(perdisk=False)
+
+  Return system-wide disk I/O statistics as a namedtuple including the
+  following fields:
+
+  - **read_count**: number of reads
+  - **write_count**: number of writes
+  - **read_bytes**: number of bytes read
+  - **write_bytes**: number of bytes written
+  - **read_time**: time spent reading from disk (in milliseconds)
+  - **write_time**: time spent writing to disk (in milliseconds)
+
+  If *perdisk* is ``True`` return the same information for every physical disk
+  installed on the system as a dictionary with partition names as the keys and
+  the namedtuple described above as the values.
+  See `examples/iotop.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/iotop.py>`__
+  for an example application.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.disk_io_counters()
+    sdiskio(read_count=8141, write_count=2431, read_bytes=290203, write_bytes=537676, read_time=5868, write_time=94922)
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)
+    {'sda1': sdiskio(read_count=920, write_count=1, read_bytes=2933248, write_bytes=512, read_time=6016, write_time=4),
+     'sda2': sdiskio(read_count=18707, write_count=8830, read_bytes=6060, write_bytes=3443, read_time=24585, write_time=1572),
+     'sdb1': sdiskio(read_count=161, write_count=0, read_bytes=786432, write_bytes=0, read_time=44, write_time=0)}
+
+Network
+-------
+
+.. function:: net_io_counters(pernic=False)
+
+  Return system-wide network I/O statistics as a namedtuple including the
+  following attributes:
+
+  - **bytes_sent**: number of bytes sent
+  - **bytes_recv**: number of bytes received
+  - **packets_sent**: number of packets sent
+  - **packets_recv**: number of packets received
+  - **errin**: total number of errors while receiving
+  - **errout**: total number of errors while sending
+  - **dropin**: total number of incoming packets which were dropped
+  - **dropout**: total number of outgoing packets which were dropped (always 0
+    on OSX and BSD)
+
+  If *pernic* is ``True`` return the same information for every network
+  interface installed on the system as a dictionary with network interface
+  names as the keys and the namedtuple described above as the values.
+  See `examples/nettop.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/nettop.py>`__
+  for an example application.
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.net_io_counters()
+    snetio(bytes_sent=14508483, bytes_recv=62749361, packets_sent=84311, packets_recv=94888, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0)
+    >>>
+    >>> psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+    {'lo': snetio(bytes_sent=547971, bytes_recv=547971, packets_sent=5075, packets_recv=5075, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0),
+    'wlan0': snetio(bytes_sent=13921765, bytes_recv=62162574, packets_sent=79097, packets_recv=89648, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0)}
+
+.. function:: net_connections(kind='inet')
+
+  Return system-wide socket connections as a list of namedtuples.
+  Every namedtuple provides 7 attributes:
+
+  - **fd**: the socket file descriptor, if retrievable, else ``-1``.
+    If the connection refers to the current process this may be passed to
+    `socket.fromfd() <http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.fromfd>`__
+    to obtain a usable socket object.
+  - **family**: the address family, either `AF_INET
+    <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_INET>`__,
+    `AF_INET6 <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_INET6>`__
+    or `AF_UNIX <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_UNIX>`__.
+  - **type**: the address type, either `SOCK_STREAM
+    <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.SOCK_STREAM>`__ or
+    `SOCK_DGRAM
+    <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.SOCK_DGRAM>`__.
+  - **laddr**: the local address as a ``(ip, port)`` tuple or a ``path``
+    in case of AF_UNIX sockets.
+  - **raddr**: the remote address as a ``(ip, port)`` tuple or an absolute
+    ``path`` in case of UNIX sockets.
+    When the remote endpoint is not connected you'll get an empty tuple
+    (AF_INET*) or ``None`` (AF_UNIX).
+    On Linux AF_UNIX sockets will always have this set to ``None``.
+  - **status**: represents the status of a TCP connection. The return value
+    is one of the :data:`psutil.CONN_* <psutil.CONN_ESTABLISHED>` constants
+    (a string).
+    For UDP and UNIX sockets this is always going to be
+    :const:`psutil.CONN_NONE`.
+  - **pid**: the PID of the process which opened the socket, if retrievable,
+    else ``None``. On some platforms (e.g. Linux) the availability of this
+    field changes depending on process privileges (root is needed).
+
+  The *kind* parameter is a string which filters for connections that fit the
+  following criteria:
+
+  .. table::
+
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | **Kind value** | **Connections using**                               |
+   +================+=====================================================+
+   | "inet"         | IPv4 and IPv6                                       |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "inet4"        | IPv4                                                |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "inet6"        | IPv6                                                |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "tcp"          | TCP                                                 |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "tcp4"         | TCP over IPv4                                       |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "tcp6"         | TCP over IPv6                                       |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "udp"          | UDP                                                 |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "udp4"         | UDP over IPv4                                       |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "udp6"         | UDP over IPv6                                       |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "unix"         | UNIX socket (both UDP and TCP protocols)            |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+   | "all"          | the sum of all the possible families and protocols  |
+   +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+
+  On OSX this function requires root privileges.
+  To get per-process connections use :meth:`Process.connections`.
+  Also, see
+  `netstat.py sample script <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/netstat.py>`__.
+  Example:
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.net_connections()
+    [pconn(fd=115, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 48776), raddr=('93.186.135.91', 80), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=1254),
+     pconn(fd=117, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 43761), raddr=('72.14.234.100', 80), status='CLOSING', pid=2987),
+     pconn(fd=-1, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 60759), raddr=('72.14.234.104', 80), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=None),
+     pconn(fd=-1, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 51314), raddr=('72.14.234.83', 443), status='SYN_SENT', pid=None)
+     ...]
+
+  .. note:: (OSX) :class:`psutil.AccessDenied` is always raised unless running
+     as root (lsof does the same).
+  .. note:: (Solaris) UNIX sockets are not supported.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 2.1.0
+
+.. function:: net_if_addrs()
+
+  Return the addresses associated to each NIC (network interface card)
+  installed on the system as a dictionary whose keys are the NIC names and
+  value is a list of namedtuples for each address assigned to the NIC.
+  Each namedtuple includes 4 fields:
+
+  - **family**
+  - **address**
+  - **netmask**
+  - **broadcast**
+
+  *family* can be either
+  `AF_INET <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_INET>`__,
+  `AF_INET6 <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_INET6>`__
+  or :const:`psutil.AF_LINK`, which refers to a MAC address.
+  *address* is the primary address, *netmask* and *broadcast* may be ``None``.
+  Example::
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.net_if_addrs()
+    {'lo': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0', broadcast='127.0.0.1'),
+            snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, address='::1', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff', broadcast=None),
+            snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 17>, address='00:00:00:00:00:00', netmask=None, broadcast='00:00:00:00:00:00')],
+     'wlan0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='192.168.1.3', netmask='255.255.255.0', broadcast='192.168.1.255'),
+               snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 10>, address='fe80::c685:8ff:fe45:641%wlan0', netmask='ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::', broadcast=None),
+               snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_LINK: 17>, address='c4:85:08:45:06:41', netmask=None, broadcast='ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff')]}
+    >>>
+
+  See also `examples/ifconfig.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/ifconfig.py>`__
+  for an example application.
+
+  .. note:: if you're interested in others families (e.g. AF_BLUETOOTH) you can
+    use the more powerful `netifaces <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/netifaces/>`__
+    extension.
+
+  .. note:: you can have more than one address of the same family associated
+    with each interface (that's why dict values are lists).
+
+  *New in 3.0.0*
+
+.. function:: net_if_stats()
+
+  Return information about each NIC (network interface card) installed on the
+  system as a dictionary whose keys are the NIC names and value is a namedtuple
+  with the following fields:
+
+  - **isup**
+  - **duplex**
+  - **speed**
+  - **mtu**
+
+  *isup* is a boolean indicating whether the NIC is up and running, *duplex*
+  can be either :const:`NIC_DUPLEX_FULL`, :const:`NIC_DUPLEX_HALF` or
+  :const:`NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN`, *speed* is the NIC speed expressed in mega bits
+  (MB), if it can't be determined (e.g. 'localhost') it will be set to ``0``,
+  *mtu* is the maximum transmission unit expressed in bytes.
+  See also `examples/ifconfig.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/ifconfig.py>`__
+  for an example application.
+  Example:
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.net_if_stats()
+    {'eth0': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_FULL: 2>, speed=100, mtu=1500),
+     'lo': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: 0>, speed=0, mtu=65536)}
+
+  *New in 3.0.0*
+
+
+Other system info
+-----------------
+
+.. function:: users()
+
+  Return users currently connected on the system as a list of namedtuples
+  including the following fields:
+
+  - **user**: the name of the user.
+  - **terminal**: the tty or pseudo-tty associated with the user, if any,
+    else ``None``.
+  - **host**: the host name associated with the entry, if any.
+  - **started**: the creation time as a floating point number expressed in
+    seconds since the epoch.
+
+  Example::
+
+    >>> import psutil
+    >>> psutil.users()
+    [suser(name='giampaolo', terminal='pts/2', host='localhost', started=1340737536.0),
+     suser(name='giampaolo', terminal='pts/3', host='localhost', started=1340737792.0)]
+
+.. function:: boot_time()
+
+  Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch.
+  Example:
+
+  .. code-block:: python
+
+     >>> import psutil, datetime
+     >>> psutil.boot_time()
+     1389563460.0
+     >>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(psutil.boot_time()).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+     '2014-01-12 22:51:00'
+
+Processes
+=========
+
+Functions
+---------
+
+.. function:: pids()
+
+  Return a list of current running PIDs. To iterate over all processes
+  :func:`process_iter()` should be preferred.
+
+.. function:: pid_exists(pid)
+
+  Check whether the given PID exists in the current process list. This is
+  faster than doing ``"pid in psutil.pids()"`` and should be preferred.
+
+.. function:: process_iter()
+
+  Return an iterator yielding a :class:`Process` class instance for all running
+  processes on the local machine.
+  Every instance is only created once and then cached into an internal table
+  which is updated every time an element is yielded.
+  Cached :class:`Process` instances are checked for identity so that you're
+  safe in case a PID has been reused by another process, in which case the
+  cached instance is updated.
+  This is should be preferred over :func:`psutil.pids()` for iterating over
+  processes.
+  Sorting order in which processes are returned is
+  based on their PID. Example usage::
+
+    import psutil
+
+    for proc in psutil.process_iter():
+        try:
+            pinfo = proc.as_dict(attrs=['pid', 'name'])
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+        else:
+            print(pinfo)
+
+.. function:: wait_procs(procs, timeout=None, callback=None)
+
+  Convenience function which waits for a list of :class:`Process` instances to
+  terminate. Return a ``(gone, alive)`` tuple indicating which processes are
+  gone and which ones are still alive. The *gone* ones will have a new
+  *returncode* attribute indicating process exit status (it may be ``None``).
+  ``callback`` is a function which gets called every time a process terminates
+  (a :class:`Process` instance is passed as callback argument). Function will
+  return as soon as all processes terminate or when timeout occurs. Tipical use
+  case is:
+
+  - send SIGTERM to a list of processes
+  - give them some time to terminate
+  - send SIGKILL to those ones which are still alive
+
+  Example::
+
+    import psutil
+
+    def on_terminate(proc):
+        print("process {} terminated with exit code {}".format(proc, proc.returncode))
+
+    procs = [...]  # a list of Process instances
+    for p in procs:
+        p.terminate()
+    gone, alive = wait_procs(procs, timeout=3, callback=on_terminate)
+    for p in alive:
+        p.kill()
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+
+.. class:: Error()
+
+  Base exception class. All other exceptions inherit from this one.
+
+.. class:: NoSuchProcess(pid, name=None, msg=None)
+
+   Raised by :class:`Process` class methods when no process with the given
+   *pid* is found in the current process list or when a process no longer
+   exists. "name" is the name the process had before disappearing
+   and gets set only if :meth:`Process.name()` was previosly called.
+
+.. class:: ZombieProcess(pid, name=None, ppid=None, msg=None)
+
+   This may be raised by :class:`Process` class methods when querying a zombie
+   process on UNIX (Windows doesn't have zombie processes). Depending on the
+   method called the OS may be able to succeed in retrieving the process
+   information or not.
+   Note: this is a subclass of :class:`NoSuchProcess` so if you're not
+   interested in retrieving zombies (e.g. when using :func:`process_iter()`)
+   you can ignore this exception and just catch :class:`NoSuchProcess`.
+
+   *New in 3.0.0*
+
+.. class:: AccessDenied(pid=None, name=None, msg=None)
+
+    Raised by :class:`Process` class methods when permission to perform an
+    action is denied. "name" is the name of the process (may be ``None``).
+
+.. class:: TimeoutExpired(seconds, pid=None, name=None, msg=None)
+
+    Raised by :meth:`Process.wait` if timeout expires and process is still
+    alive.
+
+Process class
+-------------
+
+.. class:: Process(pid=None)
+
+  Represents an OS process with the given *pid*. If *pid* is omitted current
+  process *pid* (`os.getpid() <http://docs.python.org/library/os.html#os.getpid>`__)
+  is used.
+  Raise :class:`NoSuchProcess` if *pid* does not exist.
+  When accessing methods of this class always be  prepared to catch
+  :class:`NoSuchProcess` and :class:`AccessDenied` exceptions.
+  `hash() <http://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#hash>`__ builtin can
+  be used against instances of this class in order to identify a process
+  univocally over time (the hash is determined by mixing process PID
+  and creation time). As such it can also be used with
+  `set()s <http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#types-set>`__.
+
+  .. warning::
+
+    the way this class is bound to a process is uniquely via its **PID**.
+    That means that if the :class:`Process` instance is old enough and
+    the PID has been reused by another process in the meantime you might end up
+    interacting with another process.
+    The only exceptions for which process identity is pre-emptively checked
+    (via PID + creation time) and guaranteed are for
+    :meth:`nice` (set),
+    :meth:`ionice`  (set),
+    :meth:`cpu_affinity` (set),
+    :meth:`rlimit` (set),
+    :meth:`children`,
+    :meth:`parent`,
+    :meth:`suspend`
+    :meth:`resume`,
+    :meth:`send_signal`,
+    :meth:`terminate`, and
+    :meth:`kill`
+    methods.
+    To prevent this problem for all other methods you can use
+    :meth:`is_running()` before querying the process or use
+    :func:`process_iter()` in case you're iterating over all processes.
+
+  .. attribute:: pid
+
+     The process PID.
+
+  .. method:: ppid()
+
+     The process parent pid.  On Windows the return value is cached after first
+     call.
+
+  .. method:: name()
+
+     The process name. The return value is cached after first call.
+
+  .. method:: exe()
+
+     The process executable as an absolute path.
+     On some systems this may also be an empty string.
+     The return value is cached after first call.
+
+  .. method:: cmdline()
+
+     The command line this process has been called with.
+
+  .. method:: create_time()
+
+     The process creation time as a floating point number expressed in seconds
+     since the epoch, in
+     `UTC <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_universal_time>`__.
+     The return value is cached after first call.
+
+        >>> import psutil, datetime
+        >>> p = psutil.Process()
+        >>> p.create_time()
+        1307289803.47
+        >>> datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(p.create_time()).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        '2011-03-05 18:03:52'
+
+  .. method:: as_dict(attrs=None, ad_value=None)
+
+     Utility method returning process information as a hashable dictionary.
+     If *attrs* is specified it must be a list of strings reflecting available
+     :class:`Process` class's attribute names (e.g. ``['cpu_times', 'name']``)
+     else all public (read only) attributes are assumed. *ad_value* is the
+     value which gets assigned to a dict key in case :class:`AccessDenied`
+     or :class:`ZombieProcess` exception is raised when retrieving that
+     particular process information.
+
+        >>> import psutil
+        >>> p = psutil.Process()
+        >>> p.as_dict(attrs=['pid', 'name', 'username'])
+        {'username': 'giampaolo', 'pid': 12366, 'name': 'python'}
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0 *ad_value* is used also when incurring into
+        :class:`ZombieProcess` exception, not only :class:`AccessDenied`
+
+  .. method:: parent()
+
+     Utility method which returns the parent process as a :class:`Process`
+     object pre-emptively checking whether PID has been reused. If no parent
+     PID is known return ``None``.
+
+  .. method:: status()
+
+     The current process status as a string. The returned string is one of the
+     :data:`psutil.STATUS_*<psutil.STATUS_RUNNING>` constants.
+
+  .. method:: cwd()
+
+     The process current working directory as an absolute path.
+
+  .. method:: username()
+
+     The name of the user that owns the process. On UNIX this is calculated by
+     using real process uid.
+
+  .. method:: uids()
+
+     The **real**, **effective** and **saved** user ids of this process as a
+     namedtuple. This is the same as
+     `os.getresuid() <http://docs.python.org//library/os.html#os.getresuid>`__
+     but can be used for every process PID.
+
+     Availability: UNIX
+
+  .. method:: gids()
+
+     The **real**, **effective** and **saved** group ids of this process as a
+     namedtuple. This is the same as
+     `os.getresgid() <http://docs.python.org//library/os.html#os.getresgid>`__
+     but can be used for every process PID.
+
+     Availability: UNIX
+
+  .. method:: terminal()
+
+     The terminal associated with this process, if any, else ``None``. This is
+     similar to "tty" command but can be used for every process PID.
+
+     Availability: UNIX
+
+  .. method:: nice(value=None)
+
+     Get or set process
+     `niceness <blogs.techrepublic.com.com/opensource/?p=140>`__ (priority).
+     On UNIX this is a number which usually goes from ``-20`` to ``20``.
+     The higher the nice value, the lower the priority of the process.
+
+        >>> import psutil
+        >>> p = psutil.Process()
+        >>> p.nice(10)  # set
+        >>> p.nice()  # get
+        10
+        >>>
+
+     Starting from `Python 3.3 <http://bugs.python.org/issue10784>`__ this
+     functionality is also available as
+     `os.getpriority() <http://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.getpriority>`__
+     and
+     `os.setpriority() <http://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.setpriority>`__
+     (UNIX only).
+
+     On Windows this is available as well by using
+     `GetPriorityClass <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683211(v=vs.85).aspx>`__
+     and `SetPriorityClass <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686219(v=vs.85).aspx>`__
+     and *value* is one of the
+     :data:`psutil.*_PRIORITY_CLASS <psutil.ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS>`
+     constants.
+     Example which increases process priority on Windows:
+
+        >>> p.nice(psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+
+  .. method:: ionice(ioclass=None, value=None)
+
+     Get or set
+     `process I/O niceness <http://friedcpu.wordpress.com/2007/07/17/why-arent-you-using-ionice-yet/>`__ (priority).
+     On Linux *ioclass* is one of the
+     :data:`psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_*<psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE>` constants.
+     *value* is a number which goes from  ``0`` to ``7``. The higher the value,
+     the lower the I/O priority of the process. On Windows only *ioclass* is
+     used and it can be set to ``2`` (normal), ``1`` (low) or ``0`` (very low).
+     The example below sets IDLE priority class for the current process,
+     meaning it will only get I/O time when no other process needs the disk:
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> p = psutil.Process()
+      >>> p.ionice(psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)  # set
+      >>> p.ionice()  # get
+      pionice(ioclass=<IOPriority.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE: 3>, value=0)
+      >>>
+
+     On Windows only *ioclass* is used and it can be set to ``2`` (normal),
+     ``1`` (low) or ``0`` (very low).
+
+     Availability: Linux and Windows > Vista
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0 on >= Python 3.4 the returned ``ioclass``
+        constant is an `enum <https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html#module-enum>`__
+        instead of a plain integer.
+
+  .. method:: rlimit(resource, limits=None)
+
+     Get or set process resource limits (see
+     `man prlimit <http://linux.die.net/man/2/prlimit>`__). *resource* is one of
+     the :data:`psutil.RLIMIT_* <psutil.RLIMIT_INFINITY>` constants.
+     *limits* is a ``(soft, hard)`` tuple.
+     This is the same as `resource.getrlimit() <http://docs.python.org/library/resource.html#resource.getrlimit>`__
+     and `resource.setrlimit() <http://docs.python.org/library/resource.html#resource.setrlimit>`__
+     but can be used for every process PID and only on Linux.
+     Example:
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> p = psutil.Process()
+      >>> # process may open no more than 128 file descriptors
+      >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (128, 128))
+      >>> # process may create files no bigger than 1024 bytes
+      >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE, (1024, 1024))
+      >>> # get
+      >>> p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_FSIZE)
+      (1024, 1024)
+      >>>
+
+     Availability: Linux
+
+  .. method:: io_counters()
+
+     Return process I/O statistics as a namedtuple including the number of read
+     and write operations performed by the process and the amount of bytes read
+     and written. For Linux refer to
+     `/proc filesysem documentation <https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt>`__.
+     On BSD there's apparently no way to retrieve bytes counters, hence ``-1``
+     is returned for **read_bytes** and **write_bytes** fields. OSX is not
+     supported.
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> p = psutil.Process()
+      >>> p.io_counters()
+      pio(read_count=454556, write_count=3456, read_bytes=110592, write_bytes=0)
+
+     Availability: all platforms except OSX and Solaris
+
+  .. method:: num_ctx_switches()
+
+     The number voluntary and involuntary context switches performed by
+     this process.
+
+  .. method:: num_fds()
+
+     The number of file descriptors used by this process.
+
+     Availability: UNIX
+
+  .. method:: num_handles()
+
+     The number of handles used by this process.
+
+     Availability: Windows
+
+  .. method:: num_threads()
+
+     The number of threads currently used by this process.
+
+  .. method:: threads()
+
+     Return threads opened by process as a list of namedtuples including thread
+     id and thread CPU times (user/system).
+
+  .. method:: cpu_times()
+
+     Return a tuple whose values are process CPU **user** and **system**
+     times which means the amount of time expressed in seconds that a process
+     has spent in
+     `user / system mode <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/556405/what-do-real-user-and-sys-mean-in-the-output-of-time1>`__.
+     This is similar to
+     `os.times() <http://docs.python.org//library/os.html#os.times>`__
+     but can be used for every process PID.
+
+  .. method:: cpu_percent(interval=None)
+
+     Return a float representing the process CPU utilization as a percentage.
+     When *interval* is > ``0.0`` compares process times to system CPU times
+     elapsed before and after the interval (blocking). When interval is ``0.0``
+     or ``None`` compares process times to system CPU times elapsed since last
+     call, returning immediately. That means the first time this is called it
+     will return a meaningless ``0.0`` value which you are supposed to ignore.
+     In this case is recommended for accuracy that this function be called a
+     second time with at least ``0.1`` seconds between calls. Example:
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> p = psutil.Process()
+      >>>
+      >>> # blocking
+      >>> p.cpu_percent(interval=1)
+      2.0
+      >>> # non-blocking (percentage since last call)
+      >>> p.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+      2.9
+      >>>
+
+     .. note::
+        a percentage > 100 is legitimate as it can result from a process with
+        multiple threads running on different CPU cores.
+
+     .. warning::
+        the first time this method is called with interval = ``0.0`` or
+        ``None`` it will return a meaningless ``0.0`` value which you are
+        supposed to ignore.
+
+  .. method:: cpu_affinity(cpus=None)
+
+     Get or set process current
+     `CPU affinity <http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6799?page=0,0>`__.
+     CPU affinity consists in telling the OS to run a certain process on a
+     limited set of CPUs only. The number of eligible CPUs can be obtained with
+     ``list(range(psutil.cpu_count()))``. On set raises ``ValueError`` in case
+     an invalid CPU number is specified.
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> psutil.cpu_count()
+      4
+      >>> p = psutil.Process()
+      >>> p.cpu_affinity()  # get
+      [0, 1, 2, 3]
+      >>> p.cpu_affinity([0])  # set; from now on, process will run on CPU #0 only
+      >>> p.cpu_affinity()
+      [0]
+      >>>
+      >>> # reset affinity against all CPUs
+      >>> all_cpus = list(range(psutil.cpu_count()))
+      >>> p.cpu_affinity(all_cpus)
+      >>>
+
+     Availability: Linux, Windows, BSD
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 2.2.0 added support for FreeBSD
+
+  .. method:: memory_info()
+
+     Return a tuple representing RSS (Resident Set Size) and VMS (Virtual
+     Memory Size) in bytes. On UNIX *rss* and *vms* are the same values shown
+     by ps. On Windows *rss* and *vms* refer to "Mem Usage" and "VM Size"
+     columns of taskmgr.exe. For more detailed memory stats use
+     :meth:`memory_info_ex`.
+
+  .. method:: memory_info_ex()
+
+     Return a namedtuple with variable fields depending on the platform
+     representing extended memory information about the process.
+     All numbers are expressed in bytes.
+
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | Linux  | OSX     | BSD   | SunOS | Windows            |
+     +========+=========+=======+=======+====================+
+     | rss    | rss     | rss   | rss   | num_page_faults    |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | vms    | vms     | vms   | vms   | peak_wset          |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | shared | pfaults | text  |       | wset               |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | text   | pageins | data  |       | peak_paged_pool    |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | lib    |         | stack |       | paged_pool         |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | data   |         |       |       | peak_nonpaged_pool |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     | dirty  |         |       |       | nonpaged_pool      |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     |        |         |       |       | pagefile           |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     |        |         |       |       | peak_pagefile      |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+     |        |         |       |       | private            |
+     +--------+---------+-------+-------+--------------------+
+
+     Windows metrics are extracted from
+     `PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS_EX <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms684874(v=vs.85).aspx>`__ structure.
+     Example on Linux:
+
+     >>> import psutil
+     >>> p = psutil.Process()
+     >>> p.memory_info_ex()
+     pextmem(rss=15491072, vms=84025344, shared=5206016, text=2555904, lib=0, data=9891840, dirty=0)
+
+  .. method:: memory_percent()
+
+     Compare physical system memory to process resident memory (RSS) and
+     calculate process memory utilization as a percentage.
+
+  .. method:: memory_maps(grouped=True)
+
+     Return process's mapped memory regions as a list of namedtuples whose
+     fields are variable depending on the platform. As such, portable
+     applications should rely on namedtuple's `path` and `rss` fields only.
+     This method is useful to obtain a detailed representation of process
+     memory usage as explained
+     `here <http://bmaurer.blogspot.it/2006/03/memory-usage-with-smaps.html>`__.
+     If *grouped* is ``True`` the mapped regions with the same *path* are
+     grouped together and the different memory fields are summed.  If *grouped*
+     is ``False`` every mapped region is shown as a single entity and the
+     namedtuple will also include the mapped region's address space (*addr*)
+     and permission set (*perms*).
+     See `examples/pmap.py <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/examples/pmap.py>`__
+     for an example application.
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> p = psutil.Process()
+      >>> p.memory_maps()
+      [pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x8664-linux-gnu/libutil-2.15.so', rss=16384, anonymous=8192, swap=0),
+       pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x8664-linux-gnu/libc-2.15.so', rss=6384, anonymous=15, swap=0),
+       pmmap_grouped(path='/lib/x8664-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.0.1', rss=34124, anonymous=1245, swap=0),
+       pmmap_grouped(path='[heap]', rss=54653, anonymous=8192, swap=0),
+       pmmap_grouped(path='[stack]', rss=1542, anonymous=166, swap=0),
+       ...]
+      >>>
+
+  .. method:: children(recursive=False)
+
+     Return the children of this process as a list of :Class:`Process` objects,
+     pre-emptively checking whether PID has been reused. If recursive is `True`
+     return all the parent descendants.
+     Example assuming *A == this process*:
+     ::
+
+          A ─�
+             │
+             ├─ B (child) ─�
+             │             └─ X (grandchild) ─�
+             │                                └─ Y (great grandchild)
+             ├─ C (child)
+             └─ D (child)
+
+          >>> p.children()
+          B, C, D
+          >>> p.children(recursive=True)
+          B, X, Y, C, D
+
+     Note that in the example above if process X disappears process Y won't be
+     returned either as the reference to process A is lost.
+
+  .. method:: open_files()
+
+     Return regular files opened by process as a list of namedtuples including
+     the absolute file name and the file descriptor number (on Windows this is
+     always ``-1``). Example:
+
+     >>> import psutil
+     >>> f = open('file.ext', 'w')
+     >>> p = psutil.Process()
+     >>> p.open_files()
+     [popenfile(path='/home/giampaolo/svn/psutil/file.ext', fd=3)]
+
+     .. warning::
+       on Windows this is not fully reliable as due to some limitations of the
+       Windows API the underlying implementation may hang when retrieving
+       certain file handles.
+       In order to work around that psutil on Windows Vista (and higher) spawns
+       a thread and kills it if it's not responding after 100ms.
+       That implies that on Windows this method is not guaranteed to enumerate
+       all regular file handles (see full discusion
+       `here <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/pull/597>`_).
+
+     .. warning::
+       on FreeBSD this method can return files with a 'null' path (see
+       `issue 595 <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/pull/595>`_).
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 3.1.0 no longer hangs on Windows.
+
+  .. method:: connections(kind="inet")
+
+    Return socket connections opened by process as a list of namedtuples.
+    To get system-wide connections use :func:`psutil.net_connections()`.
+    Every namedtuple provides 6 attributes:
+
+    - **fd**: the socket file descriptor. This can be passed to
+      `socket.fromfd() <http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.fromfd>`__
+      to obtain a usable socket object.
+      This is only available on UNIX; on Windows ``-1`` is always returned.
+    - **family**: the address family, either `AF_INET
+      <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_INET>`__,
+      `AF_INET6 <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_INET6>`__
+      or `AF_UNIX <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.AF_UNIX>`__.
+    - **type**: the address type, either `SOCK_STREAM
+      <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.SOCK_STREAM>`__ or
+      `SOCK_DGRAM
+      <http://docs.python.org//library/socket.html#socket.SOCK_DGRAM>`__.
+    - **laddr**: the local address as a ``(ip, port)`` tuple or a ``path``
+      in case of AF_UNIX sockets.
+    - **raddr**: the remote address as a ``(ip, port)`` tuple or an absolute
+      ``path`` in case of UNIX sockets.
+      When the remote endpoint is not connected you'll get an empty tuple
+      (AF_INET) or ``None`` (AF_UNIX).
+      On Linux AF_UNIX sockets will always have this set to ``None``.
+    - **status**: represents the status of a TCP connection. The return value
+      is one of the :data:`psutil.CONN_* <psutil.CONN_ESTABLISHED>` constants.
+      For UDP and UNIX sockets this is always going to be
+      :const:`psutil.CONN_NONE`.
+
+    The *kind* parameter is a string which filters for connections that fit the
+    following criteria:
+
+    .. table::
+
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | **Kind value** | **Connections using**                               |
+     +================+=====================================================+
+     | "inet"         | IPv4 and IPv6                                       |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "inet4"        | IPv4                                                |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "inet6"        | IPv6                                                |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "tcp"          | TCP                                                 |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "tcp4"         | TCP over IPv4                                       |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "tcp6"         | TCP over IPv6                                       |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "udp"          | UDP                                                 |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "udp4"         | UDP over IPv4                                       |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "udp6"         | UDP over IPv6                                       |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "unix"         | UNIX socket (both UDP and TCP protocols)            |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+     | "all"          | the sum of all the possible families and protocols  |
+     +----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+
+    Example:
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> p = psutil.Process(1694)
+      >>> p.name()
+      'firefox'
+      >>> p.connections()
+      [pconn(fd=115, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 48776), raddr=('93.186.135.91', 80), status='ESTABLISHED'),
+       pconn(fd=117, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 43761), raddr=('72.14.234.100', 80), status='CLOSING'),
+       pconn(fd=119, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 60759), raddr=('72.14.234.104', 80), status='ESTABLISHED'),
+       pconn(fd=123, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=<SocketType.SOCK_STREAM: 1>, laddr=('10.0.0.1', 51314), raddr=('72.14.234.83', 443), status='SYN_SENT')]
+
+  .. method:: is_running()
+
+     Return whether the current process is running in the current process list.
+     This is reliable also in case the process is gone and its PID reused by
+     another process, therefore it must be preferred over doing
+     ``psutil.pid_exists(p.pid)``.
+
+     .. note::
+      this will return ``True`` also if the process is a zombie
+      (``p.status() == psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE``).
+
+  .. method:: send_signal(signal)
+
+     Send a signal to process (see
+     `signal module <http://docs.python.org//library/signal.html>`__
+     constants) pre-emptively checking whether PID has been reused.
+     This is the same as ``os.kill(pid, sig)``.
+     On Windows only **SIGTERM** is valid and is treated as an alias for
+     :meth:`kill()`.
+
+  .. method:: suspend()
+
+     Suspend process execution with **SIGSTOP** signal pre-emptively checking
+     whether PID has been reused.
+     On UNIX this is the same as ``os.kill(pid, signal.SIGSTOP)``.
+     On Windows this is done by suspending all process threads execution.
+
+  .. method:: resume()
+
+     Resume process execution with **SIGCONT** signal pre-emptively checking
+     whether PID has been reused.
+     On UNIX this is the same as ``os.kill(pid, signal.SIGCONT)``.
+     On Windows this is done by resuming all process threads execution.
+
+  .. method:: terminate()
+
+     Terminate the process with **SIGTERM** signal pre-emptively checking
+     whether PID has been reused.
+     On UNIX this is the same as ``os.kill(pid, signal.SIGTERM)``.
+     On Windows this is an alias for :meth:`kill`.
+
+  .. method:: kill()
+
+     Kill the current process by using **SIGKILL** signal pre-emptively
+     checking whether PID has been reused.
+     On UNIX this is the same as ``os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL)``.
+     On Windows this is done by using
+     `TerminateProcess <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686714(v=vs.85).aspx>`__.
+
+  .. method:: wait(timeout=None)
+
+     Wait for process termination and if the process is a children of the
+     current one also return the exit code, else ``None``. On Windows there's
+     no such limitation (exit code is always returned). If the process is
+     already terminated immediately return ``None`` instead of raising
+     :class:`NoSuchProcess`. If *timeout* is specified and process is still
+     alive raise :class:`TimeoutExpired` exception. It can also be used in a
+     non-blocking fashion by specifying ``timeout=0`` in which case it will
+     either return immediately or raise :class:`TimeoutExpired`.
+     To wait for multiple processes use :func:`psutil.wait_procs()`.
+
+
+Popen class
+-----------
+
+.. class:: Popen(*args, **kwargs)
+
+  A more convenient interface to stdlib
+  `subprocess.Popen <http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen>`__.
+  It starts a sub process and deals with it exactly as when using
+  `subprocess.Popen <http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen>`__
+  but in addition it also provides all the methods of
+  :class:`psutil.Process` class in a single interface.
+  For method names common to both classes such as
+  :meth:`send_signal() <psutil.Process.send_signal()>`,
+  :meth:`terminate() <psutil.Process.terminate()>` and
+  :meth:`kill() <psutil.Process.kill()>`
+  :class:`psutil.Process` implementation takes precedence.
+  For a complete documentation refer to
+  `subprocess module documentation <http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html>`__.
+
+  .. note::
+
+     Unlike `subprocess.Popen <http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen>`__
+     this class pre-emptively checks wheter PID has been reused on
+     :meth:`send_signal() <psutil.Process.send_signal()>`,
+     :meth:`terminate() <psutil.Process.terminate()>` and
+     :meth:`kill() <psutil.Process.kill()>`
+     so that you can't accidentally terminate another process, fixing
+     http://bugs.python.org/issue6973.
+
+  >>> import psutil
+  >>> from subprocess import PIPE
+  >>>
+  >>> p = psutil.Popen(["/usr/bin/python", "-c", "print('hello')"], stdout=PIPE)
+  >>> p.name()
+  'python'
+  >>> p.username()
+  'giampaolo'
+  >>> p.communicate()
+  ('hello\n', None)
+  >>> p.wait(timeout=2)
+  0
+  >>>
+
+Constants
+=========
+
+.. _const-pstatus:
+.. data:: STATUS_RUNNING
+          STATUS_SLEEPING
+          STATUS_DISK_SLEEP
+          STATUS_STOPPED
+          STATUS_TRACING_STOP
+          STATUS_ZOMBIE
+          STATUS_DEAD
+          STATUS_WAKE_KILL
+          STATUS_WAKING
+          STATUS_IDLE
+          STATUS_LOCKED
+          STATUS_WAITING
+
+  A set of strings representing the status of a process.
+  Returned by :meth:`psutil.Process.status()`.
+
+.. _const-conn:
+.. data:: CONN_ESTABLISHED
+          CONN_SYN_SENT
+          CONN_SYN_RECV
+          CONN_FIN_WAIT1
+          CONN_FIN_WAIT2
+          CONN_TIME_WAIT
+          CONN_CLOSE
+          CONN_CLOSE_WAIT
+          CONN_LAST_ACK
+          CONN_LISTEN
+          CONN_CLOSING
+          CONN_NONE
+          CONN_DELETE_TCB (Windows)
+          CONN_IDLE (Solaris)
+          CONN_BOUND (Solaris)
+
+  A set of strings representing the status of a TCP connection.
+  Returned by :meth:`psutil.Process.connections()` (`status` field).
+
+.. _const-prio:
+.. data:: ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
+          BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
+          HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS
+          IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS
+          NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
+          REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS
+
+  A set of integers representing the priority of a process on Windows (see
+  `MSDN documentation <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686219(v=vs.85).aspx>`__).
+  They can be used in conjunction with
+  :meth:`psutil.Process.nice()` to get or set process priority.
+
+  Availability: Windows
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0 on Python >= 3.4 these constants are
+    `enums <https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html#module-enum>`__
+    instead of a plain integer.
+
+.. _const-ioprio:
+.. data:: IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE
+          IOPRIO_CLASS_RT
+          IOPRIO_CLASS_BE
+          IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE
+
+  A set of integers representing the I/O priority of a process on Linux. They
+  can be used in conjunction with :meth:`psutil.Process.ionice()` to get or set
+  process I/O priority.
+  *IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE* and *IOPRIO_CLASS_BE* (best effort) is the default for
+  any process that hasn't set a specific I/O priority.
+  *IOPRIO_CLASS_RT* (real time) means the process is given first access to the
+  disk, regardless of what else is going on in the system.
+  *IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE* means the process will get I/O time when no-one else
+  needs the disk.
+  For further information refer to manuals of
+  `ionice <http://linux.die.net/man/1/ionice>`__
+  command line utility or
+  `ioprio_get <http://linux.die.net/man/2/ioprio_get>`__
+  system call.
+
+  Availability: Linux
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0 on Python >= 3.4 thse constants are
+    `enums <https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html#module-enum>`__
+    instead of a plain integer.
+
+.. _const-rlimit:
+.. data:: RLIMIT_INFINITY
+          RLIMIT_AS
+          RLIMIT_CORE
+          RLIMIT_CPU
+          RLIMIT_DATA
+          RLIMIT_FSIZE
+          RLIMIT_LOCKS
+          RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+          RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE
+          RLIMIT_NICE
+          RLIMIT_NOFILE
+          RLIMIT_NPROC
+          RLIMIT_RSS
+          RLIMIT_RTPRIO
+          RLIMIT_RTTIME
+          RLIMIT_RTPRIO
+          RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
+          RLIMIT_STACK
+
+  Constants used for getting and setting process resource limits to be used in
+  conjunction with :meth:`psutil.Process.rlimit()`. See
+  `man prlimit <http://linux.die.net/man/2/prlimit>`__ for futher information.
+
+  Availability: Linux
+
+.. _const-aflink:
+.. data:: AF_LINK
+
+  Constant which identifies a MAC address associated with a network interface.
+  To be used in conjunction with :func:`psutil.net_if_addrs()`.
+
+  *New in 3.0.0*
+
+.. _const-duplex:
+.. data:: NIC_DUPLEX_FULL
+          NIC_DUPLEX_HALF
+          NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN
+
+  Constants which identifies whether a NIC (network interface card) has full or
+  half mode speed.  NIC_DUPLEX_FULL means the NIC is able to send and receive
+  data (files) simultaneously, NIC_DUPLEX_FULL means the NIC can either send or
+  receive data at a time.
+  To be used in conjunction with :func:`psutil.net_if_stats()`.
+
+  *New in 3.0.0*
+
+Development guide
+=================
+
+If you plan on hacking on psutil (e.g. want to add a new feature or fix a bug)
+take a look at the
+`development guide <https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/blob/master/DEVGUIDE.rst>`_.
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/make.bat b/python/psutil/docs/make.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bc67515c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/make.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+@ECHO OFF
+
+REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
+
+if "%SPHINXBUILD%" == "" (
+	set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
+)
+set BUILDDIR=_build
+set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d %BUILDDIR%/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% .
+set I18NSPHINXOPTS=%SPHINXOPTS% .
+if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
+	set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
+	set I18NSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %I18NSPHINXOPTS%
+)
+
+if "%1" == "" goto help
+
+if "%1" == "help" (
+	:help
+	echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
+	echo.  html       to make standalone HTML files
+	echo.  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories
+	echo.  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file
+	echo.  pickle     to make pickle files
+	echo.  json       to make JSON files
+	echo.  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project
+	echo.  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project
+	echo.  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project
+	echo.  epub       to make an epub
+	echo.  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
+	echo.  text       to make text files
+	echo.  man        to make manual pages
+	echo.  texinfo    to make Texinfo files
+	echo.  gettext    to make PO message catalogs
+	echo.  changes    to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
+	echo.  xml        to make Docutils-native XML files
+	echo.  pseudoxml  to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes
+	echo.  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity
+	echo.  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "clean" (
+	for /d %%i in (%BUILDDIR%\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
+	del /q /s %BUILDDIR%\*
+	goto end
+)
+
+
+%SPHINXBUILD% 2> nul
+if errorlevel 9009 (
+	echo.
+	echo.The 'sphinx-build' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx
+	echo.installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point
+	echo.to the full path of the 'sphinx-build' executable. Alternatively you
+	echo.may add the Sphinx directory to PATH.
+	echo.
+	echo.If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from
+	echo.http://sphinx-doc.org/
+	exit /b 1
+)
+
+if "%1" == "html" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/html
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/html.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "singlehtml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b singlehtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "pickle" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pickle
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "json" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/json
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
+.hhp project file in %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "qthelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/qthelp
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
+.qhcp project file in %BUILDDIR%/qthelp, like this:
+	echo.^> qcollectiongenerator %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\psutil.qhcp
+	echo.To view the help file:
+	echo.^> assistant -collectionFile %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\psutil.ghc
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "devhelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b devhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/devhelp
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "epub" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b epub %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/epub
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The epub file is in %BUILDDIR%/epub.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "latex" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "latexpdf" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	cd %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	make all-pdf
+	cd %BUILDDIR%/..
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; the PDF files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "latexpdfja" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	cd %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	make all-pdf-ja
+	cd %BUILDDIR%/..
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; the PDF files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "text" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b text %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/text
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The text files are in %BUILDDIR%/text.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "man" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b man %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/man
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The manual pages are in %BUILDDIR%/man.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "texinfo" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b texinfo %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/texinfo
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The Texinfo files are in %BUILDDIR%/texinfo.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "gettext" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b gettext %I18NSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/locale
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The message catalogs are in %BUILDDIR%/locale.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "changes" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/changes
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.The overview file is in %BUILDDIR%/changes.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
+or in %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "doctest" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/doctest
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
+results in %BUILDDIR%/doctest/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "xml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b xml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/xml
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The XML files are in %BUILDDIR%/xml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "pseudoxml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b pseudoxml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pseudoxml
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in %BUILDDIR%/pseudoxml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+:end
diff --git a/python/psutil/docs/xxx b/python/psutil/docs/xxx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b78d53f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/docs/xxx
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+cpu  1974613 1749 485728 6305758 80280 15 5924 0 0 0
+
+cpu0 519156 374 132999 5977865 72925 10 1458 0 0 0
+
+cpu1 524667 401 125931 108960 2110 4 2214 0 0 0
+
+cpu2 462286 520 117046 109514 2666 0 828 0 0 0
+
+cpu3 468502 453 109750 109418 2578 0 1424 0 0 0
+
+
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/disk_usage.py b/python/psutil/examples/disk_usage.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d8600a8c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/disk_usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+List all mounted disk partitions a-la "df -h" command.
+
+$ python examples/disk_usage.py
+Device               Total     Used     Free  Use %      Type  Mount
+/dev/sdb3            18.9G    14.7G     3.3G    77%      ext4  /
+/dev/sda6           345.9G    83.8G   244.5G    24%      ext4  /home
+/dev/sda1           296.0M    43.1M   252.9M    14%      vfat  /boot/efi
+/dev/sda2           600.0M   312.4M   287.6M    52%   fuseblk  /media/Recovery
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import psutil
+
+
+def bytes2human(n):
+    # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578019
+    # >>> bytes2human(10000)
+    # '9.8K'
+    # >>> bytes2human(100001221)
+    # '95.4M'
+    symbols = ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y')
+    prefix = {}
+    for i, s in enumerate(symbols):
+        prefix[s] = 1 << (i + 1) * 10
+    for s in reversed(symbols):
+        if n >= prefix[s]:
+            value = float(n) / prefix[s]
+            return '%.1f%s' % (value, s)
+    return "%sB" % n
+
+
+def main():
+    templ = "%-17s %8s %8s %8s %5s%% %9s  %s"
+    print(templ % ("Device", "Total", "Used", "Free", "Use ", "Type",
+                   "Mount"))
+    for part in psutil.disk_partitions(all=False):
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            if 'cdrom' in part.opts or part.fstype == '':
+                # skip cd-rom drives with no disk in it; they may raise
+                # ENOENT, pop-up a Windows GUI error for a non-ready
+                # partition or just hang.
+                continue
+        usage = psutil.disk_usage(part.mountpoint)
+        print(templ % (
+            part.device,
+            bytes2human(usage.total),
+            bytes2human(usage.used),
+            bytes2human(usage.free),
+            int(usage.percent),
+            part.fstype,
+            part.mountpoint))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/free.py b/python/psutil/examples/free.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..913ca58a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/free.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of 'free' cmdline utility.
+
+$ python examples/free.py
+             total       used       free     shared    buffers      cache
+Mem:      10125520    8625996    1499524          0     349500    3307836
+Swap:            0          0          0
+"""
+
+import psutil
+
+
+def main():
+    virt = psutil.virtual_memory()
+    swap = psutil.swap_memory()
+    templ = "%-7s %10s %10s %10s %10s %10s %10s"
+    print(templ % ('', 'total', 'used', 'free', 'shared', 'buffers', 'cache'))
+    print(templ % (
+        'Mem:',
+        int(virt.total / 1024),
+        int(virt.used / 1024),
+        int(virt.free / 1024),
+        int(getattr(virt, 'shared', 0) / 1024),
+        int(getattr(virt, 'buffers', 0) / 1024),
+        int(getattr(virt, 'cached', 0) / 1024)))
+    print(templ % (
+        'Swap:', int(swap.total / 1024),
+        int(swap.used / 1024),
+        int(swap.free / 1024),
+        '',
+        '',
+        ''))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/ifconfig.py b/python/psutil/examples/ifconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7a436cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/ifconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of 'ifconfig' on UNIX.
+
+$ python examples/ifconfig.py
+lo (speed=0MB, duplex=?, mtu=65536, up=yes):
+    IPv4     address   : 127.0.0.1
+             broadcast : 127.0.0.1
+             netmask   : 255.0.0.0
+    IPv6     address   : ::1
+             netmask   : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
+    MAC      address   : 00:00:00:00:00:00
+             broadcast : 00:00:00:00:00:00
+
+wlan0 (speed=0MB, duplex=?, mtu=1500, up=yes):
+    IPv4     address   : 10.0.3.1
+             broadcast : 10.0.3.255
+             netmask   : 255.255.255.0
+    IPv6     address   : fe80::3005:adff:fe31:8698
+             netmask   : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
+    MAC      address   : 32:05:ad:31:86:98
+             broadcast : ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
+
+eth0 (speed=100MB, duplex=full, mtu=1500, up=yes):
+    IPv4     address   : 192.168.1.2
+             broadcast : 192.168.1.255
+             netmask   : 255.255.255.0
+    IPv6     address   : fe80::c685:8ff:fe45:641
+             netmask   : ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::
+    MAC      address   : c4:85:08:45:06:41
+             broadcast : ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import socket
+
+import psutil
+
+
+af_map = {
+    socket.AF_INET: 'IPv4',
+    socket.AF_INET6: 'IPv6',
+    psutil.AF_LINK: 'MAC',
+}
+
+duplex_map = {
+    psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_FULL: "full",
+    psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_HALF: "half",
+    psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: "?",
+}
+
+
+def main():
+    stats = psutil.net_if_stats()
+    for nic, addrs in psutil.net_if_addrs().items():
+        if nic in stats:
+            print("%s (speed=%sMB, duplex=%s, mtu=%s, up=%s):" % (
+                nic, stats[nic].speed, duplex_map[stats[nic].duplex],
+                stats[nic].mtu, "yes" if stats[nic].isup else "no"))
+        else:
+            print("%s:" % (nic))
+        for addr in addrs:
+            print("    %-8s" % af_map.get(addr.family, addr.family), end="")
+            print(" address   : %s" % addr.address)
+            if addr.broadcast:
+                print("             broadcast : %s" % addr.broadcast)
+            if addr.netmask:
+                print("             netmask   : %s" % addr.netmask)
+        print("")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/iotop.py b/python/psutil/examples/iotop.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..16ac7fbf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/iotop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of iotop (http://guichaz.free.fr/iotop/) showing real time
+disk I/O statistics.
+
+It works on Linux only (FreeBSD and OSX are missing support for IO
+counters).
+It doesn't work on Windows as curses module is required.
+
+Example output:
+
+$ python examples/iotop.py
+Total DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE: 472.00 K/s
+PID   USER      DISK READ  DISK WRITE  COMMAND
+13155 giampao    0.00 B/s  428.00 K/s  /usr/bin/google-chrome-beta
+3260  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  bash
+3779  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  gnome-session --session=ubuntu
+3830  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  /usr/bin/dbus-launch
+3831  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  //bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5
+3841  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  /usr/lib/at-spi-bus-launcher
+3845  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  /bin/dbus-daemon
+3848  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  /usr/lib/at-spi2-core/at-spi2-registryd
+3862  giampao    0.00 B/s    0.00 B/s  /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon
+
+Author: Giampaolo Rodola' <g.rodola@gmail.com>
+"""
+
+import atexit
+import time
+import sys
+try:
+    import curses
+except ImportError:
+    sys.exit('platform not supported')
+
+import psutil
+
+
+# --- curses stuff
+def tear_down():
+    win.keypad(0)
+    curses.nocbreak()
+    curses.echo()
+    curses.endwin()
+
+win = curses.initscr()
+atexit.register(tear_down)
+curses.endwin()
+lineno = 0
+
+
+def print_line(line, highlight=False):
+    """A thin wrapper around curses's addstr()."""
+    global lineno
+    try:
+        if highlight:
+            line += " " * (win.getmaxyx()[1] - len(line))
+            win.addstr(lineno, 0, line, curses.A_REVERSE)
+        else:
+            win.addstr(lineno, 0, line, 0)
+    except curses.error:
+        lineno = 0
+        win.refresh()
+        raise
+    else:
+        lineno += 1
+# --- /curses stuff
+
+
+def bytes2human(n):
+    """
+    >>> bytes2human(10000)
+    '9.8 K/s'
+    >>> bytes2human(100001221)
+    '95.4 M/s'
+    """
+    symbols = ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y')
+    prefix = {}
+    for i, s in enumerate(symbols):
+        prefix[s] = 1 << (i + 1) * 10
+    for s in reversed(symbols):
+        if n >= prefix[s]:
+            value = float(n) / prefix[s]
+            return '%.2f %s/s' % (value, s)
+    return '%.2f B/s' % (n)
+
+
+def poll(interval):
+    """Calculate IO usage by comparing IO statics before and
+    after the interval.
+    Return a tuple including all currently running processes
+    sorted by IO activity and total disks I/O activity.
+    """
+    # first get a list of all processes and disk io counters
+    procs = [p for p in psutil.process_iter()]
+    for p in procs[:]:
+        try:
+            p._before = p.io_counters()
+        except psutil.Error:
+            procs.remove(p)
+            continue
+    disks_before = psutil.disk_io_counters()
+
+    # sleep some time
+    time.sleep(interval)
+
+    # then retrieve the same info again
+    for p in procs[:]:
+        try:
+            p._after = p.io_counters()
+            p._cmdline = ' '.join(p.cmdline())
+            if not p._cmdline:
+                p._cmdline = p.name()
+            p._username = p.username()
+        except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.ZombieProcess):
+            procs.remove(p)
+    disks_after = psutil.disk_io_counters()
+
+    # finally calculate results by comparing data before and
+    # after the interval
+    for p in procs:
+        p._read_per_sec = p._after.read_bytes - p._before.read_bytes
+        p._write_per_sec = p._after.write_bytes - p._before.write_bytes
+        p._total = p._read_per_sec + p._write_per_sec
+
+    disks_read_per_sec = disks_after.read_bytes - disks_before.read_bytes
+    disks_write_per_sec = disks_after.write_bytes - disks_before.write_bytes
+
+    # sort processes by total disk IO so that the more intensive
+    # ones get listed first
+    processes = sorted(procs, key=lambda p: p._total, reverse=True)
+
+    return (processes, disks_read_per_sec, disks_write_per_sec)
+
+
+def refresh_window(procs, disks_read, disks_write):
+    """Print results on screen by using curses."""
+    curses.endwin()
+    templ = "%-5s %-7s %11s %11s  %s"
+    win.erase()
+
+    disks_tot = "Total DISK READ: %s | Total DISK WRITE: %s" \
+                % (bytes2human(disks_read), bytes2human(disks_write))
+    print_line(disks_tot)
+
+    header = templ % ("PID", "USER", "DISK READ", "DISK WRITE", "COMMAND")
+    print_line(header, highlight=True)
+
+    for p in procs:
+        line = templ % (
+            p.pid,
+            p._username[:7],
+            bytes2human(p._read_per_sec),
+            bytes2human(p._write_per_sec),
+            p._cmdline)
+        try:
+            print_line(line)
+        except curses.error:
+            break
+    win.refresh()
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        interval = 0
+        while True:
+            args = poll(interval)
+            refresh_window(*args)
+            interval = 1
+    except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+        pass
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/killall.py b/python/psutil/examples/killall.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b548e7bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/killall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+Kill a process by name.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import psutil
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        sys.exit('usage: %s name' % __file__)
+    else:
+        NAME = sys.argv[1]
+
+    killed = []
+    for proc in psutil.process_iter():
+        if proc.name() == NAME and proc.pid != os.getpid():
+            proc.kill()
+            killed.append(proc.pid)
+    if not killed:
+        sys.exit('%s: no process found' % NAME)
+    else:
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/meminfo.py b/python/psutil/examples/meminfo.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c463a3de4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/meminfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+Print system memory information.
+
+$ python examples/meminfo.py
+MEMORY
+------
+Total      :    9.7G
+Available  :    4.9G
+Percent    :    49.0
+Used       :    8.2G
+Free       :    1.4G
+Active     :    5.6G
+Inactive   :    2.1G
+Buffers    :  341.2M
+Cached     :    3.2G
+
+SWAP
+----
+Total      :      0B
+Used       :      0B
+Free       :      0B
+Percent    :     0.0
+Sin        :      0B
+Sout       :      0B
+"""
+
+import psutil
+
+
+def bytes2human(n):
+    # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578019
+    # >>> bytes2human(10000)
+    # '9.8K'
+    # >>> bytes2human(100001221)
+    # '95.4M'
+    symbols = ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y')
+    prefix = {}
+    for i, s in enumerate(symbols):
+        prefix[s] = 1 << (i + 1) * 10
+    for s in reversed(symbols):
+        if n >= prefix[s]:
+            value = float(n) / prefix[s]
+            return '%.1f%s' % (value, s)
+    return "%sB" % n
+
+
+def pprint_ntuple(nt):
+    for name in nt._fields:
+        value = getattr(nt, name)
+        if name != 'percent':
+            value = bytes2human(value)
+        print('%-10s : %7s' % (name.capitalize(), value))
+
+
+def main():
+    print('MEMORY\n------')
+    pprint_ntuple(psutil.virtual_memory())
+    print('\nSWAP\n----')
+    pprint_ntuple(psutil.swap_memory())
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/netstat.py b/python/psutil/examples/netstat.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..884622e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/netstat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of 'netstat -antp' on Linux.
+
+$ python examples/netstat.py
+Proto Local address      Remote address   Status        PID    Program name
+tcp   127.0.0.1:48256    127.0.0.1:45884  ESTABLISHED   13646  chrome
+tcp   127.0.0.1:47073    127.0.0.1:45884  ESTABLISHED   13646  chrome
+tcp   127.0.0.1:47072    127.0.0.1:45884  ESTABLISHED   13646  chrome
+tcp   127.0.0.1:45884    -                LISTEN        13651  GoogleTalkPlugi
+tcp   127.0.0.1:60948    -                LISTEN        13651  GoogleTalkPlugi
+tcp   172.17.42.1:49102  127.0.0.1:19305  CLOSE_WAIT    13651  GoogleTalkPlugi
+tcp   172.17.42.1:55797  127.0.0.1:443    CLOSE_WAIT    13651  GoogleTalkPlugi
+...
+"""
+
+import socket
+from socket import AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM
+
+import psutil
+
+
+AD = "-"
+AF_INET6 = getattr(socket, 'AF_INET6', object())
+proto_map = {
+    (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM): 'tcp',
+    (AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM): 'tcp6',
+    (AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM): 'udp',
+    (AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM): 'udp6',
+}
+
+
+def main():
+    templ = "%-5s %-30s %-30s %-13s %-6s %s"
+    print(templ % (
+        "Proto", "Local address", "Remote address", "Status", "PID",
+        "Program name"))
+    proc_names = {}
+    for p in psutil.process_iter():
+        try:
+            proc_names[p.pid] = p.name()
+        except psutil.Error:
+            pass
+    for c in psutil.net_connections(kind='inet'):
+        laddr = "%s:%s" % (c.laddr)
+        raddr = ""
+        if c.raddr:
+            raddr = "%s:%s" % (c.raddr)
+        print(templ % (
+            proto_map[(c.family, c.type)],
+            laddr,
+            raddr or AD,
+            c.status,
+            c.pid or AD,
+            proc_names.get(c.pid, '?')[:15],
+        ))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/nettop.py b/python/psutil/examples/nettop.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7a8343ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/nettop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# $Id: iotop.py 1160 2011-10-14 18:50:36Z g.rodola@gmail.com $
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+Shows real-time network statistics.
+
+Author: Giampaolo Rodola' <g.rodola@gmail.com>
+
+$ python examples/nettop.py
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+total bytes:           sent: 1.49 G       received: 4.82 G
+total packets:         sent: 7338724      received: 8082712
+
+wlan0                     TOTAL         PER-SEC
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+bytes-sent               1.29 G        0.00 B/s
+bytes-recv               3.48 G        0.00 B/s
+pkts-sent               7221782               0
+pkts-recv               6753724               0
+
+eth1                      TOTAL         PER-SEC
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+bytes-sent             131.77 M        0.00 B/s
+bytes-recv               1.28 G        0.00 B/s
+pkts-sent                     0               0
+pkts-recv               1214470               0
+"""
+
+import atexit
+import time
+import sys
+try:
+    import curses
+except ImportError:
+    sys.exit('platform not supported')
+
+import psutil
+
+
+# --- curses stuff
+def tear_down():
+    win.keypad(0)
+    curses.nocbreak()
+    curses.echo()
+    curses.endwin()
+
+win = curses.initscr()
+atexit.register(tear_down)
+curses.endwin()
+lineno = 0
+
+
+def print_line(line, highlight=False):
+    """A thin wrapper around curses's addstr()."""
+    global lineno
+    try:
+        if highlight:
+            line += " " * (win.getmaxyx()[1] - len(line))
+            win.addstr(lineno, 0, line, curses.A_REVERSE)
+        else:
+            win.addstr(lineno, 0, line, 0)
+    except curses.error:
+        lineno = 0
+        win.refresh()
+        raise
+    else:
+        lineno += 1
+# --- curses stuff
+
+
+def bytes2human(n):
+    """
+    >>> bytes2human(10000)
+    '9.8 K'
+    >>> bytes2human(100001221)
+    '95.4 M'
+    """
+    symbols = ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y')
+    prefix = {}
+    for i, s in enumerate(symbols):
+        prefix[s] = 1 << (i + 1) * 10
+    for s in reversed(symbols):
+        if n >= prefix[s]:
+            value = float(n) / prefix[s]
+            return '%.2f %s' % (value, s)
+    return '%.2f B' % (n)
+
+
+def poll(interval):
+    """Retrieve raw stats within an interval window."""
+    tot_before = psutil.net_io_counters()
+    pnic_before = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+    # sleep some time
+    time.sleep(interval)
+    tot_after = psutil.net_io_counters()
+    pnic_after = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+    return (tot_before, tot_after, pnic_before, pnic_after)
+
+
+def refresh_window(tot_before, tot_after, pnic_before, pnic_after):
+    """Print stats on screen."""
+    global lineno
+
+    # totals
+    print_line("total bytes:           sent: %-10s   received: %s" % (
+        bytes2human(tot_after.bytes_sent),
+        bytes2human(tot_after.bytes_recv))
+    )
+    print_line("total packets:         sent: %-10s   received: %s" % (
+        tot_after.packets_sent, tot_after.packets_recv))
+
+    # per-network interface details: let's sort network interfaces so
+    # that the ones which generated more traffic are shown first
+    print_line("")
+    nic_names = list(pnic_after.keys())
+    nic_names.sort(key=lambda x: sum(pnic_after[x]), reverse=True)
+    for name in nic_names:
+        stats_before = pnic_before[name]
+        stats_after = pnic_after[name]
+        templ = "%-15s %15s %15s"
+        print_line(templ % (name, "TOTAL", "PER-SEC"), highlight=True)
+        print_line(templ % (
+            "bytes-sent",
+            bytes2human(stats_after.bytes_sent),
+            bytes2human(
+                stats_after.bytes_sent - stats_before.bytes_sent) + '/s',
+        ))
+        print_line(templ % (
+            "bytes-recv",
+            bytes2human(stats_after.bytes_recv),
+            bytes2human(
+                stats_after.bytes_recv - stats_before.bytes_recv) + '/s',
+        ))
+        print_line(templ % (
+            "pkts-sent",
+            stats_after.packets_sent,
+            stats_after.packets_sent - stats_before.packets_sent,
+        ))
+        print_line(templ % (
+            "pkts-recv",
+            stats_after.packets_recv,
+            stats_after.packets_recv - stats_before.packets_recv,
+        ))
+        print_line("")
+    win.refresh()
+    lineno = 0
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        interval = 0
+        while True:
+            args = poll(interval)
+            refresh_window(*args)
+            interval = 1
+    except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+        pass
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/pidof.py b/python/psutil/examples/pidof.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8692a3152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/pidof.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola', karthikrev. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+
+"""
+A clone of 'pidof' cmdline utility.
+$ pidof python
+1140 1138 1136 1134 1133 1129 1127 1125 1121 1120 1119
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import psutil
+import sys
+
+
+def pidof(pgname):
+    pids = []
+    for proc in psutil.process_iter():
+        # search for matches in the process name and cmdline
+        try:
+            name = proc.name()
+        except psutil.Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if name == pgname:
+                pids.append(str(proc.pid))
+                continue
+
+        try:
+            cmdline = proc.cmdline()
+        except psutil.Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if cmdline and cmdline[0] == pgname:
+                pids.append(str(proc.pid))
+
+    return pids
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        sys.exit('usage: %s pgname' % __file__)
+    else:
+        pgname = sys.argv[1]
+    pids = pidof(pgname)
+    if pids:
+        print(" ".join(pids))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/pmap.py b/python/psutil/examples/pmap.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7593777ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/pmap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of 'pmap' utility on Linux, 'vmmap' on OSX and 'procstat -v' on BSD.
+Report memory map of a process.
+
+$ python examples/pmap.py 32402
+pid=32402, name=hg
+Address                 RSS  Mode    Mapping
+0000000000400000      1200K  r-xp    /usr/bin/python2.7
+0000000000838000         4K  r--p    /usr/bin/python2.7
+0000000000839000       304K  rw-p    /usr/bin/python2.7
+00000000008ae000        68K  rw-p    [anon]
+000000000275e000      5396K  rw-p    [heap]
+00002b29bb1e0000       124K  r-xp    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
+00002b29bb203000         8K  rw-p    [anon]
+00002b29bb220000       528K  rw-p    [anon]
+00002b29bb2d8000       768K  rw-p    [anon]
+00002b29bb402000         4K  r--p    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
+00002b29bb403000         8K  rw-p    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
+00002b29bb405000        60K  r-xp    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so
+00002b29bb41d000         0K  ---p    /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so
+00007fff94be6000        48K  rw-p    [stack]
+00007fff94dd1000         4K  r-xp    [vdso]
+ffffffffff600000         0K  r-xp    [vsyscall]
+...
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+import psutil
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        sys.exit('usage: pmap <pid>')
+    p = psutil.Process(int(sys.argv[1]))
+    print("pid=%s, name=%s" % (p.pid, p.name()))
+    templ = "%-16s %10s  %-7s %s"
+    print(templ % ("Address", "RSS", "Mode", "Mapping"))
+    total_rss = 0
+    for m in p.memory_maps(grouped=False):
+        total_rss += m.rss
+        print(templ % (
+            m.addr.split('-')[0].zfill(16),
+            str(m.rss / 1024) + 'K',
+            m.perms,
+            m.path))
+    print("-" * 33)
+    print(templ % ("Total", str(total_rss / 1024) + 'K', '', ''))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/process_detail.py b/python/psutil/examples/process_detail.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e20371aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/process_detail.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+Print detailed information about a process.
+Author: Giampaolo Rodola' <g.rodola@gmail.com>
+
+$ python examples/process_detail.py
+pid               820
+name              python
+exe               /usr/bin/python2.7
+parent            29613 (bash)
+cmdline           python examples/process_detail.py
+started           2014-41-27 03:41
+user              giampaolo
+uids              real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000
+gids              real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000
+terminal          /dev/pts/17
+cwd               /ssd/svn/psutil
+memory            0.1% (resident=10.6M, virtual=58.5M)
+cpu               0.0% (user=0.09, system=0.0)
+status            running
+niceness          0
+num threads       1
+I/O               bytes-read=0B, bytes-written=0B
+open files
+running threads   id=820, user-time=0.09, sys-time=0.0
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+
+import psutil
+
+
+POSIX = os.name == 'posix'
+
+
+def convert_bytes(n):
+    symbols = ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y')
+    prefix = {}
+    for i, s in enumerate(symbols):
+        prefix[s] = 1 << (i + 1) * 10
+    for s in reversed(symbols):
+        if n >= prefix[s]:
+            value = float(n) / prefix[s]
+            return '%.1f%s' % (value, s)
+    return "%sB" % n
+
+
+def print_(a, b):
+    if sys.stdout.isatty() and POSIX:
+        fmt = '\x1b[1;32m%-17s\x1b[0m %s' % (a, b)
+    else:
+        fmt = '%-15s %s' % (a, b)
+    # python 2/3 compatibility layer
+    sys.stdout.write(fmt + '\n')
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+
+def run(pid):
+    ACCESS_DENIED = ''
+    try:
+        p = psutil.Process(pid)
+        pinfo = p.as_dict(ad_value=ACCESS_DENIED)
+    except psutil.NoSuchProcess as err:
+        sys.exit(str(err))
+
+    try:
+        parent = p.parent()
+        if parent:
+            parent = '(%s)' % parent.name()
+        else:
+            parent = ''
+    except psutil.Error:
+        parent = ''
+    if pinfo['create_time'] != ACCESS_DENIED:
+        started = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
+            pinfo['create_time']).strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M')
+    else:
+        started = ACCESS_DENIED
+    io = pinfo.get('io_counters', ACCESS_DENIED)
+    if pinfo['memory_info'] != ACCESS_DENIED:
+        mem = '%s%% (resident=%s, virtual=%s) ' % (
+            round(pinfo['memory_percent'], 1),
+            convert_bytes(pinfo['memory_info'].rss),
+            convert_bytes(pinfo['memory_info'].vms))
+    else:
+        mem = ACCESS_DENIED
+    children = p.children()
+
+    print_('pid', pinfo['pid'])
+    print_('name', pinfo['name'])
+    print_('exe', pinfo['exe'])
+    print_('parent', '%s %s' % (pinfo['ppid'], parent))
+    print_('cmdline', ' '.join(pinfo['cmdline']))
+    print_('started', started)
+    print_('user', pinfo['username'])
+    if POSIX and pinfo['uids'] and pinfo['gids']:
+        print_('uids', 'real=%s, effective=%s, saved=%s' % pinfo['uids'])
+    if POSIX and pinfo['gids']:
+        print_('gids', 'real=%s, effective=%s, saved=%s' % pinfo['gids'])
+    if POSIX:
+        print_('terminal', pinfo['terminal'] or '')
+    print_('cwd', pinfo['cwd'])
+    print_('memory', mem)
+    print_('cpu', '%s%% (user=%s, system=%s)' % (
+        pinfo['cpu_percent'],
+        getattr(pinfo['cpu_times'], 'user', '?'),
+        getattr(pinfo['cpu_times'], 'system', '?')))
+    print_('status', pinfo['status'])
+    print_('niceness', pinfo['nice'])
+    print_('num threads', pinfo['num_threads'])
+    if io != ACCESS_DENIED:
+        print_('I/O', 'bytes-read=%s, bytes-written=%s' % (
+            convert_bytes(io.read_bytes),
+            convert_bytes(io.write_bytes)))
+    if children:
+        print_('children', '')
+        for child in children:
+            print_('', 'pid=%s name=%s' % (child.pid, child.name()))
+
+    if pinfo['open_files'] != ACCESS_DENIED:
+        print_('open files', '')
+        for file in pinfo['open_files']:
+            print_('', 'fd=%s %s ' % (file.fd, file.path))
+
+    if pinfo['threads']:
+        print_('running threads', '')
+        for thread in pinfo['threads']:
+            print_('', 'id=%s, user-time=%s, sys-time=%s' % (
+                thread.id, thread.user_time, thread.system_time))
+    if pinfo['connections'] not in (ACCESS_DENIED, []):
+        print_('open connections', '')
+        for conn in pinfo['connections']:
+            if conn.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+                type = 'TCP'
+            elif conn.type == socket.SOCK_DGRAM:
+                type = 'UDP'
+            else:
+                type = 'UNIX'
+            lip, lport = conn.laddr
+            if not conn.raddr:
+                rip, rport = '*', '*'
+            else:
+                rip, rport = conn.raddr
+            print_('', '%s:%s -> %s:%s type=%s status=%s' % (
+                lip, lport, rip, rport, type, conn.status))
+
+
+def main(argv=None):
+    if argv is None:
+        argv = sys.argv
+    if len(argv) == 1:
+        sys.exit(run(os.getpid()))
+    elif len(argv) == 2:
+        sys.exit(run(int(argv[1])))
+    else:
+        sys.exit('usage: %s [pid]' % __file__)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/ps.py b/python/psutil/examples/ps.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b67bd18f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/ps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of 'ps -aux' on UNIX.
+
+$ python examples/ps.py
+...
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import os
+import time
+
+import psutil
+
+
+def main():
+    today_day = datetime.date.today()
+    templ = "%-10s %5s %4s %4s %7s %7s %-13s %5s %7s  %s"
+    attrs = ['pid', 'cpu_percent', 'memory_percent', 'name', 'cpu_times',
+             'create_time', 'memory_info']
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        attrs.append('uids')
+        attrs.append('terminal')
+    print(templ % ("USER", "PID", "%CPU", "%MEM", "VSZ", "RSS", "TTY",
+                   "START", "TIME", "COMMAND"))
+    for p in psutil.process_iter():
+        try:
+            pinfo = p.as_dict(attrs, ad_value='')
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if pinfo['create_time']:
+                ctime = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(pinfo['create_time'])
+                if ctime.date() == today_day:
+                    ctime = ctime.strftime("%H:%M")
+                else:
+                    ctime = ctime.strftime("%b%d")
+            else:
+                ctime = ''
+            cputime = time.strftime("%M:%S",
+                                    time.localtime(sum(pinfo['cpu_times'])))
+            try:
+                user = p.username()
+            except KeyError:
+                if os.name == 'posix':
+                    if pinfo['uids']:
+                        user = str(pinfo['uids'].real)
+                    else:
+                        user = ''
+                else:
+                    raise
+            except psutil.Error:
+                user = ''
+            if os.name == 'nt' and '\\' in user:
+                user = user.split('\\')[1]
+            vms = pinfo['memory_info'] and \
+                int(pinfo['memory_info'].vms / 1024) or '?'
+            rss = pinfo['memory_info'] and \
+                int(pinfo['memory_info'].rss / 1024) or '?'
+            memp = pinfo['memory_percent'] and \
+                round(pinfo['memory_percent'], 1) or '?'
+            print(templ % (
+                user[:10],
+                pinfo['pid'],
+                pinfo['cpu_percent'],
+                memp,
+                vms,
+                rss,
+                pinfo.get('terminal', '') or '?',
+                ctime,
+                cputime,
+                pinfo['name'].strip() or '?'))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/pstree.py b/python/psutil/examples/pstree.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bf8c9c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/pstree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+Similar to 'ps aux --forest' on Linux, prints the process list
+as a tree structure.
+
+$ python examples/pstree.py
+0 ?
+|- 1 init
+| |- 289 cgmanager
+| |- 616 upstart-socket-bridge
+| |- 628 rpcbind
+| |- 892 upstart-file-bridge
+| |- 907 dbus-daemon
+| |- 978 avahi-daemon
+| | `_ 979 avahi-daemon
+| |- 987 NetworkManager
+| | |- 2242 dnsmasq
+| | `_ 10699 dhclient
+| |- 993 polkitd
+| |- 1061 getty
+| |- 1066 su
+| | `_ 1190 salt-minion...
+...
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import collections
+import sys
+
+import psutil
+
+
+def print_tree(parent, tree, indent=''):
+    try:
+        name = psutil.Process(parent).name()
+    except psutil.Error:
+        name = "?"
+    print(parent, name)
+    if parent not in tree:
+        return
+    children = tree[parent][:-1]
+    for child in children:
+        sys.stdout.write(indent + "|- ")
+        print_tree(child, tree, indent + "| ")
+    child = tree[parent][-1]
+    sys.stdout.write(indent + "`_ ")
+    print_tree(child, tree, indent + "  ")
+
+
+def main():
+    # construct a dict where 'values' are all the processes
+    # having 'key' as their parent
+    tree = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    for p in psutil.process_iter():
+        try:
+            tree[p.ppid()].append(p.pid)
+        except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.ZombieProcess):
+            pass
+    # on systems supporting PID 0, PID 0's parent is usually 0
+    if 0 in tree and 0 in tree[0]:
+        tree[0].remove(0)
+    print_tree(min(tree), tree)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/top.py b/python/psutil/examples/top.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7aebef1d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/top.py
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of top / htop.
+
+Author: Giampaolo Rodola' <g.rodola@gmail.com>
+
+$ python examples/top.py
+ CPU0  [|                                       ]   4.9%
+ CPU1  [|||                                     ]   7.8%
+ CPU2  [                                        ]   2.0%
+ CPU3  [|||||                                   ]  13.9%
+ Mem   [|||||||||||||||||||                     ]  49.8%  4920M/9888M
+ Swap  [                                        ]   0.0%     0M/0M
+ Processes: 287 (running=1 sleeping=286)
+ Load average: 0.34 0.54 0.46  Uptime: 3 days, 10:16:37
+
+PID    USER       NI  VIRT   RES   CPU% MEM%     TIME+  NAME
+------------------------------------------------------------
+989    giampaol    0   66M   12M    7.4  0.1   0:00.61  python
+2083   root        0  506M  159M    6.5  1.6   0:29.26  Xorg
+4503   giampaol    0  599M   25M    6.5  0.3   3:32.60  gnome-terminal
+3868   giampaol    0  358M    8M    2.8  0.1  23:12.60  pulseaudio
+3936   giampaol    0    1G  111M    2.8  1.1  33:41.67  compiz
+4401   giampaol    0  536M  141M    2.8  1.4  35:42.73  skype
+4047   giampaol    0  743M   76M    1.8  0.8  42:03.33  unity-panel-service
+13155  giampaol    0    1G  280M    1.8  2.8  41:57.34  chrome
+10     root        0    0B    0B    0.9  0.0   4:01.81  rcu_sched
+339    giampaol    0    1G  113M    0.9  1.1   8:15.73  chrome
+...
+"""
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+import atexit
+import os
+import time
+import sys
+try:
+    import curses
+except ImportError:
+    sys.exit('platform not supported')
+
+import psutil
+
+
+# --- curses stuff
+def tear_down():
+    win.keypad(0)
+    curses.nocbreak()
+    curses.echo()
+    curses.endwin()
+
+win = curses.initscr()
+atexit.register(tear_down)
+curses.endwin()
+lineno = 0
+
+
+def print_line(line, highlight=False):
+    """A thin wrapper around curses's addstr()."""
+    global lineno
+    try:
+        if highlight:
+            line += " " * (win.getmaxyx()[1] - len(line))
+            win.addstr(lineno, 0, line, curses.A_REVERSE)
+        else:
+            win.addstr(lineno, 0, line, 0)
+    except curses.error:
+        lineno = 0
+        win.refresh()
+        raise
+    else:
+        lineno += 1
+# --- /curses stuff
+
+
+def bytes2human(n):
+    """
+    >>> bytes2human(10000)
+    '9K'
+    >>> bytes2human(100001221)
+    '95M'
+    """
+    symbols = ('K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y')
+    prefix = {}
+    for i, s in enumerate(symbols):
+        prefix[s] = 1 << (i + 1) * 10
+    for s in reversed(symbols):
+        if n >= prefix[s]:
+            value = int(float(n) / prefix[s])
+            return '%s%s' % (value, s)
+    return "%sB" % n
+
+
+def poll(interval):
+    # sleep some time
+    time.sleep(interval)
+    procs = []
+    procs_status = {}
+    for p in psutil.process_iter():
+        try:
+            p.dict = p.as_dict(['username', 'nice', 'memory_info',
+                                'memory_percent', 'cpu_percent',
+                                'cpu_times', 'name', 'status'])
+            try:
+                procs_status[p.dict['status']] += 1
+            except KeyError:
+                procs_status[p.dict['status']] = 1
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+        else:
+            procs.append(p)
+
+    # return processes sorted by CPU percent usage
+    processes = sorted(procs, key=lambda p: p.dict['cpu_percent'],
+                       reverse=True)
+    return (processes, procs_status)
+
+
+def print_header(procs_status, num_procs):
+    """Print system-related info, above the process list."""
+
+    def get_dashes(perc):
+        dashes = "|" * int((float(perc) / 10 * 4))
+        empty_dashes = " " * (40 - len(dashes))
+        return dashes, empty_dashes
+
+    # cpu usage
+    percs = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=0, percpu=True)
+    for cpu_num, perc in enumerate(percs):
+        dashes, empty_dashes = get_dashes(perc)
+        print_line(" CPU%-2s [%s%s] %5s%%" % (cpu_num, dashes, empty_dashes,
+                                              perc))
+    mem = psutil.virtual_memory()
+    dashes, empty_dashes = get_dashes(mem.percent)
+    used = mem.total - mem.available
+    line = " Mem   [%s%s] %5s%% %6s/%s" % (
+        dashes, empty_dashes,
+        mem.percent,
+        str(int(used / 1024 / 1024)) + "M",
+        str(int(mem.total / 1024 / 1024)) + "M"
+    )
+    print_line(line)
+
+    # swap usage
+    swap = psutil.swap_memory()
+    dashes, empty_dashes = get_dashes(swap.percent)
+    line = " Swap  [%s%s] %5s%% %6s/%s" % (
+        dashes, empty_dashes,
+        swap.percent,
+        str(int(swap.used / 1024 / 1024)) + "M",
+        str(int(swap.total / 1024 / 1024)) + "M"
+    )
+    print_line(line)
+
+    # processes number and status
+    st = []
+    for x, y in procs_status.items():
+        if y:
+            st.append("%s=%s" % (x, y))
+    st.sort(key=lambda x: x[:3] in ('run', 'sle'), reverse=1)
+    print_line(" Processes: %s (%s)" % (num_procs, ' '.join(st)))
+    # load average, uptime
+    uptime = datetime.now() - datetime.fromtimestamp(psutil.boot_time())
+    av1, av2, av3 = os.getloadavg()
+    line = " Load average: %.2f %.2f %.2f  Uptime: %s" \
+        % (av1, av2, av3, str(uptime).split('.')[0])
+    print_line(line)
+
+
+def refresh_window(procs, procs_status):
+    """Print results on screen by using curses."""
+    curses.endwin()
+    templ = "%-6s %-8s %4s %5s %5s %6s %4s %9s  %2s"
+    win.erase()
+    header = templ % ("PID", "USER", "NI", "VIRT", "RES", "CPU%", "MEM%",
+                      "TIME+", "NAME")
+    print_header(procs_status, len(procs))
+    print_line("")
+    print_line(header, highlight=True)
+    for p in procs:
+        # TIME+ column shows process CPU cumulative time and it
+        # is expressed as: "mm:ss.ms"
+        if p.dict['cpu_times'] is not None:
+            ctime = timedelta(seconds=sum(p.dict['cpu_times']))
+            ctime = "%s:%s.%s" % (ctime.seconds // 60 % 60,
+                                  str((ctime.seconds % 60)).zfill(2),
+                                  str(ctime.microseconds)[:2])
+        else:
+            ctime = ''
+        if p.dict['memory_percent'] is not None:
+            p.dict['memory_percent'] = round(p.dict['memory_percent'], 1)
+        else:
+            p.dict['memory_percent'] = ''
+        if p.dict['cpu_percent'] is None:
+            p.dict['cpu_percent'] = ''
+        if p.dict['username']:
+            username = p.dict['username'][:8]
+        else:
+            username = ""
+        line = templ % (p.pid,
+                        username,
+                        p.dict['nice'],
+                        bytes2human(getattr(p.dict['memory_info'], 'vms', 0)),
+                        bytes2human(getattr(p.dict['memory_info'], 'rss', 0)),
+                        p.dict['cpu_percent'],
+                        p.dict['memory_percent'],
+                        ctime,
+                        p.dict['name'] or '',
+                        )
+        try:
+            print_line(line)
+        except curses.error:
+            break
+        win.refresh()
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        interval = 0
+        while True:
+            args = poll(interval)
+            refresh_window(*args)
+            interval = 1
+    except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+        pass
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/examples/who.py b/python/psutil/examples/who.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b382bebfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/examples/who.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A clone of 'who' command; print information about users who are
+currently logged in.
+
+$ python examples/who.py
+giampaolo       tty7            2014-02-23 17:25  (:0)
+giampaolo       pts/7           2014-02-24 18:25  (:192.168.1.56)
+giampaolo       pts/8           2014-02-24 18:25  (:0)
+giampaolo       pts/9           2014-02-27 01:32  (:0)
+"""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+
+import psutil
+
+
+def main():
+    users = psutil.users()
+    for user in users:
+        print("%-15s %-15s %s  (%s)" % (
+            user.name,
+            user.terminal or '-',
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(user.started).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"),
+            user.host))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/make.bat b/python/psutil/make.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c430101d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/make.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem ==========================================================================
+rem Shortcuts for various tasks, emulating UNIX "make" on Windows.
+rem It is primarly intended as a shortcut for compiling / installing
+rem psutil ("make.bat build", "make.bat install") and running tests
+rem ("make.bat test").
+rem
+rem This script is modeled after my Windows installation which uses:
+rem - Visual studio 2008 for Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
+rem - Visual studio 2010 for Python 3.3+
+rem ...therefore it might not work on your Windows installation.
+rem
+rem By default C:\Python27\python.exe is used.
+rem To compile for a specific Python version run:
+rem     set PYTHON=C:\Python34\python.exe & make.bat build
+rem
+rem To use a different test script:
+rem      set PYTHON=C:\Python34\python.exe & set TSCRIPT=foo.py & make.bat test
+rem ==========================================================================
+
+if "%PYTHON%" == "" (
+    set PYTHON=C:\Python27\python.exe
+)
+if "%TSCRIPT%" == "" (
+    set TSCRIPT=test\test_psutil.py
+)
+
+set PYTHON26=C:\Python26\python.exe
+set PYTHON27=C:\Python27\python.exe
+set PYTHON33=C:\Python33\python.exe
+set PYTHON34=C:\Python34\python.exe
+set PYTHON26-64=C:\Python26-64\python.exe
+set PYTHON27-64=C:\Python27-64\python.exe
+set PYTHON33-64=C:\Python33-64\python.exe
+set PYTHON34-64=C:\Python34-64\python.exe
+
+set ALL_PYTHONS=%PYTHON26% %PYTHON27% %PYTHON33% %PYTHON34% %PYTHON26-64% %PYTHON27-64% %PYTHON33-64% %PYTHON34-64%
+
+rem Needed to locate the .pypirc file and upload exes on PYPI.
+set HOME=%USERPROFILE%
+
+rem ==========================================================================
+
+if "%1" == "help" (
+    :help
+    echo Run `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of:
+    echo   build         compile without installing
+    echo   build-all     build exes + wheels
+    echo   clean         clean build files
+    echo   flake8        run flake8
+    echo   install       compile and install
+    echo   setup-dev-env install pip, pywin32, wheels, etc. for all python versions
+    echo   test          run tests
+    echo   test-memleaks run memory leak tests
+    echo   test-process  run process related tests
+    echo   test-system   run system APIs related tests
+    echo   uninstall     uninstall
+    echo   upload-all    upload exes + wheels
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "clean" (
+    for /r %%R in (__pycache__) do if exist %%R (rmdir /S /Q %%R)
+    for /r %%R in (*.pyc) do if exist %%R (del /s %%R)
+    for /r %%R in (*.pyd) do if exist %%R (del /s %%R)
+    for /r %%R in (*.orig) do if exist %%R (del /s %%R)
+    for /r %%R in (*.bak) do if exist %%R (del /s %%R)
+    for /r %%R in (*.rej) do if exist %%R (del /s %%R)
+    if exist psutil.egg-info (rmdir /S /Q psutil.egg-info)
+    if exist build (rmdir /S /Q build)
+    if exist dist (rmdir /S /Q dist)
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "build" (
+    :build
+    "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin\vcvars64.bat"
+    %PYTHON% setup.py build
+    if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :error
+	rem copies *.pyd files in ./psutil directory in order to allow
+	rem "import psutil" when using the interactive interpreter from
+    rem within this directory.
+    %PYTHON% setup.py build_ext -i
+    if %errorlevel% neq 0 goto :error
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "install" (
+    :install
+    call :build
+    %PYTHON% setup.py install
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "uninstall" (
+    for %%A in ("%PYTHON%") do (
+        set folder=%%~dpA
+    )
+    for /F "delims=" %%i in ('dir /b %folder%\Lib\site-packages\*psutil*') do (
+        rmdir /S /Q %folder%\Lib\site-packages\%%i
+    )
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "test" (
+    call :install
+    %PYTHON% %TSCRIPT%
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "test-process" (
+    call :install
+    %PYTHON% -m unittest -v test.test_psutil.TestProcess
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "test-system" (
+    call :install
+    %PYTHON% -m unittest -v test.test_psutil.TestSystem
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "test-memleaks" (
+    call :install
+    %PYTHON% test\test_memory_leaks.py
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "build-all" (
+    :build-all
+    "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin\vcvars64.bat"
+    for %%P in (%ALL_PYTHONS%) do (
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        @echo building exe for %%P
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        %%P setup.py build bdist_wininst || goto :error
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        @echo building wheel for %%P
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        %%P setup.py build bdist_wheel || goto :error
+    )
+    echo OK
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "upload-all" (
+    :upload-exes
+    "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin\vcvars64.bat"
+    for %%P in (%ALL_PYTHONS%) do (
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        @echo uploading exe for %%P
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        %%P setup.py build bdist_wininst upload || goto :error
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        @echo uploading wheel for %%P
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        %%P setup.py build bdist_wheel upload || goto :error
+    )
+    echo OK
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "setup-dev-env" (
+    :setup-env
+    @echo ------------------------------------------------
+    @echo downloading pip installer
+    @echo ------------------------------------------------
+    C:\python27\python.exe -c "import urllib2; r = urllib2.urlopen('https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py'); open('get-pip.py', 'wb').write(r.read())"
+    for %%P in (%ALL_PYTHONS%) do (
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        @echo installing pip for %%P
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        %%P get-pip.py
+    )
+    for %%P in (%ALL_PYTHONS%) do (
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        @echo installing deps for %%P
+        @echo ------------------------------------------------
+        rem mandatory / for unittests
+        %%P -m pip install unittest2 ipaddress mock wmi wheel pypiwin32 --upgrade
+        rem nice to have
+        %%P -m pip install ipdb pep8 pyflakes flake8 --upgrade
+    )
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+if "%1" == "flake8" (
+    :flake8
+    %PYTHON% -c "from flake8.main import main; main()"
+    goto :eof
+)
+
+goto :help
+
+:error
+    @echo ------------------------------------------------
+    @echo last command exited with error code %errorlevel%
+    @echo ------------------------------------------------
+    @exit /b %errorlevel%
+    goto :eof
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/__init__.py b/python/psutil/psutil/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1444425b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1887 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""psutil is a cross-platform library for retrieving information on
+running processes and system utilization (CPU, memory, disks, network)
+in Python.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+import collections
+import errno
+import functools
+import os
+import signal
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+try:
+    import pwd
+except ImportError:
+    pwd = None
+
+from . import _common
+from ._common import memoize
+from ._compat import callable, long
+from ._compat import PY3 as _PY3
+
+from ._common import (STATUS_RUNNING,  # NOQA
+                      STATUS_SLEEPING,
+                      STATUS_DISK_SLEEP,
+                      STATUS_STOPPED,
+                      STATUS_TRACING_STOP,
+                      STATUS_ZOMBIE,
+                      STATUS_DEAD,
+                      STATUS_WAKING,
+                      STATUS_LOCKED,
+                      STATUS_IDLE,  # bsd
+                      STATUS_WAITING)  # bsd
+
+from ._common import (CONN_ESTABLISHED,
+                      CONN_SYN_SENT,
+                      CONN_SYN_RECV,
+                      CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
+                      CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
+                      CONN_TIME_WAIT,
+                      CONN_CLOSE,
+                      CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
+                      CONN_LAST_ACK,
+                      CONN_LISTEN,
+                      CONN_CLOSING,
+                      CONN_NONE)
+
+from ._common import (NIC_DUPLEX_FULL,  # NOQA
+                      NIC_DUPLEX_HALF,
+                      NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN)
+
+if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    from . import _pslinux as _psplatform
+
+    from ._pslinux import (IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE,  # NOQA
+                           IOPRIO_CLASS_RT,
+                           IOPRIO_CLASS_BE,
+                           IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)
+    # Linux >= 2.6.36
+    if _psplatform.HAS_PRLIMIT:
+        from ._psutil_linux import (RLIM_INFINITY,  # NOQA
+                                    RLIMIT_AS,
+                                    RLIMIT_CORE,
+                                    RLIMIT_CPU,
+                                    RLIMIT_DATA,
+                                    RLIMIT_FSIZE,
+                                    RLIMIT_LOCKS,
+                                    RLIMIT_MEMLOCK,
+                                    RLIMIT_NOFILE,
+                                    RLIMIT_NPROC,
+                                    RLIMIT_RSS,
+                                    RLIMIT_STACK)
+        # Kinda ugly but considerably faster than using hasattr() and
+        # setattr() against the module object (we are at import time:
+        # speed matters).
+        from . import _psutil_linux
+        try:
+            RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE = _psutil_linux.RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            RLIMIT_NICE = _psutil_linux.RLIMIT_NICE
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            RLIMIT_RTPRIO = _psutil_linux.RLIMIT_RTPRIO
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            RLIMIT_RTTIME = _psutil_linux.RLIMIT_RTTIME
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            RLIMIT_SIGPENDING = _psutil_linux.RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        del _psutil_linux
+
+elif sys.platform.startswith("win32"):
+    from . import _pswindows as _psplatform
+    from ._psutil_windows import (ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,  # NOQA
+                                  BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                                  HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                                  IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                                  NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                                  REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+    from ._pswindows import CONN_DELETE_TCB  # NOQA
+
+elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+    from . import _psosx as _psplatform
+
+elif sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"):
+    from . import _psbsd as _psplatform
+
+elif sys.platform.startswith("sunos"):
+    from . import _pssunos as _psplatform
+    from ._pssunos import (CONN_IDLE,  # NOQA
+                           CONN_BOUND)
+
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    raise NotImplementedError('platform %s is not supported' % sys.platform)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    # exceptions
+    "Error", "NoSuchProcess", "ZombieProcess", "AccessDenied",
+    "TimeoutExpired",
+    # constants
+    "version_info", "__version__",
+    "STATUS_RUNNING", "STATUS_IDLE", "STATUS_SLEEPING", "STATUS_DISK_SLEEP",
+    "STATUS_STOPPED", "STATUS_TRACING_STOP", "STATUS_ZOMBIE", "STATUS_DEAD",
+    "STATUS_WAKING", "STATUS_LOCKED", "STATUS_WAITING", "STATUS_LOCKED",
+    "CONN_ESTABLISHED", "CONN_SYN_SENT", "CONN_SYN_RECV", "CONN_FIN_WAIT1",
+    "CONN_FIN_WAIT2", "CONN_TIME_WAIT", "CONN_CLOSE", "CONN_CLOSE_WAIT",
+    "CONN_LAST_ACK", "CONN_LISTEN", "CONN_CLOSING", "CONN_NONE",
+    "AF_LINK",
+    "NIC_DUPLEX_FULL", "NIC_DUPLEX_HALF", "NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN",
+    # classes
+    "Process", "Popen",
+    # functions
+    "pid_exists", "pids", "process_iter", "wait_procs",             # proc
+    "virtual_memory", "swap_memory",                                # memory
+    "cpu_times", "cpu_percent", "cpu_times_percent", "cpu_count",   # cpu
+    "net_io_counters", "net_connections", "net_if_addrs",           # network
+    "net_if_stats",
+    "disk_io_counters", "disk_partitions", "disk_usage",            # disk
+    "users", "boot_time",                                           # others
+]
+__all__.extend(_psplatform.__extra__all__)
+__author__ = "Giampaolo Rodola'"
+__version__ = "3.1.1"
+version_info = tuple([int(num) for num in __version__.split('.')])
+AF_LINK = _psplatform.AF_LINK
+_TOTAL_PHYMEM = None
+_POSIX = os.name == 'posix'
+_WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
+_timer = getattr(time, 'monotonic', time.time)
+
+
+# Sanity check in case the user messed up with psutil installation
+# or did something weird with sys.path. In this case we might end
+# up importing a python module using a C extension module which
+# was compiled for a different version of psutil.
+# We want to prevent that by failing sooner rather than later.
+# See: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/564
+if (int(__version__.replace('.', '')) !=
+        getattr(_psplatform.cext, 'version', None)):
+    msg = "version conflict: %r C extension module was built for another " \
+          "version of psutil (different than %s)" % (_psplatform.cext.__file__,
+                                                     __version__)
+    raise ImportError(msg)
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- exceptions
+# =====================================================================
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Base exception class. All other psutil exceptions inherit
+    from this one.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, msg=""):
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        ret = "%s.%s %s" % (self.__class__.__module__,
+                            self.__class__.__name__, self.msg)
+        return ret.strip()
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+
+class NoSuchProcess(Error):
+    """Exception raised when a process with a certain PID doesn't
+    or no longer exists.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pid, name=None, msg=None):
+        Error.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.pid = pid
+        self.name = name
+        self.msg = msg
+        if msg is None:
+            if name:
+                details = "(pid=%s, name=%s)" % (self.pid, repr(self.name))
+            else:
+                details = "(pid=%s)" % self.pid
+            self.msg = "process no longer exists " + details
+
+
+class ZombieProcess(NoSuchProcess):
+    """Exception raised when querying a zombie process. This is
+    raised on OSX, BSD and Solaris only, and not always: depending
+    on the query the OS may be able to succeed anyway.
+    On Linux all zombie processes are querable (hence this is never
+    raised). Windows doesn't have zombie processes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pid, name=None, ppid=None, msg=None):
+        Error.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.pid = pid
+        self.ppid = ppid
+        self.name = name
+        self.msg = msg
+        if msg is None:
+            if name and ppid:
+                details = "(pid=%s, name=%s, ppid=%s)" % (
+                    self.pid, repr(self.name), self.ppid)
+            elif name:
+                details = "(pid=%s, name=%s)" % (self.pid, repr(self.name))
+            else:
+                details = "(pid=%s)" % self.pid
+            self.msg = "process still exists but it's a zombie " + details
+
+
+class AccessDenied(Error):
+    """Exception raised when permission to perform an action is denied."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pid=None, name=None, msg=None):
+        Error.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.pid = pid
+        self.name = name
+        self.msg = msg
+        if msg is None:
+            if (pid is not None) and (name is not None):
+                self.msg = "(pid=%s, name=%s)" % (pid, repr(name))
+            elif (pid is not None):
+                self.msg = "(pid=%s)" % self.pid
+            else:
+                self.msg = ""
+
+
+class TimeoutExpired(Error):
+    """Raised on Process.wait(timeout) if timeout expires and process
+    is still alive.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, seconds, pid=None, name=None):
+        Error.__init__(self, "timeout after %s seconds" % seconds)
+        self.seconds = seconds
+        self.pid = pid
+        self.name = name
+        if (pid is not None) and (name is not None):
+            self.msg += " (pid=%s, name=%s)" % (pid, repr(name))
+        elif (pid is not None):
+            self.msg += " (pid=%s)" % self.pid
+
+
+# push exception classes into platform specific module namespace
+_psplatform.NoSuchProcess = NoSuchProcess
+_psplatform.ZombieProcess = ZombieProcess
+_psplatform.AccessDenied = AccessDenied
+_psplatform.TimeoutExpired = TimeoutExpired
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- Process class
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+def _assert_pid_not_reused(fun):
+    """Decorator which raises NoSuchProcess in case a process is no
+    longer running or its PID has been reused.
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self.is_running():
+            raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+        return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Process(object):
+    """Represents an OS process with the given PID.
+    If PID is omitted current process PID (os.getpid()) is used.
+    Raise NoSuchProcess if PID does not exist.
+
+    Note that most of the methods of this class do not make sure
+    the PID of the process being queried has been reused over time.
+    That means you might end up retrieving an information referring
+    to another process in case the original one this instance
+    refers to is gone in the meantime.
+
+    The only exceptions for which process identity is pre-emptively
+    checked and guaranteed are:
+
+     - parent()
+     - children()
+     - nice() (set)
+     - ionice() (set)
+     - rlimit() (set)
+     - cpu_affinity (set)
+     - suspend()
+     - resume()
+     - send_signal()
+     - terminate()
+     - kill()
+
+    To prevent this problem for all other methods you can:
+      - use is_running() before querying the process
+      - if you're continuously iterating over a set of Process
+        instances use process_iter() which pre-emptively checks
+        process identity for every yielded instance
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pid=None):
+        self._init(pid)
+
+    def _init(self, pid, _ignore_nsp=False):
+        if pid is None:
+            pid = os.getpid()
+        else:
+            if not _PY3 and not isinstance(pid, (int, long)):
+                raise TypeError('pid must be an integer (got %r)' % pid)
+            if pid < 0:
+                raise ValueError('pid must be a positive integer (got %s)'
+                                 % pid)
+        self._pid = pid
+        self._name = None
+        self._exe = None
+        self._create_time = None
+        self._gone = False
+        self._hash = None
+        # used for caching on Windows only (on POSIX ppid may change)
+        self._ppid = None
+        # platform-specific modules define an _psplatform.Process
+        # implementation class
+        self._proc = _psplatform.Process(pid)
+        self._last_sys_cpu_times = None
+        self._last_proc_cpu_times = None
+        # cache creation time for later use in is_running() method
+        try:
+            self.create_time()
+        except AccessDenied:
+            # we should never get here as AFAIK we're able to get
+            # process creation time on all platforms even as a
+            # limited user
+            pass
+        except ZombieProcess:
+            # Let's consider a zombie process as legitimate as
+            # tehcnically it's still alive (it can be queried,
+            # although not always, and it's returned by pids()).
+            pass
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            if not _ignore_nsp:
+                msg = 'no process found with pid %s' % pid
+                raise NoSuchProcess(pid, None, msg)
+            else:
+                self._gone = True
+        # This pair is supposed to indentify a Process instance
+        # univocally over time (the PID alone is not enough as
+        # it might refer to a process whose PID has been reused).
+        # This will be used later in __eq__() and is_running().
+        self._ident = (self.pid, self._create_time)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            pid = self.pid
+            name = repr(self.name())
+        except ZombieProcess:
+            details = "(pid=%s (zombie))" % self.pid
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            details = "(pid=%s (terminated))" % self.pid
+        except AccessDenied:
+            details = "(pid=%s)" % (self.pid)
+        else:
+            details = "(pid=%s, name=%s)" % (pid, name)
+        return "%s.%s%s" % (self.__class__.__module__,
+                            self.__class__.__name__, details)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s at %s>" % (self.__str__(), id(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        # Test for equality with another Process object based
+        # on PID and creation time.
+        if not isinstance(other, Process):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self._ident == other._ident
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self._hash is None:
+            self._hash = hash(self._ident)
+        return self._hash
+
+    # --- utility methods
+
+    def as_dict(self, attrs=None, ad_value=None):
+        """Utility method returning process information as a
+        hashable dictionary.
+
+        If 'attrs' is specified it must be a list of strings
+        reflecting available Process class' attribute names
+        (e.g. ['cpu_times', 'name']) else all public (read
+        only) attributes are assumed.
+
+        'ad_value' is the value which gets assigned in case
+        AccessDenied or ZombieProcess exception is raised when
+        retrieving that particular process information.
+        """
+        excluded_names = set(
+            ['send_signal', 'suspend', 'resume', 'terminate', 'kill', 'wait',
+             'is_running', 'as_dict', 'parent', 'children', 'rlimit'])
+        retdict = dict()
+        ls = set(attrs or [x for x in dir(self)])
+        for name in ls:
+            if name.startswith('_'):
+                continue
+            if name in excluded_names:
+                continue
+            try:
+                attr = getattr(self, name)
+                if callable(attr):
+                    ret = attr()
+                else:
+                    ret = attr
+            except (AccessDenied, ZombieProcess):
+                ret = ad_value
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                # in case of not implemented functionality (may happen
+                # on old or exotic systems) we want to crash only if
+                # the user explicitly asked for that particular attr
+                if attrs:
+                    raise
+                continue
+            retdict[name] = ret
+        return retdict
+
+    def parent(self):
+        """Return the parent process as a Process object pre-emptively
+        checking whether PID has been reused.
+        If no parent is known return None.
+        """
+        ppid = self.ppid()
+        if ppid is not None:
+            ctime = self.create_time()
+            try:
+                parent = Process(ppid)
+                if parent.create_time() <= ctime:
+                    return parent
+                # ...else ppid has been reused by another process
+            except NoSuchProcess:
+                pass
+
+    def is_running(self):
+        """Return whether this process is running.
+        It also checks if PID has been reused by another process in
+        which case return False.
+        """
+        if self._gone:
+            return False
+        try:
+            # Checking if PID is alive is not enough as the PID might
+            # have been reused by another process: we also want to
+            # check process identity.
+            # Process identity / uniqueness over time is greanted by
+            # (PID + creation time) and that is verified in __eq__.
+            return self == Process(self.pid)
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            self._gone = True
+            return False
+
+    # --- actual API
+
+    @property
+    def pid(self):
+        """The process PID."""
+        return self._pid
+
+    def ppid(self):
+        """The process parent PID.
+        On Windows the return value is cached after first call.
+        """
+        # On POSIX we don't want to cache the ppid as it may unexpectedly
+        # change to 1 (init) in case this process turns into a zombie:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/321
+        # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/356722/
+
+        # XXX should we check creation time here rather than in
+        # Process.parent()?
+        if _POSIX:
+            return self._proc.ppid()
+        else:
+            self._ppid = self._ppid or self._proc.ppid()
+            return self._ppid
+
+    def name(self):
+        """The process name. The return value is cached after first call."""
+        if self._name is None:
+            name = self._proc.name()
+            if _POSIX and len(name) >= 15:
+                # On UNIX the name gets truncated to the first 15 characters.
+                # If it matches the first part of the cmdline we return that
+                # one instead because it's usually more explicative.
+                # Examples are "gnome-keyring-d" vs. "gnome-keyring-daemon".
+                try:
+                    cmdline = self.cmdline()
+                except AccessDenied:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if cmdline:
+                        extended_name = os.path.basename(cmdline[0])
+                        if extended_name.startswith(name):
+                            name = extended_name
+            self._proc._name = name
+            self._name = name
+        return self._name
+
+    def exe(self):
+        """The process executable as an absolute path.
+        May also be an empty string.
+        The return value is cached after first call.
+        """
+        def guess_it(fallback):
+            # try to guess exe from cmdline[0] in absence of a native
+            # exe representation
+            cmdline = self.cmdline()
+            if cmdline and hasattr(os, 'access') and hasattr(os, 'X_OK'):
+                exe = cmdline[0]  # the possible exe
+                # Attempt to guess only in case of an absolute path.
+                # It is not safe otherwise as the process might have
+                # changed cwd.
+                if (os.path.isabs(exe) and
+                        os.path.isfile(exe) and
+                        os.access(exe, os.X_OK)):
+                    return exe
+            if isinstance(fallback, AccessDenied):
+                raise fallback
+            return fallback
+
+        if self._exe is None:
+            try:
+                exe = self._proc.exe()
+            except AccessDenied as err:
+                return guess_it(fallback=err)
+            else:
+                if not exe:
+                    # underlying implementation can legitimately return an
+                    # empty string; if that's the case we don't want to
+                    # raise AD while guessing from the cmdline
+                    try:
+                        exe = guess_it(fallback=exe)
+                    except AccessDenied:
+                        pass
+                self._exe = exe
+        return self._exe
+
+    def cmdline(self):
+        """The command line this process has been called with."""
+        return self._proc.cmdline()
+
+    def status(self):
+        """The process current status as a STATUS_* constant."""
+        try:
+            return self._proc.status()
+        except ZombieProcess:
+            return STATUS_ZOMBIE
+
+    def username(self):
+        """The name of the user that owns the process.
+        On UNIX this is calculated by using *real* process uid.
+        """
+        if _POSIX:
+            if pwd is None:
+                # might happen if python was installed from sources
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "requires pwd module shipped with standard python")
+            real_uid = self.uids().real
+            try:
+                return pwd.getpwuid(real_uid).pw_name
+            except KeyError:
+                # the uid can't be resolved by the system
+                return str(real_uid)
+        else:
+            return self._proc.username()
+
+    def create_time(self):
+        """The process creation time as a floating point number
+        expressed in seconds since the epoch, in UTC.
+        The return value is cached after first call.
+        """
+        if self._create_time is None:
+            self._create_time = self._proc.create_time()
+        return self._create_time
+
+    def cwd(self):
+        """Process current working directory as an absolute path."""
+        return self._proc.cwd()
+
+    def nice(self, value=None):
+        """Get or set process niceness (priority)."""
+        if value is None:
+            return self._proc.nice_get()
+        else:
+            if not self.is_running():
+                raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+            self._proc.nice_set(value)
+
+    if _POSIX:
+
+        def uids(self):
+            """Return process UIDs as a (real, effective, saved)
+            namedtuple.
+            """
+            return self._proc.uids()
+
+        def gids(self):
+            """Return process GIDs as a (real, effective, saved)
+            namedtuple.
+            """
+            return self._proc.gids()
+
+        def terminal(self):
+            """The terminal associated with this process, if any,
+            else None.
+            """
+            return self._proc.terminal()
+
+        def num_fds(self):
+            """Return the number of file descriptors opened by this
+            process (POSIX only).
+            """
+            return self._proc.num_fds()
+
+    # Linux, BSD and Windows only
+    if hasattr(_psplatform.Process, "io_counters"):
+
+        def io_counters(self):
+            """Return process I/O statistics as a
+            (read_count, write_count, read_bytes, write_bytes)
+            namedtuple.
+            Those are the number of read/write calls performed and the
+            amount of bytes read and written by the process.
+            """
+            return self._proc.io_counters()
+
+    # Linux and Windows >= Vista only
+    if hasattr(_psplatform.Process, "ionice_get"):
+
+        def ionice(self, ioclass=None, value=None):
+            """Get or set process I/O niceness (priority).
+
+            On Linux 'ioclass' is one of the IOPRIO_CLASS_* constants.
+            'value' is a number which goes from 0 to 7. The higher the
+            value, the lower the I/O priority of the process.
+
+            On Windows only 'ioclass' is used and it can be set to 2
+            (normal), 1 (low) or 0 (very low).
+
+            Available on Linux and Windows > Vista only.
+            """
+            if ioclass is None:
+                if value is not None:
+                    raise ValueError("'ioclass' argument must be specified")
+                return self._proc.ionice_get()
+            else:
+                return self._proc.ionice_set(ioclass, value)
+
+    # Linux only
+    if hasattr(_psplatform.Process, "rlimit"):
+
+        def rlimit(self, resource, limits=None):
+            """Get or set process resource limits as a (soft, hard)
+            tuple.
+
+            'resource' is one of the RLIMIT_* constants.
+            'limits' is supposed to be a (soft, hard)  tuple.
+
+            See "man prlimit" for further info.
+            Available on Linux only.
+            """
+            if limits is None:
+                return self._proc.rlimit(resource)
+            else:
+                return self._proc.rlimit(resource, limits)
+
+    # Windows, Linux and BSD only
+    if hasattr(_psplatform.Process, "cpu_affinity_get"):
+
+        def cpu_affinity(self, cpus=None):
+            """Get or set process CPU affinity.
+            If specified 'cpus' must be a list of CPUs for which you
+            want to set the affinity (e.g. [0, 1]).
+            (Windows, Linux and BSD only).
+            """
+            # Automatically remove duplicates both on get and
+            # set (for get it's not really necessary, it's
+            # just for extra safety).
+            if cpus is None:
+                return list(set(self._proc.cpu_affinity_get()))
+            else:
+                self._proc.cpu_affinity_set(list(set(cpus)))
+
+    if _WINDOWS:
+
+        def num_handles(self):
+            """Return the number of handles opened by this process
+            (Windows only).
+            """
+            return self._proc.num_handles()
+
+    def num_ctx_switches(self):
+        """Return the number of voluntary and involuntary context
+        switches performed by this process.
+        """
+        return self._proc.num_ctx_switches()
+
+    def num_threads(self):
+        """Return the number of threads used by this process."""
+        return self._proc.num_threads()
+
+    def threads(self):
+        """Return threads opened by process as a list of
+        (id, user_time, system_time) namedtuples representing
+        thread id and thread CPU times (user/system).
+        """
+        return self._proc.threads()
+
+    @_assert_pid_not_reused
+    def children(self, recursive=False):
+        """Return the children of this process as a list of Process
+        instances, pre-emptively checking whether PID has been reused.
+        If recursive is True return all the parent descendants.
+
+        Example (A == this process):
+
+         A ─�
+            │
+            ├─ B (child) ─�
+            │             └─ X (grandchild) ─�
+            │                                └─ Y (great grandchild)
+            ├─ C (child)
+            └─ D (child)
+
+        >>> import psutil
+        >>> p = psutil.Process()
+        >>> p.children()
+        B, C, D
+        >>> p.children(recursive=True)
+        B, X, Y, C, D
+
+        Note that in the example above if process X disappears
+        process Y won't be listed as the reference to process A
+        is lost.
+        """
+        if hasattr(_psplatform, 'ppid_map'):
+            # Windows only: obtain a {pid:ppid, ...} dict for all running
+            # processes in one shot (faster).
+            ppid_map = _psplatform.ppid_map()
+        else:
+            ppid_map = None
+
+        ret = []
+        if not recursive:
+            if ppid_map is None:
+                # 'slow' version, common to all platforms except Windows
+                for p in process_iter():
+                    try:
+                        if p.ppid() == self.pid:
+                            # if child happens to be older than its parent
+                            # (self) it means child's PID has been reused
+                            if self.create_time() <= p.create_time():
+                                ret.append(p)
+                    except (NoSuchProcess, ZombieProcess):
+                        pass
+            else:
+                # Windows only (faster)
+                for pid, ppid in ppid_map.items():
+                    if ppid == self.pid:
+                        try:
+                            child = Process(pid)
+                            # if child happens to be older than its parent
+                            # (self) it means child's PID has been reused
+                            if self.create_time() <= child.create_time():
+                                ret.append(child)
+                        except (NoSuchProcess, ZombieProcess):
+                            pass
+        else:
+            # construct a dict where 'values' are all the processes
+            # having 'key' as their parent
+            table = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            if ppid_map is None:
+                for p in process_iter():
+                    try:
+                        table[p.ppid()].append(p)
+                    except (NoSuchProcess, ZombieProcess):
+                        pass
+            else:
+                for pid, ppid in ppid_map.items():
+                    try:
+                        p = Process(pid)
+                        table[ppid].append(p)
+                    except (NoSuchProcess, ZombieProcess):
+                        pass
+            # At this point we have a mapping table where table[self.pid]
+            # are the current process' children.
+            # Below, we look for all descendants recursively, similarly
+            # to a recursive function call.
+            checkpids = [self.pid]
+            for pid in checkpids:
+                for child in table[pid]:
+                    try:
+                        # if child happens to be older than its parent
+                        # (self) it means child's PID has been reused
+                        intime = self.create_time() <= child.create_time()
+                    except (NoSuchProcess, ZombieProcess):
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        if intime:
+                            ret.append(child)
+                            if child.pid not in checkpids:
+                                checkpids.append(child.pid)
+        return ret
+
+    def cpu_percent(self, interval=None):
+        """Return a float representing the current process CPU
+        utilization as a percentage.
+
+        When interval is 0.0 or None (default) compares process times
+        to system CPU times elapsed since last call, returning
+        immediately (non-blocking). That means that the first time
+        this is called it will return a meaningful 0.0 value.
+
+        When interval is > 0.0 compares process times to system CPU
+        times elapsed before and after the interval (blocking).
+
+        In this case is recommended for accuracy that this function
+        be called with at least 0.1 seconds between calls.
+
+        Examples:
+
+          >>> import psutil
+          >>> p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+          >>> # blocking
+          >>> p.cpu_percent(interval=1)
+          2.0
+          >>> # non-blocking (percentage since last call)
+          >>> p.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+          2.9
+          >>>
+        """
+        blocking = interval is not None and interval > 0.0
+        num_cpus = cpu_count()
+        if _POSIX:
+            def timer():
+                return _timer() * num_cpus
+        else:
+            def timer():
+                return sum(cpu_times())
+        if blocking:
+            st1 = timer()
+            pt1 = self._proc.cpu_times()
+            time.sleep(interval)
+            st2 = timer()
+            pt2 = self._proc.cpu_times()
+        else:
+            st1 = self._last_sys_cpu_times
+            pt1 = self._last_proc_cpu_times
+            st2 = timer()
+            pt2 = self._proc.cpu_times()
+            if st1 is None or pt1 is None:
+                self._last_sys_cpu_times = st2
+                self._last_proc_cpu_times = pt2
+                return 0.0
+
+        delta_proc = (pt2.user - pt1.user) + (pt2.system - pt1.system)
+        delta_time = st2 - st1
+        # reset values for next call in case of interval == None
+        self._last_sys_cpu_times = st2
+        self._last_proc_cpu_times = pt2
+
+        try:
+            # The utilization split between all CPUs.
+            # Note: a percentage > 100 is legitimate as it can result
+            # from a process with multiple threads running on different
+            # CPU cores, see:
+            # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1032357
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/474
+            overall_percent = ((delta_proc / delta_time) * 100) * num_cpus
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            # interval was too low
+            return 0.0
+        else:
+            return round(overall_percent, 1)
+
+    def cpu_times(self):
+        """Return a (user, system) namedtuple representing  the
+        accumulated process time, in seconds.
+        This is the same as os.times() but per-process.
+        """
+        return self._proc.cpu_times()
+
+    def memory_info(self):
+        """Return a tuple representing RSS (Resident Set Size) and VMS
+        (Virtual Memory Size) in bytes.
+
+        On UNIX RSS and VMS are the same values shown by 'ps'.
+
+        On Windows RSS and VMS refer to "Mem Usage" and "VM Size"
+        columns of taskmgr.exe.
+        """
+        return self._proc.memory_info()
+
+    def memory_info_ex(self):
+        """Return a namedtuple with variable fields depending on the
+        platform representing extended memory information about
+        this process. All numbers are expressed in bytes.
+        """
+        return self._proc.memory_info_ex()
+
+    def memory_percent(self):
+        """Compare physical system memory to process resident memory
+        (RSS) and calculate process memory utilization as a percentage.
+        """
+        rss = self._proc.memory_info()[0]
+        # use cached value if available
+        total_phymem = _TOTAL_PHYMEM or virtual_memory().total
+        try:
+            return (rss / float(total_phymem)) * 100
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            return 0.0
+
+    def memory_maps(self, grouped=True):
+        """Return process' mapped memory regions as a list of namedtuples
+        whose fields are variable depending on the platform.
+
+        If 'grouped' is True the mapped regions with the same 'path'
+        are grouped together and the different memory fields are summed.
+
+        If 'grouped' is False every mapped region is shown as a single
+        entity and the namedtuple will also include the mapped region's
+        address space ('addr') and permission set ('perms').
+        """
+        it = self._proc.memory_maps()
+        if grouped:
+            d = {}
+            for tupl in it:
+                path = tupl[2]
+                nums = tupl[3:]
+                try:
+                    d[path] = map(lambda x, y: x + y, d[path], nums)
+                except KeyError:
+                    d[path] = nums
+            nt = _psplatform.pmmap_grouped
+            return [nt(path, *d[path]) for path in d]  # NOQA
+        else:
+            nt = _psplatform.pmmap_ext
+            return [nt(*x) for x in it]
+
+    def open_files(self):
+        """Return files opened by process as a list of
+        (path, fd) namedtuples including the absolute file name
+        and file descriptor number.
+        """
+        return self._proc.open_files()
+
+    def connections(self, kind='inet'):
+        """Return connections opened by process as a list of
+        (fd, family, type, laddr, raddr, status) namedtuples.
+        The 'kind' parameter filters for connections that match the
+        following criteria:
+
+        Kind Value      Connections using
+        inet            IPv4 and IPv6
+        inet4           IPv4
+        inet6           IPv6
+        tcp             TCP
+        tcp4            TCP over IPv4
+        tcp6            TCP over IPv6
+        udp             UDP
+        udp4            UDP over IPv4
+        udp6            UDP over IPv6
+        unix            UNIX socket (both UDP and TCP protocols)
+        all             the sum of all the possible families and protocols
+        """
+        return self._proc.connections(kind)
+
+    if _POSIX:
+        def _send_signal(self, sig):
+            if self.pid == 0:
+                # see "man 2 kill"
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "preventing sending signal to process with PID 0 as it "
+                    "would affect every process in the process group of the "
+                    "calling process (os.getpid()) instead of PID 0")
+            try:
+                os.kill(self.pid, sig)
+            except OSError as err:
+                if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                    self._gone = True
+                    raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+                if err.errno == errno.EPERM:
+                    raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+                raise
+
+    @_assert_pid_not_reused
+    def send_signal(self, sig):
+        """Send a signal to process pre-emptively checking whether
+        PID has been reused (see signal module constants) .
+        On Windows only SIGTERM is valid and is treated as an alias
+        for kill().
+        """
+        if _POSIX:
+            self._send_signal(sig)
+        else:
+            if sig == signal.SIGTERM:
+                self._proc.kill()
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("only SIGTERM is supported on Windows")
+
+    @_assert_pid_not_reused
+    def suspend(self):
+        """Suspend process execution with SIGSTOP pre-emptively checking
+        whether PID has been reused.
+        On Windows this has the effect ot suspending all process threads.
+        """
+        if _POSIX:
+            self._send_signal(signal.SIGSTOP)
+        else:
+            self._proc.suspend()
+
+    @_assert_pid_not_reused
+    def resume(self):
+        """Resume process execution with SIGCONT pre-emptively checking
+        whether PID has been reused.
+        On Windows this has the effect of resuming all process threads.
+        """
+        if _POSIX:
+            self._send_signal(signal.SIGCONT)
+        else:
+            self._proc.resume()
+
+    @_assert_pid_not_reused
+    def terminate(self):
+        """Terminate the process with SIGTERM pre-emptively checking
+        whether PID has been reused.
+        On Windows this is an alias for kill().
+        """
+        if _POSIX:
+            self._send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
+        else:
+            self._proc.kill()
+
+    @_assert_pid_not_reused
+    def kill(self):
+        """Kill the current process with SIGKILL pre-emptively checking
+        whether PID has been reused.
+        """
+        if _POSIX:
+            self._send_signal(signal.SIGKILL)
+        else:
+            self._proc.kill()
+
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        """Wait for process to terminate and, if process is a children
+        of os.getpid(), also return its exit code, else None.
+
+        If the process is already terminated immediately return None
+        instead of raising NoSuchProcess.
+
+        If timeout (in seconds) is specified and process is still alive
+        raise TimeoutExpired.
+
+        To wait for multiple Process(es) use psutil.wait_procs().
+        """
+        if timeout is not None and not timeout >= 0:
+            raise ValueError("timeout must be a positive integer")
+        return self._proc.wait(timeout)
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- Popen class
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+class Popen(Process):
+    """A more convenient interface to stdlib subprocess module.
+    It starts a sub process and deals with it exactly as when using
+    subprocess.Popen class but in addition also provides all the
+    properties and methods of psutil.Process class as a unified
+    interface:
+
+      >>> import psutil
+      >>> from subprocess import PIPE
+      >>> p = psutil.Popen(["python", "-c", "print 'hi'"], stdout=PIPE)
+      >>> p.name()
+      'python'
+      >>> p.uids()
+      user(real=1000, effective=1000, saved=1000)
+      >>> p.username()
+      'giampaolo'
+      >>> p.communicate()
+      ('hi\n', None)
+      >>> p.terminate()
+      >>> p.wait(timeout=2)
+      0
+      >>>
+
+    For method names common to both classes such as kill(), terminate()
+    and wait(), psutil.Process implementation takes precedence.
+
+    Unlike subprocess.Popen this class pre-emptively checks wheter PID
+    has been reused on send_signal(), terminate() and kill() so that
+    you don't accidentally terminate another process, fixing
+    http://bugs.python.org/issue6973.
+
+    For a complete documentation refer to:
+    http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # Explicitly avoid to raise NoSuchProcess in case the process
+        # spawned by subprocess.Popen terminates too quickly, see:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/193
+        self.__subproc = subprocess.Popen(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._init(self.__subproc.pid, _ignore_nsp=True)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return sorted(set(dir(Popen) + dir(subprocess.Popen)))
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        try:
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                return object.__getattribute__(self.__subproc, name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise AttributeError("%s instance has no attribute '%s'"
+                                     % (self.__class__.__name__, name))
+
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        if self.__subproc.returncode is not None:
+            return self.__subproc.returncode
+        ret = super(Popen, self).wait(timeout)
+        self.__subproc.returncode = ret
+        return ret
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- system processes related functions
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+def pids():
+    """Return a list of current running PIDs."""
+    return _psplatform.pids()
+
+
+def pid_exists(pid):
+    """Return True if given PID exists in the current process list.
+    This is faster than doing "pid in psutil.pids()" and
+    should be preferred.
+    """
+    if pid < 0:
+        return False
+    elif pid == 0 and _POSIX:
+        # On POSIX we use os.kill() to determine PID existence.
+        # According to "man 2 kill" PID 0 has a special meaning
+        # though: it refers to <<every process in the process
+        # group of the calling process>> and that is not we want
+        # to do here.
+        return pid in pids()
+    else:
+        return _psplatform.pid_exists(pid)
+
+
+_pmap = {}
+
+
+def process_iter():
+    """Return a generator yielding a Process instance for all
+    running processes.
+
+    Every new Process instance is only created once and then cached
+    into an internal table which is updated every time this is used.
+
+    Cached Process instances are checked for identity so that you're
+    safe in case a PID has been reused by another process, in which
+    case the cached instance is updated.
+
+    The sorting order in which processes are yielded is based on
+    their PIDs.
+    """
+    def add(pid):
+        proc = Process(pid)
+        _pmap[proc.pid] = proc
+        return proc
+
+    def remove(pid):
+        _pmap.pop(pid, None)
+
+    a = set(pids())
+    b = set(_pmap.keys())
+    new_pids = a - b
+    gone_pids = b - a
+
+    for pid in gone_pids:
+        remove(pid)
+    for pid, proc in sorted(list(_pmap.items()) +
+                            list(dict.fromkeys(new_pids).items())):
+        try:
+            if proc is None:  # new process
+                yield add(pid)
+            else:
+                # use is_running() to check whether PID has been reused by
+                # another process in which case yield a new Process instance
+                if proc.is_running():
+                    yield proc
+                else:
+                    yield add(pid)
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            remove(pid)
+        except AccessDenied:
+            # Process creation time can't be determined hence there's
+            # no way to tell whether the pid of the cached process
+            # has been reused. Just return the cached version.
+            yield proc
+
+
+def wait_procs(procs, timeout=None, callback=None):
+    """Convenience function which waits for a list of processes to
+    terminate.
+
+    Return a (gone, alive) tuple indicating which processes
+    are gone and which ones are still alive.
+
+    The gone ones will have a new 'returncode' attribute indicating
+    process exit status (may be None).
+
+    'callback' is a function which gets called every time a process
+    terminates (a Process instance is passed as callback argument).
+
+    Function will return as soon as all processes terminate or when
+    timeout occurs.
+
+    Typical use case is:
+
+     - send SIGTERM to a list of processes
+     - give them some time to terminate
+     - send SIGKILL to those ones which are still alive
+
+    Example:
+
+    >>> def on_terminate(proc):
+    ...     print("process {} terminated".format(proc))
+    ...
+    >>> for p in procs:
+    ...    p.terminate()
+    ...
+    >>> gone, alive = wait_procs(procs, timeout=3, callback=on_terminate)
+    >>> for p in alive:
+    ...     p.kill()
+    """
+    def check_gone(proc, timeout):
+        try:
+            returncode = proc.wait(timeout=timeout)
+        except TimeoutExpired:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if returncode is not None or not proc.is_running():
+                proc.returncode = returncode
+                gone.add(proc)
+                if callback is not None:
+                    callback(proc)
+
+    if timeout is not None and not timeout >= 0:
+        msg = "timeout must be a positive integer, got %s" % timeout
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    gone = set()
+    alive = set(procs)
+    if callback is not None and not callable(callback):
+        raise TypeError("callback %r is not a callable" % callable)
+    if timeout is not None:
+        deadline = _timer() + timeout
+
+    while alive:
+        if timeout is not None and timeout <= 0:
+            break
+        for proc in alive:
+            # Make sure that every complete iteration (all processes)
+            # will last max 1 sec.
+            # We do this because we don't want to wait too long on a
+            # single process: in case it terminates too late other
+            # processes may disappear in the meantime and their PID
+            # reused.
+            max_timeout = 1.0 / len(alive)
+            if timeout is not None:
+                timeout = min((deadline - _timer()), max_timeout)
+                if timeout <= 0:
+                    break
+                check_gone(proc, timeout)
+            else:
+                check_gone(proc, max_timeout)
+        alive = alive - gone
+
+    if alive:
+        # Last attempt over processes survived so far.
+        # timeout == 0 won't make this function wait any further.
+        for proc in alive:
+            check_gone(proc, 0)
+        alive = alive - gone
+
+    return (list(gone), list(alive))
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- CPU related functions
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+@memoize
+def cpu_count(logical=True):
+    """Return the number of logical CPUs in the system (same as
+    os.cpu_count() in Python 3.4).
+
+    If logical is False return the number of physical cores only
+    (e.g. hyper thread CPUs are excluded).
+
+    Return None if undetermined.
+
+    The return value is cached after first call.
+    If desired cache can be cleared like this:
+
+    >>> psutil.cpu_count.cache_clear()
+    """
+    if logical:
+        return _psplatform.cpu_count_logical()
+    else:
+        return _psplatform.cpu_count_physical()
+
+
+def cpu_times(percpu=False):
+    """Return system-wide CPU times as a namedtuple.
+    Every CPU time represents the seconds the CPU has spent in the given mode.
+    The namedtuple's fields availability varies depending on the platform:
+     - user
+     - system
+     - idle
+     - nice (UNIX)
+     - iowait (Linux)
+     - irq (Linux, FreeBSD)
+     - softirq (Linux)
+     - steal (Linux >= 2.6.11)
+     - guest (Linux >= 2.6.24)
+     - guest_nice (Linux >= 3.2.0)
+
+    When percpu is True return a list of namedtuples for each CPU.
+    First element of the list refers to first CPU, second element
+    to second CPU and so on.
+    The order of the list is consistent across calls.
+    """
+    if not percpu:
+        return _psplatform.cpu_times()
+    else:
+        return _psplatform.per_cpu_times()
+
+
+_last_cpu_times = cpu_times()
+_last_per_cpu_times = cpu_times(percpu=True)
+
+
+def cpu_percent(interval=None, percpu=False):
+    """Return a float representing the current system-wide CPU
+    utilization as a percentage.
+
+    When interval is > 0.0 compares system CPU times elapsed before
+    and after the interval (blocking).
+
+    When interval is 0.0 or None compares system CPU times elapsed
+    since last call or module import, returning immediately (non
+    blocking). That means the first time this is called it will
+    return a meaningless 0.0 value which you should ignore.
+    In this case is recommended for accuracy that this function be
+    called with at least 0.1 seconds between calls.
+
+    When percpu is True returns a list of floats representing the
+    utilization as a percentage for each CPU.
+    First element of the list refers to first CPU, second element
+    to second CPU and so on.
+    The order of the list is consistent across calls.
+
+    Examples:
+
+      >>> # blocking, system-wide
+      >>> psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1)
+      2.0
+      >>>
+      >>> # blocking, per-cpu
+      >>> psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1, percpu=True)
+      [2.0, 1.0]
+      >>>
+      >>> # non-blocking (percentage since last call)
+      >>> psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+      2.9
+      >>>
+    """
+    global _last_cpu_times
+    global _last_per_cpu_times
+    blocking = interval is not None and interval > 0.0
+
+    def calculate(t1, t2):
+        t1_all = sum(t1)
+        t1_busy = t1_all - t1.idle
+
+        t2_all = sum(t2)
+        t2_busy = t2_all - t2.idle
+
+        # this usually indicates a float precision issue
+        if t2_busy <= t1_busy:
+            return 0.0
+
+        busy_delta = t2_busy - t1_busy
+        all_delta = t2_all - t1_all
+        busy_perc = (busy_delta / all_delta) * 100
+        return round(busy_perc, 1)
+
+    # system-wide usage
+    if not percpu:
+        if blocking:
+            t1 = cpu_times()
+            time.sleep(interval)
+        else:
+            t1 = _last_cpu_times
+        _last_cpu_times = cpu_times()
+        return calculate(t1, _last_cpu_times)
+    # per-cpu usage
+    else:
+        ret = []
+        if blocking:
+            tot1 = cpu_times(percpu=True)
+            time.sleep(interval)
+        else:
+            tot1 = _last_per_cpu_times
+        _last_per_cpu_times = cpu_times(percpu=True)
+        for t1, t2 in zip(tot1, _last_per_cpu_times):
+            ret.append(calculate(t1, t2))
+        return ret
+
+
+# Use separate global vars for cpu_times_percent() so that it's
+# independent from cpu_percent() and they can both be used within
+# the same program.
+_last_cpu_times_2 = _last_cpu_times
+_last_per_cpu_times_2 = _last_per_cpu_times
+
+
+def cpu_times_percent(interval=None, percpu=False):
+    """Same as cpu_percent() but provides utilization percentages
+    for each specific CPU time as is returned by cpu_times().
+    For instance, on Linux we'll get:
+
+      >>> cpu_times_percent()
+      cpupercent(user=4.8, nice=0.0, system=4.8, idle=90.5, iowait=0.0,
+                 irq=0.0, softirq=0.0, steal=0.0, guest=0.0, guest_nice=0.0)
+      >>>
+
+    interval and percpu arguments have the same meaning as in
+    cpu_percent().
+    """
+    global _last_cpu_times_2
+    global _last_per_cpu_times_2
+    blocking = interval is not None and interval > 0.0
+
+    def calculate(t1, t2):
+        nums = []
+        all_delta = sum(t2) - sum(t1)
+        for field in t1._fields:
+            field_delta = getattr(t2, field) - getattr(t1, field)
+            try:
+                field_perc = (100 * field_delta) / all_delta
+            except ZeroDivisionError:
+                field_perc = 0.0
+            field_perc = round(field_perc, 1)
+            # CPU times are always supposed to increase over time
+            # or at least remain the same and that's because time
+            # cannot go backwards.
+            # Surprisingly sometimes this might not be the case (at
+            # least on Windows and Linux), see:
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/392
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/645
+            # I really don't know what to do about that except
+            # forcing the value to 0 or 100.
+            if field_perc > 100.0:
+                field_perc = 100.0
+            # `<=` because `-0.0 == 0.0` evaluates to True
+            elif field_perc <= 0.0:
+                field_perc = 0.0
+            nums.append(field_perc)
+        return _psplatform.scputimes(*nums)
+
+    # system-wide usage
+    if not percpu:
+        if blocking:
+            t1 = cpu_times()
+            time.sleep(interval)
+        else:
+            t1 = _last_cpu_times_2
+        _last_cpu_times_2 = cpu_times()
+        return calculate(t1, _last_cpu_times_2)
+    # per-cpu usage
+    else:
+        ret = []
+        if blocking:
+            tot1 = cpu_times(percpu=True)
+            time.sleep(interval)
+        else:
+            tot1 = _last_per_cpu_times_2
+        _last_per_cpu_times_2 = cpu_times(percpu=True)
+        for t1, t2 in zip(tot1, _last_per_cpu_times_2):
+            ret.append(calculate(t1, t2))
+        return ret
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- system memory related functions
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+def virtual_memory():
+    """Return statistics about system memory usage as a namedtuple
+    including the following fields, expressed in bytes:
+
+     - total:
+       total physical memory available.
+
+     - available:
+       the actual amount of available memory that can be given
+       instantly to processes that request more memory in bytes; this
+       is calculated by summing different memory values depending on
+       the platform (e.g. free + buffers + cached on Linux) and it is
+       supposed to be used to monitor actual memory usage in a cross
+       platform fashion.
+
+     - percent:
+       the percentage usage calculated as (total - available) / total * 100
+
+     - used:
+       memory used, calculated differently depending on the platform and
+       designed for informational purposes only:
+        OSX: active + inactive + wired
+        BSD: active + wired + cached
+        LINUX: total - free
+
+     - free:
+       memory not being used at all (zeroed) that is readily available;
+       note that this doesn't reflect the actual memory available
+       (use 'available' instead)
+
+    Platform-specific fields:
+
+     - active (UNIX):
+       memory currently in use or very recently used, and so it is in RAM.
+
+     - inactive (UNIX):
+       memory that is marked as not used.
+
+     - buffers (BSD, Linux):
+       cache for things like file system metadata.
+
+     - cached (BSD, OSX):
+       cache for various things.
+
+     - wired (OSX, BSD):
+       memory that is marked to always stay in RAM. It is never moved to disk.
+
+     - shared (BSD):
+       memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple processes.
+
+    The sum of 'used' and 'available' does not necessarily equal total.
+    On Windows 'available' and 'free' are the same.
+    """
+    global _TOTAL_PHYMEM
+    ret = _psplatform.virtual_memory()
+    # cached for later use in Process.memory_percent()
+    _TOTAL_PHYMEM = ret.total
+    return ret
+
+
+def swap_memory():
+    """Return system swap memory statistics as a namedtuple including
+    the following fields:
+
+     - total:   total swap memory in bytes
+     - used:    used swap memory in bytes
+     - free:    free swap memory in bytes
+     - percent: the percentage usage
+     - sin:     no. of bytes the system has swapped in from disk (cumulative)
+     - sout:    no. of bytes the system has swapped out from disk (cumulative)
+
+    'sin' and 'sout' on Windows are meaningless and always set to 0.
+    """
+    return _psplatform.swap_memory()
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- disks/paritions related functions
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+def disk_usage(path):
+    """Return disk usage statistics about the given path as a namedtuple
+    including total, used and free space expressed in bytes plus the
+    percentage usage.
+    """
+    return _psplatform.disk_usage(path)
+
+
+def disk_partitions(all=False):
+    """Return mounted partitions as a list of
+    (device, mountpoint, fstype, opts) namedtuple.
+    'opts' field is a raw string separated by commas indicating mount
+    options which may vary depending on the platform.
+
+    If "all" parameter is False return physical devices only and ignore
+    all others.
+    """
+    return _psplatform.disk_partitions(all)
+
+
+def disk_io_counters(perdisk=False):
+    """Return system disk I/O statistics as a namedtuple including
+    the following fields:
+
+     - read_count:  number of reads
+     - write_count: number of writes
+     - read_bytes:  number of bytes read
+     - write_bytes: number of bytes written
+     - read_time:   time spent reading from disk (in milliseconds)
+     - write_time:  time spent writing to disk (in milliseconds)
+
+    If perdisk is True return the same information for every
+    physical disk installed on the system as a dictionary
+    with partition names as the keys and the namedtuple
+    described above as the values.
+
+    On recent Windows versions 'diskperf -y' command may need to be
+    executed first otherwise this function won't find any disk.
+    """
+    rawdict = _psplatform.disk_io_counters()
+    if not rawdict:
+        raise RuntimeError("couldn't find any physical disk")
+    if perdisk:
+        for disk, fields in rawdict.items():
+            rawdict[disk] = _common.sdiskio(*fields)
+        return rawdict
+    else:
+        return _common.sdiskio(*[sum(x) for x in zip(*rawdict.values())])
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- network related functions
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+def net_io_counters(pernic=False):
+    """Return network I/O statistics as a namedtuple including
+    the following fields:
+
+     - bytes_sent:   number of bytes sent
+     - bytes_recv:   number of bytes received
+     - packets_sent: number of packets sent
+     - packets_recv: number of packets received
+     - errin:        total number of errors while receiving
+     - errout:       total number of errors while sending
+     - dropin:       total number of incoming packets which were dropped
+     - dropout:      total number of outgoing packets which were dropped
+                     (always 0 on OSX and BSD)
+
+    If pernic is True return the same information for every
+    network interface installed on the system as a dictionary
+    with network interface names as the keys and the namedtuple
+    described above as the values.
+    """
+    rawdict = _psplatform.net_io_counters()
+    if not rawdict:
+        raise RuntimeError("couldn't find any network interface")
+    if pernic:
+        for nic, fields in rawdict.items():
+            rawdict[nic] = _common.snetio(*fields)
+        return rawdict
+    else:
+        return _common.snetio(*[sum(x) for x in zip(*rawdict.values())])
+
+
+def net_connections(kind='inet'):
+    """Return system-wide connections as a list of
+    (fd, family, type, laddr, raddr, status, pid) namedtuples.
+    In case of limited privileges 'fd' and 'pid' may be set to -1
+    and None respectively.
+    The 'kind' parameter filters for connections that fit the
+    following criteria:
+
+    Kind Value      Connections using
+    inet            IPv4 and IPv6
+    inet4           IPv4
+    inet6           IPv6
+    tcp             TCP
+    tcp4            TCP over IPv4
+    tcp6            TCP over IPv6
+    udp             UDP
+    udp4            UDP over IPv4
+    udp6            UDP over IPv6
+    unix            UNIX socket (both UDP and TCP protocols)
+    all             the sum of all the possible families and protocols
+
+    On OSX this function requires root privileges.
+    """
+    return _psplatform.net_connections(kind)
+
+
+def net_if_addrs():
+    """Return the addresses associated to each NIC (network interface
+    card) installed on the system as a dictionary whose keys are the
+    NIC names and value is a list of namedtuples for each address
+    assigned to the NIC. Each namedtuple includes 4 fields:
+
+     - family
+     - address
+     - netmask
+     - broadcast
+
+    'family' can be either socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6 or
+    psutil.AF_LINK, which refers to a MAC address.
+    'address' is the primary address, 'netmask' and 'broadcast'
+    may be None.
+    Note: you can have more than one address of the same family
+    associated with each interface.
+    """
+    has_enums = sys.version_info >= (3, 4)
+    if has_enums:
+        import socket
+    rawlist = _psplatform.net_if_addrs()
+    rawlist.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])  # sort by family
+    ret = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    for name, fam, addr, mask, broadcast in rawlist:
+        if has_enums:
+            try:
+                fam = socket.AddressFamily(fam)
+            except ValueError:
+                if os.name == 'nt' and fam == -1:
+                    fam = _psplatform.AF_LINK
+                elif (hasattr(_psplatform, "AF_LINK") and
+                        _psplatform.AF_LINK == fam):
+                    # Linux defines AF_LINK as an alias for AF_PACKET.
+                    # We re-set the family here so that repr(family)
+                    # will show AF_LINK rather than AF_PACKET
+                    fam = _psplatform.AF_LINK
+        ret[name].append(_common.snic(fam, addr, mask, broadcast))
+    return dict(ret)
+
+
+def net_if_stats():
+    """Return information about each NIC (network interface card)
+    installed on the system as a dictionary whose keys are the
+    NIC names and value is a namedtuple with the following fields:
+
+     - isup: whether the interface is up (bool)
+     - duplex: can be either NIC_DUPLEX_FULL, NIC_DUPLEX_HALF or
+               NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN
+     - speed: the NIC speed expressed in mega bits (MB); if it can't
+              be determined (e.g. 'localhost') it will be set to 0.
+     - mtu: the maximum transmission unit expressed in bytes.
+    """
+    return _psplatform.net_if_stats()
+
+
+# =====================================================================
+# --- other system related functions
+# =====================================================================
+
+
+def boot_time():
+    """Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
+    # Note: we are not caching this because it is subject to
+    # system clock updates.
+    return _psplatform.boot_time()
+
+
+def users():
+    """Return users currently connected on the system as a list of
+    namedtuples including the following fields.
+
+     - user: the name of the user
+     - terminal: the tty or pseudo-tty associated with the user, if any.
+     - host: the host name associated with the entry, if any.
+     - started: the creation time as a floating point number expressed in
+       seconds since the epoch.
+    """
+    return _psplatform.users()
+
+
+def test():
+    """List info of all currently running processes emulating ps aux
+    output.
+    """
+    import datetime
+
+    today_day = datetime.date.today()
+    templ = "%-10s %5s %4s %4s %7s %7s %-13s %5s %7s  %s"
+    attrs = ['pid', 'cpu_percent', 'memory_percent', 'name', 'cpu_times',
+             'create_time', 'memory_info']
+    if _POSIX:
+        attrs.append('uids')
+        attrs.append('terminal')
+    print(templ % ("USER", "PID", "%CPU", "%MEM", "VSZ", "RSS", "TTY",
+                   "START", "TIME", "COMMAND"))
+    for p in process_iter():
+        try:
+            pinfo = p.as_dict(attrs, ad_value='')
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if pinfo['create_time']:
+                ctime = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(pinfo['create_time'])
+                if ctime.date() == today_day:
+                    ctime = ctime.strftime("%H:%M")
+                else:
+                    ctime = ctime.strftime("%b%d")
+            else:
+                ctime = ''
+            cputime = time.strftime("%M:%S",
+                                    time.localtime(sum(pinfo['cpu_times'])))
+            try:
+                user = p.username()
+            except Error:
+                user = ''
+            if _WINDOWS and '\\' in user:
+                user = user.split('\\')[1]
+            vms = pinfo['memory_info'] and \
+                int(pinfo['memory_info'].vms / 1024) or '?'
+            rss = pinfo['memory_info'] and \
+                int(pinfo['memory_info'].rss / 1024) or '?'
+            memp = pinfo['memory_percent'] and \
+                round(pinfo['memory_percent'], 1) or '?'
+            print(templ % (
+                user[:10],
+                pinfo['pid'],
+                pinfo['cpu_percent'],
+                memp,
+                vms,
+                rss,
+                pinfo.get('terminal', '') or '?',
+                ctime,
+                cputime,
+                pinfo['name'].strip() or '?'))
+
+
+del memoize, division
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    del num
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test()
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_common.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9acf595d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# /usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Common objects shared by all _ps* modules."""
+
+from __future__ import division
+import errno
+import functools
+import os
+import socket
+import stat
+import sys
+from collections import namedtuple
+from socket import AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+    import enum
+else:
+    enum = None
+
+
+# --- constants
+
+AF_INET6 = getattr(socket, 'AF_INET6', None)
+AF_UNIX = getattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX', None)
+
+STATUS_RUNNING = "running"
+STATUS_SLEEPING = "sleeping"
+STATUS_DISK_SLEEP = "disk-sleep"
+STATUS_STOPPED = "stopped"
+STATUS_TRACING_STOP = "tracing-stop"
+STATUS_ZOMBIE = "zombie"
+STATUS_DEAD = "dead"
+STATUS_WAKE_KILL = "wake-kill"
+STATUS_WAKING = "waking"
+STATUS_IDLE = "idle"  # BSD
+STATUS_LOCKED = "locked"  # BSD
+STATUS_WAITING = "waiting"  # BSD
+
+CONN_ESTABLISHED = "ESTABLISHED"
+CONN_SYN_SENT = "SYN_SENT"
+CONN_SYN_RECV = "SYN_RECV"
+CONN_FIN_WAIT1 = "FIN_WAIT1"
+CONN_FIN_WAIT2 = "FIN_WAIT2"
+CONN_TIME_WAIT = "TIME_WAIT"
+CONN_CLOSE = "CLOSE"
+CONN_CLOSE_WAIT = "CLOSE_WAIT"
+CONN_LAST_ACK = "LAST_ACK"
+CONN_LISTEN = "LISTEN"
+CONN_CLOSING = "CLOSING"
+CONN_NONE = "NONE"
+
+if enum is None:
+    NIC_DUPLEX_FULL = 2
+    NIC_DUPLEX_HALF = 1
+    NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN = 0
+else:
+    class NicDuplex(enum.IntEnum):
+        NIC_DUPLEX_FULL = 2
+        NIC_DUPLEX_HALF = 1
+        NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN = 0
+
+    globals().update(NicDuplex.__members__)
+
+
+# --- functions
+
+def usage_percent(used, total, _round=None):
+    """Calculate percentage usage of 'used' against 'total'."""
+    try:
+        ret = (used / total) * 100
+    except ZeroDivisionError:
+        ret = 0
+    if _round is not None:
+        return round(ret, _round)
+    else:
+        return ret
+
+
+def memoize(fun):
+    """A simple memoize decorator for functions supporting (hashable)
+    positional arguments.
+    It also provides a cache_clear() function for clearing the cache:
+
+    >>> @memoize
+    ... def foo()
+    ...     return 1
+    ...
+    >>> foo()
+    1
+    >>> foo.cache_clear()
+    >>>
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        key = (args, frozenset(sorted(kwargs.items())))
+        lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            try:
+                return cache[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                ret = cache[key] = fun(*args, **kwargs)
+        finally:
+            lock.release()
+        return ret
+
+    def cache_clear():
+        """Clear cache."""
+        lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            cache.clear()
+        finally:
+            lock.release()
+
+    lock = threading.RLock()
+    cache = {}
+    wrapper.cache_clear = cache_clear
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def isfile_strict(path):
+    """Same as os.path.isfile() but does not swallow EACCES / EPERM
+    exceptions, see:
+    http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2012-June/120787.html
+    """
+    try:
+        st = os.stat(path)
+    except OSError as err:
+        if err.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+            raise
+        return False
+    else:
+        return stat.S_ISREG(st.st_mode)
+
+
+def sockfam_to_enum(num):
+    """Convert a numeric socket family value to an IntEnum member.
+    If it's not a known member, return the numeric value itself.
+    """
+    if enum is None:
+        return num
+    try:
+        return socket.AddressFamily(num)
+    except (ValueError, AttributeError):
+        return num
+
+
+def socktype_to_enum(num):
+    """Convert a numeric socket type value to an IntEnum member.
+    If it's not a known member, return the numeric value itself.
+    """
+    if enum is None:
+        return num
+    try:
+        return socket.AddressType(num)
+    except (ValueError, AttributeError):
+        return num
+
+
+# --- Process.connections() 'kind' parameter mapping
+
+conn_tmap = {
+    "all": ([AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX], [SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    "tcp": ([AF_INET, AF_INET6], [SOCK_STREAM]),
+    "tcp4": ([AF_INET], [SOCK_STREAM]),
+    "udp": ([AF_INET, AF_INET6], [SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    "udp4": ([AF_INET], [SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    "inet": ([AF_INET, AF_INET6], [SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    "inet4": ([AF_INET], [SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    "inet6": ([AF_INET6], [SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM]),
+}
+
+if AF_INET6 is not None:
+    conn_tmap.update({
+        "tcp6": ([AF_INET6], [SOCK_STREAM]),
+        "udp6": ([AF_INET6], [SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    })
+
+if AF_UNIX is not None:
+    conn_tmap.update({
+        "unix": ([AF_UNIX], [SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM]),
+    })
+
+del AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM
+
+
+# --- namedtuples for psutil.* system-related functions
+
+# psutil.swap_memory()
+sswap = namedtuple('sswap', ['total', 'used', 'free', 'percent', 'sin',
+                             'sout'])
+# psutil.disk_usage()
+sdiskusage = namedtuple('sdiskusage', ['total', 'used', 'free', 'percent'])
+# psutil.disk_io_counters()
+sdiskio = namedtuple('sdiskio', ['read_count', 'write_count',
+                                 'read_bytes', 'write_bytes',
+                                 'read_time', 'write_time'])
+# psutil.disk_partitions()
+sdiskpart = namedtuple('sdiskpart', ['device', 'mountpoint', 'fstype', 'opts'])
+# psutil.net_io_counters()
+snetio = namedtuple('snetio', ['bytes_sent', 'bytes_recv',
+                               'packets_sent', 'packets_recv',
+                               'errin', 'errout',
+                               'dropin', 'dropout'])
+# psutil.users()
+suser = namedtuple('suser', ['name', 'terminal', 'host', 'started'])
+# psutil.net_connections()
+sconn = namedtuple('sconn', ['fd', 'family', 'type', 'laddr', 'raddr',
+                             'status', 'pid'])
+# psutil.net_if_addrs()
+snic = namedtuple('snic', ['family', 'address', 'netmask', 'broadcast'])
+# psutil.net_if_stats()
+snicstats = namedtuple('snicstats', ['isup', 'duplex', 'speed', 'mtu'])
+
+
+# --- namedtuples for psutil.Process methods
+
+# psutil.Process.memory_info()
+pmem = namedtuple('pmem', ['rss', 'vms'])
+# psutil.Process.cpu_times()
+pcputimes = namedtuple('pcputimes', ['user', 'system'])
+# psutil.Process.open_files()
+popenfile = namedtuple('popenfile', ['path', 'fd'])
+# psutil.Process.threads()
+pthread = namedtuple('pthread', ['id', 'user_time', 'system_time'])
+# psutil.Process.uids()
+puids = namedtuple('puids', ['real', 'effective', 'saved'])
+# psutil.Process.gids()
+pgids = namedtuple('pgids', ['real', 'effective', 'saved'])
+# psutil.Process.io_counters()
+pio = namedtuple('pio', ['read_count', 'write_count',
+                         'read_bytes', 'write_bytes'])
+# psutil.Process.ionice()
+pionice = namedtuple('pionice', ['ioclass', 'value'])
+# psutil.Process.ctx_switches()
+pctxsw = namedtuple('pctxsw', ['voluntary', 'involuntary'])
+# psutil.Process.connections()
+pconn = namedtuple('pconn', ['fd', 'family', 'type', 'laddr', 'raddr',
+                             'status'])
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_compat.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38744a84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Module which provides compatibility with older Python versions."""
+
+import collections
+import functools
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ["PY3", "long", "xrange", "unicode", "callable", "lru_cache"]
+
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+if PY3:
+    long = int
+    xrange = range
+    unicode = str
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+else:
+    long = long
+    xrange = xrange
+    unicode = unicode
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+
+
+# removed in 3.0, reintroduced in 3.2
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+# --- stdlib additions
+
+
+# py 3.2 functools.lru_cache
+# Taken from: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578078
+# Credit: Raymond Hettinger
+try:
+    from functools import lru_cache
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from threading import RLock
+    except ImportError:
+        from dummy_threading import RLock
+
+    _CacheInfo = collections.namedtuple(
+        "CacheInfo", ["hits", "misses", "maxsize", "currsize"])
+
+    class _HashedSeq(list):
+        __slots__ = 'hashvalue'
+
+        def __init__(self, tup, hash=hash):
+            self[:] = tup
+            self.hashvalue = hash(tup)
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return self.hashvalue
+
+    def _make_key(args, kwds, typed,
+                  kwd_mark=(object(), ),
+                  fasttypes=set((int, str, frozenset, type(None))),
+                  sorted=sorted, tuple=tuple, type=type, len=len):
+        key = args
+        if kwds:
+            sorted_items = sorted(kwds.items())
+            key += kwd_mark
+            for item in sorted_items:
+                key += item
+        if typed:
+            key += tuple(type(v) for v in args)
+            if kwds:
+                key += tuple(type(v) for k, v in sorted_items)
+        elif len(key) == 1 and type(key[0]) in fasttypes:
+            return key[0]
+        return _HashedSeq(key)
+
+    def lru_cache(maxsize=100, typed=False):
+        """Least-recently-used cache decorator, see:
+        http://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache
+        """
+        def decorating_function(user_function):
+            cache = dict()
+            stats = [0, 0]
+            HITS, MISSES = 0, 1
+            make_key = _make_key
+            cache_get = cache.get
+            _len = len
+            lock = RLock()
+            root = []
+            root[:] = [root, root, None, None]
+            nonlocal_root = [root]
+            PREV, NEXT, KEY, RESULT = 0, 1, 2, 3
+            if maxsize == 0:
+                def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+                    result = user_function(*args, **kwds)
+                    stats[MISSES] += 1
+                    return result
+            elif maxsize is None:
+                def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+                    key = make_key(args, kwds, typed)
+                    result = cache_get(key, root)
+                    if result is not root:
+                        stats[HITS] += 1
+                        return result
+                    result = user_function(*args, **kwds)
+                    cache[key] = result
+                    stats[MISSES] += 1
+                    return result
+            else:
+                def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
+                    if kwds or typed:
+                        key = make_key(args, kwds, typed)
+                    else:
+                        key = args
+                    lock.acquire()
+                    try:
+                        link = cache_get(key)
+                        if link is not None:
+                            root, = nonlocal_root
+                            link_prev, link_next, key, result = link
+                            link_prev[NEXT] = link_next
+                            link_next[PREV] = link_prev
+                            last = root[PREV]
+                            last[NEXT] = root[PREV] = link
+                            link[PREV] = last
+                            link[NEXT] = root
+                            stats[HITS] += 1
+                            return result
+                    finally:
+                        lock.release()
+                    result = user_function(*args, **kwds)
+                    lock.acquire()
+                    try:
+                        root, = nonlocal_root
+                        if key in cache:
+                            pass
+                        elif _len(cache) >= maxsize:
+                            oldroot = root
+                            oldroot[KEY] = key
+                            oldroot[RESULT] = result
+                            root = nonlocal_root[0] = oldroot[NEXT]
+                            oldkey = root[KEY]
+                            root[KEY] = root[RESULT] = None
+                            del cache[oldkey]
+                            cache[key] = oldroot
+                        else:
+                            last = root[PREV]
+                            link = [last, root, key, result]
+                            last[NEXT] = root[PREV] = cache[key] = link
+                        stats[MISSES] += 1
+                    finally:
+                        lock.release()
+                    return result
+
+            def cache_info():
+                """Report cache statistics"""
+                lock.acquire()
+                try:
+                    return _CacheInfo(stats[HITS], stats[MISSES], maxsize,
+                                      len(cache))
+                finally:
+                    lock.release()
+
+            def cache_clear():
+                """Clear the cache and cache statistics"""
+                lock.acquire()
+                try:
+                    cache.clear()
+                    root = nonlocal_root[0]
+                    root[:] = [root, root, None, None]
+                    stats[:] = [0, 0]
+                finally:
+                    lock.release()
+
+            wrapper.__wrapped__ = user_function
+            wrapper.cache_info = cache_info
+            wrapper.cache_clear = cache_clear
+            return functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, user_function)
+
+        return decorating_function
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psbsd.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_psbsd.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db54a02e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psbsd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""FreeBSD platform implementation."""
+
+import errno
+import functools
+import os
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from . import _common
+from . import _psposix
+from . import _psutil_bsd as cext
+from . import _psutil_posix as cext_posix
+from ._common import conn_tmap, usage_percent, sockfam_to_enum
+from ._common import socktype_to_enum
+
+
+__extra__all__ = []
+
+# --- constants
+
+PROC_STATUSES = {
+    cext.SSTOP: _common.STATUS_STOPPED,
+    cext.SSLEEP: _common.STATUS_SLEEPING,
+    cext.SRUN: _common.STATUS_RUNNING,
+    cext.SIDL: _common.STATUS_IDLE,
+    cext.SWAIT: _common.STATUS_WAITING,
+    cext.SLOCK: _common.STATUS_LOCKED,
+    cext.SZOMB: _common.STATUS_ZOMBIE,
+}
+
+TCP_STATUSES = {
+    cext.TCPS_ESTABLISHED: _common.CONN_ESTABLISHED,
+    cext.TCPS_SYN_SENT: _common.CONN_SYN_SENT,
+    cext.TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED: _common.CONN_SYN_RECV,
+    cext.TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
+    cext.TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
+    cext.TCPS_TIME_WAIT: _common.CONN_TIME_WAIT,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSED: _common.CONN_CLOSE,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT: _common.CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
+    cext.TCPS_LAST_ACK: _common.CONN_LAST_ACK,
+    cext.TCPS_LISTEN: _common.CONN_LISTEN,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSING: _common.CONN_CLOSING,
+    cext.PSUTIL_CONN_NONE: _common.CONN_NONE,
+}
+
+PAGESIZE = os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE")
+AF_LINK = cext_posix.AF_LINK
+
+# extend base mem ntuple with BSD-specific memory metrics
+svmem = namedtuple(
+    'svmem', ['total', 'available', 'percent', 'used', 'free',
+              'active', 'inactive', 'buffers', 'cached', 'shared', 'wired'])
+scputimes = namedtuple(
+    'scputimes', ['user', 'nice', 'system', 'idle', 'irq'])
+pextmem = namedtuple('pextmem', ['rss', 'vms', 'text', 'data', 'stack'])
+pmmap_grouped = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_grouped', 'path rss, private, ref_count, shadow_count')
+pmmap_ext = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_ext', 'addr, perms path rss, private, ref_count, shadow_count')
+
+# set later from __init__.py
+NoSuchProcess = None
+ZombieProcess = None
+AccessDenied = None
+TimeoutExpired = None
+
+
+def virtual_memory():
+    """System virtual memory as a namedtuple."""
+    mem = cext.virtual_mem()
+    total, free, active, inactive, wired, cached, buffers, shared = mem
+    avail = inactive + cached + free
+    used = active + wired + cached
+    percent = usage_percent((total - avail), total, _round=1)
+    return svmem(total, avail, percent, used, free,
+                 active, inactive, buffers, cached, shared, wired)
+
+
+def swap_memory():
+    """System swap memory as (total, used, free, sin, sout) namedtuple."""
+    total, used, free, sin, sout = [x * PAGESIZE for x in cext.swap_mem()]
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    return _common.sswap(total, used, free, percent, sin, sout)
+
+
+def cpu_times():
+    """Return system per-CPU times as a namedtuple"""
+    user, nice, system, idle, irq = cext.cpu_times()
+    return scputimes(user, nice, system, idle, irq)
+
+
+if hasattr(cext, "per_cpu_times"):
+    def per_cpu_times():
+        """Return system CPU times as a namedtuple"""
+        ret = []
+        for cpu_t in cext.per_cpu_times():
+            user, nice, system, idle, irq = cpu_t
+            item = scputimes(user, nice, system, idle, irq)
+            ret.append(item)
+        return ret
+else:
+    # XXX
+    # Ok, this is very dirty.
+    # On FreeBSD < 8 we cannot gather per-cpu information, see:
+    # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/226
+    # If num cpus > 1, on first call we return single cpu times to avoid a
+    # crash at psutil import time.
+    # Next calls will fail with NotImplementedError
+    def per_cpu_times():
+        if cpu_count_logical() == 1:
+            return [cpu_times()]
+        if per_cpu_times.__called__:
+            raise NotImplementedError("supported only starting from FreeBSD 8")
+        per_cpu_times.__called__ = True
+        return [cpu_times()]
+
+    per_cpu_times.__called__ = False
+
+
+def cpu_count_logical():
+    """Return the number of logical CPUs in the system."""
+    return cext.cpu_count_logical()
+
+
+def cpu_count_physical():
+    """Return the number of physical CPUs in the system."""
+    # From the C module we'll get an XML string similar to this:
+    # http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man4/smp.4freebsd.html
+    # We may get None in case "sysctl kern.sched.topology_spec"
+    # is not supported on this BSD version, in which case we'll mimic
+    # os.cpu_count() and return None.
+    ret = None
+    s = cext.cpu_count_phys()
+    if s is not None:
+        # get rid of padding chars appended at the end of the string
+        index = s.rfind("</groups>")
+        if index != -1:
+            s = s[:index + 9]
+            root = ET.fromstring(s)
+            try:
+                ret = len(root.findall('group/children/group/cpu')) or None
+            finally:
+                # needed otherwise it will memleak
+                root.clear()
+    if not ret:
+        # If logical CPUs are 1 it's obvious we'll have only 1
+        # physical CPU.
+        if cpu_count_logical() == 1:
+            return 1
+    return ret
+
+
+def boot_time():
+    """The system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
+    return cext.boot_time()
+
+
+def disk_partitions(all=False):
+    retlist = []
+    partitions = cext.disk_partitions()
+    for partition in partitions:
+        device, mountpoint, fstype, opts = partition
+        if device == 'none':
+            device = ''
+        if not all:
+            if not os.path.isabs(device) or not os.path.exists(device):
+                continue
+        ntuple = _common.sdiskpart(device, mountpoint, fstype, opts)
+        retlist.append(ntuple)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def users():
+    retlist = []
+    rawlist = cext.users()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        user, tty, hostname, tstamp = item
+        if tty == '~':
+            continue  # reboot or shutdown
+        nt = _common.suser(user, tty or None, hostname, tstamp)
+        retlist.append(nt)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def net_connections(kind):
+    if kind not in _common.conn_tmap:
+        raise ValueError("invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
+                         % (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in conn_tmap])))
+    families, types = conn_tmap[kind]
+    ret = set()
+    rawlist = cext.net_connections()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status, pid = item
+        # TODO: apply filter at C level
+        if fam in families and type in types:
+            try:
+                status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
+            except KeyError:
+                # XXX: Not sure why this happens. I saw this occurring
+                # with IPv6 sockets opened by 'vim'. Those sockets
+                # have a very short lifetime so maybe the kernel
+                # can't initialize their status?
+                status = TCP_STATUSES[cext.PSUTIL_CONN_NONE]
+            fam = sockfam_to_enum(fam)
+            type = socktype_to_enum(type)
+            nt = _common.sconn(fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status, pid)
+            ret.add(nt)
+    return list(ret)
+
+
+def net_if_stats():
+    """Get NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)."""
+    names = net_io_counters().keys()
+    ret = {}
+    for name in names:
+        isup, duplex, speed, mtu = cext_posix.net_if_stats(name)
+        if hasattr(_common, 'NicDuplex'):
+            duplex = _common.NicDuplex(duplex)
+        ret[name] = _common.snicstats(isup, duplex, speed, mtu)
+    return ret
+
+
+pids = cext.pids
+pid_exists = _psposix.pid_exists
+disk_usage = _psposix.disk_usage
+net_io_counters = cext.net_io_counters
+disk_io_counters = cext.disk_io_counters
+net_if_addrs = cext_posix.net_if_addrs
+
+
+def wrap_exceptions(fun):
+    """Decorator which translates bare OSError exceptions into
+    NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied.
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except OSError as err:
+            # support for private module import
+            if (NoSuchProcess is None or AccessDenied is None or
+                    ZombieProcess is None):
+                raise
+            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                if not pid_exists(self.pid):
+                    raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+                else:
+                    raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
+            if err.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Process(object):
+    """Wrapper class around underlying C implementation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["pid", "_name", "_ppid"]
+
+    def __init__(self, pid):
+        self.pid = pid
+        self._name = None
+        self._ppid = None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def name(self):
+        return cext.proc_name(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def exe(self):
+        return cext.proc_exe(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cmdline(self):
+        return cext.proc_cmdline(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def terminal(self):
+        tty_nr = cext.proc_tty_nr(self.pid)
+        tmap = _psposix._get_terminal_map()
+        try:
+            return tmap[tty_nr]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def ppid(self):
+        return cext.proc_ppid(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def uids(self):
+        real, effective, saved = cext.proc_uids(self.pid)
+        return _common.puids(real, effective, saved)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def gids(self):
+        real, effective, saved = cext.proc_gids(self.pid)
+        return _common.pgids(real, effective, saved)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_times(self):
+        user, system = cext.proc_cpu_times(self.pid)
+        return _common.pcputimes(user, system)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info(self):
+        rss, vms = cext.proc_memory_info(self.pid)[:2]
+        return _common.pmem(rss, vms)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info_ex(self):
+        return pextmem(*cext.proc_memory_info(self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def create_time(self):
+        return cext.proc_create_time(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_threads(self):
+        return cext.proc_num_threads(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_ctx_switches(self):
+        return _common.pctxsw(*cext.proc_num_ctx_switches(self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def threads(self):
+        rawlist = cext.proc_threads(self.pid)
+        retlist = []
+        for thread_id, utime, stime in rawlist:
+            ntuple = _common.pthread(thread_id, utime, stime)
+            retlist.append(ntuple)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def connections(self, kind='inet'):
+        if kind not in conn_tmap:
+            raise ValueError("invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
+                             % (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in conn_tmap])))
+        families, types = conn_tmap[kind]
+        rawlist = cext.proc_connections(self.pid, families, types)
+        ret = []
+        for item in rawlist:
+            fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status = item
+            fam = sockfam_to_enum(fam)
+            type = socktype_to_enum(type)
+            status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
+            nt = _common.pconn(fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status)
+            ret.append(nt)
+        return ret
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        try:
+            return _psposix.wait_pid(self.pid, timeout)
+        except _psposix.TimeoutExpired:
+            # support for private module import
+            if TimeoutExpired is None:
+                raise
+            raise TimeoutExpired(timeout, self.pid, self._name)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_get(self):
+        return cext_posix.getpriority(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_set(self, value):
+        return cext_posix.setpriority(self.pid, value)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def status(self):
+        code = cext.proc_status(self.pid)
+        if code in PROC_STATUSES:
+            return PROC_STATUSES[code]
+        # XXX is this legit? will we even ever get here?
+        return "?"
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def io_counters(self):
+        rc, wc, rb, wb = cext.proc_io_counters(self.pid)
+        return _common.pio(rc, wc, rb, wb)
+
+    nt_mmap_grouped = namedtuple(
+        'mmap', 'path rss, private, ref_count, shadow_count')
+    nt_mmap_ext = namedtuple(
+        'mmap', 'addr, perms path rss, private, ref_count, shadow_count')
+
+    # FreeBSD < 8 does not support functions based on kinfo_getfile()
+    # and kinfo_getvmmap()
+    if hasattr(cext, 'proc_open_files'):
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def open_files(self):
+            """Return files opened by process as a list of namedtuples."""
+            rawlist = cext.proc_open_files(self.pid)
+            return [_common.popenfile(path, fd) for path, fd in rawlist]
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def cwd(self):
+            """Return process current working directory."""
+            # sometimes we get an empty string, in which case we turn
+            # it into None
+            return cext.proc_cwd(self.pid) or None
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def memory_maps(self):
+            return cext.proc_memory_maps(self.pid)
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def num_fds(self):
+            """Return the number of file descriptors opened by this process."""
+            return cext.proc_num_fds(self.pid)
+
+    else:
+        def _not_implemented(self):
+            raise NotImplementedError("supported only starting from FreeBSD 8")
+
+        open_files = _not_implemented
+        proc_cwd = _not_implemented
+        memory_maps = _not_implemented
+        num_fds = _not_implemented
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_affinity_get(self):
+        return cext.proc_cpu_affinity_get(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_affinity_set(self, cpus):
+        # Pre-emptively check if CPUs are valid because the C
+        # function has a weird behavior in case of invalid CPUs,
+        # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/586
+        allcpus = tuple(range(len(per_cpu_times())))
+        for cpu in cpus:
+            if cpu not in allcpus:
+                raise ValueError("invalid CPU #%i (choose between %s)"
+                                 % (cpu, allcpus))
+        try:
+            cext.proc_cpu_affinity_set(self.pid, cpus)
+        except OSError as err:
+            # 'man cpuset_setaffinity' about EDEADLK:
+            # <<the call would leave a thread without a valid CPU to run
+            # on because the set does not overlap with the thread's
+            # anonymous mask>>
+            if err.errno in (errno.EINVAL, errno.EDEADLK):
+                for cpu in cpus:
+                    if cpu not in allcpus:
+                        raise ValueError("invalid CPU #%i (choose between %s)"
+                                         % (cpu, allcpus))
+            raise
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_pslinux.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_pslinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7eb25f519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_pslinux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1206 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Linux platform implementation."""
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+import base64
+import errno
+import functools
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+import sys
+import warnings
+from collections import namedtuple, defaultdict
+
+from . import _common
+from . import _psposix
+from . import _psutil_linux as cext
+from . import _psutil_posix as cext_posix
+from ._common import isfile_strict, usage_percent
+from ._common import NIC_DUPLEX_FULL, NIC_DUPLEX_HALF, NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN
+from ._compat import PY3, long
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+    import enum
+else:
+    enum = None
+
+
+__extra__all__ = [
+    # io prio constants
+    "IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE", "IOPRIO_CLASS_RT", "IOPRIO_CLASS_BE",
+    "IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE",
+    # connection status constants
+    "CONN_ESTABLISHED", "CONN_SYN_SENT", "CONN_SYN_RECV", "CONN_FIN_WAIT1",
+    "CONN_FIN_WAIT2", "CONN_TIME_WAIT", "CONN_CLOSE", "CONN_CLOSE_WAIT",
+    "CONN_LAST_ACK", "CONN_LISTEN", "CONN_CLOSING", ]
+
+# --- constants
+
+HAS_PRLIMIT = hasattr(cext, "linux_prlimit")
+
+# RLIMIT_* constants, not guaranteed to be present on all kernels
+if HAS_PRLIMIT:
+    for name in dir(cext):
+        if name.startswith('RLIM'):
+            __extra__all__.append(name)
+
+# Number of clock ticks per second
+CLOCK_TICKS = os.sysconf("SC_CLK_TCK")
+PAGESIZE = os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE")
+BOOT_TIME = None  # set later
+DEFAULT_ENCODING = sys.getdefaultencoding()
+if enum is None:
+    AF_LINK = socket.AF_PACKET
+else:
+    AddressFamily = enum.IntEnum('AddressFamily',
+                                 {'AF_LINK': socket.AF_PACKET})
+    AF_LINK = AddressFamily.AF_LINK
+
+# ioprio_* constants http://linux.die.net/man/2/ioprio_get
+if enum is None:
+    IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE = 0
+    IOPRIO_CLASS_RT = 1
+    IOPRIO_CLASS_BE = 2
+    IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE = 3
+else:
+    class IOPriority(enum.IntEnum):
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE = 0
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_RT = 1
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_BE = 2
+        IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE = 3
+
+    globals().update(IOPriority.__members__)
+
+# taken from /fs/proc/array.c
+PROC_STATUSES = {
+    "R": _common.STATUS_RUNNING,
+    "S": _common.STATUS_SLEEPING,
+    "D": _common.STATUS_DISK_SLEEP,
+    "T": _common.STATUS_STOPPED,
+    "t": _common.STATUS_TRACING_STOP,
+    "Z": _common.STATUS_ZOMBIE,
+    "X": _common.STATUS_DEAD,
+    "x": _common.STATUS_DEAD,
+    "K": _common.STATUS_WAKE_KILL,
+    "W": _common.STATUS_WAKING
+}
+
+# http://students.mimuw.edu.pl/lxr/source/include/net/tcp_states.h
+TCP_STATUSES = {
+    "01": _common.CONN_ESTABLISHED,
+    "02": _common.CONN_SYN_SENT,
+    "03": _common.CONN_SYN_RECV,
+    "04": _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
+    "05": _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
+    "06": _common.CONN_TIME_WAIT,
+    "07": _common.CONN_CLOSE,
+    "08": _common.CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
+    "09": _common.CONN_LAST_ACK,
+    "0A": _common.CONN_LISTEN,
+    "0B": _common.CONN_CLOSING
+}
+
+# set later from __init__.py
+NoSuchProcess = None
+ZombieProcess = None
+AccessDenied = None
+TimeoutExpired = None
+
+
+# --- named tuples
+
+def _get_cputimes_fields():
+    """Return a namedtuple of variable fields depending on the
+    CPU times available on this Linux kernel version which may be:
+    (user, nice, system, idle, iowait, irq, softirq, [steal, [guest,
+     [guest_nice]]])
+    """
+    with open('/proc/stat', 'rb') as f:
+        values = f.readline().split()[1:]
+    fields = ['user', 'nice', 'system', 'idle', 'iowait', 'irq', 'softirq']
+    vlen = len(values)
+    if vlen >= 8:
+        # Linux >= 2.6.11
+        fields.append('steal')
+    if vlen >= 9:
+        # Linux >= 2.6.24
+        fields.append('guest')
+    if vlen >= 10:
+        # Linux >= 3.2.0
+        fields.append('guest_nice')
+    return fields
+
+
+scputimes = namedtuple('scputimes', _get_cputimes_fields())
+
+svmem = namedtuple(
+    'svmem', ['total', 'available', 'percent', 'used', 'free',
+              'active', 'inactive', 'buffers', 'cached'])
+
+pextmem = namedtuple('pextmem', 'rss vms shared text lib data dirty')
+
+pmmap_grouped = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_grouped', ['path', 'rss', 'size', 'pss', 'shared_clean',
+                      'shared_dirty', 'private_clean', 'private_dirty',
+                      'referenced', 'anonymous', 'swap'])
+
+pmmap_ext = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_ext', 'addr perms ' + ' '.join(pmmap_grouped._fields))
+
+
+# --- system memory
+
+def virtual_memory():
+    total, free, buffers, shared, _, _ = cext.linux_sysinfo()
+    cached = active = inactive = None
+    with open('/proc/meminfo', 'rb') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith(b"Cached:"):
+                cached = int(line.split()[1]) * 1024
+            elif line.startswith(b"Active:"):
+                active = int(line.split()[1]) * 1024
+            elif line.startswith(b"Inactive:"):
+                inactive = int(line.split()[1]) * 1024
+            if (cached is not None and
+                    active is not None and
+                    inactive is not None):
+                break
+        else:
+            # we might get here when dealing with exotic Linux flavors, see:
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/313
+            msg = "'cached', 'active' and 'inactive' memory stats couldn't " \
+                  "be determined and were set to 0"
+            warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning)
+            cached = active = inactive = 0
+    avail = free + buffers + cached
+    used = total - free
+    percent = usage_percent((total - avail), total, _round=1)
+    return svmem(total, avail, percent, used, free,
+                 active, inactive, buffers, cached)
+
+
+def swap_memory():
+    _, _, _, _, total, free = cext.linux_sysinfo()
+    used = total - free
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    # get pgin/pgouts
+    with open("/proc/vmstat", "rb") as f:
+        sin = sout = None
+        for line in f:
+            # values are expressed in 4 kilo bytes, we want bytes instead
+            if line.startswith(b'pswpin'):
+                sin = int(line.split(b' ')[1]) * 4 * 1024
+            elif line.startswith(b'pswpout'):
+                sout = int(line.split(b' ')[1]) * 4 * 1024
+            if sin is not None and sout is not None:
+                break
+        else:
+            # we might get here when dealing with exotic Linux flavors, see:
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/313
+            msg = "'sin' and 'sout' swap memory stats couldn't " \
+                  "be determined and were set to 0"
+            warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning)
+            sin = sout = 0
+    return _common.sswap(total, used, free, percent, sin, sout)
+
+
+# --- CPUs
+
+def cpu_times():
+    """Return a named tuple representing the following system-wide
+    CPU times:
+    (user, nice, system, idle, iowait, irq, softirq [steal, [guest,
+     [guest_nice]]])
+    Last 3 fields may not be available on all Linux kernel versions.
+    """
+    with open('/proc/stat', 'rb') as f:
+        values = f.readline().split()
+    fields = values[1:len(scputimes._fields) + 1]
+    fields = [float(x) / CLOCK_TICKS for x in fields]
+    return scputimes(*fields)
+
+
+def per_cpu_times():
+    """Return a list of namedtuple representing the CPU times
+    for every CPU available on the system.
+    """
+    cpus = []
+    with open('/proc/stat', 'rb') as f:
+        # get rid of the first line which refers to system wide CPU stats
+        f.readline()
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith(b'cpu'):
+                values = line.split()
+                fields = values[1:len(scputimes._fields) + 1]
+                fields = [float(x) / CLOCK_TICKS for x in fields]
+                entry = scputimes(*fields)
+                cpus.append(entry)
+        return cpus
+
+
+def cpu_count_logical():
+    """Return the number of logical CPUs in the system."""
+    try:
+        return os.sysconf("SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN")
+    except ValueError:
+        # as a second fallback we try to parse /proc/cpuinfo
+        num = 0
+        with open('/proc/cpuinfo', 'rb') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.lower().startswith(b'processor'):
+                    num += 1
+
+        # unknown format (e.g. amrel/sparc architectures), see:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/200
+        # try to parse /proc/stat as a last resort
+        if num == 0:
+            search = re.compile('cpu\d')
+            with open('/proc/stat', 'rt') as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.split(' ')[0]
+                    if search.match(line):
+                        num += 1
+
+        if num == 0:
+            # mimic os.cpu_count()
+            return None
+        return num
+
+
+def cpu_count_physical():
+    """Return the number of physical cores in the system."""
+    mapping = {}
+    current_info = {}
+    with open('/proc/cpuinfo', 'rb') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip().lower()
+            if not line:
+                # new section
+                if (b'physical id' in current_info and
+                        b'cpu cores' in current_info):
+                    mapping[current_info[b'physical id']] = \
+                        current_info[b'cpu cores']
+                current_info = {}
+            else:
+                # ongoing section
+                if (line.startswith(b'physical id') or
+                        line.startswith(b'cpu cores')):
+                    key, value = line.split(b'\t:', 1)
+                    current_info[key] = int(value)
+
+    # mimic os.cpu_count()
+    return sum(mapping.values()) or None
+
+
+# --- other system functions
+
+def users():
+    """Return currently connected users as a list of namedtuples."""
+    retlist = []
+    rawlist = cext.users()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        user, tty, hostname, tstamp, user_process = item
+        # note: the underlying C function includes entries about
+        # system boot, run level and others.  We might want
+        # to use them in the future.
+        if not user_process:
+            continue
+        if hostname == ':0.0' or hostname == ':0':
+            hostname = 'localhost'
+        nt = _common.suser(user, tty or None, hostname, tstamp)
+        retlist.append(nt)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def boot_time():
+    """Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
+    global BOOT_TIME
+    with open('/proc/stat', 'rb') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith(b'btime'):
+                ret = float(line.strip().split()[1])
+                BOOT_TIME = ret
+                return ret
+        raise RuntimeError("line 'btime' not found in /proc/stat")
+
+
+# --- processes
+
+def pids():
+    """Returns a list of PIDs currently running on the system."""
+    return [int(x) for x in os.listdir(b'/proc') if x.isdigit()]
+
+
+def pid_exists(pid):
+    """Check For the existence of a unix pid."""
+    return _psposix.pid_exists(pid)
+
+
+# --- network
+
+class Connections:
+    """A wrapper on top of /proc/net/* files, retrieving per-process
+    and system-wide open connections (TCP, UDP, UNIX) similarly to
+    "netstat -an".
+
+    Note: in case of UNIX sockets we're only able to determine the
+    local endpoint/path, not the one it's connected to.
+    According to [1] it would be possible but not easily.
+
+    [1] http://serverfault.com/a/417946
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        tcp4 = ("tcp", socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        tcp6 = ("tcp6", socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        udp4 = ("udp", socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+        udp6 = ("udp6", socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+        unix = ("unix", socket.AF_UNIX, None)
+        self.tmap = {
+            "all": (tcp4, tcp6, udp4, udp6, unix),
+            "tcp": (tcp4, tcp6),
+            "tcp4": (tcp4,),
+            "tcp6": (tcp6,),
+            "udp": (udp4, udp6),
+            "udp4": (udp4,),
+            "udp6": (udp6,),
+            "unix": (unix,),
+            "inet": (tcp4, tcp6, udp4, udp6),
+            "inet4": (tcp4, udp4),
+            "inet6": (tcp6, udp6),
+        }
+
+    def get_proc_inodes(self, pid):
+        inodes = defaultdict(list)
+        for fd in os.listdir("/proc/%s/fd" % pid):
+            try:
+                inode = os.readlink("/proc/%s/fd/%s" % (pid, fd))
+            except OSError as err:
+                # ENOENT == file which is gone in the meantime;
+                # os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid) will be done later
+                # to force NSP (if it's the case)
+                if err.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH):
+                    continue
+                elif err.errno == errno.EINVAL:
+                    # not a link
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                if inode.startswith('socket:['):
+                    # the process is using a socket
+                    inode = inode[8:][:-1]
+                    inodes[inode].append((pid, int(fd)))
+        return inodes
+
+    def get_all_inodes(self):
+        inodes = {}
+        for pid in pids():
+            try:
+                inodes.update(self.get_proc_inodes(pid))
+            except OSError as err:
+                # os.listdir() is gonna raise a lot of access denied
+                # exceptions in case of unprivileged user; that's fine
+                # as we'll just end up returning a connection with PID
+                # and fd set to None anyway.
+                # Both netstat -an and lsof does the same so it's
+                # unlikely we can do any better.
+                # ENOENT just means a PID disappeared on us.
+                if err.errno not in (
+                        errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH, errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                    raise
+        return inodes
+
+    def decode_address(self, addr, family):
+        """Accept an "ip:port" address as displayed in /proc/net/*
+        and convert it into a human readable form, like:
+
+        "0500000A:0016" -> ("10.0.0.5", 22)
+        "0000000000000000FFFF00000100007F:9E49" -> ("::ffff:127.0.0.1", 40521)
+
+        The IP address portion is a little or big endian four-byte
+        hexadecimal number; that is, the least significant byte is listed
+        first, so we need to reverse the order of the bytes to convert it
+        to an IP address.
+        The port is represented as a two-byte hexadecimal number.
+
+        Reference:
+        http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2000/11/16/LinuxAdmin.html
+        """
+        ip, port = addr.split(':')
+        port = int(port, 16)
+        # this usually refers to a local socket in listen mode with
+        # no end-points connected
+        if not port:
+            return ()
+        if PY3:
+            ip = ip.encode('ascii')
+        if family == socket.AF_INET:
+            # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/201
+            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+                ip = socket.inet_ntop(family, base64.b16decode(ip)[::-1])
+            else:
+                ip = socket.inet_ntop(family, base64.b16decode(ip))
+        else:  # IPv6
+            # old version - let's keep it, just in case...
+            # ip = ip.decode('hex')
+            # return socket.inet_ntop(socket.AF_INET6,
+            #          ''.join(ip[i:i+4][::-1] for i in xrange(0, 16, 4)))
+            ip = base64.b16decode(ip)
+            # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/201
+            if sys.byteorder == 'little':
+                ip = socket.inet_ntop(
+                    socket.AF_INET6,
+                    struct.pack('>4I', *struct.unpack('<4I', ip)))
+            else:
+                ip = socket.inet_ntop(
+                    socket.AF_INET6,
+                    struct.pack('<4I', *struct.unpack('<4I', ip)))
+        return (ip, port)
+
+    def process_inet(self, file, family, type_, inodes, filter_pid=None):
+        """Parse /proc/net/tcp* and /proc/net/udp* files."""
+        if file.endswith('6') and not os.path.exists(file):
+            # IPv6 not supported
+            return
+        with open(file, 'rt') as f:
+            f.readline()  # skip the first line
+            for line in f:
+                try:
+                    _, laddr, raddr, status, _, _, _, _, _, inode = \
+                        line.split()[:10]
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "error while parsing %s; malformed line %r" % (
+                            file, line))
+                if inode in inodes:
+                    # # We assume inet sockets are unique, so we error
+                    # # out if there are multiple references to the
+                    # # same inode. We won't do this for UNIX sockets.
+                    # if len(inodes[inode]) > 1 and family != socket.AF_UNIX:
+                    #     raise ValueError("ambiguos inode with multiple "
+                    #                      "PIDs references")
+                    pid, fd = inodes[inode][0]
+                else:
+                    pid, fd = None, -1
+                if filter_pid is not None and filter_pid != pid:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    if type_ == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+                        status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
+                    else:
+                        status = _common.CONN_NONE
+                    laddr = self.decode_address(laddr, family)
+                    raddr = self.decode_address(raddr, family)
+                    yield (fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr, status, pid)
+
+    def process_unix(self, file, family, inodes, filter_pid=None):
+        """Parse /proc/net/unix files."""
+        with open(file, 'rt') as f:
+            f.readline()  # skip the first line
+            for line in f:
+                tokens = line.split()
+                try:
+                    _, _, _, _, type_, _, inode = tokens[0:7]
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "error while parsing %s; malformed line %r" % (
+                            file, line))
+                if inode in inodes:
+                    # With UNIX sockets we can have a single inode
+                    # referencing many file descriptors.
+                    pairs = inodes[inode]
+                else:
+                    pairs = [(None, -1)]
+                for pid, fd in pairs:
+                    if filter_pid is not None and filter_pid != pid:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        if len(tokens) == 8:
+                            path = tokens[-1]
+                        else:
+                            path = ""
+                        type_ = int(type_)
+                        raddr = None
+                        status = _common.CONN_NONE
+                        yield (fd, family, type_, path, raddr, status, pid)
+
+    def retrieve(self, kind, pid=None):
+        if kind not in self.tmap:
+            raise ValueError("invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
+                             % (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in self.tmap])))
+        if pid is not None:
+            inodes = self.get_proc_inodes(pid)
+            if not inodes:
+                # no connections for this process
+                return []
+        else:
+            inodes = self.get_all_inodes()
+        ret = set()
+        for f, family, type_ in self.tmap[kind]:
+            if family in (socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6):
+                ls = self.process_inet(
+                    "/proc/net/%s" % f, family, type_, inodes, filter_pid=pid)
+            else:
+                ls = self.process_unix(
+                    "/proc/net/%s" % f, family, inodes, filter_pid=pid)
+            for fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr, status, bound_pid in ls:
+                if pid:
+                    conn = _common.pconn(fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr,
+                                         status)
+                else:
+                    conn = _common.sconn(fd, family, type_, laddr, raddr,
+                                         status, bound_pid)
+                ret.add(conn)
+        return list(ret)
+
+
+_connections = Connections()
+
+
+def net_connections(kind='inet'):
+    """Return system-wide open connections."""
+    return _connections.retrieve(kind)
+
+
+def net_io_counters():
+    """Return network I/O statistics for every network interface
+    installed on the system as a dict of raw tuples.
+    """
+    with open("/proc/net/dev", "rt") as f:
+        lines = f.readlines()
+    retdict = {}
+    for line in lines[2:]:
+        colon = line.rfind(':')
+        assert colon > 0, repr(line)
+        name = line[:colon].strip()
+        fields = line[colon + 1:].strip().split()
+        bytes_recv = int(fields[0])
+        packets_recv = int(fields[1])
+        errin = int(fields[2])
+        dropin = int(fields[3])
+        bytes_sent = int(fields[8])
+        packets_sent = int(fields[9])
+        errout = int(fields[10])
+        dropout = int(fields[11])
+        retdict[name] = (bytes_sent, bytes_recv, packets_sent, packets_recv,
+                         errin, errout, dropin, dropout)
+    return retdict
+
+
+def net_if_stats():
+    """Get NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)."""
+    duplex_map = {cext.DUPLEX_FULL: NIC_DUPLEX_FULL,
+                  cext.DUPLEX_HALF: NIC_DUPLEX_HALF,
+                  cext.DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN}
+    names = net_io_counters().keys()
+    ret = {}
+    for name in names:
+        isup, duplex, speed, mtu = cext.net_if_stats(name)
+        duplex = duplex_map[duplex]
+        ret[name] = _common.snicstats(isup, duplex, speed, mtu)
+    return ret
+
+
+net_if_addrs = cext_posix.net_if_addrs
+
+
+# --- disks
+
+def disk_io_counters():
+    """Return disk I/O statistics for every disk installed on the
+    system as a dict of raw tuples.
+    """
+    # man iostat states that sectors are equivalent with blocks and
+    # have a size of 512 bytes since 2.4 kernels. This value is
+    # needed to calculate the amount of disk I/O in bytes.
+    SECTOR_SIZE = 512
+
+    # determine partitions we want to look for
+    partitions = []
+    with open("/proc/partitions", "rt") as f:
+        lines = f.readlines()[2:]
+    for line in reversed(lines):
+        _, _, _, name = line.split()
+        if name[-1].isdigit():
+            # we're dealing with a partition (e.g. 'sda1'); 'sda' will
+            # also be around but we want to omit it
+            partitions.append(name)
+        else:
+            if not partitions or not partitions[-1].startswith(name):
+                # we're dealing with a disk entity for which no
+                # partitions have been defined (e.g. 'sda' but
+                # 'sda1' was not around), see:
+                # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/338
+                partitions.append(name)
+    #
+    retdict = {}
+    with open("/proc/diskstats", "rt") as f:
+        lines = f.readlines()
+    for line in lines:
+        # http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/iostats.txt
+        fields = line.split()
+        if len(fields) > 7:
+            _, _, name, reads, _, rbytes, rtime, writes, _, wbytes, wtime = \
+                fields[:11]
+        else:
+            # from kernel 2.6.0 to 2.6.25
+            _, _, name, reads, rbytes, writes, wbytes = fields
+            rtime, wtime = 0, 0
+        if name in partitions:
+            rbytes = int(rbytes) * SECTOR_SIZE
+            wbytes = int(wbytes) * SECTOR_SIZE
+            reads = int(reads)
+            writes = int(writes)
+            rtime = int(rtime)
+            wtime = int(wtime)
+            retdict[name] = (reads, writes, rbytes, wbytes, rtime, wtime)
+    return retdict
+
+
+def disk_partitions(all=False):
+    """Return mounted disk partitions as a list of namedtuples"""
+    fstypes = set()
+    with open("/proc/filesystems", "r") as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line.startswith("nodev"):
+                fstypes.add(line.strip())
+            else:
+                # ignore all lines starting with "nodev" except "nodev zfs"
+                fstype = line.split("\t")[1]
+                if fstype == "zfs":
+                    fstypes.add("zfs")
+
+    retlist = []
+    partitions = cext.disk_partitions()
+    for partition in partitions:
+        device, mountpoint, fstype, opts = partition
+        if device == 'none':
+            device = ''
+        if not all:
+            if device == '' or fstype not in fstypes:
+                continue
+        ntuple = _common.sdiskpart(device, mountpoint, fstype, opts)
+        retlist.append(ntuple)
+    return retlist
+
+
+disk_usage = _psposix.disk_usage
+
+
+# --- decorators
+
+def wrap_exceptions(fun):
+    """Decorator which translates bare OSError and IOError exceptions
+    into NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied.
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except EnvironmentError as err:
+            # support for private module import
+            if NoSuchProcess is None or AccessDenied is None:
+                raise
+            # ENOENT (no such file or directory) gets raised on open().
+            # ESRCH (no such process) can get raised on read() if
+            # process is gone in meantime.
+            if err.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH):
+                raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+            if err.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def wrap_exceptions_w_zombie(fun):
+    """Same as above but also handles zombies."""
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return wrap_exceptions(fun)(self)
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            if not pid_exists(self.pid):
+                raise
+            else:
+                raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Process(object):
+    """Linux process implementation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["pid", "_name", "_ppid"]
+
+    def __init__(self, pid):
+        self.pid = pid
+        self._name = None
+        self._ppid = None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def name(self):
+        fname = "/proc/%s/stat" % self.pid
+        kw = dict(encoding=DEFAULT_ENCODING) if PY3 else dict()
+        with open(fname, "rt", **kw) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        # XXX - gets changed later and probably needs refactoring
+        return data[data.find('(') + 1:data.rfind(')')]
+
+    def exe(self):
+        try:
+            exe = os.readlink("/proc/%s/exe" % self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH):
+                # no such file error; might be raised also if the
+                # path actually exists for system processes with
+                # low pids (about 0-20)
+                if os.path.lexists("/proc/%s" % self.pid):
+                    return ""
+                else:
+                    if not pid_exists(self.pid):
+                        raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+                    else:
+                        raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
+            if err.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+
+        # readlink() might return paths containing null bytes ('\x00').
+        # Certain names have ' (deleted)' appended. Usually this is
+        # bogus as the file actually exists. Either way that's not
+        # important as we don't want to discriminate executables which
+        # have been deleted.
+        exe = exe.split('\x00')[0]
+        if exe.endswith(' (deleted)') and not os.path.exists(exe):
+            exe = exe[:-10]
+        return exe
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cmdline(self):
+        fname = "/proc/%s/cmdline" % self.pid
+        kw = dict(encoding=DEFAULT_ENCODING) if PY3 else dict()
+        with open(fname, "rt", **kw) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        if data.endswith('\x00'):
+            data = data[:-1]
+        return [x for x in data.split('\x00')]
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def terminal(self):
+        tmap = _psposix._get_terminal_map()
+        with open("/proc/%s/stat" % self.pid, 'rb') as f:
+            tty_nr = int(f.read().split(b' ')[6])
+        try:
+            return tmap[tty_nr]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    if os.path.exists('/proc/%s/io' % os.getpid()):
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def io_counters(self):
+            fname = "/proc/%s/io" % self.pid
+            with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
+                rcount = wcount = rbytes = wbytes = None
+                for line in f:
+                    if rcount is None and line.startswith(b"syscr"):
+                        rcount = int(line.split()[1])
+                    elif wcount is None and line.startswith(b"syscw"):
+                        wcount = int(line.split()[1])
+                    elif rbytes is None and line.startswith(b"read_bytes"):
+                        rbytes = int(line.split()[1])
+                    elif wbytes is None and line.startswith(b"write_bytes"):
+                        wbytes = int(line.split()[1])
+                for x in (rcount, wcount, rbytes, wbytes):
+                    if x is None:
+                        raise NotImplementedError(
+                            "couldn't read all necessary info from %r" % fname)
+                return _common.pio(rcount, wcount, rbytes, wbytes)
+    else:
+        def io_counters(self):
+            raise NotImplementedError("couldn't find /proc/%s/io (kernel "
+                                      "too old?)" % self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_times(self):
+        with open("/proc/%s/stat" % self.pid, 'rb') as f:
+            st = f.read().strip()
+        # ignore the first two values ("pid (exe)")
+        st = st[st.find(b')') + 2:]
+        values = st.split(b' ')
+        utime = float(values[11]) / CLOCK_TICKS
+        stime = float(values[12]) / CLOCK_TICKS
+        return _common.pcputimes(utime, stime)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        try:
+            return _psposix.wait_pid(self.pid, timeout)
+        except _psposix.TimeoutExpired:
+            # support for private module import
+            if TimeoutExpired is None:
+                raise
+            raise TimeoutExpired(timeout, self.pid, self._name)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def create_time(self):
+        with open("/proc/%s/stat" % self.pid, 'rb') as f:
+            st = f.read().strip()
+        # ignore the first two values ("pid (exe)")
+        st = st[st.rfind(b')') + 2:]
+        values = st.split(b' ')
+        # According to documentation, starttime is in field 21 and the
+        # unit is jiffies (clock ticks).
+        # We first divide it for clock ticks and then add uptime returning
+        # seconds since the epoch, in UTC.
+        # Also use cached value if available.
+        bt = BOOT_TIME or boot_time()
+        return (float(values[19]) / CLOCK_TICKS) + bt
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info(self):
+        with open("/proc/%s/statm" % self.pid, 'rb') as f:
+            vms, rss = f.readline().split()[:2]
+            return _common.pmem(int(rss) * PAGESIZE,
+                                int(vms) * PAGESIZE)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info_ex(self):
+        #  ============================================================
+        # | FIELD  | DESCRIPTION                         | AKA  | TOP  |
+        #  ============================================================
+        # | rss    | resident set size                   |      | RES  |
+        # | vms    | total program size                  | size | VIRT |
+        # | shared | shared pages (from shared mappings) |      | SHR  |
+        # | text   | text ('code')                       | trs  | CODE |
+        # | lib    | library (unused in Linux 2.6)       | lrs  |      |
+        # | data   | data + stack                        | drs  | DATA |
+        # | dirty  | dirty pages (unused in Linux 2.6)   | dt   |      |
+        #  ============================================================
+        with open("/proc/%s/statm" % self.pid, "rb") as f:
+            vms, rss, shared, text, lib, data, dirty = \
+                [int(x) * PAGESIZE for x in f.readline().split()[:7]]
+        return pextmem(rss, vms, shared, text, lib, data, dirty)
+
+    if os.path.exists('/proc/%s/smaps' % os.getpid()):
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def memory_maps(self):
+            """Return process's mapped memory regions as a list of named tuples.
+            Fields are explained in 'man proc'; here is an updated (Apr 2012)
+            version: http://goo.gl/fmebo
+            """
+            with open("/proc/%s/smaps" % self.pid, "rt") as f:
+                first_line = f.readline()
+                current_block = [first_line]
+
+                def get_blocks():
+                    data = {}
+                    for line in f:
+                        fields = line.split(None, 5)
+                        if not fields[0].endswith(':'):
+                            # new block section
+                            yield (current_block.pop(), data)
+                            current_block.append(line)
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                data[fields[0]] = int(fields[1]) * 1024
+                            except ValueError:
+                                if fields[0].startswith('VmFlags:'):
+                                    # see issue #369
+                                    continue
+                                else:
+                                    raise ValueError("don't know how to inte"
+                                                     "rpret line %r" % line)
+                    yield (current_block.pop(), data)
+
+                ls = []
+                if first_line:  # smaps file can be empty
+                    for header, data in get_blocks():
+                        hfields = header.split(None, 5)
+                        try:
+                            addr, perms, offset, dev, inode, path = hfields
+                        except ValueError:
+                            addr, perms, offset, dev, inode, path = \
+                                hfields + ['']
+                        if not path:
+                            path = '[anon]'
+                        else:
+                            path = path.strip()
+                        ls.append((
+                            addr, perms, path,
+                            data['Rss:'],
+                            data.get('Size:', 0),
+                            data.get('Pss:', 0),
+                            data.get('Shared_Clean:', 0),
+                            data.get('Shared_Dirty:', 0),
+                            data.get('Private_Clean:', 0),
+                            data.get('Private_Dirty:', 0),
+                            data.get('Referenced:', 0),
+                            data.get('Anonymous:', 0),
+                            data.get('Swap:', 0)
+                        ))
+            return ls
+
+    else:
+        def memory_maps(self):
+            msg = "couldn't find /proc/%s/smaps; kernel < 2.6.14 or "  \
+                  "CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration option is not enabled" \
+                  % self.pid
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions_w_zombie
+    def cwd(self):
+        # readlink() might return paths containing null bytes causing
+        # problems when used with other fs-related functions (os.*,
+        # open(), ...)
+        path = os.readlink("/proc/%s/cwd" % self.pid)
+        return path.replace('\x00', '')
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_ctx_switches(self):
+        vol = unvol = None
+        with open("/proc/%s/status" % self.pid, "rb") as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(b"voluntary_ctxt_switches"):
+                    vol = int(line.split()[1])
+                elif line.startswith(b"nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches"):
+                    unvol = int(line.split()[1])
+                if vol is not None and unvol is not None:
+                    return _common.pctxsw(vol, unvol)
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "'voluntary_ctxt_switches' and 'nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches'"
+                "fields were not found in /proc/%s/status; the kernel is "
+                "probably older than 2.6.23" % self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_threads(self):
+        with open("/proc/%s/status" % self.pid, "rb") as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(b"Threads:"):
+                    return int(line.split()[1])
+            raise NotImplementedError("line not found")
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def threads(self):
+        thread_ids = os.listdir("/proc/%s/task" % self.pid)
+        thread_ids.sort()
+        retlist = []
+        hit_enoent = False
+        for thread_id in thread_ids:
+            fname = "/proc/%s/task/%s/stat" % (self.pid, thread_id)
+            try:
+                with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
+                    st = f.read().strip()
+            except IOError as err:
+                if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                    # no such file or directory; it means thread
+                    # disappeared on us
+                    hit_enoent = True
+                    continue
+                raise
+            # ignore the first two values ("pid (exe)")
+            st = st[st.find(b')') + 2:]
+            values = st.split(b' ')
+            utime = float(values[11]) / CLOCK_TICKS
+            stime = float(values[12]) / CLOCK_TICKS
+            ntuple = _common.pthread(int(thread_id), utime, stime)
+            retlist.append(ntuple)
+        if hit_enoent:
+            # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_get(self):
+        # with open('/proc/%s/stat' % self.pid, 'r') as f:
+        #   data = f.read()
+        #   return int(data.split()[18])
+
+        # Use C implementation
+        return cext_posix.getpriority(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_set(self, value):
+        return cext_posix.setpriority(self.pid, value)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_affinity_get(self):
+        return cext.proc_cpu_affinity_get(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_affinity_set(self, cpus):
+        try:
+            cext.proc_cpu_affinity_set(self.pid, cpus)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno == errno.EINVAL:
+                allcpus = tuple(range(len(per_cpu_times())))
+                for cpu in cpus:
+                    if cpu not in allcpus:
+                        raise ValueError("invalid CPU #%i (choose between %s)"
+                                         % (cpu, allcpus))
+            raise
+
+    # only starting from kernel 2.6.13
+    if hasattr(cext, "proc_ioprio_get"):
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def ionice_get(self):
+            ioclass, value = cext.proc_ioprio_get(self.pid)
+            if enum is not None:
+                ioclass = IOPriority(ioclass)
+            return _common.pionice(ioclass, value)
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def ionice_set(self, ioclass, value):
+            if value is not None:
+                if not PY3 and not isinstance(value, (int, long)):
+                    msg = "value argument is not an integer (gor %r)" % value
+                    raise TypeError(msg)
+                if not 0 <= value <= 8:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "value argument range expected is between 0 and 8")
+
+            if ioclass in (IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, None):
+                if value:
+                    msg = "can't specify value with IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE " \
+                          "(got %r)" % value
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                ioclass = IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE
+                value = 0
+            elif ioclass == IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE:
+                if value:
+                    msg = "can't specify value with IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE " \
+                          "(got %r)" % value
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                value = 0
+            elif ioclass in (IOPRIO_CLASS_RT, IOPRIO_CLASS_BE):
+                if value is None:
+                    # TODO: add comment explaining why this is 4 (?)
+                    value = 4
+            else:
+                # otherwise we would get OSError(EVINAL)
+                raise ValueError("invalid ioclass argument %r" % ioclass)
+
+            return cext.proc_ioprio_set(self.pid, ioclass, value)
+
+    if HAS_PRLIMIT:
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def rlimit(self, resource, limits=None):
+            # If pid is 0 prlimit() applies to the calling process and
+            # we don't want that. We should never get here though as
+            # PID 0 is not supported on Linux.
+            if self.pid == 0:
+                raise ValueError("can't use prlimit() against PID 0 process")
+            try:
+                if limits is None:
+                    # get
+                    return cext.linux_prlimit(self.pid, resource)
+                else:
+                    # set
+                    if len(limits) != 2:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "second argument must be a (soft, hard) tuple, "
+                            "got %s" % repr(limits))
+                    soft, hard = limits
+                    cext.linux_prlimit(self.pid, resource, soft, hard)
+            except OSError as err:
+                if err.errno == errno.ENOSYS and pid_exists(self.pid):
+                    # I saw this happening on Travis:
+                    # https://travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil/jobs/51368273
+                    raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def status(self):
+        with open("/proc/%s/status" % self.pid, 'rb') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(b"State:"):
+                    letter = line.split()[1]
+                    if PY3:
+                        letter = letter.decode()
+                    # XXX is '?' legit? (we're not supposed to return
+                    # it anyway)
+                    return PROC_STATUSES.get(letter, '?')
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def open_files(self):
+        retlist = []
+        files = os.listdir("/proc/%s/fd" % self.pid)
+        hit_enoent = False
+        for fd in files:
+            file = "/proc/%s/fd/%s" % (self.pid, fd)
+            try:
+                file = os.readlink(file)
+            except OSError as err:
+                # ENOENT == file which is gone in the meantime
+                if err.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH):
+                    hit_enoent = True
+                    continue
+                elif err.errno == errno.EINVAL:
+                    # not a link
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                # If file is not an absolute path there's no way
+                # to tell whether it's a regular file or not,
+                # so we skip it. A regular file is always supposed
+                # to be absolutized though.
+                if file.startswith('/') and isfile_strict(file):
+                    ntuple = _common.popenfile(file, int(fd))
+                    retlist.append(ntuple)
+        if hit_enoent:
+            # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def connections(self, kind='inet'):
+        ret = _connections.retrieve(kind, self.pid)
+        # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+        os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+        return ret
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_fds(self):
+        return len(os.listdir("/proc/%s/fd" % self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def ppid(self):
+        fpath = "/proc/%s/status" % self.pid
+        with open(fpath, 'rb') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(b"PPid:"):
+                    # PPid: nnnn
+                    return int(line.split()[1])
+            raise NotImplementedError("line 'PPid' not found in %s" % fpath)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def uids(self):
+        fpath = "/proc/%s/status" % self.pid
+        with open(fpath, 'rb') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(b'Uid:'):
+                    _, real, effective, saved, fs = line.split()
+                    return _common.puids(int(real), int(effective), int(saved))
+            raise NotImplementedError("line 'Uid' not found in %s" % fpath)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def gids(self):
+        fpath = "/proc/%s/status" % self.pid
+        with open(fpath, 'rb') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(b'Gid:'):
+                    _, real, effective, saved, fs = line.split()
+                    return _common.pgids(int(real), int(effective), int(saved))
+            raise NotImplementedError("line 'Gid' not found in %s" % fpath)
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psosx.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_psosx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41875fe40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psosx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""OSX platform implementation."""
+
+import errno
+import functools
+import os
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from . import _common
+from . import _psposix
+from . import _psutil_osx as cext
+from . import _psutil_posix as cext_posix
+from ._common import conn_tmap, usage_percent, isfile_strict
+from ._common import sockfam_to_enum, socktype_to_enum
+
+
+__extra__all__ = []
+
+# --- constants
+
+PAGESIZE = os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE")
+AF_LINK = cext_posix.AF_LINK
+
+# http://students.mimuw.edu.pl/lxr/source/include/net/tcp_states.h
+TCP_STATUSES = {
+    cext.TCPS_ESTABLISHED: _common.CONN_ESTABLISHED,
+    cext.TCPS_SYN_SENT: _common.CONN_SYN_SENT,
+    cext.TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED: _common.CONN_SYN_RECV,
+    cext.TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
+    cext.TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
+    cext.TCPS_TIME_WAIT: _common.CONN_TIME_WAIT,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSED: _common.CONN_CLOSE,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT: _common.CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
+    cext.TCPS_LAST_ACK: _common.CONN_LAST_ACK,
+    cext.TCPS_LISTEN: _common.CONN_LISTEN,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSING: _common.CONN_CLOSING,
+    cext.PSUTIL_CONN_NONE: _common.CONN_NONE,
+}
+
+PROC_STATUSES = {
+    cext.SIDL: _common.STATUS_IDLE,
+    cext.SRUN: _common.STATUS_RUNNING,
+    cext.SSLEEP: _common.STATUS_SLEEPING,
+    cext.SSTOP: _common.STATUS_STOPPED,
+    cext.SZOMB: _common.STATUS_ZOMBIE,
+}
+
+scputimes = namedtuple('scputimes', ['user', 'nice', 'system', 'idle'])
+
+svmem = namedtuple(
+    'svmem', ['total', 'available', 'percent', 'used', 'free',
+              'active', 'inactive', 'wired'])
+
+pextmem = namedtuple('pextmem', ['rss', 'vms', 'pfaults', 'pageins'])
+
+pmmap_grouped = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_grouped',
+    'path rss private swapped dirtied ref_count shadow_depth')
+
+pmmap_ext = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_ext', 'addr perms ' + ' '.join(pmmap_grouped._fields))
+
+# set later from __init__.py
+NoSuchProcess = None
+ZombieProcess = None
+AccessDenied = None
+TimeoutExpired = None
+
+
+# --- functions
+
+def virtual_memory():
+    """System virtual memory as a namedtuple."""
+    total, active, inactive, wired, free = cext.virtual_mem()
+    avail = inactive + free
+    used = active + inactive + wired
+    percent = usage_percent((total - avail), total, _round=1)
+    return svmem(total, avail, percent, used, free,
+                 active, inactive, wired)
+
+
+def swap_memory():
+    """Swap system memory as a (total, used, free, sin, sout) tuple."""
+    total, used, free, sin, sout = cext.swap_mem()
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    return _common.sswap(total, used, free, percent, sin, sout)
+
+
+def cpu_times():
+    """Return system CPU times as a namedtuple."""
+    user, nice, system, idle = cext.cpu_times()
+    return scputimes(user, nice, system, idle)
+
+
+def per_cpu_times():
+    """Return system CPU times as a named tuple"""
+    ret = []
+    for cpu_t in cext.per_cpu_times():
+        user, nice, system, idle = cpu_t
+        item = scputimes(user, nice, system, idle)
+        ret.append(item)
+    return ret
+
+
+def cpu_count_logical():
+    """Return the number of logical CPUs in the system."""
+    return cext.cpu_count_logical()
+
+
+def cpu_count_physical():
+    """Return the number of physical CPUs in the system."""
+    return cext.cpu_count_phys()
+
+
+def boot_time():
+    """The system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
+    return cext.boot_time()
+
+
+def disk_partitions(all=False):
+    retlist = []
+    partitions = cext.disk_partitions()
+    for partition in partitions:
+        device, mountpoint, fstype, opts = partition
+        if device == 'none':
+            device = ''
+        if not all:
+            if not os.path.isabs(device) or not os.path.exists(device):
+                continue
+        ntuple = _common.sdiskpart(device, mountpoint, fstype, opts)
+        retlist.append(ntuple)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def users():
+    retlist = []
+    rawlist = cext.users()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        user, tty, hostname, tstamp = item
+        if tty == '~':
+            continue  # reboot or shutdown
+        if not tstamp:
+            continue
+        nt = _common.suser(user, tty or None, hostname or None, tstamp)
+        retlist.append(nt)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def net_connections(kind='inet'):
+    # Note: on OSX this will fail with AccessDenied unless
+    # the process is owned by root.
+    ret = []
+    for pid in pids():
+        try:
+            cons = Process(pid).connections(kind)
+        except NoSuchProcess:
+            continue
+        else:
+            if cons:
+                for c in cons:
+                    c = list(c) + [pid]
+                    ret.append(_common.sconn(*c))
+    return ret
+
+
+def net_if_stats():
+    """Get NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)."""
+    names = net_io_counters().keys()
+    ret = {}
+    for name in names:
+        isup, duplex, speed, mtu = cext_posix.net_if_stats(name)
+        if hasattr(_common, 'NicDuplex'):
+            duplex = _common.NicDuplex(duplex)
+        ret[name] = _common.snicstats(isup, duplex, speed, mtu)
+    return ret
+
+
+pids = cext.pids
+pid_exists = _psposix.pid_exists
+disk_usage = _psposix.disk_usage
+net_io_counters = cext.net_io_counters
+disk_io_counters = cext.disk_io_counters
+net_if_addrs = cext_posix.net_if_addrs
+
+
+def wrap_exceptions(fun):
+    """Decorator which translates bare OSError exceptions into
+    NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied.
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except OSError as err:
+            # support for private module import
+            if (NoSuchProcess is None or AccessDenied is None or
+                    ZombieProcess is None):
+                raise
+            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                if not pid_exists(self.pid):
+                    raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+                else:
+                    raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
+            if err.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Process(object):
+    """Wrapper class around underlying C implementation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["pid", "_name", "_ppid"]
+
+    def __init__(self, pid):
+        self.pid = pid
+        self._name = None
+        self._ppid = None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def name(self):
+        return cext.proc_name(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def exe(self):
+        return cext.proc_exe(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cmdline(self):
+        if not pid_exists(self.pid):
+            raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+        return cext.proc_cmdline(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def ppid(self):
+        return cext.proc_ppid(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cwd(self):
+        return cext.proc_cwd(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def uids(self):
+        real, effective, saved = cext.proc_uids(self.pid)
+        return _common.puids(real, effective, saved)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def gids(self):
+        real, effective, saved = cext.proc_gids(self.pid)
+        return _common.pgids(real, effective, saved)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def terminal(self):
+        tty_nr = cext.proc_tty_nr(self.pid)
+        tmap = _psposix._get_terminal_map()
+        try:
+            return tmap[tty_nr]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info(self):
+        rss, vms = cext.proc_memory_info(self.pid)[:2]
+        return _common.pmem(rss, vms)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info_ex(self):
+        rss, vms, pfaults, pageins = cext.proc_memory_info(self.pid)
+        return pextmem(rss, vms, pfaults * PAGESIZE, pageins * PAGESIZE)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_times(self):
+        user, system = cext.proc_cpu_times(self.pid)
+        return _common.pcputimes(user, system)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def create_time(self):
+        return cext.proc_create_time(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_ctx_switches(self):
+        return _common.pctxsw(*cext.proc_num_ctx_switches(self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_threads(self):
+        return cext.proc_num_threads(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def open_files(self):
+        if self.pid == 0:
+            return []
+        files = []
+        rawlist = cext.proc_open_files(self.pid)
+        for path, fd in rawlist:
+            if isfile_strict(path):
+                ntuple = _common.popenfile(path, fd)
+                files.append(ntuple)
+        return files
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def connections(self, kind='inet'):
+        if kind not in conn_tmap:
+            raise ValueError("invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
+                             % (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in conn_tmap])))
+        families, types = conn_tmap[kind]
+        rawlist = cext.proc_connections(self.pid, families, types)
+        ret = []
+        for item in rawlist:
+            fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status = item
+            status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
+            fam = sockfam_to_enum(fam)
+            type = socktype_to_enum(type)
+            nt = _common.pconn(fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status)
+            ret.append(nt)
+        return ret
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_fds(self):
+        if self.pid == 0:
+            return 0
+        return cext.proc_num_fds(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        try:
+            return _psposix.wait_pid(self.pid, timeout)
+        except _psposix.TimeoutExpired:
+            # support for private module import
+            if TimeoutExpired is None:
+                raise
+            raise TimeoutExpired(timeout, self.pid, self._name)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_get(self):
+        return cext_posix.getpriority(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_set(self, value):
+        return cext_posix.setpriority(self.pid, value)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def status(self):
+        code = cext.proc_status(self.pid)
+        # XXX is '?' legit? (we're not supposed to return it anyway)
+        return PROC_STATUSES.get(code, '?')
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def threads(self):
+        rawlist = cext.proc_threads(self.pid)
+        retlist = []
+        for thread_id, utime, stime in rawlist:
+            ntuple = _common.pthread(thread_id, utime, stime)
+            retlist.append(ntuple)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_maps(self):
+        return cext.proc_memory_maps(self.pid)
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psposix.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_psposix.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bb16a386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psposix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Routines common to all posix systems."""
+
+import errno
+import glob
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+
+from ._common import sdiskusage, usage_percent, memoize
+from ._compat import PY3, unicode
+
+
+class TimeoutExpired(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def pid_exists(pid):
+    """Check whether pid exists in the current process table."""
+    if pid == 0:
+        # According to "man 2 kill" PID 0 has a special meaning:
+        # it refers to <<every process in the process group of the
+        # calling process>> so we don't want to go any further.
+        # If we get here it means this UNIX platform *does* have
+        # a process with id 0.
+        return True
+    try:
+        os.kill(pid, 0)
+    except OSError as err:
+        if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+            # ESRCH == No such process
+            return False
+        elif err.errno == errno.EPERM:
+            # EPERM clearly means there's a process to deny access to
+            return True
+        else:
+            # According to "man 2 kill" possible error values are
+            # (EINVAL, EPERM, ESRCH) therefore we should never get
+            # here. If we do let's be explicit in considering this
+            # an error.
+            raise err
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def wait_pid(pid, timeout=None):
+    """Wait for process with pid 'pid' to terminate and return its
+    exit status code as an integer.
+
+    If pid is not a children of os.getpid() (current process) just
+    waits until the process disappears and return None.
+
+    If pid does not exist at all return None immediately.
+
+    Raise TimeoutExpired on timeout expired.
+    """
+    def check_timeout(delay):
+        if timeout is not None:
+            if timer() >= stop_at:
+                raise TimeoutExpired()
+        time.sleep(delay)
+        return min(delay * 2, 0.04)
+
+    timer = getattr(time, 'monotonic', time.time)
+    if timeout is not None:
+        def waitcall():
+            return os.waitpid(pid, os.WNOHANG)
+        stop_at = timer() + timeout
+    else:
+        def waitcall():
+            return os.waitpid(pid, 0)
+
+    delay = 0.0001
+    while True:
+        try:
+            retpid, status = waitcall()
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno == errno.EINTR:
+                delay = check_timeout(delay)
+                continue
+            elif err.errno == errno.ECHILD:
+                # This has two meanings:
+                # - pid is not a child of os.getpid() in which case
+                #   we keep polling until it's gone
+                # - pid never existed in the first place
+                # In both cases we'll eventually return None as we
+                # can't determine its exit status code.
+                while True:
+                    if pid_exists(pid):
+                        delay = check_timeout(delay)
+                    else:
+                        return
+            else:
+                raise
+        else:
+            if retpid == 0:
+                # WNOHANG was used, pid is still running
+                delay = check_timeout(delay)
+                continue
+            # process exited due to a signal; return the integer of
+            # that signal
+            if os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
+                return os.WTERMSIG(status)
+            # process exited using exit(2) system call; return the
+            # integer exit(2) system call has been called with
+            elif os.WIFEXITED(status):
+                return os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
+            else:
+                # should never happen
+                raise RuntimeError("unknown process exit status")
+
+
+def disk_usage(path):
+    """Return disk usage associated with path."""
+    try:
+        st = os.statvfs(path)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        if not PY3 and isinstance(path, unicode):
+            # this is a bug with os.statvfs() and unicode on
+            # Python 2, see:
+            # - https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/416
+            # - http://bugs.python.org/issue18695
+            try:
+                path = path.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                pass
+            st = os.statvfs(path)
+        else:
+            raise
+    free = (st.f_bavail * st.f_frsize)
+    total = (st.f_blocks * st.f_frsize)
+    used = (st.f_blocks - st.f_bfree) * st.f_frsize
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    # NB: the percentage is -5% than what shown by df due to
+    # reserved blocks that we are currently not considering:
+    # http://goo.gl/sWGbH
+    return sdiskusage(total, used, free, percent)
+
+
+@memoize
+def _get_terminal_map():
+    ret = {}
+    ls = glob.glob('/dev/tty*') + glob.glob('/dev/pts/*')
+    for name in ls:
+        assert name not in ret
+        try:
+            ret[os.stat(name).st_rdev] = name
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                raise
+    return ret
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_pssunos.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_pssunos.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc35a718c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_pssunos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Sun OS Solaris platform implementation."""
+
+import errno
+import os
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from . import _common
+from . import _psposix
+from . import _psutil_posix as cext_posix
+from . import _psutil_sunos as cext
+from ._common import isfile_strict, socktype_to_enum, sockfam_to_enum
+from ._common import usage_percent
+from ._compat import PY3
+
+
+__extra__all__ = ["CONN_IDLE", "CONN_BOUND"]
+
+PAGE_SIZE = os.sysconf('SC_PAGE_SIZE')
+AF_LINK = cext_posix.AF_LINK
+
+CONN_IDLE = "IDLE"
+CONN_BOUND = "BOUND"
+
+PROC_STATUSES = {
+    cext.SSLEEP: _common.STATUS_SLEEPING,
+    cext.SRUN: _common.STATUS_RUNNING,
+    cext.SZOMB: _common.STATUS_ZOMBIE,
+    cext.SSTOP: _common.STATUS_STOPPED,
+    cext.SIDL: _common.STATUS_IDLE,
+    cext.SONPROC: _common.STATUS_RUNNING,  # same as run
+    cext.SWAIT: _common.STATUS_WAITING,
+}
+
+TCP_STATUSES = {
+    cext.TCPS_ESTABLISHED: _common.CONN_ESTABLISHED,
+    cext.TCPS_SYN_SENT: _common.CONN_SYN_SENT,
+    cext.TCPS_SYN_RCVD: _common.CONN_SYN_RECV,
+    cext.TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
+    cext.TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
+    cext.TCPS_TIME_WAIT: _common.CONN_TIME_WAIT,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSED: _common.CONN_CLOSE,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT: _common.CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
+    cext.TCPS_LAST_ACK: _common.CONN_LAST_ACK,
+    cext.TCPS_LISTEN: _common.CONN_LISTEN,
+    cext.TCPS_CLOSING: _common.CONN_CLOSING,
+    cext.PSUTIL_CONN_NONE: _common.CONN_NONE,
+    cext.TCPS_IDLE: CONN_IDLE,  # sunos specific
+    cext.TCPS_BOUND: CONN_BOUND,  # sunos specific
+}
+
+scputimes = namedtuple('scputimes', ['user', 'system', 'idle', 'iowait'])
+svmem = namedtuple('svmem', ['total', 'available', 'percent', 'used', 'free'])
+pextmem = namedtuple('pextmem', ['rss', 'vms'])
+pmmap_grouped = namedtuple('pmmap_grouped', ['path', 'rss', 'anon', 'locked'])
+pmmap_ext = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_ext', 'addr perms ' + ' '.join(pmmap_grouped._fields))
+
+# set later from __init__.py
+NoSuchProcess = None
+ZombieProcess = None
+AccessDenied = None
+TimeoutExpired = None
+
+# --- functions
+
+disk_io_counters = cext.disk_io_counters
+net_io_counters = cext.net_io_counters
+disk_usage = _psposix.disk_usage
+net_if_addrs = cext_posix.net_if_addrs
+
+
+def virtual_memory():
+    # we could have done this with kstat, but imho this is good enough
+    total = os.sysconf('SC_PHYS_PAGES') * PAGE_SIZE
+    # note: there's no difference on Solaris
+    free = avail = os.sysconf('SC_AVPHYS_PAGES') * PAGE_SIZE
+    used = total - free
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    return svmem(total, avail, percent, used, free)
+
+
+def swap_memory():
+    sin, sout = cext.swap_mem()
+    # XXX
+    # we are supposed to get total/free by doing so:
+    # http://cvs.opensolaris.org/source/xref/onnv/onnv-gate/
+    #     usr/src/cmd/swap/swap.c
+    # ...nevertheless I can't manage to obtain the same numbers as 'swap'
+    # cmdline utility, so let's parse its output (sigh!)
+    p = subprocess.Popen(['/usr/bin/env', 'PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:%s' %
+                          os.environ['PATH'], 'swap', '-l', '-k'],
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+    if PY3:
+        stdout = stdout.decode(sys.stdout.encoding)
+    if p.returncode != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError("'swap -l -k' failed (retcode=%s)" % p.returncode)
+
+    lines = stdout.strip().split('\n')[1:]
+    if not lines:
+        raise RuntimeError('no swap device(s) configured')
+    total = free = 0
+    for line in lines:
+        line = line.split()
+        t, f = line[-2:]
+        t = t.replace('K', '')
+        f = f.replace('K', '')
+        total += int(int(t) * 1024)
+        free += int(int(f) * 1024)
+    used = total - free
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    return _common.sswap(total, used, free, percent,
+                         sin * PAGE_SIZE, sout * PAGE_SIZE)
+
+
+def pids():
+    """Returns a list of PIDs currently running on the system."""
+    return [int(x) for x in os.listdir('/proc') if x.isdigit()]
+
+
+def pid_exists(pid):
+    """Check for the existence of a unix pid."""
+    return _psposix.pid_exists(pid)
+
+
+def cpu_times():
+    """Return system-wide CPU times as a named tuple"""
+    ret = cext.per_cpu_times()
+    return scputimes(*[sum(x) for x in zip(*ret)])
+
+
+def per_cpu_times():
+    """Return system per-CPU times as a list of named tuples"""
+    ret = cext.per_cpu_times()
+    return [scputimes(*x) for x in ret]
+
+
+def cpu_count_logical():
+    """Return the number of logical CPUs in the system."""
+    try:
+        return os.sysconf("SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN")
+    except ValueError:
+        # mimic os.cpu_count() behavior
+        return None
+
+
+def cpu_count_physical():
+    """Return the number of physical CPUs in the system."""
+    return cext.cpu_count_phys()
+
+
+def boot_time():
+    """The system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
+    return cext.boot_time()
+
+
+def users():
+    """Return currently connected users as a list of namedtuples."""
+    retlist = []
+    rawlist = cext.users()
+    localhost = (':0.0', ':0')
+    for item in rawlist:
+        user, tty, hostname, tstamp, user_process = item
+        # note: the underlying C function includes entries about
+        # system boot, run level and others.  We might want
+        # to use them in the future.
+        if not user_process:
+            continue
+        if hostname in localhost:
+            hostname = 'localhost'
+        nt = _common.suser(user, tty, hostname, tstamp)
+        retlist.append(nt)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def disk_partitions(all=False):
+    """Return system disk partitions."""
+    # TODO - the filtering logic should be better checked so that
+    # it tries to reflect 'df' as much as possible
+    retlist = []
+    partitions = cext.disk_partitions()
+    for partition in partitions:
+        device, mountpoint, fstype, opts = partition
+        if device == 'none':
+            device = ''
+        if not all:
+            # Differently from, say, Linux, we don't have a list of
+            # common fs types so the best we can do, AFAIK, is to
+            # filter by filesystem having a total size > 0.
+            if not disk_usage(mountpoint).total:
+                continue
+        ntuple = _common.sdiskpart(device, mountpoint, fstype, opts)
+        retlist.append(ntuple)
+    return retlist
+
+
+def net_connections(kind, _pid=-1):
+    """Return socket connections.  If pid == -1 return system-wide
+    connections (as opposed to connections opened by one process only).
+    Only INET sockets are returned (UNIX are not).
+    """
+    cmap = _common.conn_tmap.copy()
+    if _pid == -1:
+        cmap.pop('unix', 0)
+    if kind not in cmap:
+        raise ValueError("invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
+                         % (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in cmap])))
+    families, types = _common.conn_tmap[kind]
+    rawlist = cext.net_connections(_pid, families, types)
+    ret = set()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        fd, fam, type_, laddr, raddr, status, pid = item
+        if fam not in families:
+            continue
+        if type_ not in types:
+            continue
+        status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
+        fam = sockfam_to_enum(fam)
+        type_ = socktype_to_enum(type_)
+        if _pid == -1:
+            nt = _common.sconn(fd, fam, type_, laddr, raddr, status, pid)
+        else:
+            nt = _common.pconn(fd, fam, type_, laddr, raddr, status)
+        ret.add(nt)
+    return list(ret)
+
+
+def net_if_stats():
+    """Get NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)."""
+    ret = cext.net_if_stats()
+    for name, items in ret.items():
+        isup, duplex, speed, mtu = items
+        if hasattr(_common, 'NicDuplex'):
+            duplex = _common.NicDuplex(duplex)
+        ret[name] = _common.snicstats(isup, duplex, speed, mtu)
+    return ret
+
+
+def wrap_exceptions(fun):
+    """Call callable into a try/except clause and translate ENOENT,
+    EACCES and EPERM in NoSuchProcess or AccessDenied exceptions.
+    """
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except EnvironmentError as err:
+            # support for private module import
+            if (NoSuchProcess is None or AccessDenied is None or
+                    ZombieProcess is None):
+                raise
+            # ENOENT (no such file or directory) gets raised on open().
+            # ESRCH (no such process) can get raised on read() if
+            # process is gone in meantime.
+            if err.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH):
+                if not pid_exists(self.pid):
+                    raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+                else:
+                    raise ZombieProcess(self.pid, self._name, self._ppid)
+            if err.errno in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Process(object):
+    """Wrapper class around underlying C implementation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["pid", "_name", "_ppid"]
+
+    def __init__(self, pid):
+        self.pid = pid
+        self._name = None
+        self._ppid = None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def name(self):
+        # note: max len == 15
+        return cext.proc_name_and_args(self.pid)[0]
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def exe(self):
+        # Will be guess later from cmdline but we want to explicitly
+        # invoke cmdline here in order to get an AccessDenied
+        # exception if the user has not enough privileges.
+        self.cmdline()
+        return ""
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cmdline(self):
+        return cext.proc_name_and_args(self.pid)[1].split(' ')
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def create_time(self):
+        return cext.proc_basic_info(self.pid)[3]
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_threads(self):
+        return cext.proc_basic_info(self.pid)[5]
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_get(self):
+        # For some reason getpriority(3) return ESRCH (no such process)
+        # for certain low-pid processes, no matter what (even as root).
+        # The process actually exists though, as it has a name,
+        # creation time, etc.
+        # The best thing we can do here appears to be raising AD.
+        # Note: tested on Solaris 11; on Open Solaris 5 everything is
+        # fine.
+        try:
+            return cext_posix.getpriority(self.pid)
+        except EnvironmentError as err:
+            # 48 is 'operation not supported' but errno does not expose
+            # it. It occurs for low system pids.
+            if err.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH, 48):
+                if pid_exists(self.pid):
+                    raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_set(self, value):
+        if self.pid in (2, 3):
+            # Special case PIDs: internally setpriority(3) return ESRCH
+            # (no such process), no matter what.
+            # The process actually exists though, as it has a name,
+            # creation time, etc.
+            raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+        return cext_posix.setpriority(self.pid, value)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def ppid(self):
+        return cext.proc_basic_info(self.pid)[0]
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def uids(self):
+        real, effective, saved, _, _, _ = cext.proc_cred(self.pid)
+        return _common.puids(real, effective, saved)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def gids(self):
+        _, _, _, real, effective, saved = cext.proc_cred(self.pid)
+        return _common.puids(real, effective, saved)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_times(self):
+        user, system = cext.proc_cpu_times(self.pid)
+        return _common.pcputimes(user, system)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def terminal(self):
+        hit_enoent = False
+        tty = wrap_exceptions(
+            cext.proc_basic_info(self.pid)[0])
+        if tty != cext.PRNODEV:
+            for x in (0, 1, 2, 255):
+                try:
+                    return os.readlink('/proc/%d/path/%d' % (self.pid, x))
+                except OSError as err:
+                    if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                        hit_enoent = True
+                        continue
+                    raise
+        if hit_enoent:
+            # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cwd(self):
+        # /proc/PID/path/cwd may not be resolved by readlink() even if
+        # it exists (ls shows it). If that's the case and the process
+        # is still alive return None (we can return None also on BSD).
+        # Reference: http://goo.gl/55XgO
+        try:
+            return os.readlink("/proc/%s/path/cwd" % self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                os.stat("/proc/%s" % self.pid)
+                return None
+            raise
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info(self):
+        ret = cext.proc_basic_info(self.pid)
+        rss, vms = ret[1] * 1024, ret[2] * 1024
+        return _common.pmem(rss, vms)
+
+    # it seems Solaris uses rss and vms only
+    memory_info_ex = memory_info
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def status(self):
+        code = cext.proc_basic_info(self.pid)[6]
+        # XXX is '?' legit? (we're not supposed to return it anyway)
+        return PROC_STATUSES.get(code, '?')
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def threads(self):
+        ret = []
+        tids = os.listdir('/proc/%d/lwp' % self.pid)
+        hit_enoent = False
+        for tid in tids:
+            tid = int(tid)
+            try:
+                utime, stime = cext.query_process_thread(
+                    self.pid, tid)
+            except EnvironmentError as err:
+                # ENOENT == thread gone in meantime
+                if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                    hit_enoent = True
+                    continue
+                raise
+            else:
+                nt = _common.pthread(tid, utime, stime)
+                ret.append(nt)
+        if hit_enoent:
+            # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+        return ret
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def open_files(self):
+        retlist = []
+        hit_enoent = False
+        pathdir = '/proc/%d/path' % self.pid
+        for fd in os.listdir('/proc/%d/fd' % self.pid):
+            path = os.path.join(pathdir, fd)
+            if os.path.islink(path):
+                try:
+                    file = os.readlink(path)
+                except OSError as err:
+                    # ENOENT == file which is gone in the meantime
+                    if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                        hit_enoent = True
+                        continue
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    if isfile_strict(file):
+                        retlist.append(_common.popenfile(file, int(fd)))
+        if hit_enoent:
+            # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+        return retlist
+
+    def _get_unix_sockets(self, pid):
+        """Get UNIX sockets used by process by parsing 'pfiles' output."""
+        # TODO: rewrite this in C (...but the damn netstat source code
+        # does not include this part! Argh!!)
+        cmd = "pfiles %s" % pid
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+        if PY3:
+            stdout, stderr = [x.decode(sys.stdout.encoding)
+                              for x in (stdout, stderr)]
+        if p.returncode != 0:
+            if 'permission denied' in stderr.lower():
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            if 'no such process' in stderr.lower():
+                raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise RuntimeError("%r command error\n%s" % (cmd, stderr))
+
+        lines = stdout.split('\n')[2:]
+        for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+            line = line.lstrip()
+            if line.startswith('sockname: AF_UNIX'):
+                path = line.split(' ', 2)[2]
+                type = lines[i - 2].strip()
+                if type == 'SOCK_STREAM':
+                    type = socket.SOCK_STREAM
+                elif type == 'SOCK_DGRAM':
+                    type = socket.SOCK_DGRAM
+                else:
+                    type = -1
+                yield (-1, socket.AF_UNIX, type, path, "", _common.CONN_NONE)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def connections(self, kind='inet'):
+        ret = net_connections(kind, _pid=self.pid)
+        # The underlying C implementation retrieves all OS connections
+        # and filters them by PID.  At this point we can't tell whether
+        # an empty list means there were no connections for process or
+        # process is no longer active so we force NSP in case the PID
+        # is no longer there.
+        if not ret:
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)  # will raise NSP if process is gone
+
+        # UNIX sockets
+        if kind in ('all', 'unix'):
+            ret.extend([_common.pconn(*conn) for conn in
+                        self._get_unix_sockets(self.pid)])
+        return ret
+
+    nt_mmap_grouped = namedtuple('mmap', 'path rss anon locked')
+    nt_mmap_ext = namedtuple('mmap', 'addr perms path rss anon locked')
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_maps(self):
+        def toaddr(start, end):
+            return '%s-%s' % (hex(start)[2:].strip('L'),
+                              hex(end)[2:].strip('L'))
+
+        retlist = []
+        rawlist = cext.proc_memory_maps(self.pid)
+        hit_enoent = False
+        for item in rawlist:
+            addr, addrsize, perm, name, rss, anon, locked = item
+            addr = toaddr(addr, addrsize)
+            if not name.startswith('['):
+                try:
+                    name = os.readlink('/proc/%s/path/%s' % (self.pid, name))
+                except OSError as err:
+                    if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                        # sometimes the link may not be resolved by
+                        # readlink() even if it exists (ls shows it).
+                        # If that's the case we just return the
+                        # unresolved link path.
+                        # This seems an incosistency with /proc similar
+                        # to: http://goo.gl/55XgO
+                        name = '/proc/%s/path/%s' % (self.pid, name)
+                        hit_enoent = True
+                    else:
+                        raise
+            retlist.append((addr, perm, name, rss, anon, locked))
+        if hit_enoent:
+            # raise NSP if the process disappeared on us
+            os.stat('/proc/%s' % self.pid)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_fds(self):
+        return len(os.listdir("/proc/%s/fd" % self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_ctx_switches(self):
+        return _common.pctxsw(*cext.proc_num_ctx_switches(self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        try:
+            return _psposix.wait_pid(self.pid, timeout)
+        except _psposix.TimeoutExpired:
+            # support for private module import
+            if TimeoutExpired is None:
+                raise
+            raise TimeoutExpired(timeout, self.pid, self._name)
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_bsd.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_bsd.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b6e56173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_bsd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2296 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * FreeBSD platform-specific module methods for _psutil_bsd
+ */
+
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <paths.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/user.h>
+#include <sys/proc.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <sys/cpuset.h>
+#include <net/route.h>
+
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/socketvar.h>    // for struct xsocket
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <sys/unpcb.h>
+#include <sys/sockio.h>
+// for xinpcb struct
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+#include <netinet/in_pcb.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp_var.h>   // for struct xtcpcb
+#include <netinet/tcp_fsm.h>   // for TCP connection states
+#include <arpa/inet.h>         // for inet_ntop()
+
+#if __FreeBSD_version < 900000
+#include <utmp.h>         // system users
+#else
+#include <utmpx.h>
+#endif
+#include <devstat.h>      // get io counters
+#include <sys/vmmeter.h>  // needed for vmtotal struct
+#include <libutil.h>      // process open files, shared libs (kinfo_getvmmap)
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+
+#include <net/if.h>       // net io counters
+#include <net/if_dl.h>
+#include <net/route.h>
+#include <net/if_media.h>
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>   // process open files/connections
+#include <sys/un.h>
+
+#include "_psutil_bsd.h"
+#include "_psutil_common.h"
+#include "arch/bsd/process_info.h"
+
+
+// convert a timeval struct to a double
+#define TV2DOUBLE(t)    ((t).tv_sec + (t).tv_usec / 1000000.0)
+
+
+/*
+ * Utility function which fills a kinfo_proc struct based on process pid
+ */
+static int
+psutil_kinfo_proc(const pid_t pid, struct kinfo_proc *proc)
+{
+    int mib[4];
+    size_t size;
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PID;
+    mib[3] = pid;
+
+    size = sizeof(struct kinfo_proc);
+
+    if (sysctl((int *)mib, 4, proc, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // sysctl stores 0 in the size if we can't find the process information.
+    if (size == 0) {
+        NoSuchProcess();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set exception to AccessDenied if pid exists else NoSuchProcess.
+ */
+void
+psutil_raise_ad_or_nsp(long pid) {
+    if (psutil_pid_exists(pid) == 0)
+        NoSuchProcess();
+    else
+        AccessDenied();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of all the PIDs running on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_pids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kinfo_proc *proclist = NULL;
+    kinfo_proc *orig_address = NULL;
+    size_t num_processes;
+    size_t idx;
+    PyObject *retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *pid = NULL;
+
+    if (retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_proc_list(&proclist, &num_processes) != 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                        "failed to retrieve process list.");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (num_processes > 0) {
+        orig_address = proclist; // save so we can free it after we're done
+        for (idx = 0; idx < num_processes; idx++) {
+            pid = Py_BuildValue("i", proclist->ki_pid);
+            if (!pid)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(retlist, pid))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(pid);
+            proclist++;
+        }
+        free(orig_address);
+    }
+
+    return retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pid);
+    Py_DECREF(retlist);
+    if (orig_address != NULL)
+        free(orig_address);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float indicating the system boot time expressed in
+ * seconds since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_boot_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    // fetch sysctl "kern.boottime"
+    static int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_BOOTTIME };
+    struct timeval boottime;
+    size_t len = sizeof(boottime);
+
+    if (sysctl(request, 2, &boottime, &len, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("d", (double)boottime.tv_sec);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process name from kinfo_proc as a Python string.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_name(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("s", kp.ki_comm);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process pathname executable.
+ * Thanks to Robert N. M. Watson:
+ * http://fxr.googlebit.com/source/usr.bin/procstat/procstat_bin.c?v=8-CURRENT
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_exe(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    char pathname[PATH_MAX];
+    int error;
+    int mib[4];
+    size_t size;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PATHNAME;
+    mib[3] = pid;
+
+    size = sizeof(pathname);
+    error = sysctl(mib, 4, pathname, &size, NULL, 0);
+    if (error == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (size == 0 || strlen(pathname) == 0) {
+        if (psutil_pid_exists(pid) == 0)
+            return NoSuchProcess();
+        else
+            strcpy(pathname, "");
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("s", pathname);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process cmdline as a Python list of cmdline arguments.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cmdline(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    PyObject *arglist = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    // get the commandline, defined in arch/bsd/process_info.c
+    arglist = psutil_get_arg_list(pid);
+
+    // psutil_get_arg_list() returns NULL only if psutil_cmd_args
+    // failed with ESRCH (no process with that PID)
+    if (NULL == arglist)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return Py_BuildValue("N", arglist);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process parent pid from kinfo_proc as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_ppid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("l", (long)kp.ki_ppid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process status as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_status(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", (int)kp.ki_stat);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process real, effective and saved user ids from kinfo_proc
+ * as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_uids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("lll",
+                         (long)kp.ki_ruid,
+                         (long)kp.ki_uid,
+                         (long)kp.ki_svuid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process real, effective and saved group ids from kinfo_proc
+ * as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_gids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("lll",
+                         (long)kp.ki_rgid,
+                         (long)kp.ki_groups[0],
+                         (long)kp.ki_svuid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process real, effective and saved group ids from kinfo_proc
+ * as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_tty_nr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", kp.ki_tdev);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of context switches performed by process as a tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("(ll)",
+                         kp.ki_rusage.ru_nvcsw,
+                         kp.ki_rusage.ru_nivcsw);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return number of threads used by process as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_threads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("l", (long)kp.ki_numthreads);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves all threads used by process returning a list of tuples
+ * including thread id, user time and system time.
+ * Thanks to Robert N. M. Watson:
+ * http://fxr.googlebit.com/source/usr.bin/procstat/
+ *     procstat_threads.c?v=8-CURRENT
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_threads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int mib[4];
+    struct kinfo_proc *kip = NULL;
+    struct kinfo_proc *kipp = NULL;
+    int error;
+    unsigned int i;
+    size_t size;
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *pyTuple = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+
+    // we need to re-query for thread information, so don't use *kipp
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PID | KERN_PROC_INC_THREAD;
+    mib[3] = pid;
+
+    size = 0;
+    error = sysctl(mib, 4, NULL, &size, NULL, 0);
+    if (error == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (size == 0) {
+        NoSuchProcess();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    kip = malloc(size);
+    if (kip == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    error = sysctl(mib, 4, kip, &size, NULL, 0);
+    if (error == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (size == 0) {
+        NoSuchProcess();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof(*kipp); i++) {
+        kipp = &kip[i];
+        pyTuple = Py_BuildValue("Idd",
+                                kipp->ki_tid,
+                                TV2DOUBLE(kipp->ki_rusage.ru_utime),
+                                TV2DOUBLE(kipp->ki_rusage.ru_stime));
+        if (pyTuple == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(retList, pyTuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(pyTuple);
+    }
+    free(kip);
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pyTuple);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+    if (kip != NULL)
+        free(kip);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python tuple (user_time, kernel_time)
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    double user_t, sys_t;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    // convert from microseconds to seconds
+    user_t = TV2DOUBLE(kp.ki_rusage.ru_utime);
+    sys_t = TV2DOUBLE(kp.ki_rusage.ru_stime);
+    return Py_BuildValue("(dd)", user_t, sys_t);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of logical CPUs in the system.
+ * XXX this could be shared with OSX
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_logical(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int mib[2];
+    int ncpu;
+    size_t len;
+
+    mib[0] = CTL_HW;
+    mib[1] = HW_NCPU;
+    len = sizeof(ncpu);
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &ncpu, &len, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;  // mimic os.cpu_count()
+    else
+        return Py_BuildValue("i", ncpu);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return an XML string from which we'll determine the number of
+ * physical CPU cores in the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    void *topology = NULL;
+    size_t size = 0;
+    PyObject *py_str;
+
+    if (sysctlbyname("kern.sched.topology_spec", NULL, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+
+    topology = malloc(size);
+    if (!topology) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (sysctlbyname("kern.sched.topology_spec", topology, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+
+    py_str = Py_BuildValue("s", topology);
+    free(topology);
+    return py_str;
+
+error:
+    if (topology != NULL)
+        free(topology);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float indicating the process create time expressed in
+ * seconds since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_create_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("d", TV2DOUBLE(kp.ki_start));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float indicating the process create time expressed in
+ * seconds since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    // there's apparently no way to determine bytes count, hence return -1.
+    return Py_BuildValue("(llll)",
+                         kp.ki_rusage.ru_inblock,
+                         kp.ki_rusage.ru_oublock,
+                         -1,
+                         -1);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return extended memory info for a process as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_info(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("(lllll)",
+                         ptoa(kp.ki_rssize),    // rss
+                         (long)kp.ki_size,      // vms
+                         ptoa(kp.ki_tsize),     // text
+                         ptoa(kp.ki_dsize),     // data
+                         ptoa(kp.ki_ssize));    // stack
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return virtual memory usage statistics.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_virtual_mem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    unsigned int   total, active, inactive, wired, cached, free;
+    size_t         size = sizeof(total);
+    struct vmtotal vm;
+    int            mib[] = {CTL_VM, VM_METER};
+    long           pagesize = getpagesize();
+#if __FreeBSD_version > 702101
+    long buffers;
+#else
+    int buffers;
+#endif
+    size_t buffers_size = sizeof(buffers);
+
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_page_count", &total, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_active_count", &active, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_inactive_count",
+                     &inactive, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_wire_count", &wired, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_cache_count", &cached, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_free_count", &free, &size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vfs.bufspace", &buffers, &buffers_size, NULL, 0))
+        goto error;
+
+    size = sizeof(vm);
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &vm, &size, NULL, 0) != 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    return Py_BuildValue("KKKKKKKK",
+        (unsigned long long) total    * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) free     * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) active   * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) inactive * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) wired    * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) cached   * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) buffers,
+        (unsigned long long) (vm.t_vmshr + vm.t_rmshr) * pagesize  // shared
+    );
+
+error:
+    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef _PATH_DEVNULL
+#define _PATH_DEVNULL "/dev/null"
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Return swap memory stats (see 'swapinfo' cmdline tool)
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_swap_mem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kvm_t *kd;
+    struct kvm_swap kvmsw[1];
+    unsigned int swapin, swapout, nodein, nodeout;
+    size_t size = sizeof(unsigned int);
+
+    kd = kvm_open(NULL, _PATH_DEVNULL, NULL, O_RDONLY, "kvm_open failed");
+    if (kd == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "kvm_open failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (kvm_getswapinfo(kd, kvmsw, 1, 0) < 0) {
+        kvm_close(kd);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "kvm_getswapinfo failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    kvm_close(kd);
+
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_swapin", &swapin, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        goto sbn_error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_swapout", &swapout, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        goto sbn_error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_vnodein", &nodein, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        goto sbn_error;
+    if (sysctlbyname("vm.stats.vm.v_vnodeout", &nodeout, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        goto sbn_error;
+
+    return Py_BuildValue("(iiiII)",
+                         kvmsw[0].ksw_total,                     // total
+                         kvmsw[0].ksw_used,                      // used
+                         kvmsw[0].ksw_total - kvmsw[0].ksw_used, // free
+                         swapin + swapout,                       // swap in
+                         nodein + nodeout);                      // swap out
+
+sbn_error:
+    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python tuple representing user, kernel and idle CPU times
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long cpu_time[CPUSTATES];
+    size_t size;
+
+    size = sizeof(cpu_time);
+
+    if (sysctlbyname("kern.cp_time", &cpu_time, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return Py_BuildValue("(ddddd)",
+                         (double)cpu_time[CP_USER] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+                         (double)cpu_time[CP_NICE] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+                         (double)cpu_time[CP_SYS] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+                         (double)cpu_time[CP_IDLE] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+                         (double)cpu_time[CP_INTR] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC
+                        );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * XXX
+ * These functions are available on FreeBSD 8 only.
+ * In the upper python layer we do various tricks to avoid crashing
+ * and/or to provide alternatives where possible.
+ */
+
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 800000
+/*
+ * Return files opened by process as a list of (path, fd) tuples.
+ * TODO: this is broken as it may report empty paths. 'procstat'
+ * utility has the same problem see:
+ * https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/595
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_open_files(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int i, cnt;
+    struct kinfo_file *freep = NULL;
+    struct kinfo_file *kif;
+    struct kinfo_proc kipp;
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kipp) == -1)
+        goto error;
+
+    freep = kinfo_getfile(pid, &cnt);
+    if (freep == NULL) {
+        psutil_raise_ad_or_nsp(pid);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+        kif = &freep[i];
+        if ((kif->kf_type == KF_TYPE_VNODE) &&
+                (kif->kf_vnode_type == KF_VTYPE_VREG))
+        {
+            tuple = Py_BuildValue("(si)", kif->kf_path, kif->kf_fd);
+            if (tuple == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(retList, tuple))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(tuple);
+        }
+    }
+    free(freep);
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+    if (freep != NULL)
+        free(freep);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return files opened by process as a list of (path, fd) tuples
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_fds(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int cnt;
+
+    struct kinfo_file *freep;
+    struct kinfo_proc kipp;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kipp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    freep = kinfo_getfile(pid, &cnt);
+    if (freep == NULL) {
+        psutil_raise_ad_or_nsp(pid);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    free(freep);
+
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", cnt);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process current working directory.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cwd(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    PyObject *path = NULL;
+    struct kinfo_file *freep = NULL;
+    struct kinfo_file *kif;
+    struct kinfo_proc kipp;
+
+    int i, cnt;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kipp) == -1)
+        goto error;
+
+    freep = kinfo_getfile(pid, &cnt);
+    if (freep == NULL) {
+        psutil_raise_ad_or_nsp(pid);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+        kif = &freep[i];
+        if (kif->kf_fd == KF_FD_TYPE_CWD) {
+            path = Py_BuildValue("s", kif->kf_path);
+            if (!path)
+                goto error;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    /*
+     * For lower pids it seems we can't retrieve any information
+     * (lsof can't do that it either).  Since this happens even
+     * as root we return an empty string instead of AccessDenied.
+     */
+    if (path == NULL)
+        path = Py_BuildValue("s", "");
+    free(freep);
+    return path;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(path);
+    if (freep != NULL)
+        free(freep);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+// The tcplist fetching and walking is borrowed from netstat/inet.c.
+static char *
+psutil_fetch_tcplist(void)
+{
+    char *buf;
+    size_t len;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        if (sysctlbyname("net.inet.tcp.pcblist", NULL, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        buf = malloc(len);
+        if (buf == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (sysctlbyname("net.inet.tcp.pcblist", buf, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+            free(buf);
+            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return buf;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_sockaddr_port(int family, struct sockaddr_storage *ss)
+{
+    struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6;
+    struct sockaddr_in *sin;
+
+    if (family == AF_INET) {
+        sin = (struct sockaddr_in *)ss;
+        return (sin->sin_port);
+    }
+    else {
+        sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)ss;
+        return (sin6->sin6_port);
+    }
+}
+
+static void *
+psutil_sockaddr_addr(int family, struct sockaddr_storage *ss)
+{
+    struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6;
+    struct sockaddr_in *sin;
+
+    if (family == AF_INET) {
+        sin = (struct sockaddr_in *)ss;
+        return (&sin->sin_addr);
+    }
+    else {
+        sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)ss;
+        return (&sin6->sin6_addr);
+    }
+}
+
+static socklen_t
+psutil_sockaddr_addrlen(int family)
+{
+    if (family == AF_INET)
+        return (sizeof(struct in_addr));
+    else
+        return (sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_sockaddr_matches(int family, int port, void *pcb_addr,
+                        struct sockaddr_storage *ss)
+{
+    if (psutil_sockaddr_port(family, ss) != port)
+        return (0);
+    return (memcmp(psutil_sockaddr_addr(family, ss), pcb_addr,
+                   psutil_sockaddr_addrlen(family)) == 0);
+}
+
+static struct tcpcb *
+psutil_search_tcplist(char *buf, struct kinfo_file *kif)
+{
+    struct tcpcb *tp;
+    struct inpcb *inp;
+    struct xinpgen *xig, *oxig;
+    struct xsocket *so;
+
+    oxig = xig = (struct xinpgen *)buf;
+    for (xig = (struct xinpgen *)((char *)xig + xig->xig_len);
+            xig->xig_len > sizeof(struct xinpgen);
+            xig = (struct xinpgen *)((char *)xig + xig->xig_len)) {
+        tp = &((struct xtcpcb *)xig)->xt_tp;
+        inp = &((struct xtcpcb *)xig)->xt_inp;
+        so = &((struct xtcpcb *)xig)->xt_socket;
+
+        if (so->so_type != kif->kf_sock_type ||
+                so->xso_family != kif->kf_sock_domain ||
+                so->xso_protocol != kif->kf_sock_protocol)
+            continue;
+
+        if (kif->kf_sock_domain == AF_INET) {
+            if (!psutil_sockaddr_matches(
+                    AF_INET, inp->inp_lport, &inp->inp_laddr,
+                    &kif->kf_sa_local))
+                continue;
+            if (!psutil_sockaddr_matches(
+                    AF_INET, inp->inp_fport, &inp->inp_faddr,
+                    &kif->kf_sa_peer))
+                continue;
+        } else {
+            if (!psutil_sockaddr_matches(
+                    AF_INET6, inp->inp_lport, &inp->in6p_laddr,
+                    &kif->kf_sa_local))
+                continue;
+            if (!psutil_sockaddr_matches(
+                    AF_INET6, inp->inp_fport, &inp->in6p_faddr,
+                    &kif->kf_sa_peer))
+                continue;
+        }
+
+        return (tp);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+// a signaler for connections without an actual status
+static int PSUTIL_CONN_NONE = 128;
+
+/*
+ * Return connections opened by process.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_connections(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int i, cnt;
+
+    struct kinfo_file *freep = NULL;
+    struct kinfo_file *kif;
+    char *tcplist = NULL;
+    struct tcpcb *tcp;
+
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *laddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *raddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *af_filter = NULL;
+    PyObject *type_filter = NULL;
+    PyObject *_family = NULL;
+    PyObject *_type = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lOO", &pid, &af_filter, &type_filter))
+        goto error;
+    if (!PySequence_Check(af_filter) || !PySequence_Check(type_filter)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "arg 2 or 3 is not a sequence");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    freep = kinfo_getfile(pid, &cnt);
+    if (freep == NULL) {
+        psutil_raise_ad_or_nsp(pid);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    tcplist = psutil_fetch_tcplist();
+    if (tcplist == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+        int lport, rport, state;
+        char lip[200], rip[200];
+        char path[PATH_MAX];
+        int inseq;
+        tuple = NULL;
+        laddr = NULL;
+        raddr = NULL;
+
+        kif = &freep[i];
+        if (kif->kf_type == KF_TYPE_SOCKET) {
+            // apply filters
+            _family = PyLong_FromLong((long)kif->kf_sock_domain);
+            inseq = PySequence_Contains(af_filter, _family);
+            Py_DECREF(_family);
+            if (inseq == 0)
+                continue;
+            _type = PyLong_FromLong((long)kif->kf_sock_type);
+            inseq = PySequence_Contains(type_filter, _type);
+            Py_DECREF(_type);
+            if (inseq == 0)
+                continue;
+            // IPv4 / IPv6 socket
+            if ((kif->kf_sock_domain == AF_INET) ||
+                    (kif->kf_sock_domain == AF_INET6)) {
+                // fill status
+                state = PSUTIL_CONN_NONE;
+                if (kif->kf_sock_type == SOCK_STREAM) {
+                    tcp = psutil_search_tcplist(tcplist, kif);
+                    if (tcp != NULL)
+                        state = (int)tcp->t_state;
+                }
+
+                // build addr and port
+                inet_ntop(
+                    kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                    psutil_sockaddr_addr(kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                                         &kif->kf_sa_local),
+                    lip,
+                    sizeof(lip));
+                inet_ntop(
+                    kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                    psutil_sockaddr_addr(kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                                         &kif->kf_sa_peer),
+                    rip,
+                    sizeof(rip));
+                lport = htons(psutil_sockaddr_port(kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                                                   &kif->kf_sa_local));
+                rport = htons(psutil_sockaddr_port(kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                                                   &kif->kf_sa_peer));
+
+                // construct python tuple/list
+                laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+                if (!laddr)
+                    goto error;
+                if (rport != 0)
+                    raddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", rip, rport);
+                else
+                    raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+                if (!raddr)
+                    goto error;
+                tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNi)",
+                                      kif->kf_fd,
+                                      kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                                      kif->kf_sock_type,
+                                      laddr,
+                                      raddr,
+                                      state);
+                if (!tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(retList, tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(tuple);
+            }
+            // UNIX socket
+            else if (kif->kf_sock_domain == AF_UNIX) {
+                struct sockaddr_un *sun;
+
+                sun = (struct sockaddr_un *)&kif->kf_sa_local;
+                snprintf(
+                    path, sizeof(path), "%.*s",
+                    (int)(sun->sun_len - (sizeof(*sun) - sizeof(sun->sun_path))),
+                    sun->sun_path);
+
+                tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiisOi)",
+                                      kif->kf_fd,
+                                      kif->kf_sock_domain,
+                                      kif->kf_sock_type,
+                                      path,
+                                      Py_None,
+                                      PSUTIL_CONN_NONE);
+                if (!tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(retList, tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(tuple);
+                Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    free(freep);
+    free(tcplist);
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(laddr);
+    Py_XDECREF(raddr);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+    if (freep != NULL)
+        free(freep);
+    if (tcplist != NULL)
+        free(tcplist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of tuple representing per-cpu times
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    static int maxcpus;
+    int mib[2];
+    int ncpu;
+    size_t len;
+    size_t size;
+    int i;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_cputime = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // retrieve maxcpus value
+    size = sizeof(maxcpus);
+    if (sysctlbyname("kern.smp.maxcpus", &maxcpus, &size, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    long cpu_time[maxcpus][CPUSTATES];
+
+    // retrieve the number of cpus
+    mib[0] = CTL_HW;
+    mib[1] = HW_NCPU;
+    len = sizeof(ncpu);
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &ncpu, &len, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // per-cpu info
+    size = sizeof(cpu_time);
+    if (sysctlbyname("kern.cp_times", &cpu_time, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ncpu; i++) {
+        py_cputime = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(ddddd)",
+            (double)cpu_time[i][CP_USER] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+            (double)cpu_time[i][CP_NICE] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+            (double)cpu_time[i][CP_SYS] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+            (double)cpu_time[i][CP_IDLE] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC,
+            (double)cpu_time[i][CP_INTR] / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
+        if (!py_cputime)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_cputime))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_cputime);
+    }
+
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_cputime);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+// remove spaces from string
+void remove_spaces(char *str) {
+    char *p1 = str;
+    char *p2 = str;
+    do
+        while (*p2 == ' ')
+            p2++;
+    while ((*p1++ = *p2++));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of tuples for every process memory maps.
+ * 'procstat' cmdline utility has been used as an example.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int ptrwidth;
+    int i, cnt;
+    char addr[1000];
+    char perms[4];
+    const char *path;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    struct kinfo_vmentry *freep = NULL;
+    struct kinfo_vmentry *kve;
+    ptrwidth = 2 * sizeof(void *);
+    PyObject *pytuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *retlist = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+    if (psutil_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        goto error;
+
+    freep = kinfo_getvmmap(pid, &cnt);
+    if (freep == NULL) {
+        psutil_raise_ad_or_nsp(pid);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+        pytuple = NULL;
+        kve = &freep[i];
+        addr[0] = '\0';
+        perms[0] = '\0';
+        sprintf(addr, "%#*jx-%#*jx", ptrwidth, (uintmax_t)kve->kve_start,
+                ptrwidth, (uintmax_t)kve->kve_end);
+        remove_spaces(addr);
+        strlcat(perms, kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_READ ? "r" : "-",
+                sizeof(perms));
+        strlcat(perms, kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_WRITE ? "w" : "-",
+                sizeof(perms));
+        strlcat(perms, kve->kve_protection & KVME_PROT_EXEC ? "x" : "-",
+                sizeof(perms));
+
+        if (strlen(kve->kve_path) == 0) {
+            switch (kve->kve_type) {
+                case KVME_TYPE_NONE:
+                    path = "[none]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_DEFAULT:
+                    path = "[default]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_VNODE:
+                    path = "[vnode]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_SWAP:
+                    path = "[swap]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_DEVICE:
+                    path = "[device]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_PHYS:
+                    path = "[phys]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_DEAD:
+                    path = "[dead]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_SG:
+                    path = "[sg]";
+                    break;
+                case KVME_TYPE_UNKNOWN:
+                    path = "[unknown]";
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    path = "[?]";
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            path = kve->kve_path;
+        }
+
+        pytuple = Py_BuildValue("sssiiii",
+            addr,                       // "start-end" address
+            perms,                      // "rwx" permissions
+            path,                       // path
+            kve->kve_resident,          // rss
+            kve->kve_private_resident,  // private
+            kve->kve_ref_count,         // ref count
+            kve->kve_shadow_count);     // shadow count
+        if (!pytuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(retlist, pytuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(pytuple);
+    }
+    free(freep);
+    return retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pytuple);
+    Py_DECREF(retlist);
+    if (freep != NULL)
+        free(freep);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of tuples including device, mount point and fs type
+ * for all partitions mounted on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int num;
+    int i;
+    long len;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    char opts[200];
+    struct statfs *fs = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // get the number of mount points
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    num = getfsstat(NULL, 0, MNT_NOWAIT);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    if (num == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    len = sizeof(*fs) * num;
+    fs = malloc(len);
+    if (fs == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    num = getfsstat(fs, len, MNT_NOWAIT);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    if (num == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+        py_tuple = NULL;
+        opts[0] = 0;
+        flags = fs[i].f_flags;
+
+        // see sys/mount.h
+        if (flags & MNT_RDONLY)
+            strlcat(opts, "ro", sizeof(opts));
+        else
+            strlcat(opts, "rw", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_SYNCHRONOUS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",sync", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOEXEC)
+            strlcat(opts, ",noexec", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOSUID)
+            strlcat(opts, ",nosuid", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_UNION)
+            strlcat(opts, ",union", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_ASYNC)
+            strlcat(opts, ",async", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_SUIDDIR)
+            strlcat(opts, ",suiddir", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_SOFTDEP)
+            strlcat(opts, ",softdep", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOSYMFOLLOW)
+            strlcat(opts, ",nosymfollow", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_GJOURNAL)
+            strlcat(opts, ",gjournal", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_MULTILABEL)
+            strlcat(opts, ",multilabel", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_ACLS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",acls", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOATIME)
+            strlcat(opts, ",noatime", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOCLUSTERR)
+            strlcat(opts, ",noclusterr", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOCLUSTERW)
+            strlcat(opts, ",noclusterw", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NFS4ACLS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",nfs4acls", sizeof(opts));
+
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("(ssss)",
+                                 fs[i].f_mntfromname,  // device
+                                 fs[i].f_mntonname,    // mount point
+                                 fs[i].f_fstypename,   // fs type
+                                 opts);                // options
+        if (!py_tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+    }
+
+    free(fs);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (fs != NULL)
+        free(fs);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of named tuples with overall network I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char *buf = NULL, *lim, *next;
+    struct if_msghdr *ifm;
+    int mib[6];
+    size_t len;
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_ifc_info = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    mib[0] = CTL_NET;          // networking subsystem
+    mib[1] = PF_ROUTE;         // type of information
+    mib[2] = 0;                // protocol (IPPROTO_xxx)
+    mib[3] = 0;                // address family
+    mib[4] = NET_RT_IFLIST;   // operation
+    mib[5] = 0;
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 6, NULL, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    buf = malloc(len);
+    if (buf == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 6, buf, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    lim = buf + len;
+
+    for (next = buf; next < lim; ) {
+        py_ifc_info = NULL;
+        ifm = (struct if_msghdr *)next;
+        next += ifm->ifm_msglen;
+
+        if (ifm->ifm_type == RTM_IFINFO) {
+            struct if_msghdr *if2m = (struct if_msghdr *)ifm;
+            struct sockaddr_dl *sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(if2m + 1);
+            char ifc_name[32];
+
+            strncpy(ifc_name, sdl->sdl_data, sdl->sdl_nlen);
+            ifc_name[sdl->sdl_nlen] = 0;
+            // XXX: ignore usbus interfaces:
+            // http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/
+            //     2011-October/028752.html
+            // 'ifconfig -a' doesn't show them, nor do we.
+            if (strncmp(ifc_name, "usbus", 5) == 0)
+                continue;
+
+            py_ifc_info = Py_BuildValue("(kkkkkkki)",
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_obytes,
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_ibytes,
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_opackets,
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_ipackets,
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_ierrors,
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_oerrors,
+                                        if2m->ifm_data.ifi_iqdrops,
+                                        0);  // dropout not supported
+            if (!py_ifc_info)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, ifc_name, py_ifc_info))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_ifc_info);
+        }
+        else {
+            continue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(buf);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_ifc_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (buf != NULL)
+        free(buf);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python dict of tuples for disk I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int i;
+    struct statinfo stats;
+
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_disk_info = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (devstat_checkversion(NULL) < 0) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "devstat_checkversion() failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    stats.dinfo = (struct devinfo *)malloc(sizeof(struct devinfo));
+    if (stats.dinfo == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    bzero(stats.dinfo, sizeof(struct devinfo));
+
+    if (devstat_getdevs(NULL, &stats) == -1) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "devstat_getdevs() failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < stats.dinfo->numdevs; i++) {
+        py_disk_info = NULL;
+        struct devstat current;
+        char disk_name[128];
+        current = stats.dinfo->devices[i];
+        snprintf(disk_name, sizeof(disk_name), "%s%d",
+                 current.device_name,
+                 current.unit_number);
+
+        py_disk_info = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(KKKKLL)",
+            current.operations[DEVSTAT_READ],   // no reads
+            current.operations[DEVSTAT_WRITE],  // no writes
+            current.bytes[DEVSTAT_READ],        // bytes read
+            current.bytes[DEVSTAT_WRITE],       // bytes written
+            (long long)devstat_compute_etime(
+                &current.duration[DEVSTAT_READ], NULL),  // r time
+            (long long)devstat_compute_etime(
+                &current.duration[DEVSTAT_WRITE], NULL));  // w time
+        if (!py_disk_info)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, disk_name, py_disk_info))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_disk_info);
+    }
+
+    if (stats.dinfo->mem_ptr)
+        free(stats.dinfo->mem_ptr);
+    free(stats.dinfo);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_disk_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (stats.dinfo != NULL)
+        free(stats.dinfo);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return currently connected users as a list of tuples.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_users(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *ret_list = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (ret_list == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+#if __FreeBSD_version < 900000
+    struct utmp ut;
+    FILE *fp;
+
+    fp = fopen(_PATH_UTMP, "r");
+    if (fp == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    while (fread(&ut, sizeof(ut), 1, fp) == 1) {
+        if (*ut.ut_name == '\0')
+            continue;
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(sssf)",
+            ut.ut_name,         // username
+            ut.ut_line,         // tty
+            ut.ut_host,         // hostname
+           (float)ut.ut_time);  // start time
+        if (!tuple) {
+            fclose(fp);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (PyList_Append(ret_list, tuple)) {
+            fclose(fp);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+
+    fclose(fp);
+#else
+    struct utmpx *utx;
+
+    while ((utx = getutxent()) != NULL) {
+        if (utx->ut_type != USER_PROCESS)
+            continue;
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(sssf)",
+            utx->ut_user,  // username
+            utx->ut_line,  // tty
+            utx->ut_host,  // hostname
+            (float)utx->ut_tv.tv_sec  // start time
+        );
+
+        if (!tuple) {
+            endutxent();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (PyList_Append(ret_list, tuple)) {
+            endutxent();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+
+    endutxent();
+#endif
+    return ret_list;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(ret_list);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * System-wide open connections.
+ */
+
+#define HASHSIZE 1009
+static struct xfile *psutil_xfiles;
+static int psutil_nxfiles;
+
+int
+psutil_populate_xfiles()
+{
+    size_t len;
+
+    if ((psutil_xfiles = malloc(len = sizeof *psutil_xfiles)) == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    while (sysctlbyname("kern.file", psutil_xfiles, &len, 0, 0) == -1) {
+        if (errno != ENOMEM) {
+            PyErr_SetFromErrno(0);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        len *= 2;
+        if ((psutil_xfiles = realloc(psutil_xfiles, len)) == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    if (len > 0 && psutil_xfiles->xf_size != sizeof *psutil_xfiles) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "struct xfile size mismatch");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    psutil_nxfiles = len / sizeof *psutil_xfiles;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+int
+psutil_get_pid_from_sock(int sock_hash)
+{
+    struct xfile *xf;
+    int hash, n;
+    for (xf = psutil_xfiles, n = 0; n < psutil_nxfiles; ++n, ++xf) {
+        if (xf->xf_data == NULL)
+            continue;
+        hash = (int)((uintptr_t)xf->xf_data % HASHSIZE);
+        if (sock_hash == hash)
+            return xf->xf_pid;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+
+// Reference:
+// https://gitorious.org/freebsd/freebsd/source/
+//     f1d6f4778d2044502209708bc167c05f9aa48615:usr.bin/sockstat/sockstat.c
+int psutil_gather_inet(int proto, PyObject *py_retlist)
+{
+    struct xinpgen *xig, *exig;
+    struct xinpcb *xip;
+    struct xtcpcb *xtp;
+    struct inpcb *inp;
+    struct xsocket *so;
+    const char *varname = NULL;
+    size_t len, bufsize;
+    void *buf;
+    int hash;
+    int retry;
+    int type;
+
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *laddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *raddr = NULL;
+
+    switch (proto) {
+        case IPPROTO_TCP:
+            varname = "net.inet.tcp.pcblist";
+            type = SOCK_STREAM;
+            break;
+        case IPPROTO_UDP:
+            varname = "net.inet.udp.pcblist";
+            type = SOCK_DGRAM;
+            break;
+    }
+
+    buf = NULL;
+    bufsize = 8192;
+    retry = 5;
+    do {
+        for (;;) {
+            buf = realloc(buf, bufsize);
+            if (buf == NULL)
+                continue;  // XXX
+            len = bufsize;
+            if (sysctlbyname(varname, buf, &len, NULL, 0) == 0)
+                break;
+            if (errno != ENOMEM) {
+                PyErr_SetFromErrno(0);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            bufsize *= 2;
+        }
+        xig = (struct xinpgen *)buf;
+        exig = (struct xinpgen *)(void *)((char *)buf + len - sizeof *exig);
+        if (xig->xig_len != sizeof *xig || exig->xig_len != sizeof *exig) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "struct xinpgen size mismatch");
+            goto error;
+        }
+    } while (xig->xig_gen != exig->xig_gen && retry--);
+
+
+    for (;;) {
+        int lport, rport, pid, status, family;
+
+        xig = (struct xinpgen *)(void *)((char *)xig + xig->xig_len);
+        if (xig >= exig)
+            break;
+
+        switch (proto) {
+            case IPPROTO_TCP:
+                xtp = (struct xtcpcb *)xig;
+                if (xtp->xt_len != sizeof *xtp) {
+                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                                 "struct xtcpcb size mismatch");
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                inp = &xtp->xt_inp;
+                so = &xtp->xt_socket;
+                status = xtp->xt_tp.t_state;
+                break;
+            case IPPROTO_UDP:
+                xip = (struct xinpcb *)xig;
+                if (xip->xi_len != sizeof *xip) {
+                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                                 "struct xinpcb size mismatch");
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                inp = &xip->xi_inp;
+                so = &xip->xi_socket;
+                status = PSUTIL_CONN_NONE;
+                break;
+            default:
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "invalid proto");
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        char lip[200], rip[200];
+
+        hash = (int)((uintptr_t)so->xso_so % HASHSIZE);
+        pid = psutil_get_pid_from_sock(hash);
+        if (pid < 0)
+            continue;
+        lport = ntohs(inp->inp_lport);
+        rport = ntohs(inp->inp_fport);
+
+        if (inp->inp_vflag & INP_IPV4) {
+            family = AF_INET;
+            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &inp->inp_laddr.s_addr, lip, sizeof(lip));
+            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &inp->inp_faddr.s_addr, rip, sizeof(rip));
+        }
+        else if (inp->inp_vflag & INP_IPV6) {
+            family = AF_INET6;
+            inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &inp->in6p_laddr.s6_addr, lip, sizeof(lip));
+            inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &inp->in6p_faddr.s6_addr, rip, sizeof(rip));
+        }
+
+        // construct python tuple/list
+        laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+        if (!laddr)
+            goto error;
+        if (rport != 0)
+            raddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", rip, rport);
+        else
+            raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+        if (!raddr)
+            goto error;
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNii)", -1, family, type, laddr, raddr,
+                                               status, pid);
+        if (!tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+
+    free(buf);
+    return 1;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(laddr);
+    Py_XDECREF(raddr);
+    free(buf);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+int psutil_gather_unix(int proto, PyObject *py_retlist)
+{
+    struct xunpgen *xug, *exug;
+    struct xunpcb *xup;
+    const char *varname = NULL;
+    const char *protoname = NULL;
+    size_t len;
+    size_t bufsize;
+    void *buf;
+    int hash;
+    int retry;
+    int pid;
+    struct sockaddr_un *sun;
+    char path[PATH_MAX];
+
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *laddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *raddr = NULL;
+
+    switch (proto) {
+        case SOCK_STREAM:
+            varname = "net.local.stream.pcblist";
+            protoname = "stream";
+            break;
+        case SOCK_DGRAM:
+            varname = "net.local.dgram.pcblist";
+            protoname = "dgram";
+            break;
+    }
+
+    buf = NULL;
+    bufsize = 8192;
+    retry = 5;
+
+    do {
+        for (;;) {
+            buf = realloc(buf, bufsize);
+            if (buf == NULL) {
+                PyErr_NoMemory();
+                goto error;
+            }
+            len = bufsize;
+            if (sysctlbyname(varname, buf, &len, NULL, 0) == 0)
+                break;
+            if (errno != ENOMEM) {
+                PyErr_SetFromErrno(0);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            bufsize *= 2;
+        }
+        xug = (struct xunpgen *)buf;
+        exug = (struct xunpgen *)(void *)
+            ((char *)buf + len - sizeof *exug);
+        if (xug->xug_len != sizeof *xug || exug->xug_len != sizeof *exug) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "struct xinpgen size mismatch");
+            goto error;
+        }
+    } while (xug->xug_gen != exug->xug_gen && retry--);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        xug = (struct xunpgen *)(void *)((char *)xug + xug->xug_len);
+        if (xug >= exug)
+            break;
+        xup = (struct xunpcb *)xug;
+        if (xup->xu_len != sizeof *xup)
+            goto error;
+
+        hash = (int)((uintptr_t) xup->xu_socket.xso_so % HASHSIZE);
+        pid = psutil_get_pid_from_sock(hash);
+        if (pid < 0)
+            continue;
+
+        sun = (struct sockaddr_un *)&xup->xu_addr;
+        snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%.*s",
+                 (int)(sun->sun_len - (sizeof(*sun) - sizeof(sun->sun_path))),
+                 sun->sun_path);
+
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiisOii)", -1, AF_UNIX, proto, path, Py_None,
+                                               PSUTIL_CONN_NONE, pid);
+        if (!tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+    }
+
+    free(buf);
+    return 1;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(laddr);
+    Py_XDECREF(raddr);
+    free(buf);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return system-wide open connections.
+ */
+static PyObject*
+psutil_net_connections(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_populate_xfiles() != 1)
+        goto error;
+    if (psutil_gather_inet(IPPROTO_TCP, py_retlist) == 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (psutil_gather_inet(IPPROTO_UDP, py_retlist) == 0)
+        goto error;
+    if (psutil_gather_unix(SOCK_STREAM, py_retlist) == 0)
+       goto error;
+    if (psutil_gather_unix(SOCK_DGRAM, py_retlist) == 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    free(psutil_xfiles);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    free(psutil_xfiles);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Get process CPU affinity.
+ * Reference: http://sources.freebsd.org/RELENG_9/src/usr.bin/cpuset/cpuset.c
+ */
+static PyObject*
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int ret;
+    int i;
+    cpuset_t mask;
+    PyObject* py_retlist;
+    PyObject* py_cpu_num;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    ret = cpuset_getaffinity(CPU_LEVEL_WHICH, CPU_WHICH_PID, pid,
+                             sizeof(mask), &mask);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < CPU_SETSIZE; i++) {
+        if (CPU_ISSET(i, &mask)) {
+            py_cpu_num = Py_BuildValue("i", i);
+            if (py_cpu_num == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_cpu_num))
+                goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_cpu_num);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set process CPU affinity.
+ * Reference: http://sources.freebsd.org/RELENG_9/src/usr.bin/cpuset/cpuset.c
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int i;
+    int seq_len;
+    int ret;
+    cpuset_t cpu_set;
+    PyObject *py_cpu_set;
+    PyObject *py_cpu_seq = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lO", &pid, &py_cpu_set))
+        return NULL;
+
+    py_cpu_seq = PySequence_Fast(py_cpu_set, "expected a sequence or integer");
+    if (!py_cpu_seq)
+        return NULL;
+    seq_len = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(py_cpu_seq);
+
+    // calculate the mask
+    CPU_ZERO(&cpu_set);
+    for (i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        PyObject *item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(py_cpu_seq, i);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        long value = PyLong_AsLong(item);
+#else
+        long value = PyInt_AsLong(item);
+#endif
+        if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            goto error;
+        CPU_SET(value, &cpu_set);
+    }
+
+    // set affinity
+    ret = cpuset_setaffinity(CPU_LEVEL_WHICH, CPU_WHICH_PID, pid,
+                             sizeof(cpu_set), &cpu_set);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(py_cpu_seq);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+
+error:
+    if (py_cpu_seq != NULL)
+        Py_DECREF(py_cpu_seq);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * define the psutil C module methods and initialize the module.
+ */
+static PyMethodDef
+PsutilMethods[] =
+{
+    // --- per-process functions
+
+    {"proc_name", psutil_proc_name, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process name"},
+    {"proc_connections", psutil_proc_connections, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return connections opened by process"},
+    {"proc_exe", psutil_proc_exe, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process pathname executable"},
+    {"proc_cmdline", psutil_proc_cmdline, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process cmdline as a list of cmdline arguments"},
+    {"proc_ppid", psutil_proc_ppid, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process ppid as an integer"},
+    {"proc_uids", psutil_proc_uids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process real effective and saved user ids as a Python tuple"},
+    {"proc_gids", psutil_proc_gids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process real effective and saved group ids as a Python tuple"},
+    {"proc_cpu_times", psutil_proc_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return tuple of user/kern time for the given PID"},
+    {"proc_create_time", psutil_proc_create_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a float indicating the process create time expressed in "
+     "seconds since the epoch"},
+    {"proc_memory_info", psutil_proc_memory_info, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return extended memory info for a process as a Python tuple."},
+    {"proc_num_threads", psutil_proc_num_threads, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return number of threads used by process"},
+    {"proc_num_ctx_switches", psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of context switches performed by process"},
+    {"proc_threads", psutil_proc_threads, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process threads"},
+    {"proc_status", psutil_proc_status, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process status as an integer"},
+    {"proc_io_counters", psutil_proc_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process IO counters"},
+    {"proc_tty_nr", psutil_proc_tty_nr, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process tty (terminal) number"},
+    {"proc_cpu_affinity_get", psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process CPU affinity."},
+    {"proc_cpu_affinity_set", psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process CPU affinity."},
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 800000
+    {"proc_open_files", psutil_proc_open_files, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return files opened by process as a list of (path, fd) tuples"},
+    {"proc_cwd", psutil_proc_cwd, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process current working directory."},
+    {"proc_memory_maps", psutil_proc_memory_maps, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a list of tuples for every process's memory map"},
+    {"proc_num_fds", psutil_proc_num_fds, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of file descriptors opened by this process"},
+#endif
+
+    // --- system-related functions
+
+    {"pids", psutil_pids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Returns a list of PIDs currently running on the system"},
+    {"cpu_count_logical", psutil_cpu_count_logical, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return number of logical CPUs on the system"},
+    {"cpu_count_phys", psutil_cpu_count_phys, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return an XML string to determine the number physical CPUs."},
+    {"virtual_mem", psutil_virtual_mem, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system virtual memory usage statistics"},
+    {"swap_mem", psutil_swap_mem, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return swap mem stats"},
+    {"cpu_times", psutil_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system cpu times as a tuple (user, system, nice, idle, irc)"},
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 800000
+    {"per_cpu_times", psutil_per_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system per-cpu times as a list of tuples"},
+#endif
+    {"boot_time", psutil_boot_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."},
+    {"disk_partitions", psutil_disk_partitions, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a list of tuples including device, mount point and "
+     "fs type for all partitions mounted on the system."},
+    {"net_io_counters", psutil_net_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return dict of tuples of networks I/O information."},
+    {"disk_io_counters", psutil_disk_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a Python dict of tuples for disk I/O information"},
+    {"users", psutil_users, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return currently connected users as a list of tuples"},
+    {"net_connections", psutil_net_connections, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system-wide open connections."},
+
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+struct module_state {
+    PyObject *error;
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
+#else
+#define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
+#endif
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+static int
+psutil_bsd_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_bsd_clear(PyObject *m) {
+    Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef
+        moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "psutil_bsd",
+    NULL,
+    sizeof(struct module_state),
+    PsutilMethods,
+    NULL,
+    psutil_bsd_traverse,
+    psutil_bsd_clear,
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__psutil_bsd(void)
+
+#else
+#define INITERROR return
+
+void init_psutil_bsd(void)
+#endif
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+#else
+    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("_psutil_bsd", PsutilMethods);
+#endif
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "version", PSUTIL_VERSION);
+
+    // process status constants
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SSTOP", SSTOP);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SSLEEP", SSLEEP);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SRUN", SRUN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SIDL", SIDL);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SWAIT", SWAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SLOCK", SLOCK);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SZOMB", SZOMB);
+    // connection status constants
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSED", TCPS_CLOSED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSING", TCPS_CLOSING);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT", TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_LISTEN", TCPS_LISTEN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_ESTABLISHED", TCPS_ESTABLISHED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_SYN_SENT", TCPS_SYN_SENT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED", TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1", TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2", TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_LAST_ACK", TCPS_LAST_ACK);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_TIME_WAIT", TCPS_TIME_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "PSUTIL_CONN_NONE", PSUTIL_CONN_NONE);
+
+    if (module == NULL)
+        INITERROR;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return module;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_bsd.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_bsd.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..803957dac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_bsd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+// --- per-process functions
+
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cmdline(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_connections(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_create_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_exe(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_gids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_info(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_name(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_fds(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_threads(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_ppid(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_status(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_threads(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_tty_nr(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_uids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 800000
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_open_files(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cwd(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+#endif
+
+// --- system-related functions
+
+static PyObject* psutil_boot_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_logical(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_pids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_swap_mem(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_users(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_virtual_mem(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 800000
+static PyObject* psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+#endif
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_common.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_common.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c530d4df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Routines common to all platforms.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+
+/*
+ * Set OSError(errno=ESRCH, strerror="No such process") Python exception.
+ */
+PyObject *
+NoSuchProcess(void) {
+    PyObject *exc;
+    char *msg = strerror(ESRCH);
+    exc = PyObject_CallFunction(PyExc_OSError, "(is)", ESRCH, msg);
+    PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set OSError(errno=EACCES, strerror="Permission denied") Python exception.
+ */
+PyObject *
+AccessDenied(void) {
+    PyObject *exc;
+    char *msg = strerror(EACCES);
+    exc = PyObject_CallFunction(PyExc_OSError, "(is)", EACCES, msg);
+    PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, exc);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc);
+    return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_common.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_common.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43021a72d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+PyObject* AccessDenied(void);
+PyObject* NoSuchProcess(void);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_linux.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_linux.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3bf5643c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_linux.c
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Linux-specific functions.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+    #define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <mntent.h>
+#include <features.h>
+#include <utmp.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <linux/version.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <linux/sockios.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/ethtool.h>
+
+#include "_psutil_linux.h"
+
+/* The minimum number of CPUs allocated in a cpu_set_t */
+static const int NCPUS_START = sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT;
+
+// Linux >= 2.6.13
+#define PSUTIL_HAVE_IOPRIO defined(__NR_ioprio_get) && defined(__NR_ioprio_set)
+
+// Linux >= 2.6.36 (supposedly) and glibc >= 13
+#define PSUTIL_HAVE_PRLIMIT \
+    (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2, 6, 36)) && \
+    (__GLIBC__ >= 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 13) && \
+    defined(__NR_prlimit64)
+
+#if PSUTIL_HAVE_PRLIMIT
+    #define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
+    #include <time.h>
+    #include <sys/resource.h>
+#endif
+
+
+#if PSUTIL_HAVE_IOPRIO
+enum {
+    IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS = 1,
+};
+
+// May happen on old RedHat versions, see:
+// https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/607
+#ifndef DUPLEX_UNKNOWN
+    #define DUPLEX_UNKNOWN 0xff
+#endif
+
+static inline int
+ioprio_get(int which, int who)
+{
+    return syscall(__NR_ioprio_get, which, who);
+}
+
+static inline int
+ioprio_set(int which, int who, int ioprio)
+{
+    return syscall(__NR_ioprio_set, which, who, ioprio);
+}
+
+#define IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT 13
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_MASK ((1UL << IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT) - 1)
+
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(mask) ((mask) >> IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT)
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(mask) ((mask) & IOPRIO_PRIO_MASK)
+#define IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(class, data) (((class) << IOPRIO_CLASS_SHIFT) | data)
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a (ioclass, iodata) Python tuple representing process I/O priority.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_ioprio_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int ioprio, ioclass, iodata;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    ioprio = ioprio_get(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, pid);
+    if (ioprio == -1)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    ioclass = IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(ioprio);
+    iodata = IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(ioprio);
+    return Py_BuildValue("ii", ioclass, iodata);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * A wrapper around ioprio_set(); sets process I/O priority.
+ * ioclass can be either IOPRIO_CLASS_RT, IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE
+ * or 0. iodata goes from 0 to 7 depending on ioclass specified.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_ioprio_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int ioprio, ioclass, iodata;
+    int retval;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lii", &pid, &ioclass, &iodata))
+        return NULL;
+    ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(ioclass, iodata);
+    retval = ioprio_set(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, pid, ioprio);
+    if (retval == -1)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PSUTIL_HAVE_PRLIMIT
+/*
+ * A wrapper around prlimit(2); sets process resource limits.
+ * This can be used for both get and set, in which case extra
+ * 'soft' and 'hard' args must be provided.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_linux_prlimit(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int ret, resource;
+    struct rlimit old, new;
+    struct rlimit *newp = NULL;
+    PyObject *soft = NULL;
+    PyObject *hard = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "li|OO", &pid, &resource, &soft, &hard))
+        return NULL;
+
+    // get
+    if (soft == NULL && hard == NULL) {
+        ret = prlimit(pid, resource, NULL, &old);
+        if (ret == -1)
+            return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+#if defined(PSUTIL_HAVE_LONG_LONG)
+        if (sizeof(old.rlim_cur) > sizeof(long)) {
+            return Py_BuildValue("LL",
+                                 (PY_LONG_LONG)old.rlim_cur,
+                                 (PY_LONG_LONG)old.rlim_max);
+        }
+#endif
+        return Py_BuildValue("ll", (long)old.rlim_cur, (long)old.rlim_max);
+    }
+
+    // set
+    else {
+#if defined(PSUTIL_HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
+        new.rlim_cur = PyLong_AsLongLong(soft);
+        if (new.rlim_cur == (rlim_t) - 1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return NULL;
+        new.rlim_max = PyLong_AsLongLong(hard);
+        if (new.rlim_max == (rlim_t) - 1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return NULL;
+#else
+        new.rlim_cur = PyLong_AsLong(soft);
+        if (new.rlim_cur == (rlim_t) - 1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return NULL;
+        new.rlim_max = PyLong_AsLong(hard);
+        if (new.rlim_max == (rlim_t) - 1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            return NULL;
+#endif
+        newp = &new;
+        ret = prlimit(pid, resource, newp, &old);
+        if (ret == -1)
+            return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Return disk mounted partitions as a list of tuples including device,
+ * mount point and filesystem type
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    FILE *file = NULL;
+    struct mntent *entry;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // MOUNTED constant comes from mntent.h and it's == '/etc/mtab'
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    file = setmntent(MOUNTED, "r");
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    if ((file == 0) || (file == NULL)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, MOUNTED);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    while ((entry = getmntent(file))) {
+        if (entry == NULL) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "getmntent() failed");
+            goto error;
+        }
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("(ssss)",
+                                 entry->mnt_fsname,  // device
+                                 entry->mnt_dir,     // mount point
+                                 entry->mnt_type,    // fs type
+                                 entry->mnt_opts);   // options
+        if (! py_tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+    }
+    endmntent(file);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    if (file != NULL)
+        endmntent(file);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * A wrapper around sysinfo(), return system memory usage statistics.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_linux_sysinfo(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    struct sysinfo info;
+
+    if (sysinfo(&info) != 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    // note: boot time might also be determined from here
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "(KKKKKK)",
+        (unsigned long long)info.totalram  * info.mem_unit,   // total
+        (unsigned long long)info.freeram   * info.mem_unit,   // free
+        (unsigned long long)info.bufferram * info.mem_unit,   // buffer
+        (unsigned long long)info.sharedram * info.mem_unit,   // shared
+        (unsigned long long)info.totalswap * info.mem_unit,   // swap tot
+        (unsigned long long)info.freeswap  * info.mem_unit);  // swap free
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process CPU affinity as a Python list
+ * The dual implementation exists because of:
+ * https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/536
+ */
+
+#ifdef CPU_ALLOC
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int cpu, ncpus, count, cpucount_s;
+    long pid;
+    size_t setsize;
+    cpu_set_t *mask = NULL;
+    PyObject *res = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    ncpus = NCPUS_START;
+    while (1) {
+        setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus);
+        mask = CPU_ALLOC(ncpus);
+        if (mask == NULL)
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        if (sched_getaffinity(pid, setsize, mask) == 0)
+            break;
+        CPU_FREE(mask);
+        if (errno != EINVAL)
+            return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        if (ncpus > INT_MAX / 2) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "could not allocate "
+                            "a large enough CPU set");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        ncpus = ncpus * 2;
+    }
+
+    res = PyList_New(0);
+    if (res == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    cpucount_s = CPU_COUNT_S(setsize, mask);
+    for (cpu = 0, count = cpucount_s; count; cpu++) {
+        if (CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, setsize, mask)) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            PyObject *cpu_num = PyLong_FromLong(cpu);
+#else
+            PyObject *cpu_num = PyInt_FromLong(cpu);
+#endif
+            if (cpu_num == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(res, cpu_num)) {
+                Py_DECREF(cpu_num);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(cpu_num);
+            --count;
+        }
+    }
+    CPU_FREE(mask);
+    return res;
+
+error:
+    if (mask)
+        CPU_FREE(mask);
+    Py_XDECREF(res);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#else
+
+
+/*
+ * Alternative implementation in case CPU_ALLOC is not defined.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    cpu_set_t cpuset;
+    unsigned int len = sizeof(cpu_set_t);
+    long pid;
+    int i;
+    PyObject* py_retlist = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_cpu_num = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+	CPU_ZERO(&cpuset);
+    if (sched_getaffinity(pid, len, &cpuset) < 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+
+    py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    for (i = 0; i < CPU_SETSIZE; ++i) {
+        if (CPU_ISSET(i, &cpuset)) {
+            py_cpu_num = Py_BuildValue("i", i);
+            if (py_cpu_num == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_cpu_num))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_cpu_num);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_cpu_num);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Set process CPU affinity; expects a bitmask
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    cpu_set_t cpu_set;
+    size_t len;
+    long pid;
+    int i, seq_len;
+    PyObject *py_cpu_set;
+    PyObject *py_cpu_seq = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lO", &pid, &py_cpu_set))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!PySequence_Check(py_cpu_set)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sequence argument expected, got %s",
+                     Py_TYPE(py_cpu_set)->tp_name);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    py_cpu_seq = PySequence_Fast(py_cpu_set, "expected a sequence or integer");
+    if (!py_cpu_seq)
+        goto error;
+    seq_len = PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(py_cpu_seq);
+    CPU_ZERO(&cpu_set);
+    for (i = 0; i < seq_len; i++) {
+        PyObject *item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(py_cpu_seq, i);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        long value = PyLong_AsLong(item);
+#else
+        long value = PyInt_AsLong(item);
+#endif
+        if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+            goto error;
+        CPU_SET(value, &cpu_set);
+    }
+
+    len = sizeof(cpu_set);
+    if (sched_setaffinity(pid, len, &cpu_set)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(py_cpu_seq);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+
+error:
+    if (py_cpu_seq != NULL)
+        Py_DECREF(py_cpu_seq);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return currently connected users as a list of tuples.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_users(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *ret_list = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *user_proc = NULL;
+    struct utmp *ut;
+
+    if (ret_list == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    setutent();
+    while (NULL != (ut = getutent())) {
+        tuple = NULL;
+        user_proc = NULL;
+        if (ut->ut_type == USER_PROCESS)
+            user_proc = Py_True;
+        else
+            user_proc = Py_False;
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(sssfO)",
+            ut->ut_user,              // username
+            ut->ut_line,              // tty
+            ut->ut_host,              // hostname
+            (float)ut->ut_tv.tv_sec,  // tstamp
+            user_proc                 // (bool) user process
+        );
+    if (! tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(ret_list, tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+    endutent();
+    return ret_list;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(user_proc);
+    Py_DECREF(ret_list);
+    endutent();
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return stats about a particular network
+ * interface.  References:
+ * https://github.com/dpaleino/wicd/blob/master/wicd/backends/be-ioctl.py
+ * http://www.i-scream.org/libstatgrab/
+ */
+static PyObject*
+psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    char *nic_name;
+    int sock = 0;
+    int ret;
+    int duplex;
+    int speed;
+    int mtu;
+    struct ifreq ifr;
+    struct ethtool_cmd ethcmd;
+    PyObject *py_is_up = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_ret = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &nic_name))
+        return NULL;
+
+    sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    if (sock == -1)
+        goto error;
+    strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, nic_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
+
+    // is up?
+    ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr);
+    if (ret == -1)
+        goto error;
+    if ((ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP) != 0)
+        py_is_up = Py_True;
+    else
+        py_is_up = Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(py_is_up);
+
+    // MTU
+    ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr);
+    if (ret == -1)
+        goto error;
+    mtu = ifr.ifr_mtu;
+
+    // duplex and speed
+    memset(&ethcmd, 0, sizeof ethcmd);
+    ethcmd.cmd = ETHTOOL_GSET;
+    ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&ethcmd;
+    ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCETHTOOL, &ifr);
+
+    if (ret != -1) {
+        duplex = ethcmd.duplex;
+        speed = ethcmd.speed;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP) {
+            // we typically get here in case of wi-fi cards
+            duplex = DUPLEX_UNKNOWN;
+            speed = 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    close(sock);
+    py_ret = Py_BuildValue("[Oiii]", py_is_up, duplex, speed, mtu);
+    if (!py_ret)
+        goto error;
+    Py_DECREF(py_is_up);
+    return py_ret;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_is_up);
+    if (sock != 0)
+        close(sock);
+    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Define the psutil C module methods and initialize the module.
+ */
+static PyMethodDef
+PsutilMethods[] =
+{
+    // --- per-process functions
+
+#if PSUTIL_HAVE_IOPRIO
+    {"proc_ioprio_get", psutil_proc_ioprio_get, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Get process I/O priority"},
+    {"proc_ioprio_set", psutil_proc_ioprio_set, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process I/O priority"},
+#endif
+    {"proc_cpu_affinity_get", psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process CPU affinity as a Python long (the bitmask)."},
+    {"proc_cpu_affinity_set", psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process CPU affinity; expects a bitmask."},
+
+    // --- system related functions
+
+    {"disk_partitions", psutil_disk_partitions, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return disk mounted partitions as a list of tuples including "
+     "device, mount point and filesystem type"},
+    {"users", psutil_users, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return currently connected users as a list of tuples"},
+    {"net_if_stats", psutil_net_if_stats, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)"},
+
+    // --- linux specific
+
+    {"linux_sysinfo", psutil_linux_sysinfo, METH_VARARGS,
+     "A wrapper around sysinfo(), return system memory usage statistics"},
+#if PSUTIL_HAVE_PRLIMIT
+    {"linux_prlimit", psutil_linux_prlimit, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Get or set process resource limits."},
+#endif
+
+
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+struct module_state {
+    PyObject *error;
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
+#else
+#define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
+#endif
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+static int
+psutil_linux_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_linux_clear(PyObject *m) {
+    Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef
+        moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "psutil_linux",
+    NULL,
+    sizeof(struct module_state),
+    PsutilMethods,
+    NULL,
+    psutil_linux_traverse,
+    psutil_linux_clear,
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__psutil_linux(void)
+
+#else
+#define INITERROR return
+
+void init_psutil_linux(void)
+#endif
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+#else
+    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("_psutil_linux", PsutilMethods);
+#endif
+
+
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "version", PSUTIL_VERSION);
+#if PSUTIL_HAVE_PRLIMIT
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIM_INFINITY", RLIM_INFINITY);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_AS", RLIMIT_AS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_CORE", RLIMIT_CORE);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_CPU", RLIMIT_CPU);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_DATA", RLIMIT_DATA);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_FSIZE", RLIMIT_FSIZE);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_LOCKS", RLIMIT_LOCKS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_MEMLOCK", RLIMIT_MEMLOCK);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_NOFILE", RLIMIT_NOFILE);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_NPROC", RLIMIT_NPROC);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_RSS", RLIMIT_RSS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_STACK", RLIMIT_STACK);
+#ifdef RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE", RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE);
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_NICE
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_NICE", RLIMIT_NICE);
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_RTPRIO
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_RTPRIO", RLIMIT_RTPRIO);
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_RTTIME
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_RTTIME", RLIMIT_RTTIME);
+#endif
+#ifdef RLIMIT_SIGPENDING
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "RLIMIT_SIGPENDING", RLIMIT_SIGPENDING);
+#endif
+#endif
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "DUPLEX_HALF", DUPLEX_HALF);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "DUPLEX_FULL", DUPLEX_FULL);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "DUPLEX_UNKNOWN", DUPLEX_UNKNOWN);
+
+    if (module == NULL)
+        INITERROR;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return module;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_linux.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_linux.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec6a33871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_linux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+// process
+
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_ioprio_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_ioprio_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+// system
+
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_linux_sysinfo(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_users(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_osx.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_osx.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ebf8ff27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_osx.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1808 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * OS X platform-specific module methods for _psutil_osx
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <utmpx.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#include <sys/vmmeter.h>
+#include <libproc.h>
+#include <sys/proc_info.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp_fsm.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <net/if_dl.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+
+#include <mach/mach.h>
+#include <mach/task.h>
+#include <mach/mach_init.h>
+#include <mach/host_info.h>
+#include <mach/mach_host.h>
+#include <mach/mach_traps.h>
+#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
+#include <mach/shared_region.h>
+
+#include <mach-o/loader.h>
+
+#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
+#include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h>
+#include <IOKit/storage/IOBlockStorageDriver.h>
+#include <IOKit/storage/IOMedia.h>
+#include <IOKit/IOBSD.h>
+
+#include "_psutil_osx.h"
+#include "_psutil_common.h"
+#include "arch/osx/process_info.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * A wrapper around host_statistics() invoked with HOST_VM_INFO.
+ */
+int
+psutil_sys_vminfo(vm_statistics_data_t *vmstat)
+{
+    kern_return_t ret;
+    mach_msg_type_number_t count = sizeof(*vmstat) / sizeof(integer_t);
+    mach_port_t mport = mach_host_self();
+
+    ret = host_statistics(mport, HOST_VM_INFO, (host_info_t)vmstat, &count);
+    if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                     "host_statistics() failed: %s", mach_error_string(ret));
+        return 0;
+    }
+    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), mport);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of all the PIDs running on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_pids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kinfo_proc *proclist = NULL;
+    kinfo_proc *orig_address = NULL;
+    size_t num_processes;
+    size_t idx;
+    PyObject *pid = NULL;
+    PyObject *retlist = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (psutil_get_proc_list(&proclist, &num_processes) != 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                        "failed to retrieve process list.");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (num_processes > 0) {
+        // save the address of proclist so we can free it later
+        orig_address = proclist;
+        for (idx = 0; idx < num_processes; idx++) {
+            pid = Py_BuildValue("i", proclist->kp_proc.p_pid);
+            if (!pid)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(retlist, pid))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(pid);
+            proclist++;
+        }
+        free(orig_address);
+    }
+    return retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pid);
+    Py_DECREF(retlist);
+    if (orig_address != NULL)
+        free(orig_address);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process name from kinfo_proc as a Python string.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_name(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("s", kp.kp_proc.p_comm);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process current working directory.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cwd(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct proc_vnodepathinfo pathinfo;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (! psutil_proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDVNODEPATHINFO, &pathinfo,
+                              sizeof(pathinfo)))
+    {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("s", pathinfo.pvi_cdir.vip_path);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return path of the process executable.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_exe(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    char buf[PATH_MAX];
+    int ret;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    ret = proc_pidpath(pid, &buf, sizeof(buf));
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        if (! psutil_pid_exists(pid))
+            return NoSuchProcess();
+        else
+            return AccessDenied();
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("s", buf);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process cmdline as a Python list of cmdline arguments.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cmdline(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    PyObject *arglist = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    // get the commandline, defined in arch/osx/process_info.c
+    arglist = psutil_get_arg_list(pid);
+    return arglist;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process parent pid from kinfo_proc as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_ppid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("l", (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_ppid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process real uid from kinfo_proc as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_uids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("lll",
+                         (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_pcred.p_ruid,
+                         (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_ucred.cr_uid,
+                         (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_pcred.p_svuid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process real group id from ki_comm as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_gids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("lll",
+                         (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_pcred.p_rgid,
+                         (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_ucred.cr_groups[0],
+                         (long)kp.kp_eproc.e_pcred.p_svgid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process controlling terminal number as an integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_tty_nr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", kp.kp_eproc.e_tdev);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of tuples for every process memory maps.
+ * 'procstat' cmdline utility has been used as an example.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char buf[PATH_MAX];
+    char addr_str[34];
+    char perms[8];
+    int pagesize = getpagesize();
+    long pid;
+    kern_return_t err = KERN_SUCCESS;
+    mach_port_t task = MACH_PORT_NULL;
+    uint32_t depth = 1;
+    vm_address_t address = 0;
+    vm_size_t size = 0;
+
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_list = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (py_list == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+
+    err = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &task);
+
+    if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+        if (! psutil_pid_exists(pid)) {
+            NoSuchProcess();
+        }
+        else {
+            // pid exists, so return AccessDenied error since task_for_pid()
+            // failed
+            AccessDenied();
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    while (1) {
+        py_tuple = NULL;
+        struct vm_region_submap_info_64 info;
+        mach_msg_type_number_t count = VM_REGION_SUBMAP_INFO_COUNT_64;
+
+        err = vm_region_recurse_64(task, &address, &size, &depth,
+                                   (vm_region_info_64_t)&info, &count);
+        if (err == KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS)
+            break;
+        if (info.is_submap) {
+            depth++;
+        }
+        else {
+            // Free/Reset the char[]s to avoid weird paths
+            memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+            memset(addr_str, 0, sizeof(addr_str));
+            memset(perms, 0, sizeof(perms));
+
+            sprintf(addr_str, "%016lx-%016lx", address, address + size);
+            sprintf(perms, "%c%c%c/%c%c%c",
+                    (info.protection & VM_PROT_READ) ? 'r' : '-',
+                    (info.protection & VM_PROT_WRITE) ? 'w' : '-',
+                    (info.protection & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) ? 'x' : '-',
+                    (info.max_protection & VM_PROT_READ) ? 'r' : '-',
+                    (info.max_protection & VM_PROT_WRITE) ? 'w' : '-',
+                    (info.max_protection & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) ? 'x' : '-');
+
+            err = proc_regionfilename(pid, address, buf, sizeof(buf));
+
+            if (info.share_mode == SM_COW && info.ref_count == 1) {
+                // Treat single reference SM_COW as SM_PRIVATE
+                info.share_mode = SM_PRIVATE;
+            }
+
+            if (strlen(buf) == 0) {
+                switch (info.share_mode) {
+                    // case SM_LARGE_PAGE:
+                        // Treat SM_LARGE_PAGE the same as SM_PRIVATE
+                        // since they are not shareable and are wired.
+                    case SM_COW:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[cow]");
+                        break;
+                    case SM_PRIVATE:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[prv]");
+                        break;
+                    case SM_EMPTY:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[nul]");
+                        break;
+                    case SM_SHARED:
+                    case SM_TRUESHARED:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[shm]");
+                        break;
+                    case SM_PRIVATE_ALIASED:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[ali]");
+                        break;
+                    case SM_SHARED_ALIASED:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[s/a]");
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        strcpy(buf, "[???]");
+                }
+            }
+
+            py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                "sssIIIIIH",
+                addr_str,                                 // "start-end"address
+                perms,                                    // "rwx" permissions
+                buf,                                      // path
+                info.pages_resident * pagesize,           // rss
+                info.pages_shared_now_private * pagesize, // private
+                info.pages_swapped_out * pagesize,        // swapped
+                info.pages_dirtied * pagesize,            // dirtied
+                info.ref_count,                           // ref count
+                info.shadow_depth                         // shadow depth
+            );
+            if (!py_tuple)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(py_list, py_tuple))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+        }
+
+        // increment address for the next map/file
+        address += size;
+    }
+
+    if (task != MACH_PORT_NULL)
+        mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), task);
+
+    return py_list;
+
+error:
+    if (task != MACH_PORT_NULL)
+        mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), task);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_list);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of logical CPUs in the system.
+ * XXX this could be shared with BSD.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_logical(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int mib[2];
+    int ncpu;
+    size_t len;
+    mib[0] = CTL_HW;
+    mib[1] = HW_NCPU;
+    len = sizeof(ncpu);
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &ncpu, &len, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;  // mimic os.cpu_count()
+    else
+        return Py_BuildValue("i", ncpu);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of physical CPUs in the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int num;
+    size_t size = sizeof(int);
+
+    if (sysctlbyname("hw.physicalcpu", &num, &size, NULL, 0))
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;  // mimic os.cpu_count()
+    else
+        return Py_BuildValue("i", num);
+}
+
+
+#define TV2DOUBLE(t)    ((t).tv_sec + (t).tv_usec / 1000000.0)
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python tuple (user_time, kernel_time)
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct proc_taskinfo pti;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDTASKINFO, &pti, sizeof(pti)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("(dd)",
+                         (float)pti.pti_total_user / 1000000000.0,
+                         (float)pti.pti_total_system / 1000000000.0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float indicating the process create time expressed in
+ * seconds since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_create_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("d", TV2DOUBLE(kp.kp_proc.p_starttime));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return extended memory info about a process.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_info(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct proc_taskinfo pti;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDTASKINFO, &pti, sizeof(pti)))
+        return NULL;
+    // Note: determining other memory stats on OSX is a mess:
+    // http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/top/top-67/libtop.c?txt
+    // I just give up...
+    // struct proc_regioninfo pri;
+    // psutil_proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDREGIONINFO, &pri, sizeof(pri))
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "(KKkk)",
+        pti.pti_resident_size,  // resident memory size (rss)
+        pti.pti_virtual_size,   // virtual memory size (vms)
+        pti.pti_faults,         // number of page faults (pages)
+        pti.pti_pageins         // number of actual pageins (pages)
+    );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return number of threads used by process as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_threads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct proc_taskinfo pti;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDTASKINFO, &pti, sizeof(pti)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("k", pti.pti_threadnum);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of context switches performed by process.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct proc_taskinfo pti;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDTASKINFO, &pti, sizeof(pti)))
+        return NULL;
+    // unvoluntary value seems not to be available;
+    // pti.pti_csw probably refers to the sum of the two (getrusage()
+    // numbers seems to confirm this theory).
+    return Py_BuildValue("ki", pti.pti_csw, 0);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return system virtual memory stats
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_virtual_mem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+
+    int      mib[2];
+    uint64_t total;
+    size_t   len = sizeof(total);
+    vm_statistics_data_t vm;
+    int pagesize = getpagesize();
+    // physical mem
+    mib[0] = CTL_HW;
+    mib[1] = HW_MEMSIZE;
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &total, &len, NULL, 0)) {
+        if (errno != 0)
+            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        else
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "sysctl(HW_MEMSIZE) failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // vm
+    if (!psutil_sys_vminfo(&vm))
+        return NULL;
+
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "KKKKK",
+        total,
+        (unsigned long long) vm.active_count * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) vm.inactive_count * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) vm.wire_count * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long) vm.free_count * pagesize
+    );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return stats about swap memory.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_swap_mem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int mib[2];
+    size_t size;
+    struct xsw_usage totals;
+    vm_statistics_data_t vmstat;
+    int pagesize = getpagesize();
+
+    mib[0] = CTL_VM;
+    mib[1] = VM_SWAPUSAGE;
+    size = sizeof(totals);
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &totals, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        if (errno != 0)
+            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        else
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "sysctl(VM_SWAPUSAGE) failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!psutil_sys_vminfo(&vmstat))
+        return NULL;
+
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "LLLKK",
+        totals.xsu_total,
+        totals.xsu_used,
+        totals.xsu_avail,
+        (unsigned long long)vmstat.pageins * pagesize,
+        (unsigned long long)vmstat.pageouts * pagesize);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python tuple representing user, kernel and idle CPU times
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    mach_msg_type_number_t count = HOST_CPU_LOAD_INFO_COUNT;
+    kern_return_t error;
+    host_cpu_load_info_data_t r_load;
+
+    mach_port_t host_port = mach_host_self();
+    error = host_statistics(host_port, HOST_CPU_LOAD_INFO,
+                            (host_info_t)&r_load, &count);
+    if (error != KERN_SUCCESS)
+        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "Error in host_statistics(): %s",
+                            mach_error_string(error));
+    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), host_port);
+
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "(dddd)",
+        (double)r_load.cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_USER] / CLK_TCK,
+        (double)r_load.cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_NICE] / CLK_TCK,
+        (double)r_load.cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_SYSTEM] / CLK_TCK,
+        (double)r_load.cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_IDLE] / CLK_TCK
+    );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of tuple representing per-cpu times
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    natural_t cpu_count;
+    processor_info_array_t info_array;
+    mach_msg_type_number_t info_count;
+    kern_return_t error;
+    processor_cpu_load_info_data_t *cpu_load_info = NULL;
+    int i, ret;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_cputime = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    mach_port_t host_port = mach_host_self();
+    error = host_processor_info(host_port, PROCESSOR_CPU_LOAD_INFO,
+                                &cpu_count, &info_array, &info_count);
+    if (error != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Error in host_processor_info(): %s",
+                     mach_error_string(error));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), host_port);
+
+    cpu_load_info = (processor_cpu_load_info_data_t *) info_array;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < cpu_count; i++) {
+        py_cputime = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(dddd)",
+            (double)cpu_load_info[i].cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_USER] / CLK_TCK,
+            (double)cpu_load_info[i].cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_NICE] / CLK_TCK,
+            (double)cpu_load_info[i].cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_SYSTEM] / CLK_TCK,
+            (double)cpu_load_info[i].cpu_ticks[CPU_STATE_IDLE] / CLK_TCK
+        );
+        if (!py_cputime)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_cputime))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_cputime);
+    }
+
+    ret = vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), (vm_address_t)info_array,
+                        info_count * sizeof(int));
+    if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS)
+        PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "vm_deallocate() failed", 2);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_cputime);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (cpu_load_info != NULL) {
+        ret = vm_deallocate(mach_task_self(), (vm_address_t)info_array,
+                            info_count * sizeof(int));
+        if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS)
+            PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "vm_deallocate() failed", 2);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float indicating the system boot time expressed in
+ * seconds since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_boot_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    // fetch sysctl "kern.boottime"
+    static int request[2] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_BOOTTIME };
+    struct timeval result;
+    size_t result_len = sizeof result;
+    time_t boot_time = 0;
+
+    if (sysctl(request, 2, &result, &result_len, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    boot_time = result.tv_sec;
+    return Py_BuildValue("f", (float)boot_time);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of tuples including device, mount point and fs type
+ * for all partitions mounted on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int num;
+    int i;
+    long len;
+    uint64_t flags;
+    char opts[400];
+    struct statfs *fs = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // get the number of mount points
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    num = getfsstat(NULL, 0, MNT_NOWAIT);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    if (num == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    len = sizeof(*fs) * num;
+    fs = malloc(len);
+    if (fs == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    num = getfsstat(fs, len, MNT_NOWAIT);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+    if (num == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+        opts[0] = 0;
+        flags = fs[i].f_flags;
+
+        // see sys/mount.h
+        if (flags & MNT_RDONLY)
+            strlcat(opts, "ro", sizeof(opts));
+        else
+            strlcat(opts, "rw", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_SYNCHRONOUS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",sync", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOEXEC)
+            strlcat(opts, ",noexec", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOSUID)
+            strlcat(opts, ",nosuid", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_UNION)
+            strlcat(opts, ",union", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_ASYNC)
+            strlcat(opts, ",async", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_EXPORTED)
+            strlcat(opts, ",exported", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_QUARANTINE)
+            strlcat(opts, ",quarantine", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_LOCAL)
+            strlcat(opts, ",local", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_QUOTA)
+            strlcat(opts, ",quota", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_ROOTFS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",rootfs", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_DOVOLFS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",dovolfs", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_DONTBROWSE)
+            strlcat(opts, ",dontbrowse", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_IGNORE_OWNERSHIP)
+            strlcat(opts, ",ignore-ownership", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_AUTOMOUNTED)
+            strlcat(opts, ",automounted", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_JOURNALED)
+            strlcat(opts, ",journaled", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOUSERXATTR)
+            strlcat(opts, ",nouserxattr", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_DEFWRITE)
+            strlcat(opts, ",defwrite", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_MULTILABEL)
+            strlcat(opts, ",multilabel", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_NOATIME)
+            strlcat(opts, ",noatime", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_UPDATE)
+            strlcat(opts, ",update", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_RELOAD)
+            strlcat(opts, ",reload", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_FORCE)
+            strlcat(opts, ",force", sizeof(opts));
+        if (flags & MNT_CMDFLAGS)
+            strlcat(opts, ",cmdflags", sizeof(opts));
+
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(ssss)", fs[i].f_mntfromname,  // device
+            fs[i].f_mntonname,    // mount point
+            fs[i].f_fstypename,   // fs type
+            opts);                // options
+        if (!py_tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+    }
+
+    free(fs);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (fs != NULL)
+        free(fs);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process status as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_status(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    struct kinfo_proc kp;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid, &kp) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", (int)kp.kp_proc.p_stat);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process threads
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_threads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int err, j, ret;
+    kern_return_t kr;
+    unsigned int info_count = TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
+    mach_port_t task = MACH_PORT_NULL;
+    struct task_basic_info tasks_info;
+    thread_act_port_array_t thread_list = NULL;
+    thread_info_data_t thinfo_basic;
+    thread_basic_info_t basic_info_th;
+    mach_msg_type_number_t thread_count, thread_info_count;
+
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *pyTuple = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // the argument passed should be a process id
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+
+    // task_for_pid() requires special privileges
+    err = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &task);
+    if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+        if (! psutil_pid_exists(pid))
+            NoSuchProcess();
+        else
+            AccessDenied();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    info_count = TASK_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
+    err = task_info(task, TASK_BASIC_INFO, (task_info_t)&tasks_info,
+                    &info_count);
+    if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+        // errcode 4 is "invalid argument" (access denied)
+        if (err == 4) {
+            AccessDenied();
+        }
+        else {
+            // otherwise throw a runtime error with appropriate error code
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                         "task_info(TASK_BASIC_INFO) failed");
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    err = task_threads(task, &thread_list, &thread_count);
+    if (err != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "task_threads() failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (j = 0; j < thread_count; j++) {
+        pyTuple = NULL;
+        thread_info_count = THREAD_INFO_MAX;
+        kr = thread_info(thread_list[j], THREAD_BASIC_INFO,
+                         (thread_info_t)thinfo_basic, &thread_info_count);
+        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                         "thread_info() with flag THREAD_BASIC_INFO failed");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        basic_info_th = (thread_basic_info_t)thinfo_basic;
+        pyTuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "Iff",
+            j + 1,
+            (float)basic_info_th->user_time.microseconds / 1000000.0,
+            (float)basic_info_th->system_time.microseconds / 1000000.0
+        );
+        if (!pyTuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(retList, pyTuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(pyTuple);
+    }
+
+    ret = vm_deallocate(task, (vm_address_t)thread_list,
+                        thread_count * sizeof(int));
+    if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS)
+        PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "vm_deallocate() failed", 2);
+
+    mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), task);
+
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    if (task != MACH_PORT_NULL)
+        mach_port_deallocate(mach_task_self(), task);
+    Py_XDECREF(pyTuple);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+    if (thread_list != NULL) {
+        ret = vm_deallocate(task, (vm_address_t)thread_list,
+                            thread_count * sizeof(int));
+        if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS)
+            PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "vm_deallocate() failed", 2);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process open files as a Python tuple.
+ * References:
+ * - lsof source code: http://goo.gl/SYW79 and http://goo.gl/m78fd
+ * - /usr/include/sys/proc_info.h
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_open_files(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int pidinfo_result;
+    int iterations;
+    int i;
+    int nb;
+
+    struct proc_fdinfo *fds_pointer = NULL;
+    struct proc_fdinfo *fdp_pointer;
+    struct vnode_fdinfowithpath vi;
+
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+
+    pidinfo_result = proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDLISTFDS, 0, NULL, 0);
+    if (pidinfo_result <= 0) {
+        // may be be ignored later if errno != 0
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                     "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDLISTFDS) failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    fds_pointer = malloc(pidinfo_result);
+    if (fds_pointer == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    pidinfo_result = proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDLISTFDS, 0, fds_pointer,
+                                  pidinfo_result);
+    if (pidinfo_result <= 0) {
+        // may be be ignored later if errno != 0
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                     "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDLISTFDS) failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    iterations = (pidinfo_result / PROC_PIDLISTFD_SIZE);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+        tuple = NULL;
+        fdp_pointer = &fds_pointer[i];
+
+        if (fdp_pointer->proc_fdtype == PROX_FDTYPE_VNODE)
+        {
+            nb = proc_pidfdinfo(pid,
+                                fdp_pointer->proc_fd,
+                                PROC_PIDFDVNODEPATHINFO,
+                                &vi,
+                                sizeof(vi));
+
+            // --- errors checking
+            if (nb <= 0) {
+                if ((errno == ENOENT) || (errno == EBADF)) {
+                    // no such file or directory or bad file descriptor;
+                    // let's assume the file has been closed or removed
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // may be be ignored later if errno != 0
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                             "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDFDVNODEPATHINFO) failed");
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (nb < sizeof(vi)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                             "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDFDVNODEPATHINFO) failed "
+                             "(buffer mismatch)");
+                goto error;
+            }
+            // --- /errors checking
+
+            // --- construct python list
+            tuple = Py_BuildValue("(si)",
+                                  vi.pvip.vip_path,
+                                  (int)fdp_pointer->proc_fd);
+            if (!tuple)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(retList, tuple))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(tuple);
+            // --- /construct python list
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(fds_pointer);
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+    if (fds_pointer != NULL)
+        free(fds_pointer);
+    if (errno != 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    else if (! psutil_pid_exists(pid))
+        return NoSuchProcess();
+    else
+        return NULL;  // exception has already been set earlier
+}
+
+
+// a signaler for connections without an actual status
+static int PSUTIL_CONN_NONE = 128;
+
+/*
+ * Return process TCP and UDP connections as a list of tuples.
+ * References:
+ * - lsof source code: http://goo.gl/SYW79 and http://goo.gl/wNrC0
+ * - /usr/include/sys/proc_info.h
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_connections(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int pidinfo_result;
+    int iterations;
+    int i;
+    int nb;
+
+    struct proc_fdinfo *fds_pointer = NULL;
+    struct proc_fdinfo *fdp_pointer;
+    struct socket_fdinfo si;
+
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *laddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *raddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *af_filter = NULL;
+    PyObject *type_filter = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lOO", &pid, &af_filter, &type_filter))
+        goto error;
+
+    if (!PySequence_Check(af_filter) || !PySequence_Check(type_filter)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "arg 2 or 3 is not a sequence");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (pid == 0)
+        return retList;
+    pidinfo_result = proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDLISTFDS, 0, NULL, 0);
+    if (pidinfo_result <= 0)
+        goto error;
+
+    fds_pointer = malloc(pidinfo_result);
+    if (fds_pointer == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    pidinfo_result = proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDLISTFDS, 0, fds_pointer,
+                                  pidinfo_result);
+
+    if (pidinfo_result <= 0)
+        goto error;
+    iterations = (pidinfo_result / PROC_PIDLISTFD_SIZE);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+        tuple = NULL;
+        laddr = NULL;
+        raddr = NULL;
+        errno = 0;
+        fdp_pointer = &fds_pointer[i];
+
+        if (fdp_pointer->proc_fdtype == PROX_FDTYPE_SOCKET)
+        {
+            nb = proc_pidfdinfo(pid, fdp_pointer->proc_fd,
+                                PROC_PIDFDSOCKETINFO, &si, sizeof(si));
+
+            // --- errors checking
+            if (nb <= 0) {
+                if (errno == EBADF) {
+                    // let's assume socket has been closed
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (errno != 0)
+                    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+                else
+                    PyErr_Format(
+                        PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                        "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDFDVNODEPATHINFO) failed");
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (nb < sizeof(si)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                             "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDFDVNODEPATHINFO) failed "
+                             "(buffer mismatch)");
+                goto error;
+            }
+            // --- /errors checking
+
+            //
+            int fd, family, type, lport, rport, state;
+            char lip[200], rip[200];
+            int inseq;
+            PyObject *_family;
+            PyObject *_type;
+
+            fd = (int)fdp_pointer->proc_fd;
+            family = si.psi.soi_family;
+            type = si.psi.soi_type;
+
+            // apply filters
+            _family = PyLong_FromLong((long)family);
+            inseq = PySequence_Contains(af_filter, _family);
+            Py_DECREF(_family);
+            if (inseq == 0)
+                continue;
+            _type = PyLong_FromLong((long)type);
+            inseq = PySequence_Contains(type_filter, _type);
+            Py_DECREF(_type);
+            if (inseq == 0)
+                continue;
+
+            if (errno != 0) {
+                PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            if ((family == AF_INET) || (family == AF_INET6)) {
+                if (family == AF_INET) {
+                    inet_ntop(AF_INET,
+                              &si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_ini. \
+                                  insi_laddr.ina_46.i46a_addr4,
+                              lip,
+                              sizeof(lip));
+                    inet_ntop(AF_INET,
+                              &si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_ini.insi_faddr. \
+                                  ina_46.i46a_addr4,
+                              rip,
+                              sizeof(rip));
+                }
+                else {
+                    inet_ntop(AF_INET6,
+                              &si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_ini. \
+                                  insi_laddr.ina_6,
+                              lip, sizeof(lip));
+                    inet_ntop(AF_INET6,
+                              &si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_ini. \
+                                  insi_faddr.ina_6,
+                              rip, sizeof(rip));
+                }
+
+                // check for inet_ntop failures
+                if (errno != 0) {
+                    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+                    goto error;
+                }
+
+                lport = ntohs(si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_ini.insi_lport);
+                rport = ntohs(si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_ini.insi_fport);
+                if (type == SOCK_STREAM)
+                    state = (int)si.psi.soi_proto.pri_tcp.tcpsi_state;
+                else
+                    state = PSUTIL_CONN_NONE;
+
+                laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+                if (!laddr)
+                    goto error;
+                if (rport != 0)
+                    raddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", rip, rport);
+                else
+                    raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+                if (!raddr)
+                    goto error;
+
+                // construct the python list
+                tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNi)", fd, family, type, laddr,
+                                      raddr, state);
+                if (!tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(retList, tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(tuple);
+            }
+            else if (family == AF_UNIX) {
+                // construct the python list
+                tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(iiissi)",
+                    fd, family, type,
+                    si.psi.soi_proto.pri_un.unsi_addr.ua_sun.sun_path,
+                    si.psi.soi_proto.pri_un.unsi_caddr.ua_sun.sun_path,
+                    PSUTIL_CONN_NONE);
+                if (!tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(retList, tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(tuple);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(fds_pointer);
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(laddr);
+    Py_XDECREF(raddr);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+
+    if (fds_pointer != NULL)
+        free(fds_pointer);
+    if (errno != 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    else if (! psutil_pid_exists(pid))
+        return NoSuchProcess();
+    else
+        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "proc_pidinfo(PROC_PIDLISTFDS) failed");
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return number of file descriptors opened by process.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_fds(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int pidinfo_result;
+    int num;
+    struct proc_fdinfo *fds_pointer;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    pidinfo_result = proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDLISTFDS, 0, NULL, 0);
+    if (pidinfo_result <= 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+
+    fds_pointer = malloc(pidinfo_result);
+    if (fds_pointer == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    pidinfo_result = proc_pidinfo(pid, PROC_PIDLISTFDS, 0, fds_pointer,
+                                  pidinfo_result);
+    if (pidinfo_result <= 0) {
+        free(fds_pointer);
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    }
+
+    num = (pidinfo_result / PROC_PIDLISTFD_SIZE);
+    free(fds_pointer);
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", num);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of named tuples with overall network I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char *buf = NULL, *lim, *next;
+    struct if_msghdr *ifm;
+    int mib[6];
+    size_t len;
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_ifc_info = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    mib[0] = CTL_NET;          // networking subsystem
+    mib[1] = PF_ROUTE;         // type of information
+    mib[2] = 0;                // protocol (IPPROTO_xxx)
+    mib[3] = 0;                // address family
+    mib[4] = NET_RT_IFLIST2;   // operation
+    mib[5] = 0;
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 6, NULL, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    buf = malloc(len);
+    if (buf == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 6, buf, &len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    lim = buf + len;
+
+    for (next = buf; next < lim; ) {
+        ifm = (struct if_msghdr *)next;
+        next += ifm->ifm_msglen;
+
+        if (ifm->ifm_type == RTM_IFINFO2) {
+            py_ifc_info = NULL;
+            struct if_msghdr2 *if2m = (struct if_msghdr2 *)ifm;
+            struct sockaddr_dl *sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(if2m + 1);
+            char ifc_name[32];
+
+            strncpy(ifc_name, sdl->sdl_data, sdl->sdl_nlen);
+            ifc_name[sdl->sdl_nlen] = 0;
+
+            py_ifc_info = Py_BuildValue(
+                "(KKKKKKKi)",
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_obytes,
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_ibytes,
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_opackets,
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_ipackets,
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_ierrors,
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_oerrors,
+                if2m->ifm_data.ifi_iqdrops,
+                0);  // dropout not supported
+
+            if (!py_ifc_info)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, ifc_name, py_ifc_info))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_ifc_info);
+        }
+        else {
+            continue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(buf);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_ifc_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (buf != NULL)
+        free(buf);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python dict of tuples for disk I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    CFDictionaryRef parent_dict;
+    CFDictionaryRef props_dict;
+    CFDictionaryRef stats_dict;
+    io_registry_entry_t parent;
+    io_registry_entry_t disk;
+    io_iterator_t disk_list;
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_disk_info = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // Get list of disks
+    if (IOServiceGetMatchingServices(kIOMasterPortDefault,
+                                     IOServiceMatching(kIOMediaClass),
+                                     &disk_list) != kIOReturnSuccess) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                        "unable to get the list of disks.");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Iterate over disks
+    while ((disk = IOIteratorNext(disk_list)) != 0) {
+        py_disk_info = NULL;
+        parent_dict = NULL;
+        props_dict = NULL;
+        stats_dict = NULL;
+
+        if (IORegistryEntryGetParentEntry(disk, kIOServicePlane, &parent)
+                != kIOReturnSuccess) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "unable to get the disk's parent.");
+            IOObjectRelease(disk);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (IOObjectConformsTo(parent, "IOBlockStorageDriver")) {
+            if (IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperties(
+                    disk,
+                    (CFMutableDictionaryRef *) &parent_dict,
+                    kCFAllocatorDefault,
+                    kNilOptions
+                ) != kIOReturnSuccess)
+            {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                                "unable to get the parent's properties.");
+                IOObjectRelease(disk);
+                IOObjectRelease(parent);
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            if (IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperties(
+                    parent,
+                    (CFMutableDictionaryRef *) &props_dict,
+                    kCFAllocatorDefault,
+                    kNilOptions
+                ) != kIOReturnSuccess)
+            {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                                "unable to get the disk properties.");
+                CFRelease(props_dict);
+                IOObjectRelease(disk);
+                IOObjectRelease(parent);
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            const int kMaxDiskNameSize = 64;
+            CFStringRef disk_name_ref = (CFStringRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                parent_dict, CFSTR(kIOBSDNameKey));
+            char disk_name[kMaxDiskNameSize];
+
+            CFStringGetCString(disk_name_ref,
+                               disk_name,
+                               kMaxDiskNameSize,
+                               CFStringGetSystemEncoding());
+
+            stats_dict = (CFDictionaryRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                props_dict, CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsKey));
+
+            if (stats_dict == NULL) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                                "Unable to get disk stats.");
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            CFNumberRef number;
+            int64_t reads = 0;
+            int64_t writes = 0;
+            int64_t read_bytes = 0;
+            int64_t write_bytes = 0;
+            int64_t read_time = 0;
+            int64_t write_time = 0;
+
+            // Get disk reads/writes
+            if ((number = (CFNumberRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                    stats_dict,
+                    CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsReadsKey))))
+            {
+                CFNumberGetValue(number, kCFNumberSInt64Type, &reads);
+            }
+            if ((number = (CFNumberRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                    stats_dict,
+                    CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsWritesKey))))
+            {
+                CFNumberGetValue(number, kCFNumberSInt64Type, &writes);
+            }
+
+            // Get disk bytes read/written
+            if ((number = (CFNumberRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                    stats_dict,
+                    CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsBytesReadKey))))
+            {
+                CFNumberGetValue(number, kCFNumberSInt64Type, &read_bytes);
+            }
+            if ((number = (CFNumberRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                    stats_dict,
+                    CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsBytesWrittenKey))))
+            {
+                CFNumberGetValue(number, kCFNumberSInt64Type, &write_bytes);
+            }
+
+            // Get disk time spent reading/writing (nanoseconds)
+            if ((number = (CFNumberRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                    stats_dict,
+                    CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsTotalReadTimeKey))))
+            {
+                CFNumberGetValue(number, kCFNumberSInt64Type, &read_time);
+            }
+            if ((number = (CFNumberRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(
+                    stats_dict,
+                    CFSTR(kIOBlockStorageDriverStatisticsTotalWriteTimeKey))))
+            {
+                CFNumberGetValue(number, kCFNumberSInt64Type, &write_time);
+            }
+
+            // Read/Write time on OS X comes back in nanoseconds and in psutil
+            // we've standardized on milliseconds so do the conversion.
+            py_disk_info = Py_BuildValue(
+                "(KKKKKK)",
+                reads,
+                writes,
+                read_bytes,
+                write_bytes,
+                read_time / 1000 / 1000,
+                write_time / 1000 / 1000);
+           if (!py_disk_info)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, disk_name, py_disk_info))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_disk_info);
+
+            CFRelease(parent_dict);
+            IOObjectRelease(parent);
+            CFRelease(props_dict);
+            IOObjectRelease(disk);
+        }
+    }
+
+    IOObjectRelease (disk_list);
+
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_disk_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return currently connected users as a list of tuples.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_users(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    struct utmpx *utx;
+    PyObject *ret_list = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (ret_list == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    while ((utx = getutxent()) != NULL) {
+        if (utx->ut_type != USER_PROCESS)
+            continue;
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(sssf)",
+            utx->ut_user,             // username
+            utx->ut_line,             // tty
+            utx->ut_host,             // hostname
+            (float)utx->ut_tv.tv_sec  // start time
+        );
+        if (!tuple) {
+            endutxent();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (PyList_Append(ret_list, tuple)) {
+            endutxent();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+
+    endutxent();
+    return ret_list;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(ret_list);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * define the psutil C module methods and initialize the module.
+ */
+static PyMethodDef
+PsutilMethods[] =
+{
+    // --- per-process functions
+
+    {"proc_name", psutil_proc_name, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process name"},
+    {"proc_cmdline", psutil_proc_cmdline, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process cmdline as a list of cmdline arguments"},
+    {"proc_exe", psutil_proc_exe, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return path of the process executable"},
+    {"proc_cwd", psutil_proc_cwd, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process current working directory."},
+    {"proc_ppid", psutil_proc_ppid, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process ppid as an integer"},
+    {"proc_uids", psutil_proc_uids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process real user id as an integer"},
+    {"proc_gids", psutil_proc_gids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process real group id as an integer"},
+    {"proc_cpu_times", psutil_proc_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return tuple of user/kern time for the given PID"},
+    {"proc_create_time", psutil_proc_create_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a float indicating the process create time expressed in "
+     "seconds since the epoch"},
+    {"proc_memory_info", psutil_proc_memory_info, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return memory information about a process"},
+    {"proc_num_threads", psutil_proc_num_threads, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return number of threads used by process"},
+    {"proc_status", psutil_proc_status, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process status as an integer"},
+    {"proc_threads", psutil_proc_threads, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process threads as a list of tuples"},
+    {"proc_open_files", psutil_proc_open_files, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return files opened by process as a list of tuples"},
+    {"proc_num_fds", psutil_proc_num_fds, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of fds opened by process."},
+    {"proc_num_ctx_switches", psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of context switches performed by process"},
+    {"proc_connections", psutil_proc_connections, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Get process TCP and UDP connections as a list of tuples"},
+    {"proc_tty_nr", psutil_proc_tty_nr, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process tty number as an integer"},
+    {"proc_memory_maps", psutil_proc_memory_maps, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a list of tuples for every process's memory map"},
+
+    // --- system-related functions
+
+    {"pids", psutil_pids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Returns a list of PIDs currently running on the system"},
+    {"cpu_count_logical", psutil_cpu_count_logical, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return number of logical CPUs on the system"},
+    {"cpu_count_phys", psutil_cpu_count_phys, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return number of physical CPUs on the system"},
+    {"virtual_mem", psutil_virtual_mem, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system virtual memory stats"},
+    {"swap_mem", psutil_swap_mem, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return stats about swap memory, in bytes"},
+    {"cpu_times", psutil_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system cpu times as a tuple (user, system, nice, idle, irc)"},
+    {"per_cpu_times", psutil_per_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system per-cpu times as a list of tuples"},
+    {"boot_time", psutil_boot_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."},
+    {"disk_partitions", psutil_disk_partitions, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a list of tuples including device, mount point and "
+     "fs type for all partitions mounted on the system."},
+    {"net_io_counters", psutil_net_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return dict of tuples of networks I/O information."},
+    {"disk_io_counters", psutil_disk_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return dict of tuples of disks I/O information."},
+    {"users", psutil_users, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return currently connected users as a list of tuples"},
+
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+
+struct module_state {
+    PyObject *error;
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
+#else
+#define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
+#endif
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+static int
+psutil_osx_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_osx_clear(PyObject *m) {
+    Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "psutil_osx",
+    NULL,
+    sizeof(struct module_state),
+    PsutilMethods,
+    NULL,
+    psutil_osx_traverse,
+    psutil_osx_clear,
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__psutil_osx(void)
+
+#else
+#define INITERROR return
+
+void
+init_psutil_osx(void)
+#endif
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+#else
+    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("_psutil_osx", PsutilMethods);
+#endif
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "version", PSUTIL_VERSION);
+    // process status constants, defined in:
+    // http://fxr.watson.org/fxr/source/bsd/sys/proc.h?v=xnu-792.6.70#L149
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SIDL", SIDL);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SRUN", SRUN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SSLEEP", SSLEEP);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SSTOP", SSTOP);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SZOMB", SZOMB);
+    // connection status constants
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSED", TCPS_CLOSED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSING", TCPS_CLOSING);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT", TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_LISTEN", TCPS_LISTEN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_ESTABLISHED", TCPS_ESTABLISHED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_SYN_SENT", TCPS_SYN_SENT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED", TCPS_SYN_RECEIVED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1", TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2", TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_LAST_ACK", TCPS_LAST_ACK);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_TIME_WAIT", TCPS_TIME_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "PSUTIL_CONN_NONE", PSUTIL_CONN_NONE);
+
+    if (module == NULL)
+        INITERROR;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return module;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_osx.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_osx.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..907a8e537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_osx.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+// --- per-process functions
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cmdline(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_connections(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_create_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cwd(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_exe(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_gids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_info(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_name(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_fds(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_threads(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_open_files(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_ppid(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_status(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_threads(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_tty_nr(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_uids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+// --- system-related functions
+static PyObject* psutil_boot_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_logical(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_pids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_swap_mem(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_users(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_virtual_mem(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_posix.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_posix.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..183dab0e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_posix.c
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Functions specific to all POSIX compliant platforms.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <ifaddrs.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <linux/if_packet.h>
+#endif  // end linux
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <net/if_dl.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__sun)
+#include <netdb.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "_psutil_posix.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * Given a PID return process priority as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_posix_getpriority(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int priority;
+    errno = 0;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    priority = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, pid);
+    if (errno != 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", priority);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Given a PID and a value change process priority.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_posix_setpriority(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int priority;
+    int retval;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "li", &pid, &priority))
+        return NULL;
+    retval = setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, pid, priority);
+    if (retval == -1)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Translate a sockaddr struct into a Python string.
+ * Return None if address family is not AF_INET* or AF_PACKET.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_convert_ipaddr(struct sockaddr *addr, int family)
+{
+    char buf[NI_MAXHOST];
+    int err;
+    int addrlen;
+    int n;
+    size_t len;
+    const char *data;
+    char *ptr;
+
+    if (addr == NULL) {
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        return Py_None;
+    }
+    else if (family == AF_INET || family == AF_INET6) {
+        if (family == AF_INET)
+            addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+        else
+            addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
+        err = getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, buf, sizeof(buf), NULL, 0,
+                          NI_NUMERICHOST);
+        if (err != 0) {
+            // XXX we get here on FreeBSD when processing 'lo' / AF_INET6
+            // broadcast. Not sure what to do other than returning None.
+            // ifconfig does not show anything BTW.
+            //PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, gai_strerror(err));
+            //return NULL;
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            return Py_None;
+        }
+        else {
+            return Py_BuildValue("s", buf);
+        }
+    }
+#ifdef __linux
+    else if (family == AF_PACKET) {
+        struct sockaddr_ll *lladdr = (struct sockaddr_ll *)addr;
+        len = lladdr->sll_halen;
+        data = (const char *)lladdr->sll_addr;
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+    else if (addr->sa_family == AF_LINK) {
+        // Note: prior to Python 3.4 socket module does not expose
+        // AF_LINK so we'll do.
+        struct sockaddr_dl *dladdr = (struct sockaddr_dl *)addr;
+        len = dladdr->sdl_alen;
+        data = LLADDR(dladdr);
+    }
+#endif
+    else {
+        // unknown family
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        return Py_None;
+    }
+
+    // AF_PACKET or AF_LINK
+    if (len > 0) {
+        ptr = buf;
+        for (n = 0; n < len; ++n) {
+            sprintf(ptr, "%02x:", data[n] & 0xff);
+            ptr += 3;
+        }
+        *--ptr = '\0';
+        return Py_BuildValue("s", buf);
+    }
+    else {
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        return Py_None;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return NICs information a-la ifconfig as a list of tuples.
+ * TODO: on Solaris we won't get any MAC address.
+ */
+static PyObject*
+psutil_net_if_addrs(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    struct ifaddrs *ifaddr, *ifa;
+    int family;
+
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_address = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_netmask = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_broadcast = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (getifaddrs(&ifaddr) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (ifa = ifaddr; ifa != NULL; ifa = ifa->ifa_next) {
+        if (!ifa->ifa_addr)
+            continue;
+        family = ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family;
+        py_address = psutil_convert_ipaddr(ifa->ifa_addr, family);
+        // If the primary address can't be determined just skip it.
+        // I've never seen this happen on Linux but I did on FreeBSD.
+        if (py_address == Py_None)
+            continue;
+        if (py_address == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        py_netmask = psutil_convert_ipaddr(ifa->ifa_netmask, family);
+        if (py_netmask == NULL)
+            goto error;
+#ifdef __linux
+        py_broadcast = psutil_convert_ipaddr(ifa->ifa_ifu.ifu_broadaddr, family);
+#else
+        py_broadcast = psutil_convert_ipaddr(ifa->ifa_broadaddr, family);
+#endif
+        if (py_broadcast == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(siOOO)",
+            ifa->ifa_name,
+            family,
+            py_address,
+            py_netmask,
+            py_broadcast
+        );
+
+        if (! py_tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+        Py_DECREF(py_address);
+        Py_DECREF(py_netmask);
+        Py_DECREF(py_broadcast);
+    }
+
+    freeifaddrs(ifaddr);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    if (ifaddr != NULL)
+        freeifaddrs(ifaddr);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_address);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_netmask);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_broadcast);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * net_if_stats() implementation. This is here because it is common
+ * to both OSX and FreeBSD and I didn't know where else to put it.
+ */
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+
+#include <sys/sockio.h>
+#include <net/if_media.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+int psutil_get_nic_speed(int ifm_active) {
+    // Determine NIC speed. Taken from:
+    // http://www.i-scream.org/libstatgrab/
+    // Assuming only ETHER devices
+    switch(IFM_TYPE(ifm_active)) {
+        case IFM_ETHER:
+            switch(IFM_SUBTYPE(ifm_active)) {
+#if defined(IFM_HPNA_1) && ((!defined(IFM_10G_LR)) \
+    || (IFM_10G_LR != IFM_HPNA_1))
+                // HomePNA 1.0 (1Mb/s)
+                case(IFM_HPNA_1):
+                    return 1;
+#endif
+                // 10 Mbit
+                case(IFM_10_T):  // 10BaseT - RJ45
+                case(IFM_10_2):  // 10Base2 - Thinnet
+                case(IFM_10_5):  // 10Base5 - AUI
+                case(IFM_10_STP):  // 10BaseT over shielded TP
+                case(IFM_10_FL):  // 10baseFL - Fiber
+                    return 10;
+                // 100 Mbit
+                case(IFM_100_TX):  // 100BaseTX - RJ45
+                case(IFM_100_FX):  // 100BaseFX - Fiber
+                case(IFM_100_T4):  // 100BaseT4 - 4 pair cat 3
+                case(IFM_100_VG):  // 100VG-AnyLAN
+                case(IFM_100_T2):  // 100BaseT2
+                    return 100;
+                // 1000 Mbit
+                case(IFM_1000_SX):  // 1000BaseSX - multi-mode fiber
+                case(IFM_1000_LX):  // 1000baseLX - single-mode fiber
+                case(IFM_1000_CX):  // 1000baseCX - 150ohm STP
+#if defined(IFM_1000_TX) && !defined(OPENBSD)
+                // FreeBSD 4 and others (but NOT OpenBSD)?
+                case(IFM_1000_TX):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_1000_FX
+                case(IFM_1000_FX):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_1000_T
+                case(IFM_1000_T):
+#endif
+                    return 1000;
+#if defined(IFM_10G_SR) || defined(IFM_10G_LR) || defined(IFM_10G_CX4) \
+         || defined(IFM_10G_T)
+#ifdef IFM_10G_SR
+                case(IFM_10G_SR):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_10G_LR
+                case(IFM_10G_LR):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_10G_CX4
+                case(IFM_10G_CX4):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_10G_TWINAX
+                case(IFM_10G_TWINAX):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_10G_TWINAX_LONG
+                case(IFM_10G_TWINAX_LONG):
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_10G_T
+                case(IFM_10G_T):
+#endif
+                    return 10000;
+#endif
+#if defined(IFM_2500_SX)
+#ifdef IFM_2500_SX
+                case(IFM_2500_SX):
+#endif
+                    return 2500;
+#endif // any 2.5GBit stuff...
+                // We don't know what it is
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            break;
+
+#ifdef IFM_TOKEN
+        case IFM_TOKEN:
+            switch(IFM_SUBTYPE(ifm_active)) {
+                case IFM_TOK_STP4:  // Shielded twisted pair 4m - DB9
+                case IFM_TOK_UTP4:  // Unshielded twisted pair 4m - RJ45
+                    return 4;
+                case IFM_TOK_STP16:  // Shielded twisted pair 16m - DB9
+                case IFM_TOK_UTP16:  // Unshielded twisted pair 16m - RJ45
+                    return 16;
+#if defined(IFM_TOK_STP100) || defined(IFM_TOK_UTP100)
+#ifdef IFM_TOK_STP100
+                case IFM_TOK_STP100:  // Shielded twisted pair 100m - DB9
+#endif
+#ifdef IFM_TOK_UTP100
+                case IFM_TOK_UTP100:  // Unshielded twisted pair 100m - RJ45
+#endif
+                    return 100;
+#endif
+                // We don't know what it is
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            break;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef IFM_FDDI
+        case IFM_FDDI:
+            switch(IFM_SUBTYPE(ifm_active)) {
+                // We don't know what it is
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            break;
+#endif
+        case IFM_IEEE80211:
+            switch(IFM_SUBTYPE(ifm_active)) {
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_FH1:  // Frequency Hopping 1Mbps
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_DS1:  // Direct Sequence 1Mbps
+                    return 1;
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_FH2:  // Frequency Hopping 2Mbps
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_DS2:  // Direct Sequence 2Mbps
+                    return 2;
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_DS5:  // Direct Sequence 5Mbps
+                    return 5;
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_DS11:  // Direct Sequence 11Mbps
+                    return 11;
+                case IFM_IEEE80211_DS22:  // Direct Sequence 22Mbps
+                    return 22;
+                // We don't know what it is
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return stats about a particular network interface.
+ * References:
+ * http://www.i-scream.org/libstatgrab/
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char *nic_name;
+    int sock = 0;
+    int ret;
+    int duplex;
+    int speed;
+    int mtu;
+    struct ifreq ifr;
+    struct ifmediareq ifmed;
+
+    PyObject *py_is_up = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &nic_name))
+        return NULL;
+
+    sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    if (sock == -1)
+        goto error;
+    strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, nic_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
+
+    // is up?
+    ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr);
+    if (ret == -1)
+        goto error;
+    if ((ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP) != 0)
+        py_is_up = Py_True;
+    else
+        py_is_up = Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(py_is_up);
+
+    // MTU
+    ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr);
+    if (ret == -1)
+        goto error;
+    mtu = ifr.ifr_mtu;
+
+    // speed / duplex
+    memset(&ifmed, 0, sizeof(struct ifmediareq));
+    strlcpy(ifmed.ifm_name, nic_name, sizeof(ifmed.ifm_name));
+    ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFMEDIA, (caddr_t)&ifmed);
+    if (ret == -1) {
+        speed = 0;
+        duplex = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        speed = psutil_get_nic_speed(ifmed.ifm_active);
+        if ((ifmed.ifm_active | IFM_FDX) == ifmed.ifm_active)
+            duplex = 2;
+        else if ((ifmed.ifm_active | IFM_HDX) == ifmed.ifm_active)
+            duplex = 1;
+        else
+            duplex = 0;
+    }
+
+    close(sock);
+    Py_DECREF(py_is_up);
+
+    return Py_BuildValue("[Oiii]", py_is_up, duplex, speed, mtu);
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_is_up);
+    if (sock != 0)
+        close(sock);
+    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif  // net_if_stats() implementation
+
+
+/*
+ * define the psutil C module methods and initialize the module.
+ */
+static PyMethodDef
+PsutilMethods[] =
+{
+    {"getpriority", psutil_posix_getpriority, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process priority"},
+    {"setpriority", psutil_posix_setpriority, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process priority"},
+    {"net_if_addrs", psutil_net_if_addrs, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Retrieve NICs information"},
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+    {"net_if_stats", psutil_net_if_stats, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return NIC stats."},
+#endif
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+struct module_state {
+    PyObject *error;
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
+#else
+#define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
+#endif
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+static int
+psutil_posix_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_posix_clear(PyObject *m) {
+    Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "psutil_posix",
+    NULL,
+    sizeof(struct module_state),
+    PsutilMethods,
+    NULL,
+    psutil_posix_traverse,
+    psutil_posix_clear,
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__psutil_posix(void)
+
+#else
+#define INITERROR return
+
+void init_psutil_posix(void)
+#endif
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+#else
+    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("_psutil_posix", PsutilMethods);
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__sun)
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "AF_LINK", AF_LINK);
+#endif
+
+    if (module == NULL)
+        INITERROR;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return module;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_posix.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_posix.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbe6fc5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_posix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+static PyObject* psutil_net_if_addrs(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_posix_getpriority(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_posix_setpriority(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
+static PyObject* psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+#endif
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_sunos.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_sunos.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cb6978f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_sunos.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1389 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Functions specific to Sun OS Solaris platforms.
+ *
+ * Thanks to Justin Venus who originally wrote a consistent part of
+ * this in Cython which I later on translated in C.
+ */
+
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+// fix for "Cannot use procfs in the large file compilation environment"
+// error, see:
+// http://sourceware.org/ml/gdb-patches/2010-11/msg00336.html
+#undef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
+#define _STRUCTURED_PROC 1
+
+// fix compilation issue on SunOS 5.10, see:
+// https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/421
+#define NEW_MIB_COMPLIANT
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/proc.h>
+#include <sys/swap.h>
+#include <sys/sysinfo.h>
+#include <sys/mntent.h>  // for MNTTAB
+#include <sys/mnttab.h>
+#include <sys/procfs.h>
+#include <sys/sockio.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <utmpx.h>
+#include <kstat.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/tihdr.h>
+#include <stropts.h>
+#include <inet/tcp.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+
+#include "_psutil_sunos.h"
+
+
+#define TV2DOUBLE(t)   (((t).tv_nsec * 0.000000001) + (t).tv_sec)
+
+/*
+ * Read a file content and fills a C structure with it.
+ */
+int
+psutil_file_to_struct(char *path, void *fstruct, size_t size)
+{
+    int fd;
+    size_t nbytes;
+    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    nbytes = read(fd, fstruct, size);
+    if (nbytes <= 0) {
+        close(fd);
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (nbytes != size) {
+        close(fd);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "structure size mismatch");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    close(fd);
+    return nbytes;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process ppid, rss, vms, ctime, nice, nthreads, status and tty
+ * as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_basic_info(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    char path[100];
+    psinfo_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/psinfo", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("ikkdiiik",
+                         info.pr_ppid,              // parent pid
+                         info.pr_rssize,            // rss
+                         info.pr_size,              // vms
+                         TV2DOUBLE(info.pr_start),  // create time
+                         info.pr_lwp.pr_nice,       // nice
+                         info.pr_nlwp,              // no. of threads
+                         info.pr_lwp.pr_state,      // status code
+                         info.pr_ttydev             // tty nr
+                        );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process name and args as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_name_and_args(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    char path[100];
+    psinfo_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/psinfo", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("ss", info.pr_fname, info.pr_psargs);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process user and system CPU times as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    char path[100];
+    pstatus_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/status", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+    // results are more precise than os.times()
+    return Py_BuildValue("dd",
+                         TV2DOUBLE(info.pr_utime),
+                         TV2DOUBLE(info.pr_stime));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process uids/gids as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cred(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    char path[100];
+    prcred_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/cred", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("iiiiii",
+                         info.pr_ruid, info.pr_euid, info.pr_suid,
+                         info.pr_rgid, info.pr_egid, info.pr_sgid);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process uids/gids as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    char path[100];
+    prusage_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/usage", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("kk", info.pr_vctx, info.pr_ictx);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Process IO counters.
+ *
+ * Commented out and left here as a reminder.  Apparently we cannot
+ * retrieve process IO stats because:
+ * - 'pr_ioch' is a sum of chars read and written, with no distinction
+ * - 'pr_inblk' and 'pr_oublk', which should be the number of bytes
+ *    read and written, hardly increase and according to:
+ *    http://www.brendangregg.com/Perf/paper_diskubyp1.pdf
+ *    ...they should be meaningless anyway.
+ *
+static PyObject*
+proc_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    char path[100];
+    prusage_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/usage", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+
+    // On Solaris we only have 'pr_ioch' which accounts for bytes read
+    // *and* written.
+    // 'pr_inblk' and 'pr_oublk' should be expressed in blocks of
+    // 8KB according to:
+    // http://www.brendangregg.com/Perf/paper_diskubyp1.pdf  (pag. 8)
+    return Py_BuildValue("kkkk",
+                         info.pr_ioch,
+                         info.pr_ioch,
+                         info.pr_inblk,
+                         info.pr_oublk);
+}
+ */
+
+
+/*
+ * Return information about a given process thread.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_query_thread(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid, tid;
+    char path[100];
+    lwpstatus_t info;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii", &pid, &tid))
+        return NULL;
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/lwp/%i/lwpstatus", pid, tid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&info, sizeof(info)))
+        return NULL;
+    return Py_BuildValue("dd",
+                         TV2DOUBLE(info.pr_utime),
+                         TV2DOUBLE(info.pr_stime));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return information about system virtual memory.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_swap_mem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+// XXX (arghhh!)
+// total/free swap mem: commented out as for some reason I can't
+// manage to get the same results shown by "swap -l", despite the
+// code below is exactly the same as:
+// http://cvs.opensolaris.org/source/xref/onnv/onnv-gate/usr/src/
+//    cmd/swap/swap.c
+// We're going to parse "swap -l" output from Python (sigh!)
+
+/*
+    struct swaptable     *st;
+    struct swapent    *swapent;
+    int    i;
+    struct stat64 statbuf;
+    char *path;
+    char fullpath[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+    int    num;
+
+    if ((num = swapctl(SC_GETNSWP, NULL)) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (num == 0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no swap devices configured");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if ((st = malloc(num * sizeof(swapent_t) + sizeof (int))) == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "malloc failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if ((path = malloc(num * MAXPATHLEN)) == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "malloc failed");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    swapent = st->swt_ent;
+    for (i = 0; i < num; i++, swapent++) {
+        swapent->ste_path = path;
+        path += MAXPATHLEN;
+    }
+    st->swt_n = num;
+    if ((num = swapctl(SC_LIST, st)) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    swapent = st->swt_ent;
+    long t = 0, f = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < num; i++, swapent++) {
+        int diskblks_per_page =(int)(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE) >> DEV_BSHIFT);
+        t += (long)swapent->ste_pages;
+        f += (long)swapent->ste_free;
+    }
+
+    free(st);
+    return Py_BuildValue("(kk)", t, f);
+*/
+
+    kstat_ctl_t *kc;
+    kstat_t     *k;
+    cpu_stat_t  *cpu;
+    int         cpu_count = 0;
+    int         flag = 0;
+    uint_t      sin = 0;
+    uint_t      sout = 0;
+
+    kc = kstat_open();
+    if (kc == NULL)
+        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);;
+
+    k = kc->kc_chain;
+    while (k != NULL) {
+        if ((strncmp(k->ks_name, "cpu_stat", 8) == 0) && \
+                (kstat_read(kc, k, NULL) != -1) )
+        {
+            flag = 1;
+            cpu = (cpu_stat_t *) k->ks_data;
+            sin += cpu->cpu_vminfo.pgswapin;    // num pages swapped in
+            sout += cpu->cpu_vminfo.pgswapout;  // num pages swapped out
+        }
+        cpu_count += 1;
+        k = k->ks_next;
+    }
+    kstat_close(kc);
+    if (!flag) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no swap device was found");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("(II)", sin, sout);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return users currently connected on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_users(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    struct utmpx *ut;
+    PyObject *ret_list = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *user_proc = NULL;
+
+    if (ret_list == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    while (NULL != (ut = getutxent())) {
+        if (ut->ut_type == USER_PROCESS)
+            user_proc = Py_True;
+        else
+            user_proc = Py_False;
+        tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(sssfO)",
+            ut->ut_user,              // username
+            ut->ut_line,              // tty
+            ut->ut_host,              // hostname
+            (float)ut->ut_tv.tv_sec,  // tstamp
+            user_proc);               // (bool) user process
+        if (tuple == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(ret_list, tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+    endutent();
+
+    return ret_list;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(ret_list);
+    if (ut != NULL)
+        endutent();
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return disk mounted partitions as a list of tuples including device,
+ * mount point and filesystem type.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    FILE *file;
+    struct mnttab mt;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    file = fopen(MNTTAB, "rb");
+    if (file == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    while (getmntent(file, &mt) == 0) {
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(ssss)",
+            mt.mnt_special,   // device
+            mt.mnt_mountp,    // mount point
+            mt.mnt_fstype,    // fs type
+            mt.mnt_mntopts);  // options
+        if (py_tuple == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+
+    }
+    fclose(file);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (file != NULL)
+        fclose(file);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return system-wide CPU times.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kstat_ctl_t *kc;
+    kstat_t *ksp;
+    cpu_stat_t cs;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_cputime = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    kc = kstat_open();
+    if (kc == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (ksp = kc->kc_chain; ksp != NULL; ksp = ksp->ks_next) {
+        if (strcmp(ksp->ks_module, "cpu_stat") == 0) {
+            if (kstat_read(kc, ksp, &cs) == -1) {
+                PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+                goto error;
+            }
+            py_cputime = Py_BuildValue("ffff",
+                                       (float)cs.cpu_sysinfo.cpu[CPU_USER],
+                                       (float)cs.cpu_sysinfo.cpu[CPU_KERNEL],
+                                       (float)cs.cpu_sysinfo.cpu[CPU_IDLE],
+                                       (float)cs.cpu_sysinfo.cpu[CPU_WAIT]);
+            if (py_cputime == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_cputime))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_cputime);
+            py_cputime = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    kstat_close(kc);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_cputime);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (kc != NULL)
+        kstat_close(kc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return disk IO statistics.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kstat_ctl_t *kc;
+    kstat_t *ksp;
+    kstat_io_t kio;
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_disk_info = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    kc = kstat_open();
+    if (kc == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    ksp = kc->kc_chain;
+    while (ksp != NULL) {
+        if (ksp->ks_type == KSTAT_TYPE_IO) {
+            if (strcmp(ksp->ks_class, "disk") == 0) {
+                if (kstat_read(kc, ksp, &kio) == -1) {
+                    kstat_close(kc);
+                    return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);;
+                }
+                py_disk_info = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(IIKKLL)",
+                    kio.reads,
+                    kio.writes,
+                    kio.nread,
+                    kio.nwritten,
+                    kio.rtime / 1000 / 1000,  // from nano to milli secs
+                    kio.wtime / 1000 / 1000   // from nano to milli secs
+                );
+                if (!py_disk_info)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, ksp->ks_name,
+                                         py_disk_info))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(py_disk_info);
+            }
+        }
+        ksp = ksp->ks_next;
+    }
+    kstat_close(kc);
+
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_disk_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (kc != NULL)
+        kstat_close(kc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process memory mappings.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int pid;
+    int fd = -1;
+    char path[100];
+    char perms[10];
+    char *name;
+    struct stat st;
+    pstatus_t status;
+
+    prxmap_t *xmap = NULL, *p;
+    off_t size;
+    size_t nread;
+    int nmap;
+    uintptr_t pr_addr_sz;
+    uintptr_t stk_base_sz, brk_base_sz;
+
+    PyObject *pytuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &pid))
+        goto error;
+
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/status", pid);
+    if (! psutil_file_to_struct(path, (void *)&status, sizeof(status)))
+        goto error;
+
+    sprintf(path, "/proc/%i/xmap", pid);
+    if (stat(path, &st) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    size = st.st_size;
+
+    fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    xmap = (prxmap_t *)malloc(size);
+    if (xmap == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    nread = pread(fd, xmap, size, 0);
+    nmap = nread / sizeof(prxmap_t);
+    p = xmap;
+
+    while (nmap) {
+        nmap -= 1;
+        if (p == NULL) {
+            p += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        perms[0] = '\0';
+        pr_addr_sz = p->pr_vaddr + p->pr_size;
+
+        // perms
+        sprintf(perms, "%c%c%c%c%c%c", p->pr_mflags & MA_READ ? 'r' : '-',
+                p->pr_mflags & MA_WRITE ? 'w' : '-',
+                p->pr_mflags & MA_EXEC ? 'x' : '-',
+                p->pr_mflags & MA_SHARED ? 's' : '-',
+                p->pr_mflags & MA_NORESERVE ? 'R' : '-',
+                p->pr_mflags & MA_RESERVED1 ? '*' : ' ');
+
+        // name
+        if (strlen(p->pr_mapname) > 0) {
+            name = p->pr_mapname;
+        }
+        else {
+            if ((p->pr_mflags & MA_ISM) || (p->pr_mflags & MA_SHM)) {
+                name = "[shmid]";
+            }
+            else {
+                stk_base_sz = status.pr_stkbase + status.pr_stksize;
+                brk_base_sz = status.pr_brkbase + status.pr_brksize;
+
+                if ((pr_addr_sz > status.pr_stkbase) &&
+                        (p->pr_vaddr < stk_base_sz)) {
+                    name = "[stack]";
+                }
+                else if ((p->pr_mflags & MA_ANON) && \
+                         (pr_addr_sz > status.pr_brkbase) && \
+                         (p->pr_vaddr < brk_base_sz)) {
+                    name = "[heap]";
+                }
+                else {
+                    name = "[anon]";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        pytuple = Py_BuildValue("iisslll",
+                                p->pr_vaddr,
+                                pr_addr_sz,
+                                perms,
+                                name,
+                                (long)p->pr_rss * p->pr_pagesize,
+                                (long)p->pr_anon * p->pr_pagesize,
+                                (long)p->pr_locked * p->pr_pagesize);
+        if (!pytuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, pytuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(pytuple);
+
+        // increment pointer
+        p += 1;
+    }
+
+    close(fd);
+    free(xmap);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    if (fd != -1)
+        close(fd);
+    Py_XDECREF(pytuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (xmap != NULL)
+        free(xmap);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of tuples for network I/O statistics.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kstat_ctl_t    *kc = NULL;
+    kstat_t *ksp;
+    kstat_named_t *rbytes, *wbytes, *rpkts, *wpkts, *ierrs, *oerrs;
+
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_ifc_info = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    kc = kstat_open();
+    if (kc == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    ksp = kc->kc_chain;
+    while (ksp != NULL) {
+        if (ksp->ks_type != KSTAT_TYPE_NAMED)
+            goto next;
+        if (strcmp(ksp->ks_class, "net") != 0)
+            goto next;
+        /*
+        // XXX "lo" (localhost) interface makes kstat_data_lookup() fail
+        // (maybe because "ifconfig -a" says it's a virtual interface?).
+        if ((strcmp(ksp->ks_module, "link") != 0) &&
+            (strcmp(ksp->ks_module, "lo") != 0)) {
+            goto skip;
+        */
+        if ((strcmp(ksp->ks_module, "link") != 0))
+            goto next;
+
+        if (kstat_read(kc, ksp, NULL) == -1) {
+            errno = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        rbytes = (kstat_named_t *)kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "rbytes");
+        wbytes = (kstat_named_t *)kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "obytes");
+        rpkts = (kstat_named_t *)kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "ipackets");
+        wpkts = (kstat_named_t *)kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "opackets");
+        ierrs = (kstat_named_t *)kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "ierrors");
+        oerrs = (kstat_named_t *)kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "oerrors");
+
+        if ((rbytes == NULL) || (wbytes == NULL) || (rpkts == NULL) ||
+                (wpkts == NULL) || (ierrs == NULL) || (oerrs == NULL))
+        {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "kstat_data_lookup() failed");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+#if defined(_INT64_TYPE)
+        py_ifc_info = Py_BuildValue("(KKKKkkii)",
+                                    wbytes->value.ui64,
+                                    rbytes->value.ui64,
+                                    wpkts->value.ui64,
+                                    rpkts->value.ui64,
+                                    ierrs->value.ui32,
+                                    oerrs->value.ui32,
+#else
+        py_ifc_info = Py_BuildValue("(kkkkkkii)",
+                                    wbytes->value.ui32,
+                                    rbytes->value.ui32,
+                                    wpkts->value.ui32,
+                                    rpkts->value.ui32,
+                                    ierrs->value.ui32,
+                                    oerrs->value.ui32,
+#endif
+                                    0,  // dropin not supported
+                                    0   // dropout not supported
+                                   );
+        if (!py_ifc_info)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, ksp->ks_name, py_ifc_info))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_ifc_info);
+        goto next;
+
+next:
+        ksp = ksp->ks_next;
+    }
+
+    kstat_close(kc);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_ifc_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (kc != NULL)
+        kstat_close(kc);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef EXPER_IP_AND_ALL_IRES
+#define EXPER_IP_AND_ALL_IRES   (1024+4)
+#endif
+
+// a signaler for connections without an actual status
+static int PSUTIL_CONN_NONE = 128;
+
+/*
+ * Return TCP and UDP connections opened by process.
+ * UNIX sockets are excluded.
+ *
+ * Thanks to:
+ * https://github.com/DavidGriffith/finx/blob/master/
+ *     nxsensor-3.5.0-1/src/sysdeps/solaris.c
+ * ...and:
+ * https://hg.java.net/hg/solaris~on-src/file/tip/usr/src/cmd/
+ *     cmd-inet/usr.bin/netstat/netstat.c
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_connections(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int sd = 0;
+    mib2_tcpConnEntry_t *tp = NULL;
+    mib2_udpEntry_t     *ude;
+#if defined(AF_INET6)
+    mib2_tcp6ConnEntry_t *tp6;
+    mib2_udp6Entry_t     *ude6;
+#endif
+    char buf[512];
+    int i, flags, getcode, num_ent, state;
+    char lip[200], rip[200];
+    int lport, rport;
+    int processed_pid;
+    int databuf_init = 0;
+    struct strbuf ctlbuf, databuf;
+    struct T_optmgmt_req *tor = (struct T_optmgmt_req *)buf;
+    struct T_optmgmt_ack *toa = (struct T_optmgmt_ack *)buf;
+    struct T_error_ack   *tea = (struct T_error_ack *)buf;
+    struct opthdr        *mibhdr;
+
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_laddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_raddr = NULL;
+    PyObject *af_filter = NULL;
+    PyObject *type_filter = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lOO", &pid, &af_filter, &type_filter))
+        goto error;
+    if (!PySequence_Check(af_filter) || !PySequence_Check(type_filter)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "arg 2 or 3 is not a sequence");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    sd = open("/dev/arp", O_RDWR);
+    if (sd == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, "/dev/arp");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    /*
+    XXX - These 2 are used in ifconfig.c but they seem unnecessary
+    ret = ioctl(sd, I_PUSH, "tcp");
+    if (ret == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    ret = ioctl(sd, I_PUSH, "udp");
+    if (ret == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    */
+
+    // OK, this mess is basically copied and pasted from nxsensor project
+    // which copied and pasted it from netstat source code, mibget()
+    // function.  Also see:
+    // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8723598/
+    tor->PRIM_type = T_SVR4_OPTMGMT_REQ;
+    tor->OPT_offset = sizeof (struct T_optmgmt_req);
+    tor->OPT_length = sizeof (struct opthdr);
+    tor->MGMT_flags = T_CURRENT;
+    mibhdr = (struct opthdr *)&tor[1];
+    mibhdr->level = EXPER_IP_AND_ALL_IRES;
+    mibhdr->name  = 0;
+    mibhdr->len   = 0;
+
+    ctlbuf.buf = buf;
+    ctlbuf.len = tor->OPT_offset + tor->OPT_length;
+    flags = 0;  // request to be sent in non-priority
+
+    if (putmsg(sd, &ctlbuf, (struct strbuf *)0, flags) == -1) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    mibhdr = (struct opthdr *)&toa[1];
+    ctlbuf.maxlen = sizeof (buf);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        flags = 0;
+        getcode = getmsg(sd, &ctlbuf, (struct strbuf *)0, &flags);
+
+        if (getcode != MOREDATA ||
+                ctlbuf.len < sizeof (struct T_optmgmt_ack) ||
+                toa->PRIM_type != T_OPTMGMT_ACK ||
+                toa->MGMT_flags != T_SUCCESS)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (ctlbuf.len >= sizeof (struct T_error_ack) &&
+                tea->PRIM_type == T_ERROR_ACK)
+        {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "ERROR_ACK");
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (getcode == 0 &&
+                ctlbuf.len >= sizeof (struct T_optmgmt_ack) &&
+                toa->PRIM_type == T_OPTMGMT_ACK &&
+                toa->MGMT_flags == T_SUCCESS)
+        {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "ERROR_T_OPTMGMT_ACK");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        databuf.maxlen = mibhdr->len;
+        databuf.len = 0;
+        databuf.buf = (char *)malloc((int)mibhdr->len);
+        if (!databuf.buf) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+        databuf_init = 1;
+
+        flags = 0;
+        getcode = getmsg(sd, (struct strbuf *)0, &databuf, &flags);
+        if (getcode < 0) {
+            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        // TCPv4
+        if (mibhdr->level == MIB2_TCP && mibhdr->name == MIB2_TCP_13) {
+            tp = (mib2_tcpConnEntry_t *)databuf.buf;
+            num_ent = mibhdr->len / sizeof(mib2_tcpConnEntry_t);
+            for (i = 0; i < num_ent; i++, tp++) {
+                processed_pid = tp->tcpConnCreationProcess;
+                if (pid != -1 && processed_pid != pid)
+                    continue;
+                // construct local/remote addresses
+                inet_ntop(AF_INET, &tp->tcpConnLocalAddress, lip, sizeof(lip));
+                inet_ntop(AF_INET, &tp->tcpConnRemAddress, rip, sizeof(rip));
+                lport = tp->tcpConnLocalPort;
+                rport = tp->tcpConnRemPort;
+
+                // contruct python tuple/list
+                py_laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+                if (!py_laddr)
+                    goto error;
+                if (rport != 0)
+                    py_raddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", rip, rport);
+                else {
+                    py_raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+                }
+                if (!py_raddr)
+                    goto error;
+                state = tp->tcpConnEntryInfo.ce_state;
+
+                // add item
+                py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNiI)", -1, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,
+                                         py_laddr, py_raddr, state,
+                                         processed_pid);
+                if (!py_tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+            }
+        }
+#if defined(AF_INET6)
+        // TCPv6
+        else if (mibhdr->level == MIB2_TCP6 && mibhdr->name == MIB2_TCP6_CONN)
+        {
+            tp6 = (mib2_tcp6ConnEntry_t *)databuf.buf;
+            num_ent = mibhdr->len / sizeof(mib2_tcp6ConnEntry_t);
+
+            for (i = 0; i < num_ent; i++, tp6++) {
+                processed_pid = tp6->tcp6ConnCreationProcess;
+                if (pid != -1 && processed_pid != pid)
+                    continue;
+                // construct local/remote addresses
+                inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &tp6->tcp6ConnLocalAddress, lip, sizeof(lip));
+                inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &tp6->tcp6ConnRemAddress, rip, sizeof(rip));
+                lport = tp6->tcp6ConnLocalPort;
+                rport = tp6->tcp6ConnRemPort;
+
+                // contruct python tuple/list
+                py_laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+                if (!py_laddr)
+                    goto error;
+                if (rport != 0)
+                    py_raddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", rip, rport);
+                else
+                    py_raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+                if (!py_raddr)
+                    goto error;
+                state = tp6->tcp6ConnEntryInfo.ce_state;
+
+                // add item
+                py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNiI)", -1, AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM,
+                                         py_laddr, py_raddr, state, processed_pid);
+                if (!py_tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        // UDPv4
+        else if (mibhdr->level == MIB2_UDP || mibhdr->level == MIB2_UDP_ENTRY) {
+            ude = (mib2_udpEntry_t *)databuf.buf;
+            num_ent = mibhdr->len / sizeof(mib2_udpEntry_t);
+            for (i = 0; i < num_ent; i++, ude++) {
+                processed_pid = ude->udpCreationProcess;
+                if (pid != -1 && processed_pid != pid)
+                    continue;
+                // XXX Very ugly hack! It seems we get here only the first
+                // time we bump into a UDPv4 socket.  PID is a very high
+                // number (clearly impossible) and the address does not
+                // belong to any valid interface.  Not sure what else
+                // to do other than skipping.
+                if (processed_pid > 131072)
+                    continue;
+                inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ude->udpLocalAddress, lip, sizeof(lip));
+                lport = ude->udpLocalPort;
+                py_laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+                if (!py_laddr)
+                    goto error;
+                py_raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+                if (!py_raddr)
+                    goto error;
+                py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNiI)", -1, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM,
+                                         py_laddr, py_raddr, PSUTIL_CONN_NONE,
+                                         processed_pid);
+                if (!py_tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+            }
+        }
+#if defined(AF_INET6)
+        // UDPv6
+        else if (mibhdr->level == MIB2_UDP6 ||
+                    mibhdr->level == MIB2_UDP6_ENTRY)
+            {
+            ude6 = (mib2_udp6Entry_t *)databuf.buf;
+            num_ent = mibhdr->len / sizeof(mib2_udp6Entry_t);
+            for (i = 0; i < num_ent; i++, ude6++) {
+                processed_pid = ude6->udp6CreationProcess;
+                if (pid != -1 && processed_pid != pid)
+                    continue;
+                inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &ude6->udp6LocalAddress, lip, sizeof(lip));
+                lport = ude6->udp6LocalPort;
+                py_laddr = Py_BuildValue("(si)", lip, lport);
+                if (!py_laddr)
+                    goto error;
+                py_raddr = Py_BuildValue("()");
+                if (!py_raddr)
+                    goto error;
+                py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("(iiiNNiI)", -1, AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM,
+                                         py_laddr, py_raddr, PSUTIL_CONN_NONE,
+                                         processed_pid);
+                if (!py_tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        free(databuf.buf);
+    }
+
+    close(sd);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_laddr);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_raddr);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    if (databuf_init == 1)
+        free(databuf.buf);
+    if (sd != 0)
+        close(sd);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_boot_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    float boot_time = 0.0;
+    struct utmpx *ut;
+
+    while (NULL != (ut = getutxent())) {
+        if (ut->ut_type == BOOT_TIME) {
+            boot_time = (float)ut->ut_tv.tv_sec;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    endutent();
+    if (boot_time != 0.0) {
+        return Py_BuildValue("f", boot_time);
+    }
+    else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "can't determine boot time");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of physical CPU cores on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    kstat_ctl_t *kc;
+    kstat_t *ksp;
+    int ncpus = 0;
+
+    kc = kstat_open();
+    if (kc == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    ksp = kstat_lookup(kc, "cpu_info", -1, NULL);
+    if (ksp == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    for (ksp = kc->kc_chain; ksp; ksp = ksp->ks_next) {
+        if (strcmp(ksp->ks_module, "cpu_info") != 0)
+            continue;
+        if (kstat_read(kc, ksp, NULL) == -1)
+            goto error;
+        ncpus += 1;
+    }
+
+    kstat_close(kc);
+    if (ncpus > 0)
+        return Py_BuildValue("i", ncpus);
+    else
+        goto error;
+
+error:
+    // mimic os.cpu_count()
+    if (kc != NULL)
+        kstat_close(kc);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return stats about a particular network
+ * interface.  References:
+ * https://github.com/dpaleino/wicd/blob/master/wicd/backends/be-ioctl.py
+ * http://www.i-scream.org/libstatgrab/
+ */
+static PyObject*
+psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    kstat_ctl_t *kc = NULL;
+    kstat_t *ksp;
+    kstat_named_t *knp;
+    int ret;
+    int sock = 0;
+    int duplex;
+    int speed;
+
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_ifc_info = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_is_up = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    kc = kstat_open();
+    if (kc == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    if (sock == -1)
+        goto error;
+
+    for (ksp = kc->kc_chain; ksp; ksp = ksp->ks_next) {
+        if (strcmp(ksp->ks_class, "net") == 0) {
+            struct ifreq ifr;
+
+            kstat_read(kc, ksp, NULL);
+            if (ksp->ks_type != KSTAT_TYPE_NAMED)
+                continue;
+            if (strcmp(ksp->ks_class, "net") != 0)
+                continue;
+
+            strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, ksp->ks_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
+            ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr);
+            if (ret == -1)
+                continue;  // not a network interface
+
+            // is up?
+            if ((ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP) != 0) {
+                if ((knp = kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "link_up")) != NULL) {
+                    if (knp->value.ui32 != 0u)
+                        py_is_up = Py_True;
+                    else
+                        py_is_up = Py_False;
+                }
+                else {
+                    py_is_up = Py_True;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                py_is_up = Py_False;
+            }
+            Py_INCREF(py_is_up);
+
+            // duplex
+            duplex = 0;  // unknown
+            if ((knp = kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "link_duplex")) != NULL) {
+                if (knp->value.ui32 == 1)
+                    duplex = 1;  // half
+                else if (knp->value.ui32 == 2)
+                    duplex = 2;  // full
+            }
+
+            // speed
+            if ((knp = kstat_data_lookup(ksp, "ifspeed")) != NULL)
+                // expressed in bits per sec, we want mega bits per sec
+                speed = (int)knp->value.ui64 / 1000000;
+            else
+                speed = 0;
+
+            // mtu
+            ret = ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr);
+            if (ret == -1)
+                goto error;
+
+            py_ifc_info = Py_BuildValue("(Oiii)", py_is_up, duplex, speed,
+                                        ifr.ifr_mtu);
+            if (!py_ifc_info)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, ksp->ks_name, py_ifc_info))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_ifc_info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    close(sock);
+    kstat_close(kc);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_is_up);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_ifc_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (sock != 0)
+        close(sock);
+    if (kc != NULL)
+        kstat_close(kc);
+    PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * define the psutil C module methods and initialize the module.
+ */
+static PyMethodDef
+PsutilMethods[] =
+{
+    // --- process-related functions
+    {"proc_basic_info", psutil_proc_basic_info, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process ppid, rss, vms, ctime, nice, nthreads, status and tty"},
+    {"proc_name_and_args", psutil_proc_name_and_args, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process name and args."},
+    {"proc_cpu_times", psutil_proc_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process user and system CPU times."},
+    {"proc_cred", psutil_proc_cred, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process uids/gids."},
+    {"query_process_thread", psutil_proc_query_thread, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return info about a process thread"},
+    {"proc_memory_maps", psutil_proc_memory_maps, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process memory mappings"},
+    {"proc_num_ctx_switches", psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of context switches performed by process"},
+
+    // --- system-related functions
+    {"swap_mem", psutil_swap_mem, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return information about system swap memory."},
+    {"users", psutil_users, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return currently connected users."},
+    {"disk_partitions", psutil_disk_partitions, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return disk partitions."},
+    {"per_cpu_times", psutil_per_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system per-CPU times."},
+    {"disk_io_counters", psutil_disk_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a Python dict of tuples for disk I/O statistics."},
+    {"net_io_counters", psutil_net_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a Python dict of tuples for network I/O statistics."},
+    {"boot_time", psutil_boot_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system boot time in seconds since the EPOCH."},
+    {"cpu_count_phys", psutil_cpu_count_phys, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of physical CPUs on the system."},
+    {"net_connections", psutil_net_connections, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return TCP and UDP syste-wide open connections."},
+    {"net_if_stats", psutil_net_if_stats, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return NIC stats (isup, duplex, speed, mtu)"},
+
+{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+
+struct module_state {
+    PyObject *error;
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
+#else
+#define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
+#endif
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+static int
+psutil_sunos_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+psutil_sunos_clear(PyObject *m) {
+    Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "psutil_sunos",
+    NULL,
+    sizeof(struct module_state),
+    PsutilMethods,
+    NULL,
+    psutil_sunos_traverse,
+    psutil_sunos_clear,
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__psutil_sunos(void)
+
+#else
+#define INITERROR return
+
+void init_psutil_sunos(void)
+#endif
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+#else
+    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("_psutil_sunos", PsutilMethods);
+#endif
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "version", PSUTIL_VERSION);
+
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SSLEEP", SSLEEP);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SRUN", SRUN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SZOMB", SZOMB);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SSTOP", SSTOP);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SIDL", SIDL);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SONPROC", SONPROC);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "SWAIT", SWAIT);
+
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "PRNODEV", PRNODEV);  // for process tty
+
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSED", TCPS_CLOSED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSING", TCPS_CLOSING);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT", TCPS_CLOSE_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_LISTEN", TCPS_LISTEN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_ESTABLISHED", TCPS_ESTABLISHED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_SYN_SENT", TCPS_SYN_SENT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_SYN_RCVD", TCPS_SYN_RCVD);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1", TCPS_FIN_WAIT_1);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2", TCPS_FIN_WAIT_2);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_LAST_ACK", TCPS_LAST_ACK);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_TIME_WAIT", TCPS_TIME_WAIT);
+    // sunos specific
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_IDLE", TCPS_IDLE);
+    // sunos specific
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "TCPS_BOUND", TCPS_BOUND);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "PSUTIL_CONN_NONE", PSUTIL_CONN_NONE);
+
+    if (module == NULL)
+        INITERROR;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return module;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_sunos.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_sunos.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f93dbfe0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_sunos.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+// processes
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_basic_info(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cred(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_name_and_args(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_ctx_switches(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_query_thread(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+// system
+static PyObject* psutil_boot_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_swap_mem(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_users(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_connections(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_windows.c b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_windows.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e0f7a7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_windows.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3405 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Windows platform-specific module methods for _psutil_windows
+ */
+
+// Fixes clash between winsock2.h and windows.h
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <Psapi.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <lm.h>
+#include <WinIoCtl.h>
+#include <tchar.h>
+#include <tlhelp32.h>
+#include <winsock2.h>
+#include <iphlpapi.h>
+#include <wtsapi32.h>
+#include <ws2tcpip.h>
+
+// Link with Iphlpapi.lib
+#pragma comment(lib, "IPHLPAPI.lib")
+
+#include "_psutil_windows.h"
+#include "_psutil_common.h"
+#include "arch/windows/security.h"
+#include "arch/windows/process_info.h"
+#include "arch/windows/process_handles.h"
+#include "arch/windows/ntextapi.h"
+#include "arch/windows/inet_ntop.h"
+
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+#include "arch/windows/glpi.h"
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * ============================================================================
+ * Utilities
+ * ============================================================================
+ */
+
+ // a flag for connections without an actual status
+static int PSUTIL_CONN_NONE = 128;
+
+#define MALLOC(x) HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (x))
+#define FREE(x) HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (x))
+#define LO_T ((float)1e-7)
+#define HI_T (LO_T*4294967296.0)
+#define BYTESWAP_USHORT(x) ((((USHORT)(x) << 8) | ((USHORT)(x) >> 8)) & 0xffff)
+#ifndef AF_INET6
+#define AF_INET6 23
+#endif
+#define _psutil_conn_decref_objs() \
+    Py_DECREF(_AF_INET); \
+    Py_DECREF(_AF_INET6);\
+    Py_DECREF(_SOCK_STREAM);\
+    Py_DECREF(_SOCK_DGRAM);
+
+typedef BOOL (WINAPI *LPFN_GLPI)
+    (PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION,  PDWORD);
+
+// fix for mingw32, see
+// https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/351#c2
+typedef struct _DISK_PERFORMANCE_WIN_2008 {
+    LARGE_INTEGER BytesRead;
+    LARGE_INTEGER BytesWritten;
+    LARGE_INTEGER ReadTime;
+    LARGE_INTEGER WriteTime;
+    LARGE_INTEGER IdleTime;
+    DWORD         ReadCount;
+    DWORD         WriteCount;
+    DWORD         QueueDepth;
+    DWORD         SplitCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER QueryTime;
+    DWORD         StorageDeviceNumber;
+    WCHAR         StorageManagerName[8];
+} DISK_PERFORMANCE_WIN_2008;
+
+// --- network connections mingw32 support
+#ifndef _IPRTRMIB_H
+typedef struct _MIB_TCP6ROW_OWNER_PID {
+    UCHAR ucLocalAddr[16];
+    DWORD dwLocalScopeId;
+    DWORD dwLocalPort;
+    UCHAR ucRemoteAddr[16];
+    DWORD dwRemoteScopeId;
+    DWORD dwRemotePort;
+    DWORD dwState;
+    DWORD dwOwningPid;
+} MIB_TCP6ROW_OWNER_PID, *PMIB_TCP6ROW_OWNER_PID;
+
+typedef struct _MIB_TCP6TABLE_OWNER_PID {
+    DWORD dwNumEntries;
+    MIB_TCP6ROW_OWNER_PID table[ANY_SIZE];
+} MIB_TCP6TABLE_OWNER_PID, *PMIB_TCP6TABLE_OWNER_PID;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __IPHLPAPI_H__
+typedef struct in6_addr {
+    union {
+        UCHAR Byte[16];
+        USHORT Word[8];
+    } u;
+} IN6_ADDR, *PIN6_ADDR, FAR *LPIN6_ADDR;
+
+typedef enum _UDP_TABLE_CLASS {
+    UDP_TABLE_BASIC,
+    UDP_TABLE_OWNER_PID,
+    UDP_TABLE_OWNER_MODULE
+} UDP_TABLE_CLASS, *PUDP_TABLE_CLASS;
+
+typedef struct _MIB_UDPROW_OWNER_PID {
+    DWORD dwLocalAddr;
+    DWORD dwLocalPort;
+    DWORD dwOwningPid;
+} MIB_UDPROW_OWNER_PID, *PMIB_UDPROW_OWNER_PID;
+
+typedef struct _MIB_UDPTABLE_OWNER_PID {
+    DWORD dwNumEntries;
+    MIB_UDPROW_OWNER_PID table[ANY_SIZE];
+} MIB_UDPTABLE_OWNER_PID, *PMIB_UDPTABLE_OWNER_PID;
+#endif
+
+typedef struct _MIB_UDP6ROW_OWNER_PID {
+    UCHAR ucLocalAddr[16];
+    DWORD dwLocalScopeId;
+    DWORD dwLocalPort;
+    DWORD dwOwningPid;
+} MIB_UDP6ROW_OWNER_PID, *PMIB_UDP6ROW_OWNER_PID;
+
+typedef struct _MIB_UDP6TABLE_OWNER_PID {
+    DWORD dwNumEntries;
+    MIB_UDP6ROW_OWNER_PID table[ANY_SIZE];
+} MIB_UDP6TABLE_OWNER_PID, *PMIB_UDP6TABLE_OWNER_PID;
+
+
+PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES
+psutil_get_nic_addresses() {
+    // allocate a 15 KB buffer to start with
+    int outBufLen = 15000;
+    DWORD dwRetVal = 0;
+    ULONG attempts = 0;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pAddresses = NULL;
+
+    do {
+        pAddresses = (IP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES *) malloc(outBufLen);
+        if (pAddresses == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        dwRetVal = GetAdaptersAddresses(AF_UNSPEC, 0, NULL, pAddresses,
+                                        &outBufLen);
+        if (dwRetVal == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) {
+            free(pAddresses);
+            pAddresses = NULL;
+        }
+        else {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        attempts++;
+    } while ((dwRetVal == ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW) && (attempts < 3));
+
+    if (dwRetVal != NO_ERROR) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "GetAdaptersAddresses() failed.");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return pAddresses;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * ============================================================================
+ * Public Python API
+ * ============================================================================
+ */
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float representing the system uptime expressed in seconds
+ * since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_boot_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    double  uptime;
+    time_t pt;
+    FILETIME fileTime;
+    long long ll;
+
+    GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&fileTime);
+
+    /*
+    HUGE thanks to:
+    http://johnstewien.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!E6885DB5CEBABBC8!831.entry
+
+    This function converts the FILETIME structure to the 32 bit
+    Unix time structure.
+    The time_t is a 32-bit value for the number of seconds since
+    January 1, 1970. A FILETIME is a 64-bit for the number of
+    100-nanosecond periods since January 1, 1601. Convert by
+    subtracting the number of 100-nanosecond period betwee 01-01-1970
+    and 01-01-1601, from time_t the divide by 1e+7 to get to the same
+    base granularity.
+    */
+    ll = (((LONGLONG)(fileTime.dwHighDateTime)) << 32) \
+        + fileTime.dwLowDateTime;
+    pt = (time_t)((ll - 116444736000000000ull) / 10000000ull);
+
+    // XXX - By using GetTickCount() time will wrap around to zero if the
+    // system is run continuously for 49.7 days.
+    uptime = GetTickCount() / 1000.00f;
+    return Py_BuildValue("d", (double)pt - uptime);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return 1 if PID exists in the current process list, else 0.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_pid_exists(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int status;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    status = psutil_pid_is_running(pid);
+    if (-1 == status)
+        return NULL; // exception raised in psutil_pid_is_running()
+    return PyBool_FromLong(status);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of all the PIDs running on the system.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_pids(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD *proclist = NULL;
+    DWORD numberOfReturnedPIDs;
+    DWORD i;
+    PyObject *pid = NULL;
+    PyObject *retlist = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    proclist = psutil_get_pids(&numberOfReturnedPIDs);
+    if (proclist == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < numberOfReturnedPIDs; i++) {
+        pid = Py_BuildValue("I", proclist[i]);
+        if (!pid)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(retlist, pid))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(pid);
+    }
+
+    // free C array allocated for PIDs
+    free(proclist);
+    return retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pid);
+    Py_DECREF(retlist);
+    if (proclist != NULL)
+        free(proclist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Kill a process given its PID.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_kill(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    long pid;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (pid == 0)
+        return AccessDenied();
+
+    hProcess = OpenProcess(PROCESS_TERMINATE, FALSE, pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER) {
+            // see https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/24
+            NoSuchProcess();
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // kill the process
+    if (! TerminateProcess(hProcess, 0)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Wait for process to terminate and return its exit code.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_wait(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD ExitCode;
+    DWORD retVal;
+    long pid;
+    long timeout;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ll", &pid, &timeout))
+        return NULL;
+    if (pid == 0)
+        return AccessDenied();
+
+    hProcess = OpenProcess(SYNCHRONIZE | PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION,
+                           FALSE, pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER) {
+            // no such process; we do not want to raise NSP but
+            // return None instead.
+            Py_RETURN_NONE;
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // wait until the process has terminated
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    retVal = WaitForSingleObject(hProcess, timeout);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+
+    if (retVal == WAIT_FAILED) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(GetLastError());
+    }
+    if (retVal == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return Py_BuildValue("l", WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    // get the exit code; note: subprocess module (erroneously?) uses
+    // what returned by WaitForSingleObject
+    if (GetExitCodeProcess(hProcess, &ExitCode) == 0) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(GetLastError());
+    }
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return PyLong_FromLong((long) ExitCode);
+#else
+    return PyInt_FromLong((long) ExitCode);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python tuple (user_time, kernel_time)
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long        pid;
+    HANDLE      hProcess;
+    FILETIME    ftCreate, ftExit, ftKernel, ftUser;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! GetProcessTimes(hProcess, &ftCreate, &ftExit, &ftKernel, &ftUser)) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) {
+            // usually means the process has died so we throw a NoSuchProcess
+            // here
+            return NoSuchProcess();
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+
+    /*
+     * User and kernel times are represented as a FILETIME structure
+     * wich contains a 64-bit value representing the number of
+     * 100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (UTC):
+     * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724284(VS.85).aspx
+     * To convert it into a float representing the seconds that the
+     * process has executed in user/kernel mode I borrowed the code
+     * below from Python's Modules/posixmodule.c
+     */
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+       "(dd)",
+       (double)(ftUser.dwHighDateTime * 429.4967296 + \
+                ftUser.dwLowDateTime * 1e-7),
+       (double)(ftKernel.dwHighDateTime * 429.4967296 + \
+                ftKernel.dwLowDateTime * 1e-7)
+   );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python float indicating the process create time expressed in
+ * seconds since the epoch.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_create_time(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long        pid;
+    long long   unix_time;
+    DWORD       exitCode;
+    HANDLE      hProcess;
+    BOOL        ret;
+    FILETIME    ftCreate, ftExit, ftKernel, ftUser;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    // special case for PIDs 0 and 4, return system boot time
+    if (0 == pid || 4 == pid)
+        return psutil_boot_time(NULL, NULL);
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! GetProcessTimes(hProcess, &ftCreate, &ftExit, &ftKernel, &ftUser)) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) {
+            // usually means the process has died so we throw a
+            // NoSuchProcess here
+            return NoSuchProcess();
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Make sure the process is not gone as OpenProcess alone seems to be
+    // unreliable in doing so (it seems a previous call to p.wait() makes
+    // it unreliable).
+    // This check is important as creation time is used to make sure the
+    // process is still running.
+    ret = GetExitCodeProcess(hProcess, &exitCode);
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        if (exitCode != STILL_ACTIVE)
+            return NoSuchProcess();
+    }
+    else {
+        // Ignore access denied as it means the process is still alive.
+        // For all other errors, we want an exception.
+        if (GetLastError() != ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    Convert the FILETIME structure to a Unix time.
+    It's the best I could find by googling and borrowing code here and there.
+    The time returned has a precision of 1 second.
+    */
+    unix_time = ((LONGLONG)ftCreate.dwHighDateTime) << 32;
+    unix_time += ftCreate.dwLowDateTime - 116444736000000000LL;
+    unix_time /= 10000000;
+    return Py_BuildValue("d", (double)unix_time);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of logical CPUs.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_logical(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    SYSTEM_INFO system_info;
+    system_info.dwNumberOfProcessors = 0;
+
+    GetSystemInfo(&system_info);
+    if (system_info.dwNumberOfProcessors == 0)
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;  // mimic os.cpu_count()
+    else
+        return Py_BuildValue("I", system_info.dwNumberOfProcessors);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of physical CPU cores.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    LPFN_GLPI glpi;
+    DWORD rc;
+    PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION buffer = NULL;
+    PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION ptr = NULL;
+    DWORD length = 0;
+    DWORD offset = 0;
+    int ncpus = 0;
+
+    glpi = (LPFN_GLPI)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle(TEXT("kernel32")),
+                                     "GetLogicalProcessorInformation");
+    if (glpi == NULL)
+        goto return_none;
+
+    while (1) {
+        rc = glpi(buffer, &length);
+        if (rc == FALSE) {
+            if (GetLastError() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
+                if (buffer)
+                    free(buffer);
+                buffer = (PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION)malloc(
+                    length);
+                if (NULL == buffer) {
+                    PyErr_NoMemory();
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                goto return_none;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ptr = buffer;
+    while (offset + sizeof(SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION) <= length) {
+        if (ptr->Relationship == RelationProcessorCore)
+            ncpus += 1;
+        offset += sizeof(SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION);
+        ptr++;
+    }
+
+    free(buffer);
+    if (ncpus == 0)
+        goto return_none;
+    else
+        return Py_BuildValue("i", ncpus);
+
+return_none:
+    // mimic os.cpu_count()
+    if (buffer != NULL)
+        free(buffer);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process cmdline as a Python list of cmdline arguments.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cmdline(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    long pid;
+    int pid_return;
+    PyObject *arglist;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if ((pid == 0) || (pid == 4))
+        return Py_BuildValue("[]");
+
+    pid_return = psutil_pid_is_running(pid);
+    if (pid_return == 0)
+        return NoSuchProcess();
+    if (pid_return == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // XXX the assumptio below probably needs to go away
+
+    // May fail any of several ReadProcessMemory calls etc. and
+    // not indicate a real problem so we ignore any errors and
+    // just live without commandline.
+    arglist = psutil_get_arg_list(pid);
+    if ( NULL == arglist ) {
+        // carry on anyway, clear any exceptions too
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return Py_BuildValue("[]");
+    }
+
+    return arglist;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process executable path.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_exe(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    long pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    wchar_t exe[MAX_PATH];
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(pid, PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION);
+    if (NULL == hProcess)
+        return NULL;
+    if (GetProcessImageFileNameW(hProcess, exe, MAX_PATH) == 0) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return Py_BuildValue("u", exe);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process base name.
+ * Note: psutil_proc_exe() is attempted first because it's faster
+ * but it raise AccessDenied for processes owned by other users
+ * in which case we fall back on using this.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_name(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    long pid;
+    int ok;
+    PROCESSENTRY32 pentry;
+    HANDLE hSnapShot;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    hSnapShot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, pid);
+    if (hSnapShot == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    pentry.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
+    ok = Process32First(hSnapShot, &pentry);
+    if (! ok) {
+        CloseHandle(hSnapShot);
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    while (ok) {
+        if (pentry.th32ProcessID == pid) {
+            CloseHandle(hSnapShot);
+            return Py_BuildValue("s", pentry.szExeFile);
+        }
+        ok = Process32Next(hSnapShot, &pentry);
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hSnapShot);
+    NoSuchProcess();
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process memory information as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_info(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD pid;
+#if (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0501)  // Windows XP with SP2
+    PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS_EX cnt;
+#else
+    PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS cnt;
+#endif
+    SIZE_T private = 0;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (NULL == hProcess)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (! GetProcessMemoryInfo(hProcess, (PPROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS)&cnt,
+                               sizeof(cnt))) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    }
+
+#if (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0501)  // Windows XP with SP2
+    private = cnt.PrivateUsage;
+#endif
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+
+    // PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS values are defined as SIZE_T which on 64bits
+    // is an (unsigned long long) and on 32bits is an (unsigned int).
+    // "_WIN64" is defined if we're running a 64bit Python interpreter not
+    // exclusively if the *system* is 64bit.
+#if defined(_WIN64)
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "(kKKKKKKKKK)",
+        cnt.PageFaultCount,  // unsigned long
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.PeakWorkingSetSize,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.WorkingSetSize,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.QuotaPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.PagefileUsage,
+        (unsigned long long)cnt.PeakPagefileUsage,
+        (unsigned long long)private);
+#else
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "(kIIIIIIIII)",
+        cnt.PageFaultCount,    // unsigned long
+        (unsigned int)cnt.PeakWorkingSetSize,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.WorkingSetSize,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.QuotaPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.PagefileUsage,
+        (unsigned int)cnt.PeakPagefileUsage,
+        (unsigned int)private);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Alternative implementation of the one above but bypasses ACCESS DENIED.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_info_2(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION process;
+    PVOID buffer;
+    SIZE_T private;
+    unsigned long pfault_count;
+
+#if defined(_WIN64)
+    unsigned long long m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, m8;
+#else
+    unsigned int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, m8;
+#endif
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_get_proc_info(pid, &process, &buffer))
+        return NULL;
+
+#if (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0501)  // Windows XP with SP2
+    private = process->PrivatePageCount;
+#else
+    private = 0;
+#endif
+    pfault_count = process->PageFaultCount;
+
+    m1 = process->PeakWorkingSetSize;
+    m2 = process->WorkingSetSize;
+    m3 = process->QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage;
+    m4 = process->QuotaPagedPoolUsage;
+    m5 = process->QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage;
+    m6 = process->QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage;
+    m7 = process->PagefileUsage;
+    m8 = process->PeakPagefileUsage;
+
+    free(buffer);
+
+    // SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION values are defined as SIZE_T which on 64
+    // bits is an (unsigned long long) and on 32bits is an (unsigned int).
+    // "_WIN64" is defined if we're running a 64bit Python interpreter not
+    // exclusively if the *system* is 64bit.
+#if defined(_WIN64)
+    return Py_BuildValue("(kKKKKKKKKK)",
+#else
+    return Py_BuildValue("(kIIIIIIIII)",
+#endif
+        pfault_count, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, m8, private);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python integer indicating the total amount of physical memory
+ * in bytes.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_virtual_mem(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    MEMORYSTATUSEX memInfo;
+    memInfo.dwLength = sizeof(MEMORYSTATUSEX);
+
+    if (! GlobalMemoryStatusEx(&memInfo))
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    return Py_BuildValue("(LLLLLL)",
+                         memInfo.ullTotalPhys,      // total
+                         memInfo.ullAvailPhys,      // avail
+                         memInfo.ullTotalPageFile,  // total page file
+                         memInfo.ullAvailPageFile,  // avail page file
+                         memInfo.ullTotalVirtual,   // total virtual
+                         memInfo.ullAvailVirtual);  // avail virtual
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves system CPU timing information as a (user, system, idle)
+ * tuple. On a multiprocessor system, the values returned are the
+ * sum of the designated times across all processors.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    float idle, kernel, user, system;
+    FILETIME idle_time, kernel_time, user_time;
+
+    if (!GetSystemTimes(&idle_time, &kernel_time, &user_time))
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+
+    idle = (float)((HI_T * idle_time.dwHighDateTime) + \
+                   (LO_T * idle_time.dwLowDateTime));
+    user = (float)((HI_T * user_time.dwHighDateTime) + \
+                   (LO_T * user_time.dwLowDateTime));
+    kernel = (float)((HI_T * kernel_time.dwHighDateTime) + \
+                     (LO_T * kernel_time.dwLowDateTime));
+
+    // Kernel time includes idle time.
+    // We return only busy kernel time subtracting idle time from
+    // kernel time.
+    system = (kernel - idle);
+    return Py_BuildValue("(fff)", user, system, idle);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Same as above but for all system CPUs.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    float idle, kernel, user;
+    typedef DWORD (_stdcall * NTQSI_PROC) (int, PVOID, ULONG, PULONG);
+    NTQSI_PROC NtQuerySystemInformation;
+    HINSTANCE hNtDll;
+    SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION *sppi = NULL;
+    SYSTEM_INFO si;
+    UINT i;
+    PyObject *arg = NULL;
+    PyObject *retlist = PyList_New(0);
+
+    if (retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // dynamic linking is mandatory to use NtQuerySystemInformation
+    hNtDll = LoadLibrary(TEXT("ntdll.dll"));
+    if (hNtDll != NULL) {
+        // gets NtQuerySystemInformation address
+        NtQuerySystemInformation = (NTQSI_PROC)GetProcAddress(
+                                       hNtDll, "NtQuerySystemInformation");
+
+        if (NtQuerySystemInformation != NULL)
+        {
+            // retrives number of processors
+            GetSystemInfo(&si);
+
+            // allocates an array of SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION
+            // structures, one per processor
+            sppi = (SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION *) \
+                   malloc(si.dwNumberOfProcessors * \
+                          sizeof(SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION));
+            if (sppi != NULL)
+            {
+                // gets cpu time informations
+                if (0 == NtQuerySystemInformation(
+                            SystemProcessorPerformanceInformation,
+                            sppi,
+                            si.dwNumberOfProcessors * sizeof
+                            (SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION),
+                            NULL)
+                   )
+                {
+                    // computes system global times summing each
+                    // processor value
+                    idle = user = kernel = 0;
+                    for (i = 0; i < si.dwNumberOfProcessors; i++) {
+                        arg = NULL;
+                        user = (float)((HI_T * sppi[i].UserTime.HighPart) +
+                                       (LO_T * sppi[i].UserTime.LowPart));
+                        idle = (float)((HI_T * sppi[i].IdleTime.HighPart) +
+                                       (LO_T * sppi[i].IdleTime.LowPart));
+                        kernel = (float)((HI_T * sppi[i].KernelTime.HighPart) +
+                                         (LO_T * sppi[i].KernelTime.LowPart));
+                        // kernel time includes idle time on windows
+                        // we return only busy kernel time subtracting
+                        // idle time from kernel time
+                        arg = Py_BuildValue("(ddd)",
+                                            user,
+                                            kernel - idle,
+                                            idle);
+                        if (!arg)
+                            goto error;
+                        if (PyList_Append(retlist, arg))
+                            goto error;
+                        Py_DECREF(arg);
+                    }
+                    free(sppi);
+                    FreeLibrary(hNtDll);
+                    return retlist;
+
+                }  // END NtQuerySystemInformation
+            }  // END malloc SYSTEM_PROCESSOR_PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION
+        }  // END GetProcAddress
+    }  // END LoadLibrary
+    goto error;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(arg);
+    Py_DECREF(retlist);
+    if (sppi)
+        free(sppi);
+    if (hNtDll)
+        FreeLibrary(hNtDll);
+    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process current working directory as a Python string.
+ */
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cwd(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    HANDLE processHandle = NULL;
+    PVOID pebAddress;
+    PVOID rtlUserProcParamsAddress;
+    UNICODE_STRING currentDirectory;
+    WCHAR *currentDirectoryContent = NULL;
+    PyObject *returnPyObj = NULL;
+    PyObject *cwd_from_wchar = NULL;
+    PyObject *cwd = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    processHandle = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (processHandle == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    pebAddress = psutil_get_peb_address(processHandle);
+
+    // get the address of ProcessParameters
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(processHandle, (PCHAR)pebAddress + 32,
+                           &rtlUserProcParamsAddress, sizeof(PVOID), NULL))
+#else
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(processHandle, (PCHAR)pebAddress + 0x10,
+                           &rtlUserProcParamsAddress, sizeof(PVOID), NULL))
+#endif
+    {
+        CloseHandle(processHandle);
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_PARTIAL_COPY) {
+            // this occurs quite often with system processes
+            return AccessDenied();
+        }
+        else {
+            return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Read the currentDirectory UNICODE_STRING structure.
+    // 0x24 refers to "CurrentDirectoryPath" of RTL_USER_PROCESS_PARAMETERS
+    // structure, see:
+    // http://wj32.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/
+    //     howto-get-the-command-line-of-processes/
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(processHandle, (PCHAR)rtlUserProcParamsAddress + 56,
+                           &currentDirectory, sizeof(currentDirectory), NULL))
+#else
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(processHandle,
+                           (PCHAR)rtlUserProcParamsAddress + 0x24,
+                           &currentDirectory, sizeof(currentDirectory), NULL))
+#endif
+    {
+        CloseHandle(processHandle);
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_PARTIAL_COPY) {
+            // this occurs quite often with system processes
+            return AccessDenied();
+        }
+        else {
+            return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // allocate memory to hold cwd
+    currentDirectoryContent = (WCHAR *)malloc(currentDirectory.Length + 1);
+    if (currentDirectoryContent == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // read cwd
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(processHandle, currentDirectory.Buffer,
+                           currentDirectoryContent, currentDirectory.Length,
+                           NULL))
+    {
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_PARTIAL_COPY) {
+            // this occurs quite often with system processes
+            AccessDenied();
+        }
+        else {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // null-terminate the string to prevent wcslen from returning
+    // incorrect length the length specifier is in characters, but
+    // currentDirectory.Length is in bytes
+    currentDirectoryContent[(currentDirectory.Length / sizeof(WCHAR))] = '\0';
+
+    // convert wchar array to a Python unicode string, and then to UTF8
+    cwd_from_wchar = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(currentDirectoryContent,
+                                            wcslen(currentDirectoryContent));
+    if (cwd_from_wchar == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    cwd = PyUnicode_FromObject(cwd_from_wchar);
+#else
+    cwd = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(cwd_from_wchar);
+#endif
+    if (cwd == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    // decrement the reference count on our temp unicode str to avoid
+    // mem leak
+    returnPyObj = Py_BuildValue("N", cwd);
+    if (!returnPyObj)
+        goto error;
+
+    Py_DECREF(cwd_from_wchar);
+
+    CloseHandle(processHandle);
+    free(currentDirectoryContent);
+    return returnPyObj;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(cwd_from_wchar);
+    Py_XDECREF(cwd);
+    Py_XDECREF(returnPyObj);
+    if (currentDirectoryContent != NULL)
+        free(currentDirectoryContent);
+    if (processHandle != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(processHandle);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Resume or suspends a process
+ */
+int
+psutil_proc_suspend_or_resume(DWORD pid, int suspend)
+{
+    // a huge thanks to http://www.codeproject.com/KB/threads/pausep.aspx
+    HANDLE hThreadSnap = NULL;
+    THREADENTRY32  te32 = {0};
+
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        AccessDenied();
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    hThreadSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD, 0);
+    if (hThreadSnap == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // Fill in the size of the structure before using it
+    te32.dwSize = sizeof(THREADENTRY32);
+
+    if (! Thread32First(hThreadSnap, &te32)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // Walk the thread snapshot to find all threads of the process.
+    // If the thread belongs to the process, add its information
+    // to the display list.
+    do
+    {
+        if (te32.th32OwnerProcessID == pid)
+        {
+            HANDLE hThread = OpenThread(THREAD_SUSPEND_RESUME, FALSE,
+                                        te32.th32ThreadID);
+            if (hThread == NULL) {
+                PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+                CloseHandle(hThread);
+                CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (suspend == 1)
+            {
+                if (SuspendThread(hThread) == (DWORD) - 1) {
+                    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+                    CloseHandle(hThread);
+                    CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+                    return FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (ResumeThread(hThread) == (DWORD) - 1) {
+                    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+                    CloseHandle(hThread);
+                    CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+                    return FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+            CloseHandle(hThread);
+        }
+    } while (Thread32Next(hThreadSnap, &te32));
+
+    CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_suspend(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int suspend = 1;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_proc_suspend_or_resume(pid, suspend))
+        return NULL;
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_resume(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int suspend = 0;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_proc_suspend_or_resume(pid, suspend))
+        return NULL;
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_threads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    HANDLE hThread;
+    THREADENTRY32 te32 = {0};
+    long pid;
+    int pid_return;
+    int rc;
+    FILETIME ftDummy, ftKernel, ftUser;
+    PyObject *retList = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *pyTuple = NULL;
+    HANDLE hThreadSnap = NULL;
+
+    if (retList == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        goto error;
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        // raise AD instead of returning 0 as procexp is able to
+        // retrieve useful information somehow
+        AccessDenied();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    pid_return = psutil_pid_is_running(pid);
+    if (pid_return == 0) {
+        NoSuchProcess();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (pid_return == -1)
+        goto error;
+
+    hThreadSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD, 0);
+    if (hThreadSnap == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Fill in the size of the structure before using it
+    te32.dwSize = sizeof(THREADENTRY32);
+
+    if (! Thread32First(hThreadSnap, &te32)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Walk the thread snapshot to find all threads of the process.
+    // If the thread belongs to the process, increase the counter.
+    do {
+        if (te32.th32OwnerProcessID == pid) {
+            pyTuple = NULL;
+            hThread = NULL;
+            hThread = OpenThread(THREAD_QUERY_INFORMATION,
+                                 FALSE, te32.th32ThreadID);
+            if (hThread == NULL) {
+                // thread has disappeared on us
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            rc = GetThreadTimes(hThread, &ftDummy, &ftDummy, &ftKernel,
+                                &ftUser);
+            if (rc == 0) {
+                PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * User and kernel times are represented as a FILETIME structure
+             * wich contains a 64-bit value representing the number of
+             * 100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (UTC):
+             * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724284(VS.85).aspx
+             * To convert it into a float representing the seconds that the
+             * process has executed in user/kernel mode I borrowed the code
+             * below from Python's Modules/posixmodule.c
+             */
+            pyTuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                "kdd",
+                te32.th32ThreadID,
+                (double)(ftUser.dwHighDateTime * 429.4967296 + \
+                         ftUser.dwLowDateTime * 1e-7),
+                (double)(ftKernel.dwHighDateTime * 429.4967296 + \
+                         ftKernel.dwLowDateTime * 1e-7));
+            if (!pyTuple)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(retList, pyTuple))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(pyTuple);
+
+            CloseHandle(hThread);
+        }
+    } while (Thread32Next(hThreadSnap, &te32));
+
+    CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+    return retList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pyTuple);
+    Py_DECREF(retList);
+    if (hThread != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hThread);
+    if (hThreadSnap != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hThreadSnap);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_open_files(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long       pid;
+    HANDLE     processHandle;
+    DWORD      access = PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE | PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION;
+    PyObject  *filesList;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    processHandle = psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(pid, access);
+    if (processHandle == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    filesList = psutil_get_open_files(pid, processHandle);
+    CloseHandle(processHandle);
+    if (filesList == NULL)
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    return filesList;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ Accept a filename's drive in native  format like "\Device\HarddiskVolume1\"
+ and return the corresponding drive letter (e.g. "C:\\").
+ If no match is found return an empty string.
+*/
+static PyObject *
+psutil_win32_QueryDosDevice(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    LPCTSTR   lpDevicePath;
+    TCHAR d = TEXT('A');
+    TCHAR     szBuff[5];
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &lpDevicePath))
+        return NULL;
+
+    while (d <= TEXT('Z')) {
+        TCHAR szDeviceName[3] = {d, TEXT(':'), TEXT('\0')};
+        TCHAR szTarget[512] = {0};
+        if (QueryDosDevice(szDeviceName, szTarget, 511) != 0) {
+            if (_tcscmp(lpDevicePath, szTarget) == 0) {
+                _stprintf_s(szBuff, _countof(szBuff), TEXT("%c:"), d);
+                return Py_BuildValue("s", szBuff);
+            }
+        }
+        d++;
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("s", "");
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process username as a "DOMAIN//USERNAME" string.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_username(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    HANDLE processHandle;
+    HANDLE tokenHandle;
+    PTOKEN_USER user;
+    ULONG bufferSize;
+    PTSTR name;
+    ULONG nameSize;
+    PTSTR domainName;
+    ULONG domainNameSize;
+    SID_NAME_USE nameUse;
+    PTSTR fullName;
+    PyObject *returnObject;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    processHandle = psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(
+        pid, PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION);
+    if (processHandle == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!OpenProcessToken(processHandle, TOKEN_QUERY, &tokenHandle)) {
+        CloseHandle(processHandle);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(processHandle);
+
+    // Get the user SID.
+
+    bufferSize = 0x100;
+    user = malloc(bufferSize);
+    if (user == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+    if (!GetTokenInformation(tokenHandle, TokenUser, user, bufferSize,
+                             &bufferSize))
+    {
+        free(user);
+        user = malloc(bufferSize);
+        if (user == NULL) {
+            CloseHandle(tokenHandle);
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        }
+        if (!GetTokenInformation(tokenHandle, TokenUser, user, bufferSize,
+                                 &bufferSize))
+        {
+            free(user);
+            CloseHandle(tokenHandle);
+            return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(tokenHandle);
+
+    // resolve the SID to a name
+    nameSize = 0x100;
+    domainNameSize = 0x100;
+
+    name = malloc(nameSize * sizeof(TCHAR));
+    if (name == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    domainName = malloc(domainNameSize * sizeof(TCHAR));
+    if (domainName == NULL)
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+
+    if (!LookupAccountSid(NULL, user->User.Sid, name, &nameSize, domainName,
+                          &domainNameSize, &nameUse))
+    {
+        free(name);
+        free(domainName);
+        name = malloc(nameSize * sizeof(TCHAR));
+        if (name == NULL)
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        domainName = malloc(domainNameSize * sizeof(TCHAR));
+        if (domainName == NULL)
+            return PyErr_NoMemory();
+        if (!LookupAccountSid(NULL, user->User.Sid, name, &nameSize,
+                              domainName, &domainNameSize, &nameUse))
+        {
+            free(name);
+            free(domainName);
+            free(user);
+
+            return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    nameSize = _tcslen(name);
+    domainNameSize = _tcslen(domainName);
+
+    // build the full username string
+    fullName = malloc((domainNameSize + 1 + nameSize + 1) * sizeof(TCHAR));
+    if (fullName == NULL) {
+        free(name);
+        free(domainName);
+        free(user);
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    }
+    memcpy(fullName, domainName, domainNameSize);
+    fullName[domainNameSize] = '\\';
+    memcpy(&fullName[domainNameSize + 1], name, nameSize);
+    fullName[domainNameSize + 1 + nameSize] = '\0';
+
+    returnObject = PyUnicode_Decode(
+        fullName, _tcslen(fullName), Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, "replace");
+
+    free(fullName);
+    free(name);
+    free(domainName);
+    free(user);
+
+    return returnObject;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of network connections opened by a process
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_connections(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    static long null_address[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+
+    unsigned long pid;
+    PyObject *connectionsList;
+    PyObject *connectionTuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *af_filter = NULL;
+    PyObject *type_filter = NULL;
+
+    PyObject *_AF_INET = PyLong_FromLong((long)AF_INET);
+    PyObject *_AF_INET6 = PyLong_FromLong((long)AF_INET6);
+    PyObject *_SOCK_STREAM = PyLong_FromLong((long)SOCK_STREAM);
+    PyObject *_SOCK_DGRAM = PyLong_FromLong((long)SOCK_DGRAM);
+
+    typedef PSTR (NTAPI * _RtlIpv4AddressToStringA)(struct in_addr *, PSTR);
+    _RtlIpv4AddressToStringA rtlIpv4AddressToStringA;
+    typedef PSTR (NTAPI * _RtlIpv6AddressToStringA)(struct in6_addr *, PSTR);
+    _RtlIpv6AddressToStringA rtlIpv6AddressToStringA;
+    typedef DWORD (WINAPI * _GetExtendedTcpTable)(PVOID, PDWORD, BOOL, ULONG,
+                                                  TCP_TABLE_CLASS, ULONG);
+    _GetExtendedTcpTable getExtendedTcpTable;
+    typedef DWORD (WINAPI * _GetExtendedUdpTable)(PVOID, PDWORD, BOOL, ULONG,
+                                                  UDP_TABLE_CLASS, ULONG);
+    _GetExtendedUdpTable getExtendedUdpTable;
+    PVOID table = NULL;
+    DWORD tableSize;
+    PMIB_TCPTABLE_OWNER_PID tcp4Table;
+    PMIB_UDPTABLE_OWNER_PID udp4Table;
+    PMIB_TCP6TABLE_OWNER_PID tcp6Table;
+    PMIB_UDP6TABLE_OWNER_PID udp6Table;
+    ULONG i;
+    CHAR addressBufferLocal[65];
+    PyObject *addressTupleLocal = NULL;
+    CHAR addressBufferRemote[65];
+    PyObject *addressTupleRemote = NULL;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lOO", &pid, &af_filter, &type_filter)) {
+        _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!PySequence_Check(af_filter) || !PySequence_Check(type_filter)) {
+        _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "arg 2 or 3 is not a sequence");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (pid != -1) {
+        if (psutil_pid_is_running(pid) == 0) {
+            _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+            return NoSuchProcess();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Import some functions.
+    {
+        HMODULE ntdll;
+        HMODULE iphlpapi;
+
+        ntdll = LoadLibrary(TEXT("ntdll.dll"));
+        rtlIpv4AddressToStringA = (_RtlIpv4AddressToStringA)GetProcAddress(
+                                   ntdll, "RtlIpv4AddressToStringA");
+        rtlIpv6AddressToStringA = (_RtlIpv6AddressToStringA)GetProcAddress(
+                                   ntdll, "RtlIpv6AddressToStringA");
+        /* TODO: Check these two function pointers */
+
+        iphlpapi = LoadLibrary(TEXT("iphlpapi.dll"));
+        getExtendedTcpTable = (_GetExtendedTcpTable)GetProcAddress(iphlpapi,
+                              "GetExtendedTcpTable");
+        getExtendedUdpTable = (_GetExtendedUdpTable)GetProcAddress(iphlpapi,
+                              "GetExtendedUdpTable");
+        FreeLibrary(ntdll);
+        FreeLibrary(iphlpapi);
+    }
+
+    if ((getExtendedTcpTable == NULL) || (getExtendedUdpTable == NULL)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
+                        "feature not supported on this Windows version");
+        _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    connectionsList = PyList_New(0);
+    if (connectionsList == NULL) {
+        _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // TCP IPv4
+
+    if ((PySequence_Contains(af_filter, _AF_INET) == 1) &&
+            (PySequence_Contains(type_filter, _SOCK_STREAM) == 1))
+    {
+        table = NULL;
+        connectionTuple = NULL;
+        addressTupleLocal = NULL;
+        addressTupleRemote = NULL;
+        tableSize = 0;
+        getExtendedTcpTable(NULL, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET,
+                            TCP_TABLE_OWNER_PID_ALL, 0);
+
+        table = malloc(tableSize);
+        if (table == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (getExtendedTcpTable(table, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET,
+                                TCP_TABLE_OWNER_PID_ALL, 0) == 0)
+        {
+            tcp4Table = table;
+
+            for (i = 0; i < tcp4Table->dwNumEntries; i++)
+            {
+                if (pid != -1) {
+                    if (tcp4Table->table[i].dwOwningPid != pid) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (tcp4Table->table[i].dwLocalAddr != 0 ||
+                        tcp4Table->table[i].dwLocalPort != 0)
+                {
+                    struct in_addr addr;
+
+                    addr.S_un.S_addr = tcp4Table->table[i].dwLocalAddr;
+                    rtlIpv4AddressToStringA(&addr, addressBufferLocal);
+                    addressTupleLocal = Py_BuildValue(
+                        "(si)",
+                        addressBufferLocal,
+                        BYTESWAP_USHORT(tcp4Table->table[i].dwLocalPort));
+                }
+                else {
+                    addressTupleLocal = PyTuple_New(0);
+                }
+
+                if (addressTupleLocal == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                // On Windows <= XP, remote addr is filled even if socket
+                // is in LISTEN mode in which case we just ignore it.
+                if ((tcp4Table->table[i].dwRemoteAddr != 0 ||
+                        tcp4Table->table[i].dwRemotePort != 0) &&
+                        (tcp4Table->table[i].dwState != MIB_TCP_STATE_LISTEN))
+                {
+                    struct in_addr addr;
+
+                    addr.S_un.S_addr = tcp4Table->table[i].dwRemoteAddr;
+                    rtlIpv4AddressToStringA(&addr, addressBufferRemote);
+                    addressTupleRemote = Py_BuildValue(
+                        "(si)",
+                        addressBufferRemote,
+                        BYTESWAP_USHORT(tcp4Table->table[i].dwRemotePort));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    addressTupleRemote = PyTuple_New(0);
+                }
+
+                if (addressTupleRemote == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                connectionTuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(iiiNNiI)",
+                    -1,
+                    AF_INET,
+                    SOCK_STREAM,
+                    addressTupleLocal,
+                    addressTupleRemote,
+                    tcp4Table->table[i].dwState,
+                    tcp4Table->table[i].dwOwningPid);
+                if (!connectionTuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(connectionsList, connectionTuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(connectionTuple);
+            }
+        }
+
+        free(table);
+    }
+
+    // TCP IPv6
+
+    if ((PySequence_Contains(af_filter, _AF_INET6) == 1) &&
+            (PySequence_Contains(type_filter, _SOCK_STREAM) == 1))
+    {
+        table = NULL;
+        connectionTuple = NULL;
+        addressTupleLocal = NULL;
+        addressTupleRemote = NULL;
+        tableSize = 0;
+        getExtendedTcpTable(NULL, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET6,
+                            TCP_TABLE_OWNER_PID_ALL, 0);
+
+        table = malloc(tableSize);
+        if (table == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (getExtendedTcpTable(table, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET6,
+                                TCP_TABLE_OWNER_PID_ALL, 0) == 0)
+        {
+            tcp6Table = table;
+
+            for (i = 0; i < tcp6Table->dwNumEntries; i++)
+            {
+                if (pid != -1) {
+                    if (tcp6Table->table[i].dwOwningPid != pid) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (memcmp(tcp6Table->table[i].ucLocalAddr, null_address, 16)
+                        != 0 || tcp6Table->table[i].dwLocalPort != 0)
+                {
+                    struct in6_addr addr;
+
+                    memcpy(&addr, tcp6Table->table[i].ucLocalAddr, 16);
+                    rtlIpv6AddressToStringA(&addr, addressBufferLocal);
+                    addressTupleLocal = Py_BuildValue(
+                        "(si)",
+                        addressBufferLocal,
+                        BYTESWAP_USHORT(tcp6Table->table[i].dwLocalPort));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    addressTupleLocal = PyTuple_New(0);
+                }
+
+                if (addressTupleLocal == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                // On Windows <= XP, remote addr is filled even if socket
+                // is in LISTEN mode in which case we just ignore it.
+                if ((memcmp(tcp6Table->table[i].ucRemoteAddr, null_address, 16)
+                        != 0 ||
+                        tcp6Table->table[i].dwRemotePort != 0) &&
+                        (tcp6Table->table[i].dwState != MIB_TCP_STATE_LISTEN))
+                {
+                    struct in6_addr addr;
+
+                    memcpy(&addr, tcp6Table->table[i].ucRemoteAddr, 16);
+                    rtlIpv6AddressToStringA(&addr, addressBufferRemote);
+                    addressTupleRemote = Py_BuildValue(
+                        "(si)",
+                        addressBufferRemote,
+                        BYTESWAP_USHORT(tcp6Table->table[i].dwRemotePort));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    addressTupleRemote = PyTuple_New(0);
+                }
+
+                if (addressTupleRemote == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                connectionTuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(iiiNNiI)",
+                    -1,
+                    AF_INET6,
+                    SOCK_STREAM,
+                    addressTupleLocal,
+                    addressTupleRemote,
+                    tcp6Table->table[i].dwState,
+                    tcp6Table->table[i].dwOwningPid);
+                if (!connectionTuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(connectionsList, connectionTuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(connectionTuple);
+            }
+        }
+
+        free(table);
+    }
+
+    // UDP IPv4
+
+    if ((PySequence_Contains(af_filter, _AF_INET) == 1) &&
+            (PySequence_Contains(type_filter, _SOCK_DGRAM) == 1))
+    {
+        table = NULL;
+        connectionTuple = NULL;
+        addressTupleLocal = NULL;
+        addressTupleRemote = NULL;
+        tableSize = 0;
+        getExtendedUdpTable(NULL, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET,
+                            UDP_TABLE_OWNER_PID, 0);
+
+        table = malloc(tableSize);
+        if (table == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (getExtendedUdpTable(table, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET,
+                                UDP_TABLE_OWNER_PID, 0) == 0)
+        {
+            udp4Table = table;
+
+            for (i = 0; i < udp4Table->dwNumEntries; i++)
+            {
+                if (pid != -1) {
+                    if (udp4Table->table[i].dwOwningPid != pid) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (udp4Table->table[i].dwLocalAddr != 0 ||
+                    udp4Table->table[i].dwLocalPort != 0)
+                {
+                    struct in_addr addr;
+
+                    addr.S_un.S_addr = udp4Table->table[i].dwLocalAddr;
+                    rtlIpv4AddressToStringA(&addr, addressBufferLocal);
+                    addressTupleLocal = Py_BuildValue(
+                        "(si)",
+                        addressBufferLocal,
+                        BYTESWAP_USHORT(udp4Table->table[i].dwLocalPort));
+                }
+                else {
+                    addressTupleLocal = PyTuple_New(0);
+                }
+
+                if (addressTupleLocal == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                connectionTuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(iiiNNiI)",
+                    -1,
+                    AF_INET,
+                    SOCK_DGRAM,
+                    addressTupleLocal,
+                    PyTuple_New(0),
+                    PSUTIL_CONN_NONE,
+                    udp4Table->table[i].dwOwningPid);
+                if (!connectionTuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(connectionsList, connectionTuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(connectionTuple);
+            }
+        }
+
+        free(table);
+    }
+
+    // UDP IPv6
+
+    if ((PySequence_Contains(af_filter, _AF_INET6) == 1) &&
+            (PySequence_Contains(type_filter, _SOCK_DGRAM) == 1))
+    {
+        table = NULL;
+        connectionTuple = NULL;
+        addressTupleLocal = NULL;
+        addressTupleRemote = NULL;
+        tableSize = 0;
+        getExtendedUdpTable(NULL, &tableSize, FALSE,
+                            AF_INET6, UDP_TABLE_OWNER_PID, 0);
+
+        table = malloc(tableSize);
+        if (table == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (getExtendedUdpTable(table, &tableSize, FALSE, AF_INET6,
+                                UDP_TABLE_OWNER_PID, 0) == 0)
+        {
+            udp6Table = table;
+
+            for (i = 0; i < udp6Table->dwNumEntries; i++)
+            {
+                if (pid != -1) {
+                    if (udp6Table->table[i].dwOwningPid != pid) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (memcmp(udp6Table->table[i].ucLocalAddr, null_address, 16)
+                        != 0 || udp6Table->table[i].dwLocalPort != 0)
+                {
+                    struct in6_addr addr;
+
+                    memcpy(&addr, udp6Table->table[i].ucLocalAddr, 16);
+                    rtlIpv6AddressToStringA(&addr, addressBufferLocal);
+                    addressTupleLocal = Py_BuildValue(
+                        "(si)",
+                        addressBufferLocal,
+                        BYTESWAP_USHORT(udp6Table->table[i].dwLocalPort));
+                }
+                else {
+                    addressTupleLocal = PyTuple_New(0);
+                }
+
+                if (addressTupleLocal == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                connectionTuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(iiiNNiI)",
+                    -1,
+                    AF_INET6,
+                    SOCK_DGRAM,
+                    addressTupleLocal,
+                    PyTuple_New(0),
+                    PSUTIL_CONN_NONE,
+                    udp6Table->table[i].dwOwningPid);
+                if (!connectionTuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(connectionsList, connectionTuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(connectionTuple);
+            }
+        }
+
+        free(table);
+    }
+
+    _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+    return connectionsList;
+
+error:
+    _psutil_conn_decref_objs();
+    Py_XDECREF(connectionTuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(addressTupleLocal);
+    Py_XDECREF(addressTupleRemote);
+    Py_DECREF(connectionsList);
+    if (table != NULL)
+        free(table);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Get process priority as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_priority_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    DWORD priority;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    priority = GetPriorityClass(hProcess);
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    if (priority == 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", priority);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set process priority.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_priority_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int priority;
+    int retval;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD dwDesiredAccess = \
+        PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION;
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "li", &pid, &priority)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(pid, dwDesiredAccess);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    retval = SetPriorityClass(hProcess, priority);
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    if (retval == 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+#if (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0600)  // Windows Vista
+/*
+ * Get process IO priority as a Python integer.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_io_priority_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    PULONG IoPriority;
+
+    _NtQueryInformationProcess NtQueryInformationProcess =
+        (_NtQueryInformationProcess)GetProcAddress(
+            GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"), "NtQueryInformationProcess");
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    NtQueryInformationProcess(
+        hProcess,
+        ProcessIoPriority,
+        &IoPriority,
+        sizeof(ULONG),
+        NULL
+    );
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return Py_BuildValue("i", IoPriority);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set process IO priority.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_io_priority_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    long pid;
+    int prio;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+
+    _NtSetInformationProcess NtSetInformationProcess =
+        (_NtSetInformationProcess)GetProcAddress(
+            GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"), "NtSetInformationProcess");
+
+    if (NtSetInformationProcess == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                        "couldn't get NtSetInformationProcess");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "li", &pid, &prio)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(pid, PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    NtSetInformationProcess(
+        hProcess,
+        ProcessIoPriority,
+        (PVOID)&prio,
+        sizeof((PVOID)prio)
+    );
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python tuple referencing process I/O counters.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    IO_COUNTERS IoCounters;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (NULL == hProcess) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (! GetProcessIoCounters(hProcess, &IoCounters)) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    }
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return Py_BuildValue("(KKKK)",
+                         IoCounters.ReadOperationCount,
+                         IoCounters.WriteOperationCount,
+                         IoCounters.ReadTransferCount,
+                         IoCounters.WriteTransferCount);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return process CPU affinity as a bitmask
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD_PTR proc_mask;
+    DWORD_PTR system_mask;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (GetProcessAffinityMask(hProcess, &proc_mask, &system_mask) == 0) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    return Py_BuildValue("K", (unsigned long long)proc_mask);
+#else
+    return Py_BuildValue("k", (unsigned long)proc_mask);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Set process CPU affinity
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD dwDesiredAccess = \
+        PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION;
+    DWORD_PTR mask;
+
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lK", &pid, &mask))
+#else
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lk", &pid, &mask))
+#endif
+    {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(pid, dwDesiredAccess);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (SetProcessAffinityMask(hProcess, mask) == 0) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return True if one of the process threads is in a waiting or
+ * suspended status.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_is_suspended(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    ULONG i;
+    PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION process;
+    PVOID buffer;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_get_proc_info(pid, &process, &buffer)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < process->NumberOfThreads; i++) {
+        if (process->Threads[i].ThreadState != Waiting ||
+                process->Threads[i].WaitReason != Suspended)
+        {
+            free(buffer);
+            Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+    free(buffer);
+    Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return path's disk total and free as a Python tuple.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_usage(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    BOOL retval;
+    ULARGE_INTEGER _, total, free;
+    char *path;
+
+    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "u", &path)) {
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        retval = GetDiskFreeSpaceExW((LPCWSTR)path, &_, &total, &free);
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+        goto return_;
+    }
+
+    // on Python 2 we also want to accept plain strings other
+    // than Unicode
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION <= 2
+    PyErr_Clear();  // drop the argument parsing error
+    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &path)) {
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        retval = GetDiskFreeSpaceEx(path, &_, &total, &free);
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+        goto return_;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return NULL;
+
+return_:
+    if (retval == 0)
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    else
+        return Py_BuildValue("(LL)", total.QuadPart, free.QuadPart);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python list of named tuples with overall network I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    char ifname[MAX_PATH];
+    DWORD dwRetVal = 0;
+    MIB_IFROW *pIfRow = NULL;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pAddresses = NULL;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pCurrAddresses = NULL;
+
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_nic_info = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_nic_name = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    pAddresses = psutil_get_nic_addresses();
+    if (pAddresses == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    pCurrAddresses = pAddresses;
+
+    while (pCurrAddresses) {
+        py_nic_name = NULL;
+        py_nic_info = NULL;
+        pIfRow = (MIB_IFROW *) malloc(sizeof(MIB_IFROW));
+
+        if (pIfRow == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        pIfRow->dwIndex = pCurrAddresses->IfIndex;
+        dwRetVal = GetIfEntry(pIfRow);
+        if (dwRetVal != NO_ERROR) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "GetIfEntry() failed.");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        py_nic_info = Py_BuildValue("(kkkkkkkk)",
+                                    pIfRow->dwOutOctets,
+                                    pIfRow->dwInOctets,
+                                    pIfRow->dwOutUcastPkts,
+                                    pIfRow->dwInUcastPkts,
+                                    pIfRow->dwInErrors,
+                                    pIfRow->dwOutErrors,
+                                    pIfRow->dwInDiscards,
+                                    pIfRow->dwOutDiscards);
+        if (!py_nic_info)
+            goto error;
+
+        sprintf_s(ifname, MAX_PATH, "%wS", pCurrAddresses->FriendlyName);
+        py_nic_name = PyUnicode_Decode(
+            ifname, _tcslen(ifname), Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, "replace");
+
+        if (py_nic_name == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItem(py_retdict, py_nic_name, py_nic_info))
+            goto error;
+        Py_XDECREF(py_nic_name);
+        Py_XDECREF(py_nic_info);
+
+        free(pIfRow);
+        pCurrAddresses = pCurrAddresses->Next;
+    }
+
+    free(pAddresses);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_nic_name);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_nic_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (pAddresses != NULL)
+        free(pAddresses);
+    if (pIfRow != NULL)
+        free(pIfRow);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python dict of tuples for disk I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DISK_PERFORMANCE_WIN_2008 diskPerformance;
+    DWORD dwSize;
+    HANDLE hDevice = NULL;
+    char szDevice[MAX_PATH];
+    char szDeviceDisplay[MAX_PATH];
+    int devNum;
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_disk_info = NULL;
+    if (py_retdict == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // Apparently there's no way to figure out how many times we have
+    // to iterate in order to find valid drives.
+    // Let's assume 32, which is higher than 26, the number of letters
+    // in the alphabet (from A:\ to Z:\).
+    for (devNum = 0; devNum <= 32; ++devNum) {
+        py_disk_info = NULL;
+        sprintf_s(szDevice, MAX_PATH, "\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive%d", devNum);
+        hDevice = CreateFile(szDevice, 0, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
+                             NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, 0, NULL);
+
+        if (hDevice == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (DeviceIoControl(hDevice, IOCTL_DISK_PERFORMANCE, NULL, 0,
+                            &diskPerformance, sizeof(diskPerformance),
+                            &dwSize, NULL))
+        {
+            sprintf_s(szDeviceDisplay, MAX_PATH, "PhysicalDrive%d", devNum);
+            py_disk_info = Py_BuildValue(
+                "(IILLKK)",
+                diskPerformance.ReadCount,
+                diskPerformance.WriteCount,
+                diskPerformance.BytesRead,
+                diskPerformance.BytesWritten,
+                (unsigned long long)(diskPerformance.ReadTime.QuadPart * 10) / 1000,
+                (unsigned long long)(diskPerformance.WriteTime.QuadPart * 10) / 1000);
+            if (!py_disk_info)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, szDeviceDisplay,
+                                     py_disk_info))
+            {
+                goto error;
+            }
+            Py_XDECREF(py_disk_info);
+        }
+        else {
+            // XXX we might get here with ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER when
+            // compiling with mingw32; not sure what to do.
+            // return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            ;;
+        }
+
+        CloseHandle(hDevice);
+    }
+
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_disk_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (hDevice != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hDevice);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static char *psutil_get_drive_type(int type)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+        case DRIVE_FIXED:
+            return "fixed";
+        case DRIVE_CDROM:
+            return "cdrom";
+        case DRIVE_REMOVABLE:
+            return "removable";
+        case DRIVE_UNKNOWN:
+            return "unknown";
+        case DRIVE_NO_ROOT_DIR:
+            return "unmounted";
+        case DRIVE_REMOTE:
+            return "remote";
+        case DRIVE_RAMDISK:
+            return "ramdisk";
+        default:
+            return "?";
+    }
+}
+
+
+#ifndef _ARRAYSIZE
+#define _ARRAYSIZE(a) (sizeof(a)/sizeof(a[0]))
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Return disk partitions as a list of tuples such as
+ * (drive_letter, drive_letter, type, "")
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD num_bytes;
+    char drive_strings[255];
+    char *drive_letter = drive_strings;
+    int all;
+    int type;
+    int ret;
+    char opts[20];
+    LPTSTR fs_type[MAX_PATH + 1] = { 0 };
+    DWORD pflags = 0;
+    PyObject *py_all;
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // avoid to visualize a message box in case something goes wrong
+    // see https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/264
+    SetErrorMode(SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS);
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &py_all)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    all = PyObject_IsTrue(py_all);
+
+    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    num_bytes = GetLogicalDriveStrings(254, drive_letter);
+    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+
+    if (num_bytes == 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    while (*drive_letter != 0) {
+        py_tuple = NULL;
+        opts[0] = 0;
+        fs_type[0] = 0;
+
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+        type = GetDriveType(drive_letter);
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+
+        // by default we only show hard drives and cd-roms
+        if (all == 0) {
+            if ((type == DRIVE_UNKNOWN) ||
+                    (type == DRIVE_NO_ROOT_DIR) ||
+                    (type == DRIVE_REMOTE) ||
+                    (type == DRIVE_RAMDISK)) {
+                goto next;
+            }
+            // floppy disk: skip it by default as it introduces a
+            // considerable slowdown.
+            if ((type == DRIVE_REMOVABLE) &&
+                    (strcmp(drive_letter, "A:\\")  == 0)) {
+                goto next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ret = GetVolumeInformation(
+            (LPCTSTR)drive_letter, NULL, _ARRAYSIZE(drive_letter),
+            NULL, NULL, &pflags, (LPTSTR)fs_type, _ARRAYSIZE(fs_type));
+        if (ret == 0) {
+            // We might get here in case of a floppy hard drive, in
+            // which case the error is (21, "device not ready").
+            // Let's pretend it didn't happen as we already have
+            // the drive name and type ('removable').
+            strcat_s(opts, _countof(opts), "");
+            SetLastError(0);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (pflags & FILE_READ_ONLY_VOLUME) {
+                strcat_s(opts, _countof(opts), "ro");
+            }
+            else {
+                strcat_s(opts, _countof(opts), "rw");
+            }
+            if (pflags & FILE_VOLUME_IS_COMPRESSED) {
+                strcat_s(opts, _countof(opts), ",compressed");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (strlen(opts) > 0) {
+            strcat_s(opts, _countof(opts), ",");
+        }
+        strcat_s(opts, _countof(opts), psutil_get_drive_type(type));
+
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(ssss)",
+            drive_letter,
+            drive_letter,
+            fs_type,  // either FAT, FAT32, NTFS, HPFS, CDFS, UDF or NWFS
+            opts);
+        if (!py_tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+        goto next;
+
+next:
+        drive_letter = strchr(drive_letter, 0) + 1;
+    }
+
+    SetErrorMode(0);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    SetErrorMode(0);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a Python dict of tuples for disk I/O information
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_users(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    HANDLE hServer = NULL;
+    LPTSTR buffer_user = NULL;
+    LPTSTR buffer_addr = NULL;
+    PWTS_SESSION_INFO sessions = NULL;
+    DWORD count;
+    DWORD i;
+    DWORD sessionId;
+    DWORD bytes;
+    PWTS_CLIENT_ADDRESS address;
+    char address_str[50];
+    long long unix_time;
+
+    PWINSTATIONQUERYINFORMATIONW WinStationQueryInformationW;
+    WINSTATION_INFO station_info;
+    HINSTANCE hInstWinSta = NULL;
+    ULONG returnLen;
+
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_address = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_buffer_user_encoded = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    hInstWinSta = LoadLibraryA("winsta.dll");
+    WinStationQueryInformationW = (PWINSTATIONQUERYINFORMATIONW) \
+        GetProcAddress(hInstWinSta, "WinStationQueryInformationW");
+
+    hServer = WTSOpenServer('\0');
+    if (hServer == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (WTSEnumerateSessions(hServer, 0, 1, &sessions, &count) == 0) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        py_address = NULL;
+        py_tuple = NULL;
+        sessionId = sessions[i].SessionId;
+        if (buffer_user != NULL) {
+            WTSFreeMemory(buffer_user);
+        }
+        if (buffer_addr != NULL) {
+            WTSFreeMemory(buffer_addr);
+        }
+
+        buffer_user = NULL;
+        buffer_addr = NULL;
+
+        // username
+        bytes = 0;
+        if (WTSQuerySessionInformation(hServer, sessionId, WTSUserName,
+                                       &buffer_user, &bytes) == 0) {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        if (bytes == 1) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // address
+        bytes = 0;
+        if (WTSQuerySessionInformation(hServer, sessionId, WTSClientAddress,
+                                       &buffer_addr, &bytes) == 0) {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        address = (PWTS_CLIENT_ADDRESS)buffer_addr;
+        if (address->AddressFamily == 0) {  // AF_INET
+            sprintf_s(address_str,
+                      _countof(address_str),
+                      "%u.%u.%u.%u",
+                      address->Address[0],
+                      address->Address[1],
+                      address->Address[2],
+                      address->Address[3]);
+            py_address = Py_BuildValue("s", address_str);
+            if (!py_address)
+                goto error;
+        }
+        else {
+            py_address = Py_None;
+        }
+
+        // login time
+        if (!WinStationQueryInformationW(hServer,
+                                         sessionId,
+                                         WinStationInformation,
+                                         &station_info,
+                                         sizeof(station_info),
+                                         &returnLen))
+        {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        unix_time = ((LONGLONG)station_info.ConnectTime.dwHighDateTime) << 32;
+        unix_time += \
+            station_info.ConnectTime.dwLowDateTime - 116444736000000000LL;
+        unix_time /= 10000000;
+
+        py_buffer_user_encoded = PyUnicode_Decode(
+            buffer_user, _tcslen(buffer_user), Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
+            "replace");
+        py_tuple = Py_BuildValue("OOd", py_buffer_user_encoded, py_address,
+                                 (double)unix_time);
+        if (!py_tuple)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+            goto error;
+        Py_XDECREF(py_buffer_user_encoded);
+        Py_XDECREF(py_address);
+        Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    }
+
+    WTSCloseServer(hServer);
+    WTSFreeMemory(sessions);
+    WTSFreeMemory(buffer_user);
+    WTSFreeMemory(buffer_addr);
+    FreeLibrary(hInstWinSta);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_buffer_user_encoded);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_address);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+
+    if (hInstWinSta != NULL) {
+        FreeLibrary(hInstWinSta);
+    }
+    if (hServer != NULL) {
+        WTSCloseServer(hServer);
+    }
+    if (sessions != NULL) {
+        WTSFreeMemory(sessions);
+    }
+    if (buffer_user != NULL) {
+        WTSFreeMemory(buffer_user);
+    }
+    if (buffer_addr != NULL) {
+        WTSFreeMemory(buffer_addr);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return the number of handles opened by process.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_num_handles(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD handleCount;
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (NULL == hProcess) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (! GetProcessHandleCount(hProcess, &handleCount)) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    }
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return Py_BuildValue("k", handleCount);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Get various process information by using NtQuerySystemInformation.
+ * We use this as a fallback when faster functions fail with access
+ * denied. This is slower because it iterates over all processes.
+ * Returned tuple includes the following process info:
+ *
+ * - num_threads
+ * - ctx_switches
+ * - num_handles (fallback)
+ * - user/kernel times (fallback)
+ * - create time (fallback)
+ * - io counters (fallback)
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_info(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION process;
+    PVOID buffer;
+    ULONG num_handles;
+    ULONG i;
+    ULONG ctx_switches = 0;
+    double user_time;
+    double kernel_time;
+    long long create_time;
+    int num_threads;
+    LONGLONG io_rcount, io_wcount, io_rbytes, io_wbytes;
+
+
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid))
+        return NULL;
+    if (! psutil_get_proc_info(pid, &process, &buffer))
+        return NULL;
+
+    num_handles = process->HandleCount;
+    for (i = 0; i < process->NumberOfThreads; i++)
+        ctx_switches += process->Threads[i].ContextSwitches;
+    user_time = (double)process->UserTime.HighPart * 429.4967296 + \
+                (double)process->UserTime.LowPart * 1e-7;
+    kernel_time = (double)process->KernelTime.HighPart * 429.4967296 + \
+                  (double)process->KernelTime.LowPart * 1e-7;
+    // Convert the LARGE_INTEGER union to a Unix time.
+    // It's the best I could find by googling and borrowing code here
+    // and there. The time returned has a precision of 1 second.
+    if (0 == pid || 4 == pid) {
+        // the python module will translate this into BOOT_TIME later
+        create_time = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        create_time = ((LONGLONG)process->CreateTime.HighPart) << 32;
+        create_time += process->CreateTime.LowPart - 116444736000000000LL;
+        create_time /= 10000000;
+    }
+    num_threads = (int)process->NumberOfThreads;
+    io_rcount = process->ReadOperationCount.QuadPart;
+    io_wcount = process->WriteOperationCount.QuadPart;
+    io_rbytes = process->ReadTransferCount.QuadPart;
+    io_wbytes = process->WriteTransferCount.QuadPart;
+    free(buffer);
+
+    return Py_BuildValue(
+        "kkdddiKKKK",
+        num_handles,
+        ctx_switches,
+        user_time,
+        kernel_time,
+        (double)create_time,
+        num_threads,
+        io_rcount,
+        io_wcount,
+        io_rbytes,
+        io_wbytes
+    );
+}
+
+
+static char *get_region_protection_string(ULONG protection)
+{
+    switch (protection & 0xff) {
+        case PAGE_NOACCESS:
+            return "";
+        case PAGE_READONLY:
+            return "r";
+        case PAGE_READWRITE:
+            return "rw";
+        case PAGE_WRITECOPY:
+            return "wc";
+        case PAGE_EXECUTE:
+            return "x";
+        case PAGE_EXECUTE_READ:
+            return "xr";
+        case PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE:
+            return "xrw";
+        case PAGE_EXECUTE_WRITECOPY:
+            return "xwc";
+        default:
+            return "?";
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a list of process's memory mappings.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    DWORD pid;
+    HANDLE hProcess = NULL;
+    MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION basicInfo;
+    PVOID baseAddress;
+    PVOID previousAllocationBase;
+    CHAR mappedFileName[MAX_PATH];
+    SYSTEM_INFO system_info;
+    LPVOID maxAddr;
+    PyObject *py_list = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+
+    if (py_list == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &pid)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (NULL == hProcess) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    GetSystemInfo(&system_info);
+    maxAddr = system_info.lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
+    baseAddress = NULL;
+    previousAllocationBase = NULL;
+
+    while (VirtualQueryEx(hProcess, baseAddress, &basicInfo,
+                          sizeof(MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION)))
+    {
+        py_tuple = NULL;
+        if (baseAddress > maxAddr) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (GetMappedFileNameA(hProcess, baseAddress, mappedFileName,
+                               sizeof(mappedFileName)))
+        {
+            py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                "(kssI)",
+                (unsigned long)baseAddress,
+                get_region_protection_string(basicInfo.Protect),
+                mappedFileName,
+                basicInfo.RegionSize);
+            if (!py_tuple)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(py_list, py_tuple))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+        }
+        previousAllocationBase = basicInfo.AllocationBase;
+        baseAddress = (PCHAR)baseAddress + basicInfo.RegionSize;
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return py_list;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_DECREF(py_list);
+    if (hProcess != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return a {pid:ppid, ...} dict for all running processes.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_ppid_map(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    PyObject *pid = NULL;
+    PyObject *ppid = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    HANDLE handle = NULL;
+    PROCESSENTRY32 pe = {0};
+    pe.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    handle = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
+    if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (Process32First(handle, &pe)) {
+        do {
+            pid = Py_BuildValue("I", pe.th32ProcessID);
+            if (pid == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            ppid = Py_BuildValue("I", pe.th32ParentProcessID);
+            if (ppid == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyDict_SetItem(py_retdict, pid, ppid))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(pid);
+            Py_DECREF(ppid);
+        } while (Process32Next(handle, &pe));
+    }
+
+    CloseHandle(handle);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(pid);
+    Py_XDECREF(ppid);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    CloseHandle(handle);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return NICs addresses.
+ */
+
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_if_addrs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    unsigned int i = 0;
+    ULONG family;
+    PCTSTR intRet;
+    char *ptr;
+    char buff[100];
+    char ifname[MAX_PATH];
+    DWORD bufflen = 100;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pAddresses = NULL;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pCurrAddresses = NULL;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_UNICAST_ADDRESS pUnicast = NULL;
+
+    PyObject *py_retlist = PyList_New(0);
+    PyObject *py_tuple = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_address = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_mac_address = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retlist == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    pAddresses = psutil_get_nic_addresses();
+    if (pAddresses == NULL)
+        goto error;
+    pCurrAddresses = pAddresses;
+
+    while (pCurrAddresses) {
+        pUnicast = pCurrAddresses->FirstUnicastAddress;
+        sprintf_s(ifname, MAX_PATH, "%wS", pCurrAddresses->FriendlyName);
+
+        // MAC address
+        if (pCurrAddresses->PhysicalAddressLength != 0) {
+            ptr = buff;
+            *ptr = '\0';
+            for (i = 0; i < (int) pCurrAddresses->PhysicalAddressLength; i++) {
+                if (i == (pCurrAddresses->PhysicalAddressLength - 1)) {
+                    sprintf_s(ptr, _countof(buff), "%.2X\n",
+                            (int)pCurrAddresses->PhysicalAddress[i]);
+                }
+                else {
+                    sprintf_s(ptr, _countof(buff), "%.2X-",
+                            (int)pCurrAddresses->PhysicalAddress[i]);
+                }
+                ptr += 3;
+            }
+            *--ptr = '\0';
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            py_mac_address = PyUnicode_FromString(buff);
+#else
+            py_mac_address = PyString_FromString(buff);
+#endif
+            if (py_mac_address == NULL)
+                goto error;
+
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                "(siOOO)",
+                ifname,
+                -1,  // this will be converted later to AF_LINK
+                py_mac_address,
+                Py_None,
+                Py_None
+            );
+            if (! py_tuple)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+            Py_DECREF(py_mac_address);
+        }
+
+        // find out the IP address associated with the NIC
+        if (pUnicast != NULL) {
+            for (i = 0; pUnicast != NULL; i++) {
+                family = pUnicast->Address.lpSockaddr->sa_family;
+                if (family == AF_INET) {
+                    struct sockaddr_in *sa_in = (struct sockaddr_in *)
+                        pUnicast->Address.lpSockaddr;
+                    intRet = inet_ntop(AF_INET, &(sa_in->sin_addr), buff,
+                                       bufflen);
+                }
+                else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+                    struct sockaddr_in6 *sa_in6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)
+                        pUnicast->Address.lpSockaddr;
+                    intRet = inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &(sa_in6->sin6_addr),
+                                       buff, bufflen);
+                }
+                else {
+                    // we should never get here
+                    pUnicast = pUnicast->Next;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (intRet == NULL) {
+                    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(GetLastError());
+                    goto error;
+                }
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                py_address = PyUnicode_FromString(buff);
+#else
+                py_address = PyString_FromString(buff);
+#endif
+                if (py_address == NULL)
+                    goto error;
+
+                Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+                Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+                py_tuple = Py_BuildValue(
+                    "(siOOO)",
+                    ifname,
+                    family,
+                    py_address,
+                    Py_None,
+                    Py_None
+                );
+
+                if (! py_tuple)
+                    goto error;
+                if (PyList_Append(py_retlist, py_tuple))
+                    goto error;
+                Py_DECREF(py_tuple);
+                Py_DECREF(py_address);
+
+                pUnicast = pUnicast->Next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        pCurrAddresses = pCurrAddresses->Next;
+    }
+
+    free(pAddresses);
+    return py_retlist;
+
+error:
+    if (pAddresses)
+        free(pAddresses);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retlist);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_tuple);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_address);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Provides stats about NIC interfaces installed on the system.
+ * TODO: get 'duplex' (currently it's hard coded to '2', aka
+         'full duplex')
+ */
+static PyObject *
+psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+{
+    int i;
+    DWORD dwSize = 0;
+    DWORD dwRetVal = 0;
+    MIB_IFTABLE *pIfTable;
+    MIB_IFROW *pIfRow;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pAddresses = NULL;
+    PIP_ADAPTER_ADDRESSES pCurrAddresses = NULL;
+    char friendly_name[MAX_PATH];
+    char descr[MAX_PATH];
+    int ifname_found;
+
+    PyObject *py_retdict = PyDict_New();
+    PyObject *py_ifc_info = NULL;
+    PyObject *py_is_up = NULL;
+
+    if (py_retdict == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    pAddresses = psutil_get_nic_addresses();
+    if (pAddresses == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    pIfTable = (MIB_IFTABLE *) malloc(sizeof (MIB_IFTABLE));
+    if (pIfTable == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+    dwSize = sizeof(MIB_IFTABLE);
+    if (GetIfTable(pIfTable, &dwSize, FALSE) == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER) {
+        free(pIfTable);
+        pIfTable = (MIB_IFTABLE *) malloc(dwSize);
+        if (pIfTable == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    // Make a second call to GetIfTable to get the actual
+    // data we want.
+    if ((dwRetVal = GetIfTable(pIfTable, &dwSize, FALSE)) != NO_ERROR) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "GetIfTable() failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < (int) pIfTable->dwNumEntries; i++) {
+        pIfRow = (MIB_IFROW *) & pIfTable->table[i];
+
+        // GetIfTable is not able to give us NIC with "friendly names"
+        // so we determine them via GetAdapterAddresses() which
+        // provides friendly names *and* descriptions and find the
+        // ones that match.
+        ifname_found = 0;
+        pCurrAddresses = pAddresses;
+        while (pCurrAddresses) {
+            sprintf_s(descr, MAX_PATH, "%wS", pCurrAddresses->Description);
+            if (lstrcmp(descr, pIfRow->bDescr) == 0) {
+                sprintf_s(friendly_name, MAX_PATH, "%wS", pCurrAddresses->FriendlyName);
+                ifname_found = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+            pCurrAddresses = pCurrAddresses->Next;
+        }
+        if (ifname_found == 0) {
+            // Name not found means GetAdapterAddresses() doesn't list
+            // this NIC, only GetIfTable, meaning it's not really a NIC
+            // interface so we skip it.
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // is up?
+		if((pIfRow->dwOperStatus == MIB_IF_OPER_STATUS_CONNECTED ||
+                pIfRow->dwOperStatus == MIB_IF_OPER_STATUS_OPERATIONAL) &&
+                pIfRow->dwAdminStatus == 1 ) {
+			py_is_up = Py_True;
+		}
+		else {
+			py_is_up = Py_False;
+		}
+        Py_INCREF(py_is_up);
+
+        py_ifc_info = Py_BuildValue(
+            "(Oikk)",
+            py_is_up,
+            2,  // there's no way to know duplex so let's assume 'full'
+            pIfRow->dwSpeed / 1000000,  // expressed in bytes, we want Mb
+            pIfRow->dwMtu
+        );
+        if (!py_ifc_info)
+            goto error;
+        if (PyDict_SetItemString(py_retdict, friendly_name, py_ifc_info))
+            goto error;
+        Py_DECREF(py_ifc_info);
+    }
+
+    free(pIfTable);
+    free(pAddresses);
+    return py_retdict;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_is_up);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_ifc_info);
+    Py_DECREF(py_retdict);
+    if (pIfTable != NULL)
+        free(pIfTable);
+    if (pAddresses != NULL)
+        free(pAddresses);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+// ------------------------ Python init ---------------------------
+
+static PyMethodDef
+PsutilMethods[] =
+{
+    // --- per-process functions
+
+    {"proc_cmdline", psutil_proc_cmdline, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process cmdline as a list of cmdline arguments"},
+    {"proc_exe", psutil_proc_exe, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return path of the process executable"},
+    {"proc_name", psutil_proc_name, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process name"},
+    {"proc_kill", psutil_proc_kill, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Kill the process identified by the given PID"},
+    {"proc_cpu_times", psutil_proc_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return tuple of user/kern time for the given PID"},
+    {"proc_create_time", psutil_proc_create_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a float indicating the process create time expressed in "
+     "seconds since the epoch"},
+    {"proc_memory_info", psutil_proc_memory_info, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a tuple of process memory information"},
+    {"proc_memory_info_2", psutil_proc_memory_info_2, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Alternate implementation"},
+    {"proc_cwd", psutil_proc_cwd, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process current working directory"},
+    {"proc_suspend", psutil_proc_suspend, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Suspend a process"},
+    {"proc_resume", psutil_proc_resume, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Resume a process"},
+    {"proc_open_files", psutil_proc_open_files, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return files opened by process"},
+    {"proc_username", psutil_proc_username, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the username of a process"},
+    {"proc_threads", psutil_proc_threads, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process threads information as a list of tuple"},
+    {"proc_wait", psutil_proc_wait, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Wait for process to terminate and return its exit code."},
+    {"proc_priority_get", psutil_proc_priority_get, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process priority."},
+    {"proc_priority_set", psutil_proc_priority_set, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process priority."},
+#if (_WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0600)  // Windows Vista
+    {"proc_io_priority_get", psutil_proc_io_priority_get, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process IO priority."},
+    {"proc_io_priority_set", psutil_proc_io_priority_set, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process IO priority."},
+#endif
+    {"proc_cpu_affinity_get", psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return process CPU affinity as a bitmask."},
+    {"proc_cpu_affinity_set", psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Set process CPU affinity."},
+    {"proc_io_counters", psutil_proc_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Get process I/O counters."},
+    {"proc_is_suspended", psutil_proc_is_suspended, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return True if one of the process threads is in a suspended state"},
+    {"proc_num_handles", psutil_proc_num_handles, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the number of handles opened by process."},
+    {"proc_memory_maps", psutil_proc_memory_maps, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a list of process's memory mappings"},
+
+    // --- alternative pinfo interface
+    {"proc_info", psutil_proc_info, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Various process information"},
+
+    // --- system-related functions
+    {"pids", psutil_pids, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Returns a list of PIDs currently running on the system"},
+    {"ppid_map", psutil_ppid_map, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a {pid:ppid, ...} dict for all running processes"},
+    {"pid_exists", psutil_pid_exists, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Determine if the process exists in the current process list."},
+    {"cpu_count_logical", psutil_cpu_count_logical, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Returns the number of logical CPUs on the system"},
+    {"cpu_count_phys", psutil_cpu_count_phys, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Returns the number of physical CPUs on the system"},
+    {"boot_time", psutil_boot_time, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."},
+    {"virtual_mem", psutil_virtual_mem, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return the total amount of physical memory, in bytes"},
+    {"cpu_times", psutil_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system cpu times as a list"},
+    {"per_cpu_times", psutil_per_cpu_times, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system per-cpu times as a list of tuples"},
+    {"disk_usage", psutil_disk_usage, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return path's disk total and free as a Python tuple."},
+    {"net_io_counters", psutil_net_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return dict of tuples of networks I/O information."},
+    {"disk_io_counters", psutil_disk_io_counters, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return dict of tuples of disks I/O information."},
+    {"users", psutil_users, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return a list of currently connected users."},
+    {"disk_partitions", psutil_disk_partitions, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return disk partitions."},
+    {"net_connections", psutil_net_connections, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return system-wide connections"},
+    {"net_if_addrs", psutil_net_if_addrs, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return NICs addresses."},
+    {"net_if_stats", psutil_net_if_stats, METH_VARARGS,
+     "Return NICs stats."},
+
+    // --- windows API bindings
+    {"win32_QueryDosDevice", psutil_win32_QueryDosDevice, METH_VARARGS,
+     "QueryDosDevice binding"},
+
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+
+struct module_state {
+    PyObject *error;
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define GETSTATE(m) ((struct module_state*)PyModule_GetState(m))
+#else
+#define GETSTATE(m) (&_state)
+static struct module_state _state;
+#endif
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+static int psutil_windows_traverse(PyObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int psutil_windows_clear(PyObject *m) {
+    Py_CLEAR(GETSTATE(m)->error);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "psutil_windows",
+    NULL,
+    sizeof(struct module_state),
+    PsutilMethods,
+    NULL,
+    psutil_windows_traverse,
+    psutil_windows_clear,
+    NULL
+};
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__psutil_windows(void)
+
+#else
+#define INITERROR return
+void init_psutil_windows(void)
+#endif
+{
+    struct module_state *st = NULL;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+#else
+    PyObject *module = Py_InitModule("_psutil_windows", PsutilMethods);
+#endif
+
+    if (module == NULL) {
+        INITERROR;
+    }
+
+    st = GETSTATE(module);
+    st->error = PyErr_NewException("_psutil_windows.Error", NULL, NULL);
+    if (st->error == NULL) {
+        Py_DECREF(module);
+        INITERROR;
+    }
+
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, "version", PSUTIL_VERSION);
+
+    // process status constants
+    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms683211(v=vs.85).aspx
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS", HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS", IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS", REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+    // connection status constants
+    // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc669305.aspx
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSED", MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSED);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSING", MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSING);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSE_WAIT", MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSE_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_LISTEN", MIB_TCP_STATE_LISTEN);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_ESTAB", MIB_TCP_STATE_ESTAB);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_SYN_SENT", MIB_TCP_STATE_SYN_SENT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_SYN_RCVD", MIB_TCP_STATE_SYN_RCVD);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_FIN_WAIT1", MIB_TCP_STATE_FIN_WAIT1);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_FIN_WAIT2", MIB_TCP_STATE_FIN_WAIT2);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_LAST_ACK", MIB_TCP_STATE_LAST_ACK);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_TIME_WAIT", MIB_TCP_STATE_TIME_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_TIME_WAIT", MIB_TCP_STATE_TIME_WAIT);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "MIB_TCP_STATE_DELETE_TCB", MIB_TCP_STATE_DELETE_TCB);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "PSUTIL_CONN_NONE", PSUTIL_CONN_NONE);
+    // ...for internal use in _psutil_windows.py
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "INFINITE", INFINITE);
+    PyModule_AddIntConstant(
+        module, "ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED", ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED);
+
+    // set SeDebug for the current process
+    psutil_set_se_debug();
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return module;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_windows.h b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_windows.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c77f64e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_psutil_windows.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+
+// --- per-process functions
+
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cmdline(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_affinity_set(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_create_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_cwd(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_exe(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_info(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_is_suspended(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_kill(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_info(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_info_2(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_memory_maps(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_name(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_num_handles(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_open_files(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_priority_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_priority_set(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_resume(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_suspend(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_threads(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_username(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_wait(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+#if (PSUTIL_WINVER >= 0x0600)  // Windows Vista
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_io_priority_get(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_proc_io_priority_set(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+#endif
+
+// --- system-related functions
+
+static PyObject* psutil_boot_time(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_logical(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_count_phys(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_partitions(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_disk_usage(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_connections(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_io_counters(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_per_cpu_times(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_pid_exists(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_pids(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_ppid_map(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_users(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_virtual_mem(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_if_addrs(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+static PyObject* psutil_net_if_stats(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+// --- windows API bindings
+
+static PyObject* psutil_win32_QueryDosDevice(PyObject* self, PyObject* args);
+
+// --- internal
+
+int psutil_proc_suspend_or_resume(DWORD pid, int suspend);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/_pswindows.py b/python/psutil/psutil/_pswindows.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d8babb19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/_pswindows.py
@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Windows platform implementation."""
+
+import errno
+import functools
+import os
+import sys
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from . import _common
+from . import _psutil_windows as cext
+from ._common import conn_tmap, usage_percent, isfile_strict
+from ._common import sockfam_to_enum, socktype_to_enum
+from ._compat import PY3, xrange, lru_cache, long
+from ._psutil_windows import (ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                              BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                              HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                              IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                              NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS,
+                              REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+    import enum
+else:
+    enum = None
+
+# process priority constants, import from __init__.py:
+# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686219(v=vs.85).aspx
+__extra__all__ = ["ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", "BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS",
+                  "HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS", "IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS",
+                  "NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS", "REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS",
+                  "CONN_DELETE_TCB",
+                  "AF_LINK",
+                  ]
+
+# --- module level constants (gets pushed up to psutil module)
+
+CONN_DELETE_TCB = "DELETE_TCB"
+WAIT_TIMEOUT = 0x00000102  # 258 in decimal
+ACCESS_DENIED_SET = frozenset([errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES,
+                               cext.ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED])
+if enum is None:
+    AF_LINK = -1
+else:
+    AddressFamily = enum.IntEnum('AddressFamily', {'AF_LINK': -1})
+    AF_LINK = AddressFamily.AF_LINK
+
+TCP_STATUSES = {
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_ESTAB: _common.CONN_ESTABLISHED,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_SYN_SENT: _common.CONN_SYN_SENT,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_SYN_RCVD: _common.CONN_SYN_RECV,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_FIN_WAIT1: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT1,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_FIN_WAIT2: _common.CONN_FIN_WAIT2,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_TIME_WAIT: _common.CONN_TIME_WAIT,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSED: _common.CONN_CLOSE,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSE_WAIT: _common.CONN_CLOSE_WAIT,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_LAST_ACK: _common.CONN_LAST_ACK,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_LISTEN: _common.CONN_LISTEN,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_CLOSING: _common.CONN_CLOSING,
+    cext.MIB_TCP_STATE_DELETE_TCB: CONN_DELETE_TCB,
+    cext.PSUTIL_CONN_NONE: _common.CONN_NONE,
+}
+
+if enum is not None:
+    class Priority(enum.IntEnum):
+        ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
+        BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = BELOW_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
+        HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS = HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS
+        IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS = IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS
+        NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS
+        REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS = REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS
+
+    globals().update(Priority.__members__)
+
+scputimes = namedtuple('scputimes', ['user', 'system', 'idle'])
+svmem = namedtuple('svmem', ['total', 'available', 'percent', 'used', 'free'])
+pextmem = namedtuple(
+    'pextmem', ['num_page_faults', 'peak_wset', 'wset', 'peak_paged_pool',
+                'paged_pool', 'peak_nonpaged_pool', 'nonpaged_pool',
+                'pagefile', 'peak_pagefile', 'private'])
+pmmap_grouped = namedtuple('pmmap_grouped', ['path', 'rss'])
+pmmap_ext = namedtuple(
+    'pmmap_ext', 'addr perms ' + ' '.join(pmmap_grouped._fields))
+ntpinfo = namedtuple(
+    'ntpinfo', ['num_handles', 'ctx_switches', 'user_time', 'kernel_time',
+                'create_time', 'num_threads', 'io_rcount', 'io_wcount',
+                'io_rbytes', 'io_wbytes'])
+
+# set later from __init__.py
+NoSuchProcess = None
+AccessDenied = None
+TimeoutExpired = None
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=512)
+def _win32_QueryDosDevice(s):
+    return cext.win32_QueryDosDevice(s)
+
+
+def _convert_raw_path(s):
+    # convert paths using native DOS format like:
+    # "\Device\HarddiskVolume1\Windows\systemew\file.txt"
+    # into: "C:\Windows\systemew\file.txt"
+    if PY3 and not isinstance(s, str):
+        s = s.decode('utf8')
+    rawdrive = '\\'.join(s.split('\\')[:3])
+    driveletter = _win32_QueryDosDevice(rawdrive)
+    return os.path.join(driveletter, s[len(rawdrive):])
+
+
+# --- public functions
+
+
+def virtual_memory():
+    """System virtual memory as a namedtuple."""
+    mem = cext.virtual_mem()
+    totphys, availphys, totpagef, availpagef, totvirt, freevirt = mem
+    #
+    total = totphys
+    avail = availphys
+    free = availphys
+    used = total - avail
+    percent = usage_percent((total - avail), total, _round=1)
+    return svmem(total, avail, percent, used, free)
+
+
+def swap_memory():
+    """Swap system memory as a (total, used, free, sin, sout) tuple."""
+    mem = cext.virtual_mem()
+    total = mem[2]
+    free = mem[3]
+    used = total - free
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    return _common.sswap(total, used, free, percent, 0, 0)
+
+
+def disk_usage(path):
+    """Return disk usage associated with path."""
+    try:
+        total, free = cext.disk_usage(path)
+    except WindowsError:
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            msg = "No such file or directory: '%s'" % path
+            raise OSError(errno.ENOENT, msg)
+        raise
+    used = total - free
+    percent = usage_percent(used, total, _round=1)
+    return _common.sdiskusage(total, used, free, percent)
+
+
+def disk_partitions(all):
+    """Return disk partitions."""
+    rawlist = cext.disk_partitions(all)
+    return [_common.sdiskpart(*x) for x in rawlist]
+
+
+def cpu_times():
+    """Return system CPU times as a named tuple."""
+    user, system, idle = cext.cpu_times()
+    return scputimes(user, system, idle)
+
+
+def per_cpu_times():
+    """Return system per-CPU times as a list of named tuples."""
+    ret = []
+    for cpu_t in cext.per_cpu_times():
+        user, system, idle = cpu_t
+        item = scputimes(user, system, idle)
+        ret.append(item)
+    return ret
+
+
+def cpu_count_logical():
+    """Return the number of logical CPUs in the system."""
+    return cext.cpu_count_logical()
+
+
+def cpu_count_physical():
+    """Return the number of physical CPUs in the system."""
+    return cext.cpu_count_phys()
+
+
+def boot_time():
+    """The system boot time expressed in seconds since the epoch."""
+    return cext.boot_time()
+
+
+def net_connections(kind, _pid=-1):
+    """Return socket connections.  If pid == -1 return system-wide
+    connections (as opposed to connections opened by one process only).
+    """
+    if kind not in conn_tmap:
+        raise ValueError("invalid %r kind argument; choose between %s"
+                         % (kind, ', '.join([repr(x) for x in conn_tmap])))
+    families, types = conn_tmap[kind]
+    rawlist = cext.net_connections(_pid, families, types)
+    ret = set()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status, pid = item
+        status = TCP_STATUSES[status]
+        fam = sockfam_to_enum(fam)
+        type = socktype_to_enum(type)
+        if _pid == -1:
+            nt = _common.sconn(fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status, pid)
+        else:
+            nt = _common.pconn(fd, fam, type, laddr, raddr, status)
+        ret.add(nt)
+    return list(ret)
+
+
+def net_if_stats():
+    ret = cext.net_if_stats()
+    for name, items in ret.items():
+        isup, duplex, speed, mtu = items
+        if hasattr(_common, 'NicDuplex'):
+            duplex = _common.NicDuplex(duplex)
+        ret[name] = _common.snicstats(isup, duplex, speed, mtu)
+    return ret
+
+
+def users():
+    """Return currently connected users as a list of namedtuples."""
+    retlist = []
+    rawlist = cext.users()
+    for item in rawlist:
+        user, hostname, tstamp = item
+        nt = _common.suser(user, None, hostname, tstamp)
+        retlist.append(nt)
+    return retlist
+
+
+pids = cext.pids
+pid_exists = cext.pid_exists
+net_io_counters = cext.net_io_counters
+disk_io_counters = cext.disk_io_counters
+ppid_map = cext.ppid_map  # not meant to be public
+net_if_addrs = cext.net_if_addrs
+
+
+def wrap_exceptions(fun):
+    """Decorator which translates bare OSError and WindowsError
+    exceptions into NoSuchProcess and AccessDenied.
+    """
+    @functools.wraps(fun)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except OSError as err:
+            # support for private module import
+            if NoSuchProcess is None or AccessDenied is None:
+                raise
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Process(object):
+    """Wrapper class around underlying C implementation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["pid", "_name", "_ppid"]
+
+    def __init__(self, pid):
+        self.pid = pid
+        self._name = None
+        self._ppid = None
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def name(self):
+        """Return process name, which on Windows is always the final
+        part of the executable.
+        """
+        # This is how PIDs 0 and 4 are always represented in taskmgr
+        # and process-hacker.
+        if self.pid == 0:
+            return "System Idle Process"
+        elif self.pid == 4:
+            return "System"
+        else:
+            try:
+                # Note: this will fail with AD for most PIDs owned
+                # by another user but it's faster.
+                return os.path.basename(self.exe())
+            except AccessDenied:
+                return cext.proc_name(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def exe(self):
+        # Note: os.path.exists(path) may return False even if the file
+        # is there, see:
+        # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3112546/os-path-exists-lies
+
+        # see https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/414
+        # see https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/528
+        if self.pid in (0, 4):
+            raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+        return _convert_raw_path(cext.proc_exe(self.pid))
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cmdline(self):
+        return cext.proc_cmdline(self.pid)
+
+    def ppid(self):
+        try:
+            return ppid_map()[self.pid]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+
+    def _get_raw_meminfo(self):
+        try:
+            return cext.proc_memory_info(self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                # TODO: the C ext can probably be refactored in order
+                # to get this from cext.proc_info()
+                return cext.proc_memory_info_2(self.pid)
+            raise
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info(self):
+        # on Windows RSS == WorkingSetSize and VSM == PagefileUsage
+        # fields of PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS struct:
+        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/
+        #     ms684877(v=vs.85).aspx
+        t = self._get_raw_meminfo()
+        return _common.pmem(t[2], t[7])
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def memory_info_ex(self):
+        return pextmem(*self._get_raw_meminfo())
+
+    def memory_maps(self):
+        try:
+            raw = cext.proc_memory_maps(self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            # XXX - can't use wrap_exceptions decorator as we're
+            # returning a generator; probably needs refactoring.
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                raise NoSuchProcess(self.pid, self._name)
+            raise
+        else:
+            for addr, perm, path, rss in raw:
+                path = _convert_raw_path(path)
+                addr = hex(addr)
+                yield (addr, perm, path, rss)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def kill(self):
+        return cext.proc_kill(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def wait(self, timeout=None):
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = cext.INFINITE
+        else:
+            # WaitForSingleObject() expects time in milliseconds
+            timeout = int(timeout * 1000)
+        ret = cext.proc_wait(self.pid, timeout)
+        if ret == WAIT_TIMEOUT:
+            # support for private module import
+            if TimeoutExpired is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("timeout expired")
+            raise TimeoutExpired(timeout, self.pid, self._name)
+        return ret
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def username(self):
+        if self.pid in (0, 4):
+            return 'NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM'
+        return cext.proc_username(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def create_time(self):
+        # special case for kernel process PIDs; return system boot time
+        if self.pid in (0, 4):
+            return boot_time()
+        try:
+            return cext.proc_create_time(self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                return ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(self.pid)).create_time
+            raise
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_threads(self):
+        return ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(self.pid)).num_threads
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def threads(self):
+        rawlist = cext.proc_threads(self.pid)
+        retlist = []
+        for thread_id, utime, stime in rawlist:
+            ntuple = _common.pthread(thread_id, utime, stime)
+            retlist.append(ntuple)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_times(self):
+        try:
+            ret = cext.proc_cpu_times(self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                nt = ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(self.pid))
+                ret = (nt.user_time, nt.kernel_time)
+            else:
+                raise
+        return _common.pcputimes(*ret)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def suspend(self):
+        return cext.proc_suspend(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def resume(self):
+        return cext.proc_resume(self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cwd(self):
+        if self.pid in (0, 4):
+            raise AccessDenied(self.pid, self._name)
+        # return a normalized pathname since the native C function appends
+        # "\\" at the and of the path
+        path = cext.proc_cwd(self.pid)
+        return os.path.normpath(path)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def open_files(self):
+        if self.pid in (0, 4):
+            return []
+        retlist = []
+        # Filenames come in in native format like:
+        # "\Device\HarddiskVolume1\Windows\systemew\file.txt"
+        # Convert the first part in the corresponding drive letter
+        # (e.g. "C:\") by using Windows's QueryDosDevice()
+        raw_file_names = cext.proc_open_files(self.pid)
+        for _file in raw_file_names:
+            _file = _convert_raw_path(_file)
+            if isfile_strict(_file) and _file not in retlist:
+                ntuple = _common.popenfile(_file, -1)
+                retlist.append(ntuple)
+        return retlist
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def connections(self, kind='inet'):
+        return net_connections(kind, _pid=self.pid)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_get(self):
+        value = cext.proc_priority_get(self.pid)
+        if enum is not None:
+            value = Priority(value)
+        return value
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def nice_set(self, value):
+        return cext.proc_priority_set(self.pid, value)
+
+    # available on Windows >= Vista
+    if hasattr(cext, "proc_io_priority_get"):
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def ionice_get(self):
+            return cext.proc_io_priority_get(self.pid)
+
+        @wrap_exceptions
+        def ionice_set(self, value, _):
+            if _:
+                raise TypeError("set_proc_ionice() on Windows takes only "
+                                "1 argument (2 given)")
+            if value not in (2, 1, 0):
+                raise ValueError("value must be 2 (normal), 1 (low) or 0 "
+                                 "(very low); got %r" % value)
+            return cext.proc_io_priority_set(self.pid, value)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def io_counters(self):
+        try:
+            ret = cext.proc_io_counters(self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                nt = ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(self.pid))
+                ret = (nt.io_rcount, nt.io_wcount, nt.io_rbytes, nt.io_wbytes)
+            else:
+                raise
+        return _common.pio(*ret)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def status(self):
+        suspended = cext.proc_is_suspended(self.pid)
+        if suspended:
+            return _common.STATUS_STOPPED
+        else:
+            return _common.STATUS_RUNNING
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_affinity_get(self):
+        def from_bitmask(x):
+            return [i for i in xrange(64) if (1 << i) & x]
+        bitmask = cext.proc_cpu_affinity_get(self.pid)
+        return from_bitmask(bitmask)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def cpu_affinity_set(self, value):
+        def to_bitmask(l):
+            if not l:
+                raise ValueError("invalid argument %r" % l)
+            out = 0
+            for b in l:
+                out |= 2 ** b
+            return out
+
+        # SetProcessAffinityMask() states that ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
+        # is returned for an invalid CPU but this seems not to be true,
+        # therefore we check CPUs validy beforehand.
+        allcpus = list(range(len(per_cpu_times())))
+        for cpu in value:
+            if cpu not in allcpus:
+                if not isinstance(cpu, (int, long)):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "invalid CPU %r; an integer is required" % cpu)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError("invalid CPU %r" % cpu)
+
+        bitmask = to_bitmask(value)
+        cext.proc_cpu_affinity_set(self.pid, bitmask)
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_handles(self):
+        try:
+            return cext.proc_num_handles(self.pid)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                return ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(self.pid)).num_handles
+            raise
+
+    @wrap_exceptions
+    def num_ctx_switches(self):
+        ctx_switches = ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(self.pid)).ctx_switches
+        # only voluntary ctx switches are supported
+        return _common.pctxsw(ctx_switches, 0)
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.c b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d7392406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.c
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Helper functions related to fetching process information.
+ * Used by _psutil_bsd module methods.
+ */
+
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/user.h>
+#include <sys/proc.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#include "process_info.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * Returns a list of all BSD processes on the system.  This routine
+ * allocates the list and puts it in *procList and a count of the
+ * number of entries in *procCount.  You are responsible for freeing
+ * this list (use "free" from System framework).
+ * On success, the function returns 0.
+ * On error, the function returns a BSD errno value.
+ */
+int
+psutil_get_proc_list(struct kinfo_proc **procList, size_t *procCount)
+{
+    int err;
+    struct kinfo_proc *result;
+    int done;
+    static const int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_PROC, KERN_PROC_PROC, 0 };
+    // Declaring name as const requires us to cast it when passing it to
+    // sysctl because the prototype doesn't include the const modifier.
+    size_t              length;
+
+    assert( procList != NULL);
+    assert(*procList == NULL);
+    assert(procCount != NULL);
+
+    *procCount = 0;
+
+    /*
+     * We start by calling sysctl with result == NULL and length == 0.
+     * That will succeed, and set length to the appropriate length.
+     * We then allocate a buffer of that size and call sysctl again
+     * with that buffer.  If that succeeds, we're done.  If that fails
+     * with ENOMEM, we have to throw away our buffer and loop.  Note
+     * that the loop causes use to call sysctl with NULL again; this
+     * is necessary because the ENOMEM failure case sets length to
+     * the amount of data returned, not the amount of data that
+     * could have been returned.
+     */
+    result = NULL;
+    done = 0;
+    do {
+        assert(result == NULL);
+        // Call sysctl with a NULL buffer.
+        length = 0;
+        err = sysctl((int *)name, (sizeof(name) / sizeof(*name)) - 1,
+                     NULL, &length, NULL, 0);
+        if (err == -1)
+            err = errno;
+
+        // Allocate an appropriately sized buffer based on the results
+        // from the previous call.
+        if (err == 0) {
+            result = malloc(length);
+            if (result == NULL)
+                err = ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        // Call sysctl again with the new buffer.  If we get an ENOMEM
+        // error, toss away our buffer and start again.
+        if (err == 0) {
+            err = sysctl((int *) name, (sizeof(name) / sizeof(*name)) - 1,
+                         result, &length, NULL, 0);
+            if (err == -1)
+                err = errno;
+            if (err == 0) {
+                done = 1;
+            }
+            else if (err == ENOMEM) {
+                assert(result != NULL);
+                free(result);
+                result = NULL;
+                err = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    } while (err == 0 && ! done);
+
+    // Clean up and establish post conditions.
+    if (err != 0 && result != NULL) {
+        free(result);
+        result = NULL;
+    }
+
+    *procList = result;
+    *procCount = length / sizeof(struct kinfo_proc);
+
+    assert((err == 0) == (*procList != NULL));
+    return err;
+}
+
+
+char
+*psutil_get_cmd_path(long pid, size_t *pathsize)
+{
+    int mib[4];
+    char *path;
+    size_t size = 0;
+
+    /*
+     * Make a sysctl() call to get the raw argument space of the process.
+     */
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PATHNAME;
+    mib[3] = pid;
+
+    // call with a null buffer first to determine if we need a buffer
+    if (sysctl(mib, 4, NULL, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    path = malloc(size);
+    if (path == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    *pathsize = size;
+    if (sysctl(mib, 4, path, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        free(path);
+        return NULL;       // Insufficient privileges
+    }
+
+    return path;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * XXX no longer used; it probably makese sense to remove it.
+ * Borrowed from psi Python System Information project
+ *
+ * Get command arguments and environment variables.
+ *
+ * Based on code from ps.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *      0 for success;
+ *      -1 for failure (Exception raised);
+ *      1 for insufficient privileges.
+ */
+char
+*psutil_get_cmd_args(long pid, size_t *argsize)
+{
+    int mib[4], argmax;
+    size_t size = sizeof(argmax);
+    char *procargs = NULL;
+
+    // Get the maximum process arguments size.
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_ARGMAX;
+
+    size = sizeof(argmax);
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &argmax, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    // Allocate space for the arguments.
+    procargs = (char *)malloc(argmax);
+    if (procargs == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Make a sysctl() call to get the raw argument space of the process.
+     */
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_ARGS;
+    mib[3] = pid;
+
+    size = argmax;
+    if (sysctl(mib, 4, procargs, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        free(procargs);
+        return NULL;       // Insufficient privileges
+    }
+
+    // return string and set the length of arguments
+    *argsize = size;
+    return procargs;
+}
+
+
+// returns the command line as a python list object
+PyObject *
+psutil_get_arg_list(long pid)
+{
+    char *argstr = NULL;
+    int pos = 0;
+    size_t argsize = 0;
+    PyObject *retlist = Py_BuildValue("[]");
+    PyObject *item = NULL;
+
+    if (pid < 0)
+        return retlist;
+    argstr = psutil_get_cmd_args(pid, &argsize);
+    if (argstr == NULL)
+        goto error;
+
+    // args are returned as a flattened string with \0 separators between
+    // arguments add each string to the list then step forward to the next
+    // separator
+    if (argsize > 0) {
+        while (pos < argsize) {
+            item = Py_BuildValue("s", &argstr[pos]);
+            if (!item)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(retlist, item))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(item);
+            pos = pos + strlen(&argstr[pos]) + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(argstr);
+    return retlist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(item);
+    Py_DECREF(retlist);
+    if (argstr != NULL)
+        free(argstr);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Return 1 if PID exists in the current process list, else 0.
+ */
+int
+psutil_pid_exists(long pid)
+{
+    int kill_ret;
+
+    if (pid < 0)
+        return 0;
+    // if kill returns success of permission denied we know it's a valid PID
+    kill_ret = kill(pid , 0);
+    if ((0 == kill_ret) || (EPERM == errno))
+        return 1;
+    // otherwise return 0 for PID not found
+    return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..858bd88a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+typedef struct kinfo_proc kinfo_proc;
+
+char *psutil_get_cmd_args(long pid, size_t *argsize);
+char *psutil_get_cmd_path(long pid, size_t *pathsize);
+int psutil_get_proc_list(struct kinfo_proc **procList, size_t *procCount);
+int psutil_pid_exists(long pid);
+PyObject* psutil_get_arg_list(long pid);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/osx/process_info.c b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/osx/process_info.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6dd5bb93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/osx/process_info.c
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Helper functions related to fetching process information.
+ * Used by _psutil_osx module methods.
+ */
+
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>  // for INT_MAX
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/sysctl.h>
+#include <libproc.h>
+
+#include "process_info.h"
+#include "../../_psutil_common.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * Return 1 if PID exists in the current process list, else 0.
+ */
+int
+psutil_pid_exists(long pid)
+{
+    int kill_ret;
+
+    // save some time if it's an invalid PID
+    if (pid < 0)
+        return 0;
+    // if kill returns success of permission denied we know it's a valid PID
+    kill_ret = kill(pid , 0);
+    if ( (0 == kill_ret) || (EPERM == errno))
+        return 1;
+
+    // otherwise return 0 for PID not found
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Returns a list of all BSD processes on the system.  This routine
+ * allocates the list and puts it in *procList and a count of the
+ * number of entries in *procCount.  You are responsible for freeing
+ * this list (use "free" from System framework).
+ * On success, the function returns 0.
+ * On error, the function returns a BSD errno value.
+ */
+int
+psutil_get_proc_list(kinfo_proc **procList, size_t *procCount)
+{
+    // Declaring mib as const requires use of a cast since the
+    // sysctl prototype doesn't include the const modifier.
+    static const int mib3[3] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_PROC, KERN_PROC_ALL };
+    size_t           size, size2;
+    void            *ptr;
+    int              err, lim = 8;  // some limit
+
+    assert( procList != NULL);
+    assert(*procList == NULL);
+    assert(procCount != NULL);
+
+    *procCount = 0;
+
+    /*
+     * We start by calling sysctl with ptr == NULL and size == 0.
+     * That will succeed, and set size to the appropriate length.
+     * We then allocate a buffer of at least that size and call
+     * sysctl with that buffer.  If that succeeds, we're done.
+     * If that call fails with ENOMEM, we throw the buffer away
+     * and try again.
+     * Note that the loop calls sysctl with NULL again.  This is
+     * is necessary because the ENOMEM failure case sets size to
+     * the amount of data returned, not the amount of data that
+     * could have been returned.
+     */
+    while (lim-- > 0) {
+        size = 0;
+        if (sysctl((int *)mib3, 3, NULL, &size, NULL, 0) == -1)
+            return errno;
+        size2 = size + (size >> 3);  // add some
+        if (size2 > size) {
+            ptr = malloc(size2);
+            if (ptr == NULL)
+                ptr = malloc(size);
+            else
+                size = size2;
+        }
+        else {
+            ptr = malloc(size);
+        }
+        if (ptr == NULL)
+            return ENOMEM;
+
+        if (sysctl((int *)mib3, 3, ptr, &size, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+            err = errno;
+            free(ptr);
+            if (err != ENOMEM)
+                return err;
+        }
+        else {
+            *procList = (kinfo_proc *)ptr;
+            *procCount = size / sizeof(kinfo_proc);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return ENOMEM;
+}
+
+
+// Read the maximum argument size for processes
+int
+psutil_get_argmax()
+{
+    int argmax;
+    int mib[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_ARGMAX };
+    size_t size = sizeof(argmax);
+
+    if (sysctl(mib, 2, &argmax, &size, NULL, 0) == 0)
+        return argmax;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+// return process args as a python list
+PyObject *
+psutil_get_arg_list(long pid)
+{
+    int mib[3];
+    int nargs;
+    int len;
+    char *procargs = NULL;
+    char *arg_ptr;
+    char *arg_end;
+    char *curr_arg;
+    size_t argmax;
+    PyObject *arg = NULL;
+    PyObject *arglist = NULL;
+
+    // special case for PID 0 (kernel_task) where cmdline cannot be fetched
+    if (pid == 0)
+        return Py_BuildValue("[]");
+
+    // read argmax and allocate memory for argument space.
+    argmax = psutil_get_argmax();
+    if (! argmax) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    procargs = (char *)malloc(argmax);
+    if (NULL == procargs) {
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // read argument space
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROCARGS2;
+    mib[2] = pid;
+    if (sysctl(mib, 3, procargs, &argmax, NULL, 0) < 0) {
+        if (EINVAL == errno) {
+            // EINVAL == access denied OR nonexistent PID
+            if (psutil_pid_exists(pid))
+                AccessDenied();
+            else
+                NoSuchProcess();
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    arg_end = &procargs[argmax];
+    // copy the number of arguments to nargs
+    memcpy(&nargs, procargs, sizeof(nargs));
+
+    arg_ptr = procargs + sizeof(nargs);
+    len = strlen(arg_ptr);
+    arg_ptr += len + 1;
+
+    if (arg_ptr == arg_end) {
+        free(procargs);
+        return Py_BuildValue("[]");
+    }
+
+    // skip ahead to the first argument
+    for (; arg_ptr < arg_end; arg_ptr++) {
+        if (*arg_ptr != '\0')
+            break;
+    }
+
+    // iterate through arguments
+    curr_arg = arg_ptr;
+    arglist = Py_BuildValue("[]");
+    if (!arglist)
+        goto error;
+    while (arg_ptr < arg_end && nargs > 0) {
+        if (*arg_ptr++ == '\0') {
+            arg = Py_BuildValue("s", curr_arg);
+            if (!arg)
+                goto error;
+            if (PyList_Append(arglist, arg))
+                goto error;
+            Py_DECREF(arg);
+            // iterate to next arg and decrement # of args
+            curr_arg = arg_ptr;
+            nargs--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(procargs);
+    return arglist;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(arg);
+    Py_XDECREF(arglist);
+    if (procargs != NULL)
+        free(procargs);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+int
+psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid_t pid, struct kinfo_proc *kp)
+{
+    int mib[4];
+    size_t len;
+    mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
+    mib[1] = KERN_PROC;
+    mib[2] = KERN_PROC_PID;
+    mib[3] = pid;
+
+    // fetch the info with sysctl()
+    len = sizeof(struct kinfo_proc);
+
+    // now read the data from sysctl
+    if (sysctl(mib, 4, kp, &len, NULL, 0) == -1) {
+        // raise an exception and throw errno as the error
+        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // sysctl succeeds but len is zero, happens when process has gone away
+    if (len == 0) {
+        NoSuchProcess();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * A thin wrapper around proc_pidinfo()
+ */
+int
+psutil_proc_pidinfo(long pid, int flavor, void *pti, int size)
+{
+    int ret = proc_pidinfo((int)pid, flavor, 0, pti, size);
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        if (! psutil_pid_exists(pid)) {
+            NoSuchProcess();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else {
+            AccessDenied();
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (ret != size) {
+        AccessDenied();
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/osx/process_info.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/osx/process_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c89c8570e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/osx/process_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+typedef struct kinfo_proc kinfo_proc;
+
+int psutil_get_argmax(void);
+int psutil_get_kinfo_proc(pid_t pid, struct kinfo_proc *kp);
+int psutil_get_proc_list(kinfo_proc **procList, size_t *procCount);
+int psutil_pid_exists(long pid);
+int psutil_proc_pidinfo(long pid, int flavor, void *pti, int size);
+PyObject* psutil_get_arg_list(long pid);
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/glpi.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/glpi.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f9848373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/glpi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// mingw headers are missing this
+
+typedef enum _LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP {
+    RelationProcessorCore,
+    RelationNumaNode,
+    RelationCache,
+    RelationProcessorPackage,
+    RelationGroup,
+    RelationAll=0xffff
+} LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP;
+
+typedef enum _PROCESSOR_CACHE_TYPE {
+    CacheUnified,CacheInstruction,CacheData,CacheTrace
+} PROCESSOR_CACHE_TYPE;
+
+typedef struct _CACHE_DESCRIPTOR {
+    BYTE Level;
+    BYTE Associativity;
+    WORD LineSize;
+    DWORD Size;
+    PROCESSOR_CACHE_TYPE Type;
+} CACHE_DESCRIPTOR,*PCACHE_DESCRIPTOR;
+
+typedef struct _SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION {
+    ULONG_PTR ProcessorMask;
+    LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP Relationship;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            BYTE Flags;
+        } ProcessorCore;
+        struct {
+            DWORD NodeNumber;
+        } NumaNode;
+        CACHE_DESCRIPTOR Cache;
+        ULONGLONG Reserved[2];
+    };
+} SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION,*PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION;
+
+WINBASEAPI WINBOOL WINAPI
+GetLogicalProcessorInformation(PSYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION Buffer,
+                               PDWORD ReturnedLength);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.c b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9fffd1c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.c
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#include "inet_ntop.h"
+
+// From: https://memset.wordpress.com/2010/10/09/inet_ntop-for-win32/
+PCSTR
+WSAAPI
+inet_ntop(
+    __in                                INT             Family,
+    __in                                PVOID           pAddr,
+    __out_ecount(StringBufSize)         PSTR            pStringBuf,
+    __in                                size_t          StringBufSize
+    )
+{
+    DWORD dwAddressLength = 0;
+    struct sockaddr_storage srcaddr;
+    struct sockaddr_in *srcaddr4 = (struct sockaddr_in*) &srcaddr;
+    struct sockaddr_in6 *srcaddr6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) &srcaddr;
+
+    memset(&srcaddr, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage));
+    srcaddr.ss_family = Family;
+
+    if (Family == AF_INET)
+    {
+        dwAddressLength = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+        memcpy(&(srcaddr4->sin_addr), pAddr, sizeof(struct in_addr));
+    } else if (Family == AF_INET6)
+    {
+        dwAddressLength = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
+        memcpy(&(srcaddr6->sin6_addr), pAddr, sizeof(struct in6_addr));
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (WSAAddressToString((LPSOCKADDR) &srcaddr,
+                           dwAddressLength,                           
+                           0, 
+                           pStringBuf, 
+                           (LPDWORD) &StringBufSize) != 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return pStringBuf;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d97e28c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include <ws2tcpip.h>
+
+PCSTR
+WSAAPI
+inet_ntop(
+    __in                                INT             Family,
+    __in                                PVOID           pAddr,
+    __out_ecount(StringBufSize)         PSTR            pStringBuf,
+    __in                                size_t          StringBufSize
+);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/ntextapi.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/ntextapi.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d10432a3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/ntextapi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+#if !defined(__NTEXTAPI_H__)
+#define __NTEXTAPI_H__
+#include <winternl.h>
+
+typedef enum _KTHREAD_STATE {
+    Initialized,
+    Ready,
+    Running,
+    Standby,
+    Terminated,
+    Waiting,
+    Transition,
+    DeferredReady,
+    GateWait,
+    MaximumThreadState
+} KTHREAD_STATE, *PKTHREAD_STATE;
+
+typedef enum _KWAIT_REASON {
+    Executive = 0,
+    FreePage = 1,
+    PageIn = 2,
+    PoolAllocation = 3,
+    DelayExecution = 4,
+    Suspended = 5,
+    UserRequest = 6,
+    WrExecutive = 7,
+    WrFreePage = 8,
+    WrPageIn = 9,
+    WrPoolAllocation = 10,
+    WrDelayExecution = 11,
+    WrSuspended = 12,
+    WrUserRequest = 13,
+    WrEventPair = 14,
+    WrQueue = 15,
+    WrLpcReceive = 16,
+    WrLpcReply = 17,
+    WrVirtualMemory = 18,
+    WrPageOut = 19,
+    WrRendezvous = 20,
+    Spare2 = 21,
+    Spare3 = 22,
+    Spare4 = 23,
+    Spare5 = 24,
+    WrCalloutStack = 25,
+    WrKernel = 26,
+    WrResource = 27,
+    WrPushLock = 28,
+    WrMutex = 29,
+    WrQuantumEnd = 30,
+    WrDispatchInt = 31,
+    WrPreempted = 32,
+    WrYieldExecution = 33,
+    WrFastMutex = 34,
+    WrGuardedMutex = 35,
+    WrRundown = 36,
+    MaximumWaitReason = 37
+} KWAIT_REASON, *PKWAIT_REASON;
+
+typedef struct _CLIENT_ID {
+    HANDLE UniqueProcess;
+    HANDLE UniqueThread;
+} CLIENT_ID, *PCLIENT_ID;
+
+typedef struct _SYSTEM_THREAD_INFORMATION {
+    LARGE_INTEGER KernelTime;
+    LARGE_INTEGER UserTime;
+    LARGE_INTEGER CreateTime;
+    ULONG WaitTime;
+    PVOID StartAddress;
+    CLIENT_ID ClientId;
+    LONG Priority;
+    LONG BasePriority;
+    ULONG ContextSwitches;
+    ULONG ThreadState;
+    KWAIT_REASON WaitReason;
+} SYSTEM_THREAD_INFORMATION, *PSYSTEM_THREAD_INFORMATION;
+
+typedef struct _TEB *PTEB;
+
+// private
+typedef struct _SYSTEM_EXTENDED_THREAD_INFORMATION {
+    SYSTEM_THREAD_INFORMATION ThreadInfo;
+    PVOID StackBase;
+    PVOID StackLimit;
+    PVOID Win32StartAddress;
+    PTEB TebBase;
+    ULONG_PTR Reserved2;
+    ULONG_PTR Reserved3;
+    ULONG_PTR Reserved4;
+} SYSTEM_EXTENDED_THREAD_INFORMATION, *PSYSTEM_EXTENDED_THREAD_INFORMATION;
+
+typedef struct _SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION2 {
+    ULONG NextEntryOffset;
+    ULONG NumberOfThreads;
+    LARGE_INTEGER SpareLi1;
+    LARGE_INTEGER SpareLi2;
+    LARGE_INTEGER SpareLi3;
+    LARGE_INTEGER CreateTime;
+    LARGE_INTEGER UserTime;
+    LARGE_INTEGER KernelTime;
+    UNICODE_STRING ImageName;
+    LONG BasePriority;
+    HANDLE UniqueProcessId;
+    HANDLE InheritedFromUniqueProcessId;
+    ULONG HandleCount;
+    ULONG SessionId;
+    ULONG_PTR PageDirectoryBase;
+    SIZE_T PeakVirtualSize;
+    SIZE_T VirtualSize;
+    DWORD PageFaultCount;
+    SIZE_T PeakWorkingSetSize;
+    SIZE_T WorkingSetSize;
+    SIZE_T QuotaPeakPagedPoolUsage;
+    SIZE_T QuotaPagedPoolUsage;
+    SIZE_T QuotaPeakNonPagedPoolUsage;
+    SIZE_T QuotaNonPagedPoolUsage;
+    SIZE_T PagefileUsage;
+    SIZE_T PeakPagefileUsage;
+    SIZE_T PrivatePageCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER ReadOperationCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER WriteOperationCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER OtherOperationCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER ReadTransferCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER WriteTransferCount;
+    LARGE_INTEGER OtherTransferCount;
+    SYSTEM_THREAD_INFORMATION Threads[1];
+} SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION2, *PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION2;
+
+#define SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION SYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION2
+#define PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION2
+
+
+// ================================================
+// psutil.users() support
+// ================================================
+
+typedef struct _WINSTATION_INFO {
+    BYTE Reserved1[72];
+    ULONG SessionId;
+    BYTE Reserved2[4];
+    FILETIME ConnectTime;
+    FILETIME DisconnectTime;
+    FILETIME LastInputTime;
+    FILETIME LoginTime;
+    BYTE Reserved3[1096];
+    FILETIME CurrentTime;
+} WINSTATION_INFO, *PWINSTATION_INFO;
+
+typedef BOOLEAN (WINAPI * PWINSTATIONQUERYINFORMATIONW)
+                 (HANDLE,ULONG,WINSTATIONINFOCLASS,PVOID,ULONG,PULONG);
+
+
+/*
+ * NtQueryInformationProcess code taken from
+ * http://wj32.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/howto-get-the-command-line-of-processes/
+ * typedefs needed to compile against ntdll functions not exposted in the API
+ */
+typedef LONG NTSTATUS;
+
+typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *_NtQueryInformationProcess)(
+    HANDLE ProcessHandle,
+    DWORD ProcessInformationClass,
+    PVOID ProcessInformation,
+    DWORD ProcessInformationLength,
+    PDWORD ReturnLength
+);
+
+typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *_NtSetInformationProcess)(
+    HANDLE ProcessHandle,
+    DWORD ProcessInformationClass,
+    PVOID ProcessInformation,
+    DWORD ProcessInformationLength
+);
+
+
+typedef enum _PROCESSINFOCLASS2 {
+    _ProcessBasicInformation,
+    ProcessQuotaLimits,
+    ProcessIoCounters,
+    ProcessVmCounters,
+    ProcessTimes,
+    ProcessBasePriority,
+    ProcessRaisePriority,
+    ProcessDebugPort,
+    ProcessExceptionPort,
+    ProcessAccessToken,
+    ProcessLdtInformation,
+    ProcessLdtSize,
+    ProcessDefaultHardErrorMode,
+    ProcessIoPortHandlers,
+    ProcessPooledUsageAndLimits,
+    ProcessWorkingSetWatch,
+    ProcessUserModeIOPL,
+    ProcessEnableAlignmentFaultFixup,
+    ProcessPriorityClass,
+    ProcessWx86Information,
+    ProcessHandleCount,
+    ProcessAffinityMask,
+    ProcessPriorityBoost,
+    ProcessDeviceMap,
+    ProcessSessionInformation,
+    ProcessForegroundInformation,
+    _ProcessWow64Information,
+    /* added after XP+ */
+    ProcessImageFileName,
+    ProcessLUIDDeviceMapsEnabled,
+    ProcessBreakOnTermination,
+    ProcessDebugObjectHandle,
+    ProcessDebugFlags,
+    ProcessHandleTracing,
+    ProcessIoPriority,
+    ProcessExecuteFlags,
+    ProcessResourceManagement,
+    ProcessCookie,
+    ProcessImageInformation,
+    MaxProcessInfoClass
+} PROCESSINFOCLASS2;
+
+#define PROCESSINFOCLASS PROCESSINFOCLASS2
+#define ProcessBasicInformation _ProcessBasicInformation
+#define ProcessWow64Information _ProcessWow64Information
+
+#endif // __NTEXTAPI_H__
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.c b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3f480af5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.c
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ */
+#include "process_handles.h"
+
+static _NtQuerySystemInformation __NtQuerySystemInformation = NULL;
+static _NtQueryObject __NtQueryObject = NULL;
+
+CRITICAL_SECTION g_cs;
+BOOL g_initialized = FALSE;
+NTSTATUS g_status;
+HANDLE g_hFile = NULL;
+HANDLE g_hEvtStart = NULL;
+HANDLE g_hEvtFinish = NULL;
+HANDLE g_hThread = NULL;
+PUNICODE_STRING g_pNameBuffer = NULL;
+ULONG g_dwSize = 0;
+ULONG g_dwLength = 0;
+PVOID g_fiber = NULL;
+
+
+PVOID
+GetLibraryProcAddress(PSTR LibraryName, PSTR ProcName)
+{
+    return GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA(LibraryName), ProcName);
+}
+
+PyObject *
+psutil_get_open_files(long dwPid, HANDLE hProcess)
+{
+    OSVERSIONINFO osvi;
+
+    ZeroMemory(&osvi, sizeof(OSVERSIONINFO));
+    osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(OSVERSIONINFO);
+    GetVersionEx(&osvi);
+
+    // Threaded version only works for Vista+
+    if (osvi.dwMajorVersion >= 6)
+        return psutil_get_open_files_ntqueryobject(dwPid, hProcess);
+    else
+        return psutil_get_open_files_getmappedfilename(dwPid, hProcess);
+}
+
+VOID
+psutil_get_open_files_init(BOOL threaded)
+{
+    if (g_initialized == TRUE)
+        return;
+
+    // Resolve the Windows API calls
+    __NtQuerySystemInformation =
+        GetLibraryProcAddress("ntdll.dll", "NtQuerySystemInformation");
+    __NtQueryObject = GetLibraryProcAddress("ntdll.dll", "NtQueryObject");
+
+    // Create events for signalling work between threads
+    if (threaded == TRUE) {
+        g_hEvtStart = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+        g_hEvtFinish = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+        InitializeCriticalSection(&g_cs);
+    }
+
+    g_initialized = TRUE;
+}
+
+PyObject *
+psutil_get_open_files_ntqueryobject(long dwPid, HANDLE hProcess)
+{
+    NTSTATUS                            status;
+    PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX       pHandleInfo = NULL;
+    DWORD                               dwInfoSize = 0x10000;
+    DWORD                               dwRet = 0;
+    PSYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX  hHandle = NULL;
+    DWORD                               i = 0;
+    BOOLEAN                             error = FALSE;
+    PyObject*                           pyListFiles = NULL;
+    PyObject*                           pyFilePath = NULL;
+    DWORD                               dwWait = 0;
+
+    if (g_initialized == FALSE)
+        psutil_get_open_files_init(TRUE);
+
+    // Due to the use of global variables, ensure only 1 call
+    // to psutil_get_open_files() is running
+    EnterCriticalSection(&g_cs);
+
+    if (__NtQuerySystemInformation == NULL ||
+        __NtQueryObject == NULL ||
+        g_hEvtStart == NULL ||
+        g_hEvtFinish == NULL)
+
+    {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        error = TRUE;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    // Py_BuildValue raises an exception if NULL is returned
+    pyListFiles = PyList_New(0);
+    if (pyListFiles == NULL) {
+        error = TRUE;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    do {
+        if (pHandleInfo != NULL) {
+            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pHandleInfo);
+            pHandleInfo = NULL;
+        }
+
+        // NtQuerySystemInformation won't give us the correct buffer size,
+        // so we guess by doubling the buffer size.
+        dwInfoSize *= 2;
+        pHandleInfo = HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(),
+                                HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
+                                dwInfoSize);
+
+        if (pHandleInfo == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            error = TRUE;
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+    } while ((status = __NtQuerySystemInformation(
+                            SystemExtendedHandleInformation,
+                            pHandleInfo,
+                            dwInfoSize,
+                            &dwRet)) == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH);
+
+    // NtQuerySystemInformation stopped giving us STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH
+    if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(HRESULT_FROM_NT(status));
+        error = TRUE;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < pHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles; i++) {
+        hHandle = &pHandleInfo->Handles[i];
+
+        // Check if this hHandle belongs to the PID the user specified.
+        if (hHandle->UniqueProcessId != (HANDLE)dwPid ||
+            hHandle->ObjectTypeIndex != HANDLE_TYPE_FILE)
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+
+        if (!DuplicateHandle(hProcess,
+                             hHandle->HandleValue,
+                             GetCurrentProcess(),
+                             &g_hFile,
+                             0,
+                             TRUE,
+                             DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
+        {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] DuplicateHandle (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+        // Guess buffer size is MAX_PATH + 1
+        g_dwLength = (MAX_PATH+1) * sizeof(WCHAR);
+
+        do {
+            // Release any previously allocated buffer
+            if (g_pNameBuffer != NULL) {
+                HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, g_pNameBuffer);
+                g_pNameBuffer = NULL;
+                g_dwSize = 0;
+            }
+
+            // NtQueryObject puts the required buffer size in g_dwLength
+            // WinXP edge case puts g_dwLength == 0, just skip this handle
+            if (g_dwLength == 0)
+                goto loop_cleanup;
+
+            g_dwSize = g_dwLength;
+            if (g_dwSize > 0) {
+                g_pNameBuffer = HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(),
+                                          HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
+                                          g_dwSize);
+
+                if (g_pNameBuffer == NULL)
+                    goto loop_cleanup;
+            }
+
+            dwWait = psutil_NtQueryObject();
+
+            // If the call does not return, skip this handle
+            if (dwWait != WAIT_OBJECT_0)
+                goto loop_cleanup;
+
+        } while (g_status == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH);
+
+        // NtQueryObject stopped returning STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH
+        if (!NT_SUCCESS(g_status))
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+
+        // Convert to PyUnicode and append it to the return list
+        if (g_pNameBuffer->Length > 0) {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] Filename (%#x) %#d bytes: %S\n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   g_pNameBuffer->Length,
+                   g_pNameBuffer->Buffer);
+            */
+
+            pyFilePath = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(g_pNameBuffer->Buffer,
+                                                g_pNameBuffer->Length/2);
+            if (pyFilePath == NULL) {
+                /*
+                printf("[%d] PyUnicode_FromWideChar (%#x): %#x \n",
+                       dwPid,
+                       hHandle->HandleValue,
+                       GetLastError());
+                */
+                error = TRUE;
+                goto loop_cleanup;
+            }
+
+            if (PyList_Append(pyListFiles, pyFilePath)) {
+                /*
+                printf("[%d] PyList_Append (%#x): %#x \n",
+                       dwPid,
+                       hHandle->HandleValue,
+                       GetLastError());
+                */
+                error = TRUE;
+                goto loop_cleanup;
+            }
+        }
+
+loop_cleanup:
+        Py_XDECREF(pyFilePath);
+        pyFilePath = NULL;
+
+        if (g_pNameBuffer != NULL)
+            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, g_pNameBuffer);
+        g_pNameBuffer = NULL;
+        g_dwSize = 0;
+        g_dwLength = 0;
+
+        if (g_hFile != NULL)
+            CloseHandle(g_hFile);
+        g_hFile = NULL;
+    }
+
+cleanup:
+    if (g_pNameBuffer != NULL)
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, g_pNameBuffer);
+    g_pNameBuffer = NULL;
+    g_dwSize = 0;
+    g_dwLength = 0;
+
+    if (g_hFile != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(g_hFile);
+    g_hFile = NULL;
+
+    if (pHandleInfo != NULL)
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pHandleInfo);
+    pHandleInfo = NULL;
+
+    if (error) {
+        Py_XDECREF(pyListFiles);
+        pyListFiles = NULL;
+    }
+
+    LeaveCriticalSection(&g_cs);
+
+    return pyListFiles;
+}
+
+DWORD
+psutil_NtQueryObject()
+{
+    DWORD dwWait = 0;
+
+    if (g_hThread == NULL)
+        g_hThread = CreateThread(NULL,
+                                 0,
+                                 (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)psutil_NtQueryObjectThread,
+                                 NULL,
+                                 0,
+                                 NULL);
+    if (g_hThread == NULL)
+        return GetLastError();
+
+    // Signal the worker thread to start
+    SetEvent(g_hEvtStart);
+
+    // Wait for the worker thread to finish
+    dwWait = WaitForSingleObject(g_hEvtFinish, NTQO_TIMEOUT);
+
+    // If the thread hangs, kill it and cleanup
+    if (dwWait == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
+        SuspendThread(g_hThread);
+        TerminateThread(g_hThread, 1);
+        WaitForSingleObject(g_hThread, INFINITE);
+        CloseHandle(g_hThread);
+
+        // Cleanup Fiber
+        if (g_fiber != NULL)
+            DeleteFiber(g_fiber);
+        g_fiber = NULL;
+
+        g_hThread = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return dwWait;
+}
+
+void
+psutil_NtQueryObjectThread()
+{
+    // Prevent the thread stack from leaking when this
+    // thread gets terminated due to NTQueryObject hanging
+    g_fiber = ConvertThreadToFiber(NULL);
+
+    // Loop infinitely waiting for work
+    while (TRUE) {
+        WaitForSingleObject(g_hEvtStart, INFINITE);
+
+        g_status = __NtQueryObject(g_hFile,
+                                   ObjectNameInformation,
+                                   g_pNameBuffer,
+                                   g_dwSize,
+                                   &g_dwLength);
+        SetEvent(g_hEvtFinish);
+    }
+}
+
+PyObject *
+psutil_get_open_files_getmappedfilename(long dwPid, HANDLE hProcess)
+{
+    NTSTATUS                            status;
+    PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX       pHandleInfo = NULL;
+    DWORD                               dwInfoSize = 0x10000;
+    DWORD                               dwRet = 0;
+    PSYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX  hHandle = NULL;
+    HANDLE                              hFile = NULL;
+    HANDLE                              hMap = NULL;
+    DWORD                               i = 0;
+    BOOLEAN                             error = FALSE;
+    PyObject*                           pyListFiles = NULL;
+    PyObject*                           pyFilePath = NULL;
+    ULONG                               dwSize = 0;
+    LPVOID                              pMem = NULL;
+    TCHAR                               pszFilename[MAX_PATH+1];
+
+    if (g_initialized == FALSE)
+        psutil_get_open_files_init(FALSE);
+
+    if (__NtQuerySystemInformation == NULL || __NtQueryObject == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        error = TRUE;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    // Py_BuildValue raises an exception if NULL is returned
+    pyListFiles = PyList_New(0);
+    if (pyListFiles == NULL) {
+        error = TRUE;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    do {
+        if (pHandleInfo != NULL) {
+            HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pHandleInfo);
+            pHandleInfo = NULL;
+        }
+
+        // NtQuerySystemInformation won't give us the correct buffer size,
+        // so we guess by doubling the buffer size.
+        dwInfoSize *= 2;
+        pHandleInfo = HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(),
+                                HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY,
+                                dwInfoSize);
+
+        if (pHandleInfo == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            error = TRUE;
+            goto cleanup;
+        }
+    } while ((status = __NtQuerySystemInformation(
+                            SystemExtendedHandleInformation,
+                            pHandleInfo,
+                            dwInfoSize,
+                            &dwRet)) == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH);
+
+    // NtQuerySystemInformation stopped giving us STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH
+    if (!NT_SUCCESS(status)) {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(HRESULT_FROM_NT(status));
+        error = TRUE;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < pHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles; i++) {
+        hHandle = &pHandleInfo->Handles[i];
+
+        // Check if this hHandle belongs to the PID the user specified.
+        if (hHandle->UniqueProcessId != (HANDLE)dwPid ||
+            hHandle->ObjectTypeIndex != HANDLE_TYPE_FILE)
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+
+        if (!DuplicateHandle(hProcess,
+                             hHandle->HandleValue,
+                             GetCurrentProcess(),
+                             &hFile,
+                             0,
+                             TRUE,
+                             DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS))
+        {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] DuplicateHandle (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+        hMap = CreateFileMapping(hFile, NULL, PAGE_READONLY, 0, 0, NULL);
+        if (hMap == NULL) {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] CreateFileMapping (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+        pMem = MapViewOfFile(hMap, FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, 1);
+
+        if (pMem == NULL) {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] MapViewOfFile (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+        dwSize = GetMappedFileName(GetCurrentProcess(), pMem, pszFilename, MAX_PATH);
+        if (dwSize == 0) {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] GetMappedFileName (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+        pszFilename[dwSize] = '\0';
+        /*
+        printf("[%d] Filename (%#x) %#d bytes: %S\n",
+               dwPid,
+               hHandle->HandleValue,
+               dwSize,
+               pszFilename);
+        */
+
+        pyFilePath = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(pszFilename, dwSize);
+        if (pyFilePath == NULL) {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            error = TRUE;
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+        if (PyList_Append(pyListFiles, pyFilePath)) {
+            /*
+            printf("[%d] PyList_Append (%#x): %#x \n",
+                   dwPid,
+                   hHandle->HandleValue,
+                   GetLastError());
+            */
+            error = TRUE;
+            goto loop_cleanup;
+        }
+
+loop_cleanup:
+        Py_XDECREF(pyFilePath);
+        pyFilePath = NULL;
+
+        if (pMem != NULL)
+            UnmapViewOfFile(pMem);
+        pMem = NULL;
+
+        if (hMap != NULL)
+            CloseHandle(hMap);
+        hMap = NULL;
+
+        if (hFile != NULL)
+            CloseHandle(hFile);
+        hFile = NULL;
+
+        dwSize = 0;
+    }
+
+cleanup:
+    if (pMem != NULL)
+        UnmapViewOfFile(pMem);
+    pMem = NULL;
+
+    if (hMap != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hMap);
+    hMap = NULL;
+
+    if (hFile != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hFile);
+    hFile = NULL;
+
+    if (pHandleInfo != NULL)
+        HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, pHandleInfo);
+    pHandleInfo = NULL;
+
+    if (error) {
+        Py_XDECREF(pyListFiles);
+        pyListFiles = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return pyListFiles;
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4cf4023ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.h
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __PROCESS_HANDLES_H__
+#define __PROCESS_HANDLES_H__
+
+#ifndef UNICODE
+#define UNICODE
+#endif
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <strsafe.h>
+#include <winternl.h>
+#include <psapi.h>
+
+
+#ifndef NT_SUCCESS
+#define NT_SUCCESS(x) ((x) >= 0)
+#endif
+
+#define STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH 0xc0000004
+#define ObjectBasicInformation 0
+#define ObjectNameInformation 1
+#define ObjectTypeInformation 2
+#define HANDLE_TYPE_FILE 28
+#define NTQO_TIMEOUT 100
+
+typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *_NtQuerySystemInformation)(
+    ULONG SystemInformationClass,
+    PVOID SystemInformation,
+    ULONG SystemInformationLength,
+    PULONG ReturnLength
+);
+
+typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *_NtQueryObject)(
+    HANDLE ObjectHandle,
+    ULONG ObjectInformationClass,
+    PVOID ObjectInformation,
+    ULONG ObjectInformationLength,
+    PULONG ReturnLength
+);
+
+// Undocumented FILE_INFORMATION_CLASS: FileNameInformation
+static const SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS SystemExtendedHandleInformation = (SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS)64;
+
+typedef struct _SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX
+{
+    PVOID Object;
+    HANDLE UniqueProcessId;
+    HANDLE HandleValue;
+    ULONG GrantedAccess;
+    USHORT CreatorBackTraceIndex;
+    USHORT ObjectTypeIndex;
+    ULONG HandleAttributes;
+    ULONG Reserved;
+} SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX, *PSYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX;
+
+typedef struct _SYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX
+{
+    ULONG_PTR NumberOfHandles;
+    ULONG_PTR Reserved;
+    SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX Handles[1];
+} SYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX, *PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX;
+
+typedef enum _POOL_TYPE {
+    NonPagedPool,
+    PagedPool,
+    NonPagedPoolMustSucceed,
+    DontUseThisType,
+    NonPagedPoolCacheAligned,
+    PagedPoolCacheAligned,
+    NonPagedPoolCacheAlignedMustS
+} POOL_TYPE, *PPOOL_TYPE;
+
+typedef struct _OBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION {
+    UNICODE_STRING Name;
+    ULONG TotalNumberOfObjects;
+    ULONG TotalNumberOfHandles;
+    ULONG TotalPagedPoolUsage;
+    ULONG TotalNonPagedPoolUsage;
+    ULONG TotalNamePoolUsage;
+    ULONG TotalHandleTableUsage;
+    ULONG HighWaterNumberOfObjects;
+    ULONG HighWaterNumberOfHandles;
+    ULONG HighWaterPagedPoolUsage;
+    ULONG HighWaterNonPagedPoolUsage;
+    ULONG HighWaterNamePoolUsage;
+    ULONG HighWaterHandleTableUsage;
+    ULONG InvalidAttributes;
+    GENERIC_MAPPING GenericMapping;
+    ULONG ValidAccess;
+    BOOLEAN SecurityRequired;
+    BOOLEAN MaintainHandleCount;
+    USHORT MaintainTypeList;
+    POOL_TYPE PoolType;
+    ULONG PagedPoolUsage;
+    ULONG NonPagedPoolUsage;
+} OBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION, *POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION;
+
+PVOID GetLibraryProcAddress(PSTR LibraryName, PSTR ProcName);
+VOID psutil_get_open_files_init(BOOL threaded);
+PyObject* psutil_get_open_files(long pid, HANDLE processHandle);
+PyObject* psutil_get_open_files_ntqueryobject(long dwPid, HANDLE hProcess);
+PyObject* psutil_get_open_files_getmappedfilename(long dwPid, HANDLE hProcess);
+DWORD psutil_NtQueryObject(void);
+void psutil_NtQueryObjectThread(void);
+
+#endif // __PROCESS_HANDLES_H__
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_info.c b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_info.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a59cce47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_info.c
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Helper functions related to fetching process information. Used by
+ * _psutil_windows module methods.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <Psapi.h>
+#include <tlhelp32.h>
+
+#include "security.h"
+#include "process_info.h"
+#include "ntextapi.h"
+#include "../../_psutil_common.h"
+
+
+/*
+ * A wrapper around OpenProcess setting NSP exception if process
+ * no longer exists.
+ * "pid" is the process pid, "dwDesiredAccess" is the first argument
+ * exptected by OpenProcess.
+ * Return a process handle or NULL.
+ */
+HANDLE
+psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(DWORD pid, DWORD dwDesiredAccess)
+{
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD processExitCode = 0;
+
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        // otherwise we'd get NoSuchProcess
+        return AccessDenied();
+    }
+
+    hProcess = OpenProcess(dwDesiredAccess, FALSE, pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL) {
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER)
+            NoSuchProcess();
+        else
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // make sure the process is running
+    GetExitCodeProcess(hProcess, &processExitCode);
+    if (processExitCode == 0) {
+        NoSuchProcess();
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return hProcess;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Same as psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess but implicitly uses
+ * PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_VM_READ as dwDesiredAccess
+ * parameter for OpenProcess.
+ */
+HANDLE
+psutil_handle_from_pid(DWORD pid) {
+    DWORD dwDesiredAccess = PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_VM_READ;
+    return psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(pid, dwDesiredAccess);
+}
+
+
+// fetch the PEB base address from NtQueryInformationProcess()
+PVOID
+psutil_get_peb_address(HANDLE ProcessHandle)
+{
+    _NtQueryInformationProcess NtQueryInformationProcess =
+        (_NtQueryInformationProcess)GetProcAddress(
+            GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"), "NtQueryInformationProcess");
+    PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION pbi;
+
+    NtQueryInformationProcess(ProcessHandle, 0, &pbi, sizeof(pbi), NULL);
+    return pbi.PebBaseAddress;
+}
+
+
+DWORD *
+psutil_get_pids(DWORD *numberOfReturnedPIDs) {
+    // Win32 SDK says the only way to know if our process array
+    // wasn't large enough is to check the returned size and make
+    // sure that it doesn't match the size of the array.
+    // If it does we allocate a larger array and try again
+
+    // Stores the actual array
+    DWORD *procArray = NULL;
+    DWORD procArrayByteSz;
+    int procArraySz = 0;
+
+    // Stores the byte size of the returned array from enumprocesses
+    DWORD enumReturnSz = 0;
+
+    do {
+        procArraySz += 1024;
+        free(procArray);
+        procArrayByteSz = procArraySz * sizeof(DWORD);
+        procArray = malloc(procArrayByteSz);
+        if (procArray == NULL) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (! EnumProcesses(procArray, procArrayByteSz, &enumReturnSz)) {
+            free(procArray);
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    } while (enumReturnSz == procArraySz * sizeof(DWORD));
+
+    // The number of elements is the returned size / size of each element
+    *numberOfReturnedPIDs = enumReturnSz / sizeof(DWORD);
+
+    return procArray;
+}
+
+
+int
+psutil_pid_is_running(DWORD pid)
+{
+    HANDLE hProcess;
+    DWORD exitCode;
+
+    // Special case for PID 0 System Idle Process
+    if (pid == 0)
+        return 1;
+    if (pid < 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    hProcess = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION | PROCESS_VM_READ,
+                           FALSE, pid);
+    if (NULL == hProcess) {
+        // invalid parameter is no such process
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER) {
+            CloseHandle(hProcess);
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        // access denied obviously means there's a process to deny access to...
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) {
+            CloseHandle(hProcess);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (GetExitCodeProcess(hProcess, &exitCode)) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return (exitCode == STILL_ACTIVE);
+    }
+
+    // access denied means there's a process there so we'll assume
+    // it's running
+    if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) {
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+
+int
+psutil_pid_in_proclist(DWORD pid)
+{
+    DWORD *proclist = NULL;
+    DWORD numberOfReturnedPIDs;
+    DWORD i;
+
+    proclist = psutil_get_pids(&numberOfReturnedPIDs);
+    if (proclist == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    for (i = 0; i < numberOfReturnedPIDs; i++) {
+        if (pid == proclist[i]) {
+            free(proclist);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(proclist);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+// Check exit code from a process handle. Return FALSE on an error also
+// XXX - not used anymore
+int
+handlep_is_running(HANDLE hProcess)
+{
+    DWORD dwCode;
+
+    if (NULL == hProcess)
+        return 0;
+    if (GetExitCodeProcess(hProcess, &dwCode)) {
+        if (dwCode == STILL_ACTIVE)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * returns a Python list representing the arguments for the process
+ * with given pid or NULL on error.
+ */
+PyObject *
+psutil_get_arg_list(long pid)
+{
+    int nArgs, i;
+    LPWSTR *szArglist = NULL;
+    HANDLE hProcess = NULL;
+    PVOID pebAddress;
+    PVOID rtlUserProcParamsAddress;
+    UNICODE_STRING commandLine;
+    WCHAR *commandLineContents = NULL;
+    PyObject *arg = NULL;
+    PyObject *arg_from_wchar = NULL;
+    PyObject *argList = NULL;
+
+    hProcess = psutil_handle_from_pid(pid);
+    if (hProcess == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    pebAddress = psutil_get_peb_address(hProcess);
+
+    // get the address of ProcessParameters
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(hProcess, (PCHAR)pebAddress + 32,
+                           &rtlUserProcParamsAddress, sizeof(PVOID), NULL))
+#else
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(hProcess, (PCHAR)pebAddress + 0x10,
+                           &rtlUserProcParamsAddress, sizeof(PVOID), NULL))
+#endif
+    {
+        ////printf("Could not read the address of ProcessParameters!\n");
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // read the CommandLine UNICODE_STRING structure
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(hProcess, (PCHAR)rtlUserProcParamsAddress + 112,
+                           &commandLine, sizeof(commandLine), NULL))
+#else
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(hProcess, (PCHAR)rtlUserProcParamsAddress + 0x40,
+                           &commandLine, sizeof(commandLine), NULL))
+#endif
+    {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+
+    // allocate memory to hold the command line
+    commandLineContents = (WCHAR *)malloc(commandLine.Length + 1);
+    if (commandLineContents == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // read the command line
+    if (!ReadProcessMemory(hProcess, commandLine.Buffer,
+                           commandLineContents, commandLine.Length, NULL))
+    {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Null-terminate the string to prevent wcslen from returning
+    // incorrect length the length specifier is in characters, but
+    // commandLine.Length is in bytes.
+    commandLineContents[(commandLine.Length / sizeof(WCHAR))] = '\0';
+
+    // attempt tp parse the command line using Win32 API, fall back
+    // on string cmdline version otherwise
+    szArglist = CommandLineToArgvW(commandLineContents, &nArgs);
+    if (NULL == szArglist) {
+        // failed to parse arglist
+        // encode as a UTF8 Python string object from WCHAR string
+        arg_from_wchar = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(commandLineContents,
+                                                commandLine.Length / 2);
+        if (arg_from_wchar == NULL)
+            goto error;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        argList = Py_BuildValue("N", PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(arg_from_wchar));
+#else
+        argList = Py_BuildValue("N", PyUnicode_FromObject(arg_from_wchar));
+#endif
+        if (!argList)
+            goto error;
+    }
+    else {
+        // arglist parsed as array of UNICODE_STRING, so convert each to
+        // Python string object and add to arg list
+        argList = Py_BuildValue("[]");
+        if (argList == NULL)
+            goto error;
+        for (i = 0; i < nArgs; i++) {
+            arg_from_wchar = NULL;
+            arg = NULL;
+            arg_from_wchar = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(szArglist[i],
+                                                    wcslen(szArglist[i]));
+            if (arg_from_wchar == NULL)
+                goto error;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            arg = PyUnicode_FromObject(arg_from_wchar);
+#else
+            arg = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(arg_from_wchar);
+#endif
+            if (arg == NULL)
+                goto error;
+            Py_XDECREF(arg_from_wchar);
+            if (PyList_Append(argList, arg))
+                goto error;
+            Py_XDECREF(arg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (szArglist != NULL)
+        LocalFree(szArglist);
+    free(commandLineContents);
+    CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    return argList;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(arg);
+    Py_XDECREF(arg_from_wchar);
+    Py_XDECREF(argList);
+    if (hProcess != NULL)
+        CloseHandle(hProcess);
+    if (commandLineContents != NULL)
+        free(commandLineContents);
+    if (szArglist != NULL)
+        LocalFree(szArglist);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+#define PH_FIRST_PROCESS(Processes) ((PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION)(Processes))
+#define PH_NEXT_PROCESS(Process) ( \
+   ((PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION)(Process))->NextEntryOffset ? \
+   (PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION)((PCHAR)(Process) + \
+        ((PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION)(Process))->NextEntryOffset) : \
+   NULL)
+
+const int STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH = 0xC0000004;
+const int STATUS_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL = 0xC0000023L;
+
+/*
+ * Given a process PID and a PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION structure
+ * fills the structure with various process information by using
+ * NtQuerySystemInformation.
+ * We use this as a fallback when faster functions fail with access
+ * denied. This is slower because it iterates over all processes.
+ * On success return 1, else 0 with Python exception already set.
+ */
+int
+psutil_get_proc_info(DWORD pid, PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION *retProcess,
+                 PVOID *retBuffer)
+{
+    static ULONG initialBufferSize = 0x4000;
+    NTSTATUS status;
+    PVOID buffer;
+    ULONG bufferSize;
+    PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION process;
+
+    // get NtQuerySystemInformation
+    typedef DWORD (_stdcall * NTQSI_PROC) (int, PVOID, ULONG, PULONG);
+    NTQSI_PROC NtQuerySystemInformation;
+    HINSTANCE hNtDll;
+    hNtDll = LoadLibrary(TEXT("ntdll.dll"));
+    NtQuerySystemInformation = (NTQSI_PROC)GetProcAddress(
+        hNtDll, "NtQuerySystemInformation");
+
+    bufferSize = initialBufferSize;
+    buffer = malloc(bufferSize);
+    if (buffer == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    while (TRUE) {
+        status = NtQuerySystemInformation(SystemProcessInformation, buffer,
+                                          bufferSize, &bufferSize);
+
+        if (status == STATUS_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL ||
+                status == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH)
+        {
+            free(buffer);
+            buffer = malloc(bufferSize);
+            if (buffer == NULL) {
+                PyErr_NoMemory();
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (status != 0) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "NtQuerySystemInformation() failed");
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (bufferSize <= 0x20000)
+        initialBufferSize = bufferSize;
+
+    process = PH_FIRST_PROCESS(buffer);
+    do {
+        if (process->UniqueProcessId == (HANDLE)pid) {
+            *retProcess = process;
+            *retBuffer = buffer;
+            return 1;
+        }
+    } while ( (process = PH_NEXT_PROCESS(process)) );
+
+    NoSuchProcess();
+    goto error;
+
+error:
+    FreeLibrary(hNtDll);
+    if (buffer != NULL)
+        free(buffer);
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_info.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_info.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a44c4aced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/process_info.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+#if !defined(__PROCESS_INFO_H)
+#define __PROCESS_INFO_H
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include "security.h"
+#include "ntextapi.h"
+
+DWORD* psutil_get_pids(DWORD *numberOfReturnedPIDs);
+HANDLE psutil_handle_from_pid(DWORD pid);
+HANDLE psutil_handle_from_pid_waccess(DWORD pid, DWORD dwDesiredAccess);
+int psutil_handlep_is_running(HANDLE hProcess);
+int psutil_pid_in_proclist(DWORD pid);
+int psutil_pid_is_running(DWORD pid);
+PVOID psutil_get_peb_address(HANDLE ProcessHandle);
+PyObject* psutil_get_arg_list(long pid);
+int psutil_get_proc_info(DWORD pid, PSYSTEM_PROCESS_INFORMATION *retProcess,
+                         PVOID *retBuffer);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/security.c b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/security.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3aabffd0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/security.c
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Security related functions for Windows platform (Set privileges such as
+ * SeDebug), as well as security helper functions.
+ */
+
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <Python.h>
+
+
+/*
+ * Convert a process handle to a process token handle.
+ */
+HANDLE
+psutil_token_from_handle(HANDLE hProcess) {
+    HANDLE hToken = NULL;
+
+    if (! OpenProcessToken(hProcess, TOKEN_QUERY, &hToken))
+        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+    return hToken;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * http://www.ddj.com/windows/184405986
+ *
+ * There's a way to determine whether we're running under the Local System
+ * account. However (you guessed it), we have to call more Win32 functions to
+ * determine this. Backing up through the code listing, we need to make another
+ * call to GetTokenInformation, but instead of passing through the TOKEN_USER
+ * constant, we pass through the TOKEN_PRIVILEGES constant. This value returns
+ * an array of privileges that the account has in the environment. Iterating
+ * through the array, we call the function LookupPrivilegeName looking for the
+ * string “SeTcbPrivilege. If the function returns this string, then this
+ * account has Local System privileges
+ */
+int
+psutil_has_system_privilege(HANDLE hProcess) {
+    DWORD i;
+    DWORD dwSize = 0;
+    DWORD dwRetval = 0;
+    TCHAR privName[256];
+    DWORD dwNameSize = 256;
+    // PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp = NULL;
+    BYTE *pBuffer = NULL;
+    TOKEN_PRIVILEGES *tp = NULL;
+    HANDLE hToken = psutil_token_from_handle(hProcess);
+
+    if (NULL == hToken)
+        return -1;
+    // call GetTokenInformation first to get the buffer size
+    if (! GetTokenInformation(hToken, TokenPrivileges, NULL, 0, &dwSize)) {
+        dwRetval = GetLastError();
+        // if it failed for a reason other than the buffer, bail out
+        if (dwRetval != ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER ) {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(dwRetval);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // allocate buffer and call GetTokenInformation again
+    // tp = (PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES) GlobalAlloc(GPTR, dwSize);
+    pBuffer = (BYTE *) malloc(dwSize);
+    if (pBuffer == NULL) {
+        PyErr_NoMemory();
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (! GetTokenInformation(hToken, TokenPrivileges, pBuffer,
+                              dwSize, &dwSize))
+    {
+        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+        free(pBuffer);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // convert the BYTE buffer to a TOKEN_PRIVILEGES struct pointer
+    tp = (TOKEN_PRIVILEGES *)pBuffer;
+
+    // check all the privileges looking for SeTcbPrivilege
+    for (i = 0; i < tp->PrivilegeCount; i++) {
+        // reset the buffer contents and the buffer size
+        strcpy(privName, "");
+        dwNameSize = sizeof(privName) / sizeof(TCHAR);
+        if (! LookupPrivilegeName(NULL,
+                                  &tp->Privileges[i].Luid,
+                                  (LPTSTR)privName,
+                                  &dwNameSize))
+        {
+            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+            free(pBuffer);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        // if we find the SeTcbPrivilege then it's a LocalSystem process
+        if (! lstrcmpi(privName, TEXT("SeTcbPrivilege"))) {
+            free(pBuffer);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    free(pBuffer);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+BOOL
+psutil_set_privilege(HANDLE hToken, LPCTSTR Privilege, BOOL bEnablePrivilege)
+{
+    TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp;
+    LUID luid;
+    TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tpPrevious;
+    DWORD cbPrevious = sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES);
+
+    if (!LookupPrivilegeValue( NULL, Privilege, &luid )) return FALSE;
+
+    // first pass.  get current privilege setting
+    tp.PrivilegeCount = 1;
+    tp.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
+    tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = 0;
+
+    AdjustTokenPrivileges(
+        hToken,
+        FALSE,
+        &tp,
+        sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES),
+        &tpPrevious,
+        &cbPrevious
+    );
+
+    if (GetLastError() != ERROR_SUCCESS) return FALSE;
+
+    // second pass. set privilege based on previous setting
+    tpPrevious.PrivilegeCount = 1;
+    tpPrevious.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
+
+    if (bEnablePrivilege)
+        tpPrevious.Privileges[0].Attributes |= (SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED);
+    else
+        tpPrevious.Privileges[0].Attributes ^=
+            (SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED & tpPrevious.Privileges[0].Attributes);
+
+    AdjustTokenPrivileges(
+        hToken,
+        FALSE,
+        &tpPrevious,
+        cbPrevious,
+        NULL,
+        NULL
+    );
+
+    if (GetLastError() != ERROR_SUCCESS) return FALSE;
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+int
+psutil_set_se_debug()
+{
+    HANDLE hToken;
+    if (! OpenThreadToken(GetCurrentThread(),
+                          TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY,
+                          FALSE,
+                          &hToken)
+       ) {
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_TOKEN) {
+            if (!ImpersonateSelf(SecurityImpersonation)) {
+                CloseHandle(hToken);
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (!OpenThreadToken(GetCurrentThread(),
+                                 TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY,
+                                 FALSE,
+                                 &hToken)
+               ) {
+                RevertToSelf();
+                CloseHandle(hToken);
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // enable SeDebugPrivilege (open any process)
+    if (! psutil_set_privilege(hToken, SE_DEBUG_NAME, TRUE)) {
+        RevertToSelf();
+        CloseHandle(hToken);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    RevertToSelf();
+    CloseHandle(hToken);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+int
+psutil_unset_se_debug()
+{
+    HANDLE hToken;
+    if (! OpenThreadToken(GetCurrentThread(),
+                          TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY,
+                          FALSE,
+                          &hToken)
+       ) {
+        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_TOKEN) {
+            if (! ImpersonateSelf(SecurityImpersonation))
+                return 0;
+            if (!OpenThreadToken(GetCurrentThread(),
+                                 TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY,
+                                 FALSE,
+                                 &hToken))
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // now disable SeDebug
+    if (! psutil_set_privilege(hToken, SE_DEBUG_NAME, FALSE))
+        return 0;
+
+    CloseHandle(hToken);
+    return 1;
+}
diff --git a/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/security.h b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/security.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa8a22ad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/psutil/arch/windows/security.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, Jay Loden, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+ * found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Security related functions for Windows platform (Set privileges such as
+ * SeDebug), as well as security helper functions.
+ */
+
+#include <windows.h>
+
+BOOL psutil_set_privilege(HANDLE hToken, LPCTSTR Privilege, BOOL bEnablePrivilege);
+HANDLE psutil_token_from_handle(HANDLE hProcess);
+int psutil_has_system_privilege(HANDLE hProcess);
+int psutil_set_se_debug();
+int psutil_unset_se_debug();
+
diff --git a/python/psutil/setup.cfg b/python/psutil/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..861a9f554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/psutil/setup.py b/python/psutil/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c42548ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009 Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""psutil is a cross-platform library for retrieving information on
+running processes and system utilization (CPU, memory, disks, network)
+in Python.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup, Extension
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup, Extension
+
+
+HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+def get_version():
+    INIT = os.path.join(HERE, 'psutil/__init__.py')
+    with open(INIT, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith('__version__'):
+                ret = eval(line.strip().split(' = ')[1])
+                assert ret.count('.') == 2, ret
+                for num in ret.split('.'):
+                    assert num.isdigit(), ret
+                return ret
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("couldn't find version string")
+
+
+def get_description():
+    README = os.path.join(HERE, 'README.rst')
+    with open(README, 'r') as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+
+VERSION = get_version()
+VERSION_MACRO = ('PSUTIL_VERSION', int(VERSION.replace('.', '')))
+
+
+# POSIX
+if os.name == 'posix':
+    libraries = []
+    if sys.platform.startswith("sunos"):
+        libraries.append('socket')
+
+    posix_extension = Extension(
+        'psutil._psutil_posix',
+        sources=['psutil/_psutil_posix.c'],
+        libraries=libraries,
+    )
+# Windows
+if sys.platform.startswith("win32"):
+
+    def get_winver():
+        maj, min = sys.getwindowsversion()[0:2]
+        return '0x0%s' % ((maj * 100) + min)
+
+    extensions = [Extension(
+        'psutil._psutil_windows',
+        sources=[
+            'psutil/_psutil_windows.c',
+            'psutil/_psutil_common.c',
+            'psutil/arch/windows/process_info.c',
+            'psutil/arch/windows/process_handles.c',
+            'psutil/arch/windows/security.c',
+            'psutil/arch/windows/inet_ntop.c',
+        ],
+        define_macros=[
+            VERSION_MACRO,
+            # be nice to mingw, see:
+            # http://www.mingw.org/wiki/Use_more_recent_defined_functions
+            ('_WIN32_WINNT', get_winver()),
+            ('_AVAIL_WINVER_', get_winver()),
+            ('_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS', None),
+            # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/348
+            ('PSAPI_VERSION', 1),
+        ],
+        libraries=[
+            "psapi", "kernel32", "advapi32", "shell32", "netapi32", "iphlpapi",
+            "wtsapi32", "ws2_32",
+        ],
+        # extra_compile_args=["/Z7"],
+        # extra_link_args=["/DEBUG"]
+    )]
+# OS X
+elif sys.platform.startswith("darwin"):
+    extensions = [Extension(
+        'psutil._psutil_osx',
+        sources=[
+            'psutil/_psutil_osx.c',
+            'psutil/_psutil_common.c',
+            'psutil/arch/osx/process_info.c'
+        ],
+        define_macros=[VERSION_MACRO],
+        extra_link_args=[
+            '-framework', 'CoreFoundation', '-framework', 'IOKit'
+        ],
+    ),
+        posix_extension,
+    ]
+# FreeBSD
+elif sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"):
+    extensions = [Extension(
+        'psutil._psutil_bsd',
+        sources=[
+            'psutil/_psutil_bsd.c',
+            'psutil/_psutil_common.c',
+            'psutil/arch/bsd/process_info.c'
+        ],
+        define_macros=[VERSION_MACRO],
+        libraries=["devstat"]),
+        posix_extension,
+    ]
+# Linux
+elif sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+    extensions = [Extension(
+        'psutil._psutil_linux',
+        sources=['psutil/_psutil_linux.c'],
+        define_macros=[VERSION_MACRO]),
+        posix_extension,
+    ]
+# Solaris
+elif sys.platform.lower().startswith('sunos'):
+    extensions = [Extension(
+        'psutil._psutil_sunos',
+        sources=['psutil/_psutil_sunos.c'],
+        define_macros=[VERSION_MACRO],
+        libraries=['kstat', 'nsl', 'socket']),
+        posix_extension,
+    ]
+else:
+    sys.exit('platform %s is not supported' % sys.platform)
+
+
+def main():
+    setup_args = dict(
+        name='psutil',
+        version=VERSION,
+        description=__doc__.replace('\n', '').strip(),
+        long_description=get_description(),
+        keywords=[
+            'ps', 'top', 'kill', 'free', 'lsof', 'netstat', 'nice', 'tty',
+            'ionice', 'uptime', 'taskmgr', 'process', 'df', 'iotop', 'iostat',
+            'ifconfig', 'taskset', 'who', 'pidof', 'pmap', 'smem', 'pstree',
+            'monitoring', 'ulimit', 'prlimit',
+        ],
+        author='Giampaolo Rodola',
+        author_email='g.rodola <at> gmail <dot> com',
+        url='https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil',
+        platforms='Platform Independent',
+        license='BSD',
+        packages=['psutil'],
+        # see: python setup.py register --list-classifiers
+        classifiers=[
+            'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+            'Environment :: Console',
+            'Environment :: Win32 (MS Windows)',
+            'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+            'Intended Audience :: Information Technology',
+            'Intended Audience :: System Administrators',
+            'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
+            'Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X',
+            'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows :: Windows NT/2000',
+            'Operating System :: Microsoft',
+            'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+            'Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD :: FreeBSD',
+            'Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux',
+            'Operating System :: POSIX :: SunOS/Solaris',
+            'Operating System :: POSIX',
+            'Programming Language :: C',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython',
+            'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy',
+            'Programming Language :: Python',
+            'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+            'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+            'Topic :: System :: Benchmark',
+            'Topic :: System :: Hardware',
+            'Topic :: System :: Monitoring',
+            'Topic :: System :: Networking :: Monitoring',
+            'Topic :: System :: Networking',
+            'Topic :: System :: Systems Administration',
+            'Topic :: Utilities',
+        ],
+    )
+    if extensions is not None:
+        setup_args["ext_modules"] = extensions
+    setup(**setup_args)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/README.rst b/python/psutil/test/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f2a468ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+- The recommended way to run tests (also on Windows) is to cd into parent
+  directory and run ``make test``
+
+- Dependencies for running tests:
+   -  python 2.6: ipaddress, mock, unittest2
+   -  python 2.7: ipaddress, mock
+   -  python 3.2: ipaddress, mock
+   -  python 3.3: ipaddress
+   -  python >= 3.4: no deps required
+
+- The main test script is ``test_psutil.py``, which also imports platform-specific
+  ``_*.py`` scripts (which should be ignored).
+
+- ``test_memory_leaks.py`` looks for memory leaks into C extension modules and must
+  be run separately with ``make test-memleaks``.
+
+- To run tests on all supported Python version install tox (pip install tox)
+  then run ``tox``.
+
+- Every time a commit is pushed tests are automatically run on Travis:
+  https://travis-ci.org/giampaolo/psutil/
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/_bsd.py b/python/psutil/test/_bsd.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4a3225d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/_bsd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+# TODO: add test for comparing connections with 'sockstat' cmd
+
+"""BSD specific tests.  These are implicitly run by test_psutil.py."""
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+import psutil
+
+from psutil._compat import PY3
+from test_psutil import (TOLERANCE, BSD, sh, get_test_subprocess, which,
+                         retry_before_failing, reap_children, unittest)
+
+
+PAGESIZE = os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE")
+if os.getuid() == 0:  # muse requires root privileges
+    MUSE_AVAILABLE = which('muse')
+else:
+    MUSE_AVAILABLE = False
+
+
+def sysctl(cmdline):
+    """Expects a sysctl command with an argument and parse the result
+    returning only the value of interest.
+    """
+    result = sh("sysctl " + cmdline)
+    result = result[result.find(": ") + 2:]
+    try:
+        return int(result)
+    except ValueError:
+        return result
+
+
+def muse(field):
+    """Thin wrapper around 'muse' cmdline utility."""
+    out = sh('muse')
+    for line in out.split('\n'):
+        if line.startswith(field):
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("line not found")
+    return int(line.split()[1])
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(BSD, "not a BSD system")
+class BSDSpecificTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.pid = get_test_subprocess().pid
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def test_boot_time(self):
+        s = sysctl('sysctl kern.boottime')
+        s = s[s.find(" sec = ") + 7:]
+        s = s[:s.find(',')]
+        btime = int(s)
+        self.assertEqual(btime, psutil.boot_time())
+
+    def test_process_create_time(self):
+        cmdline = "ps -o lstart -p %s" % self.pid
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, shell=1, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        output = p.communicate()[0]
+        if PY3:
+            output = str(output, sys.stdout.encoding)
+        start_ps = output.replace('STARTED', '').strip()
+        start_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).create_time()
+        start_psutil = time.strftime("%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y",
+                                     time.localtime(start_psutil))
+        self.assertEqual(start_ps, start_psutil)
+
+    def test_disks(self):
+        # test psutil.disk_usage() and psutil.disk_partitions()
+        # against "df -a"
+        def df(path):
+            out = sh('df -k "%s"' % path).strip()
+            lines = out.split('\n')
+            lines.pop(0)
+            line = lines.pop(0)
+            dev, total, used, free = line.split()[:4]
+            if dev == 'none':
+                dev = ''
+            total = int(total) * 1024
+            used = int(used) * 1024
+            free = int(free) * 1024
+            return dev, total, used, free
+
+        for part in psutil.disk_partitions(all=False):
+            usage = psutil.disk_usage(part.mountpoint)
+            dev, total, used, free = df(part.mountpoint)
+            self.assertEqual(part.device, dev)
+            self.assertEqual(usage.total, total)
+            # 10 MB tollerance
+            if abs(usage.free - free) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                self.fail("psutil=%s, df=%s" % (usage.free, free))
+            if abs(usage.used - used) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                self.fail("psutil=%s, df=%s" % (usage.used, used))
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_memory_maps(self):
+        out = sh('procstat -v %s' % self.pid)
+        maps = psutil.Process(self.pid).memory_maps(grouped=False)
+        lines = out.split('\n')[1:]
+        while lines:
+            line = lines.pop()
+            fields = line.split()
+            _, start, stop, perms, res = fields[:5]
+            map = maps.pop()
+            self.assertEqual("%s-%s" % (start, stop), map.addr)
+            self.assertEqual(int(res), map.rss)
+            if not map.path.startswith('['):
+                self.assertEqual(fields[10], map.path)
+
+    def test_exe(self):
+        out = sh('procstat -b %s' % self.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.Process(self.pid).exe(),
+                         out.split('\n')[1].split()[-1])
+
+    def test_cmdline(self):
+        out = sh('procstat -c %s' % self.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(' '.join(psutil.Process(self.pid).cmdline()),
+                         ' '.join(out.split('\n')[1].split()[2:]))
+
+    def test_uids_gids(self):
+        out = sh('procstat -s %s' % self.pid)
+        euid, ruid, suid, egid, rgid, sgid = out.split('\n')[1].split()[2:8]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        uids = p.uids()
+        gids = p.gids()
+        self.assertEqual(uids.real, int(ruid))
+        self.assertEqual(uids.effective, int(euid))
+        self.assertEqual(uids.saved, int(suid))
+        self.assertEqual(gids.real, int(rgid))
+        self.assertEqual(gids.effective, int(egid))
+        self.assertEqual(gids.saved, int(sgid))
+
+    # --- virtual_memory(); tests against sysctl
+
+    def test_vmem_total(self):
+        syst = sysctl("sysctl vm.stats.vm.v_page_count") * PAGESIZE
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().total, syst)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_active(self):
+        syst = sysctl("vm.stats.vm.v_active_count") * PAGESIZE
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().active, syst,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_inactive(self):
+        syst = sysctl("vm.stats.vm.v_inactive_count") * PAGESIZE
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().inactive, syst,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_wired(self):
+        syst = sysctl("vm.stats.vm.v_wire_count") * PAGESIZE
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().wired, syst,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_cached(self):
+        syst = sysctl("vm.stats.vm.v_cache_count") * PAGESIZE
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().cached, syst,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_free(self):
+        syst = sysctl("vm.stats.vm.v_free_count") * PAGESIZE
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().free, syst,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_buffers(self):
+        syst = sysctl("vfs.bufspace")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().buffers, syst,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    def test_cpu_count_logical(self):
+        syst = sysctl("hw.ncpu")
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.cpu_count(logical=True), syst)
+
+    # --- virtual_memory(); tests against muse
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    def test_total(self):
+        num = muse('Total')
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().total, num)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_active(self):
+        num = muse('Active')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().active, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_inactive(self):
+        num = muse('Inactive')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().inactive, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_wired(self):
+        num = muse('Wired')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().wired, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_cached(self):
+        num = muse('Cache')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().cached, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_free(self):
+        num = muse('Free')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().free, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(MUSE_AVAILABLE, "muse cmdline tool is not available")
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_buffers(self):
+        num = muse('Buffer')
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().buffers, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(BSDSpecificTestCase))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/_linux.py b/python/psutil/test/_linux.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1927ea8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/_linux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Linux specific tests.  These are implicitly run by test_psutil.py."""
+
+from __future__ import division
+import contextlib
+import errno
+import fcntl
+import io
+import os
+import pprint
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import time
+import warnings
+
+try:
+    from unittest import mock  # py3
+except ImportError:
+    import mock  # requires "pip install mock"
+
+from test_psutil import POSIX, TOLERANCE, TRAVIS, LINUX
+from test_psutil import (skip_on_not_implemented, sh, get_test_subprocess,
+                         retry_before_failing, get_kernel_version, unittest,
+                         which, call_until)
+
+import psutil
+import psutil._pslinux
+from psutil._compat import PY3, u
+
+
+SIOCGIFADDR = 0x8915
+SIOCGIFCONF = 0x8912
+SIOCGIFHWADDR = 0x8927
+
+
+def get_ipv4_address(ifname):
+    ifname = ifname[:15]
+    if PY3:
+        ifname = bytes(ifname, 'ascii')
+    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+    with contextlib.closing(s):
+        return socket.inet_ntoa(
+            fcntl.ioctl(s.fileno(),
+                        SIOCGIFADDR,
+                        struct.pack('256s', ifname))[20:24])
+
+
+def get_mac_address(ifname):
+    ifname = ifname[:15]
+    if PY3:
+        ifname = bytes(ifname, 'ascii')
+    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+    with contextlib.closing(s):
+        info = fcntl.ioctl(
+            s.fileno(), SIOCGIFHWADDR, struct.pack('256s', ifname))
+        if PY3:
+            def ord(x):
+                return x
+        else:
+            import __builtin__
+            ord = __builtin__.ord
+        return ''.join(['%02x:' % ord(char) for char in info[18:24]])[:-1]
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(LINUX, "not a Linux system")
+class LinuxSpecificTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
+        reason="os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
+    @skip_on_not_implemented()
+    def test_disks(self):
+        # test psutil.disk_usage() and psutil.disk_partitions()
+        # against "df -a"
+        def df(path):
+            out = sh('df -P -B 1 "%s"' % path).strip()
+            lines = out.split('\n')
+            lines.pop(0)
+            line = lines.pop(0)
+            dev, total, used, free = line.split()[:4]
+            if dev == 'none':
+                dev = ''
+            total, used, free = int(total), int(used), int(free)
+            return dev, total, used, free
+
+        for part in psutil.disk_partitions(all=False):
+            usage = psutil.disk_usage(part.mountpoint)
+            dev, total, used, free = df(part.mountpoint)
+            self.assertEqual(part.device, dev)
+            self.assertEqual(usage.total, total)
+            # 10 MB tollerance
+            if abs(usage.free - free) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                self.fail("psutil=%s, df=%s" % (usage.free, free))
+            if abs(usage.used - used) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                self.fail("psutil=%s, df=%s" % (usage.used, used))
+
+    def test_memory_maps(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        time.sleep(1)
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        maps = p.memory_maps(grouped=False)
+        pmap = sh('pmap -x %s' % p.pid).split('\n')
+        # get rid of header
+        del pmap[0]
+        del pmap[0]
+        while maps and pmap:
+            this = maps.pop(0)
+            other = pmap.pop(0)
+            addr, _, rss, dirty, mode, path = other.split(None, 5)
+            if not path.startswith('[') and not path.endswith(']'):
+                self.assertEqual(path, os.path.basename(this.path))
+            self.assertEqual(int(rss) * 1024, this.rss)
+            # test only rwx chars, ignore 's' and 'p'
+            self.assertEqual(mode[:3], this.perms[:3])
+
+    def test_vmem_total(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        total = int(lines[0].split()[1]) * 1024
+        self.assertEqual(total, psutil.virtual_memory().total)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_used(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        used = int(lines[0].split()[2]) * 1024
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(used, psutil.virtual_memory().used,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_free(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        free = int(lines[0].split()[3]) * 1024
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(free, psutil.virtual_memory().free,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_buffers(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        buffers = int(lines[0].split()[5]) * 1024
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(buffers, psutil.virtual_memory().buffers,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_cached(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        cached = int(lines[0].split()[6]) * 1024
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(cached, psutil.virtual_memory().cached,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    def test_swapmem_total(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        total = int(lines[2].split()[1]) * 1024
+        self.assertEqual(total, psutil.swap_memory().total)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_swapmem_used(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        used = int(lines[2].split()[2]) * 1024
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(used, psutil.swap_memory().used,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_swapmem_free(self):
+        lines = sh('free').split('\n')[1:]
+        free = int(lines[2].split()[3]) * 1024
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(free, psutil.swap_memory().free,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
+    def test_cpu_times(self):
+        fields = psutil.cpu_times()._fields
+        kernel_ver = re.findall('\d+\.\d+\.\d+', os.uname()[2])[0]
+        kernel_ver_info = tuple(map(int, kernel_ver.split('.')))
+        if kernel_ver_info >= (2, 6, 11):
+            self.assertIn('steal', fields)
+        else:
+            self.assertNotIn('steal', fields)
+        if kernel_ver_info >= (2, 6, 24):
+            self.assertIn('guest', fields)
+        else:
+            self.assertNotIn('guest', fields)
+        if kernel_ver_info >= (3, 2, 0):
+            self.assertIn('guest_nice', fields)
+        else:
+            self.assertNotIn('guest_nice', fields)
+
+    def test_net_if_addrs_ips(self):
+        for name, addrs in psutil.net_if_addrs().items():
+            for addr in addrs:
+                if addr.family == psutil.AF_LINK:
+                    self.assertEqual(addr.address, get_mac_address(name))
+                elif addr.family == socket.AF_INET:
+                    self.assertEqual(addr.address, get_ipv4_address(name))
+                # TODO: test for AF_INET6 family
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(which('ip'), "'ip' utility not available")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "skipped on Travis")
+    def test_net_if_names(self):
+        out = sh("ip addr").strip()
+        nics = psutil.net_if_addrs()
+        found = 0
+        for line in out.split('\n'):
+            line = line.strip()
+            if re.search("^\d+:", line):
+                found += 1
+                name = line.split(':')[1].strip()
+                self.assertIn(name, nics.keys())
+        self.assertEqual(len(nics), found, msg="%s\n---\n%s" % (
+            pprint.pformat(nics), out))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(which("nproc"), "nproc utility not available")
+    def test_cpu_count_logical_w_nproc(self):
+        num = int(sh("nproc --all"))
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.cpu_count(logical=True), num)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(which("lscpu"), "lscpu utility not available")
+    def test_cpu_count_logical_w_lscpu(self):
+        out = sh("lscpu -p")
+        num = len([x for x in out.split('\n') if not x.startswith('#')])
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.cpu_count(logical=True), num)
+
+    # --- mocked tests
+
+    def test_virtual_memory_mocked_warnings(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as ws:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always")
+                ret = psutil._pslinux.virtual_memory()
+                assert m.called
+                self.assertEqual(len(ws), 1)
+                w = ws[0]
+                self.assertTrue(w.filename.endswith('psutil/_pslinux.py'))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "'cached', 'active' and 'inactive' memory stats couldn't "
+                    "be determined", str(w.message))
+                self.assertEqual(ret.cached, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(ret.active, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(ret.inactive, 0)
+
+    def test_swap_memory_mocked_warnings(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as ws:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always")
+                ret = psutil._pslinux.swap_memory()
+                assert m.called
+                self.assertEqual(len(ws), 1)
+                w = ws[0]
+                self.assertTrue(w.filename.endswith('psutil/_pslinux.py'))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "'sin' and 'sout' swap memory stats couldn't "
+                    "be determined", str(w.message))
+                self.assertEqual(ret.sin, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(ret.sout, 0)
+
+    def test_cpu_count_logical_mocked(self):
+        import psutil._pslinux
+        original = psutil._pslinux.cpu_count_logical()
+        # Here we want to mock os.sysconf("SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN") in
+        # order to cause the parsing of /proc/cpuinfo and /proc/stat.
+        with mock.patch(
+                'psutil._pslinux.os.sysconf', side_effect=ValueError) as m:
+            self.assertEqual(psutil._pslinux.cpu_count_logical(), original)
+            assert m.called
+
+            # Let's have open() return emtpy data and make sure None is
+            # returned ('cause we mimick os.cpu_count()).
+            with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+                self.assertIsNone(psutil._pslinux.cpu_count_logical())
+                self.assertEqual(m.call_count, 2)
+                # /proc/stat should be the last one
+                self.assertEqual(m.call_args[0][0], '/proc/stat')
+
+            # Let's push this a bit further and make sure /proc/cpuinfo
+            # parsing works as expected.
+            with open('/proc/cpuinfo', 'rb') as f:
+                cpuinfo_data = f.read()
+            fake_file = io.BytesIO(cpuinfo_data)
+            with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open',
+                            return_value=fake_file, create=True) as m:
+                self.assertEqual(psutil._pslinux.cpu_count_logical(), original)
+
+    def test_cpu_count_physical_mocked(self):
+        # Have open() return emtpy data and make sure None is returned
+        # ('cause we want to mimick os.cpu_count())
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertIsNone(psutil._pslinux.cpu_count_physical())
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_open_files_file_gone(self):
+        # simulates a file which gets deleted during open_files()
+        # execution
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        files = p.open_files()
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile():
+            # give the kernel some time to see the new file
+            call_until(p.open_files, "len(ret) != %i" % len(files))
+            with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.os.readlink',
+                            side_effect=OSError(errno.ENOENT, "")) as m:
+                files = p.open_files()
+                assert not files
+                assert m.called
+            # also simulate the case where os.readlink() returns EINVAL
+            # in which case psutil is supposed to 'continue'
+            with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.os.readlink',
+                            side_effect=OSError(errno.EINVAL, "")) as m:
+                self.assertEqual(p.open_files(), [])
+                assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_terminal_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux._psposix._get_terminal_map',
+                        return_value={}) as m:
+            self.assertIsNone(psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).terminal())
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_num_ctx_switches_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).num_ctx_switches)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_num_threads_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).num_threads)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_ppid_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).ppid)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_uids_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).uids)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_gids_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).gids)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_cmdline_mocked(self):
+        # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/639
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        fake_file = io.StringIO(u('foo\x00bar\x00'))
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open',
+                        return_value=fake_file, create=True) as m:
+            p.cmdline() == ['foo', 'bar']
+            assert m.called
+        fake_file = io.StringIO(u('foo\x00bar\x00\x00'))
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open',
+                        return_value=fake_file, create=True) as m:
+            p.cmdline() == ['foo', 'bar', '']
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_proc_io_counters_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                NotImplementedError,
+                psutil._pslinux.Process(os.getpid()).io_counters)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_boot_time_mocked(self):
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open', create=True) as m:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                RuntimeError,
+                psutil._pslinux.boot_time)
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_users_mocked(self):
+        # Make sure ':0' and ':0.0' (returned by C ext) are converted
+        # to 'localhost'.
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.cext.users',
+                        return_value=[('giampaolo', 'pts/2', ':0',
+                                      1436573184.0, True)]) as m:
+            self.assertEqual(psutil.users()[0].host, 'localhost')
+            assert m.called
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.cext.users',
+                        return_value=[('giampaolo', 'pts/2', ':0.0',
+                                      1436573184.0, True)]) as m:
+            self.assertEqual(psutil.users()[0].host, 'localhost')
+            assert m.called
+        # ...otherwise it should be returned as-is
+        with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.cext.users',
+                        return_value=[('giampaolo', 'pts/2', 'foo',
+                                      1436573184.0, True)]) as m:
+            self.assertEqual(psutil.users()[0].host, 'foo')
+            assert m.called
+
+    def test_disk_partitions_mocked(self):
+        # Test that ZFS partitions are returned.
+        with open("/proc/filesystems", "r") as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        if 'zfs' in data:
+            for part in psutil.disk_partitions():
+                if part.fstype == 'zfs':
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("couldn't find any ZFS partition")
+        else:
+            # No ZFS partitions on this system. Let's fake one.
+            fake_file = io.StringIO(u("nodev\tzfs\n"))
+            with mock.patch('psutil._pslinux.open',
+                            return_value=fake_file, create=True) as m1:
+                with mock.patch(
+                        'psutil._pslinux.cext.disk_partitions',
+                        return_value=[('/dev/sdb3', '/', 'zfs', 'rw')]) as m2:
+                    ret = psutil.disk_partitions()
+                    assert m1.called
+                    assert m2.called
+                    assert ret
+                    self.assertEqual(ret[0].fstype, 'zfs')
+
+    # --- tests for specific kernel versions
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        get_kernel_version() >= (2, 6, 36),
+        "prlimit() not available on this Linux kernel version")
+    def test_prlimit_availability(self):
+        # prlimit() should be available starting from kernel 2.6.36
+        p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+        p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+        # if prlimit() is supported *at least* these constants should
+        # be available
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIM_INFINITY"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_AS"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_CORE"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_CPU"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_DATA"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_FSIZE"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_LOCKS"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_MEMLOCK"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_NOFILE"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_NPROC"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_RSS"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_STACK"))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        get_kernel_version() >= (3, 0),
+        "prlimit constants not available on this Linux kernel version")
+    def test_resource_consts_kernel_v(self):
+        # more recent constants
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_NICE"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_RTPRIO"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_RTTIME"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(psutil, "RLIMIT_SIGPENDING"))
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(LinuxSpecificTestCase))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/_osx.py b/python/psutil/test/_osx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e6e4380e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/_osx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""OSX specific tests.  These are implicitly run by test_psutil.py."""
+
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+import psutil
+
+from psutil._compat import PY3
+from test_psutil import (TOLERANCE, OSX, sh, get_test_subprocess,
+                         reap_children, retry_before_failing, unittest)
+
+
+PAGESIZE = os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE")
+
+
+def sysctl(cmdline):
+    """Expects a sysctl command with an argument and parse the result
+    returning only the value of interest.
+    """
+    p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, shell=1, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    result = p.communicate()[0].strip().split()[1]
+    if PY3:
+        result = str(result, sys.stdout.encoding)
+    try:
+        return int(result)
+    except ValueError:
+        return result
+
+
+def vm_stat(field):
+    """Wrapper around 'vm_stat' cmdline utility."""
+    out = sh('vm_stat')
+    for line in out.split('\n'):
+        if field in line:
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("line not found")
+    return int(re.search('\d+', line).group(0)) * PAGESIZE
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(OSX, "not an OSX system")
+class OSXSpecificTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.pid = get_test_subprocess().pid
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def test_process_create_time(self):
+        cmdline = "ps -o lstart -p %s" % self.pid
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, shell=1, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        output = p.communicate()[0]
+        if PY3:
+            output = str(output, sys.stdout.encoding)
+        start_ps = output.replace('STARTED', '').strip()
+        start_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).create_time()
+        start_psutil = time.strftime("%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y",
+                                     time.localtime(start_psutil))
+        self.assertEqual(start_ps, start_psutil)
+
+    def test_disks(self):
+        # test psutil.disk_usage() and psutil.disk_partitions()
+        # against "df -a"
+        def df(path):
+            out = sh('df -k "%s"' % path).strip()
+            lines = out.split('\n')
+            lines.pop(0)
+            line = lines.pop(0)
+            dev, total, used, free = line.split()[:4]
+            if dev == 'none':
+                dev = ''
+            total = int(total) * 1024
+            used = int(used) * 1024
+            free = int(free) * 1024
+            return dev, total, used, free
+
+        for part in psutil.disk_partitions(all=False):
+            usage = psutil.disk_usage(part.mountpoint)
+            dev, total, used, free = df(part.mountpoint)
+            self.assertEqual(part.device, dev)
+            self.assertEqual(usage.total, total)
+            # 10 MB tollerance
+            if abs(usage.free - free) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                self.fail("psutil=%s, df=%s" % usage.free, free)
+            if abs(usage.used - used) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                self.fail("psutil=%s, df=%s" % usage.used, used)
+
+    # --- virtual mem
+
+    def test_vmem_total(self):
+        sysctl_hwphymem = sysctl('sysctl hw.memsize')
+        self.assertEqual(sysctl_hwphymem, psutil.virtual_memory().total)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_free(self):
+        num = vm_stat("free")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().free, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_active(self):
+        num = vm_stat("active")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().active, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_inactive(self):
+        num = vm_stat("inactive")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().inactive, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_vmem_wired(self):
+        num = vm_stat("wired")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(psutil.virtual_memory().wired, num,
+                               delta=TOLERANCE)
+
+    # --- swap mem
+
+    def test_swapmem_sin(self):
+        num = vm_stat("Pageins")
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.swap_memory().sin, num)
+
+    def test_swapmem_sout(self):
+        num = vm_stat("Pageouts")
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.swap_memory().sout, num)
+
+    def test_swapmem_total(self):
+        tot1 = psutil.swap_memory().total
+        tot2 = 0
+        # OSX uses multiple cache files:
+        # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging#OS_X
+        for name in os.listdir("/var/vm/"):
+            file = os.path.join("/var/vm", name)
+            if os.path.isfile(file):
+                tot2 += os.path.getsize(file)
+        self.assertEqual(tot1, tot2)
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(OSXSpecificTestCase))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/_posix.py b/python/psutil/test/_posix.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6c56aac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/_posix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""POSIX specific tests.  These are implicitly run by test_psutil.py."""
+
+import datetime
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+import psutil
+
+from psutil._compat import PY3, callable
+from test_psutil import LINUX, SUNOS, OSX, BSD, PYTHON, POSIX, TRAVIS
+from test_psutil import (get_test_subprocess, skip_on_access_denied,
+                         retry_before_failing, reap_children, sh, unittest,
+                         get_kernel_version, wait_for_pid)
+
+
+def ps(cmd):
+    """Expects a ps command with a -o argument and parse the result
+    returning only the value of interest.
+    """
+    if not LINUX:
+        cmd = cmd.replace(" --no-headers ", " ")
+    if SUNOS:
+        cmd = cmd.replace("-o command", "-o comm")
+        cmd = cmd.replace("-o start", "-o stime")
+    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=1, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+    output = p.communicate()[0].strip()
+    if PY3:
+        output = str(output, sys.stdout.encoding)
+    if not LINUX:
+        output = output.split('\n')[1].strip()
+    try:
+        return int(output)
+    except ValueError:
+        return output
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "not a POSIX system")
+class PosixSpecificTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Compare psutil results against 'ps' command line utility."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.pid = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-E", "-O"],
+                                      stdin=subprocess.PIPE).pid
+        wait_for_pid(cls.pid)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        reap_children()
+
+    # for ps -o arguments see: http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?ps
+
+    def test_process_parent_pid(self):
+        ppid_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o ppid -p %s" % self.pid)
+        ppid_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).ppid()
+        self.assertEqual(ppid_ps, ppid_psutil)
+
+    def test_process_uid(self):
+        uid_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o uid -p %s" % self.pid)
+        uid_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).uids().real
+        self.assertEqual(uid_ps, uid_psutil)
+
+    def test_process_gid(self):
+        gid_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o rgid -p %s" % self.pid)
+        gid_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).gids().real
+        self.assertEqual(gid_ps, gid_psutil)
+
+    def test_process_username(self):
+        username_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o user -p %s" % self.pid)
+        username_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).username()
+        self.assertEqual(username_ps, username_psutil)
+
+    @skip_on_access_denied()
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_process_rss_memory(self):
+        # give python interpreter some time to properly initialize
+        # so that the results are the same
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        rss_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o rss -p %s" % self.pid)
+        rss_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).memory_info()[0] / 1024
+        self.assertEqual(rss_ps, rss_psutil)
+
+    @skip_on_access_denied()
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_process_vsz_memory(self):
+        # give python interpreter some time to properly initialize
+        # so that the results are the same
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        vsz_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o vsz -p %s" % self.pid)
+        vsz_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).memory_info()[1] / 1024
+        self.assertEqual(vsz_ps, vsz_psutil)
+
+    def test_process_name(self):
+        # use command + arg since "comm" keyword not supported on all platforms
+        name_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o command -p %s" % (
+            self.pid)).split(' ')[0]
+        # remove path if there is any, from the command
+        name_ps = os.path.basename(name_ps).lower()
+        name_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).name().lower()
+        self.assertEqual(name_ps, name_psutil)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(OSX or BSD,
+                     'ps -o start not available')
+    def test_process_create_time(self):
+        time_ps = ps("ps --no-headers -o start -p %s" % self.pid).split(' ')[0]
+        time_psutil = psutil.Process(self.pid).create_time()
+        time_psutil_tstamp = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
+            time_psutil).strftime("%H:%M:%S")
+        # sometimes ps shows the time rounded up instead of down, so we check
+        # for both possible values
+        round_time_psutil = round(time_psutil)
+        round_time_psutil_tstamp = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
+            round_time_psutil).strftime("%H:%M:%S")
+        self.assertIn(time_ps, [time_psutil_tstamp, round_time_psutil_tstamp])
+
+    def test_process_exe(self):
+        ps_pathname = ps("ps --no-headers -o command -p %s" %
+                         self.pid).split(' ')[0]
+        psutil_pathname = psutil.Process(self.pid).exe()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(ps_pathname, psutil_pathname)
+        except AssertionError:
+            # certain platforms such as BSD are more accurate returning:
+            # "/usr/local/bin/python2.7"
+            # ...instead of:
+            # "/usr/local/bin/python"
+            # We do not want to consider this difference in accuracy
+            # an error.
+            adjusted_ps_pathname = ps_pathname[:len(ps_pathname)]
+            self.assertEqual(ps_pathname, adjusted_ps_pathname)
+
+    def test_process_cmdline(self):
+        ps_cmdline = ps("ps --no-headers -o command -p %s" % self.pid)
+        psutil_cmdline = " ".join(psutil.Process(self.pid).cmdline())
+        if SUNOS:
+            # ps on Solaris only shows the first part of the cmdline
+            psutil_cmdline = psutil_cmdline.split(" ")[0]
+        self.assertEqual(ps_cmdline, psutil_cmdline)
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_pids(self):
+        # Note: this test might fail if the OS is starting/killing
+        # other processes in the meantime
+        if SUNOS:
+            cmd = ["ps", "ax"]
+        else:
+            cmd = ["ps", "ax", "-o", "pid"]
+        p = get_test_subprocess(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        output = p.communicate()[0].strip()
+        if PY3:
+            output = str(output, sys.stdout.encoding)
+        pids_ps = []
+        for line in output.split('\n')[1:]:
+            if line:
+                pid = int(line.split()[0].strip())
+                pids_ps.append(pid)
+        # remove ps subprocess pid which is supposed to be dead in meantime
+        pids_ps.remove(p.pid)
+        pids_psutil = psutil.pids()
+        pids_ps.sort()
+        pids_psutil.sort()
+
+        # on OSX ps doesn't show pid 0
+        if OSX and 0 not in pids_ps:
+            pids_ps.insert(0, 0)
+
+        if pids_ps != pids_psutil:
+            difference = [x for x in pids_psutil if x not in pids_ps] + \
+                         [x for x in pids_ps if x not in pids_psutil]
+            self.fail("difference: " + str(difference))
+
+    # for some reason ifconfig -a does not report all interfaces
+    # returned by psutil
+    @unittest.skipIf(SUNOS, "test not reliable on SUNOS")
+    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "test not reliable on Travis")
+    def test_nic_names(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen("ifconfig -a", shell=1, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        output = p.communicate()[0].strip()
+        if PY3:
+            output = str(output, sys.stdout.encoding)
+        for nic in psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True).keys():
+            for line in output.split():
+                if line.startswith(nic):
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail(
+                    "couldn't find %s nic in 'ifconfig -a' output\n%s" % (
+                        nic, output))
+
+    @retry_before_failing()
+    def test_users(self):
+        out = sh("who")
+        lines = out.split('\n')
+        users = [x.split()[0] for x in lines]
+        self.assertEqual(len(users), len(psutil.users()))
+        terminals = [x.split()[1] for x in lines]
+        for u in psutil.users():
+            self.assertTrue(u.name in users, u.name)
+            self.assertTrue(u.terminal in terminals, u.terminal)
+
+    def test_fds_open(self):
+        # Note: this fails from time to time; I'm keen on thinking
+        # it doesn't mean something is broken
+        def call(p, attr):
+            args = ()
+            attr = getattr(p, name, None)
+            if attr is not None and callable(attr):
+                if name == 'rlimit':
+                    args = (psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE,)
+                attr(*args)
+            else:
+                attr
+
+        p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+        failures = []
+        ignored_names = ['terminate', 'kill', 'suspend', 'resume', 'nice',
+                         'send_signal', 'wait', 'children', 'as_dict']
+        if LINUX and get_kernel_version() < (2, 6, 36):
+            ignored_names.append('rlimit')
+        if LINUX and get_kernel_version() < (2, 6, 23):
+            ignored_names.append('num_ctx_switches')
+        for name in dir(psutil.Process):
+            if (name.startswith('_') or name in ignored_names):
+                continue
+            else:
+                try:
+                    num1 = p.num_fds()
+                    for x in range(2):
+                        call(p, name)
+                    num2 = p.num_fds()
+                except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if abs(num2 - num1) > 1:
+                        fail = "failure while processing Process.%s method " \
+                               "(before=%s, after=%s)" % (name, num1, num2)
+                        failures.append(fail)
+        if failures:
+            self.fail('\n' + '\n'.join(failures))
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(PosixSpecificTestCase))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/_sunos.py b/python/psutil/test/_sunos.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d54ccd8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/_sunos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Sun OS specific tests.  These are implicitly run by test_psutil.py."""
+
+import sys
+import os
+
+from test_psutil import SUNOS, sh, unittest
+import psutil
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(SUNOS, "not a SunOS system")
+class SunOSSpecificTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_swap_memory(self):
+        out = sh('env PATH=/usr/sbin:/sbin:%s swap -l -k' % os.environ['PATH'])
+        lines = out.strip().split('\n')[1:]
+        if not lines:
+            raise ValueError('no swap device(s) configured')
+        total = free = 0
+        for line in lines:
+            line = line.split()
+            t, f = line[-2:]
+            t = t.replace('K', '')
+            f = f.replace('K', '')
+            total += int(int(t) * 1024)
+            free += int(int(f) * 1024)
+        used = total - free
+
+        psutil_swap = psutil.swap_memory()
+        self.assertEqual(psutil_swap.total, total)
+        self.assertEqual(psutil_swap.used, used)
+        self.assertEqual(psutil_swap.free, free)
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SunOSSpecificTestCase))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/_windows.py b/python/psutil/test/_windows.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7477bfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/_windows.py
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Windows specific tests.  These are implicitly run by test_psutil.py."""
+
+import errno
+import os
+import platform
+import signal
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+import traceback
+
+from test_psutil import APPVEYOR, WINDOWS
+from test_psutil import get_test_subprocess, reap_children, unittest
+
+import mock
+try:
+    import wmi
+except ImportError:
+    wmi = None
+try:
+    import win32api
+    import win32con
+except ImportError:
+    win32api = win32con = None
+
+from psutil._compat import PY3, callable, long
+import psutil
+
+
+cext = psutil._psplatform.cext
+
+
+def wrap_exceptions(fun):
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return fun(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except OSError as err:
+            from psutil._pswindows import ACCESS_DENIED_SET
+            if err.errno in ACCESS_DENIED_SET:
+                raise psutil.AccessDenied(None, None)
+            if err.errno == errno.ESRCH:
+                raise psutil.NoSuchProcess(None, None)
+            raise
+    return wrapper
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS, "not a Windows system")
+class WindowsSpecificTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.pid = get_test_subprocess().pid
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def test_issue_24(self):
+        p = psutil.Process(0)
+        self.assertRaises(psutil.AccessDenied, p.kill)
+
+    def test_special_pid(self):
+        p = psutil.Process(4)
+        self.assertEqual(p.name(), 'System')
+        # use __str__ to access all common Process properties to check
+        # that nothing strange happens
+        str(p)
+        p.username()
+        self.assertTrue(p.create_time() >= 0.0)
+        try:
+            rss, vms = p.memory_info()
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            # expected on Windows Vista and Windows 7
+            if not platform.uname()[1] in ('vista', 'win-7', 'win7'):
+                raise
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(rss > 0)
+
+    def test_send_signal(self):
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.send_signal, signal.SIGINT)
+
+    def test_nic_names(self):
+        p = subprocess.Popen(['ipconfig', '/all'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        out = p.communicate()[0]
+        if PY3:
+            out = str(out, sys.stdout.encoding)
+        nics = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True).keys()
+        for nic in nics:
+            if "pseudo-interface" in nic.replace(' ', '-').lower():
+                continue
+            if nic not in out:
+                self.fail(
+                    "%r nic wasn't found in 'ipconfig /all' output" % nic)
+
+    def test_exe(self):
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(os.path.basename(p.exe()), p.name())
+            except psutil.Error:
+                pass
+
+    # --- Process class tests
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_name(self):
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(p.name(), w.Caption)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_exe(self):
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        # Note: wmi reports the exe as a lower case string.
+        # Being Windows paths case-insensitive we ignore that.
+        self.assertEqual(p.exe().lower(), w.ExecutablePath.lower())
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_cmdline(self):
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(' '.join(p.cmdline()),
+                         w.CommandLine.replace('"', ''))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_username(self):
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        domain, _, username = w.GetOwner()
+        username = "%s\\%s" % (domain, username)
+        self.assertEqual(p.username(), username)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_rss_memory(self):
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        rss = p.memory_info().rss
+        self.assertEqual(rss, int(w.WorkingSetSize))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_vms_memory(self):
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        vms = p.memory_info().vms
+        # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394372(VS.85).aspx
+        # ...claims that PageFileUsage is represented in Kilo
+        # bytes but funnily enough on certain platforms bytes are
+        # returned instead.
+        wmi_usage = int(w.PageFileUsage)
+        if (vms != wmi_usage) and (vms != wmi_usage * 1024):
+            self.fail("wmi=%s, psutil=%s" % (wmi_usage, vms))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_process_create_time(self):
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        wmic_create = str(w.CreationDate.split('.')[0])
+        psutil_create = time.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S",
+                                      time.localtime(p.create_time()))
+        self.assertEqual(wmic_create, psutil_create)
+
+    # --- psutil namespace functions and constants tests
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless('NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS' in os.environ,
+                         'NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS env var is not available')
+    def test_cpu_count(self):
+        num_cpus = int(os.environ['NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS'])
+        self.assertEqual(num_cpus, psutil.cpu_count())
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_total_phymem(self):
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_ComputerSystem()[0]
+        self.assertEqual(int(w.TotalPhysicalMemory),
+                         psutil.virtual_memory().total)
+
+    # @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    # def test__UPTIME(self):
+    #     # _UPTIME constant is not public but it is used internally
+    #     # as value to return for pid 0 creation time.
+    #     # WMI behaves the same.
+    #     w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process(ProcessId=self.pid)[0]
+    #     p = psutil.Process(0)
+    #     wmic_create = str(w.CreationDate.split('.')[0])
+    #     psutil_create = time.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S",
+    #                                   time.localtime(p.create_time()))
+    #
+
+    # Note: this test is not very reliable
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR, "test not relieable on appveyor")
+    def test_pids(self):
+        # Note: this test might fail if the OS is starting/killing
+        # other processes in the meantime
+        w = wmi.WMI().Win32_Process()
+        wmi_pids = set([x.ProcessId for x in w])
+        psutil_pids = set(psutil.pids())
+        self.assertEqual(wmi_pids, psutil_pids)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(wmi is None, "wmi module is not installed")
+    def test_disks(self):
+        ps_parts = psutil.disk_partitions(all=True)
+        wmi_parts = wmi.WMI().Win32_LogicalDisk()
+        for ps_part in ps_parts:
+            for wmi_part in wmi_parts:
+                if ps_part.device.replace('\\', '') == wmi_part.DeviceID:
+                    if not ps_part.mountpoint:
+                        # this is usually a CD-ROM with no disk inserted
+                        break
+                    try:
+                        usage = psutil.disk_usage(ps_part.mountpoint)
+                    except OSError as err:
+                        if err.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                            # usually this is the floppy
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            raise
+                    self.assertEqual(usage.total, int(wmi_part.Size))
+                    wmi_free = int(wmi_part.FreeSpace)
+                    self.assertEqual(usage.free, wmi_free)
+                    # 10 MB tollerance
+                    if abs(usage.free - wmi_free) > 10 * 1024 * 1024:
+                        self.fail("psutil=%s, wmi=%s" % (
+                            usage.free, wmi_free))
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("can't find partition %s" % repr(ps_part))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(win32api is None, "pywin32 module is not installed")
+    def test_num_handles(self):
+        p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+        before = p.num_handles()
+        handle = win32api.OpenProcess(win32con.PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION,
+                                      win32con.FALSE, os.getpid())
+        after = p.num_handles()
+        self.assertEqual(after, before + 1)
+        win32api.CloseHandle(handle)
+        self.assertEqual(p.num_handles(), before)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(win32api is None, "pywin32 module is not installed")
+    def test_num_handles_2(self):
+        # Note: this fails from time to time; I'm keen on thinking
+        # it doesn't mean something is broken
+        def call(p, attr):
+            attr = getattr(p, name, None)
+            if attr is not None and callable(attr):
+                attr()
+            else:
+                attr
+
+        p = psutil.Process(self.pid)
+        failures = []
+        for name in dir(psutil.Process):
+            if name.startswith('_') \
+                or name in ('terminate', 'kill', 'suspend', 'resume',
+                            'nice', 'send_signal', 'wait', 'children',
+                            'as_dict'):
+                continue
+            else:
+                try:
+                    call(p, name)
+                    num1 = p.num_handles()
+                    call(p, name)
+                    num2 = p.num_handles()
+                except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    if num2 > num1:
+                        fail = \
+                            "failure while processing Process.%s method " \
+                            "(before=%s, after=%s)" % (name, num1, num2)
+                        failures.append(fail)
+        if failures:
+            self.fail('\n' + '\n'.join(failures))
+
+    def test_name_always_available(self):
+        # On Windows name() is never supposed to raise AccessDenied,
+        # see https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/627
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            try:
+                p.name()
+            except psutil.NoSuchProcess():
+                pass
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS, "not a Windows system")
+class TestDualProcessImplementation(unittest.TestCase):
+    """
+    Certain APIs on Windows have 2 internal implementations, one
+    based on documented Windows APIs, another one based
+    NtQuerySystemInformation() which gets called as fallback in
+    case the first fails because of limited permission error.
+    Here we test that the two methods return the exact same value,
+    see:
+    https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/304
+    """
+
+    fun_names = [
+        # function name, tolerance
+        ('proc_cpu_times', 0.2),
+        ('proc_create_time', 0.5),
+        ('proc_num_handles', 1),  # 1 because impl #1 opens a handle
+        ('proc_memory_info', 1024),  # KB
+        ('proc_io_counters', 0),
+    ]
+
+    def test_compare_values(self):
+        def assert_ge_0(obj):
+            if isinstance(obj, tuple):
+                for value in obj:
+                    self.assertGreaterEqual(value, 0, msg=obj)
+            elif isinstance(obj, (int, long, float)):
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(obj, 0)
+            else:
+                assert 0  # case not handled which needs to be fixed
+
+        def compare_with_tolerance(ret1, ret2, tolerance):
+            if ret1 == ret2:
+                return
+            else:
+                if isinstance(ret2, (int, long, float)):
+                    diff = abs(ret1 - ret2)
+                    self.assertLessEqual(diff, tolerance)
+                elif isinstance(ret2, tuple):
+                    for a, b in zip(ret1, ret2):
+                        diff = abs(a - b)
+                        self.assertLessEqual(diff, tolerance)
+
+        from psutil._pswindows import ntpinfo
+        failures = []
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            try:
+                nt = ntpinfo(*cext.proc_info(p.pid))
+            except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+                continue
+            assert_ge_0(nt)
+
+            for name, tolerance in self.fun_names:
+                if name == 'proc_memory_info' and p.pid == os.getpid():
+                    continue
+                if name == 'proc_create_time' and p.pid in (0, 4):
+                    continue
+                meth = wrap_exceptions(getattr(cext, name))
+                try:
+                    ret = meth(p.pid)
+                except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
+                    continue
+                # compare values
+                try:
+                    if name == 'proc_cpu_times':
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret[0], nt.user_time, tolerance)
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret[1],
+                                               nt.kernel_time, tolerance)
+                    elif name == 'proc_create_time':
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret, nt.create_time, tolerance)
+                    elif name == 'proc_num_handles':
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret, nt.num_handles, tolerance)
+                    elif name == 'proc_io_counters':
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret[0], nt.io_rcount, tolerance)
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret[1], nt.io_wcount, tolerance)
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret[2], nt.io_rbytes, tolerance)
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret[3], nt.io_wbytes, tolerance)
+                    elif name == 'proc_memory_info':
+                        try:
+                            rawtupl = cext.proc_memory_info_2(p.pid)
+                        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+                            continue
+                        compare_with_tolerance(ret, rawtupl, tolerance)
+                except AssertionError:
+                    trace = traceback.format_exc()
+                    msg = '%s\npid=%s, method=%r, ret_1=%r, ret_2=%r' % (
+                        trace, p.pid, name, ret, nt)
+                    failures.append(msg)
+                    break
+
+        if failures:
+            self.fail('\n\n'.join(failures))
+
+    # ---
+    # same tests as above but mimicks the AccessDenied failure of
+    # the first (fast) method failing with AD.
+    # TODO: currently does not take tolerance into account.
+
+    def test_name(self):
+        name = psutil.Process().name()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.cext.proc_exe",
+                        side_effect=psutil.AccessDenied(os.getpid())) as fun:
+            psutil.Process().name() == name
+            assert fun.called
+
+    def test_memory_info(self):
+        mem = psutil.Process().memory_info()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.cext.proc_memory_info",
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "msg")) as fun:
+            psutil.Process().memory_info() == mem
+            assert fun.called
+
+    def test_create_time(self):
+        ctime = psutil.Process().create_time()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.cext.proc_create_time",
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "msg")) as fun:
+            psutil.Process().create_time() == ctime
+            assert fun.called
+
+    def test_cpu_times(self):
+        cpu_times = psutil.Process().cpu_times()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.cext.proc_cpu_times",
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "msg")) as fun:
+            psutil.Process().cpu_times() == cpu_times
+            assert fun.called
+
+    def test_io_counters(self):
+        io_counters = psutil.Process().io_counters()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.cext.proc_io_counters",
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "msg")) as fun:
+            psutil.Process().io_counters() == io_counters
+            assert fun.called
+
+    def test_num_handles(self):
+        io_counters = psutil.Process().io_counters()
+        with mock.patch("psutil._psplatform.cext.proc_io_counters",
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "msg")) as fun:
+            psutil.Process().io_counters() == io_counters
+            assert fun.called
+
+    # --- other tests
+
+    def test_compare_name_exe(self):
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            try:
+                a = os.path.basename(p.exe())
+                b = p.name()
+            except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(a, b)
+
+    def test_zombies(self):
+        # test that NPS is raised by the 2nd implementation in case a
+        # process no longer exists
+        ZOMBIE_PID = max(psutil.pids()) + 5000
+        for name, _ in self.fun_names:
+            meth = wrap_exceptions(getattr(cext, name))
+            self.assertRaises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, meth, ZOMBIE_PID)
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(WindowsSpecificTestCase))
+    test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(TestDualProcessImplementation))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/test_memory_leaks.py b/python/psutil/test/test_memory_leaks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f02dc0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/test_memory_leaks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+A test script which attempts to detect memory leaks by calling C
+functions many times and compare process memory usage before and
+after the calls.  It might produce false positives.
+"""
+
+import functools
+import gc
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+
+import psutil
+import psutil._common
+
+from psutil._compat import xrange, callable
+from test_psutil import (WINDOWS, POSIX, OSX, LINUX, SUNOS, BSD, TESTFN,
+                         RLIMIT_SUPPORT, TRAVIS)
+from test_psutil import (reap_children, supports_ipv6, safe_remove,
+                         get_test_subprocess)
+
+if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
+    import unittest2 as unittest  # https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+
+LOOPS = 1000
+TOLERANCE = 4096
+SKIP_PYTHON_IMPL = True
+
+
+def skip_if_linux():
+    return unittest.skipIf(LINUX and SKIP_PYTHON_IMPL,
+                           "not worth being tested on LINUX (pure python)")
+
+
+class Base(unittest.TestCase):
+    proc = psutil.Process()
+
+    def execute(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
+        def call_many_times():
+            for x in xrange(LOOPS - 1):
+                self.call(function, *args, **kwargs)
+            del x
+            gc.collect()
+            return self.get_mem()
+
+        self.call(function, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.assertEqual(gc.garbage, [])
+        self.assertEqual(threading.active_count(), 1)
+
+        # RSS comparison
+        # step 1
+        rss1 = call_many_times()
+        # step 2
+        rss2 = call_many_times()
+
+        difference = rss2 - rss1
+        if difference > TOLERANCE:
+            # This doesn't necessarily mean we have a leak yet.
+            # At this point we assume that after having called the
+            # function so many times the memory usage is stabilized
+            # and if there are no leaks it should not increase any
+            # more.
+            # Let's keep calling fun for 3 more seconds and fail if
+            # we notice any difference.
+            stop_at = time.time() + 3
+            while True:
+                self.call(function, *args, **kwargs)
+                if time.time() >= stop_at:
+                    break
+            del stop_at
+            gc.collect()
+            rss3 = self.get_mem()
+            difference = rss3 - rss2
+            if rss3 > rss2:
+                self.fail("rss2=%s, rss3=%s, difference=%s"
+                          % (rss2, rss3, difference))
+
+    def execute_w_exc(self, exc, function, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['_exc'] = exc
+        self.execute(function, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_mem(self):
+        return psutil.Process().memory_info()[0]
+
+    def call(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented in subclass")
+
+
+class TestProcessObjectLeaks(Base):
+    """Test leaks of Process class methods and properties"""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        gc.collect()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def call(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
+        if callable(function):
+            if '_exc' in kwargs:
+                exc = kwargs.pop('_exc')
+                self.assertRaises(exc, function, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    function(*args, **kwargs)
+                except psutil.Error:
+                    pass
+        else:
+            meth = getattr(self.proc, function)
+            if '_exc' in kwargs:
+                exc = kwargs.pop('_exc')
+                self.assertRaises(exc, meth, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    meth(*args, **kwargs)
+                except psutil.Error:
+                    pass
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_name(self):
+        self.execute('name')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_cmdline(self):
+        self.execute('cmdline')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_exe(self):
+        self.execute('exe')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_ppid(self):
+        self.execute('ppid')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "POSIX only")
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_uids(self):
+        self.execute('uids')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "POSIX only")
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_gids(self):
+        self.execute('gids')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_status(self):
+        self.execute('status')
+
+    def test_nice_get(self):
+        self.execute('nice')
+
+    def test_nice_set(self):
+        niceness = psutil.Process().nice()
+        self.execute('nice', niceness)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(psutil.Process, 'ionice'),
+                         "Linux and Windows Vista only")
+    def test_ionice_get(self):
+        self.execute('ionice')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(psutil.Process, 'ionice'),
+                         "Linux and Windows Vista only")
+    def test_ionice_set(self):
+        if WINDOWS:
+            value = psutil.Process().ionice()
+            self.execute('ionice', value)
+        else:
+            from psutil._pslinux import cext
+            self.execute('ionice', psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE)
+            fun = functools.partial(cext.proc_ioprio_set, os.getpid(), -1, 0)
+            self.execute_w_exc(OSError, fun)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(OSX or SUNOS, "feature not supported on this platform")
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_io_counters(self):
+        self.execute('io_counters')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS, "not worth being tested on posix")
+    def test_username(self):
+        self.execute('username')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_create_time(self):
+        self.execute('create_time')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_num_threads(self):
+        self.execute('num_threads')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS, "Windows only")
+    def test_num_handles(self):
+        self.execute('num_handles')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "POSIX only")
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_num_fds(self):
+        self.execute('num_fds')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_threads(self):
+        self.execute('threads')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_cpu_times(self):
+        self.execute('cpu_times')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_memory_info(self):
+        self.execute('memory_info')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_memory_info_ex(self):
+        self.execute('memory_info_ex')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "POSIX only")
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_terminal(self):
+        self.execute('terminal')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and SKIP_PYTHON_IMPL,
+                     "not worth being tested on POSIX (pure python)")
+    def test_resume(self):
+        self.execute('resume')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_cwd(self):
+        self.execute('cwd')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS or LINUX or BSD,
+                         "Windows or Linux or BSD only")
+    def test_cpu_affinity_get(self):
+        self.execute('cpu_affinity')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS or LINUX or BSD,
+                         "Windows or Linux or BSD only")
+    def test_cpu_affinity_set(self):
+        affinity = psutil.Process().cpu_affinity()
+        self.execute('cpu_affinity', affinity)
+        if not TRAVIS:
+            self.execute_w_exc(ValueError, 'cpu_affinity', [-1])
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_open_files(self):
+        safe_remove(TESTFN)  # needed after UNIX socket test has run
+        with open(TESTFN, 'w'):
+            self.execute('open_files')
+
+    # OSX implementation is unbelievably slow
+    @unittest.skipIf(OSX, "OSX implementation is too slow")
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_memory_maps(self):
+        self.execute('memory_maps')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX, "Linux only")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX and RLIMIT_SUPPORT,
+                         "only available on Linux >= 2.6.36")
+    def test_rlimit_get(self):
+        self.execute('rlimit', psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX, "Linux only")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX and RLIMIT_SUPPORT,
+                         "only available on Linux >= 2.6.36")
+    def test_rlimit_set(self):
+        limit = psutil.Process().rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+        self.execute('rlimit', psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, limit)
+        self.execute_w_exc(OSError, 'rlimit', -1)
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    # Windows implementation is based on a single system-wide function
+    @unittest.skipIf(WINDOWS, "tested later")
+    def test_connections(self):
+        def create_socket(family, type):
+            sock = socket.socket(family, type)
+            sock.bind(('', 0))
+            if type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+                sock.listen(1)
+            return sock
+
+        socks = []
+        socks.append(create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM))
+        socks.append(create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM))
+        if supports_ipv6():
+            socks.append(create_socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM))
+            socks.append(create_socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM))
+        if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'):
+            safe_remove(TESTFN)
+            s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            s.bind(TESTFN)
+            s.listen(1)
+            socks.append(s)
+        kind = 'all'
+        # TODO: UNIX sockets are temporarily implemented by parsing
+        # 'pfiles' cmd  output; we don't want that part of the code to
+        # be executed.
+        if SUNOS:
+            kind = 'inet'
+        try:
+            self.execute('connections', kind=kind)
+        finally:
+            for s in socks:
+                s.close()
+
+
+p = get_test_subprocess()
+DEAD_PROC = psutil.Process(p.pid)
+DEAD_PROC.kill()
+DEAD_PROC.wait()
+del p
+
+
+class TestProcessObjectLeaksZombie(TestProcessObjectLeaks):
+    """Same as above but looks for leaks occurring when dealing with
+    zombie processes raising NoSuchProcess exception.
+    """
+    proc = DEAD_PROC
+
+    def call(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            TestProcessObjectLeaks.call(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+
+    if not POSIX:
+        def test_kill(self):
+            self.execute('kill')
+
+        def test_terminate(self):
+            self.execute('terminate')
+
+        def test_suspend(self):
+            self.execute('suspend')
+
+        def test_resume(self):
+            self.execute('resume')
+
+        def test_wait(self):
+            self.execute('wait')
+
+
+class TestModuleFunctionsLeaks(Base):
+    """Test leaks of psutil module functions."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        gc.collect()
+
+    def call(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
+        fun = getattr(psutil, function)
+        fun(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_cpu_count_logical(self):
+        psutil.cpu_count = psutil._psplatform.cpu_count_logical
+        self.execute('cpu_count')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_cpu_count_physical(self):
+        psutil.cpu_count = psutil._psplatform.cpu_count_physical
+        self.execute('cpu_count')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_boot_time(self):
+        self.execute('boot_time')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and SKIP_PYTHON_IMPL,
+                     "not worth being tested on POSIX (pure python)")
+    def test_pid_exists(self):
+        self.execute('pid_exists', os.getpid())
+
+    def test_virtual_memory(self):
+        self.execute('virtual_memory')
+
+    # TODO: remove this skip when this gets fixed
+    @unittest.skipIf(SUNOS,
+                     "not worth being tested on SUNOS (uses a subprocess)")
+    def test_swap_memory(self):
+        self.execute('swap_memory')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_cpu_times(self):
+        self.execute('cpu_times')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_per_cpu_times(self):
+        self.execute('cpu_times', percpu=True)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and SKIP_PYTHON_IMPL,
+                     "not worth being tested on POSIX (pure python)")
+    def test_disk_usage(self):
+        self.execute('disk_usage', '.')
+
+    def test_disk_partitions(self):
+        self.execute('disk_partitions')
+
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_net_io_counters(self):
+        self.execute('net_io_counters')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and not os.path.exists('/proc/diskstats'),
+                     '/proc/diskstats not available on this Linux version')
+    @skip_if_linux()
+    def test_disk_io_counters(self):
+        self.execute('disk_io_counters')
+
+    # XXX - on Windows this produces a false positive
+    @unittest.skipIf(WINDOWS, "XXX produces a false positive on Windows")
+    def test_users(self):
+        self.execute('users')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX,
+                     "not worth being tested on Linux (pure python)")
+    def test_net_connections(self):
+        self.execute('net_connections')
+
+    def test_net_if_addrs(self):
+        self.execute('net_if_addrs')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "EPERM on travis")
+    def test_net_if_stats(self):
+        self.execute('net_if_stats')
+
+
+def main():
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    tests = [TestProcessObjectLeaksZombie,
+             TestProcessObjectLeaks,
+             TestModuleFunctionsLeaks]
+    for test in tests:
+        test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(test))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/test/test_psutil.py b/python/psutil/test/test_psutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b2e3587a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/test/test_psutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3013 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2009, Giampaolo Rodola'. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""
+psutil test suite. Run it with:
+$ make test
+
+If you're on Python < 2.7 unittest2 module must be installed first:
+https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2
+"""
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+import ast
+import atexit
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import errno
+import functools
+import imp
+import json
+import os
+import pickle
+import pprint
+import re
+import select
+import shutil
+import signal
+import socket
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+import threading
+import time
+import traceback
+import types
+import warnings
+from socket import AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM
+try:
+    import ipaddress  # python >= 3.3
+except ImportError:
+    ipaddress = None
+try:
+    from unittest import mock  # py3
+except ImportError:
+    import mock  # requires "pip install mock"
+
+import psutil
+from psutil._compat import PY3, callable, long, unicode
+
+if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
+    import unittest2 as unittest  # https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2
+else:
+    import unittest
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+    import enum
+else:
+    enum = None
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Constants
+# ===================================================================
+
+# conf for retry_before_failing() decorator
+NO_RETRIES = 10
+# bytes tolerance for OS memory related tests
+TOLERANCE = 500 * 1024  # 500KB
+# the timeout used in functions which have to wait
+GLOBAL_TIMEOUT = 3
+
+AF_INET6 = getattr(socket, "AF_INET6")
+AF_UNIX = getattr(socket, "AF_UNIX", None)
+PYTHON = os.path.realpath(sys.executable)
+DEVNULL = open(os.devnull, 'r+')
+TESTFN = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "$testfile")
+TESTFN_UNICODE = TESTFN + "Æ’Å‘Å‘"
+TESTFILE_PREFIX = 'psutil-test-suite-'
+if not PY3:
+    try:
+        TESTFN_UNICODE = unicode(TESTFN_UNICODE, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        TESTFN_UNICODE = TESTFN + "???"
+
+EXAMPLES_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                               '..', 'examples'))
+
+POSIX = os.name == 'posix'
+WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
+if WINDOWS:
+    WIN_VISTA = (6, 0, 0)
+LINUX = sys.platform.startswith("linux")
+OSX = sys.platform.startswith("darwin")
+BSD = sys.platform.startswith("freebsd")
+SUNOS = sys.platform.startswith("sunos")
+VALID_PROC_STATUSES = [getattr(psutil, x) for x in dir(psutil)
+                       if x.startswith('STATUS_')]
+# whether we're running this test suite on Travis (https://travis-ci.org/)
+TRAVIS = bool(os.environ.get('TRAVIS'))
+# whether we're running this test suite on Appveyor for Windows
+# (http://www.appveyor.com/)
+APPVEYOR = bool(os.environ.get('APPVEYOR'))
+
+if TRAVIS or 'tox' in sys.argv[0]:
+    import ipaddress
+if TRAVIS or APPVEYOR:
+    GLOBAL_TIMEOUT = GLOBAL_TIMEOUT * 4
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Utility functions
+# ===================================================================
+
+def cleanup():
+    reap_children(search_all=True)
+    safe_remove(TESTFN)
+    try:
+        safe_rmdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        pass
+    for path in _testfiles:
+        safe_remove(path)
+
+atexit.register(cleanup)
+atexit.register(lambda: DEVNULL.close())
+
+
+_subprocesses_started = set()
+
+
+def get_test_subprocess(cmd=None, stdout=DEVNULL, stderr=DEVNULL,
+                        stdin=DEVNULL, wait=False):
+    """Return a subprocess.Popen object to use in tests.
+    By default stdout and stderr are redirected to /dev/null and the
+    python interpreter is used as test process.
+    If 'wait' is True attemps to make sure the process is in a
+    reasonably initialized state.
+    """
+    if cmd is None:
+        pyline = ""
+        if wait:
+            pyline += "open(r'%s', 'w'); " % TESTFN
+        pyline += "import time; time.sleep(60);"
+        cmd_ = [PYTHON, "-c", pyline]
+    else:
+        cmd_ = cmd
+    sproc = subprocess.Popen(cmd_, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr, stdin=stdin)
+    if wait:
+        if cmd is None:
+            stop_at = time.time() + 3
+            while stop_at > time.time():
+                if os.path.exists(TESTFN):
+                    break
+                time.sleep(0.001)
+            else:
+                warn("couldn't make sure test file was actually created")
+        else:
+            wait_for_pid(sproc.pid)
+    _subprocesses_started.add(psutil.Process(sproc.pid))
+    return sproc
+
+
+_testfiles = []
+
+
+def pyrun(src):
+    """Run python code 'src' in a separate interpreter.
+    Return interpreter subprocess.
+    """
+    if PY3:
+        src = bytes(src, 'ascii')
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+            prefix=TESTFILE_PREFIX, delete=False) as f:
+        _testfiles.append(f.name)
+        f.write(src)
+        f.flush()
+        subp = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, f.name], stdout=None,
+                                   stderr=None)
+        wait_for_pid(subp.pid)
+        return subp
+
+
+def warn(msg):
+    """Raise a warning msg."""
+    warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
+
+
+def sh(cmdline, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE):
+    """run cmd in a subprocess and return its output.
+    raises RuntimeError on error.
+    """
+    p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, shell=True, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
+    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+    if p.returncode != 0:
+        raise RuntimeError(stderr)
+    if stderr:
+        warn(stderr)
+    if PY3:
+        stdout = str(stdout, sys.stdout.encoding)
+    return stdout.strip()
+
+
+def which(program):
+    """Same as UNIX which command. Return None on command not found."""
+    def is_exe(fpath):
+        return os.path.isfile(fpath) and os.access(fpath, os.X_OK)
+
+    fpath, fname = os.path.split(program)
+    if fpath:
+        if is_exe(program):
+            return program
+    else:
+        for path in os.environ["PATH"].split(os.pathsep):
+            exe_file = os.path.join(path, program)
+            if is_exe(exe_file):
+                return exe_file
+    return None
+
+
+if POSIX:
+    def get_kernel_version():
+        """Return a tuple such as (2, 6, 36)."""
+        s = ""
+        uname = os.uname()[2]
+        for c in uname:
+            if c.isdigit() or c == '.':
+                s += c
+            else:
+                break
+        if not s:
+            raise ValueError("can't parse %r" % uname)
+        minor = 0
+        micro = 0
+        nums = s.split('.')
+        major = int(nums[0])
+        if len(nums) >= 2:
+            minor = int(nums[1])
+        if len(nums) >= 3:
+            micro = int(nums[2])
+        return (major, minor, micro)
+
+
+if LINUX:
+    RLIMIT_SUPPORT = get_kernel_version() >= (2, 6, 36)
+else:
+    RLIMIT_SUPPORT = False
+
+
+def wait_for_pid(pid, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT):
+    """Wait for pid to show up in the process list then return.
+    Used in the test suite to give time the sub process to initialize.
+    """
+    raise_at = time.time() + timeout
+    while True:
+        if pid in psutil.pids():
+            # give it one more iteration to allow full initialization
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            return
+        time.sleep(0.0001)
+        if time.time() >= raise_at:
+            raise RuntimeError("Timed out")
+
+
+def wait_for_file(fname, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT, delete_file=True):
+    """Wait for a file to be written on disk."""
+    stop_at = time.time() + 3
+    while time.time() < stop_at:
+        try:
+            with open(fname, "r") as f:
+                data = f.read()
+            if not data:
+                continue
+            if delete_file:
+                os.remove(fname)
+            return data
+        except IOError:
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+    raise RuntimeError("timed out (couldn't read file)")
+
+
+def reap_children(search_all=False):
+    """Kill any subprocess started by this test suite and ensure that
+    no zombies stick around to hog resources and create problems when
+    looking for refleaks.
+    """
+    global _subprocesses_started
+    procs = _subprocesses_started.copy()
+    if search_all:
+        this_process = psutil.Process()
+        for p in this_process.children(recursive=True):
+            procs.add(p)
+    for p in procs:
+        try:
+            p.terminate()
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+    gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
+    for p in alive:
+        warn("couldn't terminate process %s" % p)
+        try:
+            p.kill()
+        except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+            pass
+    _, alive = psutil.wait_procs(alive, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
+    if alive:
+        warn("couldn't not kill processes %s" % str(alive))
+    _subprocesses_started = set(alive)
+
+
+def check_ip_address(addr, family):
+    """Attempts to check IP address's validity."""
+    if enum and PY3:
+        assert isinstance(family, enum.IntEnum), family
+    if family == AF_INET:
+        octs = [int(x) for x in addr.split('.')]
+        assert len(octs) == 4, addr
+        for num in octs:
+            assert 0 <= num <= 255, addr
+        if ipaddress:
+            if not PY3:
+                addr = unicode(addr)
+            ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+    elif family == AF_INET6:
+        assert isinstance(addr, str), addr
+        if ipaddress:
+            if not PY3:
+                addr = unicode(addr)
+            ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+    elif family == psutil.AF_LINK:
+        assert re.match('([a-fA-F0-9]{2}[:|\-]?){6}', addr) is not None, addr
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("unknown family %r", family)
+
+
+def check_connection_ntuple(conn):
+    """Check validity of a connection namedtuple."""
+    valid_conn_states = [getattr(psutil, x) for x in dir(psutil) if
+                         x.startswith('CONN_')]
+    assert conn[0] == conn.fd
+    assert conn[1] == conn.family
+    assert conn[2] == conn.type
+    assert conn[3] == conn.laddr
+    assert conn[4] == conn.raddr
+    assert conn[5] == conn.status
+    assert conn.type in (SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM), repr(conn.type)
+    assert conn.family in (AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX), repr(conn.family)
+    assert conn.status in valid_conn_states, conn.status
+
+    # check IP address and port sanity
+    for addr in (conn.laddr, conn.raddr):
+        if not addr:
+            continue
+        if conn.family in (AF_INET, AF_INET6):
+            assert isinstance(addr, tuple), addr
+            ip, port = addr
+            assert isinstance(port, int), port
+            assert 0 <= port <= 65535, port
+            check_ip_address(ip, conn.family)
+        elif conn.family == AF_UNIX:
+            assert isinstance(addr, (str, None)), addr
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown family %r", conn.family)
+
+    if conn.family in (AF_INET, AF_INET6):
+        # actually try to bind the local socket; ignore IPv6
+        # sockets as their address might be represented as
+        # an IPv4-mapped-address (e.g. "::127.0.0.1")
+        # and that's rejected by bind()
+        if conn.family == AF_INET:
+            s = socket.socket(conn.family, conn.type)
+            with contextlib.closing(s):
+                try:
+                    s.bind((conn.laddr[0], 0))
+                except socket.error as err:
+                    if err.errno != errno.EADDRNOTAVAIL:
+                        raise
+    elif conn.family == AF_UNIX:
+        assert not conn.raddr, repr(conn.raddr)
+        assert conn.status == psutil.CONN_NONE, conn.status
+
+    if getattr(conn, 'fd', -1) != -1:
+        assert conn.fd > 0, conn
+        if hasattr(socket, 'fromfd') and not WINDOWS:
+            try:
+                dupsock = socket.fromfd(conn.fd, conn.family, conn.type)
+            except (socket.error, OSError) as err:
+                if err.args[0] != errno.EBADF:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                with contextlib.closing(dupsock):
+                    assert dupsock.family == conn.family
+                    assert dupsock.type == conn.type
+
+
+def safe_remove(file):
+    "Convenience function for removing temporary test files"
+    try:
+        os.remove(file)
+    except OSError as err:
+        if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+            # file is being used by another process
+            if WINDOWS and isinstance(err, WindowsError) and err.errno == 13:
+                return
+            raise
+
+
+def safe_rmdir(dir):
+    "Convenience function for removing temporary test directories"
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(dir)
+    except OSError as err:
+        if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+            raise
+
+
+def call_until(fun, expr, timeout=GLOBAL_TIMEOUT):
+    """Keep calling function for timeout secs and exit if eval()
+    expression is True.
+    """
+    stop_at = time.time() + timeout
+    while time.time() < stop_at:
+        ret = fun()
+        if eval(expr):
+            return ret
+        time.sleep(0.001)
+    raise RuntimeError('timed out (ret=%r)' % ret)
+
+
+def retry_before_failing(ntimes=None):
+    """Decorator which runs a test function and retries N times before
+    actually failing.
+    """
+    def decorator(fun):
+        @functools.wraps(fun)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            for x in range(ntimes or NO_RETRIES):
+                try:
+                    return fun(*args, **kwargs)
+                except AssertionError:
+                    pass
+            raise
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+
+def skip_on_access_denied(only_if=None):
+    """Decorator to Ignore AccessDenied exceptions."""
+    def decorator(fun):
+        @functools.wraps(fun)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                return fun(*args, **kwargs)
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                if only_if is not None:
+                    if not only_if:
+                        raise
+                msg = "%r was skipped because it raised AccessDenied" \
+                      % fun.__name__
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(msg)
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+
+def skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=None):
+    """Decorator to Ignore NotImplementedError exceptions."""
+    def decorator(fun):
+        @functools.wraps(fun)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                return fun(*args, **kwargs)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                if only_if is not None:
+                    if not only_if:
+                        raise
+                msg = "%r was skipped because it raised NotImplementedError" \
+                      % fun.__name__
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(msg)
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+
+def supports_ipv6():
+    """Return True if IPv6 is supported on this platform."""
+    if not socket.has_ipv6 or not hasattr(socket, "AF_INET6"):
+        return False
+    sock = None
+    try:
+        sock = socket.socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM)
+        sock.bind(("::1", 0))
+    except (socket.error, socket.gaierror):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+    finally:
+        if sock is not None:
+            sock.close()
+
+
+if WINDOWS:
+    def get_winver():
+        wv = sys.getwindowsversion()
+        if hasattr(wv, 'service_pack_major'):  # python >= 2.7
+            sp = wv.service_pack_major or 0
+        else:
+            r = re.search("\s\d$", wv[4])
+            if r:
+                sp = int(r.group(0))
+            else:
+                sp = 0
+        return (wv[0], wv[1], sp)
+
+
+class ThreadTask(threading.Thread):
+    """A thread object used for running process thread tests."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
+        self._running = False
+        self._interval = None
+        self._flag = threading.Event()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self.__class__.__name__
+        return '<%s running=%s at %#x>' % (name, self._running, id(self))
+
+    def start(self, interval=0.001):
+        """Start thread and keep it running until an explicit
+        stop() request. Polls for shutdown every 'timeout' seconds.
+        """
+        if self._running:
+            raise ValueError("already started")
+        self._interval = interval
+        threading.Thread.start(self)
+        self._flag.wait()
+
+    def run(self):
+        self._running = True
+        self._flag.set()
+        while self._running:
+            time.sleep(self._interval)
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Stop thread execution and and waits until it is stopped."""
+        if not self._running:
+            raise ValueError("already stopped")
+        self._running = False
+        self.join()
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- System-related API tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+class TestSystemAPIs(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for system-related APIs."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        safe_remove(TESTFN)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def test_process_iter(self):
+        self.assertIn(os.getpid(), [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        self.assertIn(sproc.pid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.kill()
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertNotIn(sproc.pid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
+
+    def test_wait_procs(self):
+        def callback(p):
+            l.append(p.pid)
+
+        l = []
+        sproc1 = get_test_subprocess()
+        sproc2 = get_test_subprocess()
+        sproc3 = get_test_subprocess()
+        procs = [psutil.Process(x.pid) for x in (sproc1, sproc2, sproc3)]
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, psutil.wait_procs, procs, timeout=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, psutil.wait_procs, procs, callback=1)
+        t = time.time()
+        gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=0.01, callback=callback)
+
+        self.assertLess(time.time() - t, 0.5)
+        self.assertEqual(gone, [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(alive), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(l, [])
+        for p in alive:
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(p, 'returncode'))
+
+        @retry_before_failing(30)
+        def test(procs, callback):
+            gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=0.03,
+                                            callback=callback)
+            self.assertEqual(len(gone), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(len(alive), 2)
+            return gone, alive
+
+        sproc3.terminate()
+        gone, alive = test(procs, callback)
+        self.assertIn(sproc3.pid, [x.pid for x in gone])
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(gone.pop().returncode, signal.SIGTERM)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(gone.pop().returncode, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(l, [sproc3.pid])
+        for p in alive:
+            self.assertFalse(hasattr(p, 'returncode'))
+
+        @retry_before_failing(30)
+        def test(procs, callback):
+            gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=0.03,
+                                            callback=callback)
+            self.assertEqual(len(gone), 3)
+            self.assertEqual(len(alive), 0)
+            return gone, alive
+
+        sproc1.terminate()
+        sproc2.terminate()
+        gone, alive = test(procs, callback)
+        self.assertEqual(set(l), set([sproc1.pid, sproc2.pid, sproc3.pid]))
+        for p in gone:
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(p, 'returncode'))
+
+    def test_wait_procs_no_timeout(self):
+        sproc1 = get_test_subprocess()
+        sproc2 = get_test_subprocess()
+        sproc3 = get_test_subprocess()
+        procs = [psutil.Process(x.pid) for x in (sproc1, sproc2, sproc3)]
+        for p in procs:
+            p.terminate()
+        gone, alive = psutil.wait_procs(procs)
+
+    def test_boot_time(self):
+        bt = psutil.boot_time()
+        self.assertIsInstance(bt, float)
+        self.assertGreater(bt, 0)
+        self.assertLess(bt, time.time())
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
+    def test_PAGESIZE(self):
+        # pagesize is used internally to perform different calculations
+        # and it's determined by using SC_PAGE_SIZE; make sure
+        # getpagesize() returns the same value.
+        import resource
+        self.assertEqual(os.sysconf("SC_PAGE_SIZE"), resource.getpagesize())
+
+    def test_virtual_memory(self):
+        mem = psutil.virtual_memory()
+        assert mem.total > 0, mem
+        assert mem.available > 0, mem
+        assert 0 <= mem.percent <= 100, mem
+        assert mem.used > 0, mem
+        assert mem.free >= 0, mem
+        for name in mem._fields:
+            value = getattr(mem, name)
+            if name != 'percent':
+                self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
+            if name != 'total':
+                if not value >= 0:
+                    self.fail("%r < 0 (%s)" % (name, value))
+                if value > mem.total:
+                    self.fail("%r > total (total=%s, %s=%s)"
+                              % (name, mem.total, name, value))
+
+    def test_swap_memory(self):
+        mem = psutil.swap_memory()
+        assert mem.total >= 0, mem
+        assert mem.used >= 0, mem
+        if mem.total > 0:
+            # likely a system with no swap partition
+            assert mem.free > 0, mem
+        else:
+            assert mem.free == 0, mem
+        assert 0 <= mem.percent <= 100, mem
+        assert mem.sin >= 0, mem
+        assert mem.sout >= 0, mem
+
+    def test_pid_exists(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        self.assertTrue(psutil.pid_exists(sproc.pid))
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.kill()
+        p.wait()
+        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(sproc.pid))
+        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(-1))
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.pid_exists(0), 0 in psutil.pids())
+        # pid 0
+        psutil.pid_exists(0) == 0 in psutil.pids()
+
+    def test_pid_exists_2(self):
+        reap_children()
+        pids = psutil.pids()
+        for pid in pids:
+            try:
+                assert psutil.pid_exists(pid)
+            except AssertionError:
+                # in case the process disappeared in meantime fail only
+                # if it is no longer in psutil.pids()
+                time.sleep(.1)
+                if pid in psutil.pids():
+                    self.fail(pid)
+        pids = range(max(pids) + 5000, max(pids) + 6000)
+        for pid in pids:
+            self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(pid), msg=pid)
+
+    def test_pids(self):
+        plist = [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()]
+        pidlist = psutil.pids()
+        self.assertEqual(plist.sort(), pidlist.sort())
+        # make sure every pid is unique
+        self.assertEqual(len(pidlist), len(set(pidlist)))
+
+    def test_test(self):
+        # test for psutil.test() function
+        stdout = sys.stdout
+        sys.stdout = DEVNULL
+        try:
+            psutil.test()
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout = stdout
+
+    def test_cpu_count(self):
+        logical = psutil.cpu_count()
+        self.assertEqual(logical, len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)))
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(logical, 1)
+        #
+        if LINUX:
+            with open("/proc/cpuinfo") as fd:
+                cpuinfo_data = fd.read()
+            if "physical id" not in cpuinfo_data:
+                raise unittest.SkipTest("cpuinfo doesn't include physical id")
+        physical = psutil.cpu_count(logical=False)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(physical, 1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(logical, physical)
+
+    def test_sys_cpu_times(self):
+        total = 0
+        times = psutil.cpu_times()
+        sum(times)
+        for cp_time in times:
+            self.assertIsInstance(cp_time, float)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(cp_time, 0.0)
+            total += cp_time
+        self.assertEqual(total, sum(times))
+        str(times)
+        if not WINDOWS:
+            # CPU times are always supposed to increase over time or
+            # remain the same but never go backwards, see:
+            # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/392
+            last = psutil.cpu_times()
+            for x in range(100):
+                new = psutil.cpu_times()
+                for field in new._fields:
+                    new_t = getattr(new, field)
+                    last_t = getattr(last, field)
+                    self.assertGreaterEqual(new_t, last_t,
+                                            msg="%s %s" % (new_t, last_t))
+                last = new
+
+    def test_sys_cpu_times2(self):
+        t1 = sum(psutil.cpu_times())
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        t2 = sum(psutil.cpu_times())
+        difference = t2 - t1
+        if not difference >= 0.05:
+            self.fail("difference %s" % difference)
+
+    def test_sys_per_cpu_times(self):
+        for times in psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True):
+            total = 0
+            sum(times)
+            for cp_time in times:
+                self.assertIsInstance(cp_time, float)
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(cp_time, 0.0)
+                total += cp_time
+            self.assertEqual(total, sum(times))
+            str(times)
+        self.assertEqual(len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)[0]),
+                         len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=False)))
+
+        # Note: in theory CPU times are always supposed to increase over
+        # time or remain the same but never go backwards. In practice
+        # sometimes this is not the case.
+        # This issue seemd to be afflict Windows:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/392
+        # ...but it turns out also Linux (rarely) behaves the same.
+        # last = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
+        # for x in range(100):
+        #     new = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
+        #     for index in range(len(new)):
+        #         newcpu = new[index]
+        #         lastcpu = last[index]
+        #         for field in newcpu._fields:
+        #             new_t = getattr(newcpu, field)
+        #             last_t = getattr(lastcpu, field)
+        #             self.assertGreaterEqual(
+        #                 new_t, last_t, msg="%s %s" % (lastcpu, newcpu))
+        #     last = new
+
+    def test_sys_per_cpu_times_2(self):
+        tot1 = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
+        stop_at = time.time() + 0.1
+        while True:
+            if time.time() >= stop_at:
+                break
+        tot2 = psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)
+        for t1, t2 in zip(tot1, tot2):
+            t1, t2 = sum(t1), sum(t2)
+            difference = t2 - t1
+            if difference >= 0.05:
+                return
+        self.fail()
+
+    def _test_cpu_percent(self, percent, last_ret, new_ret):
+        try:
+            self.assertIsInstance(percent, float)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(percent, 0.0)
+            self.assertIsNot(percent, -0.0)
+            self.assertLessEqual(percent, 100.0 * psutil.cpu_count())
+        except AssertionError as err:
+            raise AssertionError("\n%s\nlast=%s\nnew=%s" % (
+                err, pprint.pformat(last_ret), pprint.pformat(new_ret)))
+
+    def test_sys_cpu_percent(self):
+        last = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
+        for x in range(100):
+            new = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+            self._test_cpu_percent(new, last, new)
+            last = new
+
+    def test_sys_per_cpu_percent(self):
+        last = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=0.001, percpu=True)
+        self.assertEqual(len(last), psutil.cpu_count())
+        for x in range(100):
+            new = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None, percpu=True)
+            for percent in new:
+                self._test_cpu_percent(percent, last, new)
+            last = new
+
+    def test_sys_cpu_times_percent(self):
+        last = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=0.001)
+        for x in range(100):
+            new = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=None)
+            for percent in new:
+                self._test_cpu_percent(percent, last, new)
+            self._test_cpu_percent(sum(new), last, new)
+            last = new
+
+    def test_sys_per_cpu_times_percent(self):
+        last = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=0.001, percpu=True)
+        self.assertEqual(len(last), psutil.cpu_count())
+        for x in range(100):
+            new = psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=None, percpu=True)
+            for cpu in new:
+                for percent in cpu:
+                    self._test_cpu_percent(percent, last, new)
+                self._test_cpu_percent(sum(cpu), last, new)
+            last = new
+
+    def test_sys_per_cpu_times_percent_negative(self):
+        # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/645
+        psutil.cpu_times_percent(percpu=True)
+        zero_times = [x._make([0 for x in range(len(x._fields))])
+                      for x in psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)]
+        with mock.patch('psutil.cpu_times', return_value=zero_times):
+            for cpu in psutil.cpu_times_percent(percpu=True):
+                for percent in cpu:
+                    self._test_cpu_percent(percent, None, None)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
+                     "os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
+    def test_disk_usage(self):
+        usage = psutil.disk_usage(os.getcwd())
+        assert usage.total > 0, usage
+        assert usage.used > 0, usage
+        assert usage.free > 0, usage
+        assert usage.total > usage.used, usage
+        assert usage.total > usage.free, usage
+        assert 0 <= usage.percent <= 100, usage.percent
+        if hasattr(shutil, 'disk_usage'):
+            # py >= 3.3, see: http://bugs.python.org/issue12442
+            shutil_usage = shutil.disk_usage(os.getcwd())
+            tolerance = 5 * 1024 * 1024  # 5MB
+            self.assertEqual(usage.total, shutil_usage.total)
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(usage.free, shutil_usage.free,
+                                   delta=tolerance)
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(usage.used, shutil_usage.used,
+                                   delta=tolerance)
+
+        # if path does not exist OSError ENOENT is expected across
+        # all platforms
+        fname = tempfile.mktemp()
+        try:
+            psutil.disk_usage(fname)
+        except OSError as err:
+            if err.args[0] != errno.ENOENT:
+                raise
+        else:
+            self.fail("OSError not raised")
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
+                     "os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
+    def test_disk_usage_unicode(self):
+        # see: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/416
+        # XXX this test is not really reliable as it always fails on
+        # Python 3.X (2.X is fine)
+        try:
+            safe_rmdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
+            os.mkdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
+            psutil.disk_usage(TESTFN_UNICODE)
+            safe_rmdir(TESTFN_UNICODE)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(POSIX and not hasattr(os, 'statvfs'),
+                     "os.statvfs() function not available on this platform")
+    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
+    def test_disk_partitions(self):
+        # all = False
+        ls = psutil.disk_partitions(all=False)
+        # on travis we get:
+        #     self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(), [n])
+        # AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,... != [0]
+        self.assertTrue(ls, msg=ls)
+        for disk in ls:
+            if WINDOWS and 'cdrom' in disk.opts:
+                continue
+            if not POSIX:
+                assert os.path.exists(disk.device), disk
+            else:
+                # we cannot make any assumption about this, see:
+                # http://goo.gl/p9c43
+                disk.device
+            if SUNOS:
+                # on solaris apparently mount points can also be files
+                assert os.path.exists(disk.mountpoint), disk
+            else:
+                assert os.path.isdir(disk.mountpoint), disk
+            assert disk.fstype, disk
+            self.assertIsInstance(disk.opts, str)
+
+        # all = True
+        ls = psutil.disk_partitions(all=True)
+        self.assertTrue(ls, msg=ls)
+        for disk in psutil.disk_partitions(all=True):
+            if not WINDOWS:
+                try:
+                    os.stat(disk.mountpoint)
+                except OSError as err:
+                    # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/
+                    #     2012-June/120787.html
+                    if err.errno not in (errno.EPERM, errno.EACCES):
+                        raise
+                else:
+                    if SUNOS:
+                        # on solaris apparently mount points can also be files
+                        assert os.path.exists(disk.mountpoint), disk
+                    else:
+                        assert os.path.isdir(disk.mountpoint), disk
+            self.assertIsInstance(disk.fstype, str)
+            self.assertIsInstance(disk.opts, str)
+
+        def find_mount_point(path):
+            path = os.path.abspath(path)
+            while not os.path.ismount(path):
+                path = os.path.dirname(path)
+            return path
+
+        mount = find_mount_point(__file__)
+        mounts = [x.mountpoint for x in psutil.disk_partitions(all=True)]
+        self.assertIn(mount, mounts)
+        psutil.disk_usage(mount)
+
+    @skip_on_access_denied()
+    def test_net_connections(self):
+        def check(cons, families, types_):
+            for conn in cons:
+                self.assertIn(conn.family, families, msg=conn)
+                if conn.family != getattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX', object()):
+                    self.assertIn(conn.type, types_, msg=conn)
+
+        from psutil._common import conn_tmap
+        for kind, groups in conn_tmap.items():
+            if SUNOS and kind == 'unix':
+                continue
+            families, types_ = groups
+            cons = psutil.net_connections(kind)
+            self.assertEqual(len(cons), len(set(cons)))
+            check(cons, families, types_)
+
+    def test_net_io_counters(self):
+        def check_ntuple(nt):
+            self.assertEqual(nt[0], nt.bytes_sent)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[1], nt.bytes_recv)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[2], nt.packets_sent)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[3], nt.packets_recv)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[4], nt.errin)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[5], nt.errout)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[6], nt.dropin)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[7], nt.dropout)
+            assert nt.bytes_sent >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.bytes_recv >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.packets_sent >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.packets_recv >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.errin >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.errout >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.dropin >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.dropout >= 0, nt
+
+        ret = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=False)
+        check_ntuple(ret)
+        ret = psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True)
+        self.assertNotEqual(ret, [])
+        for key in ret:
+            self.assertTrue(key)
+            check_ntuple(ret[key])
+
+    def test_net_if_addrs(self):
+        nics = psutil.net_if_addrs()
+        assert nics, nics
+
+        # Not reliable on all platforms (net_if_addrs() reports more
+        # interfaces).
+        # self.assertEqual(sorted(nics.keys()),
+        #                  sorted(psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=True).keys()))
+
+        families = set([socket.AF_INET, AF_INET6, psutil.AF_LINK])
+        for nic, addrs in nics.items():
+            self.assertEqual(len(set(addrs)), len(addrs))
+            for addr in addrs:
+                self.assertIsInstance(addr.family, int)
+                self.assertIsInstance(addr.address, str)
+                self.assertIsInstance(addr.netmask, (str, type(None)))
+                self.assertIsInstance(addr.broadcast, (str, type(None)))
+                self.assertIn(addr.family, families)
+                if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+                    self.assertIsInstance(addr.family, enum.IntEnum)
+                if addr.family == socket.AF_INET:
+                    s = socket.socket(addr.family)
+                    with contextlib.closing(s):
+                        s.bind((addr.address, 0))
+                elif addr.family == socket.AF_INET6:
+                    info = socket.getaddrinfo(
+                        addr.address, 0, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+                        0, socket.AI_PASSIVE)[0]
+                    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = info
+                    s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+                    with contextlib.closing(s):
+                        s.bind(sa)
+                for ip in (addr.address, addr.netmask, addr.broadcast):
+                    if ip is not None:
+                        # TODO: skip AF_INET6 for now because I get:
+                        # AddressValueError: Only hex digits permitted in
+                        # u'c6f3%lxcbr0' in u'fe80::c8e0:fff:fe54:c6f3%lxcbr0'
+                        if addr.family != AF_INET6:
+                            check_ip_address(ip, addr.family)
+
+        if BSD or OSX or SUNOS:
+            if hasattr(socket, "AF_LINK"):
+                self.assertEqual(psutil.AF_LINK, socket.AF_LINK)
+        elif LINUX:
+            self.assertEqual(psutil.AF_LINK, socket.AF_PACKET)
+        elif WINDOWS:
+            self.assertEqual(psutil.AF_LINK, -1)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "EPERM on travis")
+    def test_net_if_stats(self):
+        nics = psutil.net_if_stats()
+        assert nics, nics
+        all_duplexes = (psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_FULL,
+                        psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_HALF,
+                        psutil.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN)
+        for nic, stats in nics.items():
+            isup, duplex, speed, mtu = stats
+            self.assertIsInstance(isup, bool)
+            self.assertIn(duplex, all_duplexes)
+            self.assertIn(duplex, all_duplexes)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(speed, 0)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(mtu, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and not os.path.exists('/proc/diskstats'),
+                     '/proc/diskstats not available on this linux version')
+    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR,
+                     "can't find any physical disk on Appveyor")
+    def test_disk_io_counters(self):
+        def check_ntuple(nt):
+            self.assertEqual(nt[0], nt.read_count)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[1], nt.write_count)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[2], nt.read_bytes)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[3], nt.write_bytes)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[4], nt.read_time)
+            self.assertEqual(nt[5], nt.write_time)
+            assert nt.read_count >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.write_count >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.read_bytes >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.write_bytes >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.read_time >= 0, nt
+            assert nt.write_time >= 0, nt
+
+        ret = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=False)
+        check_ntuple(ret)
+        ret = psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=True)
+        # make sure there are no duplicates
+        self.assertEqual(len(ret), len(set(ret)))
+        for key in ret:
+            assert key, key
+            check_ntuple(ret[key])
+            if LINUX and key[-1].isdigit():
+                # if 'sda1' is listed 'sda' shouldn't, see:
+                # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/338
+                while key[-1].isdigit():
+                    key = key[:-1]
+                self.assertNotIn(key, ret.keys())
+
+    def test_users(self):
+        users = psutil.users()
+        if not APPVEYOR:
+            self.assertNotEqual(users, [])
+        for user in users:
+            assert user.name, user
+            user.terminal
+            user.host
+            assert user.started > 0.0, user
+            datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(user.started)
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- psutil.Process class tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+class TestProcess(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for psutil.Process class."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        safe_remove(TESTFN)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        reap_children()
+
+    def test_pid(self):
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.Process().pid, os.getpid())
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        self.assertEqual(psutil.Process(sproc.pid).pid, sproc.pid)
+
+    def test_kill(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        test_pid = sproc.pid
+        p = psutil.Process(test_pid)
+        p.kill()
+        sig = p.wait()
+        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(test_pid))
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(sig, signal.SIGKILL)
+
+    def test_terminate(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        test_pid = sproc.pid
+        p = psutil.Process(test_pid)
+        p.terminate()
+        sig = p.wait()
+        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(test_pid))
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(sig, signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_send_signal(self):
+        sig = signal.SIGKILL if POSIX else signal.SIGTERM
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.send_signal(sig)
+        exit_sig = p.wait()
+        self.assertFalse(psutil.pid_exists(p.pid))
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(exit_sig, sig)
+            #
+            sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+            p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+            p.send_signal(sig)
+            with mock.patch('psutil.os.kill',
+                            side_effect=OSError(errno.ESRCH, "")) as fun:
+                with self.assertRaises(psutil.NoSuchProcess):
+                    p.send_signal(sig)
+                assert fun.called
+            #
+            sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+            p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+            p.send_signal(sig)
+            with mock.patch('psutil.os.kill',
+                            side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "")) as fun:
+                with self.assertRaises(psutil.AccessDenied):
+                    p.send_signal(sig)
+                assert fun.called
+
+    def test_wait(self):
+        # check exit code signal
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.kill()
+        code = p.wait()
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(code, signal.SIGKILL)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(code, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())
+
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.terminate()
+        code = p.wait()
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(code, signal.SIGTERM)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(code, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())
+
+        # check sys.exit() code
+        code = "import time, sys; time.sleep(0.01); sys.exit(5);"
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", code])
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 5)
+        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())
+
+        # Test wait() issued twice.
+        # It is not supposed to raise NSP when the process is gone.
+        # On UNIX this should return None, on Windows it should keep
+        # returning the exit code.
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", code])
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(p.wait(), 5)
+        self.assertIn(p.wait(), (5, None))
+
+        # test timeout
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.name()
+        self.assertRaises(psutil.TimeoutExpired, p.wait, 0.01)
+
+        # timeout < 0 not allowed
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.wait, -1)
+
+    # XXX why is this skipped on Windows?
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'skipped on Windows')
+    def test_wait_non_children(self):
+        # test wait() against processes which are not our children
+        code = "import sys;"
+        code += "from subprocess import Popen, PIPE;"
+        code += "cmd = ['%s', '-c', 'import time; time.sleep(60)'];" % PYTHON
+        code += "sp = Popen(cmd, stdout=PIPE);"
+        code += "sys.stdout.write(str(sp.pid));"
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", code],
+                                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        grandson_pid = int(sproc.stdout.read())
+        grandson_proc = psutil.Process(grandson_pid)
+        try:
+            self.assertRaises(psutil.TimeoutExpired, grandson_proc.wait, 0.01)
+            grandson_proc.kill()
+            ret = grandson_proc.wait()
+            self.assertEqual(ret, None)
+        finally:
+            if grandson_proc.is_running():
+                grandson_proc.kill()
+                grandson_proc.wait()
+
+    def test_wait_timeout_0(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        self.assertRaises(psutil.TimeoutExpired, p.wait, 0)
+        p.kill()
+        stop_at = time.time() + 2
+        while True:
+            try:
+                code = p.wait(0)
+            except psutil.TimeoutExpired:
+                if time.time() >= stop_at:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                break
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertEqual(code, signal.SIGKILL)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(code, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())
+
+    def test_cpu_percent(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        p.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
+        p.cpu_percent(interval=0.001)
+        for x in range(100):
+            percent = p.cpu_percent(interval=None)
+            self.assertIsInstance(percent, float)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(percent, 0.0)
+            if not POSIX:
+                self.assertLessEqual(percent, 100.0)
+            else:
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(percent, 0.0)
+
+    def test_cpu_times(self):
+        times = psutil.Process().cpu_times()
+        assert (times.user > 0.0) or (times.system > 0.0), times
+        # make sure returned values can be pretty printed with strftime
+        time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime(times.user))
+        time.strftime("%H:%M:%S", time.localtime(times.system))
+
+    # Test Process.cpu_times() against os.times()
+    # os.times() is broken on Python 2.6
+    # http://bugs.python.org/issue1040026
+    # XXX fails on OSX: not sure if it's for os.times(). We should
+    # try this with Python 2.7 and re-enable the test.
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.version_info > (2, 6, 1) and not OSX,
+                         'os.times() is not reliable on this Python version')
+    def test_cpu_times2(self):
+        user_time, kernel_time = psutil.Process().cpu_times()
+        utime, ktime = os.times()[:2]
+
+        # Use os.times()[:2] as base values to compare our results
+        # using a tolerance  of +/- 0.1 seconds.
+        # It will fail if the difference between the values is > 0.1s.
+        if (max([user_time, utime]) - min([user_time, utime])) > 0.1:
+            self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s" % (utime, user_time))
+
+        if (max([kernel_time, ktime]) - min([kernel_time, ktime])) > 0.1:
+            self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s" % (ktime, kernel_time))
+
+    def test_create_time(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        now = time.time()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        create_time = p.create_time()
+
+        # Use time.time() as base value to compare our result using a
+        # tolerance of +/- 1 second.
+        # It will fail if the difference between the values is > 2s.
+        difference = abs(create_time - now)
+        if difference > 2:
+            self.fail("expected: %s, found: %s, difference: %s"
+                      % (now, create_time, difference))
+
+        # make sure returned value can be pretty printed with strftime
+        time.strftime("%Y %m %d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(p.create_time()))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(WINDOWS, 'Windows only')
+    def test_terminal(self):
+        terminal = psutil.Process().terminal()
+        if sys.stdin.isatty():
+            self.assertEqual(terminal, sh('tty'))
+        else:
+            assert terminal, repr(terminal)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX or BSD or WINDOWS,
+                         'not available on this platform')
+    @skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=LINUX)
+    def test_io_counters(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        # test reads
+        io1 = p.io_counters()
+        with open(PYTHON, 'rb') as f:
+            f.read()
+        io2 = p.io_counters()
+        if not BSD:
+            assert io2.read_count > io1.read_count, (io1, io2)
+            self.assertEqual(io2.write_count, io1.write_count)
+        assert io2.read_bytes >= io1.read_bytes, (io1, io2)
+        assert io2.write_bytes >= io1.write_bytes, (io1, io2)
+        # test writes
+        io1 = p.io_counters()
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix=TESTFILE_PREFIX) as f:
+            if PY3:
+                f.write(bytes("x" * 1000000, 'ascii'))
+            else:
+                f.write("x" * 1000000)
+        io2 = p.io_counters()
+        assert io2.write_count >= io1.write_count, (io1, io2)
+        assert io2.write_bytes >= io1.write_bytes, (io1, io2)
+        assert io2.read_count >= io1.read_count, (io1, io2)
+        assert io2.read_bytes >= io1.read_bytes, (io1, io2)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX or (WINDOWS and get_winver() >= WIN_VISTA),
+                         'Linux and Windows Vista only')
+    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
+    def test_ionice(self):
+        if LINUX:
+            from psutil import (IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, IOPRIO_CLASS_RT,
+                                IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE)
+            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_RT, 1)
+            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 2)
+            self.assertEqual(IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, 3)
+            p = psutil.Process()
+            try:
+                p.ionice(2)
+                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
+                if enum is not None:
+                    self.assertIsInstance(ioclass, enum.IntEnum)
+                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 2)
+                self.assertEqual(value, 4)
+                #
+                p.ionice(3)
+                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
+                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 3)
+                self.assertEqual(value, 0)
+                #
+                p.ionice(2, 0)
+                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
+                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 2)
+                self.assertEqual(value, 0)
+                p.ionice(2, 7)
+                ioclass, value = p.ionice()
+                self.assertEqual(ioclass, 2)
+                self.assertEqual(value, 7)
+                #
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 2, 10)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 2, -1)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 4)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.ionice, 2, "foo")
+                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                    ValueError, "can't specify value with IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE",
+                    p.ionice, psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE, 1)
+                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                    ValueError, "can't specify value with IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE",
+                    p.ionice, psutil.IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE, 1)
+                self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                    ValueError, "'ioclass' argument must be specified",
+                    p.ionice, value=1)
+            finally:
+                p.ionice(IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE)
+        else:
+            p = psutil.Process()
+            original = p.ionice()
+            self.assertIsInstance(original, int)
+            try:
+                value = 0  # very low
+                if original == value:
+                    value = 1  # low
+                p.ionice(value)
+                self.assertEqual(p.ionice(), value)
+            finally:
+                p.ionice(original)
+            #
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.ionice, 3)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.ionice, 2, 1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX and RLIMIT_SUPPORT,
+                         "only available on Linux >= 2.6.36")
+    def test_rlimit_get(self):
+        import resource
+        p = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+        names = [x for x in dir(psutil) if x.startswith('RLIMIT')]
+        assert names, names
+        for name in names:
+            value = getattr(psutil, name)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(value, 0)
+            if name in dir(resource):
+                self.assertEqual(value, getattr(resource, name))
+                self.assertEqual(p.rlimit(value), resource.getrlimit(value))
+            else:
+                ret = p.rlimit(value)
+                self.assertEqual(len(ret), 2)
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[0], -1)
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[1], -1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(LINUX and RLIMIT_SUPPORT,
+                         "only available on Linux >= 2.6.36")
+    def test_rlimit_set(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
+        self.assertEqual(p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE), (5, 5))
+        # If pid is 0 prlimit() applies to the calling process and
+        # we don't want that.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            psutil._psplatform.Process(0).rlimit(0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.rlimit(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5, 5))
+
+    def test_num_threads(self):
+        # on certain platforms such as Linux we might test for exact
+        # thread number, since we always have with 1 thread per process,
+        # but this does not apply across all platforms (OSX, Windows)
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        step1 = p.num_threads()
+
+        thread = ThreadTask()
+        thread.start()
+        try:
+            step2 = p.num_threads()
+            self.assertEqual(step2, step1 + 1)
+            thread.stop()
+        finally:
+            if thread._running:
+                thread.stop()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS, 'Windows only')
+    def test_num_handles(self):
+        # a better test is done later into test/_windows.py
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertGreater(p.num_handles(), 0)
+
+    def test_threads(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        step1 = p.threads()
+
+        thread = ThreadTask()
+        thread.start()
+
+        try:
+            step2 = p.threads()
+            self.assertEqual(len(step2), len(step1) + 1)
+            # on Linux, first thread id is supposed to be this process
+            if LINUX:
+                self.assertEqual(step2[0].id, os.getpid())
+            athread = step2[0]
+            # test named tuple
+            self.assertEqual(athread.id, athread[0])
+            self.assertEqual(athread.user_time, athread[1])
+            self.assertEqual(athread.system_time, athread[2])
+            # test num threads
+            thread.stop()
+        finally:
+            if thread._running:
+                thread.stop()
+
+    def test_memory_info(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+
+        # step 1 - get a base value to compare our results
+        rss1, vms1 = p.memory_info()
+        percent1 = p.memory_percent()
+        self.assertGreater(rss1, 0)
+        self.assertGreater(vms1, 0)
+
+        # step 2 - allocate some memory
+        memarr = [None] * 1500000
+
+        rss2, vms2 = p.memory_info()
+        percent2 = p.memory_percent()
+        # make sure that the memory usage bumped up
+        self.assertGreater(rss2, rss1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(vms2, vms1)  # vms might be equal
+        self.assertGreater(percent2, percent1)
+        del memarr
+
+    # def test_memory_info_ex(self):
+    # # tested later in fetch all test suite
+
+    def test_memory_maps(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        maps = p.memory_maps()
+        paths = [x for x in maps]
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths), len(set(paths)))
+        ext_maps = p.memory_maps(grouped=False)
+
+        for nt in maps:
+            if not nt.path.startswith('['):
+                assert os.path.isabs(nt.path), nt.path
+                if POSIX:
+                    assert os.path.exists(nt.path), nt.path
+                else:
+                    # XXX - On Windows we have this strange behavior with
+                    # 64 bit dlls: they are visible via explorer but cannot
+                    # be accessed via os.stat() (wtf?).
+                    if '64' not in os.path.basename(nt.path):
+                        assert os.path.exists(nt.path), nt.path
+        for nt in ext_maps:
+            for fname in nt._fields:
+                value = getattr(nt, fname)
+                if fname == 'path':
+                    continue
+                elif fname in ('addr', 'perms'):
+                    assert value, value
+                else:
+                    self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
+                    assert value >= 0, value
+
+    def test_memory_percent(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertGreater(p.memory_percent(), 0.0)
+
+    def test_is_running(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        assert p.is_running()
+        assert p.is_running()
+        p.kill()
+        p.wait()
+        assert not p.is_running()
+        assert not p.is_running()
+
+    def test_exe(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        exe = psutil.Process(sproc.pid).exe()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(exe, PYTHON)
+        except AssertionError:
+            if WINDOWS and len(exe) == len(PYTHON):
+                # on Windows we don't care about case sensitivity
+                self.assertEqual(exe.lower(), PYTHON.lower())
+            else:
+                # certain platforms such as BSD are more accurate returning:
+                # "/usr/local/bin/python2.7"
+                # ...instead of:
+                # "/usr/local/bin/python"
+                # We do not want to consider this difference in accuracy
+                # an error.
+                ver = "%s.%s" % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+                self.assertEqual(exe.replace(ver, ''), PYTHON.replace(ver, ''))
+
+    def test_cmdline(self):
+        cmdline = [PYTHON, "-c", "import time; time.sleep(60)"]
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(cmdline, wait=True)
+        self.assertEqual(' '.join(psutil.Process(sproc.pid).cmdline()),
+                         ' '.join(cmdline))
+
+    def test_name(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(PYTHON, wait=True)
+        name = psutil.Process(sproc.pid).name().lower()
+        pyexe = os.path.basename(os.path.realpath(sys.executable)).lower()
+        assert pyexe.startswith(name), (pyexe, name)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "posix only")
+    # TODO: add support for other compilers
+    @unittest.skipUnless(which("gcc"), "gcc not available")
+    def test_prog_w_funky_name(self):
+        # Test that name(), exe() and cmdline() correctly handle programs
+        # with funky chars such as spaces and ")", see:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/628
+        funky_name = "/tmp/foo bar )"
+        _, c_file = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='psutil-', suffix='.c', dir="/tmp")
+        self.addCleanup(lambda: safe_remove(c_file))
+        self.addCleanup(lambda: safe_remove(funky_name))
+        with open(c_file, "w") as f:
+            f.write("void main() { pause(); }")
+        subprocess.check_call(["gcc", c_file, "-o", funky_name])
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(
+            [funky_name, "arg1", "arg2", "", "arg3", ""])
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        # ...in order to try to prevent occasional failures on travis
+        wait_for_pid(p.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(p.name(), "foo bar )")
+        self.assertEqual(p.exe(), "/tmp/foo bar )")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            p.cmdline(), ["/tmp/foo bar )", "arg1", "arg2", "", "arg3", ""])
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
+    def test_uids(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        real, effective, saved = p.uids()
+        # os.getuid() refers to "real" uid
+        self.assertEqual(real, os.getuid())
+        # os.geteuid() refers to "effective" uid
+        self.assertEqual(effective, os.geteuid())
+        # no such thing as os.getsuid() ("saved" uid), but starting
+        # from python 2.7 we have os.getresuid()[2]
+        if hasattr(os, "getresuid"):
+            self.assertEqual(saved, os.getresuid()[2])
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
+    def test_gids(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        real, effective, saved = p.gids()
+        # os.getuid() refers to "real" uid
+        self.assertEqual(real, os.getgid())
+        # os.geteuid() refers to "effective" uid
+        self.assertEqual(effective, os.getegid())
+        # no such thing as os.getsuid() ("saved" uid), but starting
+        # from python 2.7 we have os.getresgid()[2]
+        if hasattr(os, "getresuid"):
+            self.assertEqual(saved, os.getresgid()[2])
+
+    def test_nice(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.nice, "str")
+        if WINDOWS:
+            try:
+                init = p.nice()
+                if sys.version_info > (3, 4):
+                    self.assertIsInstance(init, enum.IntEnum)
+                else:
+                    self.assertIsInstance(init, int)
+                self.assertEqual(init, psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+                p.nice(psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+                self.assertEqual(p.nice(), psutil.HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+                p.nice(psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+                self.assertEqual(p.nice(), psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+            finally:
+                p.nice(psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+        else:
+            try:
+                first_nice = p.nice()
+                p.nice(1)
+                self.assertEqual(p.nice(), 1)
+                # going back to previous nice value raises
+                # AccessDenied on OSX
+                if not OSX:
+                    p.nice(0)
+                    self.assertEqual(p.nice(), 0)
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                pass
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    p.nice(first_nice)
+                except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                    pass
+
+    def test_status(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertEqual(p.status(), psutil.STATUS_RUNNING)
+
+    def test_username(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        if POSIX:
+            import pwd
+            self.assertEqual(p.username(), pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_name)
+            with mock.patch("psutil.pwd.getpwuid",
+                            side_effect=KeyError) as fun:
+                p.username() == str(p.uids().real)
+                assert fun.called
+
+        elif WINDOWS and 'USERNAME' in os.environ:
+            expected_username = os.environ['USERNAME']
+            expected_domain = os.environ['USERDOMAIN']
+            domain, username = p.username().split('\\')
+            self.assertEqual(domain, expected_domain)
+            self.assertEqual(username, expected_username)
+        else:
+            p.username()
+
+    def test_cwd(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(p.cwd(), os.getcwd())
+
+    def test_cwd_2(self):
+        cmd = [PYTHON, "-c", "import os, time; os.chdir('..'); time.sleep(60)"]
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(cmd, wait=True)
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        call_until(p.cwd, "ret == os.path.dirname(os.getcwd())")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WINDOWS or LINUX or BSD,
+                         'not available on this platform')
+    @unittest.skipIf(LINUX and TRAVIS, "unknown failure on travis")
+    def test_cpu_affinity(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        initial = p.cpu_affinity()
+        if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+            self.assertEqual(initial, list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(initial), len(set(initial)))
+        all_cpus = list(range(len(psutil.cpu_percent(percpu=True))))
+        # setting on travis doesn't seem to work (always return all
+        # CPUs on get):
+        # AssertionError: Lists differ: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... != [0]
+        for n in all_cpus:
+            p.cpu_affinity([n])
+            self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(), [n])
+            if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+                self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(),
+                                 list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid)))
+        #
+        p.cpu_affinity(all_cpus)
+        self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(), all_cpus)
+        if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity"):
+            self.assertEqual(p.cpu_affinity(),
+                             list(os.sched_getaffinity(p.pid)))
+        #
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.cpu_affinity, 1)
+        p.cpu_affinity(initial)
+        # it should work with all iterables, not only lists
+        p.cpu_affinity(set(all_cpus))
+        p.cpu_affinity(tuple(all_cpus))
+        invalid_cpu = [len(psutil.cpu_times(percpu=True)) + 10]
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.cpu_affinity, invalid_cpu)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.cpu_affinity, range(10000, 11000))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, p.cpu_affinity, [0, "1"])
+
+    # TODO
+    @unittest.skipIf(BSD, "broken on BSD, see #595")
+    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR,
+                     "can't find any process file on Appveyor")
+    def test_open_files(self):
+        # current process
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        files = p.open_files()
+        self.assertFalse(TESTFN in files)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'w'):
+            # give the kernel some time to see the new file
+            call_until(p.open_files, "len(ret) != %i" % len(files))
+            filenames = [x.path for x in p.open_files()]
+            self.assertIn(TESTFN, filenames)
+        for file in filenames:
+            assert os.path.isfile(file), file
+
+        # another process
+        cmdline = "import time; f = open(r'%s', 'r'); time.sleep(60);" % TESTFN
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess([PYTHON, "-c", cmdline], wait=True)
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+
+        for x in range(100):
+            filenames = [x.path for x in p.open_files()]
+            if TESTFN in filenames:
+                break
+            time.sleep(.01)
+        else:
+            self.assertIn(TESTFN, filenames)
+        for file in filenames:
+            assert os.path.isfile(file), file
+
+    # TODO
+    @unittest.skipIf(BSD, "broken on BSD, see #595")
+    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR,
+                     "can't find any process file on Appveyor")
+    def test_open_files2(self):
+        # test fd and path fields
+        with open(TESTFN, 'w') as fileobj:
+            p = psutil.Process()
+            for path, fd in p.open_files():
+                if path == fileobj.name or fd == fileobj.fileno():
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("no file found; files=%s" % repr(p.open_files()))
+            self.assertEqual(path, fileobj.name)
+            if WINDOWS:
+                self.assertEqual(fd, -1)
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(fd, fileobj.fileno())
+            # test positions
+            ntuple = p.open_files()[0]
+            self.assertEqual(ntuple[0], ntuple.path)
+            self.assertEqual(ntuple[1], ntuple.fd)
+            # test file is gone
+            self.assertTrue(fileobj.name not in p.open_files())
+
+    def compare_proc_sys_cons(self, pid, proc_cons):
+        from psutil._common import pconn
+        sys_cons = []
+        for c in psutil.net_connections(kind='all'):
+            if c.pid == pid:
+                sys_cons.append(pconn(*c[:-1]))
+        if BSD:
+            # on BSD all fds are set to -1
+            proc_cons = [pconn(*[-1] + list(x[1:])) for x in proc_cons]
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(proc_cons), sorted(sys_cons))
+
+    @skip_on_access_denied(only_if=OSX)
+    def test_connections(self):
+        def check_conn(proc, conn, family, type, laddr, raddr, status, kinds):
+            all_kinds = ("all", "inet", "inet4", "inet6", "tcp", "tcp4",
+                         "tcp6", "udp", "udp4", "udp6")
+            check_connection_ntuple(conn)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.family, family)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.type, type)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.laddr, laddr)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.raddr, raddr)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.status, status)
+            for kind in all_kinds:
+                cons = proc.connections(kind=kind)
+                if kind in kinds:
+                    self.assertNotEqual(cons, [])
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual(cons, [])
+            # compare against system-wide connections
+            # XXX Solaris can't retrieve system-wide UNIX
+            # sockets.
+            if not SUNOS:
+                self.compare_proc_sys_cons(proc.pid, [conn])
+
+        tcp_template = textwrap.dedent("""
+            import socket, time
+            s = socket.socket($family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            s.bind(('$addr', 0))
+            s.listen(1)
+            with open('$testfn', 'w') as f:
+                f.write(str(s.getsockname()[:2]))
+            time.sleep(60)
+        """)
+
+        udp_template = textwrap.dedent("""
+            import socket, time
+            s = socket.socket($family, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+            s.bind(('$addr', 0))
+            with open('$testfn', 'w') as f:
+                f.write(str(s.getsockname()[:2]))
+            time.sleep(60)
+        """)
+
+        from string import Template
+        testfile = os.path.basename(TESTFN)
+        tcp4_template = Template(tcp_template).substitute(
+            family=int(AF_INET), addr="127.0.0.1", testfn=testfile)
+        udp4_template = Template(udp_template).substitute(
+            family=int(AF_INET), addr="127.0.0.1", testfn=testfile)
+        tcp6_template = Template(tcp_template).substitute(
+            family=int(AF_INET6), addr="::1", testfn=testfile)
+        udp6_template = Template(udp_template).substitute(
+            family=int(AF_INET6), addr="::1", testfn=testfile)
+
+        # launch various subprocess instantiating a socket of various
+        # families and types to enrich psutil results
+        tcp4_proc = pyrun(tcp4_template)
+        tcp4_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
+        udp4_proc = pyrun(udp4_template)
+        udp4_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
+        if supports_ipv6():
+            tcp6_proc = pyrun(tcp6_template)
+            tcp6_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
+            udp6_proc = pyrun(udp6_template)
+            udp6_addr = eval(wait_for_file(testfile))
+        else:
+            tcp6_proc = None
+            udp6_proc = None
+            tcp6_addr = None
+            udp6_addr = None
+
+        for p in psutil.Process().children():
+            cons = p.connections()
+            self.assertEqual(len(cons), 1)
+            for conn in cons:
+                # TCP v4
+                if p.pid == tcp4_proc.pid:
+                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, tcp4_addr, (),
+                               psutil.CONN_LISTEN,
+                               ("all", "inet", "inet4", "tcp", "tcp4"))
+                # UDP v4
+                elif p.pid == udp4_proc.pid:
+                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, udp4_addr, (),
+                               psutil.CONN_NONE,
+                               ("all", "inet", "inet4", "udp", "udp4"))
+                # TCP v6
+                elif p.pid == getattr(tcp6_proc, "pid", None):
+                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, tcp6_addr, (),
+                               psutil.CONN_LISTEN,
+                               ("all", "inet", "inet6", "tcp", "tcp6"))
+                # UDP v6
+                elif p.pid == getattr(udp6_proc, "pid", None):
+                    check_conn(p, conn, AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, udp6_addr, (),
+                               psutil.CONN_NONE,
+                               ("all", "inet", "inet6", "udp", "udp6"))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'),
+                         'AF_UNIX is not supported')
+    @skip_on_access_denied(only_if=OSX)
+    def test_connections_unix(self):
+        def check(type):
+            safe_remove(TESTFN)
+            sock = socket.socket(AF_UNIX, type)
+            with contextlib.closing(sock):
+                sock.bind(TESTFN)
+                cons = psutil.Process().connections(kind='unix')
+                conn = cons[0]
+                check_connection_ntuple(conn)
+                if conn.fd != -1:  # != sunos and windows
+                    self.assertEqual(conn.fd, sock.fileno())
+                self.assertEqual(conn.family, AF_UNIX)
+                self.assertEqual(conn.type, type)
+                self.assertEqual(conn.laddr, TESTFN)
+                if not SUNOS:
+                    # XXX Solaris can't retrieve system-wide UNIX
+                    # sockets.
+                    self.compare_proc_sys_cons(os.getpid(), cons)
+
+        check(SOCK_STREAM)
+        check(SOCK_DGRAM)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "fromfd"),
+                         'socket.fromfd() is not availble')
+    @unittest.skipIf(WINDOWS or SUNOS,
+                     'connection fd not available on this platform')
+    def test_connection_fromfd(self):
+        with contextlib.closing(socket.socket()) as sock:
+            sock.bind(('localhost', 0))
+            sock.listen(1)
+            p = psutil.Process()
+            for conn in p.connections():
+                if conn.fd == sock.fileno():
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("couldn't find socket fd")
+            dupsock = socket.fromfd(conn.fd, conn.family, conn.type)
+            with contextlib.closing(dupsock):
+                self.assertEqual(dupsock.getsockname(), conn.laddr)
+                self.assertNotEqual(sock.fileno(), dupsock.fileno())
+
+    def test_connection_constants(self):
+        ints = []
+        strs = []
+        for name in dir(psutil):
+            if name.startswith('CONN_'):
+                num = getattr(psutil, name)
+                str_ = str(num)
+                assert str_.isupper(), str_
+                assert str_ not in strs, str_
+                assert num not in ints, num
+                ints.append(num)
+                strs.append(str_)
+        if SUNOS:
+            psutil.CONN_IDLE
+            psutil.CONN_BOUND
+        if WINDOWS:
+            psutil.CONN_DELETE_TCB
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
+    def test_num_fds(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        start = p.num_fds()
+        file = open(TESTFN, 'w')
+        self.addCleanup(file.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.num_fds(), start + 1)
+        sock = socket.socket()
+        self.addCleanup(sock.close)
+        self.assertEqual(p.num_fds(), start + 2)
+        file.close()
+        sock.close()
+        self.assertEqual(p.num_fds(), start)
+
+    @skip_on_not_implemented(only_if=LINUX)
+    def test_num_ctx_switches(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        before = sum(p.num_ctx_switches())
+        for x in range(500000):
+            after = sum(p.num_ctx_switches())
+            if after > before:
+                return
+        self.fail("num ctx switches still the same after 50.000 iterations")
+
+    def test_parent_ppid(self):
+        this_parent = os.getpid()
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        self.assertEqual(p.ppid(), this_parent)
+        self.assertEqual(p.parent().pid, this_parent)
+        # no other process is supposed to have us as parent
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            if p.pid == sproc.pid:
+                continue
+            self.assertTrue(p.ppid() != this_parent)
+
+    def test_children(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertEqual(p.children(), [])
+        self.assertEqual(p.children(recursive=True), [])
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        children1 = p.children()
+        children2 = p.children(recursive=True)
+        for children in (children1, children2):
+            self.assertEqual(len(children), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(children[0].pid, sproc.pid)
+            self.assertEqual(children[0].ppid(), os.getpid())
+
+    def test_children_recursive(self):
+        # here we create a subprocess which creates another one as in:
+        # A (parent) -> B (child) -> C (grandchild)
+        s = "import subprocess, os, sys, time;"
+        s += "PYTHON = os.path.realpath(sys.executable);"
+        s += "cmd = [PYTHON, '-c', 'import time; time.sleep(60);'];"
+        s += "subprocess.Popen(cmd);"
+        s += "time.sleep(60);"
+        get_test_subprocess(cmd=[PYTHON, "-c", s])
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertEqual(len(p.children(recursive=False)), 1)
+        # give the grandchild some time to start
+        stop_at = time.time() + GLOBAL_TIMEOUT
+        while time.time() < stop_at:
+            children = p.children(recursive=True)
+            if len(children) > 1:
+                break
+        self.assertEqual(len(children), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(children[0].ppid(), os.getpid())
+        self.assertEqual(children[1].ppid(), children[0].pid)
+
+    def test_children_duplicates(self):
+        # find the process which has the highest number of children
+        table = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        for p in psutil.process_iter():
+            try:
+                table[p.ppid()] += 1
+            except psutil.Error:
+                pass
+        # this is the one, now let's make sure there are no duplicates
+        pid = sorted(table.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[-1][0]
+        p = psutil.Process(pid)
+        try:
+            c = p.children(recursive=True)
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:  # windows
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(len(c), len(set(c)))
+
+    def test_suspend_resume(self):
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess(wait=True)
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.suspend()
+        for x in range(100):
+            if p.status() == psutil.STATUS_STOPPED:
+                break
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+        p.resume()
+        self.assertNotEqual(p.status(), psutil.STATUS_STOPPED)
+
+    def test_invalid_pid(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, psutil.Process, "1")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, psutil.Process, -1)
+
+    def test_as_dict(self):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        d = p.as_dict(attrs=['exe', 'name'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(d.keys()), ['exe', 'name'])
+
+        p = psutil.Process(min(psutil.pids()))
+        d = p.as_dict(attrs=['connections'], ad_value='foo')
+        if not isinstance(d['connections'], list):
+            self.assertEqual(d['connections'], 'foo')
+
+    def test_halfway_terminated_process(self):
+        # Test that NoSuchProcess exception gets raised in case the
+        # process dies after we create the Process object.
+        # Example:
+        #  >>> proc = Process(1234)
+        # >>> time.sleep(2)  # time-consuming task, process dies in meantime
+        #  >>> proc.name()
+        # Refers to Issue #15
+        sproc = get_test_subprocess()
+        p = psutil.Process(sproc.pid)
+        p.terminate()
+        p.wait()
+        if WINDOWS:
+            wait_for_pid(p.pid)
+        self.assertFalse(p.is_running())
+        self.assertFalse(p.pid in psutil.pids())
+
+        excluded_names = ['pid', 'is_running', 'wait', 'create_time']
+        if LINUX and not RLIMIT_SUPPORT:
+            excluded_names.append('rlimit')
+        for name in dir(p):
+            if (name.startswith('_') or
+                    name in excluded_names):
+                continue
+            try:
+                meth = getattr(p, name)
+                # get/set methods
+                if name == 'nice':
+                    if POSIX:
+                        ret = meth(1)
+                    else:
+                        ret = meth(psutil.NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS)
+                elif name == 'ionice':
+                    ret = meth()
+                    ret = meth(2)
+                elif name == 'rlimit':
+                    ret = meth(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+                    ret = meth(psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
+                elif name == 'cpu_affinity':
+                    ret = meth()
+                    ret = meth([0])
+                elif name == 'send_signal':
+                    ret = meth(signal.SIGTERM)
+                else:
+                    ret = meth()
+            except psutil.ZombieProcess:
+                self.fail("ZombieProcess for %r was not supposed to happen" %
+                          name)
+            except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+                pass
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.fail(
+                    "NoSuchProcess exception not raised for %r, retval=%s" % (
+                        name, ret))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, 'posix only')
+    def test_zombie_process(self):
+        def succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(fun, *args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                fun(*args, **kwargs)
+            except (psutil.ZombieProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
+                pass
+
+        # Note: in this test we'll be creating two sub processes.
+        # Both of them are supposed to be freed / killed by
+        # reap_children() as they are attributable to 'us'
+        # (os.getpid()) via children(recursive=True).
+        src = textwrap.dedent("""\
+        import os, sys, time, socket, contextlib
+        child_pid = os.fork()
+        if child_pid > 0:
+            time.sleep(3000)
+        else:
+            # this is the zombie process
+            s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX)
+            with contextlib.closing(s):
+                s.connect('%s')
+                if sys.version_info < (3, ):
+                    pid = str(os.getpid())
+                else:
+                    pid = bytes(str(os.getpid()), 'ascii')
+                s.sendall(pid)
+        """ % TESTFN)
+        with contextlib.closing(socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX)) as sock:
+            try:
+                sock.settimeout(GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
+                sock.bind(TESTFN)
+                sock.listen(1)
+                pyrun(src)
+                conn, _ = sock.accept()
+                select.select([conn.fileno()], [], [], GLOBAL_TIMEOUT)
+                zpid = int(conn.recv(1024))
+                zproc = psutil.Process(zpid)
+                call_until(lambda: zproc.status(),
+                           "ret == psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE")
+                # A zombie process should always be instantiable
+                zproc = psutil.Process(zpid)
+                # ...and at least its status always be querable
+                self.assertEqual(zproc.status(), psutil.STATUS_ZOMBIE)
+                # ...and it should be considered 'running'
+                self.assertTrue(zproc.is_running())
+                # ...and as_dict() shouldn't crash
+                zproc.as_dict()
+                if hasattr(zproc, "rlimit"):
+                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.rlimit, psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
+                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.rlimit, psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE,
+                                            (5, 5))
+                # set methods
+                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.parent)
+                if hasattr(zproc, 'cpu_affinity'):
+                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.cpu_affinity, [0])
+                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.nice, 0)
+                if hasattr(zproc, 'ionice'):
+                    if LINUX:
+                        succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.ionice, 2, 0)
+                    else:
+                        succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.ionice, 0)  # Windows
+                if hasattr(zproc, 'rlimit'):
+                    succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.rlimit,
+                                            psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (5, 5))
+                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.suspend)
+                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.resume)
+                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.terminate)
+                succeed_or_zombie_p_exc(zproc.kill)
+
+                # ...its parent should 'see' it
+                # edit: not true on BSD and OSX
+                # descendants = [x.pid for x in psutil.Process().children(
+                #                recursive=True)]
+                # self.assertIn(zpid, descendants)
+                # XXX should we also assume ppid be usable?  Note: this
+                # would be an important use case as the only way to get
+                # rid of a zombie is to kill its parent.
+                # self.assertEqual(zpid.ppid(), os.getpid())
+                # ...and all other APIs should be able to deal with it
+                self.assertTrue(psutil.pid_exists(zpid))
+                self.assertIn(zpid, psutil.pids())
+                self.assertIn(zpid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
+                psutil._pmap = {}
+                self.assertIn(zpid, [x.pid for x in psutil.process_iter()])
+            finally:
+                reap_children(search_all=True)
+
+    def test_pid_0(self):
+        # Process(0) is supposed to work on all platforms except Linux
+        if 0 not in psutil.pids():
+            self.assertRaises(psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.Process, 0)
+            return
+
+        p = psutil.Process(0)
+        self.assertTrue(p.name())
+
+        if POSIX:
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(p.uids().real, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(p.gids().real, 0)
+            except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                pass
+
+            self.assertRaisesRegexp(
+                ValueError, "preventing sending signal to process with PID 0",
+                p.send_signal, signal.SIGTERM)
+
+        self.assertIn(p.ppid(), (0, 1))
+        # self.assertEqual(p.exe(), "")
+        p.cmdline()
+        try:
+            p.num_threads()
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            p.memory_info()
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            if POSIX:
+                self.assertEqual(p.username(), 'root')
+            elif WINDOWS:
+                self.assertEqual(p.username(), 'NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM')
+            else:
+                p.username()
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertIn(0, psutil.pids())
+        self.assertTrue(psutil.pid_exists(0))
+
+    def test_Popen(self):
+        # Popen class test
+        # XXX this test causes a ResourceWarning on Python 3 because
+        # psutil.__subproc instance doesn't get propertly freed.
+        # Not sure what to do though.
+        cmd = [PYTHON, "-c", "import time; time.sleep(60);"]
+        proc = psutil.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                            stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        try:
+            proc.name()
+            proc.stdin
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(proc, 'name'))
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(proc, 'stdin'))
+            self.assertTrue(dir(proc))
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, proc, 'foo')
+        finally:
+            proc.kill()
+            proc.wait()
+            self.assertIsNotNone(proc.returncode)
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Featch all processes test
+# ===================================================================
+
+class TestFetchAllProcesses(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test which iterates over all running processes and performs
+    some sanity checks against Process API's returned values.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        if POSIX:
+            import pwd
+            pall = pwd.getpwall()
+            self._uids = set([x.pw_uid for x in pall])
+            self._usernames = set([x.pw_name for x in pall])
+
+    def test_fetch_all(self):
+        valid_procs = 0
+        excluded_names = set([
+            'send_signal', 'suspend', 'resume', 'terminate', 'kill', 'wait',
+            'as_dict', 'cpu_percent', 'parent', 'children', 'pid'])
+        if LINUX and not RLIMIT_SUPPORT:
+            excluded_names.add('rlimit')
+        attrs = []
+        for name in dir(psutil.Process):
+            if name.startswith("_"):
+                continue
+            if name in excluded_names:
+                continue
+            attrs.append(name)
+
+        default = object()
+        failures = []
+        for name in attrs:
+            for p in psutil.process_iter():
+                ret = default
+                try:
+                    try:
+                        args = ()
+                        attr = getattr(p, name, None)
+                        if attr is not None and callable(attr):
+                            if name == 'rlimit':
+                                args = (psutil.RLIMIT_NOFILE,)
+                            ret = attr(*args)
+                        else:
+                            ret = attr
+                        valid_procs += 1
+                    except NotImplementedError:
+                        msg = "%r was skipped because not implemented" % (
+                            self.__class__.__name__ + '.test_' + name)
+                        warn(msg)
+                    except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied) as err:
+                        self.assertEqual(err.pid, p.pid)
+                        if err.name:
+                            # make sure exception's name attr is set
+                            # with the actual process name
+                            self.assertEqual(err.name, p.name())
+                        self.assertTrue(str(err))
+                        self.assertTrue(err.msg)
+                    else:
+                        if ret not in (0, 0.0, [], None, ''):
+                            assert ret, ret
+                        meth = getattr(self, name)
+                        meth(ret)
+                except Exception as err:
+                    s = '\n' + '=' * 70 + '\n'
+                    s += "FAIL: test_%s (proc=%s" % (name, p)
+                    if ret != default:
+                        s += ", ret=%s)" % repr(ret)
+                    s += ')\n'
+                    s += '-' * 70
+                    s += "\n%s" % traceback.format_exc()
+                    s = "\n".join((" " * 4) + i for i in s.splitlines())
+                    failures.append(s)
+                    break
+
+        if failures:
+            self.fail(''.join(failures))
+
+        # we should always have a non-empty list, not including PID 0 etc.
+        # special cases.
+        self.assertTrue(valid_procs > 0)
+
+    def cmdline(self, ret):
+        pass
+
+    def exe(self, ret):
+        if not ret:
+            self.assertEqual(ret, '')
+        else:
+            assert os.path.isabs(ret), ret
+            # Note: os.stat() may return False even if the file is there
+            # hence we skip the test, see:
+            # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3112546/os-path-exists-lies
+            if POSIX and os.path.isfile(ret):
+                if hasattr(os, 'access') and hasattr(os, "X_OK"):
+                    # XXX may fail on OSX
+                    self.assertTrue(os.access(ret, os.X_OK))
+
+    def ppid(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret >= 0)
+
+    def name(self, ret):
+        self.assertIsInstance(ret, (str, unicode))
+        self.assertTrue(ret)
+
+    def create_time(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret > 0)
+        # this can't be taken for granted on all platforms
+        # self.assertGreaterEqual(ret, psutil.boot_time())
+        # make sure returned value can be pretty printed
+        # with strftime
+        time.strftime("%Y %m %d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(ret))
+
+    def uids(self, ret):
+        for uid in ret:
+            self.assertTrue(uid >= 0)
+            self.assertIn(uid, self._uids)
+
+    def gids(self, ret):
+        # note: testing all gids as above seems not to be reliable for
+        # gid == 30 (nodoby); not sure why.
+        for gid in ret:
+            self.assertTrue(gid >= 0)
+            # self.assertIn(uid, self.gids
+
+    def username(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret)
+        if POSIX:
+            self.assertIn(ret, self._usernames)
+
+    def status(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret != "")
+        self.assertTrue(ret != '?')
+        self.assertIn(ret, VALID_PROC_STATUSES)
+
+    def io_counters(self, ret):
+        for field in ret:
+            if field != -1:
+                self.assertTrue(field >= 0)
+
+    def ionice(self, ret):
+        if LINUX:
+            self.assertTrue(ret.ioclass >= 0)
+            self.assertTrue(ret.value >= 0)
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(ret >= 0)
+            self.assertIn(ret, (0, 1, 2))
+
+    def num_threads(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret >= 1)
+
+    def threads(self, ret):
+        for t in ret:
+            self.assertTrue(t.id >= 0)
+            self.assertTrue(t.user_time >= 0)
+            self.assertTrue(t.system_time >= 0)
+
+    def cpu_times(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret.user >= 0)
+        self.assertTrue(ret.system >= 0)
+
+    def memory_info(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret.rss >= 0)
+        self.assertTrue(ret.vms >= 0)
+
+    def memory_info_ex(self, ret):
+        for name in ret._fields:
+            self.assertTrue(getattr(ret, name) >= 0)
+        if POSIX and ret.vms != 0:
+            # VMS is always supposed to be the highest
+            for name in ret._fields:
+                if name != 'vms':
+                    value = getattr(ret, name)
+                    assert ret.vms > value, ret
+        elif WINDOWS:
+            assert ret.peak_wset >= ret.wset, ret
+            assert ret.peak_paged_pool >= ret.paged_pool, ret
+            assert ret.peak_nonpaged_pool >= ret.nonpaged_pool, ret
+            assert ret.peak_pagefile >= ret.pagefile, ret
+
+    def open_files(self, ret):
+        for f in ret:
+            if WINDOWS:
+                assert f.fd == -1, f
+            else:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f.fd, int)
+            assert os.path.isabs(f.path), f
+            assert os.path.isfile(f.path), f
+
+    def num_fds(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret >= 0)
+
+    def connections(self, ret):
+        self.assertEqual(len(ret), len(set(ret)))
+        for conn in ret:
+            check_connection_ntuple(conn)
+
+    def cwd(self, ret):
+        if ret is not None:  # BSD may return None
+            assert os.path.isabs(ret), ret
+            try:
+                st = os.stat(ret)
+            except OSError as err:
+                # directory has been removed in mean time
+                if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+
+    def memory_percent(self, ret):
+        assert 0 <= ret <= 100, ret
+
+    def is_running(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret)
+
+    def cpu_affinity(self, ret):
+        assert ret != [], ret
+
+    def terminal(self, ret):
+        if ret is not None:
+            assert os.path.isabs(ret), ret
+            assert os.path.exists(ret), ret
+
+    def memory_maps(self, ret):
+        for nt in ret:
+            for fname in nt._fields:
+                value = getattr(nt, fname)
+                if fname == 'path':
+                    if not value.startswith('['):
+                        assert os.path.isabs(nt.path), nt.path
+                        # commented as on Linux we might get
+                        # '/foo/bar (deleted)'
+                        # assert os.path.exists(nt.path), nt.path
+                elif fname in ('addr', 'perms'):
+                    self.assertTrue(value)
+                else:
+                    self.assertIsInstance(value, (int, long))
+                    assert value >= 0, value
+
+    def num_handles(self, ret):
+        if WINDOWS:
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(ret, 0)
+        else:
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(ret, 0)
+
+    def nice(self, ret):
+        if POSIX:
+            assert -20 <= ret <= 20, ret
+        else:
+            priorities = [getattr(psutil, x) for x in dir(psutil)
+                          if x.endswith('_PRIORITY_CLASS')]
+            self.assertIn(ret, priorities)
+
+    def num_ctx_switches(self, ret):
+        self.assertTrue(ret.voluntary >= 0)
+        self.assertTrue(ret.involuntary >= 0)
+
+    def rlimit(self, ret):
+        self.assertEqual(len(ret), 2)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[0], -1)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(ret[1], -1)
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Limited user tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(POSIX, "UNIX only")
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getuid') and os.getuid() == 0,
+                     "super user privileges are required")
+class LimitedUserTestCase(TestProcess):
+    """Repeat the previous tests by using a limited user.
+    Executed only on UNIX and only if the user who run the test script
+    is root.
+    """
+    # the uid/gid the test suite runs under
+    if hasattr(os, 'getuid'):
+        PROCESS_UID = os.getuid()
+        PROCESS_GID = os.getgid()
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        TestProcess.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        # re-define all existent test methods in order to
+        # ignore AccessDenied exceptions
+        for attr in [x for x in dir(self) if x.startswith('test')]:
+            meth = getattr(self, attr)
+
+            def test_(self):
+                try:
+                    meth()
+                except psutil.AccessDenied:
+                    pass
+            setattr(self, attr, types.MethodType(test_, self))
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        safe_remove(TESTFN)
+        TestProcess.setUp(self)
+        os.setegid(1000)
+        os.seteuid(1000)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.setegid(self.PROCESS_UID)
+        os.seteuid(self.PROCESS_GID)
+        TestProcess.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_nice(self):
+        try:
+            psutil.Process().nice(-1)
+        except psutil.AccessDenied:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail("exception not raised")
+
+    def test_zombie_process(self):
+        # causes problems if test test suite is run as root
+        pass
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Misc tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+class TestMisc(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Misc / generic tests."""
+
+    def test_process__repr__(self, func=repr):
+        p = psutil.Process()
+        r = func(p)
+        self.assertIn("psutil.Process", r)
+        self.assertIn("pid=%s" % p.pid, r)
+        self.assertIn("name=", r)
+        self.assertIn(p.name(), r)
+        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, "name",
+                               side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(os.getpid())):
+            p = psutil.Process()
+            r = func(p)
+            self.assertIn("pid=%s" % p.pid, r)
+            self.assertIn("zombie", r)
+            self.assertNotIn("name=", r)
+        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, "name",
+                               side_effect=psutil.NoSuchProcess(os.getpid())):
+            p = psutil.Process()
+            r = func(p)
+            self.assertIn("pid=%s" % p.pid, r)
+            self.assertIn("terminated", r)
+            self.assertNotIn("name=", r)
+
+    def test_process__str__(self):
+        self.test_process__repr__(func=str)
+
+    def test_no_such_process__repr__(self, func=repr):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.NoSuchProcess(321)),
+            "psutil.NoSuchProcess process no longer exists (pid=321)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.NoSuchProcess(321, name='foo')),
+            "psutil.NoSuchProcess process no longer exists (pid=321, "
+            "name='foo')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.NoSuchProcess(321, msg='foo')),
+            "psutil.NoSuchProcess foo")
+
+    def test_zombie_process__repr__(self, func=repr):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321)),
+            "psutil.ZombieProcess process still exists but it's a zombie "
+            "(pid=321)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321, name='foo')),
+            "psutil.ZombieProcess process still exists but it's a zombie "
+            "(pid=321, name='foo')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321, name='foo', ppid=1)),
+            "psutil.ZombieProcess process still exists but it's a zombie "
+            "(pid=321, name='foo', ppid=1)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.ZombieProcess(321, msg='foo')),
+            "psutil.ZombieProcess foo")
+
+    def test_access_denied__repr__(self, func=repr):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.AccessDenied(321)),
+            "psutil.AccessDenied (pid=321)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.AccessDenied(321, name='foo')),
+            "psutil.AccessDenied (pid=321, name='foo')")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.AccessDenied(321, msg='foo')),
+            "psutil.AccessDenied foo")
+
+    def test_timeout_expired__repr__(self, func=repr):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.TimeoutExpired(321)),
+            "psutil.TimeoutExpired timeout after 321 seconds")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.TimeoutExpired(321, pid=111)),
+            "psutil.TimeoutExpired timeout after 321 seconds (pid=111)")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(psutil.TimeoutExpired(321, pid=111, name='foo')),
+            "psutil.TimeoutExpired timeout after 321 seconds "
+            "(pid=111, name='foo')")
+
+    def test_process__eq__(self):
+        p1 = psutil.Process()
+        p2 = psutil.Process()
+        self.assertEqual(p1, p2)
+        p2._ident = (0, 0)
+        self.assertNotEqual(p1, p2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(p1, 'foo')
+
+    def test_process__hash__(self):
+        s = set([psutil.Process(), psutil.Process()])
+        self.assertEqual(len(s), 1)
+
+    def test__all__(self):
+        dir_psutil = dir(psutil)
+        for name in dir_psutil:
+            if name in ('callable', 'error', 'namedtuple',
+                        'long', 'test', 'NUM_CPUS', 'BOOT_TIME',
+                        'TOTAL_PHYMEM'):
+                continue
+            if not name.startswith('_'):
+                try:
+                    __import__(name)
+                except ImportError:
+                    if name not in psutil.__all__:
+                        fun = getattr(psutil, name)
+                        if fun is None:
+                            continue
+                        if (fun.__doc__ is not None and
+                                'deprecated' not in fun.__doc__.lower()):
+                            self.fail('%r not in psutil.__all__' % name)
+
+        # Import 'star' will break if __all__ is inconsistent, see:
+        # https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil/issues/656
+        # Can't do `from psutil import *` as it won't work on python 3
+        # so we simply iterate over __all__.
+        for name in psutil.__all__:
+            self.assertIn(name, dir_psutil)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        self.assertEqual('.'.join([str(x) for x in psutil.version_info]),
+                         psutil.__version__)
+
+    def test_memoize(self):
+        from psutil._common import memoize
+
+        @memoize
+        def foo(*args, **kwargs):
+            "foo docstring"
+            calls.append(None)
+            return (args, kwargs)
+
+        calls = []
+        # no args
+        for x in range(2):
+            ret = foo()
+            expected = ((), {})
+            self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
+            self.assertEqual(len(calls), 1)
+        # with args
+        for x in range(2):
+            ret = foo(1)
+            expected = ((1, ), {})
+            self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
+            self.assertEqual(len(calls), 2)
+        # with args + kwargs
+        for x in range(2):
+            ret = foo(1, bar=2)
+            expected = ((1, ), {'bar': 2})
+            self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
+            self.assertEqual(len(calls), 3)
+        # clear cache
+        foo.cache_clear()
+        ret = foo()
+        expected = ((), {})
+        self.assertEqual(ret, expected)
+        self.assertEqual(len(calls), 4)
+        # docstring
+        self.assertEqual(foo.__doc__, "foo docstring")
+
+    def test_isfile_strict(self):
+        from psutil._common import isfile_strict
+        this_file = os.path.abspath(__file__)
+        assert isfile_strict(this_file)
+        assert not isfile_strict(os.path.dirname(this_file))
+        with mock.patch('psutil._common.os.stat',
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EPERM, "foo")):
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, isfile_strict, this_file)
+        with mock.patch('psutil._common.os.stat',
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EACCES, "foo")):
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, isfile_strict, this_file)
+        with mock.patch('psutil._common.os.stat',
+                        side_effect=OSError(errno.EINVAL, "foo")):
+            assert not isfile_strict(this_file)
+        with mock.patch('psutil._common.stat.S_ISREG', return_value=False):
+            assert not isfile_strict(this_file)
+
+    def test_serialization(self):
+        def check(ret):
+            if json is not None:
+                json.loads(json.dumps(ret))
+            a = pickle.dumps(ret)
+            b = pickle.loads(a)
+            self.assertEqual(ret, b)
+
+        check(psutil.Process().as_dict())
+        check(psutil.virtual_memory())
+        check(psutil.swap_memory())
+        check(psutil.cpu_times())
+        check(psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=0))
+        check(psutil.net_io_counters())
+        if LINUX and not os.path.exists('/proc/diskstats'):
+            pass
+        else:
+            if not APPVEYOR:
+                check(psutil.disk_io_counters())
+        check(psutil.disk_partitions())
+        check(psutil.disk_usage(os.getcwd()))
+        check(psutil.users())
+
+    def test_setup_script(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        setup_py = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(here, '..', 'setup.py'))
+        module = imp.load_source('setup', setup_py)
+        self.assertRaises(SystemExit, module.setup)
+        self.assertEqual(module.get_version(), psutil.__version__)
+
+    def test_ad_on_process_creation(self):
+        # We are supposed to be able to instantiate Process also in case
+        # of zombie processes or access denied.
+        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, 'create_time',
+                               side_effect=psutil.AccessDenied) as meth:
+            psutil.Process()
+            assert meth.called
+        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, 'create_time',
+                               side_effect=psutil.ZombieProcess(1)) as meth:
+            psutil.Process()
+            assert meth.called
+        with mock.patch.object(psutil.Process, 'create_time',
+                               side_effect=ValueError) as meth:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                psutil.Process()
+            assert meth.called
+
+
+# ===================================================================
+# --- Example script tests
+# ===================================================================
+
+class TestExampleScripts(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for scripts in the examples directory."""
+
+    def assert_stdout(self, exe, args=None):
+        exe = os.path.join(EXAMPLES_DIR, exe)
+        if args:
+            exe = exe + ' ' + args
+        try:
+            out = sh(sys.executable + ' ' + exe).strip()
+        except RuntimeError as err:
+            if 'AccessDenied' in str(err):
+                return str(err)
+            else:
+                raise
+        assert out, out
+        return out
+
+    def assert_syntax(self, exe, args=None):
+        exe = os.path.join(EXAMPLES_DIR, exe)
+        with open(exe, 'r') as f:
+            src = f.read()
+        ast.parse(src)
+
+    def test_check_presence(self):
+        # make sure all example scripts have a test method defined
+        meths = dir(self)
+        for name in os.listdir(EXAMPLES_DIR):
+            if name.endswith('.py'):
+                if 'test_' + os.path.splitext(name)[0] not in meths:
+                    # self.assert_stdout(name)
+                    self.fail('no test defined for %r script'
+                              % os.path.join(EXAMPLES_DIR, name))
+
+    def test_disk_usage(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('disk_usage.py')
+
+    def test_free(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('free.py')
+
+    def test_meminfo(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('meminfo.py')
+
+    def test_process_detail(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('process_detail.py')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(APPVEYOR, "can't find users on Appveyor")
+    def test_who(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('who.py')
+
+    def test_ps(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('ps.py')
+
+    def test_pstree(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('pstree.py')
+
+    def test_netstat(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('netstat.py')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(TRAVIS, "permission denied on travis")
+    def test_ifconfig(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('ifconfig.py')
+
+    def test_pmap(self):
+        self.assert_stdout('pmap.py', args=str(os.getpid()))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
+                     'ast module not available on this python version')
+    def test_killall(self):
+        self.assert_syntax('killall.py')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
+                     'ast module not available on this python version')
+    def test_nettop(self):
+        self.assert_syntax('nettop.py')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
+                     'ast module not available on this python version')
+    def test_top(self):
+        self.assert_syntax('top.py')
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(ast is None,
+                     'ast module not available on this python version')
+    def test_iotop(self):
+        self.assert_syntax('iotop.py')
+
+    def test_pidof(self):
+        output = self.assert_stdout('pidof.py %s' % psutil.Process().name())
+        self.assertIn(str(os.getpid()), output)
+
+
+def main():
+    tests = []
+    test_suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    tests.append(TestSystemAPIs)
+    tests.append(TestProcess)
+    tests.append(TestFetchAllProcesses)
+    tests.append(TestMisc)
+    tests.append(TestExampleScripts)
+    tests.append(LimitedUserTestCase)
+
+    if POSIX:
+        from _posix import PosixSpecificTestCase
+        tests.append(PosixSpecificTestCase)
+
+    # import the specific platform test suite
+    stc = None
+    if LINUX:
+        from _linux import LinuxSpecificTestCase as stc
+    elif WINDOWS:
+        from _windows import WindowsSpecificTestCase as stc
+        from _windows import TestDualProcessImplementation
+        tests.append(TestDualProcessImplementation)
+    elif OSX:
+        from _osx import OSXSpecificTestCase as stc
+    elif BSD:
+        from _bsd import BSDSpecificTestCase as stc
+    elif SUNOS:
+        from _sunos import SunOSSpecificTestCase as stc
+    if stc is not None:
+        tests.append(stc)
+
+    for test_class in tests:
+        test_suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(test_class))
+    result = unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(test_suite)
+    return result.wasSuccessful()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if not main():
+        sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/python/psutil/tox.ini b/python/psutil/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d80dd174b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/psutil/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Tox (http://tox.testrun.org/) is a tool for running tests
+# in multiple virtualenvs. This configuration file will run the
+# test suite on all supported python versions.
+# To use it run "pip install tox" and then run "tox" from this
+# directory.
+
+[tox]
+envlist = py26, py27, py32, py33, py34
+
+[testenv]
+deps =
+    flake8
+    pytest
+    py26: ipaddress
+    py26: mock==1.0.1
+    py26: unittest2
+    py27: ipaddress
+    py27: mock
+    py32: ipaddress
+    py32: mock
+    py33: ipaddress
+
+setenv =
+    PYTHONPATH = {toxinidir}/test
+
+commands =
+    py.test {posargs}
+    git ls-files | grep \\.py$ | xargs flake8
+
+# suppress "WARNING: 'git' command found but not installed in testenv
+whitelist_externals = git
+usedevelop = True
diff --git a/python/py/AUTHORS b/python/py/AUTHORS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c0cf9b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/AUTHORS
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Holger Krekel, holger at merlinux eu
+Benjamin Peterson, benjamin at python org
+Ronny Pfannschmidt, Ronny.Pfannschmidt at gmx de
+Guido Wesdorp, johnny at johnnydebris net 
+Samuele Pedroni, pedronis at openend se 
+Carl Friedrich Bolz, cfbolz at gmx de
+Armin Rigo, arigo at tunes org 
+Maciek Fijalkowski, fijal at genesilico pl
+Brian Dorsey, briandorsey at gmail com 
+Floris Bruynooghe, flub at devork be
+merlinux GmbH, Germany, office at merlinux eu
+
+Contributors include:: 
+
+Ross Lawley
+Ralf Schmitt
+Chris Lamb 
+Harald Armin Massa
+Martijn Faassen
+Ian Bicking 
+Jan Balster
+Grig Gheorghiu
+Bob Ippolito
+Christian Tismer
diff --git a/python/py/LICENSE b/python/py/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31ecdfb1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+     
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ 
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+  SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/python/py/MANIFEST.in b/python/py/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31fb010b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+include CHANGELOG
+include AUTHORS
+include README.txt
+include setup.py
+include LICENSE
+include conftest.py
+include tox.ini
+graft doc
+graft testing
diff --git a/python/py/PKG-INFO b/python/py/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30b14ae88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: py
+Version: 1.4.31
+Summary: library with cross-python path, ini-parsing, io, code, log facilities
+Home-page: http://pylib.readthedocs.org/
+Author: holger krekel, Ronny Pfannschmidt, Benjamin Peterson and others
+Author-email: pytest-dev@python.org
+License: MIT license
+Description: .. image:: https://drone.io/bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/status.png

+           :target: https://drone.io/bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/latest

+        .. image:: https://pypip.in/v/py/badge.png

+           :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/py

+        

+        The py lib is a Python development support library featuring

+        the following tools and modules:

+        

+        * py.path:  uniform local and svn path objects

+        * py.apipkg:  explicit API control and lazy-importing

+        * py.iniconfig:  easy parsing of .ini files

+        * py.code: dynamic code generation and introspection

+        

+        NOTE: prior to the 1.4 release this distribution used to

+        contain py.test which is now its own package, see http://pytest.org

+        

+        For questions and more information please visit http://pylib.readthedocs.org

+        

+        Bugs and issues: http://bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/issues/

+        

+        Authors: Holger Krekel and others, 2004-2015

+        
+Platform: unix
+Platform: linux
+Platform: osx
+Platform: cygwin
+Platform: win32
+Classifier: Development Status :: 6 - Mature
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Testing
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
diff --git a/python/py/README.txt b/python/py/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e327e9373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+.. image:: https://drone.io/bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/status.png

+   :target: https://drone.io/bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/latest

+.. image:: https://pypip.in/v/py/badge.png

+   :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/py

+

+The py lib is a Python development support library featuring

+the following tools and modules:

+

+* py.path:  uniform local and svn path objects

+* py.apipkg:  explicit API control and lazy-importing

+* py.iniconfig:  easy parsing of .ini files

+* py.code: dynamic code generation and introspection

+

+NOTE: prior to the 1.4 release this distribution used to

+contain py.test which is now its own package, see http://pytest.org

+

+For questions and more information please visit http://pylib.readthedocs.org

+

+Bugs and issues: http://bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/issues/

+

+Authors: Holger Krekel and others, 2004-2015

diff --git a/python/py/py/__init__.py b/python/py/py/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdb9aa218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+"""
+py.test and pylib: rapid testing and development utils
+
+this module uses apipkg.py for lazy-loading sub modules
+and classes.  The initpkg-dictionary  below specifies
+name->value mappings where value can be another namespace
+dictionary or an import path.
+
+(c) Holger Krekel and others, 2004-2014
+"""
+__version__ = '1.4.31'
+
+from py import _apipkg
+
+# so that py.error.* instances are picklable
+import sys
+sys.modules['py.error'] = _apipkg.AliasModule("py.error", "py._error", 'error')
+
+_apipkg.initpkg(__name__, attr={'_apipkg': _apipkg}, exportdefs={
+    # access to all standard lib modules
+    'std': '._std:std',
+    # access to all posix errno's as classes
+    'error': '._error:error',
+
+    '_pydir' : '.__metainfo:pydir',
+    'version': 'py:__version__', # backward compatibility
+
+    # pytest-2.0 has a flat namespace, we use alias modules
+    # to keep old references compatible
+    'test' : 'pytest',
+    'test.collect' : 'pytest',
+    'test.cmdline' : 'pytest',
+
+    # hook into the top-level standard library
+    'process' : {
+        '__doc__'        : '._process:__doc__',
+        'cmdexec'        : '._process.cmdexec:cmdexec',
+        'kill'           : '._process.killproc:kill',
+        'ForkedFunc'     : '._process.forkedfunc:ForkedFunc',
+    },
+
+    'apipkg' : {
+        'initpkg'   : '._apipkg:initpkg',
+        'ApiModule' : '._apipkg:ApiModule',
+    },
+
+    'iniconfig' : {
+        'IniConfig'      : '._iniconfig:IniConfig',
+        'ParseError'     : '._iniconfig:ParseError',
+    },
+
+    'path' : {
+        '__doc__'        : '._path:__doc__',
+        'svnwc'          : '._path.svnwc:SvnWCCommandPath',
+        'svnurl'         : '._path.svnurl:SvnCommandPath',
+        'local'          : '._path.local:LocalPath',
+        'SvnAuth'        : '._path.svnwc:SvnAuth',
+    },
+
+    # python inspection/code-generation API
+    'code' : {
+        '__doc__'           : '._code:__doc__',
+        'compile'           : '._code.source:compile_',
+        'Source'            : '._code.source:Source',
+        'Code'              : '._code.code:Code',
+        'Frame'             : '._code.code:Frame',
+        'ExceptionInfo'     : '._code.code:ExceptionInfo',
+        'Traceback'         : '._code.code:Traceback',
+        'getfslineno'       : '._code.source:getfslineno',
+        'getrawcode'        : '._code.code:getrawcode',
+        'patch_builtins'    : '._code.code:patch_builtins',
+        'unpatch_builtins'  : '._code.code:unpatch_builtins',
+        '_AssertionError'   : '._code.assertion:AssertionError',
+        '_reinterpret_old'  : '._code.assertion:reinterpret_old',
+        '_reinterpret'      : '._code.assertion:reinterpret',
+        '_reprcompare'      : '._code.assertion:_reprcompare',
+        '_format_explanation' : '._code.assertion:_format_explanation',
+    },
+
+    # backports and additions of builtins
+    'builtin' : {
+        '__doc__'        : '._builtin:__doc__',
+        'enumerate'      : '._builtin:enumerate',
+        'reversed'       : '._builtin:reversed',
+        'sorted'         : '._builtin:sorted',
+        'any'            : '._builtin:any',
+        'all'            : '._builtin:all',
+        'set'            : '._builtin:set',
+        'frozenset'      : '._builtin:frozenset',
+        'BaseException'  : '._builtin:BaseException',
+        'GeneratorExit'  : '._builtin:GeneratorExit',
+        '_sysex'         : '._builtin:_sysex',
+        'print_'         : '._builtin:print_',
+        '_reraise'       : '._builtin:_reraise',
+        '_tryimport'     : '._builtin:_tryimport',
+        'exec_'          : '._builtin:exec_',
+        '_basestring'    : '._builtin:_basestring',
+        '_totext'        : '._builtin:_totext',
+        '_isbytes'       : '._builtin:_isbytes',
+        '_istext'        : '._builtin:_istext',
+        '_getimself'     : '._builtin:_getimself',
+        '_getfuncdict'   : '._builtin:_getfuncdict',
+        '_getcode'       : '._builtin:_getcode',
+        'builtins'       : '._builtin:builtins',
+        'execfile'       : '._builtin:execfile',
+        'callable'       : '._builtin:callable',
+        'bytes'       : '._builtin:bytes',
+        'text'       : '._builtin:text',
+    },
+
+    # input-output helping
+    'io' : {
+        '__doc__'             : '._io:__doc__',
+        'dupfile'             : '._io.capture:dupfile',
+        'TextIO'              : '._io.capture:TextIO',
+        'BytesIO'             : '._io.capture:BytesIO',
+        'FDCapture'           : '._io.capture:FDCapture',
+        'StdCapture'          : '._io.capture:StdCapture',
+        'StdCaptureFD'        : '._io.capture:StdCaptureFD',
+        'TerminalWriter'      : '._io.terminalwriter:TerminalWriter',
+        'ansi_print'          : '._io.terminalwriter:ansi_print',
+        'get_terminal_width'  : '._io.terminalwriter:get_terminal_width',
+        'saferepr'            : '._io.saferepr:saferepr',
+    },
+
+    # small and mean xml/html generation
+    'xml' : {
+        '__doc__'            : '._xmlgen:__doc__',
+        'html'               : '._xmlgen:html',
+        'Tag'                : '._xmlgen:Tag',
+        'raw'                : '._xmlgen:raw',
+        'Namespace'          : '._xmlgen:Namespace',
+        'escape'             : '._xmlgen:escape',
+    },
+
+    'log' : {
+        # logging API ('producers' and 'consumers' connected via keywords)
+        '__doc__'            : '._log:__doc__',
+        '_apiwarn'           : '._log.warning:_apiwarn',
+        'Producer'           : '._log.log:Producer',
+        'setconsumer'        : '._log.log:setconsumer',
+        '_setstate'          : '._log.log:setstate',
+        '_getstate'          : '._log.log:getstate',
+        'Path'               : '._log.log:Path',
+        'STDOUT'             : '._log.log:STDOUT',
+        'STDERR'             : '._log.log:STDERR',
+        'Syslog'             : '._log.log:Syslog',
+    },
+
+})
diff --git a/python/py/py/__metainfo.py b/python/py/py/__metainfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12581eb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/__metainfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import py
+pydir = py.path.local(py.__file__).dirpath()
diff --git a/python/py/py/_apipkg.py b/python/py/py/_apipkg.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a73b8f6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_apipkg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+"""
+apipkg: control the exported namespace of a python package.
+
+see http://pypi.python.org/pypi/apipkg
+
+(c) holger krekel, 2009 - MIT license
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+from types import ModuleType
+
+__version__ = '1.3.dev'
+
+def _py_abspath(path):
+    """
+    special version of abspath
+    that will leave paths from jython jars alone
+    """
+    if path.startswith('__pyclasspath__'):
+
+        return path
+    else:
+        return os.path.abspath(path)
+
+def initpkg(pkgname, exportdefs, attr=dict()):
+    """ initialize given package from the export definitions. """
+    oldmod = sys.modules.get(pkgname)
+    d = {}
+    f = getattr(oldmod, '__file__', None)
+    if f:
+        f = _py_abspath(f)
+    d['__file__'] = f
+    if hasattr(oldmod, '__version__'):
+        d['__version__'] = oldmod.__version__
+    if hasattr(oldmod, '__loader__'):
+        d['__loader__'] = oldmod.__loader__
+    if hasattr(oldmod, '__path__'):
+        d['__path__'] = [_py_abspath(p) for p in oldmod.__path__]
+    if '__doc__' not in exportdefs and getattr(oldmod, '__doc__', None):
+        d['__doc__'] = oldmod.__doc__
+    d.update(attr)
+    if hasattr(oldmod, "__dict__"):
+        oldmod.__dict__.update(d)
+    mod = ApiModule(pkgname, exportdefs, implprefix=pkgname, attr=d)
+    sys.modules[pkgname] = mod
+
+def importobj(modpath, attrname):
+    module = __import__(modpath, None, None, ['__doc__'])
+    if not attrname:
+        return module
+
+    retval = module
+    names = attrname.split(".")
+    for x in names:
+        retval = getattr(retval, x)
+    return retval
+
+class ApiModule(ModuleType):
+    def __docget(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__doc
+        except AttributeError:
+            if '__doc__' in self.__map__:
+                return self.__makeattr('__doc__')
+    def __docset(self, value):
+        self.__doc = value
+    __doc__ = property(__docget, __docset)
+
+    def __init__(self, name, importspec, implprefix=None, attr=None):
+        self.__name__ = name
+        self.__all__ = [x for x in importspec if x != '__onfirstaccess__']
+        self.__map__ = {}
+        self.__implprefix__ = implprefix or name
+        if attr:
+            for name, val in attr.items():
+                # print "setting", self.__name__, name, val
+                setattr(self, name, val)
+        for name, importspec in importspec.items():
+            if isinstance(importspec, dict):
+                subname = '%s.%s' % (self.__name__, name)
+                apimod = ApiModule(subname, importspec, implprefix)
+                sys.modules[subname] = apimod
+                setattr(self, name, apimod)
+            else:
+                parts = importspec.split(':')
+                modpath = parts.pop(0)
+                attrname = parts and parts[0] or ""
+                if modpath[0] == '.':
+                    modpath = implprefix + modpath
+
+                if not attrname:
+                    subname = '%s.%s' % (self.__name__, name)
+                    apimod = AliasModule(subname, modpath)
+                    sys.modules[subname] = apimod
+                    if '.' not in name:
+                        setattr(self, name, apimod)
+                else:
+                    self.__map__[name] = (modpath, attrname)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        l = []
+        if hasattr(self, '__version__'):
+            l.append("version=" + repr(self.__version__))
+        if hasattr(self, '__file__'):
+            l.append('from ' + repr(self.__file__))
+        if l:
+            return '<ApiModule %r %s>' % (self.__name__, " ".join(l))
+        return '<ApiModule %r>' % (self.__name__,)
+
+    def __makeattr(self, name):
+        """lazily compute value for name or raise AttributeError if unknown."""
+        # print "makeattr", self.__name__, name
+        target = None
+        if '__onfirstaccess__' in self.__map__:
+            target = self.__map__.pop('__onfirstaccess__')
+            importobj(*target)()
+        try:
+            modpath, attrname = self.__map__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if target is not None and name != '__onfirstaccess__':
+                # retry, onfirstaccess might have set attrs
+                return getattr(self, name)
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        else:
+            result = importobj(modpath, attrname)
+            setattr(self, name, result)
+            try:
+                del self.__map__[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass  # in a recursive-import situation a double-del can happen
+            return result
+
+    __getattr__ = __makeattr
+
+    def __dict__(self):
+        # force all the content of the module to be loaded when __dict__ is read
+        dictdescr = ModuleType.__dict__['__dict__']
+        dict = dictdescr.__get__(self)
+        if dict is not None:
+            hasattr(self, 'some')
+            for name in self.__all__:
+                try:
+                    self.__makeattr(name)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+        return dict
+    __dict__ = property(__dict__)
+
+
+def AliasModule(modname, modpath, attrname=None):
+    mod = []
+
+    def getmod():
+        if not mod:
+            x = importobj(modpath, None)
+            if attrname is not None:
+                x = getattr(x, attrname)
+            mod.append(x)
+        return mod[0]
+
+    class AliasModule(ModuleType):
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            x = modpath
+            if attrname:
+                x += "." + attrname
+            return '<AliasModule %r for %r>' % (modname, x)
+
+        def __getattribute__(self, name):
+            try:
+                return getattr(getmod(), name)
+            except ImportError:
+                return None
+
+        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+            setattr(getmod(), name, value)
+
+        def __delattr__(self, name):
+            delattr(getmod(), name)
+
+    return AliasModule(str(modname))
diff --git a/python/py/py/_builtin.py b/python/py/py/_builtin.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52ee9d79c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_builtin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+import sys
+
+try:
+    reversed = reversed
+except NameError:
+    def reversed(sequence):
+        """reversed(sequence) -> reverse iterator over values of the sequence
+
+        Return a reverse iterator
+        """
+        if hasattr(sequence, '__reversed__'):
+            return sequence.__reversed__()
+        if not hasattr(sequence, '__getitem__'):
+            raise TypeError("argument to reversed() must be a sequence")
+        return reversed_iterator(sequence)
+
+    class reversed_iterator(object):
+
+        def __init__(self, seq):
+            self.seq = seq
+            self.remaining = len(seq)
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def next(self):
+            i = self.remaining
+            if i > 0:
+                i -= 1
+                item = self.seq[i]
+                self.remaining = i
+                return item
+            raise StopIteration
+
+        def __length_hint__(self):
+            return self.remaining
+
+try:
+    any = any
+except NameError:
+    def any(iterable):
+        for x in iterable:
+            if x:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+try:
+    all = all
+except NameError:
+    def all(iterable):
+        for x in iterable:
+            if not x:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+try:
+    sorted = sorted
+except NameError:
+    builtin_cmp = cmp # need to use cmp as keyword arg
+
+    def sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=0):
+        use_cmp = None
+        if key is not None:
+            if cmp is None:
+                def use_cmp(x, y):
+                    return builtin_cmp(x[0], y[0])
+            else:
+                def use_cmp(x, y):
+                    return cmp(x[0], y[0])
+            l = [(key(element), element) for element in iterable]
+        else:
+            if cmp is not None:
+                use_cmp = cmp
+            l = list(iterable)
+        if use_cmp is not None:
+            l.sort(use_cmp)
+        else:
+            l.sort()
+        if reverse:
+            l.reverse()
+        if key is not None:
+            return [element for (_, element) in l]
+        return l
+
+try:
+    set, frozenset = set, frozenset
+except NameError:
+    from sets import set, frozenset
+
+# pass through
+enumerate = enumerate
+
+try:
+    BaseException = BaseException
+except NameError:
+    BaseException = Exception
+
+try:
+    GeneratorExit = GeneratorExit
+except NameError:
+    class GeneratorExit(Exception):
+        """ This exception is never raised, it is there to make it possible to
+        write code compatible with CPython 2.5 even in lower CPython
+        versions."""
+        pass
+    GeneratorExit.__module__ = 'exceptions'
+
+_sysex = (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError, GeneratorExit)
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return hasattr(obj, "__call__")
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+    exec ("print_ = print ; exec_=exec")
+    import builtins
+
+    # some backward compatibility helpers
+    _basestring = str
+    def _totext(obj, encoding=None, errors=None):
+        if isinstance(obj, bytes):
+            if errors is None:
+                obj = obj.decode(encoding)
+            else:
+                obj = obj.decode(encoding, errors)
+        elif not isinstance(obj, str):
+            obj = str(obj)
+        return obj
+
+    def _isbytes(x):
+        return isinstance(x, bytes)
+    def _istext(x):
+        return isinstance(x, str)
+
+    text = str
+    bytes = bytes
+
+
+    def _getimself(function):
+        return getattr(function, '__self__', None)
+
+    def _getfuncdict(function):
+        return getattr(function, "__dict__", None)
+
+    def _getcode(function):
+        return getattr(function, "__code__", None)
+
+    def execfile(fn, globs=None, locs=None):
+        if globs is None:
+            back = sys._getframe(1)
+            globs = back.f_globals
+            locs = back.f_locals
+            del back
+        elif locs is None:
+            locs = globs
+        fp = open(fn, "r")
+        try:
+            source = fp.read()
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+        co = compile(source, fn, "exec", dont_inherit=True)
+        exec_(co, globs, locs)
+
+else:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+    _totext = unicode
+    _basestring = basestring
+    text = unicode
+    bytes = str
+    execfile = execfile
+    callable = callable
+    def _isbytes(x):
+        return isinstance(x, str)
+    def _istext(x):
+        return isinstance(x, unicode)
+
+    def _getimself(function):
+        return getattr(function, 'im_self', None)
+
+    def _getfuncdict(function):
+        return getattr(function, "__dict__", None)
+
+    def _getcode(function):
+        try:
+            return getattr(function, "__code__")
+        except AttributeError:
+            return getattr(function, "func_code", None)
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """ minimal backport of py3k print statement. """
+        sep = ' '
+        if 'sep' in kwargs:
+            sep = kwargs.pop('sep')
+        end = '\n'
+        if 'end' in kwargs:
+            end = kwargs.pop('end')
+        file = 'file' in kwargs and kwargs.pop('file') or sys.stdout
+        if kwargs:
+            args = ", ".join([str(x) for x in kwargs])
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments: %s" % args)
+        at_start = True
+        for x in args:
+            if not at_start:
+                file.write(sep)
+            file.write(str(x))
+            at_start = False
+        file.write(end)
+
+    def exec_(obj, globals=None, locals=None):
+        """ minimal backport of py3k exec statement. """
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        if globals is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            globals = frame.f_globals
+            if locals is None:
+                locals = frame.f_locals
+        elif locals is None:
+            locals = globals
+        exec2(obj, globals, locals)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+    def _reraise(cls, val, tb):
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        assert hasattr(val, '__traceback__')
+        raise cls.with_traceback(val, tb)
+else:
+    exec ("""
+def _reraise(cls, val, tb):
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    raise cls, val, tb
+def exec2(obj, globals, locals):
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    exec obj in globals, locals
+""")
+
+def _tryimport(*names):
+    """ return the first successfully imported module. """
+    assert names
+    for name in names:
+        try:
+            __import__(name)
+        except ImportError:
+            excinfo = sys.exc_info()
+        else:
+            return sys.modules[name]
+    _reraise(*excinfo)
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/__init__.py b/python/py/py/_code/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f15acf851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+""" python inspection/code generation API """
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/_assertionnew.py b/python/py/py/_code/_assertionnew.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afb1b31ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/_assertionnew.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+"""
+Find intermediate evalutation results in assert statements through builtin AST.
+This should replace _assertionold.py eventually.
+"""
+
+import sys
+import ast
+
+import py
+from py._code.assertion import _format_explanation, BuiltinAssertionError
+
+
+if sys.platform.startswith("java") and sys.version_info < (2, 5, 2):
+    # See http://bugs.jython.org/issue1497
+    _exprs = ("BoolOp", "BinOp", "UnaryOp", "Lambda", "IfExp", "Dict",
+              "ListComp", "GeneratorExp", "Yield", "Compare", "Call",
+              "Repr", "Num", "Str", "Attribute", "Subscript", "Name",
+              "List", "Tuple")
+    _stmts = ("FunctionDef", "ClassDef", "Return", "Delete", "Assign",
+              "AugAssign", "Print", "For", "While", "If", "With", "Raise",
+              "TryExcept", "TryFinally", "Assert", "Import", "ImportFrom",
+              "Exec", "Global", "Expr", "Pass", "Break", "Continue")
+    _expr_nodes = set(getattr(ast, name) for name in _exprs)
+    _stmt_nodes = set(getattr(ast, name) for name in _stmts)
+    def _is_ast_expr(node):
+        return node.__class__ in _expr_nodes
+    def _is_ast_stmt(node):
+        return node.__class__ in _stmt_nodes
+else:
+    def _is_ast_expr(node):
+        return isinstance(node, ast.expr)
+    def _is_ast_stmt(node):
+        return isinstance(node, ast.stmt)
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """Error found while interpreting AST."""
+
+    def __init__(self, explanation=""):
+        self.cause = sys.exc_info()
+        self.explanation = explanation
+
+
+def interpret(source, frame, should_fail=False):
+    mod = ast.parse(source)
+    visitor = DebugInterpreter(frame)
+    try:
+        visitor.visit(mod)
+    except Failure:
+        failure = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        return getfailure(failure)
+    if should_fail:
+        return ("(assertion failed, but when it was re-run for "
+                "printing intermediate values, it did not fail.  Suggestions: "
+                "compute assert expression before the assert or use --no-assert)")
+
+def run(offending_line, frame=None):
+    if frame is None:
+        frame = py.code.Frame(sys._getframe(1))
+    return interpret(offending_line, frame)
+
+def getfailure(failure):
+    explanation = _format_explanation(failure.explanation)
+    value = failure.cause[1]
+    if str(value):
+        lines = explanation.splitlines()
+        if not lines:
+            lines.append("")
+        lines[0] += " << %s" % (value,)
+        explanation = "\n".join(lines)
+    text = "%s: %s" % (failure.cause[0].__name__, explanation)
+    if text.startswith("AssertionError: assert "):
+        text = text[16:]
+    return text
+
+
+operator_map = {
+    ast.BitOr : "|",
+    ast.BitXor : "^",
+    ast.BitAnd : "&",
+    ast.LShift : "<<",
+    ast.RShift : ">>",
+    ast.Add : "+",
+    ast.Sub : "-",
+    ast.Mult : "*",
+    ast.Div : "/",
+    ast.FloorDiv : "//",
+    ast.Mod : "%",
+    ast.Eq : "==",
+    ast.NotEq : "!=",
+    ast.Lt : "<",
+    ast.LtE : "<=",
+    ast.Gt : ">",
+    ast.GtE : ">=",
+    ast.Pow : "**",
+    ast.Is : "is",
+    ast.IsNot : "is not",
+    ast.In : "in",
+    ast.NotIn : "not in"
+}
+
+unary_map = {
+    ast.Not : "not %s",
+    ast.Invert : "~%s",
+    ast.USub : "-%s",
+    ast.UAdd : "+%s"
+}
+
+
+class DebugInterpreter(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Interpret AST nodes to gleam useful debugging information. """
+
+    def __init__(self, frame):
+        self.frame = frame
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        # Fallback when we don't have a special implementation.
+        if _is_ast_expr(node):
+            mod = ast.Expression(node)
+            co = self._compile(mod)
+            try:
+                result = self.frame.eval(co)
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure()
+            explanation = self.frame.repr(result)
+            return explanation, result
+        elif _is_ast_stmt(node):
+            mod = ast.Module([node])
+            co = self._compile(mod, "exec")
+            try:
+                self.frame.exec_(co)
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure()
+            return None, None
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("can't handle %s" %(node,))
+
+    def _compile(self, source, mode="eval"):
+        return compile(source, "<assertion interpretation>", mode)
+
+    def visit_Expr(self, expr):
+        return self.visit(expr.value)
+
+    def visit_Module(self, mod):
+        for stmt in mod.body:
+            self.visit(stmt)
+
+    def visit_Name(self, name):
+        explanation, result = self.generic_visit(name)
+        # See if the name is local.
+        source = "%r in locals() is not globals()" % (name.id,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            local = self.frame.eval(co)
+        except Exception:
+            # have to assume it isn't
+            local = False
+        if not local:
+            return name.id, result
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_Compare(self, comp):
+        left = comp.left
+        left_explanation, left_result = self.visit(left)
+        for op, next_op in zip(comp.ops, comp.comparators):
+            next_explanation, next_result = self.visit(next_op)
+            op_symbol = operator_map[op.__class__]
+            explanation = "%s %s %s" % (left_explanation, op_symbol,
+                                        next_explanation)
+            source = "__exprinfo_left %s __exprinfo_right" % (op_symbol,)
+            co = self._compile(source)
+            try:
+                result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_left=left_result,
+                                         __exprinfo_right=next_result)
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure(explanation)
+            try:
+                if not result:
+                    break
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                raise
+            except:
+                break
+            left_explanation, left_result = next_explanation, next_result
+
+        rcomp = py.code._reprcompare
+        if rcomp:
+            res = rcomp(op_symbol, left_result, next_result)
+            if res:
+                explanation = res
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_BoolOp(self, boolop):
+        is_or = isinstance(boolop.op, ast.Or)
+        explanations = []
+        for operand in boolop.values:
+            explanation, result = self.visit(operand)
+            explanations.append(explanation)
+            if result == is_or:
+                break
+        name = is_or and " or " or " and "
+        explanation = "(" + name.join(explanations) + ")"
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_UnaryOp(self, unary):
+        pattern = unary_map[unary.op.__class__]
+        operand_explanation, operand_result = self.visit(unary.operand)
+        explanation = pattern % (operand_explanation,)
+        co = self._compile(pattern % ("__exprinfo_expr",))
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=operand_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_BinOp(self, binop):
+        left_explanation, left_result = self.visit(binop.left)
+        right_explanation, right_result = self.visit(binop.right)
+        symbol = operator_map[binop.op.__class__]
+        explanation = "(%s %s %s)" % (left_explanation, symbol,
+                                      right_explanation)
+        source = "__exprinfo_left %s __exprinfo_right" % (symbol,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_left=left_result,
+                                     __exprinfo_right=right_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_Call(self, call):
+        func_explanation, func = self.visit(call.func)
+        arg_explanations = []
+        ns = {"__exprinfo_func" : func}
+        arguments = []
+        for arg in call.args:
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(arg)
+            arg_name = "__exprinfo_%s" % (len(ns),)
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+            arguments.append(arg_name)
+            arg_explanations.append(arg_explanation)
+        for keyword in call.keywords:
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(keyword.value)
+            arg_name = "__exprinfo_%s" % (len(ns),)
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+            keyword_source = "%s=%%s" % (keyword.arg)
+            arguments.append(keyword_source % (arg_name,))
+            arg_explanations.append(keyword_source % (arg_explanation,))
+        if call.starargs:
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(call.starargs)
+            arg_name = "__exprinfo_star"
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+            arguments.append("*%s" % (arg_name,))
+            arg_explanations.append("*%s" % (arg_explanation,))
+        if call.kwargs:
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(call.kwargs)
+            arg_name = "__exprinfo_kwds"
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+            arguments.append("**%s" % (arg_name,))
+            arg_explanations.append("**%s" % (arg_explanation,))
+        args_explained = ", ".join(arg_explanations)
+        explanation = "%s(%s)" % (func_explanation, args_explained)
+        args = ", ".join(arguments)
+        source = "__exprinfo_func(%s)" % (args,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, **ns)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        pattern = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}"
+        rep = self.frame.repr(result)
+        explanation = pattern % (rep, rep, explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def _is_builtin_name(self, name):
+        pattern = "%r not in globals() and %r not in locals()"
+        source = pattern % (name.id, name.id)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            return self.frame.eval(co)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, attr):
+        if not isinstance(attr.ctx, ast.Load):
+            return self.generic_visit(attr)
+        source_explanation, source_result = self.visit(attr.value)
+        explanation = "%s.%s" % (source_explanation, attr.attr)
+        source = "__exprinfo_expr.%s" % (attr.attr,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=source_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        explanation = "%s\n{%s = %s.%s\n}" % (self.frame.repr(result),
+                                              self.frame.repr(result),
+                                              source_explanation, attr.attr)
+        # Check if the attr is from an instance.
+        source = "%r in getattr(__exprinfo_expr, '__dict__', {})"
+        source = source % (attr.attr,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            from_instance = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=source_result)
+        except Exception:
+            from_instance = True
+        if from_instance:
+            rep = self.frame.repr(result)
+            pattern = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}"
+            explanation = pattern % (rep, rep, explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_Assert(self, assrt):
+        test_explanation, test_result = self.visit(assrt.test)
+        if test_explanation.startswith("False\n{False =") and \
+                test_explanation.endswith("\n"):
+            test_explanation = test_explanation[15:-2]
+        explanation = "assert %s" % (test_explanation,)
+        if not test_result:
+            try:
+                raise BuiltinAssertionError
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, test_result
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, assign):
+        value_explanation, value_result = self.visit(assign.value)
+        explanation = "... = %s" % (value_explanation,)
+        name = ast.Name("__exprinfo_expr", ast.Load(),
+                        lineno=assign.value.lineno,
+                        col_offset=assign.value.col_offset)
+        new_assign = ast.Assign(assign.targets, name, lineno=assign.lineno,
+                                col_offset=assign.col_offset)
+        mod = ast.Module([new_assign])
+        co = self._compile(mod, "exec")
+        try:
+            self.frame.exec_(co, __exprinfo_expr=value_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, value_result
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/_assertionold.py b/python/py/py/_code/_assertionold.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e81fb3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/_assertionold.py
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+import py
+import sys, inspect
+from compiler import parse, ast, pycodegen
+from py._code.assertion import BuiltinAssertionError, _format_explanation
+
+passthroughex = py.builtin._sysex
+
+class Failure:
+    def __init__(self, node):
+        self.exc, self.value, self.tb = sys.exc_info()
+        self.node = node
+
+class View(object):
+    """View base class.
+
+    If C is a subclass of View, then C(x) creates a proxy object around
+    the object x.  The actual class of the proxy is not C in general,
+    but a *subclass* of C determined by the rules below.  To avoid confusion
+    we call view class the class of the proxy (a subclass of C, so of View)
+    and object class the class of x.
+
+    Attributes and methods not found in the proxy are automatically read on x.
+    Other operations like setting attributes are performed on the proxy, as
+    determined by its view class.  The object x is available from the proxy
+    as its __obj__ attribute.
+
+    The view class selection is determined by the __view__ tuples and the
+    optional __viewkey__ method.  By default, the selected view class is the
+    most specific subclass of C whose __view__ mentions the class of x.
+    If no such subclass is found, the search proceeds with the parent
+    object classes.  For example, C(True) will first look for a subclass
+    of C with __view__ = (..., bool, ...) and only if it doesn't find any
+    look for one with __view__ = (..., int, ...), and then ..., object,...
+    If everything fails the class C itself is considered to be the default.
+
+    Alternatively, the view class selection can be driven by another aspect
+    of the object x, instead of the class of x, by overriding __viewkey__.
+    See last example at the end of this module.
+    """
+
+    _viewcache = {}
+    __view__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(rootclass, obj, *args, **kwds):
+        self = object.__new__(rootclass)
+        self.__obj__ = obj
+        self.__rootclass__ = rootclass
+        key = self.__viewkey__()
+        try:
+            self.__class__ = self._viewcache[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            self.__class__ = self._selectsubclass(key)
+        return self
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        # attributes not found in the normal hierarchy rooted on View
+        # are looked up in the object's real class
+        return getattr(self.__obj__, attr)
+
+    def __viewkey__(self):
+        return self.__obj__.__class__
+
+    def __matchkey__(self, key, subclasses):
+        if inspect.isclass(key):
+            keys = inspect.getmro(key)
+        else:
+            keys = [key]
+        for key in keys:
+            result = [C for C in subclasses if key in C.__view__]
+            if result:
+                return result
+        return []
+
+    def _selectsubclass(self, key):
+        subclasses = list(enumsubclasses(self.__rootclass__))
+        for C in subclasses:
+            if not isinstance(C.__view__, tuple):
+                C.__view__ = (C.__view__,)
+        choices = self.__matchkey__(key, subclasses)
+        if not choices:
+            return self.__rootclass__
+        elif len(choices) == 1:
+            return choices[0]
+        else:
+            # combine the multiple choices
+            return type('?', tuple(choices), {})
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__rootclass__.__name__, self.__obj__)
+
+
+def enumsubclasses(cls):
+    for subcls in cls.__subclasses__():
+        for subsubclass in enumsubclasses(subcls):
+            yield subsubclass
+    yield cls
+
+
+class Interpretable(View):
+    """A parse tree node with a few extra methods."""
+    explanation = None
+
+    def is_builtin(self, frame):
+        return False
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        # fall-back for unknown expression nodes
+        try:
+            expr = ast.Expression(self.__obj__)
+            expr.filename = '<eval>'
+            self.__obj__.filename = '<eval>'
+            co = pycodegen.ExpressionCodeGenerator(expr).getCode()
+            result = frame.eval(co)
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            raise Failure(self)
+        self.result = result
+        self.explanation = self.explanation or frame.repr(self.result)
+
+    def run(self, frame):
+        # fall-back for unknown statement nodes
+        try:
+            expr = ast.Module(None, ast.Stmt([self.__obj__]))
+            expr.filename = '<run>'
+            co = pycodegen.ModuleCodeGenerator(expr).getCode()
+            frame.exec_(co)
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            raise Failure(self)
+
+    def nice_explanation(self):
+        return _format_explanation(self.explanation)
+
+
+class Name(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Name
+
+    def is_local(self, frame):
+        source = '%r in locals() is not globals()' % self.name
+        try:
+            return frame.is_true(frame.eval(source))
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            return False
+
+    def is_global(self, frame):
+        source = '%r in globals()' % self.name
+        try:
+            return frame.is_true(frame.eval(source))
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            return False
+
+    def is_builtin(self, frame):
+        source = '%r not in locals() and %r not in globals()' % (
+            self.name, self.name)
+        try:
+            return frame.is_true(frame.eval(source))
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            return False
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        super(Name, self).eval(frame)
+        if not self.is_local(frame):
+            self.explanation = self.name
+
+class Compare(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Compare
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        expr = Interpretable(self.expr)
+        expr.eval(frame)
+        for operation, expr2 in self.ops:
+            if hasattr(self, 'result'):
+                # shortcutting in chained expressions
+                if not frame.is_true(self.result):
+                    break
+            expr2 = Interpretable(expr2)
+            expr2.eval(frame)
+            self.explanation = "%s %s %s" % (
+                expr.explanation, operation, expr2.explanation)
+            source = "__exprinfo_left %s __exprinfo_right" % operation
+            try:
+                self.result = frame.eval(source,
+                                         __exprinfo_left=expr.result,
+                                         __exprinfo_right=expr2.result)
+            except passthroughex:
+                raise
+            except:
+                raise Failure(self)
+            expr = expr2
+
+class And(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.And
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        explanations = []
+        for expr in self.nodes:
+            expr = Interpretable(expr)
+            expr.eval(frame)
+            explanations.append(expr.explanation)
+            self.result = expr.result
+            if not frame.is_true(expr.result):
+                break
+        self.explanation = '(' + ' and '.join(explanations) + ')'
+
+class Or(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Or
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        explanations = []
+        for expr in self.nodes:
+            expr = Interpretable(expr)
+            expr.eval(frame)
+            explanations.append(expr.explanation)
+            self.result = expr.result
+            if frame.is_true(expr.result):
+                break
+        self.explanation = '(' + ' or '.join(explanations) + ')'
+
+
+# == Unary operations ==
+keepalive = []
+for astclass, astpattern in {
+    ast.Not    : 'not __exprinfo_expr',
+    ast.Invert : '(~__exprinfo_expr)',
+    }.items():
+
+    class UnaryArith(Interpretable):
+        __view__ = astclass
+
+        def eval(self, frame, astpattern=astpattern):
+            expr = Interpretable(self.expr)
+            expr.eval(frame)
+            self.explanation = astpattern.replace('__exprinfo_expr',
+                                                  expr.explanation)
+            try:
+                self.result = frame.eval(astpattern,
+                                         __exprinfo_expr=expr.result)
+            except passthroughex:
+                raise
+            except:
+                raise Failure(self)
+
+    keepalive.append(UnaryArith)
+
+# == Binary operations ==
+for astclass, astpattern in {
+    ast.Add    : '(__exprinfo_left + __exprinfo_right)',
+    ast.Sub    : '(__exprinfo_left - __exprinfo_right)',
+    ast.Mul    : '(__exprinfo_left * __exprinfo_right)',
+    ast.Div    : '(__exprinfo_left / __exprinfo_right)',
+    ast.Mod    : '(__exprinfo_left % __exprinfo_right)',
+    ast.Power  : '(__exprinfo_left ** __exprinfo_right)',
+    }.items():
+
+    class BinaryArith(Interpretable):
+        __view__ = astclass
+
+        def eval(self, frame, astpattern=astpattern):
+            left = Interpretable(self.left)
+            left.eval(frame)
+            right = Interpretable(self.right)
+            right.eval(frame)
+            self.explanation = (astpattern
+                                .replace('__exprinfo_left',  left .explanation)
+                                .replace('__exprinfo_right', right.explanation))
+            try:
+                self.result = frame.eval(astpattern,
+                                         __exprinfo_left=left.result,
+                                         __exprinfo_right=right.result)
+            except passthroughex:
+                raise
+            except:
+                raise Failure(self)
+
+    keepalive.append(BinaryArith)
+
+
+class CallFunc(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.CallFunc
+
+    def is_bool(self, frame):
+        source = 'isinstance(__exprinfo_value, bool)'
+        try:
+            return frame.is_true(frame.eval(source,
+                                            __exprinfo_value=self.result))
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            return False
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        node = Interpretable(self.node)
+        node.eval(frame)
+        explanations = []
+        vars = {'__exprinfo_fn': node.result}
+        source = '__exprinfo_fn('
+        for a in self.args:
+            if isinstance(a, ast.Keyword):
+                keyword = a.name
+                a = a.expr
+            else:
+                keyword = None
+            a = Interpretable(a)
+            a.eval(frame)
+            argname = '__exprinfo_%d' % len(vars)
+            vars[argname] = a.result
+            if keyword is None:
+                source += argname + ','
+                explanations.append(a.explanation)
+            else:
+                source += '%s=%s,' % (keyword, argname)
+                explanations.append('%s=%s' % (keyword, a.explanation))
+        if self.star_args:
+            star_args = Interpretable(self.star_args)
+            star_args.eval(frame)
+            argname = '__exprinfo_star'
+            vars[argname] = star_args.result
+            source += '*' + argname + ','
+            explanations.append('*' + star_args.explanation)
+        if self.dstar_args:
+            dstar_args = Interpretable(self.dstar_args)
+            dstar_args.eval(frame)
+            argname = '__exprinfo_kwds'
+            vars[argname] = dstar_args.result
+            source += '**' + argname + ','
+            explanations.append('**' + dstar_args.explanation)
+        self.explanation = "%s(%s)" % (
+            node.explanation, ', '.join(explanations))
+        if source.endswith(','):
+            source = source[:-1]
+        source += ')'
+        try:
+            self.result = frame.eval(source, **vars)
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            raise Failure(self)
+        if not node.is_builtin(frame) or not self.is_bool(frame):
+            r = frame.repr(self.result)
+            self.explanation = '%s\n{%s = %s\n}' % (r, r, self.explanation)
+
+class Getattr(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Getattr
+
+    def eval(self, frame):
+        expr = Interpretable(self.expr)
+        expr.eval(frame)
+        source = '__exprinfo_expr.%s' % self.attrname
+        try:
+            self.result = frame.eval(source, __exprinfo_expr=expr.result)
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            raise Failure(self)
+        self.explanation = '%s.%s' % (expr.explanation, self.attrname)
+        # if the attribute comes from the instance, its value is interesting
+        source = ('hasattr(__exprinfo_expr, "__dict__") and '
+                  '%r in __exprinfo_expr.__dict__' % self.attrname)
+        try:
+            from_instance = frame.is_true(
+                frame.eval(source, __exprinfo_expr=expr.result))
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            from_instance = True
+        if from_instance:
+            r = frame.repr(self.result)
+            self.explanation = '%s\n{%s = %s\n}' % (r, r, self.explanation)
+
+# == Re-interpretation of full statements ==
+
+class Assert(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Assert
+
+    def run(self, frame):
+        test = Interpretable(self.test)
+        test.eval(frame)
+        # simplify 'assert False where False = ...'
+        if (test.explanation.startswith('False\n{False = ') and
+            test.explanation.endswith('\n}')):
+            test.explanation = test.explanation[15:-2]
+        # print the result as  'assert <explanation>'
+        self.result = test.result
+        self.explanation = 'assert ' + test.explanation
+        if not frame.is_true(test.result):
+            try:
+                raise BuiltinAssertionError
+            except passthroughex:
+                raise
+            except:
+                raise Failure(self)
+
+class Assign(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Assign
+
+    def run(self, frame):
+        expr = Interpretable(self.expr)
+        expr.eval(frame)
+        self.result = expr.result
+        self.explanation = '... = ' + expr.explanation
+        # fall-back-run the rest of the assignment
+        ass = ast.Assign(self.nodes, ast.Name('__exprinfo_expr'))
+        mod = ast.Module(None, ast.Stmt([ass]))
+        mod.filename = '<run>'
+        co = pycodegen.ModuleCodeGenerator(mod).getCode()
+        try:
+            frame.exec_(co, __exprinfo_expr=expr.result)
+        except passthroughex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            raise Failure(self)
+
+class Discard(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Discard
+
+    def run(self, frame):
+        expr = Interpretable(self.expr)
+        expr.eval(frame)
+        self.result = expr.result
+        self.explanation = expr.explanation
+
+class Stmt(Interpretable):
+    __view__ = ast.Stmt
+
+    def run(self, frame):
+        for stmt in self.nodes:
+            stmt = Interpretable(stmt)
+            stmt.run(frame)
+
+
+def report_failure(e):
+    explanation = e.node.nice_explanation()
+    if explanation:
+        explanation = ", in: " + explanation
+    else:
+        explanation = ""
+    sys.stdout.write("%s: %s%s\n" % (e.exc.__name__, e.value, explanation))
+
+def check(s, frame=None):
+    if frame is None:
+        frame = sys._getframe(1)
+        frame = py.code.Frame(frame)
+    expr = parse(s, 'eval')
+    assert isinstance(expr, ast.Expression)
+    node = Interpretable(expr.node)
+    try:
+        node.eval(frame)
+    except passthroughex:
+        raise
+    except Failure:
+        e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        report_failure(e)
+    else:
+        if not frame.is_true(node.result):
+            sys.stderr.write("assertion failed: %s\n" % node.nice_explanation())
+
+
+###########################################################
+# API / Entry points
+# #########################################################
+
+def interpret(source, frame, should_fail=False):
+    module = Interpretable(parse(source, 'exec').node)
+    #print "got module", module
+    if isinstance(frame, py.std.types.FrameType):
+        frame = py.code.Frame(frame)
+    try:
+        module.run(frame)
+    except Failure:
+        e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        return getfailure(e)
+    except passthroughex:
+        raise
+    except:
+        import traceback
+        traceback.print_exc()
+    if should_fail:
+        return ("(assertion failed, but when it was re-run for "
+                "printing intermediate values, it did not fail.  Suggestions: "
+                "compute assert expression before the assert or use --nomagic)")
+    else:
+        return None
+
+def getmsg(excinfo):
+    if isinstance(excinfo, tuple):
+        excinfo = py.code.ExceptionInfo(excinfo)
+    #frame, line = gettbline(tb)
+    #frame = py.code.Frame(frame)
+    #return interpret(line, frame)
+
+    tb = excinfo.traceback[-1]
+    source = str(tb.statement).strip()
+    x = interpret(source, tb.frame, should_fail=True)
+    if not isinstance(x, str):
+        raise TypeError("interpret returned non-string %r" % (x,))
+    return x
+
+def getfailure(e):
+    explanation = e.node.nice_explanation()
+    if str(e.value):
+        lines = explanation.split('\n')
+        lines[0] += "  << %s" % (e.value,)
+        explanation = '\n'.join(lines)
+    text = "%s: %s" % (e.exc.__name__, explanation)
+    if text.startswith('AssertionError: assert '):
+        text = text[16:]
+    return text
+
+def run(s, frame=None):
+    if frame is None:
+        frame = sys._getframe(1)
+        frame = py.code.Frame(frame)
+    module = Interpretable(parse(s, 'exec').node)
+    try:
+        module.run(frame)
+    except Failure:
+        e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        report_failure(e)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # example:
+    def f():
+        return 5
+    def g():
+        return 3
+    def h(x):
+        return 'never'
+    check("f() * g() == 5")
+    check("not f()")
+    check("not (f() and g() or 0)")
+    check("f() == g()")
+    i = 4
+    check("i == f()")
+    check("len(f()) == 0")
+    check("isinstance(2+3+4, float)")
+
+    run("x = i")
+    check("x == 5")
+
+    run("assert not f(), 'oops'")
+    run("a, b, c = 1, 2")
+    run("a, b, c = f()")
+
+    check("max([f(),g()]) == 4")
+    check("'hello'[g()] == 'h'")
+    run("'guk%d' % h(f())")
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/_py2traceback.py b/python/py/py/_code/_py2traceback.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d65e27cb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/_py2traceback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# copied from python-2.7.3's traceback.py
+# CHANGES:
+# - some_str is replaced, trying to create unicode strings
+#
+import types
+
+def format_exception_only(etype, value):
+    """Format the exception part of a traceback.
+
+    The arguments are the exception type and value such as given by
+    sys.last_type and sys.last_value. The return value is a list of
+    strings, each ending in a newline.
+
+    Normally, the list contains a single string; however, for
+    SyntaxError exceptions, it contains several lines that (when
+    printed) display detailed information about where the syntax
+    error occurred.
+
+    The message indicating which exception occurred is always the last
+    string in the list.
+
+    """
+
+    # An instance should not have a meaningful value parameter, but
+    # sometimes does, particularly for string exceptions, such as
+    # >>> raise string1, string2  # deprecated
+    #
+    # Clear these out first because issubtype(string1, SyntaxError)
+    # would throw another exception and mask the original problem.
+    if (isinstance(etype, BaseException) or
+        isinstance(etype, types.InstanceType) or
+        etype is None or type(etype) is str):
+        return [_format_final_exc_line(etype, value)]
+
+    stype = etype.__name__
+
+    if not issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
+        return [_format_final_exc_line(stype, value)]
+
+    # It was a syntax error; show exactly where the problem was found.
+    lines = []
+    try:
+        msg, (filename, lineno, offset, badline) = value.args
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    else:
+        filename = filename or "<string>"
+        lines.append('  File "%s", line %d\n' % (filename, lineno))
+        if badline is not None:
+            lines.append('    %s\n' % badline.strip())
+            if offset is not None:
+                caretspace = badline.rstrip('\n')[:offset].lstrip()
+                # non-space whitespace (likes tabs) must be kept for alignment
+                caretspace = ((c.isspace() and c or ' ') for c in caretspace)
+                # only three spaces to account for offset1 == pos 0
+                lines.append('   %s^\n' % ''.join(caretspace))
+        value = msg
+
+    lines.append(_format_final_exc_line(stype, value))
+    return lines
+
+def _format_final_exc_line(etype, value):
+    """Return a list of a single line -- normal case for format_exception_only"""
+    valuestr = _some_str(value)
+    if value is None or not valuestr:
+        line = "%s\n" % etype
+    else:
+        line = "%s: %s\n" % (etype, valuestr)
+    return line
+
+def _some_str(value):
+    try:
+        return unicode(value)
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            return str(value)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return '<unprintable %s object>' % type(value).__name__
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/assertion.py b/python/py/py/_code/assertion.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ce80c75b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/assertion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+import sys
+import py
+
+BuiltinAssertionError = py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError
+
+_reprcompare = None # if set, will be called by assert reinterp for comparison ops
+
+def _format_explanation(explanation):
+    """This formats an explanation
+
+    Normally all embedded newlines are escaped, however there are
+    three exceptions: \n{, \n} and \n~.  The first two are intended
+    cover nested explanations, see function and attribute explanations
+    for examples (.visit_Call(), visit_Attribute()).  The last one is
+    for when one explanation needs to span multiple lines, e.g. when
+    displaying diffs.
+    """
+    raw_lines = (explanation or '').split('\n')
+    # escape newlines not followed by {, } and ~
+    lines = [raw_lines[0]]
+    for l in raw_lines[1:]:
+        if l.startswith('{') or l.startswith('}') or l.startswith('~'):
+            lines.append(l)
+        else:
+            lines[-1] += '\\n' + l
+
+    result = lines[:1]
+    stack = [0]
+    stackcnt = [0]
+    for line in lines[1:]:
+        if line.startswith('{'):
+            if stackcnt[-1]:
+                s = 'and   '
+            else:
+                s = 'where '
+            stack.append(len(result))
+            stackcnt[-1] += 1
+            stackcnt.append(0)
+            result.append(' +' + '  '*(len(stack)-1) + s + line[1:])
+        elif line.startswith('}'):
+            assert line.startswith('}')
+            stack.pop()
+            stackcnt.pop()
+            result[stack[-1]] += line[1:]
+        else:
+            assert line.startswith('~')
+            result.append('  '*len(stack) + line[1:])
+    assert len(stack) == 1
+    return '\n'.join(result)
+
+
+class AssertionError(BuiltinAssertionError):
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        BuiltinAssertionError.__init__(self, *args)
+        if args:
+            try:
+                self.msg = str(args[0])
+            except py.builtin._sysex:
+                raise
+            except:
+                self.msg = "<[broken __repr__] %s at %0xd>" %(
+                    args[0].__class__, id(args[0]))
+        else:
+            f = py.code.Frame(sys._getframe(1))
+            try:
+                source = f.code.fullsource
+                if source is not None:
+                    try:
+                        source = source.getstatement(f.lineno, assertion=True)
+                    except IndexError:
+                        source = None
+                    else:
+                        source = str(source.deindent()).strip()
+            except py.error.ENOENT:
+                source = None
+                # this can also occur during reinterpretation, when the
+                # co_filename is set to "<run>".
+            if source:
+                self.msg = reinterpret(source, f, should_fail=True)
+            else:
+                self.msg = "<could not determine information>"
+            if not self.args:
+                self.args = (self.msg,)
+
+if sys.version_info > (3, 0):
+    AssertionError.__module__ = "builtins"
+    reinterpret_old = "old reinterpretation not available for py3"
+else:
+    from py._code._assertionold import interpret as reinterpret_old
+if sys.version_info >= (2, 6) or (sys.platform.startswith("java")):
+    from py._code._assertionnew import interpret as reinterpret
+else:
+    reinterpret = reinterpret_old
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/code.py b/python/py/py/_code/code.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f14c562a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/code.py
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+import py
+import sys
+from inspect import CO_VARARGS, CO_VARKEYWORDS
+
+builtin_repr = repr
+
+reprlib = py.builtin._tryimport('repr', 'reprlib')
+
+if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+    from traceback import format_exception_only
+else:
+    from py._code._py2traceback import format_exception_only
+
+class Code(object):
+    """ wrapper around Python code objects """
+    def __init__(self, rawcode):
+        if not hasattr(rawcode, "co_filename"):
+            rawcode = py.code.getrawcode(rawcode)
+        try:
+            self.filename = rawcode.co_filename
+            self.firstlineno = rawcode.co_firstlineno - 1
+            self.name = rawcode.co_name
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise TypeError("not a code object: %r" %(rawcode,))
+        self.raw = rawcode
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.raw == other.raw
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        """ return a path object pointing to source code (note that it
+        might not point to an actually existing file). """
+        p = py.path.local(self.raw.co_filename)
+        # maybe don't try this checking
+        if not p.check():
+            # XXX maybe try harder like the weird logic
+            # in the standard lib [linecache.updatecache] does?
+            p = self.raw.co_filename
+        return p
+
+    @property
+    def fullsource(self):
+        """ return a py.code.Source object for the full source file of the code
+        """
+        from py._code import source
+        full, _ = source.findsource(self.raw)
+        return full
+
+    def source(self):
+        """ return a py.code.Source object for the code object's source only
+        """
+        # return source only for that part of code
+        return py.code.Source(self.raw)
+
+    def getargs(self, var=False):
+        """ return a tuple with the argument names for the code object
+
+            if 'var' is set True also return the names of the variable and
+            keyword arguments when present
+        """
+        # handfull shortcut for getting args
+        raw = self.raw
+        argcount = raw.co_argcount
+        if var:
+            argcount += raw.co_flags & CO_VARARGS
+            argcount += raw.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS
+        return raw.co_varnames[:argcount]
+
+class Frame(object):
+    """Wrapper around a Python frame holding f_locals and f_globals
+    in which expressions can be evaluated."""
+
+    def __init__(self, frame):
+        self.lineno = frame.f_lineno - 1
+        self.f_globals = frame.f_globals
+        self.f_locals = frame.f_locals
+        self.raw = frame
+        self.code = py.code.Code(frame.f_code)
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self):
+        """ statement this frame is at """
+        if self.code.fullsource is None:
+            return py.code.Source("")
+        return self.code.fullsource.getstatement(self.lineno)
+
+    def eval(self, code, **vars):
+        """ evaluate 'code' in the frame
+
+            'vars' are optional additional local variables
+
+            returns the result of the evaluation
+        """
+        f_locals = self.f_locals.copy()
+        f_locals.update(vars)
+        return eval(code, self.f_globals, f_locals)
+
+    def exec_(self, code, **vars):
+        """ exec 'code' in the frame
+
+            'vars' are optiona; additional local variables
+        """
+        f_locals = self.f_locals.copy()
+        f_locals.update(vars)
+        py.builtin.exec_(code, self.f_globals, f_locals )
+
+    def repr(self, object):
+        """ return a 'safe' (non-recursive, one-line) string repr for 'object'
+        """
+        return py.io.saferepr(object)
+
+    def is_true(self, object):
+        return object
+
+    def getargs(self, var=False):
+        """ return a list of tuples (name, value) for all arguments
+
+            if 'var' is set True also include the variable and keyword
+            arguments when present
+        """
+        retval = []
+        for arg in self.code.getargs(var):
+            try:
+                retval.append((arg, self.f_locals[arg]))
+            except KeyError:
+                pass     # this can occur when using Psyco
+        return retval
+
+class TracebackEntry(object):
+    """ a single entry in a traceback """
+
+    _repr_style = None
+    exprinfo = None
+
+    def __init__(self, rawentry):
+        self._rawentry = rawentry
+        self.lineno = rawentry.tb_lineno - 1
+
+    def set_repr_style(self, mode):
+        assert mode in ("short", "long")
+        self._repr_style = mode
+
+    @property
+    def frame(self):
+        return py.code.Frame(self._rawentry.tb_frame)
+
+    @property
+    def relline(self):
+        return self.lineno - self.frame.code.firstlineno
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<TracebackEntry %s:%d>" %(self.frame.code.path, self.lineno+1)
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self):
+        """ py.code.Source object for the current statement """
+        source = self.frame.code.fullsource
+        return source.getstatement(self.lineno)
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        """ path to the source code """
+        return self.frame.code.path
+
+    def getlocals(self):
+        return self.frame.f_locals
+    locals = property(getlocals, None, None, "locals of underlaying frame")
+
+    def reinterpret(self):
+        """Reinterpret the failing statement and returns a detailed information
+           about what operations are performed."""
+        if self.exprinfo is None:
+            source = str(self.statement).strip()
+            x = py.code._reinterpret(source, self.frame, should_fail=True)
+            if not isinstance(x, str):
+                raise TypeError("interpret returned non-string %r" % (x,))
+            self.exprinfo = x
+        return self.exprinfo
+
+    def getfirstlinesource(self):
+        # on Jython this firstlineno can be -1 apparently
+        return max(self.frame.code.firstlineno, 0)
+
+    def getsource(self, astcache=None):
+        """ return failing source code. """
+        # we use the passed in astcache to not reparse asttrees
+        # within exception info printing
+        from py._code.source import getstatementrange_ast
+        source = self.frame.code.fullsource
+        if source is None:
+            return None
+        key = astnode = None
+        if astcache is not None:
+            key = self.frame.code.path
+            if key is not None:
+                astnode = astcache.get(key, None)
+        start = self.getfirstlinesource()
+        try:
+            astnode, _, end = getstatementrange_ast(self.lineno, source,
+                                                    astnode=astnode)
+        except SyntaxError:
+            end = self.lineno + 1
+        else:
+            if key is not None:
+                astcache[key] = astnode
+        return source[start:end]
+
+    source = property(getsource)
+
+    def ishidden(self):
+        """ return True if the current frame has a var __tracebackhide__
+            resolving to True
+
+            mostly for internal use
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.frame.f_locals['__tracebackhide__']
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                return self.frame.f_globals['__tracebackhide__']
+            except KeyError:
+                return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            fn = str(self.path)
+        except py.error.Error:
+            fn = '???'
+        name = self.frame.code.name
+        try:
+            line = str(self.statement).lstrip()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except:
+            line = "???"
+        return "  File %r:%d in %s\n  %s\n" %(fn, self.lineno+1, name, line)
+
+    def name(self):
+        return self.frame.code.raw.co_name
+    name = property(name, None, None, "co_name of underlaying code")
+
+class Traceback(list):
+    """ Traceback objects encapsulate and offer higher level
+        access to Traceback entries.
+    """
+    Entry = TracebackEntry
+    def __init__(self, tb):
+        """ initialize from given python traceback object. """
+        if hasattr(tb, 'tb_next'):
+            def f(cur):
+                while cur is not None:
+                    yield self.Entry(cur)
+                    cur = cur.tb_next
+            list.__init__(self, f(tb))
+        else:
+            list.__init__(self, tb)
+
+    def cut(self, path=None, lineno=None, firstlineno=None, excludepath=None):
+        """ return a Traceback instance wrapping part of this Traceback
+
+            by provding any combination of path, lineno and firstlineno, the
+            first frame to start the to-be-returned traceback is determined
+
+            this allows cutting the first part of a Traceback instance e.g.
+            for formatting reasons (removing some uninteresting bits that deal
+            with handling of the exception/traceback)
+        """
+        for x in self:
+            code = x.frame.code
+            codepath = code.path
+            if ((path is None or codepath == path) and
+                (excludepath is None or not hasattr(codepath, 'relto') or
+                 not codepath.relto(excludepath)) and
+                (lineno is None or x.lineno == lineno) and
+                (firstlineno is None or x.frame.code.firstlineno == firstlineno)):
+                return Traceback(x._rawentry)
+        return self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = super(Traceback, self).__getitem__(key)
+        if isinstance(key, type(slice(0))):
+            val = self.__class__(val)
+        return val
+
+    def filter(self, fn=lambda x: not x.ishidden()):
+        """ return a Traceback instance with certain items removed
+
+            fn is a function that gets a single argument, a TracebackItem
+            instance, and should return True when the item should be added
+            to the Traceback, False when not
+
+            by default this removes all the TracebackItems which are hidden
+            (see ishidden() above)
+        """
+        return Traceback(filter(fn, self))
+
+    def getcrashentry(self):
+        """ return last non-hidden traceback entry that lead
+        to the exception of a traceback.
+        """
+        for i in range(-1, -len(self)-1, -1):
+            entry = self[i]
+            if not entry.ishidden():
+                return entry
+        return self[-1]
+
+    def recursionindex(self):
+        """ return the index of the frame/TracebackItem where recursion
+            originates if appropriate, None if no recursion occurred
+        """
+        cache = {}
+        for i, entry in enumerate(self):
+            # id for the code.raw is needed to work around
+            # the strange metaprogramming in the decorator lib from pypi
+            # which generates code objects that have hash/value equality
+            #XXX needs a test
+            key = entry.frame.code.path, id(entry.frame.code.raw), entry.lineno
+            #print "checking for recursion at", key
+            l = cache.setdefault(key, [])
+            if l:
+                f = entry.frame
+                loc = f.f_locals
+                for otherloc in l:
+                    if f.is_true(f.eval(co_equal,
+                        __recursioncache_locals_1=loc,
+                        __recursioncache_locals_2=otherloc)):
+                        return i
+            l.append(entry.frame.f_locals)
+        return None
+
+co_equal = compile('__recursioncache_locals_1 == __recursioncache_locals_2',
+                   '?', 'eval')
+
+class ExceptionInfo(object):
+    """ wraps sys.exc_info() objects and offers
+        help for navigating the traceback.
+    """
+    _striptext = ''
+    def __init__(self, tup=None, exprinfo=None):
+        if tup is None:
+            tup = sys.exc_info()
+            if exprinfo is None and isinstance(tup[1], AssertionError):
+                exprinfo = getattr(tup[1], 'msg', None)
+                if exprinfo is None:
+                    exprinfo = str(tup[1])
+                if exprinfo and exprinfo.startswith('assert '):
+                    self._striptext = 'AssertionError: '
+        self._excinfo = tup
+        #: the exception class
+        self.type = tup[0]
+        #: the exception instance
+        self.value = tup[1]
+        #: the exception raw traceback
+        self.tb = tup[2]
+        #: the exception type name
+        self.typename = self.type.__name__
+        #: the exception traceback (py.code.Traceback instance)
+        self.traceback = py.code.Traceback(self.tb)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<ExceptionInfo %s tblen=%d>" % (self.typename, len(self.traceback))
+
+    def exconly(self, tryshort=False):
+        """ return the exception as a string
+
+            when 'tryshort' resolves to True, and the exception is a
+            py.code._AssertionError, only the actual exception part of
+            the exception representation is returned (so 'AssertionError: ' is
+            removed from the beginning)
+        """
+        lines = format_exception_only(self.type, self.value)
+        text = ''.join(lines)
+        text = text.rstrip()
+        if tryshort:
+            if text.startswith(self._striptext):
+                text = text[len(self._striptext):]
+        return text
+
+    def errisinstance(self, exc):
+        """ return True if the exception is an instance of exc """
+        return isinstance(self.value, exc)
+
+    def _getreprcrash(self):
+        exconly = self.exconly(tryshort=True)
+        entry = self.traceback.getcrashentry()
+        path, lineno = entry.frame.code.raw.co_filename, entry.lineno
+        return ReprFileLocation(path, lineno+1, exconly)
+
+    def getrepr(self, showlocals=False, style="long",
+            abspath=False, tbfilter=True, funcargs=False):
+        """ return str()able representation of this exception info.
+            showlocals: show locals per traceback entry
+            style: long|short|no|native traceback style
+            tbfilter: hide entries (where __tracebackhide__ is true)
+
+            in case of style==native, tbfilter and showlocals is ignored.
+        """
+        if style == 'native':
+            return ReprExceptionInfo(ReprTracebackNative(
+                py.std.traceback.format_exception(
+                    self.type,
+                    self.value,
+                    self.traceback[0]._rawentry,
+                )), self._getreprcrash())
+
+        fmt = FormattedExcinfo(showlocals=showlocals, style=style,
+            abspath=abspath, tbfilter=tbfilter, funcargs=funcargs)
+        return fmt.repr_excinfo(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        entry = self.traceback[-1]
+        loc = ReprFileLocation(entry.path, entry.lineno + 1, self.exconly())
+        return str(loc)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        entry = self.traceback[-1]
+        loc = ReprFileLocation(entry.path, entry.lineno + 1, self.exconly())
+        return unicode(loc)
+
+
+class FormattedExcinfo(object):
+    """ presenting information about failing Functions and Generators. """
+    # for traceback entries
+    flow_marker = ">"
+    fail_marker = "E"
+
+    def __init__(self, showlocals=False, style="long", abspath=True, tbfilter=True, funcargs=False):
+        self.showlocals = showlocals
+        self.style = style
+        self.tbfilter = tbfilter
+        self.funcargs = funcargs
+        self.abspath = abspath
+        self.astcache = {}
+
+    def _getindent(self, source):
+        # figure out indent for given source
+        try:
+            s = str(source.getstatement(len(source)-1))
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except:
+            try:
+                s = str(source[-1])
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                raise
+            except:
+                return 0
+        return 4 + (len(s) - len(s.lstrip()))
+
+    def _getentrysource(self, entry):
+        source = entry.getsource(self.astcache)
+        if source is not None:
+            source = source.deindent()
+        return source
+
+    def _saferepr(self, obj):
+        return py.io.saferepr(obj)
+
+    def repr_args(self, entry):
+        if self.funcargs:
+            args = []
+            for argname, argvalue in entry.frame.getargs(var=True):
+                args.append((argname, self._saferepr(argvalue)))
+            return ReprFuncArgs(args)
+
+    def get_source(self, source, line_index=-1, excinfo=None, short=False):
+        """ return formatted and marked up source lines. """
+        lines = []
+        if source is None or line_index >= len(source.lines):
+            source = py.code.Source("???")
+            line_index = 0
+        if line_index < 0:
+            line_index += len(source)
+        space_prefix = "    "
+        if short:
+            lines.append(space_prefix + source.lines[line_index].strip())
+        else:
+            for line in source.lines[:line_index]:
+                lines.append(space_prefix + line)
+            lines.append(self.flow_marker + "   " + source.lines[line_index])
+            for line in source.lines[line_index+1:]:
+                lines.append(space_prefix + line)
+        if excinfo is not None:
+            indent = 4 if short else self._getindent(source)
+            lines.extend(self.get_exconly(excinfo, indent=indent, markall=True))
+        return lines
+
+    def get_exconly(self, excinfo, indent=4, markall=False):
+        lines = []
+        indent = " " * indent
+        # get the real exception information out
+        exlines = excinfo.exconly(tryshort=True).split('\n')
+        failindent = self.fail_marker + indent[1:]
+        for line in exlines:
+            lines.append(failindent + line)
+            if not markall:
+                failindent = indent
+        return lines
+
+    def repr_locals(self, locals):
+        if self.showlocals:
+            lines = []
+            keys = [loc for loc in locals if loc[0] != "@"]
+            keys.sort()
+            for name in keys:
+                value = locals[name]
+                if name == '__builtins__':
+                    lines.append("__builtins__ = <builtins>")
+                else:
+                    # This formatting could all be handled by the
+                    # _repr() function, which is only reprlib.Repr in
+                    # disguise, so is very configurable.
+                    str_repr = self._saferepr(value)
+                    #if len(str_repr) < 70 or not isinstance(value,
+                    #                            (list, tuple, dict)):
+                    lines.append("%-10s = %s" %(name, str_repr))
+                    #else:
+                    #    self._line("%-10s =\\" % (name,))
+                    #    # XXX
+                    #    py.std.pprint.pprint(value, stream=self.excinfowriter)
+            return ReprLocals(lines)
+
+    def repr_traceback_entry(self, entry, excinfo=None):
+        source = self._getentrysource(entry)
+        if source is None:
+            source = py.code.Source("???")
+            line_index = 0
+        else:
+            # entry.getfirstlinesource() can be -1, should be 0 on jython
+            line_index = entry.lineno - max(entry.getfirstlinesource(), 0)
+
+        lines = []
+        style = entry._repr_style
+        if style is None:
+            style = self.style
+        if style in ("short", "long"):
+            short = style == "short"
+            reprargs = self.repr_args(entry) if not short else None
+            s = self.get_source(source, line_index, excinfo, short=short)
+            lines.extend(s)
+            if short:
+                message = "in %s" %(entry.name)
+            else:
+                message = excinfo and excinfo.typename or ""
+            path = self._makepath(entry.path)
+            filelocrepr = ReprFileLocation(path, entry.lineno+1, message)
+            localsrepr = None
+            if not short:
+                localsrepr =  self.repr_locals(entry.locals)
+            return ReprEntry(lines, reprargs, localsrepr, filelocrepr, style)
+        if excinfo:
+            lines.extend(self.get_exconly(excinfo, indent=4))
+        return ReprEntry(lines, None, None, None, style)
+
+    def _makepath(self, path):
+        if not self.abspath:
+            try:
+                np = py.path.local().bestrelpath(path)
+            except OSError:
+                return path
+            if len(np) < len(str(path)):
+                path = np
+        return path
+
+    def repr_traceback(self, excinfo):
+        traceback = excinfo.traceback
+        if self.tbfilter:
+            traceback = traceback.filter()
+        recursionindex = None
+        if excinfo.errisinstance(RuntimeError):
+            if "maximum recursion depth exceeded" in str(excinfo.value):
+                recursionindex = traceback.recursionindex()
+        last = traceback[-1]
+        entries = []
+        extraline = None
+        for index, entry in enumerate(traceback):
+            einfo = (last == entry) and excinfo or None
+            reprentry = self.repr_traceback_entry(entry, einfo)
+            entries.append(reprentry)
+            if index == recursionindex:
+                extraline = "!!! Recursion detected (same locals & position)"
+                break
+        return ReprTraceback(entries, extraline, style=self.style)
+
+    def repr_excinfo(self, excinfo):
+        reprtraceback = self.repr_traceback(excinfo)
+        reprcrash = excinfo._getreprcrash()
+        return ReprExceptionInfo(reprtraceback, reprcrash)
+
+class TerminalRepr:
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = self.__unicode__()
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            s = s.encode('utf-8')
+        return s
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        # FYI this is called from pytest-xdist's serialization of exception
+        # information.
+        io = py.io.TextIO()
+        tw = py.io.TerminalWriter(file=io)
+        self.toterminal(tw)
+        return io.getvalue().strip()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s instance at %0x>" %(self.__class__, id(self))
+
+
+class ReprExceptionInfo(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, reprtraceback, reprcrash):
+        self.reprtraceback = reprtraceback
+        self.reprcrash = reprcrash
+        self.sections = []
+
+    def addsection(self, name, content, sep="-"):
+        self.sections.append((name, content, sep))
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        self.reprtraceback.toterminal(tw)
+        for name, content, sep in self.sections:
+            tw.sep(sep, name)
+            tw.line(content)
+
+class ReprTraceback(TerminalRepr):
+    entrysep = "_ "
+
+    def __init__(self, reprentries, extraline, style):
+        self.reprentries = reprentries
+        self.extraline = extraline
+        self.style = style
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        # the entries might have different styles
+        last_style = None
+        for i, entry in enumerate(self.reprentries):
+            if entry.style == "long":
+                tw.line("")
+            entry.toterminal(tw)
+            if i < len(self.reprentries) - 1:
+                next_entry = self.reprentries[i+1]
+                if entry.style == "long" or \
+                   entry.style == "short" and next_entry.style == "long":
+                    tw.sep(self.entrysep)
+
+        if self.extraline:
+            tw.line(self.extraline)
+
+class ReprTracebackNative(ReprTraceback):
+    def __init__(self, tblines):
+        self.style = "native"
+        self.reprentries = [ReprEntryNative(tblines)]
+        self.extraline = None
+
+class ReprEntryNative(TerminalRepr):
+    style = "native"
+
+    def __init__(self, tblines):
+        self.lines = tblines
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        tw.write("".join(self.lines))
+
+class ReprEntry(TerminalRepr):
+    localssep = "_ "
+
+    def __init__(self, lines, reprfuncargs, reprlocals, filelocrepr, style):
+        self.lines = lines
+        self.reprfuncargs = reprfuncargs
+        self.reprlocals = reprlocals
+        self.reprfileloc = filelocrepr
+        self.style = style
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        if self.style == "short":
+            self.reprfileloc.toterminal(tw)
+            for line in self.lines:
+                red = line.startswith("E   ")
+                tw.line(line, bold=True, red=red)
+            #tw.line("")
+            return
+        if self.reprfuncargs:
+            self.reprfuncargs.toterminal(tw)
+        for line in self.lines:
+            red = line.startswith("E   ")
+            tw.line(line, bold=True, red=red)
+        if self.reprlocals:
+            #tw.sep(self.localssep, "Locals")
+            tw.line("")
+            self.reprlocals.toterminal(tw)
+        if self.reprfileloc:
+            if self.lines:
+                tw.line("")
+            self.reprfileloc.toterminal(tw)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s\n%s\n%s" % ("\n".join(self.lines),
+                               self.reprlocals,
+                               self.reprfileloc)
+
+class ReprFileLocation(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, path, lineno, message):
+        self.path = str(path)
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.message = message
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        # filename and lineno output for each entry,
+        # using an output format that most editors unterstand
+        msg = self.message
+        i = msg.find("\n")
+        if i != -1:
+            msg = msg[:i]
+        tw.line("%s:%s: %s" %(self.path, self.lineno, msg))
+
+class ReprLocals(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, lines):
+        self.lines = lines
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        for line in self.lines:
+            tw.line(line)
+
+class ReprFuncArgs(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        self.args = args
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        if self.args:
+            linesofar = ""
+            for name, value in self.args:
+                ns = "%s = %s" %(name, value)
+                if len(ns) + len(linesofar) + 2 > tw.fullwidth:
+                    if linesofar:
+                        tw.line(linesofar)
+                    linesofar =  ns
+                else:
+                    if linesofar:
+                        linesofar += ", " + ns
+                    else:
+                        linesofar = ns
+            if linesofar:
+                tw.line(linesofar)
+            tw.line("")
+
+
+
+oldbuiltins = {}
+
+def patch_builtins(assertion=True, compile=True):
+    """ put compile and AssertionError builtins to Python's builtins. """
+    if assertion:
+        from py._code import assertion
+        l = oldbuiltins.setdefault('AssertionError', [])
+        l.append(py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError)
+        py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError = assertion.AssertionError
+    if compile:
+        l = oldbuiltins.setdefault('compile', [])
+        l.append(py.builtin.builtins.compile)
+        py.builtin.builtins.compile = py.code.compile
+
+def unpatch_builtins(assertion=True, compile=True):
+    """ remove compile and AssertionError builtins from Python builtins. """
+    if assertion:
+        py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError = oldbuiltins['AssertionError'].pop()
+    if compile:
+        py.builtin.builtins.compile = oldbuiltins['compile'].pop()
+
+def getrawcode(obj, trycall=True):
+    """ return code object for given function. """
+    try:
+        return obj.__code__
+    except AttributeError:
+        obj = getattr(obj, 'im_func', obj)
+        obj = getattr(obj, 'func_code', obj)
+        obj = getattr(obj, 'f_code', obj)
+        obj = getattr(obj, '__code__', obj)
+        if trycall and not hasattr(obj, 'co_firstlineno'):
+            if hasattr(obj, '__call__') and not py.std.inspect.isclass(obj):
+                x = getrawcode(obj.__call__, trycall=False)
+                if hasattr(x, 'co_firstlineno'):
+                    return x
+        return obj
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_code/source.py b/python/py/py/_code/source.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a648e635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_code/source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+from __future__ import generators
+
+from bisect import bisect_right
+import sys
+import inspect, tokenize
+import py
+from types import ModuleType
+cpy_compile = compile
+
+try:
+    import _ast
+    from _ast import PyCF_ONLY_AST as _AST_FLAG
+except ImportError:
+    _AST_FLAG = 0
+    _ast = None
+
+
+class Source(object):
+    """ a immutable object holding a source code fragment,
+        possibly deindenting it.
+    """
+    _compilecounter = 0
+    def __init__(self, *parts, **kwargs):
+        self.lines = lines = []
+        de = kwargs.get('deindent', True)
+        rstrip = kwargs.get('rstrip', True)
+        for part in parts:
+            if not part:
+                partlines = []
+            if isinstance(part, Source):
+                partlines = part.lines
+            elif isinstance(part, (tuple, list)):
+                partlines = [x.rstrip("\n") for x in part]
+            elif isinstance(part, py.builtin._basestring):
+                partlines = part.split('\n')
+                if rstrip:
+                    while partlines:
+                        if partlines[-1].strip():
+                            break
+                        partlines.pop()
+            else:
+                partlines = getsource(part, deindent=de).lines
+            if de:
+                partlines = deindent(partlines)
+            lines.extend(partlines)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return self.lines == other.lines
+        except AttributeError:
+            if isinstance(other, str):
+                return str(self) == other
+            return False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, int):
+            return self.lines[key]
+        else:
+            if key.step not in (None, 1):
+                raise IndexError("cannot slice a Source with a step")
+            return self.__getslice__(key.start, key.stop)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.lines)
+
+    def __getslice__(self, start, end):
+        newsource = Source()
+        newsource.lines = self.lines[start:end]
+        return newsource
+
+    def strip(self):
+        """ return new source object with trailing
+            and leading blank lines removed.
+        """
+        start, end = 0, len(self)
+        while start < end and not self.lines[start].strip():
+            start += 1
+        while end > start and not self.lines[end-1].strip():
+            end -= 1
+        source = Source()
+        source.lines[:] = self.lines[start:end]
+        return source
+
+    def putaround(self, before='', after='', indent=' ' * 4):
+        """ return a copy of the source object with
+            'before' and 'after' wrapped around it.
+        """
+        before = Source(before)
+        after = Source(after)
+        newsource = Source()
+        lines = [ (indent + line) for line in self.lines]
+        newsource.lines = before.lines + lines +  after.lines
+        return newsource
+
+    def indent(self, indent=' ' * 4):
+        """ return a copy of the source object with
+            all lines indented by the given indent-string.
+        """
+        newsource = Source()
+        newsource.lines = [(indent+line) for line in self.lines]
+        return newsource
+
+    def getstatement(self, lineno, assertion=False):
+        """ return Source statement which contains the
+            given linenumber (counted from 0).
+        """
+        start, end = self.getstatementrange(lineno, assertion)
+        return self[start:end]
+
+    def getstatementrange(self, lineno, assertion=False):
+        """ return (start, end) tuple which spans the minimal
+            statement region which containing the given lineno.
+        """
+        if not (0 <= lineno < len(self)):
+            raise IndexError("lineno out of range")
+        ast, start, end = getstatementrange_ast(lineno, self)
+        return start, end
+
+    def deindent(self, offset=None):
+        """ return a new source object deindented by offset.
+            If offset is None then guess an indentation offset from
+            the first non-blank line.  Subsequent lines which have a
+            lower indentation offset will be copied verbatim as
+            they are assumed to be part of multilines.
+        """
+        # XXX maybe use the tokenizer to properly handle multiline
+        #     strings etc.pp?
+        newsource = Source()
+        newsource.lines[:] = deindent(self.lines, offset)
+        return newsource
+
+    def isparseable(self, deindent=True):
+        """ return True if source is parseable, heuristically
+            deindenting it by default.
+        """
+        try:
+            import parser
+        except ImportError:
+            syntax_checker = lambda x: compile(x, 'asd', 'exec')
+        else:
+            syntax_checker = parser.suite
+
+        if deindent:
+            source = str(self.deindent())
+        else:
+            source = str(self)
+        try:
+            #compile(source+'\n', "x", "exec")
+            syntax_checker(source+'\n')
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "\n".join(self.lines)
+
+    def compile(self, filename=None, mode='exec',
+                flag=generators.compiler_flag,
+                dont_inherit=0, _genframe=None):
+        """ return compiled code object. if filename is None
+            invent an artificial filename which displays
+            the source/line position of the caller frame.
+        """
+        if not filename or py.path.local(filename).check(file=0):
+            if _genframe is None:
+                _genframe = sys._getframe(1) # the caller
+            fn,lineno = _genframe.f_code.co_filename, _genframe.f_lineno
+            base = "<%d-codegen " % self._compilecounter
+            self.__class__._compilecounter += 1
+            if not filename:
+                filename = base + '%s:%d>' % (fn, lineno)
+            else:
+                filename = base + '%r %s:%d>' % (filename, fn, lineno)
+        source = "\n".join(self.lines) + '\n'
+        try:
+            co = cpy_compile(source, filename, mode, flag)
+        except SyntaxError:
+            ex = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            # re-represent syntax errors from parsing python strings
+            msglines = self.lines[:ex.lineno]
+            if ex.offset:
+                msglines.append(" "*ex.offset + '^')
+            msglines.append("(code was compiled probably from here: %s)" % filename)
+            newex = SyntaxError('\n'.join(msglines))
+            newex.offset = ex.offset
+            newex.lineno = ex.lineno
+            newex.text = ex.text
+            raise newex
+        else:
+            if flag & _AST_FLAG:
+                return co
+            lines = [(x + "\n") for x in self.lines]
+            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+                # XXX py3's inspect.getsourcefile() checks for a module
+                # and a pep302 __loader__ ... we don't have a module
+                # at code compile-time so we need to fake it here
+                m = ModuleType("_pycodecompile_pseudo_module")
+                py.std.inspect.modulesbyfile[filename] = None
+                py.std.sys.modules[None] = m
+                m.__loader__ = 1
+            py.std.linecache.cache[filename] = (1, None, lines, filename)
+            return co
+
+#
+# public API shortcut functions
+#
+
+def compile_(source, filename=None, mode='exec', flags=
+            generators.compiler_flag, dont_inherit=0):
+    """ compile the given source to a raw code object,
+        and maintain an internal cache which allows later
+        retrieval of the source code for the code object
+        and any recursively created code objects.
+    """
+    if _ast is not None and isinstance(source, _ast.AST):
+        # XXX should Source support having AST?
+        return cpy_compile(source, filename, mode, flags, dont_inherit)
+    _genframe = sys._getframe(1) # the caller
+    s = Source(source)
+    co = s.compile(filename, mode, flags, _genframe=_genframe)
+    return co
+
+
+def getfslineno(obj):
+    """ Return source location (path, lineno) for the given object.
+    If the source cannot be determined return ("", -1)
+    """
+    try:
+        code = py.code.Code(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        try:
+            fn = (py.std.inspect.getsourcefile(obj) or
+                  py.std.inspect.getfile(obj))
+        except TypeError:
+            return "", -1
+
+        fspath = fn and py.path.local(fn) or None
+        lineno = -1
+        if fspath:
+            try:
+                _, lineno = findsource(obj)
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+    else:
+        fspath = code.path
+        lineno = code.firstlineno
+    assert isinstance(lineno, int)
+    return fspath, lineno
+
+#
+# helper functions
+#
+
+def findsource(obj):
+    try:
+        sourcelines, lineno = py.std.inspect.findsource(obj)
+    except py.builtin._sysex:
+        raise
+    except:
+        return None, -1
+    source = Source()
+    source.lines = [line.rstrip() for line in sourcelines]
+    return source, lineno
+
+def getsource(obj, **kwargs):
+    obj = py.code.getrawcode(obj)
+    try:
+        strsrc = inspect.getsource(obj)
+    except IndentationError:
+        strsrc = "\"Buggy python version consider upgrading, cannot get source\""
+    assert isinstance(strsrc, str)
+    return Source(strsrc, **kwargs)
+
+def deindent(lines, offset=None):
+    if offset is None:
+        for line in lines:
+            line = line.expandtabs()
+            s = line.lstrip()
+            if s:
+                offset = len(line)-len(s)
+                break
+        else:
+            offset = 0
+    if offset == 0:
+        return list(lines)
+    newlines = []
+    def readline_generator(lines):
+        for line in lines:
+            yield line + '\n'
+        while True:
+            yield ''
+
+    it = readline_generator(lines)
+
+    try:
+        for _, _, (sline, _), (eline, _), _ in tokenize.generate_tokens(lambda: next(it)):
+            if sline > len(lines):
+                break # End of input reached
+            if sline > len(newlines):
+                line = lines[sline - 1].expandtabs()
+                if line.lstrip() and line[:offset].isspace():
+                    line = line[offset:] # Deindent
+                newlines.append(line)
+
+            for i in range(sline, eline):
+                # Don't deindent continuing lines of
+                # multiline tokens (i.e. multiline strings)
+                newlines.append(lines[i])
+    except (IndentationError, tokenize.TokenError):
+        pass
+    # Add any lines we didn't see. E.g. if an exception was raised.
+    newlines.extend(lines[len(newlines):])
+    return newlines
+
+
+def get_statement_startend2(lineno, node):
+    import ast
+    # flatten all statements and except handlers into one lineno-list
+    # AST's line numbers start indexing at 1
+    l = []
+    for x in ast.walk(node):
+        if isinstance(x, _ast.stmt) or isinstance(x, _ast.ExceptHandler):
+            l.append(x.lineno - 1)
+            for name in "finalbody", "orelse":
+                val = getattr(x, name, None)
+                if val:
+                    # treat the finally/orelse part as its own statement
+                    l.append(val[0].lineno - 1 - 1)
+    l.sort()
+    insert_index = bisect_right(l, lineno)
+    start = l[insert_index - 1]
+    if insert_index >= len(l):
+        end = None
+    else:
+        end = l[insert_index]
+    return start, end
+
+
+def getstatementrange_ast(lineno, source, assertion=False, astnode=None):
+    if astnode is None:
+        content = str(source)
+        if sys.version_info < (2,7):
+            content += "\n"
+        try:
+            astnode = compile(content, "source", "exec", 1024)  # 1024 for AST
+        except ValueError:
+            start, end = getstatementrange_old(lineno, source, assertion)
+            return None, start, end
+    start, end = get_statement_startend2(lineno, astnode)
+    # we need to correct the end:
+    # - ast-parsing strips comments
+    # - there might be empty lines
+    # - we might have lesser indented code blocks at the end
+    if end is None:
+        end = len(source.lines)
+
+    if end > start + 1:
+        # make sure we don't span differently indented code blocks
+        # by using the BlockFinder helper used which inspect.getsource() uses itself
+        block_finder = inspect.BlockFinder()
+        # if we start with an indented line, put blockfinder to "started" mode
+        block_finder.started = source.lines[start][0].isspace()
+        it = ((x + "\n") for x in source.lines[start:end])
+        try:
+            for tok in tokenize.generate_tokens(lambda: next(it)):
+                block_finder.tokeneater(*tok)
+        except (inspect.EndOfBlock, IndentationError):
+            end = block_finder.last + start
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    # the end might still point to a comment or empty line, correct it
+    while end:
+        line = source.lines[end - 1].lstrip()
+        if line.startswith("#") or not line:
+            end -= 1
+        else:
+            break
+    return astnode, start, end
+
+
+def getstatementrange_old(lineno, source, assertion=False):
+    """ return (start, end) tuple which spans the minimal
+        statement region which containing the given lineno.
+        raise an IndexError if no such statementrange can be found.
+    """
+    # XXX this logic is only used on python2.4 and below
+    # 1. find the start of the statement
+    from codeop import compile_command
+    for start in range(lineno, -1, -1):
+        if assertion:
+            line = source.lines[start]
+            # the following lines are not fully tested, change with care
+            if 'super' in line and 'self' in line and '__init__' in line:
+                raise IndexError("likely a subclass")
+            if "assert" not in line and "raise" not in line:
+                continue
+        trylines = source.lines[start:lineno+1]
+        # quick hack to prepare parsing an indented line with
+        # compile_command() (which errors on "return" outside defs)
+        trylines.insert(0, 'def xxx():')
+        trysource = '\n '.join(trylines)
+        #              ^ space here
+        try:
+            compile_command(trysource)
+        except (SyntaxError, OverflowError, ValueError):
+            continue
+
+        # 2. find the end of the statement
+        for end in range(lineno+1, len(source)+1):
+            trysource = source[start:end]
+            if trysource.isparseable():
+                return start, end
+    raise SyntaxError("no valid source range around line %d " % (lineno,))
+
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_error.py b/python/py/py/_error.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..550fb521a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""
+create errno-specific classes for IO or os calls.
+
+"""
+import sys, os, errno
+
+class Error(EnvironmentError):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s.%s %r: %s " %(self.__class__.__module__,
+                               self.__class__.__name__,
+                               self.__class__.__doc__,
+                               " ".join(map(str, self.args)),
+                               #repr(self.args)
+                                )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = "[%s]: %s" %(self.__class__.__doc__,
+                          " ".join(map(str, self.args)),
+                          )
+        return s
+
+_winerrnomap = {
+    2: errno.ENOENT,
+    3: errno.ENOENT,
+    17: errno.EEXIST,
+    13: errno.EBUSY, # empty cd drive, but ENOMEDIUM seems unavailiable
+    22: errno.ENOTDIR,
+    20: errno.ENOTDIR,
+    267: errno.ENOTDIR,
+    5: errno.EACCES,  # anything better?
+}
+
+class ErrorMaker(object):
+    """ lazily provides Exception classes for each possible POSIX errno
+        (as defined per the 'errno' module).  All such instances
+        subclass EnvironmentError.
+    """
+    Error = Error
+    _errno2class = {}
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name[0] == "_":
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        eno = getattr(errno, name)
+        cls = self._geterrnoclass(eno)
+        setattr(self, name, cls)
+        return cls
+
+    def _geterrnoclass(self, eno):
+        try:
+            return self._errno2class[eno]
+        except KeyError:
+            clsname = errno.errorcode.get(eno, "UnknownErrno%d" %(eno,))
+            errorcls = type(Error)(clsname, (Error,),
+                    {'__module__':'py.error',
+                     '__doc__': os.strerror(eno)})
+            self._errno2class[eno] = errorcls
+            return errorcls
+
+    def checked_call(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ call a function and raise an errno-exception if applicable. """
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        try:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except self.Error:
+            raise
+        except (OSError, EnvironmentError):
+            cls, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            if not hasattr(value, 'errno'):
+                raise
+            __tracebackhide__ = False
+            errno = value.errno
+            try:
+                if not isinstance(value, WindowsError):
+                    raise NameError
+            except NameError:
+                # we are not on Windows, or we got a proper OSError
+                cls = self._geterrnoclass(errno)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    cls = self._geterrnoclass(_winerrnomap[errno])
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise value
+            raise cls("%s%r" % (func.__name__, args))
+            __tracebackhide__ = True
+            
+
+error = ErrorMaker()
diff --git a/python/py/py/_iniconfig.py b/python/py/py/_iniconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92b50bd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_iniconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+""" brain-dead simple parser for ini-style files.
+(C) Ronny Pfannschmidt, Holger Krekel -- MIT licensed
+"""
+__version__ = "0.2.dev2"
+
+__all__ = ['IniConfig', 'ParseError']
+
+COMMENTCHARS = "#;"
+
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, path, lineno, msg):
+        Exception.__init__(self, path, lineno, msg)
+        self.path = path
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s:%s: %s" %(self.path, self.lineno+1, self.msg)
+
+class SectionWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, config, name):
+        self.config = config
+        self.name = name
+
+    def lineof(self, name):
+        return self.config.lineof(self.name, name)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None, convert=str):
+        return self.config.get(self.name, key, convert=convert, default=default)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.config.sections[self.name][key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        section = self.config.sections.get(self.name, [])
+        def lineof(key):
+            return self.config.lineof(self.name, key)
+        for name in sorted(section, key=lineof):
+            yield name
+
+    def items(self):
+        for name in self:
+            yield name, self[name]
+
+
+class IniConfig(object):
+    def __init__(self, path, data=None):
+        self.path = str(path) # convenience
+        if data is None:
+            f = open(self.path)
+            try:
+                tokens = self._parse(iter(f))
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+        else:
+            tokens = self._parse(data.splitlines(True))
+
+        self._sources = {}
+        self.sections = {}
+
+        for lineno, section, name, value in tokens:
+            if section is None:
+                self._raise(lineno, 'no section header defined')
+            self._sources[section, name] = lineno
+            if name is None:
+                if section in self.sections:
+                    self._raise(lineno, 'duplicate section %r'%(section, ))
+                self.sections[section] = {}
+            else:
+                if name in self.sections[section]:
+                    self._raise(lineno, 'duplicate name %r'%(name, ))
+                self.sections[section][name] = value
+
+    def _raise(self, lineno, msg):
+        raise ParseError(self.path, lineno, msg)
+
+    def _parse(self, line_iter):
+        result = []
+        section = None
+        for lineno, line in enumerate(line_iter):
+            name, data = self._parseline(line, lineno)
+            # new value
+            if name is not None and data is not None:
+                result.append((lineno, section, name, data))
+            # new section
+            elif name is not None and data is None:
+                if not name:
+                    self._raise(lineno, 'empty section name')
+                section = name
+                result.append((lineno, section, None, None))
+            # continuation
+            elif name is None and data is not None:
+                if not result:
+                    self._raise(lineno, 'unexpected value continuation')
+                last = result.pop()
+                last_name, last_data = last[-2:]
+                if last_name is None:
+                    self._raise(lineno, 'unexpected value continuation')
+
+                if last_data:
+                    data = '%s\n%s' % (last_data, data)
+                result.append(last[:-1] + (data,))
+        return result
+
+    def _parseline(self, line, lineno):
+        # blank lines
+        if iscommentline(line):
+            line = ""
+        else:
+            line = line.rstrip()
+        if not line:
+            return None, None
+        # section
+        if line[0] == '[':
+            realline = line
+            for c in COMMENTCHARS:
+                line = line.split(c)[0].rstrip()
+            if line[-1] == "]":
+                return line[1:-1], None
+            return None, realline.strip()
+        # value
+        elif not line[0].isspace():
+            try:
+                name, value = line.split('=', 1)
+                if ":" in name:
+                    raise ValueError()
+            except ValueError:
+                try:
+                    name, value = line.split(":", 1)
+                except ValueError:
+                    self._raise(lineno, 'unexpected line: %r' % line)
+            return name.strip(), value.strip()
+        # continuation
+        else:
+            return None, line.strip()
+
+    def lineof(self, section, name=None):
+        lineno = self._sources.get((section, name))
+        if lineno is not None:
+            return lineno + 1
+
+    def get(self, section, name, default=None, convert=str):
+        try:
+            return convert(self.sections[section][name])
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        if name not in self.sections:
+            raise KeyError(name)
+        return SectionWrapper(self, name)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for name in sorted(self.sections, key=self.lineof):
+            yield SectionWrapper(self, name)
+
+    def __contains__(self, arg):
+        return arg in self.sections
+
+def iscommentline(line):
+    c = line.lstrip()[:1]
+    return c in COMMENTCHARS
diff --git a/python/py/py/_io/__init__.py b/python/py/py/_io/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..835f01f3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_io/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+""" input/output helping """
diff --git a/python/py/py/_io/capture.py b/python/py/py/_io/capture.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc157ed97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_io/capture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import py
+import tempfile
+
+try:
+    from io import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+
+if sys.version_info < (3,0):
+    class TextIO(StringIO):
+        def write(self, data):
+            if not isinstance(data, unicode):
+                data = unicode(data, getattr(self, '_encoding', 'UTF-8'), 'replace')
+            StringIO.write(self, data)
+else:
+    TextIO = StringIO
+
+try:
+    from io import BytesIO
+except ImportError:
+    class BytesIO(StringIO):
+        def write(self, data):
+            if isinstance(data, unicode):
+                raise TypeError("not a byte value: %r" %(data,))
+            StringIO.write(self, data)
+
+patchsysdict = {0: 'stdin', 1: 'stdout', 2: 'stderr'}
+
+class FDCapture:
+    """ Capture IO to/from a given os-level filedescriptor. """
+
+    def __init__(self, targetfd, tmpfile=None, now=True, patchsys=False):
+        """ save targetfd descriptor, and open a new
+            temporary file there.  If no tmpfile is
+            specified a tempfile.Tempfile() will be opened
+            in text mode.
+        """
+        self.targetfd = targetfd
+        if tmpfile is None and targetfd != 0:
+            f = tempfile.TemporaryFile('wb+')
+            tmpfile = dupfile(f, encoding="UTF-8")
+            f.close()
+        self.tmpfile = tmpfile
+        self._savefd = os.dup(self.targetfd)
+        if patchsys:
+            self._oldsys = getattr(sys, patchsysdict[targetfd])
+        if now:
+            self.start()
+
+    def start(self):
+        try:
+            os.fstat(self._savefd)
+        except OSError:
+            raise ValueError("saved filedescriptor not valid, "
+                "did you call start() twice?")
+        if self.targetfd == 0 and not self.tmpfile:
+            fd = os.open(devnullpath, os.O_RDONLY)
+            os.dup2(fd, 0)
+            os.close(fd)
+            if hasattr(self, '_oldsys'):
+                setattr(sys, patchsysdict[self.targetfd], DontReadFromInput())
+        else:
+            os.dup2(self.tmpfile.fileno(), self.targetfd)
+            if hasattr(self, '_oldsys'):
+                setattr(sys, patchsysdict[self.targetfd], self.tmpfile)
+
+    def done(self):
+        """ unpatch and clean up, returns the self.tmpfile (file object)
+        """
+        os.dup2(self._savefd, self.targetfd)
+        os.close(self._savefd)
+        if self.targetfd != 0:
+            self.tmpfile.seek(0)
+        if hasattr(self, '_oldsys'):
+            setattr(sys, patchsysdict[self.targetfd], self._oldsys)
+        return self.tmpfile
+
+    def writeorg(self, data):
+        """ write a string to the original file descriptor
+        """
+        tempfp = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        try:
+            os.dup2(self._savefd, tempfp.fileno())
+            tempfp.write(data)
+        finally:
+            tempfp.close()
+
+
+def dupfile(f, mode=None, buffering=0, raising=False, encoding=None):
+    """ return a new open file object that's a duplicate of f
+
+        mode is duplicated if not given, 'buffering' controls
+        buffer size (defaulting to no buffering) and 'raising'
+        defines whether an exception is raised when an incompatible
+        file object is passed in (if raising is False, the file
+        object itself will be returned)
+    """
+    try:
+        fd = f.fileno()
+        mode = mode or f.mode
+    except AttributeError:
+        if raising:
+            raise
+        return f
+    newfd = os.dup(fd)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3,0):
+        if encoding is not None:
+            mode = mode.replace("b", "")
+            buffering = True
+        return os.fdopen(newfd, mode, buffering, encoding, closefd=True)
+    else:
+        f = os.fdopen(newfd, mode, buffering)
+        if encoding is not None:
+            return EncodedFile(f, encoding)
+        return f
+
+class EncodedFile(object):
+    def __init__(self, _stream, encoding):
+        self._stream = _stream
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+    def write(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, unicode):
+            obj = obj.encode(self.encoding)
+        elif isinstance(obj, str):
+            pass
+        else:
+            obj = str(obj)
+        self._stream.write(obj)
+
+    def writelines(self, linelist):
+        data = ''.join(linelist)
+        self.write(data)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._stream, name)
+
+class Capture(object):
+    def call(cls, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ return a (res, out, err) tuple where
+            out and err represent the output/error output
+            during function execution.
+            call the given function with args/kwargs
+            and capture output/error during its execution.
+        """
+        so = cls()
+        try:
+            res = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        finally:
+            out, err = so.reset()
+        return res, out, err
+    call = classmethod(call)
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """ reset sys.stdout/stderr and return captured output as strings. """
+        if hasattr(self, '_reset'):
+            raise ValueError("was already reset")
+        self._reset = True
+        outfile, errfile = self.done(save=False)
+        out, err = "", ""
+        if outfile and not outfile.closed:
+            out = outfile.read()
+            outfile.close()
+        if errfile and errfile != outfile and not errfile.closed:
+            err = errfile.read()
+            errfile.close()
+        return out, err
+
+    def suspend(self):
+        """ return current snapshot captures, memorize tempfiles. """
+        outerr = self.readouterr()
+        outfile, errfile = self.done()
+        return outerr
+
+
+class StdCaptureFD(Capture):
+    """ This class allows to capture writes to FD1 and FD2
+        and may connect a NULL file to FD0 (and prevent
+        reads from sys.stdin).  If any of the 0,1,2 file descriptors
+        is invalid it will not be captured.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, out=True, err=True, mixed=False,
+        in_=True, patchsys=True, now=True):
+        self._options = {
+            "out": out,
+            "err": err,
+            "mixed": mixed,
+            "in_": in_,
+            "patchsys": patchsys,
+            "now": now,
+        }
+        self._save()
+        if now:
+            self.startall()
+
+    def _save(self):
+        in_ = self._options['in_']
+        out = self._options['out']
+        err = self._options['err']
+        mixed = self._options['mixed']
+        patchsys = self._options['patchsys']
+        if in_:
+            try:
+                self.in_ = FDCapture(0, tmpfile=None, now=False,
+                    patchsys=patchsys)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        if out:
+            tmpfile = None
+            if hasattr(out, 'write'):
+                tmpfile = out
+            try:
+                self.out = FDCapture(1, tmpfile=tmpfile,
+                           now=False, patchsys=patchsys)
+                self._options['out'] = self.out.tmpfile
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        if err:
+            if out and mixed:
+                tmpfile = self.out.tmpfile
+            elif hasattr(err, 'write'):
+                tmpfile = err
+            else:
+                tmpfile = None
+            try:
+                self.err = FDCapture(2, tmpfile=tmpfile,
+                           now=False, patchsys=patchsys)
+                self._options['err'] = self.err.tmpfile
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+    def startall(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'in_'):
+            self.in_.start()
+        if hasattr(self, 'out'):
+            self.out.start()
+        if hasattr(self, 'err'):
+            self.err.start()
+
+    def resume(self):
+        """ resume capturing with original temp files. """
+        self.startall()
+
+    def done(self, save=True):
+        """ return (outfile, errfile) and stop capturing. """
+        outfile = errfile = None
+        if hasattr(self, 'out') and not self.out.tmpfile.closed:
+            outfile = self.out.done()
+        if hasattr(self, 'err') and not self.err.tmpfile.closed:
+            errfile = self.err.done()
+        if hasattr(self, 'in_'):
+            tmpfile = self.in_.done()
+        if save:
+            self._save()
+        return outfile, errfile
+
+    def readouterr(self):
+        """ return snapshot value of stdout/stderr capturings. """
+        if hasattr(self, "out"):
+            out = self._readsnapshot(self.out.tmpfile)
+        else:
+            out = ""
+        if hasattr(self, "err"):
+            err = self._readsnapshot(self.err.tmpfile)
+        else:
+            err = ""
+        return [out, err]
+
+    def _readsnapshot(self, f):
+        f.seek(0)
+        res = f.read()
+        enc = getattr(f, "encoding", None)
+        if enc:
+            res = py.builtin._totext(res, enc, "replace")
+        f.truncate(0)
+        f.seek(0)
+        return res
+
+
+class StdCapture(Capture):
+    """ This class allows to capture writes to sys.stdout|stderr "in-memory"
+        and will raise errors on tries to read from sys.stdin. It only
+        modifies sys.stdout|stderr|stdin attributes and does not
+        touch underlying File Descriptors (use StdCaptureFD for that).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, out=True, err=True, in_=True, mixed=False, now=True):
+        self._oldout = sys.stdout
+        self._olderr = sys.stderr
+        self._oldin  = sys.stdin
+        if out and not hasattr(out, 'file'):
+            out = TextIO()
+        self.out = out
+        if err:
+            if mixed:
+                err = out
+            elif not hasattr(err, 'write'):
+                err = TextIO()
+        self.err = err
+        self.in_ = in_
+        if now:
+            self.startall()
+
+    def startall(self):
+        if self.out:
+            sys.stdout = self.out
+        if self.err:
+            sys.stderr = self.err
+        if self.in_:
+            sys.stdin  = self.in_  = DontReadFromInput()
+
+    def done(self, save=True):
+        """ return (outfile, errfile) and stop capturing. """
+        outfile = errfile = None
+        if self.out and not self.out.closed:
+            sys.stdout = self._oldout
+            outfile = self.out
+            outfile.seek(0)
+        if self.err and not self.err.closed:
+            sys.stderr = self._olderr
+            errfile = self.err
+            errfile.seek(0)
+        if self.in_:
+            sys.stdin = self._oldin
+        return outfile, errfile
+
+    def resume(self):
+        """ resume capturing with original temp files. """
+        self.startall()
+
+    def readouterr(self):
+        """ return snapshot value of stdout/stderr capturings. """
+        out = err = ""
+        if self.out:
+            out = self.out.getvalue()
+            self.out.truncate(0)
+            self.out.seek(0)
+        if self.err:
+            err = self.err.getvalue()
+            self.err.truncate(0)
+            self.err.seek(0)
+        return out, err
+
+class DontReadFromInput:
+    """Temporary stub class.  Ideally when stdin is accessed, the
+    capturing should be turned off, with possibly all data captured
+    so far sent to the screen.  This should be configurable, though,
+    because in automated test runs it is better to crash than
+    hang indefinitely.
+    """
+    def read(self, *args):
+        raise IOError("reading from stdin while output is captured")
+    readline = read
+    readlines = read
+    __iter__ = read
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        raise ValueError("redirected Stdin is pseudofile, has no fileno()")
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+try:
+    devnullpath = os.devnull
+except AttributeError:
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        devnullpath = 'NUL'
+    else:
+        devnullpath = '/dev/null'
diff --git a/python/py/py/_io/saferepr.py b/python/py/py/_io/saferepr.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8518290ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_io/saferepr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import py
+import sys
+
+builtin_repr = repr
+
+reprlib = py.builtin._tryimport('repr', 'reprlib')
+
+class SafeRepr(reprlib.Repr):
+    """ subclass of repr.Repr that limits the resulting size of repr()
+        and includes information on exceptions raised during the call.
+    """
+    def repr(self, x):
+        return self._callhelper(reprlib.Repr.repr, self, x)
+
+    def repr_unicode(self, x, level):
+        # Strictly speaking wrong on narrow builds
+        def repr(u):
+            if "'" not in u:
+                return py.builtin._totext("'%s'") % u
+            elif '"' not in u:
+                return py.builtin._totext('"%s"') % u
+            else:
+                return py.builtin._totext("'%s'") % u.replace("'", r"\'")
+        s = repr(x[:self.maxstring])
+        if len(s) > self.maxstring:
+            i = max(0, (self.maxstring-3)//2)
+            j = max(0, self.maxstring-3-i)
+            s = repr(x[:i] + x[len(x)-j:])
+            s = s[:i] + '...' + s[len(s)-j:]
+        return s
+
+    def repr_instance(self, x, level):
+        return self._callhelper(builtin_repr, x)
+
+    def _callhelper(self, call, x, *args):
+        try:
+            # Try the vanilla repr and make sure that the result is a string
+            s = call(x, *args)
+        except py.builtin._sysex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            cls, e, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            exc_name = getattr(cls, '__name__', 'unknown')
+            try:
+                exc_info = str(e)
+            except py.builtin._sysex:
+                raise
+            except:
+                exc_info = 'unknown'
+            return '<[%s("%s") raised in repr()] %s object at 0x%x>' % (
+                exc_name, exc_info, x.__class__.__name__, id(x))
+        else:
+            if len(s) > self.maxsize:
+                i = max(0, (self.maxsize-3)//2)
+                j = max(0, self.maxsize-3-i)
+                s = s[:i] + '...' + s[len(s)-j:]
+            return s
+
+def saferepr(obj, maxsize=240):
+    """ return a size-limited safe repr-string for the given object.
+    Failing __repr__ functions of user instances will be represented
+    with a short exception info and 'saferepr' generally takes
+    care to never raise exceptions itself.  This function is a wrapper
+    around the Repr/reprlib functionality of the standard 2.6 lib.
+    """
+    # review exception handling
+    srepr = SafeRepr()
+    srepr.maxstring = maxsize
+    srepr.maxsize = maxsize
+    srepr.maxother = 160
+    return srepr.repr(obj)
diff --git a/python/py/py/_io/terminalwriter.py b/python/py/py/_io/terminalwriter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cef1ff580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_io/terminalwriter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+"""
+
+Helper functions for writing to terminals and files.
+
+"""
+
+
+import sys, os
+import py
+py3k = sys.version_info[0] >= 3
+from py.builtin import text, bytes
+
+win32_and_ctypes = False
+colorama = None
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    try:
+        import colorama
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            import ctypes
+            win32_and_ctypes = True
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+
+def _getdimensions():
+    import termios,fcntl,struct
+    call = fcntl.ioctl(1,termios.TIOCGWINSZ,"\000"*8)
+    height,width = struct.unpack( "hhhh", call ) [:2]
+    return height, width
+
+
+def get_terminal_width():
+    height = width = 0
+    try:
+        height, width = _getdimensions()
+    except py.builtin._sysex:
+        raise
+    except:
+        # pass to fallback below
+        pass
+
+    if width == 0:
+        # FALLBACK:
+        # * some exception happened
+        # * or this is emacs terminal which reports (0,0)
+        width = int(os.environ.get('COLUMNS', 80))
+
+    # XXX the windows getdimensions may be bogus, let's sanify a bit
+    if width < 40:
+        width = 80
+    return width
+
+terminal_width = get_terminal_width()
+
+# XXX unify with _escaped func below
+def ansi_print(text, esc, file=None, newline=True, flush=False):
+    if file is None:
+        file = sys.stderr
+    text = text.rstrip()
+    if esc and not isinstance(esc, tuple):
+        esc = (esc,)
+    if esc and sys.platform != "win32" and file.isatty():
+        text = (''.join(['\x1b[%sm' % cod for cod in esc])  +
+                text +
+                '\x1b[0m')     # ANSI color code "reset"
+    if newline:
+        text += '\n'
+
+    if esc and win32_and_ctypes and file.isatty():
+        if 1 in esc:
+            bold = True
+            esc = tuple([x for x in esc if x != 1])
+        else:
+            bold = False
+        esctable = {()   : FOREGROUND_WHITE,                 # normal
+                    (31,): FOREGROUND_RED,                   # red
+                    (32,): FOREGROUND_GREEN,                 # green
+                    (33,): FOREGROUND_GREEN|FOREGROUND_RED,  # yellow
+                    (34,): FOREGROUND_BLUE,                  # blue
+                    (35,): FOREGROUND_BLUE|FOREGROUND_RED,   # purple
+                    (36,): FOREGROUND_BLUE|FOREGROUND_GREEN, # cyan
+                    (37,): FOREGROUND_WHITE,                 # white
+                    (39,): FOREGROUND_WHITE,                 # reset
+                    }
+        attr = esctable.get(esc, FOREGROUND_WHITE)
+        if bold:
+            attr |= FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
+        STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
+        STD_ERROR_HANDLE = -12
+        if file is sys.stderr:
+            handle = GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
+        else:
+            handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+        oldcolors = GetConsoleInfo(handle).wAttributes
+        attr |= (oldcolors & 0x0f0)
+        SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attr)
+        while len(text) > 32768:
+            file.write(text[:32768])
+            text = text[32768:]
+        if text:
+            file.write(text)
+        SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, oldcolors)
+    else:
+        file.write(text)
+
+    if flush:
+        file.flush()
+
+def should_do_markup(file):
+    if os.environ.get('PY_COLORS') == '1':
+        return True
+    if os.environ.get('PY_COLORS') == '0':
+        return False
+    return hasattr(file, 'isatty') and file.isatty() \
+           and os.environ.get('TERM') != 'dumb' \
+           and not (sys.platform.startswith('java') and os._name == 'nt')
+
+class TerminalWriter(object):
+    _esctable = dict(black=30, red=31, green=32, yellow=33,
+                     blue=34, purple=35, cyan=36, white=37,
+                     Black=40, Red=41, Green=42, Yellow=43,
+                     Blue=44, Purple=45, Cyan=46, White=47,
+                     bold=1, light=2, blink=5, invert=7)
+
+    # XXX deprecate stringio argument
+    def __init__(self, file=None, stringio=False, encoding=None):
+        if file is None:
+            if stringio:
+                self.stringio = file = py.io.TextIO()
+            else:
+                file = py.std.sys.stdout
+        elif py.builtin.callable(file) and not (
+             hasattr(file, "write") and hasattr(file, "flush")):
+            file = WriteFile(file, encoding=encoding)
+        if hasattr(file, "isatty") and file.isatty() and colorama:
+            file = colorama.AnsiToWin32(file).stream
+        self.encoding = encoding or getattr(file, 'encoding', "utf-8")
+        self._file = file
+        self.fullwidth = get_terminal_width()
+        self.hasmarkup = should_do_markup(file)
+        self._lastlen = 0
+
+    def _escaped(self, text, esc):
+        if esc and self.hasmarkup:
+            text = (''.join(['\x1b[%sm' % cod for cod in esc])  +
+                text +'\x1b[0m')
+        return text
+
+    def markup(self, text, **kw):
+        esc = []
+        for name in kw:
+            if name not in self._esctable:
+                raise ValueError("unknown markup: %r" %(name,))
+            if kw[name]:
+                esc.append(self._esctable[name])
+        return self._escaped(text, tuple(esc))
+
+    def sep(self, sepchar, title=None, fullwidth=None, **kw):
+        if fullwidth is None:
+            fullwidth = self.fullwidth
+        # the goal is to have the line be as long as possible
+        # under the condition that len(line) <= fullwidth
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            # if we print in the last column on windows we are on a
+            # new line but there is no way to verify/neutralize this
+            # (we may not know the exact line width)
+            # so let's be defensive to avoid empty lines in the output
+            fullwidth -= 1
+        if title is not None:
+            # we want 2 + 2*len(fill) + len(title) <= fullwidth
+            # i.e.    2 + 2*len(sepchar)*N + len(title) <= fullwidth
+            #         2*len(sepchar)*N <= fullwidth - len(title) - 2
+            #         N <= (fullwidth - len(title) - 2) // (2*len(sepchar))
+            N = (fullwidth - len(title) - 2) // (2*len(sepchar))
+            fill = sepchar * N
+            line = "%s %s %s" % (fill, title, fill)
+        else:
+            # we want len(sepchar)*N <= fullwidth
+            # i.e.    N <= fullwidth // len(sepchar)
+            line = sepchar * (fullwidth // len(sepchar))
+        # in some situations there is room for an extra sepchar at the right,
+        # in particular if we consider that with a sepchar like "_ " the
+        # trailing space is not important at the end of the line
+        if len(line) + len(sepchar.rstrip()) <= fullwidth:
+            line += sepchar.rstrip()
+
+        self.line(line, **kw)
+
+    def write(self, msg, **kw):
+        if msg:
+            if not isinstance(msg, (bytes, text)):
+                msg = text(msg)
+            if self.hasmarkup and kw:
+                markupmsg = self.markup(msg, **kw)
+            else:
+                markupmsg = msg
+            write_out(self._file, markupmsg)
+
+    def line(self, s='', **kw):
+        self.write(s, **kw)
+        self._checkfill(s)
+        self.write('\n')
+
+    def reline(self, line, **kw):
+        if not self.hasmarkup:
+            raise ValueError("cannot use rewrite-line without terminal")
+        self.write(line, **kw)
+        self._checkfill(line)
+        self.write('\r')
+        self._lastlen = len(line)
+
+    def _checkfill(self, line):
+        diff2last = self._lastlen - len(line)
+        if diff2last > 0:
+            self.write(" " * diff2last)
+
+class Win32ConsoleWriter(TerminalWriter):
+    def write(self, msg, **kw):
+        if msg:
+            if not isinstance(msg, (bytes, text)):
+                msg = text(msg)
+            oldcolors = None
+            if self.hasmarkup and kw:
+                handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+                oldcolors = GetConsoleInfo(handle).wAttributes
+                default_bg = oldcolors & 0x00F0
+                attr = default_bg
+                if kw.pop('bold', False):
+                    attr |= FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
+
+                if kw.pop('red', False):
+                    attr |= FOREGROUND_RED
+                elif kw.pop('blue', False):
+                    attr |= FOREGROUND_BLUE
+                elif kw.pop('green', False):
+                    attr |= FOREGROUND_GREEN
+                elif kw.pop('yellow', False):
+                    attr |= FOREGROUND_GREEN|FOREGROUND_RED
+                else:
+                    attr |= oldcolors & 0x0007
+
+                SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attr)
+            write_out(self._file, msg)
+            if oldcolors:
+                SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, oldcolors)
+
+class WriteFile(object):
+    def __init__(self, writemethod, encoding=None):
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self._writemethod = writemethod
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding, "replace")
+        self._writemethod(data)
+
+    def flush(self):
+        return
+
+
+if win32_and_ctypes:
+    TerminalWriter = Win32ConsoleWriter
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+
+    # ctypes access to the Windows console
+    STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
+    STD_ERROR_HANDLE  = -12
+    FOREGROUND_BLACK     = 0x0000 # black text
+    FOREGROUND_BLUE      = 0x0001 # text color contains blue.
+    FOREGROUND_GREEN     = 0x0002 # text color contains green.
+    FOREGROUND_RED       = 0x0004 # text color contains red.
+    FOREGROUND_WHITE     = 0x0007
+    FOREGROUND_INTENSITY = 0x0008 # text color is intensified.
+    BACKGROUND_BLACK     = 0x0000 # background color black
+    BACKGROUND_BLUE      = 0x0010 # background color contains blue.
+    BACKGROUND_GREEN     = 0x0020 # background color contains green.
+    BACKGROUND_RED       = 0x0040 # background color contains red.
+    BACKGROUND_WHITE     = 0x0070
+    BACKGROUND_INTENSITY = 0x0080 # background color is intensified.
+
+    SHORT = ctypes.c_short
+    class COORD(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [('X', SHORT),
+                    ('Y', SHORT)]
+    class SMALL_RECT(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [('Left', SHORT),
+                    ('Top', SHORT),
+                    ('Right', SHORT),
+                    ('Bottom', SHORT)]
+    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [('dwSize', COORD),
+                    ('dwCursorPosition', COORD),
+                    ('wAttributes', wintypes.WORD),
+                    ('srWindow', SMALL_RECT),
+                    ('dwMaximumWindowSize', COORD)]
+
+    _GetStdHandle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+    _GetStdHandle.argtypes = [wintypes.DWORD]
+    _GetStdHandle.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+    def GetStdHandle(kind):
+        return _GetStdHandle(kind)
+
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute = ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTextAttribute
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute.argtypes = [wintypes.HANDLE, wintypes.WORD]
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = \
+        ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [wintypes.HANDLE,
+                                ctypes.POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO)]
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+    def GetConsoleInfo(handle):
+        info = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(info))
+        return info
+
+    def _getdimensions():
+        handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+        info = GetConsoleInfo(handle)
+        # Substract one from the width, otherwise the cursor wraps
+        # and the ending \n causes an empty line to display.
+        return info.dwSize.Y, info.dwSize.X - 1
+
+def write_out(fil, msg):
+    # XXX sometimes "msg" is of type bytes, sometimes text which
+    # complicates the situation.  Should we try to enforce unicode?
+    try:
+        # on py27 and above writing out to sys.stdout with an encoding
+        # should usually work for unicode messages (if the encoding is
+        # capable of it)
+        fil.write(msg)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        # on py26 it might not work because stdout expects bytes
+        if fil.encoding:
+            try:
+                fil.write(msg.encode(fil.encoding))
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                # it might still fail if the encoding is not capable
+                pass
+            else:
+                fil.flush()
+                return
+        # fallback: escape all unicode characters
+        msg = msg.encode("unicode-escape").decode("ascii")
+        fil.write(msg)
+    fil.flush()
diff --git a/python/py/py/_log/__init__.py b/python/py/py/_log/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fad62e960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_log/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+""" logging API ('producers' and 'consumers' connected via keywords) """
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_log/log.py b/python/py/py/_log/log.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce47e8c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_log/log.py
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"""
+basic logging functionality based on a producer/consumer scheme.
+
+XXX implement this API: (maybe put it into slogger.py?)
+
+        log = Logger(
+                    info=py.log.STDOUT,
+                    debug=py.log.STDOUT,
+                    command=None)
+        log.info("hello", "world")
+        log.command("hello", "world")
+
+        log = Logger(info=Logger(something=...),
+                     debug=py.log.STDOUT,
+                     command=None)
+"""
+import py, sys
+
+class Message(object):
+    def __init__(self, keywords, args):
+        self.keywords = keywords
+        self.args = args
+
+    def content(self):
+        return " ".join(map(str, self.args))
+
+    def prefix(self):
+        return "[%s] " % (":".join(self.keywords))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.prefix() + self.content()
+
+
+class Producer(object):
+    """ (deprecated) Log producer API which sends messages to be logged
+        to a 'consumer' object, which then prints them to stdout,
+        stderr, files, etc. Used extensively by PyPy-1.1.
+    """
+
+    Message = Message  # to allow later customization
+    keywords2consumer = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, keywords, keywordmapper=None, **kw):
+        if hasattr(keywords, 'split'):
+            keywords = tuple(keywords.split())
+        self._keywords = keywords
+        if keywordmapper is None:
+            keywordmapper = default_keywordmapper
+        self._keywordmapper = keywordmapper
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<py.log.Producer %s>" % ":".join(self._keywords)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if '_' in name:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        producer = self.__class__(self._keywords + (name,))
+        setattr(self, name, producer)
+        return producer
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        """ write a message to the appropriate consumer(s) """
+        func = self._keywordmapper.getconsumer(self._keywords)
+        if func is not None:
+            func(self.Message(self._keywords, args))
+
+class KeywordMapper:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.keywords2consumer = {}
+
+    def getstate(self):
+        return self.keywords2consumer.copy()
+    def setstate(self, state):
+        self.keywords2consumer.clear()
+        self.keywords2consumer.update(state)
+
+    def getconsumer(self, keywords):
+        """ return a consumer matching the given keywords.
+
+            tries to find the most suitable consumer by walking, starting from
+            the back, the list of keywords, the first consumer matching a
+            keyword is returned (falling back to py.log.default)
+        """
+        for i in range(len(keywords), 0, -1):
+            try:
+                return self.keywords2consumer[keywords[:i]]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+        return self.keywords2consumer.get('default', default_consumer)
+
+    def setconsumer(self, keywords, consumer):
+        """ set a consumer for a set of keywords. """
+        # normalize to tuples
+        if isinstance(keywords, str):
+            keywords = tuple(filter(None, keywords.split()))
+        elif hasattr(keywords, '_keywords'):
+            keywords = keywords._keywords
+        elif not isinstance(keywords, tuple):
+            raise TypeError("key %r is not a string or tuple" % (keywords,))
+        if consumer is not None and not py.builtin.callable(consumer):
+            if not hasattr(consumer, 'write'):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "%r should be None, callable or file-like" % (consumer,))
+            consumer = File(consumer)
+        self.keywords2consumer[keywords] = consumer
+
+def default_consumer(msg):
+    """ the default consumer, prints the message to stdout (using 'print') """
+    sys.stderr.write(str(msg)+"\n")
+
+default_keywordmapper = KeywordMapper()
+
+def setconsumer(keywords, consumer):
+    default_keywordmapper.setconsumer(keywords, consumer)
+
+def setstate(state):
+    default_keywordmapper.setstate(state)
+def getstate():
+    return default_keywordmapper.getstate()
+
+#
+# Consumers
+#
+
+class File(object):
+    """ log consumer wrapping a file(-like) object """
+    def __init__(self, f):
+        assert hasattr(f, 'write')
+        #assert isinstance(f, file) or not hasattr(f, 'open')
+        self._file = f
+
+    def __call__(self, msg):
+        """ write a message to the log """
+        self._file.write(str(msg) + "\n")
+        if hasattr(self._file, 'flush'):
+            self._file.flush()
+
+class Path(object):
+    """ log consumer that opens and writes to a Path """
+    def __init__(self, filename, append=False,
+                 delayed_create=False, buffering=False):
+        self._append = append
+        self._filename = str(filename)
+        self._buffering = buffering
+        if not delayed_create:
+            self._openfile()
+
+    def _openfile(self):
+        mode = self._append and 'a' or 'w'
+        f = open(self._filename, mode)
+        self._file = f
+
+    def __call__(self, msg):
+        """ write a message to the log """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_file"):
+            self._openfile()
+        self._file.write(str(msg) + "\n")
+        if not self._buffering:
+            self._file.flush()
+
+def STDOUT(msg):
+    """ consumer that writes to sys.stdout """
+    sys.stdout.write(str(msg)+"\n")
+
+def STDERR(msg):
+    """ consumer that writes to sys.stderr """
+    sys.stderr.write(str(msg)+"\n")
+
+class Syslog:
+    """ consumer that writes to the syslog daemon """
+
+    def __init__(self, priority = None):
+        if priority is None:
+            priority = self.LOG_INFO
+        self.priority = priority
+
+    def __call__(self, msg):
+        """ write a message to the log """
+        py.std.syslog.syslog(self.priority, str(msg))
+
+for _prio in "EMERG ALERT CRIT ERR WARNING NOTICE INFO DEBUG".split():
+    _prio = "LOG_" + _prio
+    try:
+        setattr(Syslog, _prio, getattr(py.std.syslog, _prio))
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
diff --git a/python/py/py/_log/warning.py b/python/py/py/_log/warning.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..722e31e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_log/warning.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import py, sys
+
+class DeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    def __init__(self, msg, path, lineno):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.path = path
+        self.lineno = lineno
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s:%d: %s" %(self.path, self.lineno+1, self.msg)
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.msg
+
+def _apiwarn(startversion, msg, stacklevel=2, function=None):
+    # below is mostly COPIED from python2.4/warnings.py's def warn()
+    # Get context information
+    if isinstance(stacklevel, str):
+        frame = sys._getframe(1)
+        level = 1
+        found = frame.f_code.co_filename.find(stacklevel) != -1
+        while frame:
+            co = frame.f_code
+            if co.co_filename.find(stacklevel) == -1:
+                if found:
+                    stacklevel = level
+                    break
+            else:
+                found = True
+            level += 1
+            frame = frame.f_back
+        else:
+            stacklevel = 1
+    msg = "%s (since version %s)" %(msg, startversion)
+    warn(msg, stacklevel=stacklevel+1, function=function)
+
+def warn(msg, stacklevel=1, function=None):
+    if function is not None:
+        filename = py.std.inspect.getfile(function)
+        lineno = py.code.getrawcode(function).co_firstlineno
+    else:
+        try:
+            caller = sys._getframe(stacklevel)
+        except ValueError:
+            globals = sys.__dict__
+            lineno = 1
+        else:
+            globals = caller.f_globals
+            lineno = caller.f_lineno
+        if '__name__' in globals:
+            module = globals['__name__']
+        else:
+            module = "<string>"
+        filename = globals.get('__file__')
+    if filename:
+        fnl = filename.lower()
+        if fnl.endswith(".pyc") or fnl.endswith(".pyo"):
+            filename = filename[:-1]
+        elif fnl.endswith("$py.class"):
+            filename = filename.replace('$py.class', '.py')
+    else:
+        if module == "__main__":
+            try:
+                filename = sys.argv[0]
+            except AttributeError:
+                # embedded interpreters don't have sys.argv, see bug #839151
+                filename = '__main__'
+        if not filename:
+            filename = module
+    path = py.path.local(filename)
+    warning = DeprecationWarning(msg, path, lineno)
+    py.std.warnings.warn_explicit(warning, category=Warning,
+        filename=str(warning.path),
+        lineno=warning.lineno,
+        registry=py.std.warnings.__dict__.setdefault(
+            "__warningsregistry__", {})
+    )
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_path/__init__.py b/python/py/py/_path/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51f3246f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_path/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+""" unified file system api """
diff --git a/python/py/py/_path/cacheutil.py b/python/py/py/_path/cacheutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..992250475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_path/cacheutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""
+This module contains multithread-safe cache implementations.
+
+All Caches have
+
+    getorbuild(key, builder)
+    delentry(key)
+
+methods and allow configuration when instantiating the cache class.
+"""
+from time import time as gettime
+
+class BasicCache(object):
+    def __init__(self, maxentries=128):
+        self.maxentries = maxentries
+        self.prunenum = int(maxentries - maxentries/8)
+        self._dict = {}
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._dict.clear()
+
+    def _getentry(self, key):
+        return self._dict[key]
+
+    def _putentry(self, key, entry):
+        self._prunelowestweight()
+        self._dict[key] = entry
+
+    def delentry(self, key, raising=False):
+        try:
+            del self._dict[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if raising:
+                raise
+
+    def getorbuild(self, key, builder):
+        try:
+            entry = self._getentry(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            entry = self._build(key, builder)
+            self._putentry(key, entry)
+        return entry.value
+
+    def _prunelowestweight(self):
+        """ prune out entries with lowest weight. """
+        numentries = len(self._dict)
+        if numentries >= self.maxentries:
+            # evict according to entry's weight
+            items = [(entry.weight, key)
+                        for key, entry in self._dict.items()]
+            items.sort()
+            index = numentries - self.prunenum
+            if index > 0:
+                for weight, key in items[:index]:
+                    # in MT situations the element might be gone
+                    self.delentry(key, raising=False)
+
+class BuildcostAccessCache(BasicCache):
+    """ A BuildTime/Access-counting cache implementation.
+        the weight of a value is computed as the product of
+
+            num-accesses-of-a-value * time-to-build-the-value
+
+        The values with the least such weights are evicted
+        if the cache maxentries threshold is superceded.
+        For implementation flexibility more than one object
+        might be evicted at a time.
+    """
+    # time function to use for measuring build-times
+
+    def _build(self, key, builder):
+        start = gettime()
+        val = builder()
+        end = gettime()
+        return WeightedCountingEntry(val, end-start)
+
+
+class WeightedCountingEntry(object):
+    def __init__(self, value, oneweight):
+        self._value = value
+        self.weight = self._oneweight = oneweight
+
+    def value(self):
+        self.weight += self._oneweight
+        return self._value
+    value = property(value)
+
+class AgingCache(BasicCache):
+    """ This cache prunes out cache entries that are too old.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, maxentries=128, maxseconds=10.0):
+        super(AgingCache, self).__init__(maxentries)
+        self.maxseconds = maxseconds
+
+    def _getentry(self, key):
+        entry = self._dict[key]
+        if entry.isexpired():
+            self.delentry(key)
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return entry
+
+    def _build(self, key, builder):
+        val = builder()
+        entry = AgingEntry(val, gettime() + self.maxseconds)
+        return entry
+
+class AgingEntry(object):
+    def __init__(self, value, expirationtime):
+        self.value = value
+        self.weight = expirationtime
+
+    def isexpired(self):
+        t = gettime()
+        return t >= self.weight
diff --git a/python/py/py/_path/common.py b/python/py/py/_path/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d407434cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_path/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+"""
+"""
+import os, sys, posixpath
+import py
+
+# Moved from local.py.
+iswin32 = sys.platform == "win32" or (getattr(os, '_name', False) == 'nt')
+
+class Checkers:
+    _depend_on_existence = 'exists', 'link', 'dir', 'file'
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def dir(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def file(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def dotfile(self):
+        return self.path.basename.startswith('.')
+
+    def ext(self, arg):
+        if not arg.startswith('.'):
+            arg = '.' + arg
+        return self.path.ext == arg
+
+    def exists(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def basename(self, arg):
+        return self.path.basename == arg
+
+    def basestarts(self, arg):
+        return self.path.basename.startswith(arg)
+
+    def relto(self, arg):
+        return self.path.relto(arg)
+
+    def fnmatch(self, arg):
+        return self.path.fnmatch(arg)
+
+    def endswith(self, arg):
+        return str(self.path).endswith(arg)
+
+    def _evaluate(self, kw):
+        for name, value in kw.items():
+            invert = False
+            meth = None
+            try:
+                meth = getattr(self, name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                if name[:3] == 'not':
+                    invert = True
+                    try:
+                        meth = getattr(self, name[3:])
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+            if meth is None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "no %r checker available for %r" % (name, self.path))
+            try:
+                if py.code.getrawcode(meth).co_argcount > 1:
+                    if (not meth(value)) ^ invert:
+                        return False
+                else:
+                    if bool(value) ^ bool(meth()) ^ invert:
+                        return False
+            except (py.error.ENOENT, py.error.ENOTDIR, py.error.EBUSY):
+                # EBUSY feels not entirely correct,
+                # but its kind of necessary since ENOMEDIUM
+                # is not accessible in python
+                for name in self._depend_on_existence:
+                    if name in kw:
+                        if kw.get(name):
+                            return False
+                    name = 'not' + name
+                    if name in kw:
+                        if not kw.get(name):
+                            return False
+        return True
+
+class NeverRaised(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class PathBase(object):
+    """ shared implementation for filesystem path objects."""
+    Checkers = Checkers
+
+    def __div__(self, other):
+        return self.join(str(other))
+    __truediv__ = __div__ # py3k
+
+    def basename(self):
+        """ basename part of path. """
+        return self._getbyspec('basename')[0]
+    basename = property(basename, None, None, basename.__doc__)
+
+    def dirname(self):
+        """ dirname part of path. """
+        return self._getbyspec('dirname')[0]
+    dirname = property(dirname, None, None, dirname.__doc__)
+
+    def purebasename(self):
+        """ pure base name of the path."""
+        return self._getbyspec('purebasename')[0]
+    purebasename = property(purebasename, None, None, purebasename.__doc__)
+
+    def ext(self):
+        """ extension of the path (including the '.')."""
+        return self._getbyspec('ext')[0]
+    ext = property(ext, None, None, ext.__doc__)
+
+    def dirpath(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ return the directory path joined with any given path arguments.  """
+        return self.new(basename='').join(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def read_binary(self):
+        """ read and return a bytestring from reading the path. """
+        with self.open('rb') as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def read_text(self, encoding):
+        """ read and return a Unicode string from reading the path. """
+        with self.open("r", encoding=encoding) as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+
+    def read(self, mode='r'):
+        """ read and return a bytestring from reading the path. """
+        with self.open(mode) as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def readlines(self, cr=1):
+        """ read and return a list of lines from the path. if cr is False, the
+newline will be removed from the end of each line. """
+        if not cr:
+            content = self.read('rU')
+            return content.split('\n')
+        else:
+            f = self.open('rU')
+            try:
+                return f.readlines()
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+
+    def load(self):
+        """ (deprecated) return object unpickled from self.read() """
+        f = self.open('rb')
+        try:
+            return py.error.checked_call(py.std.pickle.load, f)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def move(self, target):
+        """ move this path to target. """
+        if target.relto(self):
+            raise py.error.EINVAL(target,
+                "cannot move path into a subdirectory of itself")
+        try:
+            self.rename(target)
+        except py.error.EXDEV:  # invalid cross-device link
+            self.copy(target)
+            self.remove()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """ return a string representation of this path. """
+        return repr(str(self))
+
+    def check(self, **kw):
+        """ check a path for existence and properties.
+
+            Without arguments, return True if the path exists, otherwise False.
+
+            valid checkers::
+
+                file=1    # is a file
+                file=0    # is not a file (may not even exist)
+                dir=1     # is a dir
+                link=1    # is a link
+                exists=1  # exists
+
+            You can specify multiple checker definitions, for example::
+
+                path.check(file=1, link=1)  # a link pointing to a file
+        """
+        if not kw:
+            kw = {'exists' : 1}
+        return self.Checkers(self)._evaluate(kw)
+
+    def fnmatch(self, pattern):
+        """return true if the basename/fullname matches the glob-'pattern'.
+
+        valid pattern characters::
+
+            *       matches everything
+            ?       matches any single character
+            [seq]   matches any character in seq
+            [!seq]  matches any char not in seq
+
+        If the pattern contains a path-separator then the full path
+        is used for pattern matching and a '*' is prepended to the
+        pattern.
+
+        if the pattern doesn't contain a path-separator the pattern
+        is only matched against the basename.
+        """
+        return FNMatcher(pattern)(self)
+
+    def relto(self, relpath):
+        """ return a string which is the relative part of the path
+        to the given 'relpath'.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(relpath, (str, PathBase)):
+            raise TypeError("%r: not a string or path object" %(relpath,))
+        strrelpath = str(relpath)
+        if strrelpath and strrelpath[-1] != self.sep:
+            strrelpath += self.sep
+        #assert strrelpath[-1] == self.sep
+        #assert strrelpath[-2] != self.sep
+        strself = self.strpath
+        if sys.platform == "win32" or getattr(os, '_name', None) == 'nt':
+            if os.path.normcase(strself).startswith(
+               os.path.normcase(strrelpath)):
+                return strself[len(strrelpath):]
+        elif strself.startswith(strrelpath):
+            return strself[len(strrelpath):]
+        return ""
+
+    def ensure_dir(self, *args):
+        """ ensure the path joined with args is a directory. """
+        return self.ensure(*args, **{"dir": True})
+
+    def bestrelpath(self, dest):
+        """ return a string which is a relative path from self
+            (assumed to be a directory) to dest such that
+            self.join(bestrelpath) == dest and if not such
+            path can be determined return dest.
+        """
+        try:
+            if self == dest:
+                return os.curdir
+            base = self.common(dest)
+            if not base:  # can be the case on windows
+                return str(dest)
+            self2base = self.relto(base)
+            reldest = dest.relto(base)
+            if self2base:
+                n = self2base.count(self.sep) + 1
+            else:
+                n = 0
+            l = [os.pardir] * n
+            if reldest:
+                l.append(reldest)
+            target = dest.sep.join(l)
+            return target
+        except AttributeError:
+            return str(dest)
+
+    def exists(self):
+        return self.check()
+
+    def isdir(self):
+        return self.check(dir=1)
+
+    def isfile(self):
+        return self.check(file=1)
+
+    def parts(self, reverse=False):
+        """ return a root-first list of all ancestor directories
+            plus the path itself.
+        """
+        current = self
+        l = [self]
+        while 1:
+            last = current
+            current = current.dirpath()
+            if last == current:
+                break
+            l.append(current)
+        if not reverse:
+            l.reverse()
+        return l
+
+    def common(self, other):
+        """ return the common part shared with the other path
+            or None if there is no common part.
+        """
+        last = None
+        for x, y in zip(self.parts(), other.parts()):
+            if x != y:
+                return last
+            last = x
+        return last
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """ return new path object with 'other' added to the basename"""
+        return self.new(basename=self.basename+str(other))
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        """ return sort value (-1, 0, +1). """
+        try:
+            return cmp(self.strpath, other.strpath)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return cmp(str(self), str(other)) # self.path, other.path)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return self.strpath < other.strpath
+        except AttributeError:
+            return str(self) < str(other)
+
+    def visit(self, fil=None, rec=None, ignore=NeverRaised, bf=False, sort=False):
+        """ yields all paths below the current one
+
+            fil is a filter (glob pattern or callable), if not matching the
+            path will not be yielded, defaulting to None (everything is
+            returned)
+
+            rec is a filter (glob pattern or callable) that controls whether
+            a node is descended, defaulting to None
+
+            ignore is an Exception class that is ignoredwhen calling dirlist()
+            on any of the paths (by default, all exceptions are reported)
+
+            bf if True will cause a breadthfirst search instead of the
+            default depthfirst. Default: False
+
+            sort if True will sort entries within each directory level.
+        """
+        for x in Visitor(fil, rec, ignore, bf, sort).gen(self):
+            yield x
+
+    def _sortlist(self, res, sort):
+        if sort:
+            if hasattr(sort, '__call__'):
+                res.sort(sort)
+            else:
+                res.sort()
+
+    def samefile(self, other):
+        """ return True if other refers to the same stat object as self. """
+        return self.strpath == str(other)
+
+class Visitor:
+    def __init__(self, fil, rec, ignore, bf, sort):
+        if isinstance(fil, str):
+            fil = FNMatcher(fil)
+        if isinstance(rec, str):
+            self.rec = FNMatcher(rec)
+        elif not hasattr(rec, '__call__') and rec:
+            self.rec = lambda path: True
+        else:
+            self.rec = rec
+        self.fil = fil
+        self.ignore = ignore
+        self.breadthfirst = bf
+        self.optsort = sort and sorted or (lambda x: x)
+
+    def gen(self, path):
+        try:
+            entries = path.listdir()
+        except self.ignore:
+            return
+        rec = self.rec
+        dirs = self.optsort([p for p in entries
+                    if p.check(dir=1) and (rec is None or rec(p))])
+        if not self.breadthfirst:
+            for subdir in dirs:
+                for p in self.gen(subdir):
+                    yield p
+        for p in self.optsort(entries):
+            if self.fil is None or self.fil(p):
+                yield p
+        if self.breadthfirst:
+            for subdir in dirs:
+                for p in self.gen(subdir):
+                    yield p
+
+class FNMatcher:
+    def __init__(self, pattern):
+        self.pattern = pattern
+
+    def __call__(self, path):
+        pattern = self.pattern
+
+        if (pattern.find(path.sep) == -1 and
+        iswin32 and
+        pattern.find(posixpath.sep) != -1):
+            # Running on Windows, the pattern has no Windows path separators,
+            # and the pattern has one or more Posix path separators. Replace
+            # the Posix path separators with the Windows path separator.
+            pattern = pattern.replace(posixpath.sep, path.sep)
+
+        if pattern.find(path.sep) == -1:
+            name = path.basename
+        else:
+            name = str(path) # path.strpath # XXX svn?
+            if not os.path.isabs(pattern):
+                pattern = '*' + path.sep + pattern
+        return py.std.fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pattern)
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_path/local.py b/python/py/py/_path/local.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d569404ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_path/local.py
@@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
+"""
+local path implementation.
+"""
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import sys, os, re, atexit, io
+import py
+from py._path import common
+from py._path.common import iswin32
+from stat import S_ISLNK, S_ISDIR, S_ISREG
+
+from os.path import abspath, normpath, isabs, exists, isdir, isfile, islink, dirname
+
+if sys.version_info > (3,0):
+    def map_as_list(func, iter):
+        return list(map(func, iter))
+else:
+    map_as_list = map
+
+class Stat(object):
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._osstatresult, "st_" + name)
+
+    def __init__(self, path, osstatresult):
+        self.path = path
+        self._osstatresult = osstatresult
+
+    @property
+    def owner(self):
+        if iswin32:
+            raise NotImplementedError("XXX win32")
+        import pwd
+        entry = py.error.checked_call(pwd.getpwuid, self.uid)
+        return entry[0]
+
+    @property
+    def group(self):
+        """ return group name of file. """
+        if iswin32:
+            raise NotImplementedError("XXX win32")
+        import grp
+        entry = py.error.checked_call(grp.getgrgid, self.gid)
+        return entry[0]
+
+    def isdir(self):
+        return S_ISDIR(self._osstatresult.st_mode)
+
+    def isfile(self):
+        return S_ISREG(self._osstatresult.st_mode)
+
+    def islink(self):
+        st = self.path.lstat()
+        return S_ISLNK(self._osstatresult.st_mode)
+
+class PosixPath(common.PathBase):
+    def chown(self, user, group, rec=0):
+        """ change ownership to the given user and group.
+            user and group may be specified by a number or
+            by a name.  if rec is True change ownership
+            recursively.
+        """
+        uid = getuserid(user)
+        gid = getgroupid(group)
+        if rec:
+            for x in self.visit(rec=lambda x: x.check(link=0)):
+                if x.check(link=0):
+                    py.error.checked_call(os.chown, str(x), uid, gid)
+        py.error.checked_call(os.chown, str(self), uid, gid)
+
+    def readlink(self):
+        """ return value of a symbolic link. """
+        return py.error.checked_call(os.readlink, self.strpath)
+
+    def mklinkto(self, oldname):
+        """ posix style hard link to another name. """
+        py.error.checked_call(os.link, str(oldname), str(self))
+
+    def mksymlinkto(self, value, absolute=1):
+        """ create a symbolic link with the given value (pointing to another name). """
+        if absolute:
+            py.error.checked_call(os.symlink, str(value), self.strpath)
+        else:
+            base = self.common(value)
+            # with posix local paths '/' is always a common base
+            relsource = self.__class__(value).relto(base)
+            reldest = self.relto(base)
+            n = reldest.count(self.sep)
+            target = self.sep.join(('..', )*n + (relsource, ))
+            py.error.checked_call(os.symlink, target, self.strpath)
+
+def getuserid(user):
+    import pwd
+    if not isinstance(user, int):
+        user = pwd.getpwnam(user)[2]
+    return user
+
+def getgroupid(group):
+    import grp
+    if not isinstance(group, int):
+        group = grp.getgrnam(group)[2]
+    return group
+
+FSBase = not iswin32 and PosixPath or common.PathBase
+
+class LocalPath(FSBase):
+    """ object oriented interface to os.path and other local filesystem
+        related information.
+    """
+    class ImportMismatchError(ImportError):
+        """ raised on pyimport() if there is a mismatch of __file__'s"""
+
+    sep = os.sep
+    class Checkers(common.Checkers):
+        def _stat(self):
+            try:
+                return self._statcache
+            except AttributeError:
+                try:
+                    self._statcache = self.path.stat()
+                except py.error.ELOOP:
+                    self._statcache = self.path.lstat()
+                return self._statcache
+
+        def dir(self):
+            return S_ISDIR(self._stat().mode)
+
+        def file(self):
+            return S_ISREG(self._stat().mode)
+
+        def exists(self):
+            return self._stat()
+
+        def link(self):
+            st = self.path.lstat()
+            return S_ISLNK(st.mode)
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, expanduser=False):
+        """ Initialize and return a local Path instance.
+
+        Path can be relative to the current directory.
+        If path is None it defaults to the current working directory.
+        If expanduser is True, tilde-expansion is performed.
+        Note that Path instances always carry an absolute path.
+        Note also that passing in a local path object will simply return
+        the exact same path object. Use new() to get a new copy.
+        """
+        if path is None:
+            self.strpath = py.error.checked_call(os.getcwd)
+        elif isinstance(path, common.PathBase):
+            self.strpath = path.strpath
+        elif isinstance(path, py.builtin._basestring):
+            if expanduser:
+                path = os.path.expanduser(path)
+            self.strpath = abspath(path)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("can only pass None, Path instances "
+                             "or non-empty strings to LocalPath")
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.strpath)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        s1 = self.strpath
+        s2 = getattr(other, "strpath", other)
+        if iswin32:
+            s1 = s1.lower()
+            try:
+                s2 = s2.lower()
+            except AttributeError:
+                return False
+        return s1 == s2
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.strpath < getattr(other, "strpath", other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.strpath > getattr(other, "strpath", other)
+
+    def samefile(self, other):
+        """ return True if 'other' references the same file as 'self'.
+        """
+        other = getattr(other, "strpath", other)
+        if not isabs(other):
+            other = abspath(other)
+        if self == other:
+            return True
+        if iswin32:
+            return False # there is no samefile
+        return py.error.checked_call(
+                os.path.samefile, self.strpath, other)
+
+    def remove(self, rec=1, ignore_errors=False):
+        """ remove a file or directory (or a directory tree if rec=1).
+        if ignore_errors is True, errors while removing directories will
+        be ignored.
+        """
+        if self.check(dir=1, link=0):
+            if rec:
+                # force remove of readonly files on windows
+                if iswin32:
+                    self.chmod(448, rec=1) # octcal 0700
+                py.error.checked_call(py.std.shutil.rmtree, self.strpath,
+                    ignore_errors=ignore_errors)
+            else:
+                py.error.checked_call(os.rmdir, self.strpath)
+        else:
+            if iswin32:
+                self.chmod(448) # octcal 0700
+            py.error.checked_call(os.remove, self.strpath)
+
+    def computehash(self, hashtype="md5", chunksize=524288):
+        """ return hexdigest of hashvalue for this file. """
+        try:
+            try:
+                import hashlib as mod
+            except ImportError:
+                if hashtype == "sha1":
+                    hashtype = "sha"
+                mod = __import__(hashtype)
+            hash = getattr(mod, hashtype)()
+        except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+            raise ValueError("Don't know how to compute %r hash" %(hashtype,))
+        f = self.open('rb')
+        try:
+            while 1:
+                buf = f.read(chunksize)
+                if not buf:
+                    return hash.hexdigest()
+                hash.update(buf)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        """ create a modified version of this path.
+            the following keyword arguments modify various path parts::
+
+              a:/some/path/to/a/file.ext
+              xx                           drive
+              xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx            dirname
+                                xxxxxxxx   basename
+                                xxxx       purebasename
+                                     xxx   ext
+        """
+        obj = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if not kw:
+            obj.strpath = self.strpath
+            return obj
+        drive, dirname, basename, purebasename,ext = self._getbyspec(
+             "drive,dirname,basename,purebasename,ext")
+        if 'basename' in kw:
+            if 'purebasename' in kw or 'ext' in kw:
+                raise ValueError("invalid specification %r" % kw)
+        else:
+            pb = kw.setdefault('purebasename', purebasename)
+            try:
+                ext = kw['ext']
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if ext and not ext.startswith('.'):
+                    ext = '.' + ext
+            kw['basename'] = pb + ext
+
+        if ('dirname' in kw and not kw['dirname']):
+            kw['dirname'] = drive
+        else:
+            kw.setdefault('dirname', dirname)
+        kw.setdefault('sep', self.sep)
+        obj.strpath = normpath(
+            "%(dirname)s%(sep)s%(basename)s" % kw)
+        return obj
+
+    def _getbyspec(self, spec):
+        """ see new for what 'spec' can be. """
+        res = []
+        parts = self.strpath.split(self.sep)
+
+        args = filter(None, spec.split(',') )
+        append = res.append
+        for name in args:
+            if name == 'drive':
+                append(parts[0])
+            elif name == 'dirname':
+                append(self.sep.join(parts[:-1]))
+            else:
+                basename = parts[-1]
+                if name == 'basename':
+                    append(basename)
+                else:
+                    i = basename.rfind('.')
+                    if i == -1:
+                        purebasename, ext = basename, ''
+                    else:
+                        purebasename, ext = basename[:i], basename[i:]
+                    if name == 'purebasename':
+                        append(purebasename)
+                    elif name == 'ext':
+                        append(ext)
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError("invalid part specification %r" % name)
+        return res
+
+    def dirpath(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ return the directory path joined with any given path arguments.  """
+        if not kwargs:
+            path = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+            path.strpath = dirname(self.strpath)
+            if args:
+                path = path.join(*args)
+            return path
+        return super(LocalPath, self).dirpath(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def join(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ return a new path by appending all 'args' as path
+        components.  if abs=1 is used restart from root if any
+        of the args is an absolute path.
+        """
+        sep = self.sep
+        strargs = [getattr(arg, "strpath", arg) for arg in args]
+        strpath = self.strpath
+        if kwargs.get('abs'):
+            newargs = []
+            for arg in reversed(strargs):
+                if isabs(arg):
+                    strpath = arg
+                    strargs = newargs
+                    break
+                newargs.insert(0, arg)
+        for arg in strargs:
+            arg = arg.strip(sep)
+            if iswin32:
+                # allow unix style paths even on windows.
+                arg = arg.strip('/')
+                arg = arg.replace('/', sep)
+            strpath = strpath + sep + arg
+        obj = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        obj.strpath = normpath(strpath)
+        return obj
+
+    def open(self, mode='r', ensure=False, encoding=None):
+        """ return an opened file with the given mode.
+
+        If ensure is True, create parent directories if needed.
+        """
+        if ensure:
+            self.dirpath().ensure(dir=1)
+        if encoding:
+            return py.error.checked_call(io.open, self.strpath, mode, encoding=encoding)
+        return py.error.checked_call(open, self.strpath, mode)
+
+    def _fastjoin(self, name):
+        child = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        child.strpath = self.strpath + self.sep + name
+        return child
+
+    def islink(self):
+        return islink(self.strpath)
+
+    def check(self, **kw):
+        if not kw:
+            return exists(self.strpath)
+        if len(kw) == 1:
+            if "dir" in kw:
+                return not kw["dir"] ^ isdir(self.strpath)
+            if "file" in kw:
+                return not kw["file"] ^ isfile(self.strpath)
+        return super(LocalPath, self).check(**kw)
+
+    _patternchars = set("*?[" + os.path.sep)
+    def listdir(self, fil=None, sort=None):
+        """ list directory contents, possibly filter by the given fil func
+            and possibly sorted.
+        """
+        if fil is None and sort is None:
+            names = py.error.checked_call(os.listdir, self.strpath)
+            return map_as_list(self._fastjoin, names)
+        if isinstance(fil, py.builtin._basestring):
+            if not self._patternchars.intersection(fil):
+                child = self._fastjoin(fil)
+                if exists(child.strpath):
+                    return [child]
+                return []
+            fil = common.FNMatcher(fil)
+        names = py.error.checked_call(os.listdir, self.strpath)
+        res = []
+        for name in names:
+            child = self._fastjoin(name)
+            if fil is None or fil(child):
+                res.append(child)
+        self._sortlist(res, sort)
+        return res
+
+    def size(self):
+        """ return size of the underlying file object """
+        return self.stat().size
+
+    def mtime(self):
+        """ return last modification time of the path. """
+        return self.stat().mtime
+
+    def copy(self, target, mode=False):
+        """ copy path to target."""
+        if self.check(file=1):
+            if target.check(dir=1):
+                target = target.join(self.basename)
+            assert self!=target
+            copychunked(self, target)
+            if mode:
+                copymode(self.strpath, target.strpath)
+        else:
+            def rec(p):
+                return p.check(link=0)
+            for x in self.visit(rec=rec):
+                relpath = x.relto(self)
+                newx = target.join(relpath)
+                newx.dirpath().ensure(dir=1)
+                if x.check(link=1):
+                    newx.mksymlinkto(x.readlink())
+                    continue
+                elif x.check(file=1):
+                    copychunked(x, newx)
+                elif x.check(dir=1):
+                    newx.ensure(dir=1)
+                if mode:
+                    copymode(x.strpath, newx.strpath)
+
+    def rename(self, target):
+        """ rename this path to target. """
+        target = getattr(target, "strpath", target)
+        return py.error.checked_call(os.rename, self.strpath, target)
+
+    def dump(self, obj, bin=1):
+        """ pickle object into path location"""
+        f = self.open('wb')
+        try:
+            py.error.checked_call(py.std.pickle.dump, obj, f, bin)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def mkdir(self, *args):
+        """ create & return the directory joined with args. """
+        p = self.join(*args)
+        py.error.checked_call(os.mkdir, getattr(p, "strpath", p))
+        return p
+
+    def write_binary(self, data, ensure=False):
+        """ write binary data into path.   If ensure is True create
+        missing parent directories.
+        """
+        if ensure:
+            self.dirpath().ensure(dir=1)
+        with self.open('wb') as f:
+            f.write(data)
+
+    def write_text(self, data, encoding, ensure=False):
+        """ write text data into path using the specified encoding.
+        If ensure is True create missing parent directories.
+        """
+        if ensure:
+            self.dirpath().ensure(dir=1)
+        with self.open('w', encoding=encoding) as f:
+            f.write(data)
+
+    def write(self, data, mode='w', ensure=False):
+        """ write data into path.   If ensure is True create
+        missing parent directories.
+        """
+        if ensure:
+            self.dirpath().ensure(dir=1)
+        if 'b' in mode:
+            if not py.builtin._isbytes(data):
+                raise ValueError("can only process bytes")
+        else:
+            if not py.builtin._istext(data):
+                if not py.builtin._isbytes(data):
+                    data = str(data)
+                else:
+                    data = py.builtin._totext(data, sys.getdefaultencoding())
+        f = self.open(mode)
+        try:
+            f.write(data)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def _ensuredirs(self):
+        parent = self.dirpath()
+        if parent == self:
+            return self
+        if parent.check(dir=0):
+            parent._ensuredirs()
+        if self.check(dir=0):
+            try:
+                self.mkdir()
+            except py.error.EEXIST:
+                # race condition: file/dir created by another thread/process.
+                # complain if it is not a dir
+                if self.check(dir=0):
+                    raise
+        return self
+
+    def ensure(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ ensure that an args-joined path exists (by default as
+            a file). if you specify a keyword argument 'dir=True'
+            then the path is forced to be a directory path.
+        """
+        p = self.join(*args)
+        if kwargs.get('dir', 0):
+            return p._ensuredirs()
+        else:
+            p.dirpath()._ensuredirs()
+            if not p.check(file=1):
+                p.open('w').close()
+            return p
+
+    def stat(self, raising=True):
+        """ Return an os.stat() tuple. """
+        if raising == True:
+            return Stat(self, py.error.checked_call(os.stat, self.strpath))
+        try:
+            return Stat(self, os.stat(self.strpath))
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except Exception:
+            return None
+
+    def lstat(self):
+        """ Return an os.lstat() tuple. """
+        return Stat(self, py.error.checked_call(os.lstat, self.strpath))
+
+    def setmtime(self, mtime=None):
+        """ set modification time for the given path.  if 'mtime' is None
+        (the default) then the file's mtime is set to current time.
+
+        Note that the resolution for 'mtime' is platform dependent.
+        """
+        if mtime is None:
+            return py.error.checked_call(os.utime, self.strpath, mtime)
+        try:
+            return py.error.checked_call(os.utime, self.strpath, (-1, mtime))
+        except py.error.EINVAL:
+            return py.error.checked_call(os.utime, self.strpath, (self.atime(), mtime))
+
+    def chdir(self):
+        """ change directory to self and return old current directory """
+        try:
+            old = self.__class__()
+        except py.error.ENOENT:
+            old = None
+        py.error.checked_call(os.chdir, self.strpath)
+        return old
+
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def as_cwd(self):
+        """ return context manager which changes to current dir during the
+        managed "with" context. On __enter__ it returns the old dir.
+        """
+        old = self.chdir()
+        try:
+            yield old
+        finally:
+            old.chdir()
+
+    def realpath(self):
+        """ return a new path which contains no symbolic links."""
+        return self.__class__(os.path.realpath(self.strpath))
+
+    def atime(self):
+        """ return last access time of the path. """
+        return self.stat().atime
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'local(%r)' % self.strpath
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """ return string representation of the Path. """
+        return self.strpath
+
+    def chmod(self, mode, rec=0):
+        """ change permissions to the given mode. If mode is an
+            integer it directly encodes the os-specific modes.
+            if rec is True perform recursively.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(mode, int):
+            raise TypeError("mode %r must be an integer" % (mode,))
+        if rec:
+            for x in self.visit(rec=rec):
+                py.error.checked_call(os.chmod, str(x), mode)
+        py.error.checked_call(os.chmod, self.strpath, mode)
+
+    def pypkgpath(self):
+        """ return the Python package path by looking for the last
+        directory upwards which still contains an __init__.py.
+        Return None if a pkgpath can not be determined.
+        """
+        pkgpath = None
+        for parent in self.parts(reverse=True):
+            if parent.isdir():
+                if not parent.join('__init__.py').exists():
+                    break
+                if not isimportable(parent.basename):
+                    break
+                pkgpath = parent
+        return pkgpath
+
+    def _ensuresyspath(self, ensuremode, path):
+        if ensuremode:
+            s = str(path)
+            if ensuremode == "append":
+                if s not in sys.path:
+                    sys.path.append(s)
+            else:
+                if s != sys.path[0]:
+                    sys.path.insert(0, s)
+
+    def pyimport(self, modname=None, ensuresyspath=True):
+        """ return path as an imported python module.
+
+        If modname is None, look for the containing package
+        and construct an according module name.
+        The module will be put/looked up in sys.modules.
+        if ensuresyspath is True then the root dir for importing
+        the file (taking __init__.py files into account) will
+        be prepended to sys.path if it isn't there already.
+        If ensuresyspath=="append" the root dir will be appended
+        if it isn't already contained in sys.path.
+        if ensuresyspath is False no modification of syspath happens.
+        """
+        if not self.check():
+            raise py.error.ENOENT(self)
+
+        pkgpath = None
+        if modname is None:
+            pkgpath = self.pypkgpath()
+            if pkgpath is not None:
+                pkgroot = pkgpath.dirpath()
+                names = self.new(ext="").relto(pkgroot).split(self.sep)
+                if names[-1] == "__init__":
+                    names.pop()
+                modname = ".".join(names)
+            else:
+                pkgroot = self.dirpath()
+                modname = self.purebasename
+
+            self._ensuresyspath(ensuresyspath, pkgroot)
+            __import__(modname)
+            mod = sys.modules[modname]
+            if self.basename == "__init__.py":
+                return mod # we don't check anything as we might
+                       # we in a namespace package ... too icky to check
+            modfile = mod.__file__
+            if modfile[-4:] in ('.pyc', '.pyo'):
+                modfile = modfile[:-1]
+            elif modfile.endswith('$py.class'):
+                modfile = modfile[:-9] + '.py'
+            if modfile.endswith(os.path.sep + "__init__.py"):
+                if self.basename != "__init__.py":
+                    modfile = modfile[:-12]
+            try:
+                issame = self.samefile(modfile)
+            except py.error.ENOENT:
+                issame = False
+            if not issame:
+                raise self.ImportMismatchError(modname, modfile, self)
+            return mod
+        else:
+            try:
+                return sys.modules[modname]
+            except KeyError:
+                # we have a custom modname, do a pseudo-import
+                mod = py.std.types.ModuleType(modname)
+                mod.__file__ = str(self)
+                sys.modules[modname] = mod
+                try:
+                    py.builtin.execfile(str(self), mod.__dict__)
+                except:
+                    del sys.modules[modname]
+                    raise
+                return mod
+
+    def sysexec(self, *argv, **popen_opts):
+        """ return stdout text from executing a system child process,
+            where the 'self' path points to executable.
+            The process is directly invoked and not through a system shell.
+        """
+        from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
+        argv = map_as_list(str, argv)
+        popen_opts['stdout'] = popen_opts['stderr'] = PIPE
+        proc = Popen([str(self)] + argv, **popen_opts)
+        stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
+        ret = proc.wait()
+        if py.builtin._isbytes(stdout):
+            stdout = py.builtin._totext(stdout, sys.getdefaultencoding())
+        if ret != 0:
+            if py.builtin._isbytes(stderr):
+                stderr = py.builtin._totext(stderr, sys.getdefaultencoding())
+            raise py.process.cmdexec.Error(ret, ret, str(self),
+                                           stdout, stderr,)
+        return stdout
+
+    def sysfind(cls, name, checker=None, paths=None):
+        """ return a path object found by looking at the systems
+            underlying PATH specification. If the checker is not None
+            it will be invoked to filter matching paths.  If a binary
+            cannot be found, None is returned
+            Note: This is probably not working on plain win32 systems
+            but may work on cygwin.
+        """
+        if isabs(name):
+            p = py.path.local(name)
+            if p.check(file=1):
+                return p
+        else:
+            if paths is None:
+                if iswin32:
+                    paths = py.std.os.environ['Path'].split(';')
+                    if '' not in paths and '.' not in paths:
+                        paths.append('.')
+                    try:
+                        systemroot = os.environ['SYSTEMROOT']
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        paths = [re.sub('%SystemRoot%', systemroot, path)
+                                 for path in paths]
+                else:
+                    paths = py.std.os.environ['PATH'].split(':')
+            tryadd = []
+            if iswin32:
+                tryadd += os.environ['PATHEXT'].split(os.pathsep)
+            tryadd.append("")
+
+            for x in paths:
+                for addext in tryadd:
+                    p = py.path.local(x).join(name, abs=True) + addext
+                    try:
+                        if p.check(file=1):
+                            if checker:
+                                if not checker(p):
+                                    continue
+                            return p
+                    except py.error.EACCES:
+                        pass
+        return None
+    sysfind = classmethod(sysfind)
+
+    def _gethomedir(cls):
+        try:
+            x = os.environ['HOME']
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                x = os.environ["HOMEDRIVE"] + os.environ['HOMEPATH']
+            except KeyError:
+                return None
+        return cls(x)
+    _gethomedir = classmethod(_gethomedir)
+
+    #"""
+    #special class constructors for local filesystem paths
+    #"""
+    def get_temproot(cls):
+        """ return the system's temporary directory
+            (where tempfiles are usually created in)
+        """
+        return py.path.local(py.std.tempfile.gettempdir())
+    get_temproot = classmethod(get_temproot)
+
+    def mkdtemp(cls, rootdir=None):
+        """ return a Path object pointing to a fresh new temporary directory
+            (which we created ourself).
+        """
+        import tempfile
+        if rootdir is None:
+            rootdir = cls.get_temproot()
+        return cls(py.error.checked_call(tempfile.mkdtemp, dir=str(rootdir)))
+    mkdtemp = classmethod(mkdtemp)
+
+    def make_numbered_dir(cls, prefix='session-', rootdir=None, keep=3,
+                          lock_timeout = 172800):   # two days
+        """ return unique directory with a number greater than the current
+            maximum one.  The number is assumed to start directly after prefix.
+            if keep is true directories with a number less than (maxnum-keep)
+            will be removed.
+        """
+        if rootdir is None:
+            rootdir = cls.get_temproot()
+
+        def parse_num(path):
+            """ parse the number out of a path (if it matches the prefix) """
+            bn = path.basename
+            if bn.startswith(prefix):
+                try:
+                    return int(bn[len(prefix):])
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+
+        # compute the maximum number currently in use with the
+        # prefix
+        lastmax = None
+        while True:
+            maxnum = -1
+            for path in rootdir.listdir():
+                num = parse_num(path)
+                if num is not None:
+                    maxnum = max(maxnum, num)
+
+            # make the new directory
+            try:
+                udir = rootdir.mkdir(prefix + str(maxnum+1))
+            except py.error.EEXIST:
+                # race condition: another thread/process created the dir
+                # in the meantime.  Try counting again
+                if lastmax == maxnum:
+                    raise
+                lastmax = maxnum
+                continue
+            break
+
+        # put a .lock file in the new directory that will be removed at
+        # process exit
+        if lock_timeout:
+            lockfile = udir.join('.lock')
+            mypid = os.getpid()
+            if hasattr(lockfile, 'mksymlinkto'):
+                lockfile.mksymlinkto(str(mypid))
+            else:
+                lockfile.write(str(mypid))
+            def try_remove_lockfile():
+                # in a fork() situation, only the last process should
+                # remove the .lock, otherwise the other processes run the
+                # risk of seeing their temporary dir disappear.  For now
+                # we remove the .lock in the parent only (i.e. we assume
+                # that the children finish before the parent).
+                if os.getpid() != mypid:
+                    return
+                try:
+                    lockfile.remove()
+                except py.error.Error:
+                    pass
+            atexit.register(try_remove_lockfile)
+
+        # prune old directories
+        if keep:
+            for path in rootdir.listdir():
+                num = parse_num(path)
+                if num is not None and num <= (maxnum - keep):
+                    lf = path.join('.lock')
+                    try:
+                        t1 = lf.lstat().mtime
+                        t2 = lockfile.lstat().mtime
+                        if not lock_timeout or abs(t2-t1) < lock_timeout:
+                            continue   # skip directories still locked
+                    except py.error.Error:
+                        pass   # assume that it means that there is no 'lf'
+                    try:
+                        path.remove(rec=1)
+                    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                        raise
+                    except: # this might be py.error.Error, WindowsError ...
+                        pass
+
+        # make link...
+        try:
+            username = os.environ['USER']           #linux, et al
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                username = os.environ['USERNAME']   #windows
+            except KeyError:
+                username = 'current'
+
+        src  = str(udir)
+        dest = src[:src.rfind('-')] + '-' + username
+        try:
+            os.unlink(dest)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            os.symlink(src, dest)
+        except (OSError, AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
+            pass
+
+        return udir
+    make_numbered_dir = classmethod(make_numbered_dir)
+
+def copymode(src, dest):
+    py.std.shutil.copymode(src, dest)
+
+def copychunked(src, dest):
+    chunksize = 524288 # half a meg of bytes
+    fsrc = src.open('rb')
+    try:
+        fdest = dest.open('wb')
+        try:
+            while 1:
+                buf = fsrc.read(chunksize)
+                if not buf:
+                    break
+                fdest.write(buf)
+        finally:
+            fdest.close()
+    finally:
+        fsrc.close()
+
+def isimportable(name):
+    if name and (name[0].isalpha() or name[0] == '_'):
+        name = name.replace("_", '')
+        return not name or name.isalnum()
diff --git a/python/py/py/_path/svnurl.py b/python/py/py/_path/svnurl.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78d71317a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_path/svnurl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+"""
+module defining a subversion path object based on the external
+command 'svn'. This modules aims to work with svn 1.3 and higher
+but might also interact well with earlier versions.
+"""
+
+import os, sys, time, re
+import py
+from py import path, process
+from py._path import common
+from py._path import svnwc as svncommon
+from py._path.cacheutil import BuildcostAccessCache, AgingCache
+
+DEBUG=False
+
+class SvnCommandPath(svncommon.SvnPathBase):
+    """ path implementation that offers access to (possibly remote) subversion
+    repositories. """
+
+    _lsrevcache = BuildcostAccessCache(maxentries=128)
+    _lsnorevcache = AgingCache(maxentries=1000, maxseconds=60.0)
+
+    def __new__(cls, path, rev=None, auth=None):
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        if isinstance(path, cls):
+            rev = path.rev
+            auth = path.auth
+            path = path.strpath
+        svncommon.checkbadchars(path)
+        path = path.rstrip('/')
+        self.strpath = path
+        self.rev = rev
+        self.auth = auth
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.rev == -1:
+            return 'svnurl(%r)' % self.strpath
+        else:
+            return 'svnurl(%r, %r)' % (self.strpath, self.rev)
+
+    def _svnwithrev(self, cmd, *args):
+        """ execute an svn command, append our own url and revision """
+        if self.rev is None:
+            return self._svnwrite(cmd, *args)
+        else:
+            args = ['-r', self.rev] + list(args)
+            return self._svnwrite(cmd, *args)
+
+    def _svnwrite(self, cmd, *args):
+        """ execute an svn command, append our own url """
+        l = ['svn %s' % cmd]
+        args = ['"%s"' % self._escape(item) for item in args]
+        l.extend(args)
+        l.append('"%s"' % self._encodedurl())
+        # fixing the locale because we can't otherwise parse
+        string = " ".join(l)
+        if DEBUG:
+            print("execing %s" % string)
+        out = self._svncmdexecauth(string)
+        return out
+
+    def _svncmdexecauth(self, cmd):
+        """ execute an svn command 'as is' """
+        cmd = svncommon.fixlocale() + cmd
+        if self.auth is not None:
+            cmd += ' ' + self.auth.makecmdoptions()
+        return self._cmdexec(cmd)
+
+    def _cmdexec(self, cmd):
+        try:
+            out = process.cmdexec(cmd)
+        except py.process.cmdexec.Error:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            if (e.err.find('File Exists') != -1 or
+                            e.err.find('File already exists') != -1):
+                raise py.error.EEXIST(self)
+            raise
+        return out
+
+    def _svnpopenauth(self, cmd):
+        """ execute an svn command, return a pipe for reading stdin """
+        cmd = svncommon.fixlocale() + cmd
+        if self.auth is not None:
+            cmd += ' ' + self.auth.makecmdoptions()
+        return self._popen(cmd)
+
+    def _popen(self, cmd):
+        return os.popen(cmd)
+
+    def _encodedurl(self):
+        return self._escape(self.strpath)
+
+    def _norev_delentry(self, path):
+        auth = self.auth and self.auth.makecmdoptions() or None
+        self._lsnorevcache.delentry((str(path), auth))
+
+    def open(self, mode='r'):
+        """ return an opened file with the given mode. """
+        if mode not in ("r", "rU",):
+            raise ValueError("mode %r not supported" % (mode,))
+        assert self.check(file=1) # svn cat returns an empty file otherwise
+        if self.rev is None:
+            return self._svnpopenauth('svn cat "%s"' % (
+                                      self._escape(self.strpath), ))
+        else:
+            return self._svnpopenauth('svn cat -r %s "%s"' % (
+                                      self.rev, self._escape(self.strpath)))
+
+    def dirpath(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ return the directory path of the current path joined
+            with any given path arguments.
+        """
+        l = self.strpath.split(self.sep)
+        if len(l) < 4:
+            raise py.error.EINVAL(self, "base is not valid")
+        elif len(l) == 4:
+            return self.join(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.new(basename='').join(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # modifying methods (cache must be invalidated)
+    def mkdir(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ create & return the directory joined with args.
+        pass a 'msg' keyword argument to set the commit message.
+        """
+        commit_msg = kwargs.get('msg', "mkdir by py lib invocation")
+        createpath = self.join(*args)
+        createpath._svnwrite('mkdir', '-m', commit_msg)
+        self._norev_delentry(createpath.dirpath())
+        return createpath
+
+    def copy(self, target, msg='copied by py lib invocation'):
+        """ copy path to target with checkin message msg."""
+        if getattr(target, 'rev', None) is not None:
+            raise py.error.EINVAL(target, "revisions are immutable")
+        self._svncmdexecauth('svn copy -m "%s" "%s" "%s"' %(msg,
+                             self._escape(self), self._escape(target)))
+        self._norev_delentry(target.dirpath())
+
+    def rename(self, target, msg="renamed by py lib invocation"):
+        """ rename this path to target with checkin message msg. """
+        if getattr(self, 'rev', None) is not None:
+            raise py.error.EINVAL(self, "revisions are immutable")
+        self._svncmdexecauth('svn move -m "%s" --force "%s" "%s"' %(
+                             msg, self._escape(self), self._escape(target)))
+        self._norev_delentry(self.dirpath())
+        self._norev_delentry(self)
+
+    def remove(self, rec=1, msg='removed by py lib invocation'):
+        """ remove a file or directory (or a directory tree if rec=1) with
+checkin message msg."""
+        if self.rev is not None:
+            raise py.error.EINVAL(self, "revisions are immutable")
+        self._svncmdexecauth('svn rm -m "%s" "%s"' %(msg, self._escape(self)))
+        self._norev_delentry(self.dirpath())
+
+    def export(self, topath):
+        """ export to a local path
+
+            topath should not exist prior to calling this, returns a
+            py.path.local instance
+        """
+        topath = py.path.local(topath)
+        args = ['"%s"' % (self._escape(self),),
+                '"%s"' % (self._escape(topath),)]
+        if self.rev is not None:
+            args = ['-r', str(self.rev)] + args
+        self._svncmdexecauth('svn export %s' % (' '.join(args),))
+        return topath
+
+    def ensure(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ ensure that an args-joined path exists (by default as
+            a file). If you specify a keyword argument 'dir=True'
+            then the path is forced to be a directory path.
+        """
+        if getattr(self, 'rev', None) is not None:
+            raise py.error.EINVAL(self, "revisions are immutable")
+        target = self.join(*args)
+        dir = kwargs.get('dir', 0)
+        for x in target.parts(reverse=True):
+            if x.check():
+                break
+        else:
+            raise py.error.ENOENT(target, "has not any valid base!")
+        if x == target:
+            if not x.check(dir=dir):
+                raise dir and py.error.ENOTDIR(x) or py.error.EISDIR(x)
+            return x
+        tocreate = target.relto(x)
+        basename = tocreate.split(self.sep, 1)[0]
+        tempdir = py.path.local.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            tempdir.ensure(tocreate, dir=dir)
+            cmd = 'svn import -m "%s" "%s" "%s"' % (
+                    "ensure %s" % self._escape(tocreate),
+                    self._escape(tempdir.join(basename)),
+                    x.join(basename)._encodedurl())
+            self._svncmdexecauth(cmd)
+            self._norev_delentry(x)
+        finally:
+            tempdir.remove()
+        return target
+
+    # end of modifying methods
+    def _propget(self, name):
+        res = self._svnwithrev('propget', name)
+        return res[:-1] # strip trailing newline
+
+    def _proplist(self):
+        res = self._svnwithrev('proplist')
+        lines = res.split('\n')
+        lines = [x.strip() for x in lines[1:]]
+        return svncommon.PropListDict(self, lines)
+
+    def info(self):
+        """ return an Info structure with svn-provided information. """
+        parent = self.dirpath()
+        nameinfo_seq = parent._listdir_nameinfo()
+        bn = self.basename
+        for name, info in nameinfo_seq:
+            if name == bn:
+                return info
+        raise py.error.ENOENT(self)
+
+
+    def _listdir_nameinfo(self):
+        """ return sequence of name-info directory entries of self """
+        def builder():
+            try:
+                res = self._svnwithrev('ls', '-v')
+            except process.cmdexec.Error:
+                e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                if e.err.find('non-existent in that revision') != -1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                elif e.err.find("E200009:") != -1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                elif e.err.find('File not found') != -1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                elif e.err.find('not part of a repository')!=-1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                elif e.err.find('Unable to open')!=-1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                elif e.err.lower().find('method not allowed')!=-1:
+                    raise py.error.EACCES(self, e.err)
+                raise py.error.Error(e.err)
+            lines = res.split('\n')
+            nameinfo_seq = []
+            for lsline in lines:
+                if lsline:
+                    info = InfoSvnCommand(lsline)
+                    if info._name != '.':  # svn 1.5 produces '.' dirs,
+                        nameinfo_seq.append((info._name, info))
+            nameinfo_seq.sort()
+            return nameinfo_seq
+        auth = self.auth and self.auth.makecmdoptions() or None
+        if self.rev is not None:
+            return self._lsrevcache.getorbuild((self.strpath, self.rev, auth),
+                                               builder)
+        else:
+            return self._lsnorevcache.getorbuild((self.strpath, auth),
+                                                 builder)
+
+    def listdir(self, fil=None, sort=None):
+        """ list directory contents, possibly filter by the given fil func
+            and possibly sorted.
+        """
+        if isinstance(fil, str):
+            fil = common.FNMatcher(fil)
+        nameinfo_seq = self._listdir_nameinfo()
+        if len(nameinfo_seq) == 1:
+            name, info = nameinfo_seq[0]
+            if name == self.basename and info.kind == 'file':
+                #if not self.check(dir=1):
+                raise py.error.ENOTDIR(self)
+        paths = [self.join(name) for (name, info) in nameinfo_seq]
+        if fil:
+            paths = [x for x in paths if fil(x)]
+        self._sortlist(paths, sort)
+        return paths
+
+
+    def log(self, rev_start=None, rev_end=1, verbose=False):
+        """ return a list of LogEntry instances for this path.
+rev_start is the starting revision (defaulting to the first one).
+rev_end is the last revision (defaulting to HEAD).
+if verbose is True, then the LogEntry instances also know which files changed.
+"""
+        assert self.check() #make it simpler for the pipe
+        rev_start = rev_start is None and "HEAD" or rev_start
+        rev_end = rev_end is None and "HEAD" or rev_end
+
+        if rev_start == "HEAD" and rev_end == 1:
+            rev_opt = ""
+        else:
+            rev_opt = "-r %s:%s" % (rev_start, rev_end)
+        verbose_opt = verbose and "-v" or ""
+        xmlpipe =  self._svnpopenauth('svn log --xml %s %s "%s"' %
+                                      (rev_opt, verbose_opt, self.strpath))
+        from xml.dom import minidom
+        tree = minidom.parse(xmlpipe)
+        result = []
+        for logentry in filter(None, tree.firstChild.childNodes):
+            if logentry.nodeType == logentry.ELEMENT_NODE:
+                result.append(svncommon.LogEntry(logentry))
+        return result
+
+#01234567890123456789012345678901234567890123467
+#   2256      hpk        165 Nov 24 17:55 __init__.py
+# XXX spotted by Guido, SVN 1.3.0 has different aligning, breaks the code!!!
+#   1312 johnny           1627 May 05 14:32 test_decorators.py
+#
+class InfoSvnCommand:
+    # the '0?' part in the middle is an indication of whether the resource is
+    # locked, see 'svn help ls'
+    lspattern = re.compile(
+        r'^ *(?P<rev>\d+) +(?P<author>.+?) +(0? *(?P<size>\d+))? '
+            '*(?P<date>\w+ +\d{2} +[\d:]+) +(?P<file>.*)$')
+    def __init__(self, line):
+        # this is a typical line from 'svn ls http://...'
+        #_    1127      jum        0 Jul 13 15:28 branch/
+        match = self.lspattern.match(line)
+        data = match.groupdict()
+        self._name = data['file']
+        if self._name[-1] == '/':
+            self._name = self._name[:-1]
+            self.kind = 'dir'
+        else:
+            self.kind = 'file'
+        #self.has_props = l.pop(0) == 'P'
+        self.created_rev = int(data['rev'])
+        self.last_author = data['author']
+        self.size = data['size'] and int(data['size']) or 0
+        self.mtime = parse_time_with_missing_year(data['date'])
+        self.time = self.mtime * 1000000
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+
+
+#____________________________________________________
+#
+# helper functions
+#____________________________________________________
+def parse_time_with_missing_year(timestr):
+    """ analyze the time part from a single line of "svn ls -v"
+    the svn output doesn't show the year makes the 'timestr'
+    ambigous.
+    """
+    import calendar
+    t_now = time.gmtime()
+
+    tparts = timestr.split()
+    month = time.strptime(tparts.pop(0), '%b')[1]
+    day = time.strptime(tparts.pop(0), '%d')[2]
+    last = tparts.pop(0) # year or hour:minute
+    try:
+        if ":" in last:
+            raise ValueError()
+        year = time.strptime(last, '%Y')[0]
+        hour = minute = 0
+    except ValueError:
+        hour, minute = time.strptime(last, '%H:%M')[3:5]
+        year = t_now[0]
+
+        t_result = (year, month, day, hour, minute, 0,0,0,0)
+        if t_result > t_now:
+            year -= 1
+    t_result = (year, month, day, hour, minute, 0,0,0,0)
+    return calendar.timegm(t_result)
+
+class PathEntry:
+    def __init__(self, ppart):
+        self.strpath = ppart.firstChild.nodeValue.encode('UTF-8')
+        self.action = ppart.getAttribute('action').encode('UTF-8')
+        if self.action == 'A':
+            self.copyfrom_path = ppart.getAttribute('copyfrom-path').encode('UTF-8')
+            if self.copyfrom_path:
+                self.copyfrom_rev = int(ppart.getAttribute('copyfrom-rev'))
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_path/svnwc.py b/python/py/py/_path/svnwc.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00d3b4bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_path/svnwc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1240 @@
+"""
+svn-Command based Implementation of a Subversion WorkingCopy Path.
+
+  SvnWCCommandPath  is the main class.
+
+"""
+
+import os, sys, time, re, calendar
+import py
+import subprocess
+from py._path import common
+
+#-----------------------------------------------------------
+# Caching latest repository revision and repo-paths
+# (getting them is slow with the current implementations)
+#
+# XXX make mt-safe
+#-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+class cache:
+    proplist = {}
+    info = {}
+    entries = {}
+    prop = {}
+
+class RepoEntry:
+    def __init__(self, url, rev, timestamp):
+        self.url = url
+        self.rev = rev
+        self.timestamp = timestamp
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "repo: %s;%s  %s" %(self.url, self.rev, self.timestamp)
+
+class RepoCache:
+    """ The Repocache manages discovered repository paths
+    and their revisions.  If inside a timeout the cache
+    will even return the revision of the root.
+    """
+    timeout = 20 # seconds after which we forget that we know the last revision
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.repos = []
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.repos = []
+
+    def put(self, url, rev, timestamp=None):
+        if rev is None:
+            return
+        if timestamp is None:
+            timestamp = time.time()
+
+        for entry in self.repos:
+            if url == entry.url:
+                entry.timestamp = timestamp
+                entry.rev = rev
+                #print "set repo", entry
+                break
+        else:
+            entry = RepoEntry(url, rev, timestamp)
+            self.repos.append(entry)
+            #print "appended repo", entry
+
+    def get(self, url):
+        now = time.time()
+        for entry in self.repos:
+            if url.startswith(entry.url):
+                if now < entry.timestamp + self.timeout:
+                    #print "returning immediate Etrny", entry
+                    return entry.url, entry.rev
+                return entry.url, -1
+        return url, -1
+
+repositories = RepoCache()
+
+
+# svn support code
+
+ALLOWED_CHARS = "_ -/\\=$.~+%" #add characters as necessary when tested
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    ALLOWED_CHARS += ":"
+ALLOWED_CHARS_HOST = ALLOWED_CHARS + '@:'
+
+def _getsvnversion(ver=[]):
+    try:
+        return ver[0]
+    except IndexError:
+        v = py.process.cmdexec("svn -q --version")
+        v.strip()
+        v = '.'.join(v.split('.')[:2])
+        ver.append(v)
+        return v
+
+def _escape_helper(text):
+    text = str(text)
+    if py.std.sys.platform != 'win32':
+        text = str(text).replace('$', '\\$')
+    return text
+
+def _check_for_bad_chars(text, allowed_chars=ALLOWED_CHARS):
+    for c in str(text):
+        if c.isalnum():
+            continue
+        if c in allowed_chars:
+            continue
+        return True
+    return False
+
+def checkbadchars(url):
+    # (hpk) not quite sure about the exact purpose, guido w.?
+    proto, uri = url.split("://", 1)
+    if proto != "file":
+        host, uripath = uri.split('/', 1)
+        # only check for bad chars in the non-protocol parts
+        if (_check_for_bad_chars(host, ALLOWED_CHARS_HOST) \
+            or _check_for_bad_chars(uripath, ALLOWED_CHARS)):
+            raise ValueError("bad char in %r" % (url, ))
+
+
+#_______________________________________________________________
+
+class SvnPathBase(common.PathBase):
+    """ Base implementation for SvnPath implementations. """
+    sep = '/'
+
+    def _geturl(self):
+        return self.strpath
+    url = property(_geturl, None, None, "url of this svn-path.")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """ return a string representation (including rev-number) """
+        return self.strpath
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.strpath)
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        """ create a modified version of this path. A 'rev' argument
+            indicates a new revision.
+            the following keyword arguments modify various path parts::
+
+              http://host.com/repo/path/file.ext
+              |-----------------------|          dirname
+                                        |------| basename
+                                        |--|     purebasename
+                                            |--| ext
+        """
+        obj = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        obj.rev = kw.get('rev', self.rev)
+        obj.auth = kw.get('auth', self.auth)
+        dirname, basename, purebasename, ext = self._getbyspec(
+             "dirname,basename,purebasename,ext")
+        if 'basename' in kw:
+            if 'purebasename' in kw or 'ext' in kw:
+                raise ValueError("invalid specification %r" % kw)
+        else:
+            pb = kw.setdefault('purebasename', purebasename)
+            ext = kw.setdefault('ext', ext)
+            if ext and not ext.startswith('.'):
+                ext = '.' + ext
+            kw['basename'] = pb + ext
+
+        kw.setdefault('dirname', dirname)
+        kw.setdefault('sep', self.sep)
+        if kw['basename']:
+            obj.strpath = "%(dirname)s%(sep)s%(basename)s" % kw
+        else:
+            obj.strpath = "%(dirname)s" % kw
+        return obj
+
+    def _getbyspec(self, spec):
+        """ get specified parts of the path.  'arg' is a string
+            with comma separated path parts. The parts are returned
+            in exactly the order of the specification.
+
+            you may specify the following parts:
+
+            http://host.com/repo/path/file.ext
+            |-----------------------|          dirname
+                                      |------| basename
+                                      |--|     purebasename
+                                          |--| ext
+        """
+        res = []
+        parts = self.strpath.split(self.sep)
+        for name in spec.split(','):
+            name = name.strip()
+            if name == 'dirname':
+                res.append(self.sep.join(parts[:-1]))
+            elif name == 'basename':
+                res.append(parts[-1])
+            else:
+                basename = parts[-1]
+                i = basename.rfind('.')
+                if i == -1:
+                    purebasename, ext = basename, ''
+                else:
+                    purebasename, ext = basename[:i], basename[i:]
+                if name == 'purebasename':
+                    res.append(purebasename)
+                elif name == 'ext':
+                    res.append(ext)
+                else:
+                    raise NameError("Don't know part %r" % name)
+        return res
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """ return true if path and rev attributes each match """
+        return (str(self) == str(other) and
+               (self.rev == other.rev or self.rev == other.rev))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def join(self, *args):
+        """ return a new Path (with the same revision) which is composed
+            of the self Path followed by 'args' path components.
+        """
+        if not args:
+            return self
+
+        args = tuple([arg.strip(self.sep) for arg in args])
+        parts = (self.strpath, ) + args
+        newpath = self.__class__(self.sep.join(parts), self.rev, self.auth)
+        return newpath
+
+    def propget(self, name):
+        """ return the content of the given property. """
+        value = self._propget(name)
+        return value
+
+    def proplist(self):
+        """ list all property names. """
+        content = self._proplist()
+        return content
+
+    def size(self):
+        """ Return the size of the file content of the Path. """
+        return self.info().size
+
+    def mtime(self):
+        """ Return the last modification time of the file. """
+        return self.info().mtime
+
+    # shared help methods
+
+    def _escape(self, cmd):
+        return _escape_helper(cmd)
+
+
+    #def _childmaxrev(self):
+    #    """ return maximum revision number of childs (or self.rev if no childs) """
+    #    rev = self.rev
+    #    for name, info in self._listdir_nameinfo():
+    #        rev = max(rev, info.created_rev)
+    #    return rev
+
+    #def _getlatestrevision(self):
+    #    """ return latest repo-revision for this path. """
+    #    url = self.strpath
+    #    path = self.__class__(url, None)
+    #
+    #    # we need a long walk to find the root-repo and revision
+    #    while 1:
+    #        try:
+    #            rev = max(rev, path._childmaxrev())
+    #            previous = path
+    #            path = path.dirpath()
+    #        except (IOError, process.cmdexec.Error):
+    #            break
+    #    if rev is None:
+    #        raise IOError, "could not determine newest repo revision for %s" % self
+    #    return rev
+
+    class Checkers(common.Checkers):
+        def dir(self):
+            try:
+                return self.path.info().kind == 'dir'
+            except py.error.Error:
+                return self._listdirworks()
+
+        def _listdirworks(self):
+            try:
+                self.path.listdir()
+            except py.error.ENOENT:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        def file(self):
+            try:
+                return self.path.info().kind == 'file'
+            except py.error.ENOENT:
+                return False
+
+        def exists(self):
+            try:
+                return self.path.info()
+            except py.error.ENOENT:
+                return self._listdirworks()
+
+def parse_apr_time(timestr):
+    i = timestr.rfind('.')
+    if i == -1:
+        raise ValueError("could not parse %s" % timestr)
+    timestr = timestr[:i]
+    parsedtime = time.strptime(timestr, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
+    return time.mktime(parsedtime)
+
+class PropListDict(dict):
+    """ a Dictionary which fetches values (InfoSvnCommand instances) lazily"""
+    def __init__(self, path, keynames):
+        dict.__init__(self, [(x, None) for x in keynames])
+        self.path = path
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        if value is None:
+            value = self.path.propget(key)
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        return value
+
+def fixlocale():
+    if sys.platform != 'win32':
+        return 'LC_ALL=C '
+    return ''
+
+# some nasty chunk of code to solve path and url conversion and quoting issues
+ILLEGAL_CHARS = '* | \ / : < > ? \t \n \x0b \x0c \r'.split(' ')
+if os.sep in ILLEGAL_CHARS:
+    ILLEGAL_CHARS.remove(os.sep)
+ISWINDOWS = sys.platform == 'win32'
+_reg_allow_disk = re.compile(r'^([a-z]\:\\)?[^:]+$', re.I)
+def _check_path(path):
+    illegal = ILLEGAL_CHARS[:]
+    sp = path.strpath
+    if ISWINDOWS:
+        illegal.remove(':')
+        if not _reg_allow_disk.match(sp):
+            raise ValueError('path may not contain a colon (:)')
+    for char in sp:
+        if char not in string.printable or char in illegal:
+            raise ValueError('illegal character %r in path' % (char,))
+
+def path_to_fspath(path, addat=True):
+    _check_path(path)
+    sp = path.strpath
+    if addat and path.rev != -1:
+        sp = '%s@%s' % (sp, path.rev)
+    elif addat:
+        sp = '%s@HEAD' % (sp,)
+    return sp
+
+def url_from_path(path):
+    fspath = path_to_fspath(path, False)
+    quote = py.std.urllib.quote
+    if ISWINDOWS:
+        match = _reg_allow_disk.match(fspath)
+        fspath = fspath.replace('\\', '/')
+        if match.group(1):
+            fspath = '/%s%s' % (match.group(1).replace('\\', '/'),
+                                quote(fspath[len(match.group(1)):]))
+        else:
+            fspath = quote(fspath)
+    else:
+        fspath = quote(fspath)
+    if path.rev != -1:
+        fspath = '%s@%s' % (fspath, path.rev)
+    else:
+        fspath = '%s@HEAD' % (fspath,)
+    return 'file://%s' % (fspath,)
+
+class SvnAuth(object):
+    """ container for auth information for Subversion """
+    def __init__(self, username, password, cache_auth=True, interactive=True):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.cache_auth = cache_auth
+        self.interactive = interactive
+
+    def makecmdoptions(self):
+        uname = self.username.replace('"', '\\"')
+        passwd = self.password.replace('"', '\\"')
+        ret = []
+        if uname:
+            ret.append('--username="%s"' % (uname,))
+        if passwd:
+            ret.append('--password="%s"' % (passwd,))
+        if not self.cache_auth:
+            ret.append('--no-auth-cache')
+        if not self.interactive:
+            ret.append('--non-interactive')
+        return ' '.join(ret)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "<SvnAuth username=%s ...>" %(self.username,)
+
+rex_blame = re.compile(r'\s*(\d+)\s*(\S+) (.*)')
+
+class SvnWCCommandPath(common.PathBase):
+    """ path implementation offering access/modification to svn working copies.
+        It has methods similar to the functions in os.path and similar to the
+        commands of the svn client.
+    """
+    sep = os.sep
+
+    def __new__(cls, wcpath=None, auth=None):
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        if isinstance(wcpath, cls):
+            if wcpath.__class__ == cls:
+                return wcpath
+            wcpath = wcpath.localpath
+        if _check_for_bad_chars(str(wcpath),
+                                          ALLOWED_CHARS):
+            raise ValueError("bad char in wcpath %s" % (wcpath, ))
+        self.localpath = py.path.local(wcpath)
+        self.auth = auth
+        return self
+
+    strpath = property(lambda x: str(x.localpath), None, None, "string path")
+    rev = property(lambda x: x.info(usecache=0).rev, None, None, "revision")
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.localpath == getattr(other, 'localpath', None)
+
+    def _geturl(self):
+        if getattr(self, '_url', None) is None:
+            info = self.info()
+            self._url = info.url #SvnPath(info.url, info.rev)
+        assert isinstance(self._url, py.builtin._basestring)
+        return self._url
+
+    url = property(_geturl, None, None, "url of this WC item")
+
+    def _escape(self, cmd):
+        return _escape_helper(cmd)
+
+    def dump(self, obj):
+        """ pickle object into path location"""
+        return self.localpath.dump(obj)
+
+    def svnurl(self):
+        """ return current SvnPath for this WC-item. """
+        info = self.info()
+        return py.path.svnurl(info.url)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "svnwc(%r)" % (self.strpath) # , self._url)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.localpath)
+
+    def _makeauthoptions(self):
+        if self.auth is None:
+            return ''
+        return self.auth.makecmdoptions()
+
+    def _authsvn(self, cmd, args=None):
+        args = args and list(args) or []
+        args.append(self._makeauthoptions())
+        return self._svn(cmd, *args)
+
+    def _svn(self, cmd, *args):
+        l = ['svn %s' % cmd]
+        args = [self._escape(item) for item in args]
+        l.extend(args)
+        l.append('"%s"' % self._escape(self.strpath))
+        # try fixing the locale because we can't otherwise parse
+        string = fixlocale() + " ".join(l)
+        try:
+            try:
+                key = 'LC_MESSAGES'
+                hold = os.environ.get(key)
+                os.environ[key] = 'C'
+                out = py.process.cmdexec(string)
+            finally:
+                if hold:
+                    os.environ[key] = hold
+                else:
+                    del os.environ[key]
+        except py.process.cmdexec.Error:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            strerr = e.err.lower()
+            if strerr.find('not found') != -1:
+                raise py.error.ENOENT(self)
+            elif strerr.find("E200009:") != -1:
+                raise py.error.ENOENT(self)
+            if (strerr.find('file exists') != -1 or
+                strerr.find('file already exists') != -1 or
+                strerr.find('w150002:') != -1 or
+                strerr.find("can't create directory") != -1):
+                raise py.error.EEXIST(strerr) #self)
+            raise
+        return out
+
+    def switch(self, url):
+        """ switch to given URL. """
+        self._authsvn('switch', [url])
+
+    def checkout(self, url=None, rev=None):
+        """ checkout from url to local wcpath. """
+        args = []
+        if url is None:
+            url = self.url
+        if rev is None or rev == -1:
+            if (py.std.sys.platform != 'win32' and
+                    _getsvnversion() == '1.3'):
+                url += "@HEAD"
+        else:
+            if _getsvnversion() == '1.3':
+                url += "@%d" % rev
+            else:
+                args.append('-r' + str(rev))
+        args.append(url)
+        self._authsvn('co', args)
+
+    def update(self, rev='HEAD', interactive=True):
+        """ update working copy item to given revision. (None -> HEAD). """
+        opts = ['-r', rev]
+        if not interactive:
+            opts.append("--non-interactive")
+        self._authsvn('up', opts)
+
+    def write(self, content, mode='w'):
+        """ write content into local filesystem wc. """
+        self.localpath.write(content, mode)
+
+    def dirpath(self, *args):
+        """ return the directory Path of the current Path. """
+        return self.__class__(self.localpath.dirpath(*args), auth=self.auth)
+
+    def _ensuredirs(self):
+        parent = self.dirpath()
+        if parent.check(dir=0):
+            parent._ensuredirs()
+        if self.check(dir=0):
+            self.mkdir()
+        return self
+
+    def ensure(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ ensure that an args-joined path exists (by default as
+            a file). if you specify a keyword argument 'directory=True'
+            then the path is forced  to be a directory path.
+        """
+        p = self.join(*args)
+        if p.check():
+            if p.check(versioned=False):
+                p.add()
+            return p
+        if kwargs.get('dir', 0):
+            return p._ensuredirs()
+        parent = p.dirpath()
+        parent._ensuredirs()
+        p.write("")
+        p.add()
+        return p
+
+    def mkdir(self, *args):
+        """ create & return the directory joined with args. """
+        if args:
+            return self.join(*args).mkdir()
+        else:
+            self._svn('mkdir')
+            return self
+
+    def add(self):
+        """ add ourself to svn """
+        self._svn('add')
+
+    def remove(self, rec=1, force=1):
+        """ remove a file or a directory tree. 'rec'ursive is
+            ignored and considered always true (because of
+            underlying svn semantics.
+        """
+        assert rec, "svn cannot remove non-recursively"
+        if not self.check(versioned=True):
+            # not added to svn (anymore?), just remove
+            py.path.local(self).remove()
+            return
+        flags = []
+        if force:
+            flags.append('--force')
+        self._svn('remove', *flags)
+
+    def copy(self, target):
+        """ copy path to target."""
+        py.process.cmdexec("svn copy %s %s" %(str(self), str(target)))
+
+    def rename(self, target):
+        """ rename this path to target. """
+        py.process.cmdexec("svn move --force %s %s" %(str(self), str(target)))
+
+    def lock(self):
+        """ set a lock (exclusive) on the resource """
+        out = self._authsvn('lock').strip()
+        if not out:
+            # warning or error, raise exception
+            raise ValueError("unknown error in svn lock command")
+
+    def unlock(self):
+        """ unset a previously set lock """
+        out = self._authsvn('unlock').strip()
+        if out.startswith('svn:'):
+            # warning or error, raise exception
+            raise Exception(out[4:])
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        """ remove any locks from the resource """
+        # XXX should be fixed properly!!!
+        try:
+            self.unlock()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+    def status(self, updates=0, rec=0, externals=0):
+        """ return (collective) Status object for this file. """
+        # http://svnbook.red-bean.com/book.html#svn-ch-3-sect-4.3.1
+        #             2201     2192        jum   test
+        # XXX
+        if externals:
+            raise ValueError("XXX cannot perform status() "
+                             "on external items yet")
+        else:
+            #1.2 supports: externals = '--ignore-externals'
+            externals = ''
+        if rec:
+            rec= ''
+        else:
+            rec = '--non-recursive'
+
+        # XXX does not work on all subversion versions
+        #if not externals:
+        #    externals = '--ignore-externals'
+
+        if updates:
+            updates = '-u'
+        else:
+            updates = ''
+
+        try:
+            cmd = 'status -v --xml --no-ignore %s %s %s' % (
+                    updates, rec, externals)
+            out = self._authsvn(cmd)
+        except py.process.cmdexec.Error:
+            cmd = 'status -v --no-ignore %s %s %s' % (
+                    updates, rec, externals)
+            out = self._authsvn(cmd)
+            rootstatus = WCStatus(self).fromstring(out, self)
+        else:
+            rootstatus = XMLWCStatus(self).fromstring(out, self)
+        return rootstatus
+
+    def diff(self, rev=None):
+        """ return a diff of the current path against revision rev (defaulting
+            to the last one).
+        """
+        args = []
+        if rev is not None:
+            args.append("-r %d" % rev)
+        out = self._authsvn('diff', args)
+        return out
+
+    def blame(self):
+        """ return a list of tuples of three elements:
+            (revision, commiter, line)
+        """
+        out = self._svn('blame')
+        result = []
+        blamelines = out.splitlines()
+        reallines = py.path.svnurl(self.url).readlines()
+        for i, (blameline, line) in enumerate(
+                zip(blamelines, reallines)):
+            m = rex_blame.match(blameline)
+            if not m:
+                raise ValueError("output line %r of svn blame does not match "
+                                 "expected format" % (line, ))
+            rev, name, _ = m.groups()
+            result.append((int(rev), name, line))
+        return result
+
+    _rex_commit = re.compile(r'.*Committed revision (\d+)\.$', re.DOTALL)
+    def commit(self, msg='', rec=1):
+        """ commit with support for non-recursive commits """
+        # XXX i guess escaping should be done better here?!?
+        cmd = 'commit -m "%s" --force-log' % (msg.replace('"', '\\"'),)
+        if not rec:
+            cmd += ' -N'
+        out = self._authsvn(cmd)
+        try:
+            del cache.info[self]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        if out:
+            m = self._rex_commit.match(out)
+            return int(m.group(1))
+
+    def propset(self, name, value, *args):
+        """ set property name to value on this path. """
+        d = py.path.local.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            p = d.join('value')
+            p.write(value)
+            self._svn('propset', name, '--file', str(p), *args)
+        finally:
+            d.remove()
+
+    def propget(self, name):
+        """ get property name on this path. """
+        res = self._svn('propget', name)
+        return res[:-1] # strip trailing newline
+
+    def propdel(self, name):
+        """ delete property name on this path. """
+        res = self._svn('propdel', name)
+        return res[:-1] # strip trailing newline
+
+    def proplist(self, rec=0):
+        """ return a mapping of property names to property values.
+If rec is True, then return a dictionary mapping sub-paths to such mappings.
+"""
+        if rec:
+            res = self._svn('proplist -R')
+            return make_recursive_propdict(self, res)
+        else:
+            res = self._svn('proplist')
+            lines = res.split('\n')
+            lines = [x.strip() for x in lines[1:]]
+            return PropListDict(self, lines)
+
+    def revert(self, rec=0):
+        """ revert the local changes of this path. if rec is True, do so
+recursively. """
+        if rec:
+            result = self._svn('revert -R')
+        else:
+            result = self._svn('revert')
+        return result
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        """ create a modified version of this path. A 'rev' argument
+            indicates a new revision.
+            the following keyword arguments modify various path parts:
+
+              http://host.com/repo/path/file.ext
+              |-----------------------|          dirname
+                                        |------| basename
+                                        |--|     purebasename
+                                            |--| ext
+        """
+        if kw:
+            localpath = self.localpath.new(**kw)
+        else:
+            localpath = self.localpath
+        return self.__class__(localpath, auth=self.auth)
+
+    def join(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ return a new Path (with the same revision) which is composed
+            of the self Path followed by 'args' path components.
+        """
+        if not args:
+            return self
+        localpath = self.localpath.join(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.__class__(localpath, auth=self.auth)
+
+    def info(self, usecache=1):
+        """ return an Info structure with svn-provided information. """
+        info = usecache and cache.info.get(self)
+        if not info:
+            try:
+                output = self._svn('info')
+            except py.process.cmdexec.Error:
+                e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                if e.err.find('Path is not a working copy directory') != -1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                elif e.err.find("is not under version control") != -1:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, e.err)
+                raise
+            # XXX SVN 1.3 has output on stderr instead of stdout (while it does
+            # return 0!), so a bit nasty, but we assume no output is output
+            # to stderr...
+            if (output.strip() == '' or
+                    output.lower().find('not a versioned resource') != -1):
+                raise py.error.ENOENT(self, output)
+            info = InfoSvnWCCommand(output)
+
+            # Can't reliably compare on Windows without access to win32api
+            if py.std.sys.platform != 'win32':
+                if info.path != self.localpath:
+                    raise py.error.ENOENT(self, "not a versioned resource:" +
+                            " %s != %s" % (info.path, self.localpath))
+            cache.info[self] = info
+        return info
+
+    def listdir(self, fil=None, sort=None):
+        """ return a sequence of Paths.
+
+        listdir will return either a tuple or a list of paths
+        depending on implementation choices.
+        """
+        if isinstance(fil, str):
+            fil = common.FNMatcher(fil)
+        # XXX unify argument naming with LocalPath.listdir
+        def notsvn(path):
+            return path.basename != '.svn'
+
+        paths = []
+        for localpath in self.localpath.listdir(notsvn):
+            p = self.__class__(localpath, auth=self.auth)
+            if notsvn(p) and (not fil or fil(p)):
+                paths.append(p)
+        self._sortlist(paths, sort)
+        return paths
+
+    def open(self, mode='r'):
+        """ return an opened file with the given mode. """
+        return open(self.strpath, mode)
+
+    def _getbyspec(self, spec):
+        return self.localpath._getbyspec(spec)
+
+    class Checkers(py.path.local.Checkers):
+        def __init__(self, path):
+            self.svnwcpath = path
+            self.path = path.localpath
+        def versioned(self):
+            try:
+                s = self.svnwcpath.info()
+            except (py.error.ENOENT, py.error.EEXIST):
+                return False
+            except py.process.cmdexec.Error:
+                e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                if e.err.find('is not a working copy')!=-1:
+                    return False
+                if e.err.lower().find('not a versioned resource') != -1:
+                    return False
+                raise
+            else:
+                return True
+
+    def log(self, rev_start=None, rev_end=1, verbose=False):
+        """ return a list of LogEntry instances for this path.
+rev_start is the starting revision (defaulting to the first one).
+rev_end is the last revision (defaulting to HEAD).
+if verbose is True, then the LogEntry instances also know which files changed.
+"""
+        assert self.check()   # make it simpler for the pipe
+        rev_start = rev_start is None and "HEAD" or rev_start
+        rev_end = rev_end is None and "HEAD" or rev_end
+        if rev_start == "HEAD" and rev_end == 1:
+                rev_opt = ""
+        else:
+            rev_opt = "-r %s:%s" % (rev_start, rev_end)
+        verbose_opt = verbose and "-v" or ""
+        locale_env = fixlocale()
+        # some blather on stderr
+        auth_opt = self._makeauthoptions()
+        #stdin, stdout, stderr  = os.popen3(locale_env +
+        #                                   'svn log --xml %s %s %s "%s"' % (
+        #                                    rev_opt, verbose_opt, auth_opt,
+        #                                    self.strpath))
+        cmd = locale_env + 'svn log --xml %s %s %s "%s"' % (
+            rev_opt, verbose_opt, auth_opt, self.strpath)
+
+        popen = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
+                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    shell=True,
+        )
+        stdout, stderr = popen.communicate()
+        stdout = py.builtin._totext(stdout, sys.getdefaultencoding())
+        minidom,ExpatError = importxml()
+        try:
+            tree = minidom.parseString(stdout)
+        except ExpatError:
+            raise ValueError('no such revision')
+        result = []
+        for logentry in filter(None, tree.firstChild.childNodes):
+            if logentry.nodeType == logentry.ELEMENT_NODE:
+                result.append(LogEntry(logentry))
+        return result
+
+    def size(self):
+        """ Return the size of the file content of the Path. """
+        return self.info().size
+
+    def mtime(self):
+        """ Return the last modification time of the file. """
+        return self.info().mtime
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((self.strpath, self.__class__, self.auth))
+
+
+class WCStatus:
+    attrnames = ('modified','added', 'conflict', 'unchanged', 'external',
+                'deleted', 'prop_modified', 'unknown', 'update_available',
+                'incomplete', 'kindmismatch', 'ignored', 'locked', 'replaced'
+                )
+
+    def __init__(self, wcpath, rev=None, modrev=None, author=None):
+        self.wcpath = wcpath
+        self.rev = rev
+        self.modrev = modrev
+        self.author = author
+
+        for name in self.attrnames:
+            setattr(self, name, [])
+
+    def allpath(self, sort=True, **kw):
+        d = {}
+        for name in self.attrnames:
+            if name not in kw or kw[name]:
+                for path in getattr(self, name):
+                    d[path] = 1
+        l = d.keys()
+        if sort:
+            l.sort()
+        return l
+
+    # XXX a bit scary to assume there's always 2 spaces between username and
+    # path, however with win32 allowing spaces in user names there doesn't
+    # seem to be a more solid approach :(
+    _rex_status = re.compile(r'\s+(\d+|-)\s+(\S+)\s+(.+?)\s{2,}(.*)')
+
+    def fromstring(data, rootwcpath, rev=None, modrev=None, author=None):
+        """ return a new WCStatus object from data 's'
+        """
+        rootstatus = WCStatus(rootwcpath, rev, modrev, author)
+        update_rev = None
+        for line in data.split('\n'):
+            if not line.strip():
+                continue
+            #print "processing %r" % line
+            flags, rest = line[:8], line[8:]
+            # first column
+            c0,c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,x6,c7 = flags
+            #if '*' in line:
+            #    print "flags", repr(flags), "rest", repr(rest)
+
+            if c0 in '?XI':
+                fn = line.split(None, 1)[1]
+                if c0 == '?':
+                    wcpath = rootwcpath.join(fn, abs=1)
+                    rootstatus.unknown.append(wcpath)
+                elif c0 == 'X':
+                    wcpath = rootwcpath.__class__(
+                        rootwcpath.localpath.join(fn, abs=1),
+                        auth=rootwcpath.auth)
+                    rootstatus.external.append(wcpath)
+                elif c0 == 'I':
+                    wcpath = rootwcpath.join(fn, abs=1)
+                    rootstatus.ignored.append(wcpath)
+
+                continue
+
+            #elif c0 in '~!' or c4 == 'S':
+            #    raise NotImplementedError("received flag %r" % c0)
+
+            m = WCStatus._rex_status.match(rest)
+            if not m:
+                if c7 == '*':
+                    fn = rest.strip()
+                    wcpath = rootwcpath.join(fn, abs=1)
+                    rootstatus.update_available.append(wcpath)
+                    continue
+                if line.lower().find('against revision:')!=-1:
+                    update_rev = int(rest.split(':')[1].strip())
+                    continue
+                if line.lower().find('status on external') > -1:
+                    # XXX not sure what to do here... perhaps we want to
+                    # store some state instead of just continuing, as right
+                    # now it makes the top-level external get added twice
+                    # (once as external, once as 'normal' unchanged item)
+                    # because of the way SVN presents external items
+                    continue
+                # keep trying
+                raise ValueError("could not parse line %r" % line)
+            else:
+                rev, modrev, author, fn = m.groups()
+            wcpath = rootwcpath.join(fn, abs=1)
+            #assert wcpath.check()
+            if c0 == 'M':
+                assert wcpath.check(file=1), "didn't expect a directory with changed content here"
+                rootstatus.modified.append(wcpath)
+            elif c0 == 'A' or c3 == '+' :
+                rootstatus.added.append(wcpath)
+            elif c0 == 'D':
+                rootstatus.deleted.append(wcpath)
+            elif c0 == 'C':
+                rootstatus.conflict.append(wcpath)
+            elif c0 == '~':
+                rootstatus.kindmismatch.append(wcpath)
+            elif c0 == '!':
+                rootstatus.incomplete.append(wcpath)
+            elif c0 == 'R':
+                rootstatus.replaced.append(wcpath)
+            elif not c0.strip():
+                rootstatus.unchanged.append(wcpath)
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError("received flag %r" % c0)
+
+            if c1 == 'M':
+                rootstatus.prop_modified.append(wcpath)
+            # XXX do we cover all client versions here?
+            if c2 == 'L' or c5 == 'K':
+                rootstatus.locked.append(wcpath)
+            if c7 == '*':
+                rootstatus.update_available.append(wcpath)
+
+            if wcpath == rootwcpath:
+                rootstatus.rev = rev
+                rootstatus.modrev = modrev
+                rootstatus.author = author
+                if update_rev:
+                    rootstatus.update_rev = update_rev
+                continue
+        return rootstatus
+    fromstring = staticmethod(fromstring)
+
+class XMLWCStatus(WCStatus):
+    def fromstring(data, rootwcpath, rev=None, modrev=None, author=None):
+        """ parse 'data' (XML string as outputted by svn st) into a status obj
+        """
+        # XXX for externals, the path is shown twice: once
+        # with external information, and once with full info as if
+        # the item was a normal non-external... the current way of
+        # dealing with this issue is by ignoring it - this does make
+        # externals appear as external items as well as 'normal',
+        # unchanged ones in the status object so this is far from ideal
+        rootstatus = WCStatus(rootwcpath, rev, modrev, author)
+        update_rev = None
+        minidom, ExpatError = importxml()
+        try:
+            doc = minidom.parseString(data)
+        except ExpatError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            raise ValueError(str(e))
+        urevels = doc.getElementsByTagName('against')
+        if urevels:
+            rootstatus.update_rev = urevels[-1].getAttribute('revision')
+        for entryel in doc.getElementsByTagName('entry'):
+            path = entryel.getAttribute('path')
+            statusel = entryel.getElementsByTagName('wc-status')[0]
+            itemstatus = statusel.getAttribute('item')
+
+            if itemstatus == 'unversioned':
+                wcpath = rootwcpath.join(path, abs=1)
+                rootstatus.unknown.append(wcpath)
+                continue
+            elif itemstatus == 'external':
+                wcpath = rootwcpath.__class__(
+                    rootwcpath.localpath.join(path, abs=1),
+                    auth=rootwcpath.auth)
+                rootstatus.external.append(wcpath)
+                continue
+            elif itemstatus == 'ignored':
+                wcpath = rootwcpath.join(path, abs=1)
+                rootstatus.ignored.append(wcpath)
+                continue
+            elif itemstatus == 'incomplete':
+                wcpath = rootwcpath.join(path, abs=1)
+                rootstatus.incomplete.append(wcpath)
+                continue
+
+            rev = statusel.getAttribute('revision')
+            if itemstatus == 'added' or itemstatus == 'none':
+                rev = '0'
+                modrev = '?'
+                author = '?'
+                date = ''
+            elif itemstatus == "replaced":
+                pass
+            else:
+                #print entryel.toxml()
+                commitel = entryel.getElementsByTagName('commit')[0]
+                if commitel:
+                    modrev = commitel.getAttribute('revision')
+                    author = ''
+                    author_els = commitel.getElementsByTagName('author')
+                    if author_els:
+                        for c in author_els[0].childNodes:
+                            author += c.nodeValue
+                    date = ''
+                    for c in commitel.getElementsByTagName('date')[0]\
+                            .childNodes:
+                        date += c.nodeValue
+
+            wcpath = rootwcpath.join(path, abs=1)
+
+            assert itemstatus != 'modified' or wcpath.check(file=1), (
+                'did\'t expect a directory with changed content here')
+
+            itemattrname = {
+                'normal': 'unchanged',
+                'unversioned': 'unknown',
+                'conflicted': 'conflict',
+                'none': 'added',
+            }.get(itemstatus, itemstatus)
+
+            attr = getattr(rootstatus, itemattrname)
+            attr.append(wcpath)
+
+            propsstatus = statusel.getAttribute('props')
+            if propsstatus not in ('none', 'normal'):
+                rootstatus.prop_modified.append(wcpath)
+
+            if wcpath == rootwcpath:
+                rootstatus.rev = rev
+                rootstatus.modrev = modrev
+                rootstatus.author = author
+                rootstatus.date = date
+
+            # handle repos-status element (remote info)
+            rstatusels = entryel.getElementsByTagName('repos-status')
+            if rstatusels:
+                rstatusel = rstatusels[0]
+                ritemstatus = rstatusel.getAttribute('item')
+                if ritemstatus in ('added', 'modified'):
+                    rootstatus.update_available.append(wcpath)
+
+            lockels = entryel.getElementsByTagName('lock')
+            if len(lockels):
+                rootstatus.locked.append(wcpath)
+
+        return rootstatus
+    fromstring = staticmethod(fromstring)
+
+class InfoSvnWCCommand:
+    def __init__(self, output):
+        # Path: test
+        # URL: http://codespeak.net/svn/std.path/trunk/dist/std.path/test
+        # Repository UUID: fd0d7bf2-dfb6-0310-8d31-b7ecfe96aada
+        # Revision: 2151
+        # Node Kind: directory
+        # Schedule: normal
+        # Last Changed Author: hpk
+        # Last Changed Rev: 2100
+        # Last Changed Date: 2003-10-27 20:43:14 +0100 (Mon, 27 Oct 2003)
+        # Properties Last Updated: 2003-11-03 14:47:48 +0100 (Mon, 03 Nov 2003)
+
+        d = {}
+        for line in output.split('\n'):
+            if not line.strip():
+                continue
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            key = key.lower().replace(' ', '')
+            value = value.strip()
+            d[key] = value
+        try:
+            self.url = d['url']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise  ValueError("Not a versioned resource")
+            #raise ValueError, "Not a versioned resource %r" % path
+        self.kind = d['nodekind'] == 'directory' and 'dir' or d['nodekind']
+        try:
+            self.rev = int(d['revision'])
+        except KeyError:
+            self.rev = None
+
+        self.path = py.path.local(d['path'])
+        self.size = self.path.size()
+        if 'lastchangedrev' in d:
+            self.created_rev = int(d['lastchangedrev'])
+        if 'lastchangedauthor' in d:
+            self.last_author = d['lastchangedauthor']
+        if 'lastchangeddate' in d:
+            self.mtime = parse_wcinfotime(d['lastchangeddate'])
+            self.time = self.mtime * 1000000
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+
+def parse_wcinfotime(timestr):
+    """ Returns seconds since epoch, UTC. """
+    # example: 2003-10-27 20:43:14 +0100 (Mon, 27 Oct 2003)
+    m = re.match(r'(\d+-\d+-\d+ \d+:\d+:\d+) ([+-]\d+) .*', timestr)
+    if not m:
+        raise ValueError("timestring %r does not match" % timestr)
+    timestr, timezone = m.groups()
+    # do not handle timezone specially, return value should be UTC
+    parsedtime = time.strptime(timestr, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+    return calendar.timegm(parsedtime)
+
+def make_recursive_propdict(wcroot,
+                            output,
+                            rex = re.compile("Properties on '(.*)':")):
+    """ Return a dictionary of path->PropListDict mappings. """
+    lines = [x for x in output.split('\n') if x]
+    pdict = {}
+    while lines:
+        line = lines.pop(0)
+        m = rex.match(line)
+        if not m:
+            raise ValueError("could not parse propget-line: %r" % line)
+        path = m.groups()[0]
+        wcpath = wcroot.join(path, abs=1)
+        propnames = []
+        while lines and lines[0].startswith('  '):
+            propname = lines.pop(0).strip()
+            propnames.append(propname)
+        assert propnames, "must have found properties!"
+        pdict[wcpath] = PropListDict(wcpath, propnames)
+    return pdict
+
+
+def importxml(cache=[]):
+    if cache:
+        return cache
+    from xml.dom import minidom
+    from xml.parsers.expat import ExpatError
+    cache.extend([minidom, ExpatError])
+    return cache
+
+class LogEntry:
+    def __init__(self, logentry):
+        self.rev = int(logentry.getAttribute('revision'))
+        for lpart in filter(None, logentry.childNodes):
+            if lpart.nodeType == lpart.ELEMENT_NODE:
+                if lpart.nodeName == 'author':
+                    self.author = lpart.firstChild.nodeValue
+                elif lpart.nodeName == 'msg':
+                    if lpart.firstChild:
+                        self.msg = lpart.firstChild.nodeValue
+                    else:
+                        self.msg = ''
+                elif lpart.nodeName == 'date':
+                    #2003-07-29T20:05:11.598637Z
+                    timestr = lpart.firstChild.nodeValue
+                    self.date = parse_apr_time(timestr)
+                elif lpart.nodeName == 'paths':
+                    self.strpaths = []
+                    for ppart in filter(None, lpart.childNodes):
+                        if ppart.nodeType == ppart.ELEMENT_NODE:
+                            self.strpaths.append(PathEntry(ppart))
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Logentry rev=%d author=%s date=%s>' % (
+            self.rev, self.author, self.date)
+
+
diff --git a/python/py/py/_process/__init__.py b/python/py/py/_process/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86c714ad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_process/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+""" high-level sub-process handling """
diff --git a/python/py/py/_process/cmdexec.py b/python/py/py/_process/cmdexec.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f83a24940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_process/cmdexec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import py
+from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
+
+def cmdexec(cmd):
+    """ return unicode output of executing 'cmd' in a separate process.
+
+    raise cmdexec.Error exeception if the command failed.
+    the exception will provide an 'err' attribute containing
+    the error-output from the command.
+    if the subprocess module does not provide a proper encoding/unicode strings
+    sys.getdefaultencoding() will be used, if that does not exist, 'UTF-8'.
+    """
+    process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True,
+            universal_newlines=True,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    out, err = process.communicate()
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3: # on py3 we get unicode strings, on py2 not
+        try:
+            default_encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding() # jython may not have it
+        except AttributeError:
+            default_encoding = sys.stdout.encoding or 'UTF-8'
+        out = unicode(out, process.stdout.encoding or default_encoding)
+        err = unicode(err, process.stderr.encoding or default_encoding)
+    status = process.poll()
+    if status:
+        raise ExecutionFailed(status, status, cmd, out, err)
+    return out
+
+class ExecutionFailed(py.error.Error):
+    def __init__(self, status, systemstatus, cmd, out, err):
+        Exception.__init__(self)
+        self.status = status
+        self.systemstatus = systemstatus
+        self.cmd = cmd
+        self.err = err
+        self.out = out
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "ExecutionFailed: %d  %s\n%s" %(self.status, self.cmd, self.err)
+
+# export the exception under the name 'py.process.cmdexec.Error'
+cmdexec.Error = ExecutionFailed
+try:
+    ExecutionFailed.__module__ = 'py.process.cmdexec'
+    ExecutionFailed.__name__ = 'Error'
+except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+    pass
diff --git a/python/py/py/_process/forkedfunc.py b/python/py/py/_process/forkedfunc.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c2853068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_process/forkedfunc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+
+"""
+    ForkedFunc provides a way to run a function in a forked process
+    and get at its return value, stdout and stderr output as well
+    as signals and exitstatusus.
+"""
+
+import py
+import os
+import sys
+import marshal
+
+
+def get_unbuffered_io(fd, filename):
+    f = open(str(filename), "w")
+    if fd != f.fileno():
+        os.dup2(f.fileno(), fd)
+    class AutoFlush:
+        def write(self, data):
+            f.write(data)
+            f.flush()
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            return getattr(f, name)
+    return AutoFlush()
+
+
+class ForkedFunc:
+    EXITSTATUS_EXCEPTION = 3
+
+
+    def __init__(self, fun, args=None, kwargs=None, nice_level=0,
+                 child_on_start=None, child_on_exit=None):
+        if args is None:
+            args = []
+        if kwargs is None:
+            kwargs = {}
+        self.fun = fun
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.tempdir = tempdir = py.path.local.mkdtemp()
+        self.RETVAL = tempdir.ensure('retval')
+        self.STDOUT = tempdir.ensure('stdout')
+        self.STDERR = tempdir.ensure('stderr')
+
+        pid = os.fork()
+        if pid:  # in parent process
+            self.pid = pid
+        else:  # in child process
+            self.pid = None
+            self._child(nice_level, child_on_start, child_on_exit)
+
+    def _child(self, nice_level, child_on_start, child_on_exit):
+        # right now we need to call a function, but first we need to
+        # map all IO that might happen
+        sys.stdout = stdout = get_unbuffered_io(1, self.STDOUT)
+        sys.stderr = stderr = get_unbuffered_io(2, self.STDERR)
+        retvalf = self.RETVAL.open("wb")
+        EXITSTATUS = 0
+        try:
+            if nice_level:
+                os.nice(nice_level)
+            try:
+                if child_on_start is not None:
+                    child_on_start()
+                retval = self.fun(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
+                retvalf.write(marshal.dumps(retval))
+                if child_on_exit is not None:
+                    child_on_exit()
+            except:
+                excinfo = py.code.ExceptionInfo()
+                stderr.write(str(excinfo._getreprcrash()))
+                EXITSTATUS = self.EXITSTATUS_EXCEPTION
+        finally:
+            stdout.close()
+            stderr.close()
+            retvalf.close()
+        os.close(1)
+        os.close(2)
+        os._exit(EXITSTATUS)
+
+    def waitfinish(self, waiter=os.waitpid):
+        pid, systemstatus = waiter(self.pid, 0)
+        if systemstatus:
+            if os.WIFSIGNALED(systemstatus):
+                exitstatus = os.WTERMSIG(systemstatus) + 128
+            else:
+                exitstatus = os.WEXITSTATUS(systemstatus)
+        else:
+            exitstatus = 0
+        signal = systemstatus & 0x7f
+        if not exitstatus and not signal:
+            retval = self.RETVAL.open('rb')
+            try:
+                retval_data = retval.read()
+            finally:
+                retval.close()
+            retval = marshal.loads(retval_data)
+        else:
+            retval = None
+        stdout = self.STDOUT.read()
+        stderr = self.STDERR.read()
+        self._removetemp()
+        return Result(exitstatus, signal, retval, stdout, stderr)
+
+    def _removetemp(self):
+        if self.tempdir.check():
+            self.tempdir.remove()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self.pid is not None:  # only clean up in main process
+            self._removetemp()
+
+
+class Result(object):
+    def __init__(self, exitstatus, signal, retval, stdout, stderr):
+        self.exitstatus = exitstatus
+        self.signal = signal
+        self.retval = retval
+        self.out = stdout
+        self.err = stderr
diff --git a/python/py/py/_process/killproc.py b/python/py/py/_process/killproc.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18e8310b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_process/killproc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import py
+import os, sys
+
+if sys.platform == "win32" or getattr(os, '_name', '') == 'nt':
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        def dokill(pid):
+            py.process.cmdexec("taskkill /F /PID %d" %(pid,))
+    else:
+        def dokill(pid):
+            PROCESS_TERMINATE = 1
+            handle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.OpenProcess(
+                        PROCESS_TERMINATE, False, pid)
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.TerminateProcess(handle, -1)
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.CloseHandle(handle)
+else:
+    def dokill(pid):
+        os.kill(pid, 15)
+
+def kill(pid):
+    """ kill process by id. """
+    dokill(pid)
diff --git a/python/py/py/_std.py b/python/py/py/_std.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97a985332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_std.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import sys
+
+class Std(object):
+    """ makes top-level python modules available as an attribute,
+        importing them on first access.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.__dict__ = sys.modules
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        try:
+            m = __import__(name)
+        except ImportError:
+            raise AttributeError("py.std: could not import %s" % name)
+        return m
+
+std = Std()
diff --git a/python/py/py/_xmlgen.py b/python/py/py/_xmlgen.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ffcaa14b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/_xmlgen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+"""
+module for generating and serializing xml and html structures
+by using simple python objects.
+
+(c) holger krekel, holger at merlinux eu. 2009
+"""
+import sys, re
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3,0):
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    def unicode(x, errors=None):
+        if hasattr(x, '__unicode__'):
+            return x.__unicode__()
+        return str(x)
+else:
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s)
+    unicode = unicode
+
+
+class NamespaceMetaclass(type):
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name[:1] == '_':
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        if self == Namespace:
+            raise ValueError("Namespace class is abstract")
+        tagspec = self.__tagspec__
+        if tagspec is not None and name not in tagspec:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        classattr = {}
+        if self.__stickyname__:
+            classattr['xmlname'] = name
+        cls = type(name, (self.__tagclass__,), classattr)
+        setattr(self, name, cls)
+        return cls
+
+class Tag(list):
+    class Attr(object):
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Tag, self).__init__(args)
+        self.attr = self.Attr(**kwargs)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return self.unicode(indent=0)
+    __str__ = __unicode__
+
+    def unicode(self, indent=2):
+        l = []
+        SimpleUnicodeVisitor(l.append, indent).visit(self)
+        return u("").join(l)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self.__class__.__name__
+        return "<%r tag object %d>" % (name, id(self))
+
+Namespace = NamespaceMetaclass('Namespace', (object, ), {
+    '__tagspec__': None,
+    '__tagclass__': Tag,
+    '__stickyname__': False,
+})
+
+class HtmlTag(Tag):
+    def unicode(self, indent=2):
+        l = []
+        HtmlVisitor(l.append, indent, shortempty=False).visit(self)
+        return u("").join(l)
+
+# exported plain html namespace
+class html(Namespace):
+    __tagclass__ = HtmlTag
+    __stickyname__ = True
+    __tagspec__ = dict([(x,1) for x in (
+        'a,abbr,acronym,address,applet,area,b,bdo,big,blink,'
+        'blockquote,body,br,button,caption,center,cite,code,col,'
+        'colgroup,comment,dd,del,dfn,dir,div,dl,dt,em,embed,'
+        'fieldset,font,form,frameset,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,head,html,'
+        'i,iframe,img,input,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,link,listing,'
+        'map,marquee,menu,meta,multicol,nobr,noembed,noframes,'
+        'noscript,object,ol,optgroup,option,p,pre,q,s,script,'
+        'select,small,span,strike,strong,style,sub,sup,table,'
+        'tbody,td,textarea,tfoot,th,thead,title,tr,tt,u,ul,xmp,'
+        'base,basefont,frame,hr,isindex,param,samp,var'
+    ).split(',') if x])
+
+    class Style(object):
+        def __init__(self, **kw):
+            for x, y in kw.items():
+                x = x.replace('_', '-')
+                setattr(self, x, y)
+
+
+class raw(object):
+    """just a box that can contain a unicode string that will be
+    included directly in the output"""
+    def __init__(self, uniobj):
+        self.uniobj = uniobj
+
+class SimpleUnicodeVisitor(object):
+    """ recursive visitor to write unicode. """
+    def __init__(self, write, indent=0, curindent=0, shortempty=True):
+        self.write = write
+        self.cache = {}
+        self.visited = {} # for detection of recursion
+        self.indent = indent
+        self.curindent = curindent
+        self.parents = []
+        self.shortempty = shortempty  # short empty tags or not
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        """ dispatcher on node's class/bases name. """
+        cls = node.__class__
+        try:
+            visitmethod = self.cache[cls]
+        except KeyError:
+            for subclass in cls.__mro__:
+                visitmethod = getattr(self, subclass.__name__, None)
+                if visitmethod is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                visitmethod = self.__object
+            self.cache[cls] = visitmethod
+        visitmethod(node)
+
+    # the default fallback handler is marked private
+    # to avoid clashes with the tag name object
+    def __object(self, obj):
+        #self.write(obj)
+        self.write(escape(unicode(obj)))
+
+    def raw(self, obj):
+        self.write(obj.uniobj)
+
+    def list(self, obj):
+        assert id(obj) not in self.visited
+        self.visited[id(obj)] = 1
+        for elem in obj:
+            self.visit(elem)
+
+    def Tag(self, tag):
+        assert id(tag) not in self.visited
+        try:
+            tag.parent = self.parents[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            tag.parent = None
+        self.visited[id(tag)] = 1
+        tagname = getattr(tag, 'xmlname', tag.__class__.__name__)
+        if self.curindent and not self._isinline(tagname):
+            self.write("\n" + u(' ') * self.curindent)
+        if tag:
+            self.curindent += self.indent
+            self.write(u('<%s%s>') % (tagname, self.attributes(tag)))
+            self.parents.append(tag)
+            for x in tag:
+                self.visit(x)
+            self.parents.pop()
+            self.write(u('</%s>') % tagname)
+            self.curindent -= self.indent
+        else:
+            nameattr = tagname+self.attributes(tag)
+            if self._issingleton(tagname):
+                self.write(u('<%s/>') % (nameattr,))
+            else:
+                self.write(u('<%s></%s>') % (nameattr, tagname))
+
+    def attributes(self, tag):
+        # serialize attributes
+        attrlist = dir(tag.attr)
+        attrlist.sort()
+        l = []
+        for name in attrlist:
+            res = self.repr_attribute(tag.attr, name)
+            if res is not None:
+                l.append(res)
+        l.extend(self.getstyle(tag))
+        return u("").join(l)
+
+    def repr_attribute(self, attrs, name):
+        if name[:2] != '__':
+            value = getattr(attrs, name)
+            if name.endswith('_'):
+                name = name[:-1]
+            if isinstance(value, raw):
+                insert = value.uniobj
+            else:
+                insert = escape(unicode(value))
+            return ' %s="%s"' % (name, insert)
+
+    def getstyle(self, tag):
+        """ return attribute list suitable for styling. """
+        try:
+            styledict = tag.style.__dict__
+        except AttributeError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            stylelist = [x+': ' + y for x,y in styledict.items()]
+            return [u(' style="%s"') % u('; ').join(stylelist)]
+
+    def _issingleton(self, tagname):
+        """can (and will) be overridden in subclasses"""
+        return self.shortempty
+
+    def _isinline(self, tagname):
+        """can (and will) be overridden in subclasses"""
+        return False
+
+class HtmlVisitor(SimpleUnicodeVisitor):
+
+    single = dict([(x, 1) for x in
+                ('br,img,area,param,col,hr,meta,link,base,'
+                    'input,frame').split(',')])
+    inline = dict([(x, 1) for x in
+                ('a abbr acronym b basefont bdo big br cite code dfn em font '
+                 'i img input kbd label q s samp select small span strike '
+                 'strong sub sup textarea tt u var'.split(' '))])
+
+    def repr_attribute(self, attrs, name):
+        if name == 'class_':
+            value = getattr(attrs, name)
+            if value is None:
+                return
+        return super(HtmlVisitor, self).repr_attribute(attrs, name)
+
+    def _issingleton(self, tagname):
+        return tagname in self.single
+
+    def _isinline(self, tagname):
+        return tagname in self.inline
+
+
+class _escape:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.escape = {
+            u('"') : u('&quot;'), u('<') : u('&lt;'), u('>') : u('&gt;'),
+            u('&') : u('&amp;'), u("'") : u('&apos;'),
+            }
+        self.charef_rex = re.compile(u("|").join(self.escape.keys()))
+
+    def _replacer(self, match):
+        return self.escape[match.group(0)]
+
+    def __call__(self, ustring):
+        """ xml-escape the given unicode string. """
+        try:
+            ustring = unicode(ustring)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            ustring = unicode(ustring, 'utf-8', errors='replace')
+        return self.charef_rex.sub(self._replacer, ustring)
+
+escape = _escape()
diff --git a/python/py/py/test.py b/python/py/py/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5beb178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/py/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import sys
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import pytest
+    sys.exit(pytest.main())
+else:
+    import sys, pytest
+    sys.modules['py.test'] = pytest
+
+# for more API entry points see the 'tests' definition
+# in __init__.py
diff --git a/python/py/setup.cfg b/python/py/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be0b2a5c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[wheel]
+universal = 1
+
+[devpi:upload]
+formats = sdist.tgz,bdist_wheel
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/py/setup.py b/python/py/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06f0885cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/py/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import os, sys
+
+from setuptools import setup
+
+def main():
+    setup(
+        name='py',
+        description='library with cross-python path, ini-parsing, io, code, log facilities',
+        long_description = open('README.txt').read(),
+        version='1.4.31',
+        url='http://pylib.readthedocs.org/',
+        license='MIT license',
+        platforms=['unix', 'linux', 'osx', 'cygwin', 'win32'],
+        author='holger krekel, Ronny Pfannschmidt, Benjamin Peterson and others',
+        author_email='pytest-dev@python.org',
+        classifiers=['Development Status :: 6 - Mature',
+                     'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+                     'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+                     'Operating System :: POSIX',
+                     'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows',
+                     'Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X',
+                     'Topic :: Software Development :: Testing',
+                     'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+                     'Topic :: Utilities',
+                     'Programming Language :: Python',
+                     'Programming Language :: Python :: 3'],
+        packages=['py',
+                  'py._code',
+                  'py._io',
+                  'py._log',
+                  'py._path',
+                  'py._process',
+        ],
+        zip_safe=False,
+    )
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/CHANGES b/python/pyasn1-modules/CHANGES
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40b7bb07c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/CHANGES
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Revision 0.0.5
+--------------
+
+- License updated to vanilla BSD 2-Clause to ease package use
+  (http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause).
+
+Revision 0.0.4
+--------------
+
+- CMP structures (RFC4210), cmpdump.py tool and test case added.
+- SNMPv2c Message syntax (RFC1901) properly defined.
+- Package version established in form of __init__.__version__
+  which is in-sync with distutils.
+- Package meta information and classifiers updated.
+
+Revision 0.0.3
+--------------
+
+- Text cases implemented
+- X.509 CRMF structures (RFC2511) and crmfdump.py tool added
+- X.509 CRL structures and crldump.py tool added
+- PKCS#10 structures and pkcs10dump.py tool added
+- PKCS#8 structures and pkcs8dump.py tool added
+- PKCS#1 (rfc3447) structures added
+- OCSP request & response dumping tool added
+- SNMPv2c & SNMPv3/USM structures added
+- keydump.py moved into pkcs1dump.py
+- PEM files read function generalized to be used more universally.
+- complete PKIX1 '88 code implemented at rfc2459.py
+
+
+Revision 0.0.2
+--------------
+
+- Require pyasn1 >= 0.1.1
+- Fixes towards Py3K compatibility
+  + use either of existing urllib module
+  + adopt to the new bytes type
+  + print operator is now a function
+  + new exception syntax
+
+Revision 0.0.1a
+---------------
+
+- Initial revision, most code carried from pyasn1 examples.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/LICENSE b/python/pyasn1-modules/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fac589b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Copyright (c) 2005-2013, Ilya Etingof <ilya@glas.net>
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 
+ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/MANIFEST.in b/python/pyasn1-modules/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..056c1d05a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+include CHANGES README LICENSE
+recursive-include tools *.py
+recursive-include test *.sh
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/PKG-INFO b/python/pyasn1-modules/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..059bb2045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: pyasn1-modules
+Version: 0.0.5
+Summary: A collection of ASN.1-based protocols modules.
+Home-page: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/
+Author: Ilya Etingof <ilya@glas.net>
+Author-email: ilya@glas.net
+License: BSD
+Description: A collection of ASN.1 modules expressed in form of pyasn1 classes. Includes protocols PDUs definition (SNMP, LDAP etc.) and various data structures (X.509, PKCS etc.).
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Education
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Telecommunications Industry
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Topic :: Communications
+Classifier: Topic :: Security :: Cryptography
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/README b/python/pyasn1-modules/README
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a49a22efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/README
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+ASN.1 modules for Python
+------------------------
+
+This is a small but growing collection of ASN.1 data structures
+[1] expressed in Python terms using pyasn1 [2] data model.
+
+It's thought to be useful to protocol developers and testers.
+
+All modules are py2k/py3k-compliant.
+
+If you happen to convert some ASN.1 module into pyasn1 that is not
+yet present in this collection and wish to contribute - please send
+it to me.
+
+=-=-=
+mailto: ilya@glas.net
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..824d8dfe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0396/
+__version__ = '0.0.5'
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/pem.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/pem.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8d815873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/pem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import base64, sys
+
+stSpam, stHam, stDump = 0, 1, 2
+
+# The markers parameters is in form ('start1', 'stop1'), ('start2', 'stop2')...
+# Return is (marker-index, substrate)
+def readPemBlocksFromFile(fileObj, *markers):
+    startMarkers = dict(map(lambda x: (x[1],x[0]),
+                            enumerate(map(lambda x: x[0], markers))))
+    stopMarkers = dict(map(lambda x: (x[1],x[0]),
+                           enumerate(map(lambda x: x[1], markers))))
+    idx = -1; substrate = ''
+    state = stSpam
+    while 1:
+        certLine = fileObj.readline()
+        if not certLine:
+            break
+        certLine = certLine.strip()
+        if state == stSpam:
+            if certLine in startMarkers:
+                certLines = []
+                idx = startMarkers[certLine]
+                state = stHam
+                continue
+        if state == stHam:
+            if certLine in stopMarkers and stopMarkers[certLine] == idx:
+                state = stDump
+            else:
+                certLines.append(certLine)
+        if state == stDump:
+            if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+                substrate = ''.join([ base64.b64decode(x) for x in certLines ])
+            else:
+                substrate = ''.encode().join([ base64.b64decode(x.encode()) for x in certLines ])
+            break
+    return idx, substrate
+
+# Backward compatibility routine
+def readPemFromFile(fileObj, 
+                    startMarker='-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----',
+                    endMarker='-----END CERTIFICATE-----'):
+    idx, substrate = readPemBlocksFromFile(fileObj, (startMarker, endMarker))
+    return substrate
+
+def readBase64FromFile(fileObj):
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        return ''.join([ base64.b64decode(x) for x in fileObj.readlines() ])
+    else:
+        return ''.encode().join(
+            [ base64.b64decode(x.encode()) for x in fileObj.readlines() ]
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/pkcs12.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/pkcs12.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb17675c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/pkcs12.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#
+# PKCS#12 syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-12/pkcs-12.asn
+#
+# Sample captures could be obtained with "openssl pkcs12" command
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2459 import *
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2251
+
+class Attributes(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = rfc2251.Attribute()
+
+class Version(univ.Integer): pass
+
+class CertificationRequestInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subject', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subjectPublicKeyInfo', SubjectPublicKeyInfo()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributes', Attributes().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+    )
+
+class Signature(univ.BitString): pass
+class SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class CertificationRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certificationRequestInfo', CertificationRequestInfo()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', Signature())
+    )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1155.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1155.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e3c5cdbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1155.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#
+# SNMPv1 message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1155.txt
+#
+# Sample captures from:
+# http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures/
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, tag, constraint
+
+class ObjectName(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+class SimpleSyntax(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('number', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('string', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('object', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('empty', univ.Null())
+        )
+
+class IpAddress(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(
+        4, 4
+        )
+class NetworkAddress(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('internet', IpAddress())
+        )
+
+class Counter(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+class Gauge(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+class TimeTicks(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+class Opaque(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4)
+        )
+    
+class ApplicationSyntax(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('address', NetworkAddress()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('counter', Counter()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('gauge', Gauge()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ticks', TimeTicks()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('arbitrary', Opaque())
+        )
+    
+class ObjectSyntax(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('simple', SimpleSyntax()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('application-wide', ApplicationSyntax())
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1157.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1157.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a36b06a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1157.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#
+# SNMPv1 message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1157.txt
+#
+# Sample captures from:
+# http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures/
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, tag, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc1155
+
+class Version(univ.Integer):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('version-1', 0)
+        )
+    defaultValue = 0
+
+class Community(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class RequestID(univ.Integer): pass
+class ErrorStatus(univ.Integer):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('noError', 0),
+        ('tooBig', 1),
+        ('noSuchName', 2),
+        ('badValue', 3),
+        ('readOnly', 4),
+        ('genErr', 5)
+        )
+class ErrorIndex(univ.Integer): pass
+
+class VarBind(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('name', rfc1155.ObjectName()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', rfc1155.ObjectSyntax())
+        )
+class VarBindList(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = VarBind()
+
+class _RequestBase(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('request-id', RequestID()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('error-status', ErrorStatus()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('error-index', ErrorIndex()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('variable-bindings', VarBindList())
+        )
+                            
+class GetRequestPDU(_RequestBase):
+    tagSet = _RequestBase.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+        )    
+class GetNextRequestPDU(_RequestBase):
+    tagSet = _RequestBase.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+        )
+class GetResponsePDU(_RequestBase):
+    tagSet = _RequestBase.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2)
+        )
+class SetRequestPDU(_RequestBase):
+    tagSet = _RequestBase.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3)
+        )
+
+class TrapPDU(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('enterprise', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('agent-addr', rfc1155.NetworkAddress()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('generic-trap', univ.Integer().clone(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('coldStart', 0), ('warmStart', 1), ('linkDown', 2), ('linkUp', 3), ('authenticationFailure', 4), ('egpNeighborLoss', 5), ('enterpriseSpecific', 6)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('specific-trap', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('time-stamp', rfc1155.TimeTicks()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('variable-bindings', VarBindList())
+        )
+    
+class Pdus(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('get-request', GetRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('get-next-request', GetNextRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('get-response', GetResponsePDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('set-request', SetRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('trap', TrapPDU())
+        )
+        
+class Message(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('community', Community()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('data', Pdus())
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1901.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1901.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cd7e7d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1901.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#
+# SNMPv2c message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1901.txt
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval
+
+class Message(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', univ.Integer(namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(('version-2c', 1)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('community', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('data', univ.Any())
+        )
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1902.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1902.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df0b0c3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1902.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#
+# SNMPv2c message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1902.txt
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, tag, constraint
+
+class Integer(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        -2147483648, 2147483647
+        )
+
+class Integer32(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        -2147483648, 2147483647
+        )
+    
+class OctetString(univ.OctetString):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(
+        0, 65535
+        )
+
+class IpAddress(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x00)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.OctetString.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(
+        4, 4
+        )
+
+class Counter32(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x01)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+
+class Gauge32(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x02)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+
+class Unsigned32(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x02)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+
+class TimeTicks(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x03)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 4294967295
+        )
+
+class Opaque(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x04)
+        )
+
+class Counter64(univ.Integer):
+    tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x06)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, 18446744073709551615
+        )
+
+class Bits(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class ObjectName(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+class SimpleSyntax(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('integer-value', Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('string-value', OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('objectID-value', univ.ObjectIdentifier())
+        )
+
+class ApplicationSyntax(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('ipAddress-value', IpAddress()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('counter-value', Counter32()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('timeticks-value', TimeTicks()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('arbitrary-value', Opaque()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('big-counter-value', Counter64()),
+# This conflicts with Counter32
+#        namedtype.NamedType('unsigned-integer-value', Unsigned32()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('gauge32-value', Gauge32())
+        ) # BITS misplaced?
+
+class ObjectSyntax(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('simple', SimpleSyntax()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('application-wide', ApplicationSyntax())
+        )
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1905.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1905.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bec60f8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc1905.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#
+# SNMPv2c PDU syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1905.txt
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, tag, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc1902
+
+max_bindings = rfc1902.Integer(2147483647)
+
+class _BindValue(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', rfc1902.ObjectSyntax()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('unSpecified', univ.Null()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('noSuchObject', univ.Null().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('noSuchInstance', univ.Null().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('endOfMibView', univ.Null().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+        )
+        
+class VarBind(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('name', rfc1902.ObjectName()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('', _BindValue())
+        )
+    
+class VarBindList(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = VarBind()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(
+        0, max_bindings
+        )
+
+class PDU(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('request-id', rfc1902.Integer32()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('error-status', univ.Integer(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('noError', 0), ('tooBig', 1), ('noSuchName', 2), ('badValue', 3), ('readOnly', 4), ('genErr', 5), ('noAccess', 6), ('wrongType', 7), ('wrongLength', 8), ('wrongEncoding', 9), ('wrongValue', 10), ('noCreation', 11), ('inconsistentValue', 12), ('resourceUnavailable', 13), ('commitFailed', 14), ('undoFailed', 15), ('authorizationError', 16), ('notWritable', 17), ('inconsistentName', 18)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('error-index', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, max_bindings))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('variable-bindings', VarBindList())
+        )
+
+class BulkPDU(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('request-id', rfc1902.Integer32()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('non-repeaters', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, max_bindings))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('max-repetitions', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, max_bindings))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('variable-bindings', VarBindList())
+        )
+
+class GetRequestPDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+        )
+
+class GetNextRequestPDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+        )
+
+class ResponsePDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2)
+        )
+
+class SetRequestPDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3)
+        )
+
+class GetBulkRequestPDU(BulkPDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 5)
+        )
+
+class InformRequestPDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 6)
+        )
+
+class SNMPv2TrapPDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 7)
+        )
+
+class ReportPDU(PDU):
+    tagSet = PDU.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 8)
+        )
+
+class PDUs(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('get-request', GetRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('get-next-request', GetNextRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('get-bulk-request', GetBulkRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('response', ResponsePDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('set-request', SetRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('inform-request', InformRequestPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('snmpV2-trap', SNMPv2TrapPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('report', ReportPDU())
+        )
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2251.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2251.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3074c67a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2251.py
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+#
+# LDAP message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/xml/xss4j/data/asn1/grammars/ldap.asn
+#
+# Sample captures from:
+# http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures/
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint,char,useful
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+
+maxInt = univ.Integer(2147483647)
+
+class LDAPString(univ.OctetString): pass
+class LDAPOID(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class LDAPDN(LDAPString): pass
+class RelativeLDAPDN(LDAPString): pass
+class AttributeType(LDAPString): pass
+class AttributeDescription(LDAPString): pass
+
+class AttributeDescriptionList(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = AttributeDescription()
+
+class AttributeValue(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class AssertionValue(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class AttributeValueAssertion(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributeDesc', AttributeDescription()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('assertionValue', AssertionValue())
+        )
+
+class Attribute(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeDescription()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('vals', univ.SetOf(componentType=AttributeValue()))
+        )
+
+class MatchingRuleId(LDAPString): pass
+
+class Control(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('controlType', LDAPOID()),
+        namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('criticality', univ.Boolean('False')),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('controlValue', univ.OctetString())
+        )
+                         
+class Controls(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = Control()
+
+class LDAPURL(LDAPString): pass
+
+class Referral(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = LDAPURL()
+
+class SaslCredentials(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('mechanism', LDAPString()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('credentials', univ.OctetString())
+        )
+    
+class AuthenticationChoice(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('simple', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('reserved-1', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('reserved-2', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('sasl', SaslCredentials().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)))
+        )
+        
+class BindRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 127))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('name', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('authentication', AuthenticationChoice())
+        )
+
+class PartialAttributeList(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeDescription()), namedtype.NamedType('vals', univ.SetOf(componentType=AttributeValue()))))
+    
+class SearchResultEntry(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('objectName', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributes', PartialAttributeList())
+        )
+
+class MatchingRuleAssertion(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('matchingRule', MatchingRuleId().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('type', AttributeDescription().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('matchValue', AssertionValue().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3))),
+        namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('dnAttributes', univ.Boolean('False').subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4)))
+        )
+        
+class SubstringFilter(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeDescription()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('substrings', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(namedtype.NamedType('initial', LDAPString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))), namedtype.NamedType('any', LDAPString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))), namedtype.NamedType('final', LDAPString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))))))
+        )
+
+# Ugly hack to handle recursive Filter reference (up to 3-levels deep).
+
+class Filter3(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('equalityMatch', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('substrings', SubstringFilter().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('greaterOrEqual', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 5))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('lessOrEqual', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 6))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('present', AttributeDescription().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 7))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('approxMatch', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 8))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('extensibleMatch', MatchingRuleAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 9)))
+        )
+
+class Filter2(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('and', univ.SetOf(componentType=Filter3()).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('or', univ.SetOf(componentType=Filter3()).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('not', Filter3().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('equalityMatch', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('substrings', SubstringFilter().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('greaterOrEqual', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 5))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('lessOrEqual', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 6))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('present', AttributeDescription().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 7))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('approxMatch', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 8))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('extensibleMatch', MatchingRuleAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 9)))
+        )
+
+class Filter(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('and', univ.SetOf(componentType=Filter2()).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('or', univ.SetOf(componentType=Filter2()).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('not', Filter2().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('equalityMatch', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('substrings', SubstringFilter().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('greaterOrEqual', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 5))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('lessOrEqual', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 6))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('present', AttributeDescription().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 7))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('approxMatch', AttributeValueAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 8))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('extensibleMatch', MatchingRuleAssertion().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 9)))
+        )
+
+# End of Filter hack
+
+class SearchRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('baseObject', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('scope', univ.Enumerated(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('baseObject', 0), ('singleLevel', 1), ('wholeSubtree', 2)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('derefAliases', univ.Enumerated(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('neverDerefAliases', 0), ('derefInSearching', 1), ('derefFindingBaseObj', 2), ('derefAlways', 3)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('sizeLimit', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, maxInt))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('timeLimit', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, maxInt))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('typesOnly', univ.Boolean()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('filter', Filter()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributes', AttributeDescriptionList())
+        )
+
+class UnbindRequest(univ.Null):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)
+        )
+
+class BindResponse(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('resultCode', univ.Enumerated(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('success', 0), ('operationsError', 1), ('protocolError', 2), ('timeLimitExceeded', 3), ('sizeLimitExceeded', 4), ('compareFalse', 5), ('compareTrue', 6), ('authMethodNotSupported', 7), ('strongAuthRequired', 8), ('reserved-9', 9), ('referral', 10), ('adminLimitExceeded', 11), ('unavailableCriticalExtension', 12), ('confidentialityRequired', 13), ('saslBindInProgress', 14), ('noSuchAttribute', 16), ('undefinedAttributeType', 17), ('inappropriateMatching', 18), ('constraintViolation', 19), ('attributeOrValueExists', 20), ('invalidAttributeSyntax', 21), ('noSuchObject', 32), ('aliasProblem', 33), ('invalidDNSyntax', 34), ('reserved-35', 35), ('aliasDereferencingProblem', 36), ('inappropriateAuthentication', 48), ('invalidCredentials', 49), ('insufficientAccessRights', 50), ('busy', 51), ('unavailable', 52), ('unwillingToPerform', 53), ('loopDetect', 54), ('namingViolation', 64), ('objectClassViolation', 65), ('notAllowedOnNonLeaf', 66), ('notAllowedOnRDN', 67), ('entryAlreadyExists', 68), ('objectClassModsProhibited', 69), ('reserved-70', 70), ('affectsMultipleDSAs', 71), ('other', 80), ('reserved-81', 81), ('reserved-82', 82), ('reserved-83', 83), ('reserved-84', 84), ('reserved-85', 85), ('reserved-86', 86), ('reserved-87', 87), ('reserved-88', 88), ('reserved-89', 89), ('reserved-90', 90)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('matchedDN', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('errorMessage', LDAPString()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('referral', Referral().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('serverSaslCreds', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 7)))
+        )
+
+class LDAPResult(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('resultCode', univ.Enumerated(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('success', 0), ('operationsError', 1), ('protocolError', 2), ('timeLimitExceeded', 3), ('sizeLimitExceeded', 4), ('compareFalse', 5), ('compareTrue', 6), ('authMethodNotSupported', 7), ('strongAuthRequired', 8), ('reserved-9', 9), ('referral', 10), ('adminLimitExceeded', 11), ('unavailableCriticalExtension', 12), ('confidentialityRequired', 13), ('saslBindInProgress', 14), ('noSuchAttribute', 16), ('undefinedAttributeType', 17), ('inappropriateMatching', 18), ('constraintViolation', 19), ('attributeOrValueExists', 20), ('invalidAttributeSyntax', 21), ('noSuchObject', 32), ('aliasProblem', 33), ('invalidDNSyntax', 34), ('reserved-35', 35), ('aliasDereferencingProblem', 36), ('inappropriateAuthentication', 48), ('invalidCredentials', 49), ('insufficientAccessRights', 50), ('busy', 51), ('unavailable', 52), ('unwillingToPerform', 53), ('loopDetect', 54), ('namingViolation', 64), ('objectClassViolation', 65), ('notAllowedOnNonLeaf', 66), ('notAllowedOnRDN', 67), ('entryAlreadyExists', 68), ('objectClassModsProhibited', 69), ('reserved-70', 70), ('affectsMultipleDSAs', 71), ('other', 80), ('reserved-81', 81), ('reserved-82', 82), ('reserved-83', 83), ('reserved-84', 84), ('reserved-85', 85), ('reserved-86', 86), ('reserved-87', 87), ('reserved-88', 88), ('reserved-89', 89), ('reserved-90', 90)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('matchedDN', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('errorMessage', LDAPString()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('referral', Referral().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3)))
+        )
+
+class SearchResultReference(univ.SequenceOf):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 19)
+        )
+    componentType = LDAPURL()
+
+class SearchResultDone(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 5)
+        )
+
+class AttributeTypeAndValues(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeDescription()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('vals', univ.SetOf(componentType=AttributeValue()))
+        )
+    
+class ModifyRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 6)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('object', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('modification', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(namedtype.NamedType('operation', univ.Enumerated(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('add', 0), ('delete', 1), ('replace', 2)))), namedtype.NamedType('modification', AttributeTypeAndValues())))))
+        )
+
+class ModifyResponse(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 7)
+        )
+
+class AttributeList(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeDescription()), namedtype.NamedType('vals', univ.SetOf(componentType=AttributeValue()))))
+                                                                     
+class AddRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 8)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('entry', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributes', AttributeList())
+        )
+
+class AddResponse(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 9)
+        )
+
+class DelRequest(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 10)
+        )
+
+class DelResponse(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 11)
+        )
+
+class ModifyDNRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 12)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('entry', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('newrdn', RelativeLDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('deleteoldrdn', univ.Boolean()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('newSuperior', LDAPDN().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        
+        )
+
+class ModifyDNResponse(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 13)
+        )
+
+class CompareRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 14)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('entry', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ava', AttributeValueAssertion())
+        )
+
+class CompareResponse(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 15)
+        )
+
+class AbandonRequest(LDAPResult):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 16)
+        )
+
+class ExtendedRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 23)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('requestName', LDAPOID().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('requestValue', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+        )
+
+class ExtendedResponse(univ.Sequence):
+    tagSet = univ.Sequence.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 24)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('resultCode', univ.Enumerated(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('success', 0), ('operationsError', 1), ('protocolError', 2), ('timeLimitExceeded', 3), ('sizeLimitExceeded', 4), ('compareFalse', 5), ('compareTrue', 6), ('authMethodNotSupported', 7), ('strongAuthRequired', 8), ('reserved-9', 9), ('referral', 10), ('adminLimitExceeded', 11), ('unavailableCriticalExtension', 12), ('confidentialityRequired', 13), ('saslBindInProgress', 14), ('noSuchAttribute', 16), ('undefinedAttributeType', 17), ('inappropriateMatching', 18), ('constraintViolation', 19), ('attributeOrValueExists', 20), ('invalidAttributeSyntax', 21), ('noSuchObject', 32), ('aliasProblem', 33), ('invalidDNSyntax', 34), ('reserved-35', 35), ('aliasDereferencingProblem', 36), ('inappropriateAuthentication', 48), ('invalidCredentials', 49), ('insufficientAccessRights', 50), ('busy', 51), ('unavailable', 52), ('unwillingToPerform', 53), ('loopDetect', 54), ('namingViolation', 64), ('objectClassViolation', 65), ('notAllowedOnNonLeaf', 66), ('notAllowedOnRDN', 67), ('entryAlreadyExists', 68), ('objectClassModsProhibited', 69), ('reserved-70', 70), ('affectsMultipleDSAs', 71), ('other', 80), ('reserved-81', 81), ('reserved-82', 82), ('reserved-83', 83), ('reserved-84', 84), ('reserved-85', 85), ('reserved-86', 86), ('reserved-87', 87), ('reserved-88', 88), ('reserved-89', 89), ('reserved-90', 90)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('matchedDN', LDAPDN()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('errorMessage', LDAPString()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('referral', Referral().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('responseName', LDAPOID().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('response', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 11)))
+        )
+
+class MessageID(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(
+        0, maxInt
+        )
+
+class LDAPMessage(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('messageID', MessageID()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('protocolOp', univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(namedtype.NamedType('bindRequest', BindRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('bindResponse', BindResponse()), namedtype.NamedType('unbindRequest', UnbindRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('searchRequest', SearchRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('searchResEntry', SearchResultEntry()), namedtype.NamedType('searchResDone', SearchResultDone()), namedtype.NamedType('searchResRef', SearchResultReference()), namedtype.NamedType('modifyRequest', ModifyRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('modifyResponse', ModifyResponse()), namedtype.NamedType('addRequest', AddRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('addResponse', AddResponse()), namedtype.NamedType('delRequest', DelRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('delResponse', DelResponse()), namedtype.NamedType('modDNRequest', ModifyDNRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('modDNResponse', ModifyDNResponse()), namedtype.NamedType('compareRequest', CompareRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('compareResponse', CompareResponse()), namedtype.NamedType('abandonRequest', AbandonRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('extendedReq', ExtendedRequest()), namedtype.NamedType('extendedResp', ExtendedResponse())))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('controls', Controls().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2314.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2314.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86b11fb30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2314.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#
+# PKCS#10 syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2314
+#
+# Sample captures could be obtained with "openssl req" command
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2459 import *
+
+class Attributes(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = Attribute()
+
+class Version(univ.Integer): pass
+
+class CertificationRequestInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subject', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subjectPublicKeyInfo', SubjectPublicKeyInfo()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributes', Attributes().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+    )
+
+class Signature(univ.BitString): pass
+class SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class CertificationRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certificationRequestInfo', CertificationRequestInfo()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', Signature())
+    )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2315.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2315.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76bb9573c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2315.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+#
+# PKCS#7 message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/xml/xss4j/data/asn1/grammars/pkcs7.asn
+#
+# Sample captures from:
+# openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile cert1.cer -out outfile.p7b
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag,namedtype,namedval,univ,constraint,char,useful
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2459 import *
+
+class Attribute(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeType()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('values', univ.SetOf(componentType=AttributeValue()))
+        )
+
+class AttributeValueAssertion(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributeType', AttributeType()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributeValue', AttributeValue())
+        )
+
+pkcs_7 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7')
+data = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7.1')
+signedData = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7.2')
+envelopedData = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7.3')
+signedAndEnvelopedData = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7.4')
+digestedData = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7.5')
+encryptedData = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.7.6')
+
+class ContentType(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+class ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class EncryptedContent(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class EncryptedContentInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('contentType', ContentType()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('contentEncryptionAlgorithm', ContentEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('encryptedContent', EncryptedContent().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+        )
+
+class Version(univ.Integer): pass  # overrides x509.Version
+
+class EncryptedData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedContentInfo', EncryptedContentInfo())
+        )
+
+class DigestAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = DigestAlgorithmIdentifier()
+
+class Digest(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class ContentInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('contentType', ContentType()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('content', univ.Any().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+        )
+
+class DigestedData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digestAlgorithm', DigestAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('contentInfo', ContentInfo()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digest', Digest)
+        )
+
+class IssuerAndSerialNumber(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuer', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('serialNumber', CertificateSerialNumber())
+        )
+
+class KeyEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class EncryptedKey(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class RecipientInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuerAndSerialNumber', IssuerAndSerialNumber()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('keyEncryptionAlgorithm', KeyEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedKey', EncryptedKey())
+        )
+                    
+class RecipientInfos(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = RecipientInfo()
+
+class Attributes(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = Attribute()
+
+class ExtendedCertificateInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('certificate', Certificate()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('attributes', Attributes())
+        )
+
+class SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class Signature(univ.BitString): pass
+
+class ExtendedCertificate(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('extendedCertificateInfo', ExtendedCertificateInfo()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', Signature())
+        )
+
+class ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certificate', Certificate()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('extendedCertificate', ExtendedCertificate().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+        )
+
+class ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = ExtendedCertificateOrCertificate()
+
+class SerialNumber(univ.Integer): pass
+
+class CRLEntry(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('userCertificate', SerialNumber()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('revocationDate', useful.UTCTime())
+        )
+
+class TBSCertificateRevocationList(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuer', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('lastUpdate', useful.UTCTime()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('nextUpdate', useful.UTCTime()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('revokedCertificates', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=CRLEntry()))
+        )
+                            
+class CertificateRevocationList(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('tbsCertificateRevocationList', TBSCertificateRevocationList()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', univ.BitString())
+        )
+
+class CertificateRevocationLists(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = CertificateRevocationList()
+
+class DigestEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class EncryptedDigest(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class SignerInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuerAndSerialNumber', IssuerAndSerialNumber()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digestAlgorithm', DigestAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('authenticatedAttributes', Attributes().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digestEncryptionAlgorithm', DigestEncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedDigest', EncryptedDigest()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('unauthenticatedAttributes', Attributes().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)))
+        )
+                    
+class SignerInfos(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = SignerInfo()
+
+class SignedAndEnvelopedData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('recipientInfos', RecipientInfos()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digestAlgorithms', DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedContentInfo', EncryptedContentInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('certificates', ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crls', CertificateRevocationLists().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signerInfos', SignerInfos())
+        )
+
+class EnvelopedData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('recipientInfos', RecipientInfos()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedContentInfo', EncryptedContentInfo())
+        )
+    
+class DigestInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('digestAlgorithm', DigestAlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digest', Digest())
+        )
+                    
+class SignedData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('digestAlgorithms', DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('contentInfo', ContentInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('certificates', ExtendedCertificatesAndCertificates().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crls', CertificateRevocationLists().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signerInfos', SignerInfos())
+        )
+        
+class Data(univ.OctetString): pass
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2437.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2437.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3abf6dc3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2437.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#
+# PKCS#1 syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-1/pkcs-1v2.asn
+#
+# Sample captures could be obtained with "openssl genrsa" command
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2459 import AlgorithmIdentifier
+
+pkcs_1 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1')
+rsaEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.1')
+md2WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.2')
+md4WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.3')
+md5WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.4')
+sha1WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.5')
+rsaOAEPEncryptionSET = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.6')
+id_RSAES_OAEP = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.7')
+id_mgf1 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.8')
+id_pSpecified = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.9')
+id_sha1 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.14.3.2.26')
+
+MAX = 16
+
+class Version(univ.Integer): pass
+
+class RSAPrivateKey(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('modulus', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('publicExponent', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('privateExponent', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('prime1', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('prime2', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('exponent1', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('exponent2', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('coefficient', univ.Integer())
+    )
+
+class RSAPublicKey(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('modulus', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('publicExponent', univ.Integer())
+    )
+
+# XXX defaults not set
+class RSAES_OAEP_params(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('hashFunc', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('maskGenFunc', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('pSourceFunc', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2)))
+    )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2459.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2459.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5021e0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2459.py
@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
+#
+# X.509 message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/xml/xss4j/data/asn1/grammars/x509.asn
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2459.txt
+#
+# Sample captures from:
+# http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures/
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag,namedtype,namedval,univ,constraint,char,useful
+
+MAX = 64  # XXX ?
+
+#
+# PKIX1Explicit88
+#
+
+# Upper Bounds
+ub_name = univ.Integer(32768)
+ub_common_name = univ.Integer(64)
+ub_locality_name = univ.Integer(128)
+ub_state_name = univ.Integer(128)
+ub_organization_name = univ.Integer(64)
+ub_organizational_unit_name = univ.Integer(64)
+ub_title = univ.Integer(64)
+ub_match = univ.Integer(128)
+ub_emailaddress_length = univ.Integer(128)
+ub_common_name_length = univ.Integer(64)
+ub_country_name_alpha_length = univ.Integer(2)
+ub_country_name_numeric_length = univ.Integer(3)
+ub_domain_defined_attributes = univ.Integer(4)
+ub_domain_defined_attribute_type_length = univ.Integer(8)
+ub_domain_defined_attribute_value_length = univ.Integer(128)
+ub_domain_name_length = univ.Integer(16)
+ub_extension_attributes = univ.Integer(256)
+ub_e163_4_number_length = univ.Integer(15)
+ub_e163_4_sub_address_length = univ.Integer(40)
+ub_generation_qualifier_length = univ.Integer(3)
+ub_given_name_length = univ.Integer(16)
+ub_initials_length = univ.Integer(5)
+ub_integer_options = univ.Integer(256)
+ub_numeric_user_id_length = univ.Integer(32)
+ub_organization_name_length = univ.Integer(64)
+ub_organizational_unit_name_length = univ.Integer(32)
+ub_organizational_units = univ.Integer(4)
+ub_pds_name_length = univ.Integer(16)
+ub_pds_parameter_length = univ.Integer(30)
+ub_pds_physical_address_lines = univ.Integer(6)
+ub_postal_code_length = univ.Integer(16)
+ub_surname_length = univ.Integer(40)
+ub_terminal_id_length = univ.Integer(24)
+ub_unformatted_address_length = univ.Integer(180)
+ub_x121_address_length = univ.Integer(16)
+
+class UniversalString(char.UniversalString): pass
+class BMPString(char.BMPString): pass
+class UTF8String(char.UTF8String): pass
+
+id_pkix = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7')
+id_pe = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1')
+id_qt = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.2')
+id_kp = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3')
+id_ad = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48')
+
+id_qt_cps = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.2.1')
+id_qt_unotice = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.2.2')
+
+id_ad_ocsp = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.1')
+id_ad_caIssuers = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.2')
+
+class AttributeValue(univ.Any): pass
+
+class AttributeType(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+class AttributeTypeAndValue(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeType()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', AttributeValue())
+        )
+
+class Attribute(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', AttributeType()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('vals', univ.SetOf(componentType=AttributeValue()))
+        )
+
+id_at = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4')
+id_at_name = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.41')
+id_at_sutname = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.4')
+id_at_givenName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.42')
+id_at_initials = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.43')
+id_at_generationQualifier = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.44')
+
+class X520name(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_name)))
+    )
+
+id_at_commonName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.3')
+
+class X520CommonName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name)))
+    )
+
+id_at_localityName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.7')
+
+class X520LocalityName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_locality_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_locality_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_locality_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_locality_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_locality_name)))
+    )
+
+id_at_stateOrProvinceName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.8')
+
+class X520StateOrProvinceName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_state_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_state_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_state_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_state_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_state_name)))
+    )
+
+id_at_organizationName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.10')
+
+class X520OrganizationName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name)))
+    )
+
+id_at_organizationalUnitName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.11')
+
+class X520OrganizationalUnitName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name)))
+    )
+
+id_at_title = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.12')
+
+class X520Title(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_title))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_title))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_title))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_title))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_title)))
+    )
+
+id_at_dnQualifier = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.46')
+
+class X520dnQualifier(char.PrintableString): pass
+
+id_at_countryName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.4.6')
+
+class X520countryName(char.PrintableString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.PrintableString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2)
+
+pkcs_9 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.9')
+
+emailAddress = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.9.1')
+
+class Pkcs9email(char.IA5String):
+    subtypeSpec = char.IA5String.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_emailaddress_length)
+
+# ----
+
+class DSAPrivateKey(univ.Sequence):
+    """PKIX compliant DSA private key structure"""
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', univ.Integer(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('v1', 0)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('p', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('q', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('g', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('public', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('private', univ.Integer())
+        )
+
+# ----
+
+class RelativeDistinguishedName(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = AttributeTypeAndValue()
+
+class RDNSequence(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = RelativeDistinguishedName()
+
+class Name(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('', RDNSequence())
+        )
+
+class DirectoryString(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('teletexString', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printableString', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('universalString', char.UniversalString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ia5String', char.IA5String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))) # hm, this should not be here!? XXX
+        )
+
+# certificate and CRL specific structures begin here
+                          
+class AlgorithmIdentifier(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('algorithm', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('parameters', univ.Any())
+        )
+
+class Extension(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('extnID', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('critical', univ.Boolean('False')),
+        namedtype.NamedType('extnValue', univ.Any())
+        )
+
+class Extensions(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = Extension()
+    sizeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.sizeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class SubjectPublicKeyInfo(univ.Sequence):
+     componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+         namedtype.NamedType('algorithm', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+         namedtype.NamedType('subjectPublicKey', univ.BitString())
+         )
+
+class UniqueIdentifier(univ.BitString): pass
+
+class Time(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('utcTime', useful.UTCTime()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('generalTime', useful.GeneralizedTime())
+        )
+    
+class Validity(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('notBefore', Time()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('notAfter', Time())
+        )
+
+class CertificateSerialNumber(univ.Integer): pass
+
+class Version(univ.Integer):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('v1', 0), ('v2', 1), ('v3', 2)
+        )
+
+class TBSCertificate(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('version', Version('v1').subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('serialNumber', CertificateSerialNumber()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuer', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('validity', Validity()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subject', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subjectPublicKeyInfo', SubjectPublicKeyInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('issuerUniqueID', UniqueIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('subjectUniqueID', UniqueIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('extensions', Extensions().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)))
+        )
+
+class Certificate(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('tbsCertificate', TBSCertificate()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureValue', univ.BitString())
+        )
+
+# CRL structures
+
+class RevokedCertificate(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('userCertificate', CertificateSerialNumber()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('revocationDate', Time()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crlEntryExtensions', Extensions())
+    )
+ 
+class TBSCertList(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuer', Name()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('thisUpdate', Time()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('nextUpdate', Time()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('revokedCertificates', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=RevokedCertificate())),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crlExtensions', Extensions().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+    )
+
+class CertificateList(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('tbsCertList', TBSCertList()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', univ.BitString())
+    )
+
+# Algorithm OIDs and parameter structures
+
+pkcs_1 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1')
+rsaEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.1')
+md2WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.2')
+md5WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.4')
+sha1WithRSAEncryption = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.5')
+id_dsa_with_sha1 = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.10040.4.3')
+
+class Dss_Sig_Value(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('r', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('s', univ.Integer())
+    )
+
+dhpublicnumber = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.10046.2.1')
+
+class ValidationParms(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('seed', univ.BitString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('pgenCounter', univ.Integer())
+    )
+
+class DomainParameters(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('p', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('g', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('q', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('j', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('validationParms', ValidationParms())
+    )
+
+id_dsa = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.10040.4.1')
+
+class Dss_Parms(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('p', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('q', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('g', univ.Integer())
+    )
+
+# x400 address syntax starts here
+
+teletex_domain_defined_attributes = univ.Integer(6)
+
+class TeletexDomainDefinedAttribute(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_defined_attribute_type_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', char.TeletexString())
+    )
+
+class TeletexDomainDefinedAttributes(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = TeletexDomainDefinedAttribute()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_defined_attributes)
+
+terminal_type = univ.Integer(23)
+
+class TerminalType(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, ub_integer_options)
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('telex', 3),
+        ('teletelex', 4),
+        ('g3-facsimile', 5),
+        ('g4-facsimile', 6),
+        ('ia5-terminal', 7),
+        ('videotex', 8)
+    )
+
+class PresentationAddress(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('pSelector', univ.OctetString().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('sSelector', univ.OctetString().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('tSelector', univ.OctetString().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('nAddresses', univ.SetOf(componentType=univ.OctetString()).subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3), subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX))),
+    )
+
+extended_network_address = univ.Integer(22)
+
+class E163_4_address(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('number', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_e163_4_number_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('sub-address', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_e163_4_sub_address_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+    )
+
+class ExtendedNetworkAddress(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('e163-4-address', E163_4_address()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('psap-address', PresentationAddress().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+    )
+
+class PDSParameter(univ.Set):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('printable-string', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_pds_parameter_length))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('teletex-string', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_pds_parameter_length)))
+    )
+
+local_postal_attributes = univ.Integer(21)
+
+class LocalPostalAttributes(PDSParameter): pass
+
+class UniquePostalName(PDSParameter): pass
+
+unique_postal_name = univ.Integer(20)
+
+poste_restante_address = univ.Integer(19)
+
+class PosteRestanteAddress(PDSParameter): pass
+
+post_office_box_address = univ.Integer(18)
+
+class PostOfficeBoxAddress(PDSParameter): pass
+
+street_address = univ.Integer(17)
+
+class StreetAddress(PDSParameter): pass
+
+class UnformattedPostalAddress(univ.Set):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('printable-address', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_pds_parameter_length)).subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_pds_physical_address_lines)))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('teletex-string', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_unformatted_address_length)))
+    )
+
+physical_delivery_office_name = univ.Integer(10)
+
+class PhysicalDeliveryOfficeName(PDSParameter): pass
+
+physical_delivery_office_number = univ.Integer(11)
+
+class PhysicalDeliveryOfficeNumber(PDSParameter): pass
+
+extension_OR_address_components = univ.Integer(12)
+
+class ExtensionORAddressComponents(PDSParameter): pass
+
+physical_delivery_personal_name = univ.Integer(13)
+
+class PhysicalDeliveryPersonalName(PDSParameter): pass
+
+physical_delivery_organization_name = univ.Integer(14)
+
+class PhysicalDeliveryOrganizationName(PDSParameter): pass
+
+extension_physical_delivery_address_components = univ.Integer(15)
+
+class ExtensionPhysicalDeliveryAddressComponents(PDSParameter): pass
+
+unformatted_postal_address = univ.Integer(16)
+
+postal_code = univ.Integer(9)
+
+class PostalCode(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('numeric-code', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_postal_code_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printable-code', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_postal_code_length)))
+    )
+
+class PhysicalDeliveryCountryName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('x121-dcc-code', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(ub_country_name_numeric_length, ub_country_name_numeric_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('iso-3166-alpha2-code', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(ub_country_name_alpha_length, ub_country_name_alpha_length)))
+    )
+
+class PDSName(char.PrintableString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.PrintableString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_pds_name_length)
+
+physical_delivery_country_name = univ.Integer(8)
+
+class TeletexOrganizationalUnitName(char.TeletexString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.TeletexString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name_length)
+
+pds_name = univ.Integer(7)
+
+teletex_organizational_unit_names = univ.Integer(5)
+
+class TeletexOrganizationalUnitNames(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = TeletexOrganizationalUnitName()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_units)
+
+teletex_personal_name = univ.Integer(4)
+
+class TeletexPersonalName(univ.Set):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('surname', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_surname_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('given-name', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_given_name_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('initials', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_initials_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('generation-qualifier', char.TeletexString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_generation_qualifier_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)))
+    )
+
+teletex_organization_name = univ.Integer(3)
+
+class TeletexOrganizationName(char.TeletexString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.TeletexString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name_length)
+
+teletex_common_name = univ.Integer(2)
+
+class TeletexCommonName(char.TeletexString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.TeletexString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name_length)
+
+class CommonName(char.PrintableString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.PrintableString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_common_name_length)
+
+common_name = univ.Integer(1)
+
+class ExtensionAttribute(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('extension-attribute-type', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, ub_extension_attributes), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('extension-attribute-value', univ.Any().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+    )
+
+class ExtensionAttributes(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = ExtensionAttribute()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SetOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_extension_attributes)
+
+class BuiltInDomainDefinedAttribute(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_defined_attribute_type_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_defined_attribute_value_length)))
+    )
+
+class BuiltInDomainDefinedAttributes(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = BuiltInDomainDefinedAttribute()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_defined_attributes)
+
+class OrganizationalUnitName(char.PrintableString):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_unit_name_length)
+
+class OrganizationalUnitNames(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = OrganizationalUnitName()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organizational_units)
+
+class PersonalName(univ.Set):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('surname', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_surname_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('given-name', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_given_name_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('initials', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_initials_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('generation-qualifier', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_generation_qualifier_length), explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)))
+    )
+
+class NumericUserIdentifier(char.NumericString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.NumericString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_numeric_user_id_length)
+
+class OrganizationName(char.PrintableString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.PrintableString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_organization_name_length)
+
+class PrivateDomainName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('numeric', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_name_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printable', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_domain_name_length)))
+    )
+
+class TerminalIdentifier(char.PrintableString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.PrintableString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_terminal_id_length)
+
+class X121Address(char.NumericString):
+    subtypeSpec = char.NumericString.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, ub_x121_address_length)
+
+class NetworkAddress(X121Address): pass
+
+class AdministrationDomainName(univ.Choice):
+    tagSet = univ.Choice.tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('numeric', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, ub_domain_name_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('printable', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, ub_domain_name_length)))
+    )
+
+class CountryName(univ.Choice):
+    tagSet = univ.Choice.tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+        )
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('x121-dcc-code', char.NumericString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(ub_country_name_numeric_length, ub_country_name_numeric_length))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('iso-3166-alpha2-code', char.PrintableString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(ub_country_name_alpha_length, ub_country_name_alpha_length)))
+    )
+
+class BuiltInStandardAttributes(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('country-name', CountryName()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('administration-domain-name', AdministrationDomainName()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('network-address', NetworkAddress().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('terminal-identifier', TerminalIdentifier().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('private-domain-name', PrivateDomainName().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('organization-name', OrganizationName().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('numeric-user-identifier', NumericUserIdentifier().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('personal-name', PersonalName().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 5))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('organizational-unit-names', OrganizationalUnitNames().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 6)))
+    )
+
+class ORAddress(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('built-in-standard-attributes', BuiltInStandardAttributes()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('built-in-domain-defined-attributes', BuiltInDomainDefinedAttributes()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('extension-attributes', ExtensionAttributes())
+    )
+
+#
+# PKIX1Implicit88
+#
+
+id_ce_invalidityDate = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.24')
+
+class InvalidityDate(useful.GeneralizedTime): pass
+
+id_holdinstruction_none = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.2.840.10040.2.1')
+id_holdinstruction_callissuer = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.2.840.10040.2.2')
+id_holdinstruction_reject = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.2.840.10040.2.3')
+
+holdInstruction = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.2.840.10040.2')
+
+id_ce_holdInstructionCode = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.23')
+
+class HoldInstructionCode(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+id_ce_cRLReasons = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.21')
+
+class CRLReason(univ.Enumerated):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('unspecified', 0),
+        ('keyCompromise', 1),
+        ('cACompromise', 2),
+        ('affiliationChanged', 3),
+        ('superseded', 4),
+        ('cessationOfOperation', 5),
+        ('certificateHold', 6),
+        ('removeFromCRL', 8)
+    )
+
+id_ce_cRLNumber = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.20')
+
+class CRLNumber(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, MAX)
+
+class BaseCRLNumber(CRLNumber): pass
+
+id_kp_serverAuth = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1.1')
+id_kp_clientAuth = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2')
+id_kp_codeSigning = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3')
+id_kp_emailProtection = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.4')
+id_kp_ipsecEndSystem = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.5')
+id_kp_ipsecTunnel = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.6')
+id_kp_ipsecUser = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.7')
+id_kp_timeStamping = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.8')
+id_pe_authorityInfoAccess = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.1')
+id_ce_extKeyUsage = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.37')
+
+class KeyPurposeId(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+class ExtKeyUsageSyntax(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = KeyPurposeId()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class ReasonFlags(univ.BitString):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('unused', 0),
+        ('keyCompromise', 1),
+        ('cACompromise', 2),
+        ('affiliationChanged', 3),
+        ('superseded', 4),
+        ('cessationOfOperation', 5),
+        ('certificateHold', 6)
+    )
+
+
+class SkipCerts(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, MAX)
+
+id_ce_policyConstraints = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.36')
+
+class PolicyConstraints(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('requireExplicitPolicy', SkipCerts().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('inhibitPolicyMapping', SkipCerts().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)))
+    )
+
+id_ce_basicConstraints = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.19')
+
+class BasicConstraints(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('cA', univ.Boolean(False)),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('pathLenConstraint', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, MAX)))
+    )
+
+id_ce_subjectDirectoryAttributes = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.9')
+
+class SubjectDirectoryAttributes(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = Attribute()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class EDIPartyName(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('nameAssigner', DirectoryString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('partyName', DirectoryString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+    )
+
+class AnotherName(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('type-id', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', univ.Any().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+    )
+
+class GeneralName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('otherName', AnotherName().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('rfc822Name', char.IA5String().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('dNSName', char.IA5String().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('x400Address', ORAddress().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('directoryName', Name().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ediPartyName', EDIPartyName().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 5))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('uniformResourceIdentifier', char.IA5String().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 6))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('iPAddress', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 7))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('registeredID', univ.ObjectIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 8)))
+    )
+
+class GeneralNames(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = GeneralName()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class AccessDescription(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('accessMethod', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('accessLocation', GeneralName())
+    )
+
+class AuthorityInfoAccessSyntax(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = AccessDescription()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+id_ce_deltaCRLIndicator = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.27')
+
+class DistributionPointName(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('fullName', GeneralNames().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('nameRelativeToCRLIssuer', RelativeDistinguishedName().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)))
+    )
+
+class DistributionPoint(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('distributionPoint', DistributionPointName().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('reasons', ReasonFlags().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('cRLIssuer', GeneralNames().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2)))
+    )
+class BaseDistance(univ.Integer):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.Integer.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, MAX)
+
+id_ce_cRLDistributionPoints = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.31')
+
+class CRLDistPointsSyntax(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = DistributionPoint
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+id_ce_issuingDistributionPoint = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.28')
+
+class IssuingDistributionPoint(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('distributionPoint', DistributionPointName().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('onlyContainsUserCerts', univ.Boolean(False).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('onlyContainsCACerts', univ.Boolean(False).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('onlySomeReasons', ReasonFlags().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('indirectCRL', univ.Boolean(False).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4)))
+    )
+
+class GeneralSubtree(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('base', GeneralName()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('minimum', BaseDistance(0).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('maximum', BaseDistance().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)))
+    )
+
+class GeneralSubtrees(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = GeneralSubtree()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+id_ce_nameConstraints = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.30')
+
+class NameConstraints(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('permittedSubtrees', GeneralSubtrees().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('excludedSubtrees', GeneralSubtrees().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+    )
+
+
+class DisplayText(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('visibleString', char.VisibleString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 200))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('bmpString', char.BMPString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 200))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('utf8String', char.UTF8String().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 200)))
+    )
+
+class NoticeReference(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('organization', DisplayText()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('noticeNumbers', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=univ.Integer()))
+    )
+
+class UserNotice(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('noticeRef', NoticeReference()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('explicitText', DisplayText())
+    )
+
+class CPSuri(char.IA5String): pass
+
+class PolicyQualifierId(univ.ObjectIdentifier):
+    subtypeSpec = univ.ObjectIdentifier.subtypeSpec + constraint.SingleValueConstraint(id_qt_cps, id_qt_unotice)
+
+class CertPolicyId(univ.ObjectIdentifier): pass
+
+class PolicyQualifierInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('policyQualifierId', PolicyQualifierId()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('qualifier', univ.Any())
+    )
+
+id_ce_certificatePolicies = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.32')
+
+class PolicyInformation(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('policyIdentifier', CertPolicyId()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('policyQualifiers', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=PolicyQualifierInfo()).subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)))
+    )
+
+class CertificatePolicies(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = PolicyInformation()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+id_ce_policyMappings = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.33')
+
+class PolicyMapping(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuerDomainPolicy', CertPolicyId()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subjectDomainPolicy', CertPolicyId())
+    )
+
+class PolicyMappings(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = PolicyMapping()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+id_ce_privateKeyUsagePeriod = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.16')
+
+class PrivateKeyUsagePeriod(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('notBefore', useful.GeneralizedTime().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('notAfter', useful.GeneralizedTime().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+    )
+
+id_ce_keyUsage = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.15')
+
+class KeyUsage(univ.BitString):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('digitalSignature', 0),
+        ('nonRepudiation', 1),
+        ('keyEncipherment', 2),
+        ('dataEncipherment', 3),
+        ('keyAgreement', 4),
+        ('keyCertSign', 5),
+        ('cRLSign', 6),
+        ('encipherOnly', 7),
+        ('decipherOnly', 8)
+    )
+
+id_ce = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29')
+
+id_ce_authorityKeyIdentifier = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.35')
+
+class KeyIdentifier(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+id_ce_subjectKeyIdentifier = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.14')
+
+class SubjectKeyIdentifier(KeyIdentifier): pass
+
+class AuthorityKeyIdentifier(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('keyIdentifier', KeyIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('authorityCertIssuer', GeneralNames().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('authorityCertSerialNumber', CertificateSerialNumber().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+    )
+
+id_ce_certificateIssuer = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.29')
+
+class CertificateIssuer(GeneralNames): pass
+
+id_ce_subjectAltName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.17')
+
+class SubjectAltName(GeneralNames): pass
+
+id_ce_issuerAltName = univ.ObjectIdentifier('2.5.29.18')
+
+class IssuerAltName(GeneralNames): pass
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2511.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2511.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..132be134b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2511.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#
+# X.509 certificate Request Message Format (CRMF) syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2511
+#
+# Sample captures could be obtained with OpenSSL
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint, char,useful
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2459 import *
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2315
+
+MAX=16
+
+id_pkix = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7')
+id_pkip = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5')
+id_regCtrl = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1')
+id_regCtrl_regToken = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1.1')
+id_regCtrl_authenticator = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1.2')
+id_regCtrl_pkiPublicationInfo = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1.3')
+id_regCtrl_pkiArchiveOptions = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1.4')
+id_regCtrl_oldCertID = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1.5')
+id_regCtrl_protocolEncrKey = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.1.6')
+id_regInfo = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.2')
+id_regInfo_utf8Pairs = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.2.1')
+id_regInfo_certReq = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1.5.5.7.5.2.2')
+
+# This should be in PKIX Certificate Extensions module
+
+class GeneralName(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+# end of PKIX Certificate Extensions module
+
+class UTF8Pairs(char.UTF8String): pass
+
+class ProtocolEncrKey(SubjectPublicKeyInfo): pass
+
+class CertId(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuer', GeneralName()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('serialNumber', univ.Integer())
+    )
+
+class OldCertId(CertId): pass
+
+class KeyGenParameters(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class EncryptedValue(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('intendedAlg', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('symmAlg', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('encSymmKey', univ.BitString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('keyAlg', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('valueHint', univ.OctetString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encValue', univ.BitString())
+    )
+
+class EncryptedKey(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedValue', EncryptedValue()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('envelopedData', rfc2315.EnvelopedData().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+    )
+
+class PKIArchiveOptions(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedPrivKey', EncryptedKey().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('keyGenParameters', KeyGenParameters().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('archiveRemGenPrivKey', univ.Boolean().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+    )
+
+class SinglePubInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('pubMethod', univ.Integer(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('dontCare', 0), ('x500', 1), ('web', 2), ('ldap', 3)))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('pubLocation', GeneralName())
+    )
+
+class PKIPublicationInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('action', univ.Integer(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('dontPublish', 0), ('pleasePublish', 1)))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('pubInfos', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=SinglePubInfo()).subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)))
+    )
+
+class Authenticator(char.UTF8String): pass
+class RegToken(char.UTF8String): pass
+
+class SubsequentMessage(univ.Integer):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('encrCert', 0),
+        ('challengeResp', 1)
+    )
+
+class POPOPrivKey(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('thisMessage', univ.BitString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('subsequentMessage', SubsequentMessage().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('dhMAC', univ.BitString().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+    )
+
+class PBMParameter(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('salt', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('owf', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('iterationCount', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('mac', AlgorithmIdentifier())
+    )
+
+class PKMACValue(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('algId', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('value', univ.BitString())
+    )
+
+class POPOSigningKeyInput(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('authInfo', univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(namedtype.NamedType('sender', GeneralName().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))), namedtype.NamedType('publicKeyMAC', PKMACValue())))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('publicKey', SubjectPublicKeyInfo())
+    )
+
+class POPOSigningKey(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('poposkInput', POPOSigningKeyInput().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('algorithmIdentifier', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', univ.BitString())
+    )
+
+class ProofOfPossession(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('raVerified', univ.Null().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', POPOSigningKey().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('keyEncipherment', POPOPrivKey().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('keyAgreement', POPOPrivKey().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3)))
+    )
+
+class Controls(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = AttributeTypeAndValue()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class OptionalValidity(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('notBefore', Time().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('notAfter', Time().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+	)
+
+class CertTemplate(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('version', Version().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('serialNumber', univ.Integer().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('signingAlg', AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('issuer', Name().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 3))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('validity', OptionalValidity().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('subject', Name().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 5))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('publicKey', SubjectPublicKeyInfo().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 6))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('issuerUID', UniqueIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 7))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('subjectUID', UniqueIdentifier().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 8))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('extensions', Extensions().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 9)))
+	)
+  
+class CertRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certReqId', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('certTemplate', CertTemplate()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('controls', Controls())
+	)
+
+class CertReq(CertRequest): pass
+
+class CertReqMsg(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certReq', CertRequest()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('pop', ProofOfPossession()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('regInfo', univ.SequenceOf(componentType=AttributeTypeAndValue).subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)))
+	)
+        
+class CertReqMessages(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = CertReqMsg()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2560.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2560.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0be1091b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc2560.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#
+# OCSP request/response syntax
+#
+# Derived from a minimal OCSP library (RFC2560) code written by
+# Bud P. Bruegger <bud@ancitel.it>
+# Copyright: Ancitel, S.p.a,  Rome, Italy
+# License: BSD
+#
+
+#
+# current limitations:
+# * request and response works only for a single certificate
+# * only some values are parsed out of the response
+# * the request does't set a nonce nor signature
+# * there is no signature validation of the response
+# * dates are left as strings in GeneralizedTime format -- datetime.datetime
+# would be nicer
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint, useful
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2459
+
+# Start of OCSP module definitions
+
+# This should be in directory Authentication Framework (X.509) module
+
+class CRLReason(univ.Enumerated):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('unspecified', 0),
+        ('keyCompromise', 1),
+        ('cACompromise', 2),
+        ('affiliationChanged', 3),
+        ('superseded', 4),
+        ('cessationOfOperation', 5),
+        ('certificateHold', 6),
+        ('removeFromCRL', 8),
+        ('privilegeWithdrawn', 9),
+        ('aACompromise', 10)
+        )
+
+# end of directory Authentication Framework (X.509) module
+
+# This should be in PKIX Certificate Extensions module
+
+class GeneralName(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+# end of PKIX Certificate Extensions module
+
+id_kp_OCSPSigning = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 3, 9))
+id_pkix_ocsp = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1))
+id_pkix_ocsp_basic = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 1))
+id_pkix_ocsp_nonce = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 2))
+id_pkix_ocsp_crl = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 3))
+id_pkix_ocsp_response = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 4))
+id_pkix_ocsp_nocheck = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 5))
+id_pkix_ocsp_archive_cutoff = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 6))
+id_pkix_ocsp_service_locator = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 1, 7))
+
+class AcceptableResponses(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = univ.ObjectIdentifier()
+
+class ArchiveCutoff(useful.GeneralizedTime): pass
+
+class UnknownInfo(univ.Null): pass
+
+class RevokedInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('revocationTime', useful.GeneralizedTime()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('revocationReason', CRLReason().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        )
+
+class CertID(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('hashAlgorithm', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuerNameHash', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('issuerKeyHash', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('serialNumber', rfc2459.CertificateSerialNumber())
+        )
+
+class CertStatus(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('good', univ.Null().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('revoked', RevokedInfo().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('unknown', UnknownInfo().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+        )
+
+class SingleResponse(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certID', CertID()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('certStatus', CertStatus()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('thisUpdate', useful.GeneralizedTime()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('nextUpdate', useful.GeneralizedTime().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('singleExtensions', rfc2459.Extensions().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+        )
+
+class KeyHash(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class ResponderID(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('byName', rfc2459.Name().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('byKey', KeyHash().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+        )
+
+class Version(univ.Integer):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(('v1', 0))
+
+class ResponseData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('version', Version('v1').subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('responderID', ResponderID()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('producedAt', useful.GeneralizedTime()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('responses', univ.SequenceOf(SingleResponse())),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('responseExtensions', rfc2459.Extensions().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)))
+        )
+
+class BasicOCSPResponse(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('tbsResponseData', ResponseData()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', univ.BitString()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('certs', univ.SequenceOf(rfc2459.Certificate()).subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        )
+
+class ResponseBytes(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('responseType', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('response', univ.OctetString())
+        )
+
+class OCSPResponseStatus(univ.Enumerated):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('successful', 0),
+        ('malformedRequest', 1),
+        ('internalError', 2),
+        ('tryLater', 3),
+        ('undefinedStatus', 4),  # should never occur
+        ('sigRequired', 5),
+        ('unauthorized', 6)
+        )
+
+class OCSPResponse(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('responseStatus',  OCSPResponseStatus()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('responseBytes', ResponseBytes().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        )
+
+class Request(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('reqCert', CertID()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('singleRequestExtensions', rfc2459.Extensions().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        )
+
+class Signature(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('signatureAlgorithm', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('signature', univ.BitString()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('certs', univ.SequenceOf(rfc2459.Certificate()).subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        )
+
+class TBSRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('version', Version('v1').subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('requestorName', GeneralName().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('requestList', univ.SequenceOf(Request())),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('requestExtensions', rfc2459.Extensions().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)))
+        )
+
+class OCSPRequest(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('tbsRequest',  TBSRequest()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('optionalSignature', Signature().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)))
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3412.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3412.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e80ce3155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3412.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#
+# SNMPv3 message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3412.txt
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, tag, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc1905
+
+class ScopedPDU(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('contextEngineId', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('contextName', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('data', rfc1905.PDUs())
+        )
+    
+class ScopedPduData(univ.Choice):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('plaintext', ScopedPDU()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedPDU', univ.OctetString()),
+        )
+    
+class HeaderData(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgID', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, 2147483647))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgMaxSize', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(484, 2147483647))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgFlags', univ.OctetString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 1))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgSecurityModel', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 2147483647)))
+        )
+
+class SNMPv3Message(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+         namedtype.NamedType('msgVersion', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, 2147483647))),
+         namedtype.NamedType('msgGlobalData', HeaderData()),
+         namedtype.NamedType('msgSecurityParameters', univ.OctetString()),
+         namedtype.NamedType('msgData', ScopedPduData())
+         )
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3414.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3414.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..580c88e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3414.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#
+# SNMPv3 message syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3414.txt
+#
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, namedval, tag, constraint
+
+class UsmSecurityParameters(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgAuthoritativeEngineID', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, 2147483647))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgAuthoritativeEngineTime', univ.Integer().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0, 2147483647))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgUserName', univ.OctetString().subtype(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, 32))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgAuthenticationParameters', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('msgPrivacyParameters', univ.OctetString())
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3447.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3447.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96dea7fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc3447.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#
+# PKCS#1 syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/pkcs-1/pkcs-1v2-1.asn
+#
+# Sample captures could be obtained with "openssl genrsa" command
+#
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2437 import *
+
+class OtherPrimeInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('prime', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('exponent', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('coefficient', univ.Integer())
+        )
+
+class OtherPrimeInfos(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = OtherPrimeInfo()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + \
+                  constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class RSAPrivateKey(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', univ.Integer(namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('two-prime', 0), ('multi', 1)))),
+        namedtype.NamedType('modulus', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('publicExponent', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('privateExponent', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('prime1', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('prime2', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('exponent1', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('exponent2', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('coefficient', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('otherPrimeInfos', OtherPrimeInfos())
+    )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc4210.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc4210.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..545e9f42f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc4210.py
@@ -0,0 +1,695 @@
+#
+# Certificate Management Protocol structures as per RFC4210
+#
+# Based on Alex Railean's work
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag,namedtype,namedval,univ,constraint,char,useful
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2459, rfc2511, rfc2314
+
+MAX = 64
+
+class KeyIdentifier(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class CMPCertificate(rfc2459.Certificate): pass
+
+class OOBCert(CMPCertificate): pass
+
+class CertAnnContent(CMPCertificate): pass
+
+class PKIFreeText(univ.SequenceOf):
+    """
+    PKIFreeText ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF UTF8String
+    """
+    componentType = char.UTF8String()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+class PollRepContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    """
+         PollRepContent ::= SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE {
+         certReqId              INTEGER,
+         checkAfter             INTEGER,  -- time in seconds
+         reason                 PKIFreeText OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    class CertReq(univ.Sequence):
+        componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('certReqId', univ.Integer()),
+            namedtype.NamedType('checkAfter', univ.Integer()),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('reason', PKIFreeText())
+        )
+    componentType = CertReq()
+
+class PollReqContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    """
+         PollReqContent ::= SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE {
+         certReqId              INTEGER
+     }
+
+    """
+    class CertReq(univ.Sequence):
+        componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('certReqId', univ.Integer())
+        )
+    componentType = CertReq()
+
+class InfoTypeAndValue(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    InfoTypeAndValue ::= SEQUENCE {
+     infoType               OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
+     infoValue              ANY DEFINED BY infoType  OPTIONAL
+    }"""
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('infoType', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('infoValue', univ.Any())
+    )
+
+class GenRepContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = InfoTypeAndValue()
+
+class GenMsgContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = InfoTypeAndValue()
+
+class PKIConfirmContent(univ.Null): pass
+
+class CRLAnnContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = rfc2459.CertificateList()
+
+class CAKeyUpdAnnContent(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    CAKeyUpdAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE {
+         oldWithNew   CMPCertificate,
+         newWithOld   CMPCertificate,
+         newWithNew   CMPCertificate
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('oldWithNew', CMPCertificate()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('newWithOld', CMPCertificate()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('newWithNew', CMPCertificate())
+    )
+
+class RevDetails(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    RevDetails ::= SEQUENCE {
+         certDetails         CertTemplate,
+         crlEntryDetails     Extensions       OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certDetails', rfc2511.CertTemplate()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crlEntryDetails', rfc2459.Extensions())
+    )
+ 
+class RevReqContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = RevDetails()
+
+class CertOrEncCert(univ.Choice):
+    """
+     CertOrEncCert ::= CHOICE {
+         certificate     [0] CMPCertificate,
+         encryptedCert   [1] EncryptedValue
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certificate', CMPCertificate().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedCert', rfc2511.EncryptedValue().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+class CertifiedKeyPair(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    CertifiedKeyPair ::= SEQUENCE {
+         certOrEncCert       CertOrEncCert,
+         privateKey      [0] EncryptedValue      OPTIONAL,
+         publicationInfo [1] PKIPublicationInfo  OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certOrEncCert', CertOrEncCert()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('privateKey', rfc2511.EncryptedValue().subtype(
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('publicationInfo', rfc2511.PKIPublicationInfo().subtype(
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+            )
+        )
+    )
+ 
+
+class POPODecKeyRespContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = univ.Integer()
+
+class Challenge(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    Challenge ::= SEQUENCE {
+         owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier  OPTIONAL,
+         witness             OCTET STRING,
+         challenge           OCTET STRING
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('owf', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('witness', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('challenge', univ.OctetString())
+    )
+
+class PKIStatus(univ.Integer):
+    """
+    PKIStatus ::= INTEGER {
+         accepted                (0),
+         grantedWithMods        (1),
+         rejection              (2),
+         waiting                (3),
+         revocationWarning      (4),
+         revocationNotification (5),
+         keyUpdateWarning       (6)
+     }
+    """
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('accepted', 0),
+        ('grantedWithMods', 1),
+        ('rejection', 2),
+        ('waiting', 3),
+        ('revocationWarning', 4),
+        ('revocationNotification', 5),
+        ('keyUpdateWarning', 6)
+    )
+ 
+class PKIFailureInfo(univ.BitString):
+    """
+    PKIFailureInfo ::= BIT STRING {
+         badAlg              (0),
+         badMessageCheck     (1),
+         badRequest          (2),
+         badTime             (3),
+         badCertId           (4),
+         badDataFormat       (5),
+         wrongAuthority      (6),
+         incorrectData       (7),
+         missingTimeStamp    (8),
+         badPOP              (9),
+         certRevoked         (10),
+         certConfirmed       (11),
+         wrongIntegrity      (12),
+         badRecipientNonce   (13),
+         timeNotAvailable    (14),
+         unacceptedPolicy    (15),
+         unacceptedExtension (16),
+         addInfoNotAvailable (17),
+         badSenderNonce      (18),
+         badCertTemplate     (19),
+         signerNotTrusted    (20),
+         transactionIdInUse  (21),
+         unsupportedVersion  (22),
+         notAuthorized       (23),
+         systemUnavail       (24),
+         systemFailure       (25),
+         duplicateCertReq    (26)
+    """
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+        ('badAlg', 0),
+        ('badMessageCheck', 1),
+        ('badRequest', 2),
+        ('badTime', 3),
+        ('badCertId', 4),
+        ('badDataFormat', 5),
+        ('wrongAuthority', 6),
+        ('incorrectData', 7),
+        ('missingTimeStamp', 8),
+        ('badPOP', 9),
+        ('certRevoked', 10),
+        ('certConfirmed', 11),
+        ('wrongIntegrity', 12),
+        ('badRecipientNonce', 13),
+        ('timeNotAvailable', 14),
+        ('unacceptedPolicy', 15),
+        ('unacceptedExtension', 16),
+        ('addInfoNotAvailable', 17),
+        ('badSenderNonce', 18),
+        ('badCertTemplate', 19),
+        ('signerNotTrusted', 20),
+        ('transactionIdInUse', 21),
+        ('unsupportedVersion', 22),
+        ('notAuthorized', 23),
+        ('systemUnavail', 24),
+        ('systemFailure', 25),
+        ('duplicateCertReq', 26)
+    )
+
+class PKIStatusInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    PKIStatusInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
+         status        PKIStatus,
+         statusString  PKIFreeText     OPTIONAL,
+         failInfo      PKIFailureInfo  OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('status', PKIStatus()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('statusString', PKIFreeText()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('failInfo', PKIFailureInfo())
+        )
+
+class ErrorMsgContent(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    ErrorMsgContent ::= SEQUENCE {
+         pKIStatusInfo          PKIStatusInfo,
+         errorCode              INTEGER           OPTIONAL,
+         -- implementation-specific error codes
+         errorDetails           PKIFreeText       OPTIONAL
+         -- implementation-specific error details
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('pKIStatusInfo', PKIStatusInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('errorCode', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('errorDetails', PKIFreeText())
+    )
+
+class CertStatus(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    CertStatus ::= SEQUENCE {
+        certHash    OCTET STRING,
+        certReqId   INTEGER,
+        statusInfo  PKIStatusInfo OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certHash', univ.OctetString()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('certReqId', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('statusInfo', PKIStatusInfo())
+    )
+
+class CertConfirmContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = CertStatus()
+
+class RevAnnContent(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    RevAnnContent ::= SEQUENCE {
+         status              PKIStatus,
+         certId              CertId,
+         willBeRevokedAt     GeneralizedTime,
+         badSinceDate        GeneralizedTime,
+         crlDetails          Extensions  OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('status', PKIStatus()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('certId', rfc2511.CertId()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('willBeRevokedAt', useful.GeneralizedTime()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('badSinceDate', useful.GeneralizedTime()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crlDetails', rfc2459.Extensions())
+    )
+
+class RevRepContent(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    RevRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
+         status       SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF PKIStatusInfo,
+         revCerts [0] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF CertId
+                                             OPTIONAL,
+         crls     [1] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF CertificateList
+                                             OPTIONAL
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('status', PKIStatusInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('revCerts', univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=rfc2511.CertId()
+            ).subtype(
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX),
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('crls', univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=rfc2459.CertificateList()
+            ).subtype(
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX),
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+class KeyRecRepContent(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    KeyRecRepContent ::= SEQUENCE {
+         status                  PKIStatusInfo,
+         newSigCert          [0] CMPCertificate OPTIONAL,
+         caCerts             [1] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF
+                                             CMPCertificate OPTIONAL,
+         keyPairHist         [2] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF
+                                             CertifiedKeyPair OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('status', PKIStatusInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('newSigCert', CMPCertificate().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('caCerts', univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=CMPCertificate()
+            ).subtype(
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1),
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('keyPairHist', univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=CertifiedKeyPair()
+            ).subtype(
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 2),
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+            )
+        )
+    )
+ 
+class CertResponse(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    CertResponse ::= SEQUENCE {
+         certReqId           INTEGER,
+         status              PKIStatusInfo,
+         certifiedKeyPair    CertifiedKeyPair    OPTIONAL,
+         rspInfo             OCTET STRING        OPTIONAL
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('certReqId', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('status', PKIStatusInfo()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('certifiedKeyPair', CertifiedKeyPair()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('rspInfo', univ.OctetString())
+    )
+
+class CertRepMessage(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    CertRepMessage ::= SEQUENCE {
+         caPubs       [1] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF CMPCertificate
+                          OPTIONAL,
+         response         SEQUENCE OF CertResponse
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('caPubs', univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=CMPCertificate()
+            ).subtype(
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX),
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,1)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('response', univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=CertResponse())
+            )
+    )
+
+class POPODecKeyChallContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    componentType = Challenge()
+
+class OOBCertHash(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    OOBCertHash ::= SEQUENCE {
+         hashAlg     [0] AlgorithmIdentifier     OPTIONAL,
+         certId      [1] CertId                  OPTIONAL,
+         hashVal         BIT STRING
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('hashAlg',
+                                    rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,0)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('certId', rfc2511.CertId().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,1)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('hashVal', univ.BitString())
+    )
+
+# pyasn1 does not naturally handle recursive definitions, thus this hack:
+# NestedMessageContent ::= PKIMessages
+class NestedMessageContent(univ.SequenceOf):
+    """
+    NestedMessageContent ::= PKIMessages
+    """
+    componentType = univ.Any()
+
+class DHBMParameter(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    DHBMParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
+         owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
+         -- AlgId for a One-Way Function (SHA-1 recommended)
+         mac                 AlgorithmIdentifier
+         -- the MAC AlgId (e.g., DES-MAC, Triple-DES-MAC [PKCS11],
+     }   -- or HMAC [RFC2104, RFC2202])
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('owf', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('mac', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier())
+    )
+
+id_DHBasedMac = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113533.7.66.30')
+
+class PBMParameter(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    PBMParameter ::= SEQUENCE {
+         salt                OCTET STRING,
+         owf                 AlgorithmIdentifier,
+         iterationCount      INTEGER,
+         mac                 AlgorithmIdentifier
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('salt', univ.OctetString().subtype(
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0, 128)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('owf', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('iterationCount', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('mac', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier())
+    )
+
+id_PasswordBasedMac = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113533.7.66.13')
+
+class PKIProtection(univ.BitString): pass
+
+# pyasn1 does not naturally handle recursive definitions, thus this hack:
+# NestedMessageContent ::= PKIMessages
+nestedMessageContent = NestedMessageContent().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,20))
+ 
+class PKIBody(univ.Choice):
+    """
+    PKIBody ::= CHOICE {       -- message-specific body elements
+         ir       [0]  CertReqMessages,        --Initialization Request
+         ip       [1]  CertRepMessage,         --Initialization Response
+         cr       [2]  CertReqMessages,        --Certification Request
+         cp       [3]  CertRepMessage,         --Certification Response
+         p10cr    [4]  CertificationRequest,   --imported from [PKCS10]
+         popdecc  [5]  POPODecKeyChallContent, --pop Challenge
+         popdecr  [6]  POPODecKeyRespContent,  --pop Response
+         kur      [7]  CertReqMessages,        --Key Update Request
+         kup      [8]  CertRepMessage,         --Key Update Response
+         krr      [9]  CertReqMessages,        --Key Recovery Request
+         krp      [10] KeyRecRepContent,       --Key Recovery Response
+         rr       [11] RevReqContent,          --Revocation Request
+         rp       [12] RevRepContent,          --Revocation Response
+         ccr      [13] CertReqMessages,        --Cross-Cert. Request
+         ccp      [14] CertRepMessage,         --Cross-Cert. Response
+         ckuann   [15] CAKeyUpdAnnContent,     --CA Key Update Ann.
+         cann     [16] CertAnnContent,         --Certificate Ann.
+         rann     [17] RevAnnContent,          --Revocation Ann.
+         crlann   [18] CRLAnnContent,          --CRL Announcement
+         pkiconf  [19] PKIConfirmContent,      --Confirmation
+         nested   [20] NestedMessageContent,   --Nested Message
+         genm     [21] GenMsgContent,          --General Message
+
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('ir', rfc2511.CertReqMessages().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,0)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ip', CertRepMessage().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,1)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('cr', rfc2511.CertReqMessages().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,2)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('cp', CertRepMessage().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,3)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('p10cr', rfc2314.CertificationRequest().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,4)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('popdecc', POPODecKeyChallContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,5)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('popdecr', POPODecKeyRespContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,6)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('kur', rfc2511.CertReqMessages().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,7)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('kup', CertRepMessage().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,8)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('krr', rfc2511.CertReqMessages().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,9)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('krp', KeyRecRepContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,10)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('rr', RevReqContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,11)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('rp', RevRepContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,12)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ccr', rfc2511.CertReqMessages().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,13)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ccp', CertRepMessage().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,14)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('ckuann', CAKeyUpdAnnContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,15)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('cann', CertAnnContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,16)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('rann', RevAnnContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,17)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('crlann', CRLAnnContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,18)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('pkiconf', PKIConfirmContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,19)
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('nested', nestedMessageContent),
+#        namedtype.NamedType('nested', NestedMessageContent().subtype(
+#            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,20)
+#            )
+#        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('genm', GenMsgContent().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,21)
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+
+class PKIHeader(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    PKIHeader ::= SEQUENCE {
+    pvno                INTEGER     { cmp1999(1), cmp2000(2) },
+    sender              GeneralName,
+    recipient           GeneralName,
+    messageTime     [0] GeneralizedTime         OPTIONAL,
+    protectionAlg   [1] AlgorithmIdentifier     OPTIONAL,
+    senderKID       [2] KeyIdentifier           OPTIONAL,
+    recipKID        [3] KeyIdentifier           OPTIONAL,
+    transactionID   [4] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
+    senderNonce     [5] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
+    recipNonce      [6] OCTET STRING            OPTIONAL,
+    freeText        [7] PKIFreeText             OPTIONAL,
+    generalInfo     [8] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF
+                     InfoTypeAndValue     OPTIONAL
+    }
+
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('pvno', univ.Integer(
+                namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(    
+                    ('cmp1999', 1), 
+                    ('cmp2000', 2)    
+                )
+            )
+        ),
+        namedtype.NamedType('sender', rfc2459.GeneralName()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('recipient', rfc2459.GeneralName()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('messageTime', useful.GeneralizedTime().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('protectionAlg', rfc2459.AlgorithmIdentifier().subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('senderKID', rfc2459.KeyIdentifier().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('recipKID', rfc2459.KeyIdentifier().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('transactionID', univ.OctetString().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('senderNonce', univ.OctetString().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 5))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('recipNonce', univ.OctetString().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 6))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('freeText', PKIFreeText().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 7))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('generalInfo',
+            univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=InfoTypeAndValue().subtype( 
+                    subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX),
+                    explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 8)
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+class ProtectedPart(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+     ProtectedPart ::= SEQUENCE {
+         header    PKIHeader,
+         body      PKIBody
+     }
+    """
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('header', PKIHeader()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('infoValue', PKIBody())
+        )
+
+class PKIMessage(univ.Sequence):
+    """
+    PKIMessage ::= SEQUENCE {
+    header           PKIHeader,
+    body             PKIBody,
+    protection   [0] PKIProtection OPTIONAL,
+    extraCerts   [1] SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF CMPCertificate
+                  OPTIONAL
+     }"""
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('header', PKIHeader()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('body', PKIBody()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('protection', PKIProtection().subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType( 'extraCerts',
+            univ.SequenceOf(
+                componentType=CMPCertificate()
+            ).subtype(
+                subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX),
+                explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 1)
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+class PKIMessages(univ.SequenceOf):
+    """
+    PKIMessages ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF PKIMessage
+    """
+    componentType = PKIMessage()
+    subtypeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.subtypeSpec + constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, MAX)
+
+# pyasn1 does not naturally handle recursive definitions, thus this hack:
+# NestedMessageContent ::= PKIMessages
+NestedMessageContent.componentType = PKIMessages()
+nestedMessageContent.componentType = PKIMessages()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc5208.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc5208.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1d2c1691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/pyasn1_modules/rfc5208.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#
+# PKCS#8 syntax
+#
+# ASN.1 source from:
+# http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208
+#
+# Sample captures could be obtained with "openssl pkcs8 -topk8" command
+#
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, namedval, univ, constraint
+from pyasn1_modules.rfc2459 import *
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2251
+
+class KeyEncryptionAlgorithms(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class PrivateKeyAlgorithms(AlgorithmIdentifier): pass
+
+class EncryptedData(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptionAlgorithm', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('encryptedData', EncryptedData())
+    )
+
+class PrivateKey(univ.OctetString): pass
+
+class Attributes(univ.SetOf):
+    componentType = rfc2251.Attribute()
+
+class Version(univ.Integer):
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(('v1', 0), ('v2', 1)) 
+
+class PrivateKeyInfo(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('version', Version()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('privateKeyAlgorithm', AlgorithmIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('privateKey', PrivateKey()),
+        namedtype.OptionalNamedType('attributes', Attributes().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0)))
+    )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/setup.cfg b/python/pyasn1-modules/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..861a9f554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/setup.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7530caa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""A collection of ASN.1-based protocols modules.
+
+   A collection of ASN.1 modules expressed in form of pyasn1 classes.
+   Includes protocols PDUs definition (SNMP, LDAP etc.) and various
+   data structures (X.509, PKCS etc.).
+"""
+
+classifiers = """\
+Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Environment :: Console
+Intended Audience :: Developers
+Intended Audience :: Education
+Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Intended Audience :: Telecommunications Industry
+License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Natural Language :: English
+Operating System :: OS Independent
+Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Topic :: Communications
+Topic :: Security :: Cryptography
+Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+"""
+
+def howto_install_distribute():
+    print("""
+   Error: You need the distribute Python package!
+
+   It's very easy to install it, just type (as root on Linux):
+
+   wget http://python-distribute.org/distribute_setup.py
+   python distribute_setup.py
+
+   Then you could make eggs from this package.
+""")
+
+def howto_install_setuptools():
+    print("""
+   Error: You need setuptools Python package!
+
+   It's very easy to install it, just type (as root on Linux):
+
+   wget http://peak.telecommunity.com/dist/ez_setup.py
+   python ez_setup.py
+
+   Then you could make eggs from this package.
+""")
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+    params = {
+        'install_requires': [ 'pyasn1>=0.1.4' ],
+        'zip_safe': True
+        }    
+except ImportError:
+    import sys
+    for arg in sys.argv:
+        if arg.find('egg') != -1:
+            if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
+                howto_install_distribute()
+            else:
+                howto_install_setuptools()
+            sys.exit(1)
+    from distutils.core import setup
+    params = {}
+    if sys.version_info[:2] > (2, 4):
+        params['requires'] = [ 'pyasn1(>=0.1.4)' ]
+
+doclines = [ x.strip() for x in __doc__.split('\n') if x ]
+
+params.update( {
+    'name': 'pyasn1-modules',
+    'version': open('pyasn1_modules/__init__.py').read().split('\'')[1],
+    'description': doclines[0],
+    'long_description': ' '.join(doclines[1:]),
+    'maintainer': 'Ilya Etingof <ilya@glas.net>',
+    'author': 'Ilya Etingof',
+    'author_email': 'ilya@glas.net',
+    'url': 'http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/',
+    'platforms': ['any'],
+    'classifiers': [ x for x in classifiers.split('\n') if x ],
+    'license': 'BSD',
+    'packages': [ 'pyasn1_modules' ]
+    } )
+
+setup(**params)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/cmp.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/cmp.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f734f208c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/cmp.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+cmpdump.py <<EOT
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diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/crl.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/crl.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76526cbeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/crl.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+crldump.py <<EOT
+-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----
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+-----END X509 CRL-----
+EOT
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/crmf.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/crmf.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..487159858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/crmf.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+crmfdump.py <<EOT
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+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/ocspreq.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/ocspreq.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fff23c36a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/ocspreq.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+ocspreqdump.py <<EOT
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+EOT
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/ocsprsp.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/ocsprsp.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62090484c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/ocsprsp.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+ocsprspdump.py <<EOT
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diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs1.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs1.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc45f94e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs1.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+pkcs1dump.py <<EOT
+-----BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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+-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+EOT
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs10.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs10.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8f9e07df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs10.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+pkcs10dump.py <<EOT
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
+EOT
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs7.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs7.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45b86c2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs7.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+pkcs7dump.py <<EOT
+-----BEGIN PKCS7-----
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+BgNVBAYTAlJVMQ8wDQYDVQQIEwZNb3Njb3cxDzANBgNVBAcTBk1vc2NvdzEXMBUG
+A1UEChMOR29sZGVuIFRlbGVjb20xDDAKBgNVBAsTA1JPTDEeMBwGA1UEAxMVR29s
+ZGVuIFRlbGVjb20gQUJTIENBMSQwIgYJKoZIhvcNAQkBFhVjZXJ0QGdvbGRlbnRl
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+VQQKEw5Hb2xkZW4gVGVsZWNvbTEMMAoGA1UECxMDUk9MMR4wHAYDVQQDExVHb2xk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+-----END PKCS7-----
+EOT
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs8.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs8.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..add2d7e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/pkcs8.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+pkcs8dump.py <<EOT
+-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIBVgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAUAwggE8AgEAAkEAx8CO8E0MNgEKXXDf
+I1xqBmQ+Gp3Srkqp45OApIu4lZ97n5VJ5HljU9wXcPIfx29Le3w8hCPEkugpLsdV
+GWx+EQIDAQABAkEAiv3f+DGEh6ddsPszKQXK+LuTwy2CRajKYgJnBxf5zpG50XK4
+899An+x/pGYVmVED1f0JCbk3BUbv7HViLq0qgQIhAOYlQJaQ8KJBijDpjF62lcVr
+QrqFPM4+ZrHsw0dVY2CZAiEA3jE5ngkVPfjFWEr7wS50EJhGiYlQeY4l+hADGIhd
+XDkCIQDIHt5xzmif/nOGop5/gS7ssp8ch1zfTh2IW4NWlOZMCQIgLZmYo5BlpaRK
+jAZHiKwJ8eXuhAeEVo4PyTREDmLeFjECIQCfyUPDclPo2O8ycPpozwoGwvKFrNZJ
+VWRpRKqYnOAIXQ==
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
+EOT
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/test/x509dump.sh b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/x509dump.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62904971a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/test/x509dump.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+x509dump.py <<EOT
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+EOT
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/cmpdump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/cmpdump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..74c4f77a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/cmpdump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# Read ASN.1/PEM CMP message on stdin, parse into
+# plain text, then build substrate from it
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc4210, pem
+from pyasn1 import debug
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) == 2 and sys.argv[1] == '-d':
+    debug.setLogger(debug.Debug('all'))
+elif len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat cmp.pem | %s [-d]""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+pkiMessage = rfc4210.PKIMessage()
+
+substrate = pem.readBase64FromFile(sys.stdin)
+if not substrate:
+    sys.exit(0)
+        
+pkiMsg, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=pkiMessage)
+
+print(pkiMsg.prettyPrint())
+
+assert encoder.encode(pkiMsg, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+       encoder.encode(pkiMsg, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+       'CMP message recode fails'
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/crldump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/crldump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d4b0a547c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/crldump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read X.509 CRL on stdin, print them pretty and encode back into 
+# original wire format.
+# CRL can be generated with "openssl openssl ca -gencrl ..." commands.
+#
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2459, pem
+from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder, decoder
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat crl.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+asn1Spec = rfc2459.CertificateList()
+
+cnt = 0
+
+while 1:
+    idx, substrate = pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----', '-----END X509 CRL-----'))
+    if not substrate:
+        break
+
+
+    key, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=asn1Spec)
+
+    if rest: substrate = substrate[:-len(rest)]
+        
+    print(key.prettyPrint())
+
+    assert encoder.encode(key, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+           encoder.encode(key, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+           'pkcs8 recode fails'
+        
+    cnt = cnt + 1
+ 
+print('*** %s CRL(s) re/serialized' % cnt)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/crmfdump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/crmfdump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..22bfc9d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/crmfdump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+# Read ASN.1/PEM X.509 CRMF request on stdin, parse into
+# plain text, then build substrate from it
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2511, pem
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat crmf.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+certReq = rfc2511.CertReqMessages()
+
+substrate = pem.readBase64FromFile(sys.stdin)
+if not substrate:
+    sys.exit(0)
+        
+cr, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=certReq)
+
+print(cr.prettyPrint())
+
+assert encoder.encode(cr, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+       encoder.encode(cr, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+       'crmf recode fails'
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspclient.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspclient.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b2d1dfc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspclient.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2560, rfc2459, pem
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+import sys, hashlib
+try:
+  import urllib2
+except ImportError:
+  import urllib.request as urllib2
+
+sha1oid = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 14, 3, 2, 26))
+
+class ValueOnlyBitStringEncoder(encoder.encoder.BitStringEncoder):
+    # These methods just do not encode tag and length fields of TLV
+    def encodeTag(self, *args): return ''
+    def encodeLength(self, *args): return ''
+    def encodeValue(*args):
+        substrate, isConstructed = encoder.encoder.BitStringEncoder.encodeValue(*args)
+        # OCSP-specific hack follows: cut off the "unused bit count"
+        # encoded bit-string value.
+        return substrate[1:], isConstructed
+
+    def __call__(self, bitStringValue):
+        return self.encode(None, bitStringValue, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=0)
+
+valueOnlyBitStringEncoder = ValueOnlyBitStringEncoder()
+
+def mkOcspRequest(issuerCert, userCert):
+    issuerTbsCertificate = issuerCert.getComponentByName('tbsCertificate')
+    issuerSubject = issuerTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('subject')
+    
+    userTbsCertificate = userCert.getComponentByName('tbsCertificate')
+    userIssuer = userTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('issuer')
+
+    assert issuerSubject == userIssuer, '%s\n%s' % (
+        issuerSubject.prettyPrint(), userIssuer.prettyPrint()
+        )
+
+    userIssuerHash = hashlib.sha1(
+        encoder.encode(userIssuer)
+        ).digest()
+    
+    issuerSubjectPublicKey = issuerTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('subjectPublicKeyInfo').getComponentByName('subjectPublicKey')
+    
+    issuerKeyHash =  hashlib.sha1(
+        valueOnlyBitStringEncoder(issuerSubjectPublicKey)
+        ).digest()
+    
+    userSerialNumber = userTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('serialNumber')
+
+    # Build request object
+
+    request = rfc2560.Request()
+    
+    reqCert = request.setComponentByName('reqCert').getComponentByName('reqCert')
+    
+    hashAlgorithm = reqCert.setComponentByName('hashAlgorithm').getComponentByName('hashAlgorithm')
+    hashAlgorithm.setComponentByName('algorithm', sha1oid)
+    
+    reqCert.setComponentByName('issuerNameHash', userIssuerHash)
+    reqCert.setComponentByName('issuerKeyHash', issuerKeyHash)
+    reqCert.setComponentByName('serialNumber', userSerialNumber)
+
+    ocspRequest = rfc2560.OCSPRequest()
+    
+    tbsRequest = ocspRequest.setComponentByName('tbsRequest').getComponentByName('tbsRequest')
+    tbsRequest.setComponentByName('version', 'v1')
+    
+    requestList = tbsRequest.setComponentByName('requestList').getComponentByName('requestList')
+    requestList.setComponentByPosition(0, request)
+    
+    return ocspRequest
+
+def parseOcspResponse(ocspResponse):
+    responseStatus = ocspResponse.getComponentByName('responseStatus')
+    assert responseStatus == rfc2560.OCSPResponseStatus('successful'), responseStatus.prettyPrint()    
+    responseBytes = ocspResponse.getComponentByName('responseBytes')
+    responseType = responseBytes.getComponentByName('responseType')
+    assert responseType == id_pkix_ocsp_basic, responseType.prettyPrint()
+    
+    response = responseBytes.getComponentByName('response')
+
+    basicOCSPResponse, _ = decoder.decode(
+        response, asn1Spec=rfc2560.BasicOCSPResponse()
+        )
+    
+    tbsResponseData = basicOCSPResponse.getComponentByName('tbsResponseData')
+
+    response0 = tbsResponseData.getComponentByName('responses').getComponentByPosition(0)
+    
+    return (
+        tbsResponseData.getComponentByName('producedAt'),
+        response0.getComponentByName('certID'),
+        response0.getComponentByName('certStatus').getName(),
+        response0.getComponentByName('thisUpdate')
+        )
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat CACertificate.pem userCertificate.pem | %s <ocsp-responder-url>""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+else:
+    ocspUrl = sys.argv[1]
+
+# Parse CA and user certificates
+
+issuerCert, _ = decoder.decode(
+    pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(
+        sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----', '-----END CERTIFICATE-----')
+    )[1],
+    asn1Spec=rfc2459.Certificate()
+    )
+userCert, _ = decoder.decode(
+    pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(
+        sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----', '-----END CERTIFICATE-----')
+    )[1],
+    asn1Spec=rfc2459.Certificate()
+    )
+
+# Build OCSP request
+    
+ocspReq = mkOcspRequest(issuerCert, userCert)
+
+# Use HTTP POST to get response (see Appendix A of RFC 2560)
+# In case you need proxies, set the http_proxy env variable
+
+httpReq = urllib2.Request(
+    ocspUrl,
+    encoder.encode(ocspReq),
+    { 'Content-Type': 'application/ocsp-request' }
+    )
+httpRsp = urllib2.urlopen(httpReq).read()
+
+# Process OCSP response
+    
+ocspRsp, _ = decoder.decode(httpRsp, asn1Spec=rfc2560.OCSPResponse())
+
+producedAt, certId, certStatus, thisUpdate = parseOcspResponse(ocspRsp)
+
+print('Certificate ID %s is %s at %s till %s\n' % (
+       certId.getComponentByName('serialNumber'),
+       certStatus,
+       producedAt,
+       thisUpdate))
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspreqdump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspreqdump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3a03115ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspreqdump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read ASN.1/PEM X.509 CRMF request on stdin, parse into
+# plain text, then build substrate from it
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2560, pem
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat ocsp-request.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+ocspReq = rfc2560.OCSPRequest()
+
+substrate = pem.readBase64FromFile(sys.stdin)
+if not substrate:
+    sys.exit(0)
+        
+cr, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=ocspReq)
+
+print(cr.prettyPrint())
+
+assert encoder.encode(cr, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+       encoder.encode(cr, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+       'OCSP request recode fails'
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocsprspdump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocsprspdump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e49ce038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocsprspdump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read ASN.1/PEM OCSP response on stdin, parse into
+# plain text, then build substrate from it
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2560, pem
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat ocsp-response.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+ocspReq = rfc2560.OCSPResponse()
+
+substrate = pem.readBase64FromFile(sys.stdin)
+if not substrate:
+    sys.exit(0)
+        
+cr, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=ocspReq)
+
+print(cr.prettyPrint())
+
+assert encoder.encode(cr, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+       encoder.encode(cr, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+       'OCSP request recode fails'
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspserver.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspserver.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2d12d5399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/ocspserver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2560, rfc2459, pem
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+import sys, hashlib
+try:
+    import urllib2
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib.request as urllib2
+
+sha1oid = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 14, 3, 2, 26))
+
+class ValueOnlyBitStringEncoder(encoder.encoder.BitStringEncoder):
+    # These methods just do not encode tag and length fields of TLV
+    def encodeTag(self, *args): return ''
+    def encodeLength(self, *args): return ''
+    def encodeValue(*args):
+        substrate, isConstructed = encoder.encoder.BitStringEncoder.encodeValue(*args)
+        # OCSP-specific hack follows: cut off the "unused bit count"
+        # encoded bit-string value.
+        return substrate[1:], isConstructed
+
+    def __call__(self, bitStringValue):
+        return self.encode(None, bitStringValue, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=0)
+
+valueOnlyBitStringEncoder = ValueOnlyBitStringEncoder()
+
+def mkOcspRequest(issuerCert, userCert):
+    issuerTbsCertificate = issuerCert.getComponentByName('tbsCertificate')
+    issuerSubject = issuerTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('subject')
+    
+    userTbsCertificate = userCert.getComponentByName('tbsCertificate')
+    userIssuer = userTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('issuer')
+
+    assert issuerSubject == userIssuer, '%s\n%s' % (
+        issuerSubject.prettyPrint(), userIssuer.prettyPrint()
+        )
+
+    userIssuerHash = hashlib.sha1(
+        encoder.encode(userIssuer)
+        ).digest()
+    
+    issuerSubjectPublicKey = issuerTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('subjectPublicKeyInfo').getComponentByName('subjectPublicKey')
+    
+    issuerKeyHash =  hashlib.sha1(
+        valueOnlyBitStringEncoder(issuerSubjectPublicKey)
+        ).digest()
+    
+    userSerialNumber = userTbsCertificate.getComponentByName('serialNumber')
+
+    # Build request object
+
+    request = rfc2560.Request()
+    
+    reqCert = request.setComponentByName('reqCert').getComponentByName('reqCert')
+    
+    hashAlgorithm = reqCert.setComponentByName('hashAlgorithm').getComponentByName('hashAlgorithm')
+    hashAlgorithm.setComponentByName('algorithm', sha1oid)
+    
+    reqCert.setComponentByName('issuerNameHash', userIssuerHash)
+    reqCert.setComponentByName('issuerKeyHash', issuerKeyHash)
+    reqCert.setComponentByName('serialNumber', userSerialNumber)
+
+    ocspRequest = rfc2560.OCSPRequest()
+    
+    tbsRequest = ocspRequest.setComponentByName('tbsRequest').getComponentByName('tbsRequest')
+    tbsRequest.setComponentByName('version', 'v1')
+    
+    requestList = tbsRequest.setComponentByName('requestList').getComponentByName('requestList')
+    requestList.setComponentByPosition(0, request)
+    
+    return ocspRequest
+
+def parseOcspRequest(ocspRequest):
+    tbsRequest = ocspRequest['responseStatus']
+    
+    assert responseStatus == rfc2560.OCSPResponseStatus('successful'), responseStatus.prettyPrint()    
+    responseBytes = ocspResponse.getComponentByName('responseBytes')
+    responseType = responseBytes.getComponentByName('responseType')
+    assert responseType == id_pkix_ocsp_basic, responseType.prettyPrint()
+    
+    response = responseBytes.getComponentByName('response')
+
+    basicOCSPResponse, _ = decoder.decode(
+        response, asn1Spec=rfc2560.BasicOCSPResponse()
+        )
+    
+    tbsResponseData = basicOCSPResponse.getComponentByName('tbsResponseData')
+
+    response0 = tbsResponseData.getComponentByName('responses').getComponentByPosition(0)
+    
+    return (
+        tbsResponseData.getComponentByName('producedAt'),
+        response0.getComponentByName('certID'),
+        response0.getComponentByName('certStatus').getName(),
+        response0.getComponentByName('thisUpdate')
+        )
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat CACertificate.pem userCertificate.pem | %s <ocsp-responder-url>""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+else:
+    ocspUrl = sys.argv[1]
+
+# Parse CA and user certificates
+
+issuerCert, _ = decoder.decode(
+    pem.readPemFromFile(sys.stdin)[1],
+    asn1Spec=rfc2459.Certificate()
+    )
+userCert, _ = decoder.decode(
+    pem.readPemFromFile(sys.stdin)[1],
+    asn1Spec=rfc2459.Certificate()
+    )
+
+# Build OCSP request
+    
+ocspReq = mkOcspRequest(issuerCert, userCert)
+
+# Use HTTP POST to get response (see Appendix A of RFC 2560)
+# In case you need proxies, set the http_proxy env variable
+
+httpReq = urllib2.Request(
+    ocspUrl,
+    encoder.encode(ocspReq),
+    { 'Content-Type': 'application/ocsp-request' }
+    )
+httpRsp = urllib2.urlopen(httpReq).read()
+
+# Process OCSP response
+    
+ocspRsp, _ = decoder.decode(httpRsp, asn1Spec=rfc2560.OCSPResponse())
+
+producedAt, certId, certStatus, thisUpdate = parseOcspResponse(ocspRsp)
+
+print('Certificate ID %s is %s at %s till %s\n' % (
+    certId.getComponentByName('serialNumber'),
+    certStatus,
+    producedAt,
+    thisUpdate
+    ))
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs10dump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs10dump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ea979c0cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs10dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read ASN.1/PEM X.509 certificate requests (PKCS#10 format) on stdin, 
+# parse each into plain text, then build substrate from it
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2314, pem
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat certificateRequest.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+certType = rfc2314.CertificationRequest()
+
+certCnt = 0
+
+while 1:
+    idx, substrate = pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(
+                      sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----',
+                                  '-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----')
+                     )
+    if not substrate:
+        break
+        
+    cert, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=certType)
+
+    if rest: substrate = substrate[:-len(rest)]
+        
+    print(cert.prettyPrint())
+
+    assert encoder.encode(cert, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+           encoder.encode(cert, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+           'cert recode fails'
+        
+    certCnt = certCnt + 1
+    
+print('*** %s PEM certificate request(s) de/serialized' % certCnt)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs1dump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs1dump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d0da82b2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs1dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read unencrypted PKCS#1/PKIX-compliant, PEM&DER encoded private keys on
+# stdin, print them pretty and encode back into original wire format.
+# Private keys can be generated with "openssl genrsa|gendsa" commands.
+#
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2459, rfc2437, pem
+from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder, decoder
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat rsakey.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+cnt = 0
+
+while 1:
+    idx, substrate = pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----', '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'), ('-----BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY-----', '-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----') )
+    if not substrate:
+        break
+
+    if idx == 0:
+        asn1Spec = rfc2437.RSAPrivateKey()
+    elif idx == 1:
+        asn1Spec = rfc2459.DSAPrivateKey()
+    else:
+        break
+
+    key, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=asn1Spec)
+
+    if rest: substrate = substrate[:-len(rest)]
+        
+    print(key.prettyPrint())
+
+    assert encoder.encode(key, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+           encoder.encode(key, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+           'pkcs8 recode fails'
+        
+    cnt = cnt + 1
+ 
+print('*** %s key(s) re/serialized' % cnt)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs7dump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs7dump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..779487162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs7dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read ASN.1/PEM PKCS#7 on stdin, parse it into plain text,
+# then build substrate from it
+#
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2315, pem
+from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder, decoder
+import sys
+    
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat pkcs7Certificate.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+idx, substrate = pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(
+    sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN PKCS7-----', '-----END PKCS7-----')
+    )
+
+assert substrate, 'bad PKCS7 data on input'
+        
+contentInfo, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=rfc2315.ContentInfo())
+
+if rest: substrate = substrate[:-len(rest)]
+    
+print(contentInfo.prettyPrint())
+
+assert encoder.encode(contentInfo, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+       encoder.encode(contentInfo, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+       're-encode fails'
+
+contentType = contentInfo.getComponentByName('contentType')
+
+contentInfoMap = {
+    (1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 7, 1): rfc2315.Data(),
+    (1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 7, 2): rfc2315.SignedData(),
+    (1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 7, 3): rfc2315.EnvelopedData(),
+    (1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 7, 4): rfc2315.SignedAndEnvelopedData(),
+    (1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 7, 5): rfc2315.DigestedData(),
+    (1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 7, 6): rfc2315.EncryptedData()
+    }
+
+content, _ = decoder.decode(
+    contentInfo.getComponentByName('content'),
+    asn1Spec=contentInfoMap[contentType]
+    )
+
+print(content.prettyPrint())
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs8dump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs8dump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d1d125f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/pkcs8dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read  bunch of ASN.1/PEM plain/encrypted private keys in PKCS#8 
+# format on stdin, parse each into plain text, then build substrate from it
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc5208, pem
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat pkcs8key.pem | %s""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+cnt = 0
+
+while 1:
+    idx, substrate = pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----', '-----END PRIVATE KEY-----'), ('-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----', '-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----') )
+    if not substrate:
+        break
+
+    if idx == 0:
+        asn1Spec = rfc5208.PrivateKeyInfo()
+    elif idx == 1:
+        asn1Spec = rfc5208.EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo()
+    else:
+        break
+
+    key, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=asn1Spec)
+
+    if rest: substrate = substrate[:-len(rest)]
+        
+    print(key.prettyPrint())
+
+    assert encoder.encode(key, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+           encoder.encode(key, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+           'pkcs8 recode fails'
+        
+    cnt = cnt + 1
+    
+print('*** %s PKCS#8 key(s) de/serialized' % cnt)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/snmpget.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/snmpget.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..372510329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/snmpget.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Generate SNMPGET request, parse response
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc1157
+import sys, socket
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 4:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ %s <community> <host> <OID>""" % sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(-1)
+
+msg = rfc1157.Message()
+msg.setComponentByPosition(0)
+msg.setComponentByPosition(1, sys.argv[1])
+# pdu
+pdus = msg.setComponentByPosition(2).getComponentByPosition(2)
+pdu = pdus.setComponentByPosition(0).getComponentByPosition(0)
+pdu.setComponentByPosition(0, 123)
+pdu.setComponentByPosition(1, 0)
+pdu.setComponentByPosition(2, 0)
+vbl = pdu.setComponentByPosition(3).getComponentByPosition(3)
+vb = vbl.setComponentByPosition(0).getComponentByPosition(0)
+vb.setComponentByPosition(0, sys.argv[3])
+v = vb.setComponentByPosition(1).getComponentByPosition(1).setComponentByPosition(0).getComponentByPosition(0).setComponentByPosition(3).getComponentByPosition(3)
+
+print('sending: %s' % msg.prettyPrint())
+
+sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+sock.sendto(encoder.encode(msg), (sys.argv[2], 161))
+
+substrate, _ = sock.recvfrom(2048)
+
+rMsg, _ = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=msg)
+
+print('received: %s' % rMsg.prettyPrint())
diff --git a/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/x509dump.py b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/x509dump.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..64cba7e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1-modules/tools/x509dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+#
+# Read ASN.1/PEM X.509 certificates on stdin, parse each into plain text,
+# then build substrate from it
+#
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder, encoder
+from pyasn1_modules import rfc2459, pem
+import sys
+
+if len(sys.argv) != 1:
+    print("""Usage:
+$ cat CACertificate.pem | %s
+$ cat userCertificate.pem | %s""" % (sys.argv[0], sys.argv[0]))
+    sys.exit(-1)
+    
+certType = rfc2459.Certificate()
+
+certCnt = 0
+
+while 1:
+    idx, substrate = pem.readPemBlocksFromFile(
+                        sys.stdin, ('-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----',
+                                    '-----END CERTIFICATE-----')
+                     )
+    if not substrate:
+        break
+        
+    cert, rest = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=certType)
+
+    if rest: substrate = substrate[:-len(rest)]
+        
+    print(cert.prettyPrint())
+
+    assert encoder.encode(cert, defMode=False) == substrate or \
+           encoder.encode(cert, defMode=True) == substrate, \
+           'cert recode fails'
+        
+    certCnt = certCnt + 1
+    
+print('*** %s PEM cert(s) de/serialized' % certCnt)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/CHANGES b/python/pyasn1/CHANGES
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..561dedd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/CHANGES
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+Revision 0.1.7
+--------------
+
+- License updated to vanilla BSD 2-Clause to ease package use
+  (http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause).
+- Test suite made discoverable by unittest/unittest2 discovery feature.
+- Fix to decoder working on indefinite length substrate -- end-of-octets
+  marker is now detected by both tag and value. Otherwise zero values may
+  interfere with end-of-octets marker.
+- Fix to decoder to fail in cases where tagFormat indicates inappropriate
+  format for the type (e.g. BOOLEAN is always PRIMITIVE, SET is always 
+  CONSTRUCTED and OCTET STRING is either of the two)
+- Fix to REAL type encoder to force primitive encoding form encoding.
+- Fix to CHOICE decoder to handle explicitly tagged, indefinite length
+  mode encoding
+- Fix to REAL type decoder to handle negative REAL values correctly. Test
+  case added.
+
+Revision 0.1.6
+--------------
+
+- The compact (valueless) way of encoding zero INTEGERs introduced in
+  0.1.5 seems to fail miserably as the world is filled with broken
+  BER decoders. So we had to back off the *encoder* for a while.
+  There's still the IntegerEncoder.supportCompactZero flag which
+  enables compact encoding form whenever it evaluates to True.
+- Report package version on debugging code initialization.
+
+Revision 0.1.5
+--------------
+
+- Documentation updated and split into chapters to better match
+  web-site contents.
+- Make prettyPrint() working for non-initialized pyasn1 data objects. It
+  used to throw an exception.
+- Fix to encoder to produce empty-payload INTEGER values for zeros
+- Fix to decoder to support empty-payload INTEGER and REAL values
+- Fix to unit test suites imports to be able to run each from
+  their current directory
+
+Revision 0.1.4
+--------------
+
+- Built-in codec debugging facility added
+- Added some more checks to ObjectIdentifier BER encoder catching
+  posible 2^8 overflow condition by two leading sub-OIDs
+- Implementations overriding the AbstractDecoder.valueDecoder method
+  changed to return the rest of substrate behind the item being processed
+  rather than the unprocessed substrate within the item (which is usually
+  empty).
+- Decoder's recursiveFlag feature generalized as a user callback function
+  which is passed an uninitialized object recovered from substrate and
+  its uninterpreted payload.
+- Catch inappropriate substrate type passed to decoder.
+- Expose tagMap/typeMap/Decoder objects at DER decoder to uniform API.
+- Obsolete __init__.MajorVersionId replaced with __init__.__version__
+  which is now in-sync with distutils.
+- Package classifiers updated.
+- The __init__.py's made non-empty (rumors are that they may be optimized 
+  out by package managers).
+- Bail out gracefully whenever Python version is older than 2.4.
+- Fix to Real codec exponent encoding (should be in 2's complement form),
+  some more test cases added.
+- Fix in Boolean truth testing built-in methods
+- Fix to substrate underrun error handling at ObjectIdentifier BER decoder
+- Fix to BER Boolean decoder that allows other pre-computed
+  values besides 0 and 1
+- Fix to leading 0x80 octet handling in DER/CER/DER ObjectIdentifier decoder.
+  See http://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/publications/article-1432.pdf
+
+Revision 0.1.3
+--------------
+
+- Include class name into asn1 value constraint violation exception.
+- Fix to OctetString.prettyOut() method that looses leading zero when
+  building hex string.
+
+Revision 0.1.2
+--------------
+
+- Fix to __long__() to actually return longs on py2k
+- Fix to OctetString.__str__() workings of a non-initialized object.
+- Fix to quote initializer of OctetString.__repr__()
+- Minor fix towards ObjectIdentifier.prettyIn() reliability
+- ObjectIdentifier.__str__() is aliased to prettyPrint()
+- Exlicit repr() calls replaced with '%r'
+
+Revision 0.1.1
+--------------
+
+- Hex/bin string initializer to OctetString object reworked
+  (in a backward-incompatible manner)
+- Fixed float() infinity compatibility issue (affects 2.5 and earlier)
+- Fixed a bug/typo at Boolean CER encoder.
+- Major overhawl for Python 2.4 -- 3.2 compatibility:
+  + get rid of old-style types
+  + drop string module usage
+  + switch to rich comparation
+  + drop explicit long integer type use
+  + map()/filter() replaced with list comprehension
+  + apply() replaced with */**args
+  + switched to use 'key' sort() callback function
+  + support both __nonzero__() and __bool__() methods
+  + modified not to use py3k-incompatible exception syntax
+  + getslice() operator fully replaced with getitem()
+  + dictionary operations made 2K/3K compatible
+  + base type for encoding substrate and OctetString-based types
+    is now 'bytes' when running py3k and 'str' otherwise
+  + OctetString and derivatives now unicode compliant.
+  + OctetString now supports two python-neutral getters: asOcts() & asInts()
+  + print OctetString content in hex whenever it is not printable otherwise
+  + in test suite, implicit relative import replaced with the absolute one
+  + in test suite, string constants replaced with numerics
+
+Revision 0.0.13
+---------------
+
+- Fix to base10 normalization function that loops on univ.Real(0)
+
+Revision 0.0.13b
+----------------
+
+- ASN.1 Real type is now supported properly.
+- Objects of Constructed types now support __setitem__()
+- Set/Sequence objects can now be addressed by their field names (string index)
+  and position (integer index).
+- Typo fix to ber.SetDecoder code that prevented guided decoding operation.
+- Fix to explicitly tagged items decoding support.
+- Fix to OctetString.prettyPrint() to better handle non-printable content.
+- Fix to repr() workings of Choice objects.
+
+Revision 0.0.13a
+----------------
+
+- Major codec re-design.
+- Documentation significantly improved.
+- ASN.1 Any type is now supported.
+- All example ASN.1 modules moved to separate pyasn1-modules package.
+- Fix to initial sub-OID overflow condition detection an encoder.
+- BitString initialization value verification improved.
+- The Set/Sequence.getNameByPosition() method implemented.
+- Fix to proper behaviour of PermittedAlphabetConstraint object.
+- Fix to improper Boolean substrate handling at CER/DER decoders.
+- Changes towards performance improvement:
+  + all dict.has_key() & dict.get() invocations replaced with modern syntax
+    (this breaks compatibility with Python 2.1 and older).
+  + tag and tagset caches introduced to decoder
+  + decoder code improved to prevent unnecessary pyasn1 objects creation
+  + allow disabling components verification when setting components to
+    structured types, this is used by decoder whilst running in guided mode.
+  + BER decoder for integer values now looks up a small set of pre-computed
+    substrate values to save on decoding.
+  + a few pre-computed values configured to ObjectIdentifier BER encoder.
+  + ChoiceDecoder split-off SequenceOf one to save on unnecessary checks.
+  + replace slow hasattr()/getattr() calls with isinstance() introspection.
+  + track the number of initialized components of Constructed types to save
+    on default/optional components initialization.
+  + added a shortcut ObjectIdentifier.asTuple() to be used instead of
+    __getitem__() in hotspots.
+  + use Tag.asTuple() and pure integers at tag encoder.
+  + introduce and use in decoder the baseTagSet attribute of the built-in
+    ASN.1 types.
+
+Revision 0.0.12a
+----------------
+
+- The individual tag/length/value processing methods of 
+  encoder.AbstractItemEncoder renamed (leading underscore stripped)
+  to promote overloading in cases where partial substrate processing
+  is required.
+- The ocsp.py, ldap.py example scripts added.
+- Fix to univ.ObjectIdentifier input value handler to disallow negative
+  sub-IDs.
+
+Revision 0.0.11a
+----------------
+
+- Decoder can now treat values of unknown types as opaque OctetString.
+- Fix to Set/SetOf type decoder to handle uninitialized scalar SetOf 
+  components correctly.
+
+Revision 0.0.10a
+----------------
+
+- API versioning mechanics retired (pyasn1.v1 -> pyasn1) what makes
+  it possible to zip-import pyasn1 sources (used by egg and py2exe).
+
+Revision 0.0.9a
+---------------
+
+- Allow any non-zero values in Boolean type BER decoder, as it's in
+  accordnance with the standard.
+
+Revision 0.0.8a
+---------------
+
+- Integer.__index__() now supported (for Python 2.5+).
+- Fix to empty value encoding in BitString encoder, test case added.
+- Fix to SequenceOf decoder that prevents it skipping possible Choice
+  typed inner component.
+- Choice.getName() method added for getting currently set component
+  name.
+- OctetsString.prettyPrint() does a single str() against its value
+  eliminating an extra quotes.
+
+Revision 0.0.7a
+---------------
+
+- Large tags (>31) now supported by codecs.
+- Fix to encoder to properly handle explicitly tagged untagged items.
+- All possible value lengths (up to 256^126) now supported by encoders.
+- Fix to Tag class constructor to prevent negative IDs.
+
+Revision 0.0.6a
+---------------
+
+- Make use of setuptools.
+- Constraints derivation verification (isSuperTypeOf()/isSubTypeOf()) fixed.
+- Fix to constraints comparation logic -- can't cmp() hash values as it
+  may cause false positives due to hash conflicts.
+
+Revision 0.0.5a
+---------------
+
+- Integer BER codec reworked fixing negative values encoding bug.
+- clone() and subtype() methods of Constructed ASN.1 classes now 
+  accept optional cloneValueFlag flag which controls original value
+  inheritance. The default is *not* to inherit original value for 
+  performance reasons (this may affect backward compatibility).
+  Performance penalty may be huge on deeply nested Constructed objects
+  re-creation.
+- Base ASN.1 types (pyasn1.type.univ.*) do not have default values
+  anymore. They remain uninitialized acting as ASN.1 types. In 
+  this model, initialized ASN.1 types represent either types with
+  default value installed or a type instance.
+- Decoders' prototypes are now class instances rather than classes.
+  This is to simplify initial value installation to decoder's
+  prototype value.
+- Bugfix to BitString BER decoder (trailing bits not regarded).
+- Bugfix to Constraints use as mapping keys.
+- Bugfix to Integer & BitString clone() methods
+- Bugix to the way to distinguish Set from SetOf at CER/DER SetOfEncoder
+- Adjustments to make it running on Python 1.5.
+- In tests, substrate constants converted from hex escaped literals into
+  octals to overcome indefinite hex width issue occuring in young Python.
+- Minor performance optimization of TagSet.isSuperTagSetOf() method
+- examples/sshkey.py added
+
+Revision 0.0.4a
+---------------
+
+* Asn1ItemBase.prettyPrinter() -> *.prettyPrint()
+
+Revision 0.0.3a
+---------------
+
+* Simple ASN1 objects now hash to their Python value and don't
+  depend upon tag/constraints/etc.
+* prettyIn & prettyOut methods of SimplleAsn1Object become public
+* many syntax fixes
+
+Revision 0.0.2a
+---------------
+
+* ConstraintsIntersection.isSuperTypeOf() and 
+  ConstraintsIntersection.hasConstraint() implemented
+* Bugfix to NamedValues initialization code
+* +/- operators added to NamedValues objects
+* Integer.__abs__() & Integer.subtype() added
+* ObjectIdentifier.prettyOut() fixes
+* Allow subclass components at SequenceAndSetBase
+* AbstractConstraint.__cmp__() dropped
+* error.Asn1Error replaced with error.PyAsn1Error
+
+Revision 0.0.1a
+---------------
+
+* Initial public alpha release
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/LICENSE b/python/pyasn1/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fac589b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Copyright (c) 2005-2013, Ilya Etingof <ilya@glas.net>
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 
+ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/MANIFEST.in b/python/pyasn1/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8b3d36ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+include CHANGES README LICENSE THANKS TODO
+recursive-include test *.py
+recursive-include doc *.html
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/PKG-INFO b/python/pyasn1/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5de78eceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: pyasn1
+Version: 0.1.7
+Summary: ASN.1 types and codecs
+Home-page: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/
+Author: Ilya Etingof <ilya@glas.net>
+Author-email: ilya@glas.net
+License: BSD
+Description: A pure-Python implementation of ASN.1 types and DER/BER/CER codecs (X.208).
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Education
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Telecommunications Industry
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Topic :: Communications
+Classifier: Topic :: Security :: Cryptography
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/README b/python/pyasn1/README
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffa3b57e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/README
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+
+ASN.1 library for Python
+------------------------
+
+This is an implementation of ASN.1 types and codecs in Python programming
+language. It has been first written to support particular protocol (SNMP)
+but then generalized to be suitable for a wide range of protocols
+based on ASN.1 specification.
+
+FEATURES
+--------
+
+* Generic implementation of ASN.1 types (X.208)
+* Fully standard compliant BER/CER/DER codecs
+* 100% Python, works with Python 2.4 up to Python 3.3 (beta 1)
+* MT-safe
+
+MISFEATURES
+-----------
+
+* No ASN.1 compiler (by-hand ASN.1 spec compilation into Python code required)
+* Codecs are not restartable
+
+INSTALLATION
+------------
+
+The pyasn1 package uses setuptools/distutils for installation. Thus do
+either:
+
+$ easy_install pyasn1
+
+or
+
+$ tar zxf pyasn1-0.1.3.tar.gz
+$ cd pyasn1-0.1.3
+$ python setup.py install
+$ cd test
+$ python suite.py   # run unit tests
+
+OPERATION
+---------
+
+Perhaps a typical use would involve [by-hand] compilation of your ASN.1
+specification into pyasn1-backed Python code at your application.
+
+For more information on pyasn1 APIs, please, refer to the 
+doc/pyasn1-tutorial.html file in the distribution.
+
+Also refer to example modules. Take a look at pyasn1-modules package -- maybe
+it already holds something useful to you.
+
+AVAILABILITY
+------------
+
+The pyasn1 package is distributed under terms and conditions of BSD-style
+license. See LICENSE file in the distribution. Source code is freely
+available from:
+
+http://pyasn1.sf.net
+
+
+FEEDBACK
+--------
+
+Please, send your comments and fixes to mailing lists at project web site.
+
+=-=-=
+mailto: ilya@glas.net
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/THANKS b/python/pyasn1/THANKS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4de1713c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/THANKS
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Denis S. Otkidach
+Gregory Golberg
+Bud P. Bruegger
+Jacek Konieczny
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/TODO b/python/pyasn1/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ee211c2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+* Specialize ASN.1 character and useful types
+* Come up with simpler API for deeply nested constructed objects
+  addressing
+
+ber.decoder:
+* suspend codec on underrun error ?
+* class-static components map (in simple type classes)
+* present subtypes ?
+* component presence check wont work at innertypeconst
+* add the rest of ASN1 types/codecs
+* type vs value, defaultValue
+
+ber.encoder:
+* Asn1Item.clone() / shallowcopy issue
+* large length encoder?
+* codec restart
+* preserve compatible API whenever stateful codec gets implemented
+* restartable vs incremental
+* plan: make a stateless univeral decoder, then convert it to restartable
+       then to incremental
+
+type.useful:
+* may need to implement prettyIn/Out
+
+type.char:
+* may need to implement constraints
+
+type.univ:
+* simpler API to constructed objects: value init, recursive
+
+type.namedtypes
+* type vs tagset name convention
+
+general:
+
+* how untagged TagSet should be initialized?
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/codecs.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/codecs.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c2c36ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/doc/codecs.html
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+<html>
+<title>
+PyASN1 codecs
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<h3>
+2. PyASN1 Codecs
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In ASN.1 context, 
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec>codec</a>
+is a program that transforms between concrete data structures and a stream
+of octets, suitable for transmission over the wire. This serialized form of
+data is sometimes called <i>substrate</i> or <i>essence</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 implementation, substrate takes shape of Python 3 bytes or 
+Python 2 string objects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the properties of a codec is its ability to cope with incomplete
+data and/or substrate what implies codec to be stateful. In other words, 
+when decoder runs out of substrate and data item being recovered is still 
+incomplete, stateful codec would suspend and complete data item recovery 
+whenever the rest of substrate becomes available. Similarly, stateful encoder
+would encode data items in multiple steps waiting for source data to
+arrive. Codec restartability is especially important when application deals
+with large volumes of data and/or runs on low RAM. For an interesting
+discussion on codecs options and design choices, refer to
+<a href=http://directory.apache.org/subprojects/asn1/>Apache ASN.1 project</a>
+.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As of this writing, codecs implemented in pyasn1 are all stateless, mostly
+to keep the code simple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The pyasn1 package currently supports 
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_encoding_rules>BER</a> codec and
+its variations -- 
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_encoding_rules>CER</a> and
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_encoding_rules>DER</a>.
+More ASN.1 codecs are planned for implementation in the future.
+</p>
+
+<a name="2.1"></a>
+<h4>
+2.1 Encoders
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Encoder is used for transforming pyasn1 value objects into substrate. Only
+pyasn1 value objects could be serialized, attempts to process pyasn1 type
+objects will cause encoder failure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following code will create a pyasn1 Integer object and serialize it with
+BER encoder:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder
+>>> encoder.encode(univ.Integer(123456))
+b'\x02\x03\x01\xe2@'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+BER standard also defines a so-called <i>indefinite length</i> encoding form
+which makes large data items processing more memory efficient. It is mostly
+useful when encoder does not have the whole value all at once and the
+length of the value can not be determined at the beginning of encoding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Constructed encoding</i> is another feature of BER closely related to the
+indefinite length form. In essence, a large scalar value (such as ASN.1
+character BitString type) could be chopped into smaller chunks by encoder
+and transmitted incrementally to limit memory consumption. Unlike indefinite
+length case, the length of the whole value must be known in advance when
+using constructed, definite length encoding form.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since pyasn1 codecs are not restartable, pyasn1 encoder may only encode data
+item all at once. However, even in this case, generating indefinite length 
+encoding may help a low-memory receiver, running a restartable decoder,
+to process a large data item.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder
+>>> encoder.encode(
+...   univ.OctetString('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'),
+...   defMode=False,
+...   maxChunkSize=8
+... )
+b'$\x80\x04\x08The quic\x04\x08k brown \x04\x08fox jump\x04\x08s over \
+t\x04\x08he lazy \x04\x03dog\x00\x00'
+>>>
+>>> encoder.encode(
+...   univ.OctetString('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'),
+...   maxChunkSize=8
+... )
+b'$7\x04\x08The quic\x04\x08k brown \x04\x08fox jump\x04\x08s over \
+t\x04\x08he lazy \x04\x03dog'
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The <b>defMode</b> encoder parameter disables definite length encoding mode,
+while the optional <b>maxChunkSize</b> parameter specifies desired
+substrate chunk size that influences memory requirements at the decoder's end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To use CER or DER encoders one needs to explicitly import and call them - the
+APIs are all compatible.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder as ber_encoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.cer import encoder as cer_encoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder as der_encoder
+>>> ber_encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+b'\x01\x01\x01'
+>>> cer_encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+b'\x01\x01\xff'
+>>> der_encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+b'\x01\x01\xff'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="2.2"></a>
+<h4>
+2.2 Decoders
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In the process of decoding, pyasn1 value objects are created and linked to
+each other, based on the information containted in the substrate. Thus,
+the original pyasn1 value object(s) are recovered.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Boolean('True(1)'), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Commenting on the code snippet above, pyasn1 decoder accepts substrate
+as an argument and returns a tuple of pyasn1 value object (possibly
+a top-level one in case of constructed object) and unprocessed part
+of input substrate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All pyasn1 decoders can handle both definite and indefinite length
+encoding modes automatically, explicit switching into one mode
+to another is not required.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(
+...   univ.OctetString('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'),
+...   defMode=False,
+...   maxChunkSize=8
+... )
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Speaking of BER/CER/DER encoding, in many situations substrate may not contain
+all necessary information needed for complete and accurate ASN.1 values
+recovery. The most obvious cases include implicitly tagged ASN.1 types
+and constrained types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As discussed earlier in this handbook, when an ASN.1 type is implicitly
+tagged, previous outermost tag is lost and never appears in substrate.
+If it is the base tag that gets lost, decoder is unable to pick type-specific
+value decoder at its table of built-in types, and therefore recover
+the value part, based only on the information contained in substrate. The
+approach taken by pyasn1 decoder is to use a prototype pyasn1 type object (or
+a set of them) to <i>guide</i> the decoding process by matching [possibly
+incomplete] tags recovered from substrate with those found in prototype pyasn1
+type objects (also called pyasn1 specification object further in this paper).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder
+>>> decoder.decode(b'\x02\x01\x0c', asn1Spec=univ.Integer())
+Integer(12), b''
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Decoder would neither modify pyasn1 specification object nor use
+its current values (if it's a pyasn1 value object), but rather use it as
+a hint for choosing proper decoder and as a pattern for creating new objects:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> i = univ.Integer(12345).subtype(
+...   implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 40)
+... )
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(i)
+>>> substrate
+b'\x9f(\x0209'
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: 
+   TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=40)) not in asn1Spec
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=i)
+(Integer(12345), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Notice in the example above, that an attempt to run decoder without passing
+pyasn1 specification object fails because recovered tag does not belong
+to any of the built-in types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another important feature of guided decoder operation is the use of
+values constraints possibly present in pyasn1 specification object.
+To explain this, we will decode a random integer object into generic Integer
+and the constrained one.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> class DialDigit(univ.Integer):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0,9)
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(univ.Integer(13))
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Integer(13), b'')
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=DialDigit())
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ValueRangeConstraint(0, 9) failed at: 13
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Similarily to encoders, to use CER or DER decoders application has to
+explicitly import and call them - all APIs are compatible.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder as ber_encoder
+>>> substrate = ber_encoder.encode(univ.OctetString('http://pyasn1.sf.net'))
+>>>
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder as ber_decoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.cer import decoder as cer_decoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
+>>> 
+>>> ber_decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'http://pyasn1.sf.net'), b'')
+>>> cer_decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'http://pyasn1.sf.net'), b'')
+>>> der_decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'http://pyasn1.sf.net'), b'')
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="2.2.1"></a>
+<h4>
+2.2.1 Decoding untagged types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+It has already been mentioned, that ASN.1 has two "special case" types:
+CHOICE and ANY. They are different from other types in part of 
+tagging - unless these two are additionally tagged, neither of them will
+have their own tag. Therefore these types become invisible in substrate
+and can not be recovered without passing pyasn1 specification object to
+decoder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To explain the issue, we will first prepare a Choice object to deal with:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype
+>>> class CodeOrMessage(univ.Choice):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('code', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('message', univ.OctetString())
+...   )
+>>>
+>>> codeOrMessage = CodeOrMessage()
+>>> codeOrMessage.setComponentByName('message', 'my string value')
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ message=b'my string value'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Let's now encode this Choice object and then decode its substrate
+with and without pyasn1 specification object:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(codeOrMessage)
+>>> substrate
+b'\x04\x0fmy string value'
+>>> encoder.encode(univ.OctetString('my string value'))
+b'\x04\x0fmy string value'
+>>>
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'my string value'), b'')
+>>> codeOrMessage, substrate = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=CodeOrMessage())
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ message=b'my string value'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+First thing to notice in the listing above is that the substrate produced
+for our Choice value object is equivalent to the substrate for an OctetString
+object initialized to the same value. In other words, any information about
+the Choice component is absent in encoding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sure enough, that kind of substrate will decode into an OctetString object,
+unless original Choice type object is passed to decoder to guide the decoding
+process.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similarily untagged ANY type behaves differently on decoding phase - when
+decoder bumps into an Any object in pyasn1 specification, it stops decoding
+and puts all the substrate into a new Any value object in form of an octet
+string. Concerned application could then re-run decoder with an additional,
+more exact pyasn1 specification object to recover the contents of Any
+object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As it was mentioned elsewhere in this paper, Any type allows for incomplete
+or changing ASN.1 specification to be handled gracefully by decoder and
+applications.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To illustrate the working of Any type, we'll have to make the stage
+by encoding a pyasn1 object and then putting its substrate into an any
+object.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> innerSubstrate = encoder.encode(univ.Integer(1234))
+>>> innerSubstrate
+b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2'
+>>> any = univ.Any(innerSubstrate)
+>>> any
+Any(b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2')
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(any)
+>>> substrate
+b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As with Choice type encoding, there is no traces of Any type in substrate.
+Obviously, the substrate we are dealing with, will decode into the inner
+[Integer] component, unless pyasn1 specification is given to guide the 
+decoder. Continuing previous code:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Integer(1234), b'')
+>>> any, substrate = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=univ.Any())
+>>> any
+Any(b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2')
+>>> decoder.decode(str(any))
+(Integer(1234), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Both CHOICE and ANY types are widely used in practice. Reader is welcome to
+take a look at 
+<a href=http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/x509guide.txt>
+ASN.1 specifications of X.509 applications</a> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<a name="2.2.2"></a>
+<h4>
+2.2.2 Ignoring unknown types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+When dealing with a loosely specified ASN.1 structure, the receiving
+end may not be aware of some types present in the substrate. It may be
+convenient then to turn decoder into a recovery mode. Whilst there, decoder
+will not bail out when hit an unknown tag but rather treat it as an Any
+type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> taggedInt = univ.Integer(12345).subtype(
+...   implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 40)
+... )
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(taggedInt)
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=40)) not in asn1Spec
+>>>
+>>> decoder.decode.defaultErrorState = decoder.stDumpRawValue
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Any(b'\x9f(\x0209'), '')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It's also possible to configure a custom decoder, to handle unknown tags
+found in substrate. This can be done by means of <b>defaultRawDecoder</b>
+attribute holding a reference to type decoder object. Refer to the source
+for API details.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/constraints.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/constraints.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53da1addf
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+<html>
+<title>
+PyASN1 subtype constraints
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+<h4>
+1.4 PyASN1 subtype constraints
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Most ASN.1 types can correspond to an infinite set of values. To adapt to
+particular application's data model and needs, ASN.1 provides a mechanism
+for limiting the infinite set to values, that make sense in particular case.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Imposing value constraints on an ASN.1 type can also be seen as creating
+a subtype from its base type.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, constraints take shape of immutable objects capable
+of evaluating given value against constraint-specific requirements.
+Constraint object is a property of pyasn1 type. Like TagSet property,
+associated with every pyasn1 type, constraints can never be modified
+in place. The only way to modify pyasn1 type constraint is to associate
+new constraint object to a new pyasn1 type object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A handful of different flavors of <i>constraints</i> are defined in ASN.1.
+We will discuss them one by one in the following chapters and also explain
+how to combine and apply them to types.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.1 Single value constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+This kind of constraint allows for limiting type to a finite, specified set
+of values.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+DialButton ::= OCTET STRING (
+  "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
+)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Its pyasn1 implementation would look like:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import constraint
+>>> c = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(
+  '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
+)
+>>> c
+SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
+>>> c('0')
+>>> c('A')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError: 
+  SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) failed at: A
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As can be seen in the snippet above, if a value violates the constraint, an
+exception will be thrown. A constrainted pyasn1 type object holds a
+reference to a constraint object (or their combination, as will be explained
+later) and calls it for value verification.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class DialButton(univ.OctetString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(
+...       '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
+...   )
+>>> DialButton('0')
+DialButton(b'0')
+>>> DialButton('A')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) failed at: A
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Constrained pyasn1 value object can never hold a violating value.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.2 Value range constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+A pair of values, compliant to a type to be constrained, denote low and upper
+bounds of allowed range of values of a type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Teenagers ::= INTEGER (13..19)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+And in pyasn1 terms:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class Teenagers(univ.Integer):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(13, 19)
+>>> Teenagers(14)
+Teenagers(14)
+>>> Teenagers(20)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ValueRangeConstraint(13, 19) failed at: 20
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Value range constraint usually applies numeric types.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.3 Size constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+It is sometimes convenient to set or limit the allowed size of a data item
+to be sent from one application to another to manage bandwidth and memory
+consumption issues. Size constraint specifies the lower and upper bounds 
+of the size of a valid value.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+TwoBits ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (2))
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Express the same grammar in pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class TwoBits(univ.BitString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2)
+>>> TwoBits((1,1))
+TwoBits("'11'B")
+>>> TwoBits((1,1,0))
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2) failed at: (1, 1, 0)
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Size constraint can be applied to potentially massive values - bit or octet
+strings, SEQUENCE OF/SET OF values.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.4 Alphabet constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The permitted alphabet constraint is similar to Single value constraint
+but constraint applies to individual characters of a value. 
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MorseCode ::= PrintableString (FROM ("."|"-"|" "))
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+And in pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
+>>> class MorseCode(char.PrintableString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint(".", "-", " ")
+>>> MorseCode("...---...")
+MorseCode('...---...')
+>>> MorseCode("?")
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  PermittedAlphabetConstraint(".", "-", " ") failed at: "?"
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Current implementation does not handle ranges of characters in constraint
+(FROM "A".."Z" syntax), one has to list the whole set in a range.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.5"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.5 Constraint combinations
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Up to this moment, we used a single constraint per ASN.1 type. The standard,
+however, allows for combining multiple individual constraints into
+intersections, unions and exclusions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 data model, all of these methods of constraint combinations are
+implemented as constraint-like objects holding individual constraint (or
+combination) objects. Like terminal constraint objects, combination objects
+are capable to perform value verification at its set of enclosed constraints
+according to the logic of particular combination.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Constraints intersection verification succeeds only if a value is
+compliant to each constraint in a set. To begin with, the following
+specification will constitute a valid telephone number:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+PhoneNumber ::= NumericString (FROM ("0".."9")) (SIZE 11)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Constraint intersection object serves the logic above:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
+>>> class PhoneNumber(char.NumericString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+...     constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
+...     constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)
+...   )
+>>> PhoneNumber('79039343212')
+PhoneNumber('79039343212')
+>>> PhoneNumber('?9039343212')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsIntersection(
+    PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
+      ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)) failed at: 
+   PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9') failed at: "?039343212"
+>>> PhoneNumber('9343212')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsIntersection(
+    PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
+      ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)) failed at:
+  ValueSizeConstraint(10, 10) failed at: "9343212"
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Union of constraints works by making sure that a value is compliant
+to any of the constraint in a set. For instance:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+CapitalOrSmall ::= IA5String (FROM ('A','B','C') | FROM ('a','b','c'))
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It's important to note, that a value must fully comply to any single
+constraint in a set. In the specification above, a value of all small or
+all capital letters is compliant, but a mix of small&capitals is not. 
+Here's its pyasn1 analogue:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
+>>> class CapitalOrSmall(char.IA5String):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+...     constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A','B','C'),
+...     constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('a','b','c')
+...   )
+>>> CapitalOrSmall('ABBA')
+CapitalOrSmall('ABBA')
+>>> CapitalOrSmall('abba')
+CapitalOrSmall('abba')
+>>> CapitalOrSmall('Abba')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsUnion(PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A', 'B', 'C'),
+    PermittedAlphabetConstraint('a', 'b', 'c')) failed at: failed for "Abba"
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Finally, the exclusion constraint simply negates the logic of value 
+verification at a constraint. In the following example, any integer value
+is allowed in a type but not zero.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+NoZero ::= INTEGER (ALL EXCEPT 0)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 the above definition would read:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class NoZero(univ.Integer):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsExclusion(
+...     constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0)
+...   )
+>>> NoZero(1)
+NoZero(1)
+>>> NoZero(0)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsExclusion(SingleValueConstraint(0)) failed at: 0
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The depth of such a constraints tree, built with constraint combination objects
+at its nodes, has not explicit limit. Value verification is performed in a
+recursive manner till a definite solution is found.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.5"></a>
+<h4>
+1.5 Types relationships
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In the course of data processing in an application, it is sometimes
+convenient to figure out the type relationships between pyasn1 type or
+value objects. Formally, two things influence pyasn1 types relationship:
+<i>tag set</i> and <i>subtype constraints</i>. One pyasn1 type is considered
+to be a derivative of another if their TagSet and Constraint objects are
+a derivation of one another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following example illustrates the concept (we use the same tagset but
+different constraints for simplicity):
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> i1 = univ.Integer(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(3,8))
+>>> i2 = univ.Integer(subtypeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+...    constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(3,8),
+...    constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(4,7)
+... ) )
+>>> i1.isSameTypeWith(i2)
+False
+>>> i1.isSuperTypeOf(i2)
+True
+>>> i1.isSuperTypeOf(i1)
+True
+>>> i2.isSuperTypeOf(i1)
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As can be seen in the above code snippet, there are two methods of any pyasn1
+type/value object that test types for their relationship:
+<b>isSameTypeWith</b>() and <b>isSuperTypeOf</b>(). The former is 
+self-descriptive while the latter yields true if the argument appears
+to be a pyasn1 object which has tagset and constraints derived from those
+of the object being called.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/constructed.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/constructed.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/python/pyasn1/doc/constructed.html
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+<html>
+<title>
+PyASN1 Constructed types
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+<h4>
+1.3 PyASN1 Constructed types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Besides scalar types, ASN.1 specifies so-called constructed ones - these
+are capable of holding one or more values of other types, both scalar
+and constructed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 implementation, constructed ASN.1 types behave like 
+Python sequences, and also support additional component addressing methods,
+specific to particular constructed type.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.3.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.1 Sequence and Set types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The Sequence and Set types have many similar properties:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>they can hold any number of inner components of different types
+<li>every component has a human-friendly identifier
+<li>any component can have a default value
+<li>some components can be absent.
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+However, Sequence type guarantees the ordering of Sequence value components
+to match their declaration order. By contrast, components of the
+Set type can be ordered to best suite application's needs.
+<p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Record ::= SEQUENCE {
+  id        INTEGER,
+  room  [0] INTEGER OPTIONAL,
+  house [1] INTEGER DEFAULT 0
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Up to this moment, the only method we used for creating new pyasn1 types
+is Python sub-classing. With this method, a new, named Python class is created
+what mimics type derivation in ASN.1 grammar. However, ASN.1 also allows for
+defining anonymous subtypes (room and house components in the example above).
+To support anonymous subtyping in pyasn1, a cloning operation on an existing
+pyasn1 type object can be invoked what creates a new instance of original
+object with possibly modified properties.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, tag
+>>> class Record(univ.Sequence):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('id', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.OptionalNamedType(
+...       'room',
+...       univ.Integer().subtype(
+...         implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0)
+...       )
+...     ),
+...     namedtype.DefaultedNamedType(
+...       'house', 
+...       univ.Integer(0).subtype(
+...         implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1)
+...       )
+...     )
+...   )
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+All pyasn1 constructed type classes have a class attribute <b>componentType</b>
+that represent default type specification. Its value is a NamedTypes object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The NamedTypes class instance holds a sequence of NameType, OptionalNamedType
+or DefaultedNamedType objects which, in turn, refer to pyasn1 type objects that
+represent inner SEQUENCE components specification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, invocation of a subtype() method of pyasn1 type objects in the code
+above returns an implicitly tagged copy of original object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once a SEQUENCE or SET type is decleared with pyasn1, it can be instantiated
+and initialized (continuing the above code):
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> record = Record()
+>>> record.setComponentByName('id', 123)
+>>> print(record.prettyPrint())
+Record:
+ id=123
+>>> 
+>>> record.setComponentByPosition(1, 321)
+>>> print(record.prettyPrint())
+Record:
+ id=123
+ room=321
+>>>
+>>> record.setDefaultComponents()
+>>> print(record.prettyPrint())
+Record:
+ id=123
+ room=321
+ house=0
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Inner components of pyasn1 Sequence/Set objects could be accessed using the
+following methods:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> record.getComponentByName('id')
+Integer(123)
+>>> record.getComponentByPosition(1)
+Integer(321)
+>>> record[2]
+Integer(0)
+>>> for idx in range(len(record)):
+...   print(record.getNameByPosition(idx), record.getComponentByPosition(idx))
+id 123
+room 321
+house 0
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The Set type share all the properties of Sequence type, and additionally
+support by-tag component addressing (as all Set components have distinct
+types).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, tag
+>>> class Gamer(univ.Set):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('score', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('player', univ.OctetString()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('id', univ.ObjectIdentifier())
+...   )
+>>> gamer = Gamer()
+>>> gamer.setComponentByType(univ.Integer().getTagSet(), 121343)
+>>> gamer.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString().getTagSet(), 'Pascal')
+>>> gamer.setComponentByType(univ.ObjectIdentifier().getTagSet(), (1,3,7,2))
+>>> print(gamer.prettyPrint())
+Gamer:
+ score=121343
+ player=b'Pascal'
+ id=1.3.7.2
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.3.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.2 SequenceOf and SetOf types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Both, SequenceOf and SetOf types resemble an unlimited size list of components.
+All the components must be of the same type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Progression ::= SEQUENCE OF INTEGER
+
+arithmeticProgression Progression ::= { 1, 3, 5, 7 }
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+SequenceOf and SetOf types are expressed by the very similar pyasn1 type 
+objects. Their components can only be addressed by position and they
+both have a property of automatic resize.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To specify inner component type, the <b>componentType</b> class attribute
+should refer to another pyasn1 type object.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> class Progression(univ.SequenceOf):
+...   componentType = univ.Integer()
+>>> arithmeticProgression = Progression()
+>>> arithmeticProgression.setComponentByPosition(1, 111)
+>>> print(arithmeticProgression.prettyPrint())
+Progression:
+-empty- 111
+>>> arithmeticProgression.setComponentByPosition(0, 100)
+>>> print(arithmeticProgression.prettyPrint())
+Progression:
+100 111
+>>>
+>>> for idx in range(len(arithmeticProgression)):
+...    arithmeticProgression.getComponentByPosition(idx)
+Integer(100)
+Integer(111)
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Any scalar or constructed pyasn1 type object can serve as an inner component.
+Missing components are prohibited in SequenceOf/SetOf value objects.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.3.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.3 Choice type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Values of ASN.1 CHOICE type can contain only a single value of a type from a 
+list of possible alternatives. Alternatives must be ASN.1 types with
+distinct tags for the whole structure to remain unambiguous. Unlike most
+other types, CHOICE is an untagged one, e.g. it has no base tag of its own.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+CodeOrMessage ::= CHOICE {
+  code    INTEGER,
+  message OCTET STRING
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 implementation, Choice object behaves like Set but accepts only
+a single inner component at a time. It also offers a few additional methods
+specific to its behaviour.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype
+>>> class CodeOrMessage(univ.Choice):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('code', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('message', univ.OctetString())
+...   )
+>>>
+>>> codeOrMessage = CodeOrMessage()
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+>>> codeOrMessage.setComponentByName('code', 123)
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ code=123
+>>> codeOrMessage.setComponentByName('message', 'my string value')
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ message=b'my string value'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Since there could be only a single inner component value in the pyasn1 Choice
+value object, either of the following methods could be used for fetching it
+(continuing previous code):
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> codeOrMessage.getName()
+'message'
+>>> codeOrMessage.getComponent()
+OctetString(b'my string value')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.3.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.4 Any type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The ASN.1 ANY type is a kind of wildcard or placeholder that matches
+any other type without knowing it in advance. Like CHOICE type, ANY
+has no base tag.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Error ::= SEQUENCE {
+  code      INTEGER,
+  parameter ANY DEFINED BY code
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The ANY type is frequently used in specifications, where exact type is not
+yet agreed upon between communicating parties or the number of possible
+alternatives of a type is infinite.
+Sometimes an auxiliary selector is kept around to help parties indicate
+the kind of ANY payload in effect ("code" in the example above).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Values of the ANY type contain serialized ASN.1 value(s) in form of
+an octet string. Therefore pyasn1 Any value object share the properties of
+pyasn1 OctetString object.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> someValue = univ.Any(b'\x02\x01\x01')
+>>> someValue
+Any(b'\x02\x01\x01')
+>>> str(someValue)
+'\x02\x01\x01'
+>>> bytes(someValue)
+b'\x02\x01\x01'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Receiving application is supposed to explicitly deserialize the content of Any
+value object, possibly using auxiliary selector for figuring out its ASN.1
+type to pick appropriate decoder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There will be some more talk and code snippets covering Any type in the codecs
+chapters that follow.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/intro.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/intro.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ff18b6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/doc/intro.html
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<html>
+<title>
+PyASN1 reference manual
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+<h3>
+PyASN1 reference manual
+</h3>
+
+<p align=right>
+<i>written by <a href=mailto:ilya@glas.net>Ilya Etingof</a>, 2011-2012</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Free and open-source pyasn1 library makes it easier for programmers and
+network engineers to develop, debug and experiment with ASN.1-based protocols
+using Python programming language as a tool.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Abstract Syntax Notation One 
+(<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_1x>ASN.1</a>)
+is a set of 
+<a href=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.680-X.693-0207w.zip>
+ITU standards</a> concered with provisioning instrumentation for developing
+data exchange protocols in a robust, clear and interoperabable way for
+various IT systems and applications. Most of the efforts are targeting the
+following areas:
+<ul>
+<li>Data structures: the standard introduces a collection of basic data types
+(similar to integers, bits, strings, arrays and records in a programming
+language) that can be used for defining complex, possibly nested data
+structures representing domain-specific data units.
+<li>Serialization protocols: domain-specific data units expressed in ASN.1
+types could be converted into a series of octets for storage or transmission
+over the wire and then recovered back into their structured form on the
+receiving end. This process is immune to various hardware and software
+related dependencies.
+<li>Data description language: could be used to describe particular set of
+domain-specific data structures and their relationships. Such a description
+could be passed to an ASN.1 compiler for automated generation of program
+code that represents ASN.1 data structures in language-native environment
+and handles data serialization issues.
+</ul>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This tutorial and algorithms, implemented by pyasn1 library, are
+largely based on the information read in the book
+<a href="http://www.oss.com/asn1/dubuisson.html">
+ASN.1 - Communication between heterogeneous systems</a>
+by Olivier Dubuisson. Another relevant resource is
+<a href=ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/ascii/layman.asc>
+A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER</a> by Burton S. Kaliski.
+It's advised to refer to these books for more in-depth knowledge on the
+subject of ASN.1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As of this writing, pyasn1 library implements most of standard ASN.1 data
+structures in a rather detailed and feature-rich manner. Another highly
+important capability of the library is its data serialization facilities.
+The last component of the standard - ASN.1 compiler is planned for
+implementation in the future.
+</p>
+
+</p>
+The pyasn1 library was designed to follow the pre-1995 ASN.1 specification
+(also known as X.208). Later, post 1995, revision (X.680) introduced
+significant changes most of which have not yet been supported by pyasn1.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+Table of contents
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="scalar.html">1. Data model for ASN.1 types</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1">1.1 Scalar types</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.1">1.1.1 Boolean type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.2">1.1.2 Null type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.3">1.1.3 Integer type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.4">1.1.4 Enumerated type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.5">1.1.5 Real type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.6">1.1.6 Bit string type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.7">1.1.7 OctetString type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.8">1.1.8 ObjectIdentifier type</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.9">1.1.9 Character string types</a>
+<li><a href="scalar.html#1.1.10">1.1.10 Useful types</a>
+<li><a href="tagging.html">1.2 Tagging</a>
+<li><a href="constructed.html">1.3 Constructed types</a>
+<li><a href="constructed.html#1.3.1">1.3.1 Sequence and Set types</a>
+<li><a href="constructed.html#1.3.2">1.3.2 SequenceOf and SetOf types</a>
+<li><a href="constructed.html#1.3.3">1.3.3 Choice type</a>
+<li><a href="constructed.html#1.3.4">1.3.4 Any type</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html">1.4 Subtype constraints</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html#1.4.1">1.4.1 Single value constraint</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html#1.4.2">1.4.2 Value range constraint</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html#1.4.3">1.4.3 Size constraint</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html#1.4.4">1.4.4 Alphabet constraint</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html#1.4.5">1.4.5 Constraint combinations</a>
+<li><a href="constraints.html#1.5">1.5 Types relationships</a>
+<li><a href="codecs.html">2. Codecs</a>
+<li><a href="codecs.html#2.1">2.1 Encoders</a>
+<li><a href="codecs.html#2.2">2.2 Decoders</a>
+<li><a href="codecs.html#2.2.1">2.2.1 Decoding untagged types</a>
+<li><a href="codecs.html#2.2.2">2.2.2 Ignoring unknown types</a>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Although pyasn1 software is almost a decade old and used in many production
+environments, it still may have bugs and non-implemented pieces. Anyone
+who happens to run into such defect is welcome to complain to
+<a href=mailto:pyasn1-users@lists.sourceforge.net>pyasn1 mailing list</a>
+or better yet fix the issue and send
+<a href=mailto:ilya@glas.net>me</a> the patch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Typically, pyasn1 is used for building arbitrary protocol support into
+various applications. This involves manual translation of ASN.1 data
+structures into their pyasn1 implementations. To save time and effort,
+data structures for some of the popular protocols are pre-programmed
+and kept for further re-use in form of the
+<a href=http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/files/pyasn1-modules/>
+pyasn1-modules package</a>. For instance, many structures for PKI (X.509,
+PKCS#*, CRMF, OCSP), LDAP and SNMP are present.
+Applications authors are advised to import and use relevant modules 
+from that package whenever needed protocol structures are already 
+there. New protocol modules contributions are welcome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And finally, the latest pyasn1 package revision is available for free
+download from
+<a href=http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/>project home</a> and
+also from the 
+<a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi>Python package repository</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/pyasn1-tutorial.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/pyasn1-tutorial.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2eb82f1e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/doc/pyasn1-tutorial.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2405 @@
+<html>
+<title>
+PyASN1 programmer's manual
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+<h3>
+PyASN1 programmer's manual
+</h3>
+
+<p align=right>
+<i>written by <a href=mailto:ilya@glas.net>Ilya Etingof</a>, 2011-2012</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Free and open-source pyasn1 library makes it easier for programmers and
+network engineers to develop, debug and experiment with ASN.1-based protocols
+using Python programming language as a tool.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Abstract Syntax Notation One 
+(<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_1x>ASN.1</a>)
+is a set of 
+<a href=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.680-X.693-0207w.zip>
+ITU standards</a> concered with provisioning instrumentation for developing
+data exchange protocols in a robust, clear and interoperabable way for
+various IT systems and applications. Most of the efforts are targeting the
+following areas:
+<ul>
+<li>Data structures: the standard introduces a collection of basic data types
+(similar to integers, bits, strings, arrays and records in a programming
+language) that can be used for defining complex, possibly nested data
+structures representing domain-specific data units.
+<li>Serialization protocols: domain-specific data units expressed in ASN.1
+types could be converted into a series of octets for storage or transmission
+over the wire and then recovered back into their structured form on the
+receiving end. This process is immune to various hardware and software
+related dependencies.
+<li>Data description language: could be used to describe particular set of
+domain-specific data structures and their relationships. Such a description
+could be passed to an ASN.1 compiler for automated generation of program
+code that represents ASN.1 data structures in language-native environment
+and handles data serialization issues.
+</ul>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This tutorial and algorithms, implemented by pyasn1 library, are
+largely based on the information read in the book
+<a href="http://www.oss.com/asn1/dubuisson.html">
+ASN.1 - Communication between heterogeneous systems</a>
+by Olivier Dubuisson. Another relevant resource is
+<a href=ftp://ftp.rsasecurity.com/pub/pkcs/ascii/layman.asc>
+A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER</a> by Burton S. Kaliski.
+It's advised to refer to these books for more in-depth knowledge on the
+subject of ASN.1.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As of this writing, pyasn1 library implements most of standard ASN.1 data
+structures in a rather detailed and feature-rich manner. Another highly
+important capability of the library is its data serialization facilities.
+The last component of the standard - ASN.1 compiler is planned for
+implementation in the future.
+</p>
+
+</p>
+The pyasn1 library was designed to follow the pre-1995 ASN.1 specification
+(also known as X.208). Later, post 1995, revision (X.680) introduced
+significant changes most of which have not yet been supported by pyasn1.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+Table of contents
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#1">1. Data model for ASN.1 types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1">1.1 Scalar types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.1">1.1.1 Boolean type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.2">1.1.2 Null type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.3">1.1.3 Integer type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.4">1.1.4 Enumerated type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.5">1.1.5 Real type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.6">1.1.6 Bit string type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.7">1.1.7 OctetString type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.8">1.1.8 ObjectIdentifier type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.9">1.1.9 Character string types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.1.10">1.1.10 Useful types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.2">1.2 Tagging</a>
+<li><a href="#1.3">1.3 Constructed types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.3.1">1.3.1 Sequence and Set types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.3.2">1.3.2 SequenceOf and SetOf types</a>
+<li><a href="#1.3.3">1.3.3 Choice type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.3.4">1.3.4 Any type</a>
+<li><a href="#1.4">1.4 Subtype constraints</a>
+<li><a href="#1.4.1">1.4.1 Single value constraint</a>
+<li><a href="#1.4.2">1.4.2 Value range constraint</a>
+<li><a href="#1.4.3">1.4.3 Size constraint</a>
+<li><a href="#1.4.4">1.4.4 Alphabet constraint</a>
+<li><a href="#1.4.5">1.4.5 Constraint combinations</a>
+<li><a href="#1.5">1.5 Types relationships</a>
+<li><a href="#2">2. Codecs</a>
+<li><a href="#2.1">2.1 Encoders</a>
+<li><a href="#2.2">2.2 Decoders</a>
+<li><a href="#2.2.1">2.2.1 Decoding untagged types</a>
+<li><a href="#2.2.2">2.2.2 Ignoring unknown types</a>
+<li><a href="#3">3. Feedback and getting help</a>
+</ul>
+
+
+<a name="1"></a>
+<h3>
+1. Data model for ASN.1 types
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+All ASN.1 types could be categorized into two groups: scalar (also called
+simple or primitive) and constructed. The first group is populated by
+well-known types like Integer or String. Members of constructed group
+hold other types (simple or constructed) as their inner components, thus
+they are semantically close to a programming language records or lists.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, all ASN.1 types and values are implemented as Python objects.
+The same pyasn1 object can represent either ASN.1 type and/or value
+depending of the presense of value initializer on object instantiation.
+We will further refer to these as <i>pyasn1 type object</i> versus <i>pyasn1
+value object</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Primitive ASN.1 types are implemented as immutable scalar objects. There values
+could be used just like corresponding native Python values (integers,
+strings/bytes etc) and freely mixed with them in expressions.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> asn1IntegerValue = univ.Integer(12)
+>>> asn1IntegerValue - 2
+10
+>>> univ.OctetString('abc') == 'abc'
+True   # Python 2
+>>> univ.OctetString(b'abc') == b'abc'
+True   # Python 3
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It would be an error to perform an operation on a pyasn1 type object
+as it holds no value to deal with:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> asn1IntegerType = univ.Integer()
+>>> asn1IntegerType - 2
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: No value for __coerce__()
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1 Scalar types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In the sub-sections that follow we will explain pyasn1 mapping to those
+primitive ASN.1 types. Both, ASN.1 notation and corresponding pyasn1
+syntax will be given in each case.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.1 Boolean type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+This is the simplest type those values could be either True or False.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; type specification
+FunFactorPresent ::= BOOLEAN
+
+;; values declaration and assignment
+pythonFunFactor FunFactorPresent ::= TRUE
+cobolFunFactor FunFactorPresent :: FALSE
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+And here's pyasn1 version of it:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> class FunFactorPresent(univ.Boolean): pass
+... 
+>>> pythonFunFactor = FunFactorPresent(True)
+>>> cobolFunFactor = FunFactorPresent(False)
+>>> pythonFunFactor
+FunFactorPresent('True(1)')
+>>> cobolFunFactor
+FunFactorPresent('False(0)')
+>>> pythonFunFactor == cobolFunFactor
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.2 Null type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The NULL type is sometimes used to express the absense of any information.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; type specification
+Vote ::= CHOICE {
+  agreed BOOLEAN,
+  skip NULL
+}
+</td></tr></table>
+
+;; value declaration and assignment
+myVote Vote ::= skip:NULL
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+We will explain the CHOICE type later in this paper, meanwhile the NULL
+type:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> skip = univ.Null()
+>>> skip
+Null('')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.3 Integer type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 defines the values of Integer type as negative or positive of whatever
+length. This definition plays nicely with Python as the latter places no
+limit on Integers. However, some ASN.1 implementations may impose certain
+limits of integer value ranges. Keep that in mind when designing new
+data structures.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; values specification
+age-of-universe INTEGER ::= 13750000000
+mean-martian-surface-temperature INTEGER ::= -63
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+A rather strigntforward mapping into pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> ageOfUniverse = univ.Integer(13750000000)
+>>> ageOfUniverse
+Integer(13750000000)
+>>>
+>>> meanMartianSurfaceTemperature = univ.Integer(-63)
+>>> meanMartianSurfaceTemperature
+Integer(-63)
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 allows to assign human-friendly names to particular values of
+an INTEGER type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Temperature ::= INTEGER {
+  freezing(0),
+  boiling(100) 
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The Temperature type expressed in pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedval
+>>> class Temperature(univ.Integer):
+...   namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(('freezing', 0), ('boiling', 100))
+...
+>>> t = Temperature(0)
+>>> t
+Temperature('freezing(0)')
+>>> t + 1
+Temperature(1)
+>>> t + 100
+Temperature('boiling(100)')
+>>> t = Temperature('boiling')
+>>> t
+Temperature('boiling(100)')
+>>> Temperature('boiling') / 2
+Temperature(50)
+>>> -1 < Temperature('freezing')
+True
+>>> 47 > Temperature('boiling')
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+These values labels have no effect on Integer type operations, any value
+still could be assigned to a type (information on value constraints will
+follow further in this paper).
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.4 Enumerated type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 Enumerated type differs from an Integer type in a number of ways.
+Most important is that its instance can only hold a value that belongs
+to a set of values specified on type declaration.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+error-status ::= ENUMERATED {
+  no-error(0),
+  authentication-error(10),
+  authorization-error(20),
+  general-failure(51)
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+When constructing Enumerated type we will use two pyasn1 features: values
+labels (as mentioned above) and value constraint (will be described in
+more details later on).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedval, constraint
+>>> class ErrorStatus(univ.Enumerated):
+...   namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+...        ('no-error', 0),
+...        ('authentication-error', 10),
+...        ('authorization-error', 20),
+...        ('general-failure', 51)
+...   )
+...   subtypeSpec = univ.Enumerated.subtypeSpec + \
+...                    constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0, 10, 20, 51)
+...
+>>> errorStatus = univ.ErrorStatus('no-error')
+>>> errorStatus
+ErrorStatus('no-error(0)')
+>>> errorStatus == univ.ErrorStatus('general-failure')
+False
+>>> univ.ErrorStatus('non-existing-state')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: Can't coerce non-existing-state into integer
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Particular integer values associated with Enumerated value states
+have no meaning. They should not be used as such or in any kind of
+math operation. Those integer values are only used by codecs to
+transfer state from one entity to another.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.5"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.5 Real type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Values of the Real type are a three-component tuple of mantissa, base and 
+exponent. All three are integers.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+pi ::= REAL { mantissa 314159, base 10, exponent -5 }
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Corresponding pyasn1 objects can be initialized with either a three-component
+tuple or a Python float. Infinite values could be expressed in a way, 
+compatible with Python float type.
+
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> pi = univ.Real((314159, 10, -5))
+>>> pi
+Real((314159, 10,-5))
+>>> float(pi)
+3.14159
+>>> pi == univ.Real(3.14159)
+True
+>>> univ.Real('inf')
+Real('inf')
+>>> univ.Real('-inf') == float('-inf')
+True
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+If a Real object is initialized from a Python float or yielded by a math
+operation, the base is set to decimal 10 (what affects encoding).
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.6"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.6 Bit string type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 BIT STRING type holds opaque binary data of an arbitrarily length.
+A BIT STRING value could be initialized by either a binary (base 2) or 
+hex (base 16) value.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+public-key BIT STRING ::= '1010111011110001010110101101101
+                           1011000101010000010110101100010
+                           0110101010000111101010111111110'B
+
+signature  BIT STRING ::= 'AF01330CD932093392100B39FF00DE0'H
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The pyasn1 BitString objects can initialize from native ASN.1 notation
+(base 2 or base 16 strings) or from a Python tuple of binary components.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> publicKey = univ.BitString(
+...          "'1010111011110001010110101101101"
+...          "1011000101010000010110101100010"
+...          "0110101010000111101010111111110'B"
+)
+>>> publicKey
+BitString("'10101110111100010101101011011011011000101010000010110101100010\
+0110101010000111101010111111110'B")
+>>> signature = univ.BitString(
+...          "'AF01330CD932093392100B39FF00DE0'H"
+... )
+>>> signature
+BitString("'101011110000000100110011000011001101100100110010000010010011001\
+1100100100001000000001011001110011111111100000000110111100000'B")
+>>> fingerprint = univ.BitString(
+...          (1, 0, 1, 1 ,0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1)
+... )
+>>> fingerprint
+BitString("'101101110101'B")
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Another BIT STRING initialization method supported by ASN.1 notation
+is to specify only 1-th bits along with their human-friendly label
+and bit offset relative to the beginning of the bit string. With this 
+method, all not explicitly mentioned bits are doomed to be zeros.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+bit-mask  BIT STRING ::= {
+  read-flag(0),
+  write-flag(2),
+  run-flag(4)
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+To express this in pyasn1, we will employ the named values feature (as with
+Enumeration type).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedval
+>>> class BitMask(univ.BitString):
+...   namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+...        ('read-flag', 0),
+...        ('write-flag', 2),
+...        ('run-flag', 4)
+... )
+>>> bitMask = BitMask('read-flag,run-flag')
+>>> bitMask
+BitMask("'10001'B")
+>>> tuple(bitMask)
+(1, 0, 0, 0, 1)
+>>> bitMask[4]
+1
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The BitString objects mimic the properties of Python tuple type in part
+of immutable sequence object protocol support.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.7"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.7 OctetString type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The OCTET STRING type is a confusing subject. According to ASN.1
+specification, this type is similar to BIT STRING, the major difference
+is that the former operates in 8-bit chunks of data. What is important
+to note, is that OCTET STRING was NOT designed to handle text strings - the
+standard provides many other types specialized for text content. For that
+reason, ASN.1 forbids to initialize OCTET STRING values with "quoted text
+strings", only binary or hex initializers, similar to BIT STRING ones,
+are allowed.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+thumbnail OCTET STRING ::= '1000010111101110101111000000111011'B
+thumbnail OCTET STRING ::= 'FA9823C43E43510DE3422'H
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+However, ASN.1 users (e.g. protocols designers) seem to ignore the original
+purpose of the OCTET STRING type - they used it for handling all kinds of
+data, including text strings.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+welcome-message OCTET STRING ::= "Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!"
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, we have taken a liberal approach and allowed both BIT STRING
+style and quoted text initializers for the OctetString objects. To avoid
+possible collisions, quoted text is the default initialization syntax.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> thumbnail = univ.OctetString(
+...    binValue='1000010111101110101111000000111011'
+... )
+>>> thumbnail
+OctetString(hexValue='85eebcec0')
+>>> thumbnail = univ.OctetString(
+...    hexValue='FA9823C43E43510DE3422'
+... )
+>>> thumbnail
+OctetString(hexValue='fa9823c43e4351de34220')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Most frequent usage of the OctetString class is to instantiate it with
+a text string.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> welcomeMessage = univ.OctetString('Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!')
+>>> welcomeMessage
+OctetString(b'Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!')
+>>> print('%s' % welcomeMessage)
+Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!
+>>> welcomeMessage[11:16]
+OctetString(b'ASN.1')
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+OctetString objects support the immutable sequence object protocol.
+In other words, they behave like Python 3 bytes (or Python 2 strings).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When running pyasn1 on Python 3, it's better to use the bytes objects for
+OctetString instantiation, as it's more reliable and efficient.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Additionally, OctetString's can also be instantiated with a sequence of
+8-bit integers (ASCII codes).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> univ.OctetString((77, 101, 101, 103, 111))
+OctetString(b'Meego')
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It is sometimes convenient to express OctetString instances as 8-bit
+characters (Python 3 bytes or Python 2 strings) or 8-bit integers.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> octetString = univ.OctetString('ABCDEF')
+>>> octetString.asNumbers()
+(65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70)
+>>> octetString.asOctets()
+b'ABCDEF'
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1.8"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.8 ObjectIdentifier type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Values of the OBJECT IDENTIFIER type are sequences of integers that could
+be used to identify virtually anything in the world. Various ASN.1-based
+protocols employ OBJECT IDENTIFIERs for their own identification needs.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+internet-id OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+  iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+One of the natural ways to map OBJECT IDENTIFIER type into a Python
+one is to use Python tuples of integers. So this approach is taken by
+pyasn1.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> internetId = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1))
+>>> internetId
+ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1')
+>>> internetId[2]
+6
+>>> internetId[1:3]
+ObjectIdentifier('3.6')
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+A more human-friendly "dotted" notation is also supported.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1')
+ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1')
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Symbolic names of the arcs of object identifier, sometimes present in
+ASN.1 specifications, are not preserved and used in pyasn1 objects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ObjectIdentifier objects mimic the properties of Python tuple type in
+part of immutable sequence object protocol support.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.9"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.9 Character string types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 standard introduces a diverse set of text-specific types. All of them
+were designed to handle various types of characters. Some of these types seem
+be obsolete nowdays, as their target technologies are gone. Another issue
+to be aware of is that raw OCTET STRING type is sometimes used in practice
+by ASN.1 users instead of specialized character string types, despite
+explicit prohibition imposed by ASN.1 specification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The two types are specific to ASN.1 are NumericString and PrintableString.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+welcome-message ::= PrintableString {
+  "Welcome to ASN.1 text types"
+}
+
+dial-pad-numbers ::= NumericString {
+  "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Their pyasn1 implementations are:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char
+>>> '%s' % char.PrintableString("Welcome to ASN.1 text types")
+'Welcome to ASN.1 text types'
+>>> dialPadNumbers = char.NumericString(
+      "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"
+)
+>>> dialPadNumbers
+NumericString(b'0123456789')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The following types came to ASN.1 from ISO standards on character sets.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char
+>>> char.VisibleString("abc")
+VisibleString(b'abc')
+>>> char.IA5String('abc')
+IA5String(b'abc')
+>>> char.TeletexString('abc')
+TeletexString(b'abc')
+>>> char.VideotexString('abc')
+VideotexString(b'abc')
+>>> char.GraphicString('abc')
+GraphicString(b'abc')
+>>> char.GeneralString('abc')
+GeneralString(b'abc')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The last three types are relatively recent addition to the family of
+character string types: UniversalString, BMPString, UTF8String.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char
+>>> char.UniversalString("abc")
+UniversalString(b'abc')
+>>> char.BMPString('abc')
+BMPString(b'abc')
+>>> char.UTF8String('abc')
+UTF8String(b'abc')
+>>> utf8String = char.UTF8String('У попа была �обака')
+>>> utf8String
+UTF8String(b'\xd0\xa3 \xd0\xbf\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbf\xd0\xb0 \xd0\xb1\xd1\x8b\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb0 \
+\xd1\x81\xd0\xbe\xd0\xb1\xd0\xb0\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0')
+>>> print(utf8String)
+У попа была �обака
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, all character type objects behave like Python strings. None of
+them is currently constrained in terms of valid alphabet so it's up to
+the data source to keep an eye on data validation for these types.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.10"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.10 Useful types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+There are three so-called useful types defined in the standard:
+ObjectDescriptor, GeneralizedTime, UTCTime. They all are subtypes
+of GraphicString or VisibleString types therefore useful types are
+character string types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It's advised by the ASN.1 standard to have an instance of ObjectDescriptor
+type holding a human-readable description of corresponding instance of
+OBJECT IDENTIFIER type. There are no formal linkage between these instances
+and provision for ObjectDescriptor uniqueness in the standard.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import useful
+>>> descrBER = useful.ObjectDescriptor(
+      "Basic encoding of a single ASN.1 type"
+)
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+GeneralizedTime and UTCTime types are designed to hold a human-readable
+timestamp in a universal and unambiguous form. The former provides
+more flexibility in notation while the latter is more strict but has
+Y2K issues.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; Mar 8 2010 12:00:00 MSK
+moscow-time GeneralizedTime ::= "20110308120000.0"
+;; Mar 8 2010 12:00:00 UTC
+utc-time GeneralizedTime ::= "201103081200Z"
+;; Mar 8 1999 12:00:00 UTC
+utc-time UTCTime ::= "9803081200Z"
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import useful
+>>> moscowTime = useful.GeneralizedTime("20110308120000.0")
+>>> utcTime = useful.UTCTime("9803081200Z")
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Despite their intended use, these types possess no special, time-related,
+handling in pyasn1. They are just printable strings.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.2 Tagging
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In order to continue with the Constructed ASN.1 types, we will first have
+to introduce the concept of tagging (and its pyasn1 implementation), as
+some of the Constructed types rely upon the tagging feature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When a value is coming into an ASN.1-based system (received from a network
+or read from some storage), the receiving entity has to determine the
+type of the value to interpret and verify it accordingly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Historically, the first data serialization protocol introduced in
+ASN.1 was BER (Basic Encoding Rules). According to BER, any serialized
+value is packed into a triplet of (Type, Length, Value) where Type is a 
+code that identifies the value (which is called <i>tag</i> in ASN.1),
+length is the number of bytes occupied by the value in its serialized form
+and value is ASN.1 value in a form suitable for serial transmission or storage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For that reason almost every ASN.1 type has a tag (which is actually a
+BER type) associated with it by default.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An ASN.1 tag could be viewed as a tuple of three numbers:
+(Class, Format, Number). While Number identifies a tag, Class component 
+is used to create scopes for Numbers. Four scopes are currently defined:
+UNIVERSAL, context-specific, APPLICATION and PRIVATE. The Format component
+is actually a one-bit flag - zero for tags associated with scalar types,
+and one for constructed types (will be discussed later on).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MyIntegerType ::= [12] INTEGER
+MyOctetString ::= [APPLICATION 0] OCTET STRING
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, tags are implemented as immutable, tuple-like objects:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import tag
+>>> myTag = tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+>>> myTag
+Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10)
+>>> tuple(myTag)
+(128, 0, 10)
+>>> myTag[2]
+10
+>>> myTag == tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Default tag, associated with any ASN.1 type, could be extended or replaced
+to make new type distinguishable from its ancestor. The standard provides
+two modes of tag mangling - IMPLICIT and EXPLICIT.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+EXPLICIT mode works by appending new tag to the existing ones thus creating
+an ordered set of tags. This set will be considered as a whole for type
+identification and encoding purposes. Important property of EXPLICIT tagging
+mode is that it preserves base type information in encoding what makes it
+possible to completely recover type information from encoding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When tagging in IMPLICIT mode, the outermost existing tag is dropped and
+replaced with a new one.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MyIntegerType ::= [12] IMPLICIT INTEGER
+MyOctetString ::= [APPLICATION 0] EXPLICIT OCTET STRING
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+To model both modes of tagging, a specialized container TagSet object (holding
+zero, one or more Tag objects) is used in pyasn1.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import tag
+>>> tagSet = tag.TagSet(
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10), # base tag
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)  # effective tag
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10))
+>>> tagSet.getBaseTag()
+Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10)
+>>> tagSet = tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 20)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=20))
+>>> tagSet = tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 30)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=20), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=30))
+>>> tagSet = tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 40)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10),
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=20),
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=40))
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As a side note: the "base tag" concept (accessible through the getBaseTag()
+method) is specific to pyasn1 -- the base tag is used to identify the original
+ASN.1 type of an object in question. Base tag is never occurs in encoding
+and is mostly used internally by pyasn1 for choosing type-specific data 
+processing algorithms. The "effective tag" is the one that always appears in
+encoding and is used on tagSets comparation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any two TagSet objects could be compared to see if one is a derivative
+of the other. Figuring this out is also useful in cases when a type-specific
+data processing algorithms are to be chosen.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import tag
+>>> tagSet1 = tag.TagSet(
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10) # base tag
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10) # effective tag
+... )
+>>> tagSet2 = tagSet1.tagExplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 20)
+... )
+>>> tagSet1.isSuperTagSetOf(tagSet2)
+True
+>>> tagSet2.isSuperTagSetOf(tagSet1)
+False
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+We will complete this discussion on tagging with a real-world example. The
+following ASN.1 tagged type:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MyIntegerType ::= [12] EXPLICIT INTEGER
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+could be expressed in pyasn1 like this:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+>>> class MyIntegerType(univ.Integer):
+...   tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+...        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+...        )
+>>> myInteger = MyIntegerType(12345)
+>>> myInteger.getTagSet()
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=0, tagFormat=0, tagId=2), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=12))
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Referring to the above code, the tagSet class attribute is a property of any
+pyasn1 type object that assigns default tagSet to a pyasn1 value object. This
+default tagSet specification can be ignored and effectively replaced by some
+other tagSet value passed on object instantiation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It's important to understand that the tag set property of pyasn1 type/value
+object can never be modifed in place. In other words, a pyasn1 type/value
+object can never change its tags. The only way is to create a new pyasn1
+type/value object and associate different tag set with it.
+</p>
+
+
+<a name="1.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3 Constructed types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Besides scalar types, ASN.1 specifies so-called constructed ones - these
+are capable of holding one or more values of other types, both scalar
+and constructed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 implementation, constructed ASN.1 types behave like 
+Python sequences, and also support additional component addressing methods,
+specific to particular constructed type.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.3.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.1 Sequence and Set types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The Sequence and Set types have many similar properties:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>they can hold any number of inner components of different types
+<li>every component has a human-friendly identifier
+<li>any component can have a default value
+<li>some components can be absent.
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+However, Sequence type guarantees the ordering of Sequence value components
+to match their declaration order. By contrast, components of the
+Set type can be ordered to best suite application's needs.
+<p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Record ::= SEQUENCE {
+  id        INTEGER,
+  room  [0] INTEGER OPTIONAL,
+  house [1] INTEGER DEFAULT 0
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Up to this moment, the only method we used for creating new pyasn1 types
+is Python sub-classing. With this method, a new, named Python class is created
+what mimics type derivation in ASN.1 grammar. However, ASN.1 also allows for
+defining anonymous subtypes (room and house components in the example above).
+To support anonymous subtyping in pyasn1, a cloning operation on an existing
+pyasn1 type object can be invoked what creates a new instance of original
+object with possibly modified properties.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, tag
+>>> class Record(univ.Sequence):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('id', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.OptionalNamedType(
+...       'room',
+...       univ.Integer().subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0))
+...     ),
+...     namedtype.DefaultedNamedType(
+...       'house', 
+...       univ.Integer(0).subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 1))
+...     )
+...   )
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+All pyasn1 constructed type classes have a class attribute <b>componentType</b>
+that represent default type specification. Its value is a NamedTypes object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The NamedTypes class instance holds a sequence of NameType, OptionalNamedType
+or DefaultedNamedType objects which, in turn, refer to pyasn1 type objects that
+represent inner SEQUENCE components specification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, invocation of a subtype() method of pyasn1 type objects in the code
+above returns an implicitly tagged copy of original object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once a SEQUENCE or SET type is decleared with pyasn1, it can be instantiated
+and initialized (continuing the above code):
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> record = Record()
+>>> record.setComponentByName('id', 123)
+>>> print(record.prettyPrint())
+Record:
+ id=123
+>>> 
+>>> record.setComponentByPosition(1, 321)
+>>> print(record.prettyPrint())
+Record:
+ id=123
+ room=321
+>>>
+>>> record.setDefaultComponents()
+>>> print(record.prettyPrint())
+Record:
+ id=123
+ room=321
+ house=0
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Inner components of pyasn1 Sequence/Set objects could be accessed using the
+following methods:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> record.getComponentByName('id')
+Integer(123)
+>>> record.getComponentByPosition(1)
+Integer(321)
+>>> record[2]
+Integer(0)
+>>> for idx in range(len(record)):
+...   print(record.getNameByPosition(idx), record.getComponentByPosition(idx))
+id 123
+room 321
+house 0
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The Set type share all the properties of Sequence type, and additionally
+support by-tag component addressing (as all Set components have distinct
+types).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, tag
+>>> class Gamer(univ.Set):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('score', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('player', univ.OctetString()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('id', univ.ObjectIdentifier())
+...   )
+>>> gamer = Gamer()
+>>> gamer.setComponentByType(univ.Integer().getTagSet(), 121343)
+>>> gamer.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString().getTagSet(), 'Pascal')
+>>> gamer.setComponentByType(univ.ObjectIdentifier().getTagSet(), (1,3,7,2))
+>>> print(gamer.prettyPrint())
+Gamer:
+ score=121343
+ player=b'Pascal'
+ id=1.3.7.2
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.3.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.2 SequenceOf and SetOf types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Both, SequenceOf and SetOf types resemble an unlimited size list of components.
+All the components must be of the same type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Progression ::= SEQUENCE OF INTEGER
+
+arithmeticProgression Progression ::= { 1, 3, 5, 7 }
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+SequenceOf and SetOf types are expressed by the very similar pyasn1 type 
+objects. Their components can only be addressed by position and they
+both have a property of automatic resize.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To specify inner component type, the <b>componentType</b> class attribute
+should refer to another pyasn1 type object.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> class Progression(univ.SequenceOf):
+...   componentType = univ.Integer()
+>>> arithmeticProgression = Progression()
+>>> arithmeticProgression.setComponentByPosition(1, 111)
+>>> print(arithmeticProgression.prettyPrint())
+Progression:
+-empty- 111
+>>> arithmeticProgression.setComponentByPosition(0, 100)
+>>> print(arithmeticProgression.prettyPrint())
+Progression:
+100 111
+>>>
+>>> for idx in range(len(arithmeticProgression)):
+...    arithmeticProgression.getComponentByPosition(idx)
+Integer(100)
+Integer(111)
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Any scalar or constructed pyasn1 type object can serve as an inner component.
+Missing components are prohibited in SequenceOf/SetOf value objects.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.3.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.3 Choice type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Values of ASN.1 CHOICE type can contain only a single value of a type from a 
+list of possible alternatives. Alternatives must be ASN.1 types with
+distinct tags for the whole structure to remain unambiguous. Unlike most
+other types, CHOICE is an untagged one, e.g. it has no base tag of its own.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+CodeOrMessage ::= CHOICE {
+  code    INTEGER,
+  message OCTET STRING
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 implementation, Choice object behaves like Set but accepts only
+a single inner component at a time. It also offers a few additional methods
+specific to its behaviour.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype
+>>> class CodeOrMessage(univ.Choice):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('code', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('message', univ.OctetString())
+...   )
+>>>
+>>> codeOrMessage = CodeOrMessage()
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+>>> codeOrMessage.setComponentByName('code', 123)
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ code=123
+>>> codeOrMessage.setComponentByName('message', 'my string value')
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ message=b'my string value'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Since there could be only a single inner component value in the pyasn1 Choice
+value object, either of the following methods could be used for fetching it
+(continuing previous code):
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> codeOrMessage.getName()
+'message'
+>>> codeOrMessage.getComponent()
+OctetString(b'my string value')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.3.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.3.4 Any type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The ASN.1 ANY type is a kind of wildcard or placeholder that matches
+any other type without knowing it in advance. Like CHOICE type, ANY
+has no base tag.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Error ::= SEQUENCE {
+  code      INTEGER,
+  parameter ANY DEFINED BY code
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The ANY type is frequently used in specifications, where exact type is not
+yet agreed upon between communicating parties or the number of possible
+alternatives of a type is infinite.
+Sometimes an auxiliary selector is kept around to help parties indicate
+the kind of ANY payload in effect ("code" in the example above).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Values of the ANY type contain serialized ASN.1 value(s) in form of
+an octet string. Therefore pyasn1 Any value object share the properties of
+pyasn1 OctetString object.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> someValue = univ.Any(b'\x02\x01\x01')
+>>> someValue
+Any(b'\x02\x01\x01')
+>>> str(someValue)
+'\x02\x01\x01'
+>>> bytes(someValue)
+b'\x02\x01\x01'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Receiving application is supposed to explicitly deserialize the content of Any
+value object, possibly using auxiliary selector for figuring out its ASN.1
+type to pick appropriate decoder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There will be some more talk and code snippets covering Any type in the codecs
+chapters that follow.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4 Subtype constraints
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Most ASN.1 types can correspond to an infinite set of values. To adapt to
+particular application's data model and needs, ASN.1 provides a mechanism
+for limiting the infinite set to values, that make sense in particular case.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Imposing value constraints on an ASN.1 type can also be seen as creating
+a subtype from its base type.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, constraints take shape of immutable objects capable
+of evaluating given value against constraint-specific requirements.
+Constraint object is a property of pyasn1 type. Like TagSet property,
+associated with every pyasn1 type, constraints can never be modified
+in place. The only way to modify pyasn1 type constraint is to associate
+new constraint object to a new pyasn1 type object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A handful of different flavors of <i>constraints</i> are defined in ASN.1.
+We will discuss them one by one in the following chapters and also explain
+how to combine and apply them to types.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.1 Single value constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+This kind of constraint allows for limiting type to a finite, specified set
+of values.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+DialButton ::= OCTET STRING (
+  "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
+)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Its pyasn1 implementation would look like:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import constraint
+>>> c = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(
+  '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
+)
+>>> c
+SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
+>>> c('0')
+>>> c('A')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError: 
+  SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) failed at: A
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As can be seen in the snippet above, if a value violates the constraint, an
+exception will be thrown. A constrainted pyasn1 type object holds a
+reference to a constraint object (or their combination, as will be explained
+later) and calls it for value verification.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class DialButton(univ.OctetString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(
+...       '0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'
+...   )
+>>> DialButton('0')
+DialButton(b'0')
+>>> DialButton('A')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  SingleValueConstraint(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) failed at: A
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Constrained pyasn1 value object can never hold a violating value.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.2 Value range constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+A pair of values, compliant to a type to be constrained, denote low and upper
+bounds of allowed range of values of a type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Teenagers ::= INTEGER (13..19)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+And in pyasn1 terms:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class Teenagers(univ.Integer):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(13, 19)
+>>> Teenagers(14)
+Teenagers(14)
+>>> Teenagers(20)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ValueRangeConstraint(13, 19) failed at: 20
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Value range constraint usually applies numeric types.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.3 Size constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+It is sometimes convenient to set or limit the allowed size of a data item
+to be sent from one application to another to manage bandwidth and memory
+consumption issues. Size constraint specifies the lower and upper bounds 
+of the size of a valid value.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+TwoBits ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (2))
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Express the same grammar in pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class TwoBits(univ.BitString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2)
+>>> TwoBits((1,1))
+TwoBits("'11'B")
+>>> TwoBits((1,1,0))
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ValueSizeConstraint(2, 2) failed at: (1, 1, 0)
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Size constraint can be applied to potentially massive values - bit or octet
+strings, SEQUENCE OF/SET OF values.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.4 Alphabet constraint
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The permitted alphabet constraint is similar to Single value constraint
+but constraint applies to individual characters of a value. 
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MorseCode ::= PrintableString (FROM ("."|"-"|" "))
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+And in pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
+>>> class MorseCode(char.PrintableString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint(".", "-", " ")
+>>> MorseCode("...---...")
+MorseCode('...---...')
+>>> MorseCode("?")
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  PermittedAlphabetConstraint(".", "-", " ") failed at: "?"
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Current implementation does not handle ranges of characters in constraint
+(FROM "A".."Z" syntax), one has to list the whole set in a range.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.4.5"></a>
+<h4>
+1.4.5 Constraint combinations
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Up to this moment, we used a single constraint per ASN.1 type. The standard,
+however, allows for combining multiple individual constraints into
+intersections, unions and exclusions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 data model, all of these methods of constraint combinations are
+implemented as constraint-like objects holding individual constraint (or
+combination) objects. Like terminal constraint objects, combination objects
+are capable to perform value verification at its set of enclosed constraints
+according to the logic of particular combination.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Constraints intersection verification succeeds only if a value is
+compliant to each constraint in a set. To begin with, the following
+specification will constitute a valid telephone number:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+PhoneNumber ::= NumericString (FROM ("0".."9")) (SIZE 11)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Constraint intersection object serves the logic above:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
+>>> class PhoneNumber(char.NumericString):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+...     constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
+...     constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)
+...   )
+>>> PhoneNumber('79039343212')
+PhoneNumber('79039343212')
+>>> PhoneNumber('?9039343212')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsIntersection(
+    PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
+      ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)) failed at: 
+   PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9') failed at: "?039343212"
+>>> PhoneNumber('9343212')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsIntersection(
+    PermittedAlphabetConstraint('0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'),
+      ValueSizeConstraint(11, 11)) failed at:
+  ValueSizeConstraint(10, 10) failed at: "9343212"
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Union of constraints works by making sure that a value is compliant
+to any of the constraint in a set. For instance:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+CapitalOrSmall ::= IA5String (FROM ('A','B','C') | FROM ('a','b','c'))
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It's important to note, that a value must fully comply to any single
+constraint in a set. In the specification above, a value of all small or
+all capital letters is compliant, but a mix of small&capitals is not. 
+Here's its pyasn1 analogue:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char, constraint
+>>> class CapitalOrSmall(char.IA5String):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+...     constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A','B','C'),
+...     constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('a','b','c')
+...   )
+>>> CapitalOrSmall('ABBA')
+CapitalOrSmall('ABBA')
+>>> CapitalOrSmall('abba')
+CapitalOrSmall('abba')
+>>> CapitalOrSmall('Abba')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsUnion(PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A', 'B', 'C'),
+    PermittedAlphabetConstraint('a', 'b', 'c')) failed at: failed for "Abba"
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Finally, the exclusion constraint simply negates the logic of value 
+verification at a constraint. In the following example, any integer value
+is allowed in a type but not zero.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+NoZero ::= INTEGER (ALL EXCEPT 0)
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 the above definition would read:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> class NoZero(univ.Integer):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsExclusion(
+...     constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0)
+...   )
+>>> NoZero(1)
+NoZero(1)
+>>> NoZero(0)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ConstraintsExclusion(SingleValueConstraint(0)) failed at: 0
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The depth of such a constraints tree, built with constraint combination objects
+at its nodes, has not explicit limit. Value verification is performed in a
+recursive manner till a definite solution is found.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.5"></a>
+<h4>
+1.5 Types relationships
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In the course of data processing in an application, it is sometimes
+convenient to figure out the type relationships between pyasn1 type or
+value objects. Formally, two things influence pyasn1 types relationship:
+<i>tag set</i> and <i>subtype constraints</i>. One pyasn1 type is considered
+to be a derivative of another if their TagSet and Constraint objects are
+a derivation of one another.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following example illustrates the concept (we use the same tagset but
+different constraints for simplicity):
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> i1 = univ.Integer(subtypeSpec=constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(3,8))
+>>> i2 = univ.Integer(subtypeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+...    constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(3,8),
+...    constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(4,7)
+... ) )
+>>> i1.isSameTypeWith(i2)
+False
+>>> i1.isSuperTypeOf(i2)
+True
+>>> i1.isSuperTypeOf(i1)
+True
+>>> i2.isSuperTypeOf(i1)
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As can be seen in the above code snippet, there are two methods of any pyasn1
+type/value object that test types for their relationship:
+<b>isSameTypeWith</b>() and <b>isSuperTypeOf</b>(). The former is 
+self-descriptive while the latter yields true if the argument appears
+to be a pyasn1 object which has tagset and constraints derived from those
+of the object being called.
+</p>
+
+<a name="2"></a>
+<h3>
+2. Codecs
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In ASN.1 context, 
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec>codec</a>
+is a program that transforms between concrete data structures and a stream
+of octets, suitable for transmission over the wire. This serialized form of
+data is sometimes called <i>substrate</i> or <i>essence</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1 implementation, substrate takes shape of Python 3 bytes or 
+Python 2 string objects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the properties of a codec is its ability to cope with incomplete
+data and/or substrate what implies codec to be stateful. In other words, 
+when decoder runs out of substrate and data item being recovered is still 
+incomplete, stateful codec would suspend and complete data item recovery 
+whenever the rest of substrate becomes available. Similarly, stateful encoder
+would encode data items in multiple steps waiting for source data to
+arrive. Codec restartability is especially important when application deals
+with large volumes of data and/or runs on low RAM. For an interesting
+discussion on codecs options and design choices, refer to
+<a href=http://directory.apache.org/subprojects/asn1/>Apache ASN.1 project</a>
+.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As of this writing, codecs implemented in pyasn1 are all stateless, mostly
+to keep the code simple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The pyasn1 package currently supports 
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_encoding_rules>BER</a> codec and
+its variations -- 
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_encoding_rules>CER</a> and
+<a href=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_encoding_rules>DER</a>.
+More ASN.1 codecs are planned for implementation in the future.
+</p>
+
+<a name="2.1"></a>
+<h4>
+2.1 Encoders
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Encoder is used for transforming pyasn1 value objects into substrate. Only
+pyasn1 value objects could be serialized, attempts to process pyasn1 type
+objects will cause encoder failure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The following code will create a pyasn1 Integer object and serialize it with
+BER encoder:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder
+>>> encoder.encode(univ.Integer(123456))
+b'\x02\x03\x01\xe2@'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+BER standard also defines a so-called <i>indefinite length</i> encoding form
+which makes large data items processing more memory efficient. It is mostly
+useful when encoder does not have the whole value all at once and the
+length of the value can not be determined at the beginning of encoding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Constructed encoding</i> is another feature of BER closely related to the
+indefinite length form. In essence, a large scalar value (such as ASN.1
+character BitString type) could be chopped into smaller chunks by encoder
+and transmitted incrementally to limit memory consumption. Unlike indefinite
+length case, the length of the whole value must be known in advance when
+using constructed, definite length encoding form.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since pyasn1 codecs are not restartable, pyasn1 encoder may only encode data
+item all at once. However, even in this case, generating indefinite length 
+encoding may help a low-memory receiver, running a restartable decoder,
+to process a large data item.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder
+>>> encoder.encode(
+...   univ.OctetString('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'),
+...   defMode=False,
+...   maxChunkSize=8
+... )
+b'$\x80\x04\x08The quic\x04\x08k brown \x04\x08fox jump\x04\x08s over \
+t\x04\x08he lazy \x04\x03dog\x00\x00'
+>>>
+>>> encoder.encode(
+...   univ.OctetString('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'),
+...   maxChunkSize=8
+... )
+b'$7\x04\x08The quic\x04\x08k brown \x04\x08fox jump\x04\x08s over \
+t\x04\x08he lazy \x04\x03dog'
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The <b>defMode</b> encoder parameter disables definite length encoding mode,
+while the optional <b>maxChunkSize</b> parameter specifies desired
+substrate chunk size that influences memory requirements at the decoder's end.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To use CER or DER encoders one needs to explicitly import and call them - the
+APIs are all compatible.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder as ber_encoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.cer import encoder as cer_encoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder as der_encoder
+>>> ber_encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+b'\x01\x01\x01'
+>>> cer_encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+b'\x01\x01\xff'
+>>> der_encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+b'\x01\x01\xff'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="2.2"></a>
+<h4>
+2.2 Decoders
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In the process of decoding, pyasn1 value objects are created and linked to
+each other, based on the information containted in the substrate. Thus,
+the original pyasn1 value object(s) are recovered.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(True))
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Boolean('True(1)'), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Commenting on the code snippet above, pyasn1 decoder accepts substrate
+as an argument and returns a tuple of pyasn1 value object (possibly
+a top-level one in case of constructed object) and unprocessed part
+of input substrate.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All pyasn1 decoders can handle both definite and indefinite length
+encoding modes automatically, explicit switching into one mode
+to another is not required.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(
+...   univ.OctetString('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'),
+...   defMode=False,
+...   maxChunkSize=8
+... )
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Speaking of BER/CER/DER encoding, in many situations substrate may not contain
+all necessary information needed for complete and accurate ASN.1 values
+recovery. The most obvious cases include implicitly tagged ASN.1 types
+and constrained types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As discussed earlier in this handbook, when an ASN.1 type is implicitly
+tagged, previous outermost tag is lost and never appears in substrate.
+If it is the base tag that gets lost, decoder is unable to pick type-specific
+value decoder at its table of built-in types, and therefore recover
+the value part, based only on the information contained in substrate. The
+approach taken by pyasn1 decoder is to use a prototype pyasn1 type object (or
+a set of them) to <i>guide</i> the decoding process by matching [possibly
+incomplete] tags recovered from substrate with those found in prototype pyasn1
+type objects (also called pyasn1 specification object further in this paper).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder
+>>> decoder.decode(b'\x02\x01\x0c', asn1Spec=univ.Integer())
+Integer(12), b''
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Decoder would neither modify pyasn1 specification object nor use
+its current values (if it's a pyasn1 value object), but rather use it as
+a hint for choosing proper decoder and as a pattern for creating new objects:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> i = univ.Integer(12345).subtype(
+...   implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 40)
+... )
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(i)
+>>> substrate
+b'\x9f(\x0209'
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: 
+   TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=40)) not in asn1Spec
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=i)
+(Integer(12345), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Notice in the example above, that an attempt to run decoder without passing
+pyasn1 specification object fails because recovered tag does not belong
+to any of the built-in types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another important feature of guided decoder operation is the use of
+values constraints possibly present in pyasn1 specification object.
+To explain this, we will decode a random integer object into generic Integer
+and the constrained one.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> class DialDigit(univ.Integer):
+...   subtypeSpec = constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(0,9)
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(univ.Integer(13))
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Integer(13), b'')
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=DialDigit())
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.type.error.ValueConstraintError:
+  ValueRangeConstraint(0, 9) failed at: 13
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Similarily to encoders, to use CER or DER decoders application has to
+explicitly import and call them - all APIs are compatible.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder as ber_encoder
+>>> substrate = ber_encoder.encode(univ.OctetString('http://pyasn1.sf.net'))
+>>>
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder as ber_decoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.cer import decoder as cer_decoder
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
+>>> 
+>>> ber_decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'http://pyasn1.sf.net'), b'')
+>>> cer_decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'http://pyasn1.sf.net'), b'')
+>>> der_decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'http://pyasn1.sf.net'), b'')
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="2.2.1"></a>
+<h4>
+2.2.1 Decoding untagged types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+It has already been mentioned, that ASN.1 has two "special case" types:
+CHOICE and ANY. They are different from other types in part of 
+tagging - unless these two are additionally tagged, neither of them will
+have their own tag. Therefore these types become invisible in substrate
+and can not be recovered without passing pyasn1 specification object to
+decoder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To explain the issue, we will first prepare a Choice object to deal with:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype
+>>> class CodeOrMessage(univ.Choice):
+...   componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+...     namedtype.NamedType('code', univ.Integer()),
+...     namedtype.NamedType('message', univ.OctetString())
+...   )
+>>>
+>>> codeOrMessage = CodeOrMessage()
+>>> codeOrMessage.setComponentByName('message', 'my string value')
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ message=b'my string value'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Let's now encode this Choice object and then decode its substrate
+with and without pyasn1 specification object:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(codeOrMessage)
+>>> substrate
+b'\x04\x0fmy string value'
+>>> encoder.encode(univ.OctetString('my string value'))
+b'\x04\x0fmy string value'
+>>>
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(OctetString(b'my string value'), b'')
+>>> codeOrMessage, substrate = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=CodeOrMessage())
+>>> print(codeOrMessage.prettyPrint())
+CodeOrMessage:
+ message=b'my string value'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+First thing to notice in the listing above is that the substrate produced
+for our Choice value object is equivalent to the substrate for an OctetString
+object initialized to the same value. In other words, any information about
+the Choice component is absent in encoding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sure enough, that kind of substrate will decode into an OctetString object,
+unless original Choice type object is passed to decoder to guide the decoding
+process.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Similarily untagged ANY type behaves differently on decoding phase - when
+decoder bumps into an Any object in pyasn1 specification, it stops decoding
+and puts all the substrate into a new Any value object in form of an octet
+string. Concerned application could then re-run decoder with an additional,
+more exact pyasn1 specification object to recover the contents of Any
+object.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As it was mentioned elsewhere in this paper, Any type allows for incomplete
+or changing ASN.1 specification to be handled gracefully by decoder and
+applications.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To illustrate the working of Any type, we'll have to make the stage
+by encoding a pyasn1 object and then putting its substrate into an any
+object.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> innerSubstrate = encoder.encode(univ.Integer(1234))
+>>> innerSubstrate
+b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2'
+>>> any = univ.Any(innerSubstrate)
+>>> any
+Any(b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2')
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(any)
+>>> substrate
+b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2'
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As with Choice type encoding, there is no traces of Any type in substrate.
+Obviously, the substrate we are dealing with, will decode into the inner
+[Integer] component, unless pyasn1 specification is given to guide the 
+decoder. Continuing previous code:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Integer(1234), b'')
+>>> any, substrate = decoder.decode(substrate, asn1Spec=univ.Any())
+>>> any
+Any(b'\x02\x02\x04\xd2')
+>>> decoder.decode(str(any))
+(Integer(1234), b'')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Both CHOICE and ANY types are widely used in practice. Reader is welcome to
+take a look at 
+<a href=http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/x509guide.txt>
+ASN.1 specifications of X.509 applications</a> for more information.
+</p>
+
+<a name="2.2.2"></a>
+<h4>
+2.2.2 Ignoring unknown types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+When dealing with a loosely specified ASN.1 structure, the receiving
+end may not be aware of some types present in the substrate. It may be
+convenient then to turn decoder into a recovery mode. Whilst there, decoder
+will not bail out when hit an unknown tag but rather treat it as an Any
+type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+>>> from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
+>>> taggedInt = univ.Integer(12345).subtype(
+...   implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 40)
+... )
+>>> substrate = encoder.encode(taggedInt)
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=40)) not in asn1Spec
+>>>
+>>> decoder.decode.defaultErrorState = decoder.stDumpRawValue
+>>> decoder.decode(substrate)
+(Any(b'\x9f(\x0209'), '')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It's also possible to configure a custom decoder, to handle unknown tags
+found in substrate. This can be done by means of <b>defaultRawDecoder</b>
+attribute holding a reference to type decoder object. Refer to the source
+for API details.
+</p>
+
+<a name="3"></a>
+<h3>
+3. Feedback and getting help
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Although pyasn1 software is almost a decade old and used in many production
+environments, it still may have bugs and non-implemented pieces. Anyone
+who happens to run into such defect is welcome to complain to
+<a href=mailto:pyasn1-users@lists.sourceforge.net>pyasn1 mailing list</a>
+or better yet fix the issue and send
+<a href=mailto:ilya@glas.net>me</a> the patch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Typically, pyasn1 is used for building arbitrary protocol support into
+various applications. This involves manual translation of ASN.1 data
+structures into their pyasn1 implementations. To save time and effort,
+data structures for some of the popular protocols are pre-programmed
+and kept for further re-use in form of the
+<a href=http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/files/pyasn1-modules/>
+pyasn1-modules package</a>. For instance, many structures for PKI (X.509,
+PKCS#*, CRMF, OCSP), LDAP and SNMP are present.
+Applications authors are advised to import and use relevant modules 
+from that package whenever needed protocol structures are already 
+there. New protocol modules contributions are welcome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And finally, the latest pyasn1 package revision is available for free
+download from
+<a href=http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/>project home</a> and
+also from the 
+<a href=http://pypi.python.org/pypi>Python package repository</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/scalar.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/scalar.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5ccefe60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/doc/scalar.html
@@ -0,0 +1,794 @@
+<html>
+<title>
+PyASN1 data model and scalar types
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+
+<h3>
+1. Data model for ASN.1 types
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+All ASN.1 types could be categorized into two groups: scalar (also called
+simple or primitive) and constructed. The first group is populated by
+well-known types like Integer or String. Members of constructed group
+hold other types (simple or constructed) as their inner components, thus
+they are semantically close to a programming language records or lists.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, all ASN.1 types and values are implemented as Python objects.
+The same pyasn1 object can represent either ASN.1 type and/or value
+depending of the presense of value initializer on object instantiation.
+We will further refer to these as <i>pyasn1 type object</i> versus <i>pyasn1
+value object</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Primitive ASN.1 types are implemented as immutable scalar objects. There values
+could be used just like corresponding native Python values (integers,
+strings/bytes etc) and freely mixed with them in expressions.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> asn1IntegerValue = univ.Integer(12)
+>>> asn1IntegerValue - 2
+10
+>>> univ.OctetString('abc') == 'abc'
+True   # Python 2
+>>> univ.OctetString(b'abc') == b'abc'
+True   # Python 3
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It would be an error to perform an operation on a pyasn1 type object
+as it holds no value to deal with:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> asn1IntegerType = univ.Integer()
+>>> asn1IntegerType - 2
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: No value for __coerce__()
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1 Scalar types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In the sub-sections that follow we will explain pyasn1 mapping to those
+primitive ASN.1 types. Both, ASN.1 notation and corresponding pyasn1
+syntax will be given in each case.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.1"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.1 Boolean type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+This is the simplest type those values could be either True or False.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; type specification
+FunFactorPresent ::= BOOLEAN
+
+;; values declaration and assignment
+pythonFunFactor FunFactorPresent ::= TRUE
+cobolFunFactor FunFactorPresent :: FALSE
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+And here's pyasn1 version of it:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> class FunFactorPresent(univ.Boolean): pass
+... 
+>>> pythonFunFactor = FunFactorPresent(True)
+>>> cobolFunFactor = FunFactorPresent(False)
+>>> pythonFunFactor
+FunFactorPresent('True(1)')
+>>> cobolFunFactor
+FunFactorPresent('False(0)')
+>>> pythonFunFactor == cobolFunFactor
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.2 Null type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The NULL type is sometimes used to express the absense of any information.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; type specification
+Vote ::= CHOICE {
+  agreed BOOLEAN,
+  skip NULL
+}
+</td></tr></table>
+
+;; value declaration and assignment
+myVote Vote ::= skip:NULL
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+We will explain the CHOICE type later in this paper, meanwhile the NULL
+type:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> skip = univ.Null()
+>>> skip
+Null('')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1.3"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.3 Integer type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 defines the values of Integer type as negative or positive of whatever
+length. This definition plays nicely with Python as the latter places no
+limit on Integers. However, some ASN.1 implementations may impose certain
+limits of integer value ranges. Keep that in mind when designing new
+data structures.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; values specification
+age-of-universe INTEGER ::= 13750000000
+mean-martian-surface-temperature INTEGER ::= -63
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+A rather strigntforward mapping into pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> ageOfUniverse = univ.Integer(13750000000)
+>>> ageOfUniverse
+Integer(13750000000)
+>>>
+>>> meanMartianSurfaceTemperature = univ.Integer(-63)
+>>> meanMartianSurfaceTemperature
+Integer(-63)
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 allows to assign human-friendly names to particular values of
+an INTEGER type.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+Temperature ::= INTEGER {
+  freezing(0),
+  boiling(100) 
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The Temperature type expressed in pyasn1:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedval
+>>> class Temperature(univ.Integer):
+...   namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(('freezing', 0), ('boiling', 100))
+...
+>>> t = Temperature(0)
+>>> t
+Temperature('freezing(0)')
+>>> t + 1
+Temperature(1)
+>>> t + 100
+Temperature('boiling(100)')
+>>> t = Temperature('boiling')
+>>> t
+Temperature('boiling(100)')
+>>> Temperature('boiling') / 2
+Temperature(50)
+>>> -1 < Temperature('freezing')
+True
+>>> 47 > Temperature('boiling')
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+These values labels have no effect on Integer type operations, any value
+still could be assigned to a type (information on value constraints will
+follow further in this paper).
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.4"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.4 Enumerated type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 Enumerated type differs from an Integer type in a number of ways.
+Most important is that its instance can only hold a value that belongs
+to a set of values specified on type declaration.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+error-status ::= ENUMERATED {
+  no-error(0),
+  authentication-error(10),
+  authorization-error(20),
+  general-failure(51)
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+When constructing Enumerated type we will use two pyasn1 features: values
+labels (as mentioned above) and value constraint (will be described in
+more details later on).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedval, constraint
+>>> class ErrorStatus(univ.Enumerated):
+...   namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+...        ('no-error', 0),
+...        ('authentication-error', 10),
+...        ('authorization-error', 20),
+...        ('general-failure', 51)
+...   )
+...   subtypeSpec = univ.Enumerated.subtypeSpec + \
+...                    constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0, 10, 20, 51)
+...
+>>> errorStatus = univ.ErrorStatus('no-error')
+>>> errorStatus
+ErrorStatus('no-error(0)')
+>>> errorStatus == univ.ErrorStatus('general-failure')
+False
+>>> univ.ErrorStatus('non-existing-state')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+pyasn1.error.PyAsn1Error: Can't coerce non-existing-state into integer
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Particular integer values associated with Enumerated value states
+have no meaning. They should not be used as such or in any kind of
+math operation. Those integer values are only used by codecs to
+transfer state from one entity to another.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.5"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.5 Real type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Values of the Real type are a three-component tuple of mantissa, base and 
+exponent. All three are integers.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+pi ::= REAL { mantissa 314159, base 10, exponent -5 }
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Corresponding pyasn1 objects can be initialized with either a three-component
+tuple or a Python float. Infinite values could be expressed in a way, 
+compatible with Python float type.
+
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> pi = univ.Real((314159, 10, -5))
+>>> pi
+Real((314159, 10,-5))
+>>> float(pi)
+3.14159
+>>> pi == univ.Real(3.14159)
+True
+>>> univ.Real('inf')
+Real('inf')
+>>> univ.Real('-inf') == float('-inf')
+True
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+If a Real object is initialized from a Python float or yielded by a math
+operation, the base is set to decimal 10 (what affects encoding).
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.6"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.6 Bit string type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 BIT STRING type holds opaque binary data of an arbitrarily length.
+A BIT STRING value could be initialized by either a binary (base 2) or 
+hex (base 16) value.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+public-key BIT STRING ::= '1010111011110001010110101101101
+                           1011000101010000010110101100010
+                           0110101010000111101010111111110'B
+
+signature  BIT STRING ::= 'AF01330CD932093392100B39FF00DE0'H
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The pyasn1 BitString objects can initialize from native ASN.1 notation
+(base 2 or base 16 strings) or from a Python tuple of binary components.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> publicKey = univ.BitString(
+...          "'1010111011110001010110101101101"
+...          "1011000101010000010110101100010"
+...          "0110101010000111101010111111110'B"
+)
+>>> publicKey
+BitString("'10101110111100010101101011011011011000101010000010110101100010\
+0110101010000111101010111111110'B")
+>>> signature = univ.BitString(
+...          "'AF01330CD932093392100B39FF00DE0'H"
+... )
+>>> signature
+BitString("'101011110000000100110011000011001101100100110010000010010011001\
+1100100100001000000001011001110011111111100000000110111100000'B")
+>>> fingerprint = univ.BitString(
+...          (1, 0, 1, 1 ,0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1)
+... )
+>>> fingerprint
+BitString("'101101110101'B")
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Another BIT STRING initialization method supported by ASN.1 notation
+is to specify only 1-th bits along with their human-friendly label
+and bit offset relative to the beginning of the bit string. With this 
+method, all not explicitly mentioned bits are doomed to be zeros.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+bit-mask  BIT STRING ::= {
+  read-flag(0),
+  write-flag(2),
+  run-flag(4)
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+To express this in pyasn1, we will employ the named values feature (as with
+Enumeration type).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, namedval
+>>> class BitMask(univ.BitString):
+...   namedValues = namedval.NamedValues(
+...        ('read-flag', 0),
+...        ('write-flag', 2),
+...        ('run-flag', 4)
+... )
+>>> bitMask = BitMask('read-flag,run-flag')
+>>> bitMask
+BitMask("'10001'B")
+>>> tuple(bitMask)
+(1, 0, 0, 0, 1)
+>>> bitMask[4]
+1
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The BitString objects mimic the properties of Python tuple type in part
+of immutable sequence object protocol support.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.7"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.7 OctetString type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The OCTET STRING type is a confusing subject. According to ASN.1
+specification, this type is similar to BIT STRING, the major difference
+is that the former operates in 8-bit chunks of data. What is important
+to note, is that OCTET STRING was NOT designed to handle text strings - the
+standard provides many other types specialized for text content. For that
+reason, ASN.1 forbids to initialize OCTET STRING values with "quoted text
+strings", only binary or hex initializers, similar to BIT STRING ones,
+are allowed.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+thumbnail OCTET STRING ::= '1000010111101110101111000000111011'B
+thumbnail OCTET STRING ::= 'FA9823C43E43510DE3422'H
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+However, ASN.1 users (e.g. protocols designers) seem to ignore the original
+purpose of the OCTET STRING type - they used it for handling all kinds of
+data, including text strings.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+welcome-message OCTET STRING ::= "Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!"
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, we have taken a liberal approach and allowed both BIT STRING
+style and quoted text initializers for the OctetString objects. To avoid
+possible collisions, quoted text is the default initialization syntax.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> thumbnail = univ.OctetString(
+...    binValue='1000010111101110101111000000111011'
+... )
+>>> thumbnail
+OctetString(hexValue='85eebcec0')
+>>> thumbnail = univ.OctetString(
+...    hexValue='FA9823C43E43510DE3422'
+... )
+>>> thumbnail
+OctetString(hexValue='fa9823c43e4351de34220')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Most frequent usage of the OctetString class is to instantiate it with
+a text string.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> welcomeMessage = univ.OctetString('Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!')
+>>> welcomeMessage
+OctetString(b'Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!')
+>>> print('%s' % welcomeMessage)
+Welcome to ASN.1 wilderness!
+>>> welcomeMessage[11:16]
+OctetString(b'ASN.1')
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+OctetString objects support the immutable sequence object protocol.
+In other words, they behave like Python 3 bytes (or Python 2 strings).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When running pyasn1 on Python 3, it's better to use the bytes objects for
+OctetString instantiation, as it's more reliable and efficient.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Additionally, OctetString's can also be instantiated with a sequence of
+8-bit integers (ASCII codes).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> univ.OctetString((77, 101, 101, 103, 111))
+OctetString(b'Meego')
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+It is sometimes convenient to express OctetString instances as 8-bit
+characters (Python 3 bytes or Python 2 strings) or 8-bit integers.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> octetString = univ.OctetString('ABCDEF')
+>>> octetString.asNumbers()
+(65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70)
+>>> octetString.asOctets()
+b'ABCDEF'
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<a name="1.1.8"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.8 ObjectIdentifier type
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Values of the OBJECT IDENTIFIER type are sequences of integers that could
+be used to identify virtually anything in the world. Various ASN.1-based
+protocols employ OBJECT IDENTIFIERs for their own identification needs.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+internet-id OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
+  iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+One of the natural ways to map OBJECT IDENTIFIER type into a Python
+one is to use Python tuples of integers. So this approach is taken by
+pyasn1.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> internetId = univ.ObjectIdentifier((1, 3, 6, 1))
+>>> internetId
+ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1')
+>>> internetId[2]
+6
+>>> internetId[1:3]
+ObjectIdentifier('3.6')
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+A more human-friendly "dotted" notation is also supported.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ
+>>> univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1')
+ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6.1')
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Symbolic names of the arcs of object identifier, sometimes present in
+ASN.1 specifications, are not preserved and used in pyasn1 objects.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The ObjectIdentifier objects mimic the properties of Python tuple type in
+part of immutable sequence object protocol support.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.9"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.9 Character string types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+ASN.1 standard introduces a diverse set of text-specific types. All of them
+were designed to handle various types of characters. Some of these types seem
+be obsolete nowdays, as their target technologies are gone. Another issue
+to be aware of is that raw OCTET STRING type is sometimes used in practice
+by ASN.1 users instead of specialized character string types, despite
+explicit prohibition imposed by ASN.1 specification.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The two types are specific to ASN.1 are NumericString and PrintableString.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+welcome-message ::= PrintableString {
+  "Welcome to ASN.1 text types"
+}
+
+dial-pad-numbers ::= NumericString {
+  "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"
+}
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Their pyasn1 implementations are:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char
+>>> '%s' % char.PrintableString("Welcome to ASN.1 text types")
+'Welcome to ASN.1 text types'
+>>> dialPadNumbers = char.NumericString(
+      "0" "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9"
+)
+>>> dialPadNumbers
+NumericString(b'0123456789')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The following types came to ASN.1 from ISO standards on character sets.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char
+>>> char.VisibleString("abc")
+VisibleString(b'abc')
+>>> char.IA5String('abc')
+IA5String(b'abc')
+>>> char.TeletexString('abc')
+TeletexString(b'abc')
+>>> char.VideotexString('abc')
+VideotexString(b'abc')
+>>> char.GraphicString('abc')
+GraphicString(b'abc')
+>>> char.GeneralString('abc')
+GeneralString(b'abc')
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+The last three types are relatively recent addition to the family of
+character string types: UniversalString, BMPString, UTF8String.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import char
+>>> char.UniversalString("abc")
+UniversalString(b'abc')
+>>> char.BMPString('abc')
+BMPString(b'abc')
+>>> char.UTF8String('abc')
+UTF8String(b'abc')
+>>> utf8String = char.UTF8String('У попа была �обака')
+>>> utf8String
+UTF8String(b'\xd0\xa3 \xd0\xbf\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbf\xd0\xb0 \xd0\xb1\xd1\x8b\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb0 \
+\xd1\x81\xd0\xbe\xd0\xb1\xd0\xb0\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0')
+>>> print(utf8String)
+У попа была �обака
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, all character type objects behave like Python strings. None of
+them is currently constrained in terms of valid alphabet so it's up to
+the data source to keep an eye on data validation for these types.
+</p>
+
+<a name="1.1.10"></a>
+<h4>
+1.1.10 Useful types
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+There are three so-called useful types defined in the standard:
+ObjectDescriptor, GeneralizedTime, UTCTime. They all are subtypes
+of GraphicString or VisibleString types therefore useful types are
+character string types.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It's advised by the ASN.1 standard to have an instance of ObjectDescriptor
+type holding a human-readable description of corresponding instance of
+OBJECT IDENTIFIER type. There are no formal linkage between these instances
+and provision for ObjectDescriptor uniqueness in the standard.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import useful
+>>> descrBER = useful.ObjectDescriptor(
+      "Basic encoding of a single ASN.1 type"
+)
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+GeneralizedTime and UTCTime types are designed to hold a human-readable
+timestamp in a universal and unambiguous form. The former provides
+more flexibility in notation while the latter is more strict but has
+Y2K issues.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+;; Mar 8 2010 12:00:00 MSK
+moscow-time GeneralizedTime ::= "20110308120000.0"
+;; Mar 8 2010 12:00:00 UTC
+utc-time GeneralizedTime ::= "201103081200Z"
+;; Mar 8 1999 12:00:00 UTC
+utc-time UTCTime ::= "9803081200Z"
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import useful
+>>> moscowTime = useful.GeneralizedTime("20110308120000.0")
+>>> utcTime = useful.UTCTime("9803081200Z")
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Despite their intended use, these types possess no special, time-related,
+handling in pyasn1. They are just printable strings.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/doc/tagging.html b/python/pyasn1/doc/tagging.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..187f1180d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/doc/tagging.html
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+<html>
+<title>
+Tagging in PyASN1
+</title>
+<head>
+</head>
+<body>
+<center>
+<table width=60%>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<a name="1.2"></a>
+<h4>
+1.2 Tagging in PyASN1
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In order to continue with the Constructed ASN.1 types, we will first have
+to introduce the concept of tagging (and its pyasn1 implementation), as
+some of the Constructed types rely upon the tagging feature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When a value is coming into an ASN.1-based system (received from a network
+or read from some storage), the receiving entity has to determine the
+type of the value to interpret and verify it accordingly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Historically, the first data serialization protocol introduced in
+ASN.1 was BER (Basic Encoding Rules). According to BER, any serialized
+value is packed into a triplet of (Type, Length, Value) where Type is a 
+code that identifies the value (which is called <i>tag</i> in ASN.1),
+length is the number of bytes occupied by the value in its serialized form
+and value is ASN.1 value in a form suitable for serial transmission or storage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For that reason almost every ASN.1 type has a tag (which is actually a
+BER type) associated with it by default.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An ASN.1 tag could be viewed as a tuple of three numbers:
+(Class, Format, Number). While Number identifies a tag, Class component 
+is used to create scopes for Numbers. Four scopes are currently defined:
+UNIVERSAL, context-specific, APPLICATION and PRIVATE. The Format component
+is actually a one-bit flag - zero for tags associated with scalar types,
+and one for constructed types (will be discussed later on).
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MyIntegerType ::= [12] INTEGER
+MyOctetString ::= [APPLICATION 0] OCTET STRING
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+In pyasn1, tags are implemented as immutable, tuple-like objects:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import tag
+>>> myTag = tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+>>> myTag
+Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10)
+>>> tuple(myTag)
+(128, 0, 10)
+>>> myTag[2]
+10
+>>> myTag == tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+False
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Default tag, associated with any ASN.1 type, could be extended or replaced
+to make new type distinguishable from its ancestor. The standard provides
+two modes of tag mangling - IMPLICIT and EXPLICIT.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+EXPLICIT mode works by appending new tag to the existing ones thus creating
+an ordered set of tags. This set will be considered as a whole for type
+identification and encoding purposes. Important property of EXPLICIT tagging
+mode is that it preserves base type information in encoding what makes it
+possible to completely recover type information from encoding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When tagging in IMPLICIT mode, the outermost existing tag is dropped and
+replaced with a new one.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MyIntegerType ::= [12] IMPLICIT INTEGER
+MyOctetString ::= [APPLICATION 0] EXPLICIT OCTET STRING
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+To model both modes of tagging, a specialized container TagSet object (holding
+zero, one or more Tag objects) is used in pyasn1.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import tag
+>>> tagSet = tag.TagSet(
+...   # base tag
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10),
+...   # effective tag
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10))
+>>> tagSet.getBaseTag()
+Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10)
+>>> tagSet = tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 20)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=20))
+>>> tagSet = tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 30)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=20), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=30))
+>>> tagSet = tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 40)
+... )
+>>> tagSet
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=0, tagId=10),
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=20),
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=40))
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+As a side note: the "base tag" concept (accessible through the getBaseTag()
+method) is specific to pyasn1 -- the base tag is used to identify the original
+ASN.1 type of an object in question. Base tag is never occurs in encoding
+and is mostly used internally by pyasn1 for choosing type-specific data 
+processing algorithms. The "effective tag" is the one that always appears in
+encoding and is used on tagSets comparation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any two TagSet objects could be compared to see if one is a derivative
+of the other. Figuring this out is also useful in cases when a type-specific
+data processing algorithms are to be chosen.
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import tag
+>>> tagSet1 = tag.TagSet(
+...   # base tag
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+...   # effective tag
+...   tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 10)
+... )
+>>> tagSet2 = tagSet1.tagExplicitly(
+...    tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 20)
+... )
+>>> tagSet1.isSuperTagSetOf(tagSet2)
+True
+>>> tagSet2.isSuperTagSetOf(tagSet1)
+False
+>>> 
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+We will complete this discussion on tagging with a real-world example. The
+following ASN.1 tagged type:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+MyIntegerType ::= [12] EXPLICIT INTEGER
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+could be expressed in pyasn1 like this:
+</p>
+
+<table bgcolor="lightgray" border=0 width=100%><TR><TD>
+<pre>
+>>> from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+>>> class MyIntegerType(univ.Integer):
+...   tagSet = univ.Integer.tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+...        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+...        )
+>>> myInteger = MyIntegerType(12345)
+>>> myInteger.getTagSet()
+TagSet(Tag(tagClass=0, tagFormat=0, tagId=2), 
+       Tag(tagClass=128, tagFormat=32, tagId=12))
+>>>
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+Referring to the above code, the tagSet class attribute is a property of any
+pyasn1 type object that assigns default tagSet to a pyasn1 value object. This
+default tagSet specification can be ignored and effectively replaced by some
+other tagSet value passed on object instantiation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It's important to understand that the tag set property of pyasn1 type/value
+object can never be modifed in place. In other words, a pyasn1 type/value
+object can never change its tags. The only way is to create a new pyasn1
+type/value object and associate different tag set with it.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88aff79c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import sys
+
+# http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0396/
+__version__ = '0.1.7'
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 4):
+  raise RuntimeError('PyASN1 requires Python 2.4 or later')
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/decoder.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be0cf4907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+# BER decoder
+from pyasn1.type import tag, base, univ, char, useful, tagmap
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import eoo
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import oct2int, octs2ints, isOctetsType
+from pyasn1 import debug, error
+
+class AbstractDecoder:
+    protoComponent = None
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('Decoder not implemented for %s' % (tagSet,))
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('Indefinite length mode decoder not implemented for %s' % (tagSet,))
+
+class AbstractSimpleDecoder(AbstractDecoder):
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatSimple,)
+    def _createComponent(self, asn1Spec, tagSet, value=None):
+        if tagSet[0][1] not in self.tagFormats:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Invalid tag format %r for %r' % (tagSet[0], self.protoComponent,))
+        if asn1Spec is None:
+            return self.protoComponent.clone(value, tagSet)
+        elif value is None:
+            return asn1Spec
+        else:
+            return asn1Spec.clone(value)
+        
+class AbstractConstructedDecoder(AbstractDecoder):
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatConstructed,)
+    def _createComponent(self, asn1Spec, tagSet, value=None):
+        if tagSet[0][1] not in self.tagFormats:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Invalid tag format %r for %r' % (tagSet[0], self.protoComponent,))
+        if asn1Spec is None:
+            return self.protoComponent.clone(tagSet)
+        else:
+            return asn1Spec.clone()
+                                
+class EndOfOctetsDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        return eoo.endOfOctets, substrate[length:]
+
+class ExplicitTagDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Any('')
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatConstructed,)
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(
+                       self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, ''),
+                       substrate, length
+                   )
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        value, _ = decodeFun(head, asn1Spec, tagSet, length)
+        return value, tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                             length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(
+                       self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, ''),
+                       substrate, length
+                   )
+        value, substrate = decodeFun(substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length)
+        terminator, substrate = decodeFun(substrate)
+        if eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(terminator) and \
+                terminator == eoo.endOfOctets:
+            return value, substrate
+        else:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Missing end-of-octets terminator')
+
+explicitTagDecoder = ExplicitTagDecoder()
+
+class IntegerDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Integer(0)
+    precomputedValues = {
+        '\x00':  0,
+        '\x01':  1,
+        '\x02':  2,
+        '\x03':  3,
+        '\x04':  4,
+        '\x05':  5,
+        '\x06':  6,
+        '\x07':  7,
+        '\x08':  8,
+        '\x09':  9,
+        '\xff': -1,
+        '\xfe': -2,
+        '\xfd': -3,
+        '\xfc': -4,
+        '\xfb': -5
+        }
+    
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                     state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        if not head:
+            return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, 0), tail
+        if head in self.precomputedValues:
+            value = self.precomputedValues[head]
+        else:
+            firstOctet = oct2int(head[0])
+            if firstOctet & 0x80:
+                value = -1
+            else:
+                value = 0
+            for octet in head:
+                value = value << 8 | oct2int(octet)
+        return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, value), tail
+
+class BooleanDecoder(IntegerDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Boolean(0)
+    def _createComponent(self, asn1Spec, tagSet, value=None):
+        return IntegerDecoder._createComponent(self, asn1Spec, tagSet, value and 1 or 0)
+
+class BitStringDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.BitString(())
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatSimple, tag.tagFormatConstructed)
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                     state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        if tagSet[0][1] == tag.tagFormatSimple:    # XXX what tag to check?
+            if not head:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Empty substrate')
+            trailingBits = oct2int(head[0])
+            if trailingBits > 7:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'Trailing bits overflow %s' % trailingBits
+                    )
+            head = head[1:]
+            lsb = p = 0; l = len(head)-1; b = ()
+            while p <= l:
+                if p == l:
+                    lsb = trailingBits
+                j = 7                    
+                o = oct2int(head[p])
+                while j >= lsb:
+                    b = b + ((o>>j)&0x01,)
+                    j = j - 1
+                p = p + 1
+            return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, b), tail
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, ())
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        while head:
+            component, head = decodeFun(head)
+            r = r + component
+        return r, tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                             length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, '')
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        while substrate:
+            component, substrate = decodeFun(substrate)
+            if eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(component) and \
+                    component == eoo.endOfOctets:
+                break
+            r = r + component
+        else:
+            raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                'No EOO seen before substrate ends'
+                )
+        return r, substrate
+
+class OctetStringDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.OctetString('')
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatSimple, tag.tagFormatConstructed)
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                     state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        if tagSet[0][1] == tag.tagFormatSimple:    # XXX what tag to check?
+            return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, head), tail
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, '')
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        while head:
+            component, head = decodeFun(head)
+            r = r + component
+        return r, tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                             length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, '')
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        while substrate:
+            component, substrate = decodeFun(substrate)
+            if eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(component) and \
+                    component == eoo.endOfOctets:
+                break
+            r = r + component
+        else:
+            raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                'No EOO seen before substrate ends'
+                )
+        return r, substrate
+
+class NullDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Null('')
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        if head:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Unexpected %d-octet substrate for Null' % length)
+        return r, tail
+
+class ObjectIdentifierDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.ObjectIdentifier(())
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                     state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        if not head:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Empty substrate')
+
+        # Get the first subid
+        subId = oct2int(head[0])
+        oid = divmod(subId, 40)
+
+        index = 1
+        substrateLen = len(head)
+        while index < substrateLen:
+            subId = oct2int(head[index])
+            index = index + 1
+            if subId == 128:
+                # ASN.1 spec forbids leading zeros (0x80) in sub-ID OID
+                # encoding, tolerating it opens a vulnerability.
+                # See http://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/publications/article-1432.pdf page 7
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Invalid leading 0x80 in sub-OID')
+            elif subId > 128:
+                # Construct subid from a number of octets
+                nextSubId = subId
+                subId = 0
+                while nextSubId >= 128:
+                    subId = (subId << 7) + (nextSubId & 0x7F)
+                    if index >= substrateLen:
+                        raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                            'Short substrate for sub-OID past %s' % (oid,)
+                            )
+                    nextSubId = oct2int(head[index])
+                    index = index + 1
+                subId = (subId << 7) + nextSubId
+            oid = oid + (subId,)
+        return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, oid), tail
+
+class RealDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Real()
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        if not head:
+            return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, 0.0), tail
+        fo = oct2int(head[0]); head = head[1:]
+        if fo & 0x80:  # binary enoding
+            n = (fo & 0x03) + 1
+            if n == 4:
+                n = oct2int(head[0])
+            eo, head = head[:n], head[n:]
+            if not eo or not head:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Real exponent screwed')
+            e = oct2int(eo[0]) & 0x80 and -1 or 0
+            while eo:         # exponent
+                e <<= 8
+                e |= oct2int(eo[0])
+                eo = eo[1:]
+            p = 0
+            while head:  # value
+                p <<= 8
+                p |= oct2int(head[0])
+                head = head[1:]
+            if fo & 0x40:    # sign bit
+                p = -p
+            value = (p, 2, e)
+        elif fo & 0x40:  # infinite value
+            value = fo & 0x01 and '-inf' or 'inf'
+        elif fo & 0xc0 == 0:  # character encoding
+            try:
+                if fo & 0x3 == 0x1:  # NR1
+                    value = (int(head), 10, 0)
+                elif fo & 0x3 == 0x2:  # NR2
+                    value = float(head)
+                elif fo & 0x3 == 0x3:  # NR3
+                    value = float(head)
+                else:
+                    raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                        'Unknown NR (tag %s)' % fo
+                        )
+            except ValueError:
+                raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                    'Bad character Real syntax'
+                    )
+        else:
+            raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                'Unknown encoding (tag %s)' % fo
+                )
+        return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, value), tail
+        
+class SequenceDecoder(AbstractConstructedDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Sequence()
+    def _getComponentTagMap(self, r, idx):
+        try:
+            return r.getComponentTagMapNearPosition(idx)
+        except error.PyAsn1Error:
+            return
+
+    def _getComponentPositionByType(self, r, t, idx):
+        return r.getComponentPositionNearType(t, idx)
+    
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        idx = 0
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        while head:
+            asn1Spec = self._getComponentTagMap(r, idx)
+            component, head = decodeFun(head, asn1Spec)
+            idx = self._getComponentPositionByType(
+                r, component.getEffectiveTagSet(), idx
+                )
+            r.setComponentByPosition(idx, component, asn1Spec is None)
+            idx = idx + 1
+        r.setDefaultComponents()
+        r.verifySizeSpec()
+        return r, tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                             length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        idx = 0
+        while substrate:
+            asn1Spec = self._getComponentTagMap(r, idx)
+            component, substrate = decodeFun(substrate, asn1Spec)
+            if eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(component) and \
+                    component == eoo.endOfOctets:
+                break
+            idx = self._getComponentPositionByType(
+                r, component.getEffectiveTagSet(), idx
+                )            
+            r.setComponentByPosition(idx, component, asn1Spec is None)
+            idx = idx + 1                
+        else:
+            raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                'No EOO seen before substrate ends'
+                )
+        r.setDefaultComponents()
+        r.verifySizeSpec()
+        return r, substrate
+
+class SequenceOfDecoder(AbstractConstructedDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.SequenceOf()    
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        asn1Spec = r.getComponentType()
+        idx = 0
+        while head:
+            component, head = decodeFun(head, asn1Spec)
+            r.setComponentByPosition(idx, component, asn1Spec is None)
+            idx = idx + 1
+        r.verifySizeSpec()
+        return r, tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                             length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        asn1Spec = r.getComponentType()
+        idx = 0
+        while substrate:
+            component, substrate = decodeFun(substrate, asn1Spec)
+            if eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(component) and \
+                    component == eoo.endOfOctets:
+                break
+            r.setComponentByPosition(idx, component, asn1Spec is None)
+            idx = idx + 1                
+        else:
+            raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                'No EOO seen before substrate ends'
+                )
+        r.verifySizeSpec()
+        return r, substrate
+
+class SetDecoder(SequenceDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Set()
+    def _getComponentTagMap(self, r, idx):
+        return r.getComponentTagMap()
+
+    def _getComponentPositionByType(self, r, t, idx):
+        nextIdx = r.getComponentPositionByType(t)
+        if nextIdx is None:
+            return idx
+        else:
+            return nextIdx
+    
+class SetOfDecoder(SequenceOfDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.SetOf()
+    
+class ChoiceDecoder(AbstractConstructedDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Choice()
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatSimple, tag.tagFormatConstructed)
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        if r.getTagSet() == tagSet: # explicitly tagged Choice
+            component, head = decodeFun(
+                head, r.getComponentTagMap()
+                )
+        else:
+            component, head = decodeFun(
+                head, r.getComponentTagMap(), tagSet, length, state
+                )
+        if isinstance(component, univ.Choice):
+            effectiveTagSet = component.getEffectiveTagSet()
+        else:
+            effectiveTagSet = component.getTagSet()
+        r.setComponentByType(effectiveTagSet, component, 0, asn1Spec is None)
+        return r, tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet)
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        if r.getTagSet() == tagSet: # explicitly tagged Choice
+            component, substrate = decodeFun(substrate, r.getComponentTagMap())
+            eooMarker, substrate = decodeFun(substrate)  # eat up EOO marker
+            if not eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(eooMarker) or \
+                    eooMarker != eoo.endOfOctets:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('No EOO seen before substrate ends')
+        else:
+            component, substrate= decodeFun(
+                substrate, r.getComponentTagMap(), tagSet, length, state
+            )
+        if isinstance(component, univ.Choice):
+            effectiveTagSet = component.getEffectiveTagSet()
+        else:
+            effectiveTagSet = component.getTagSet()
+        r.setComponentByType(effectiveTagSet, component, 0, asn1Spec is None)
+        return r, substrate
+
+class AnyDecoder(AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Any()
+    tagFormats = (tag.tagFormatSimple, tag.tagFormatConstructed)
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                     length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        if asn1Spec is None or \
+               asn1Spec is not None and tagSet != asn1Spec.getTagSet():
+            # untagged Any container, recover inner header substrate
+            length = length + len(fullSubstrate) - len(substrate)
+            substrate = fullSubstrate
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet),
+                                substrate, length)
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, value=head), tail
+
+    def indefLenValueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet,
+                             length, state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        if asn1Spec is not None and tagSet == asn1Spec.getTagSet():
+            # tagged Any type -- consume header substrate
+            header = ''
+        else:
+            # untagged Any, recover header substrate
+            header = fullSubstrate[:-len(substrate)]
+
+        r = self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, header)
+
+        # Any components do not inherit initial tag
+        asn1Spec = self.protoComponent
+        
+        if substrateFun:
+            return substrateFun(r, substrate, length)
+        while substrate:
+            component, substrate = decodeFun(substrate, asn1Spec)
+            if eoo.endOfOctets.isSameTypeWith(component) and \
+                    component == eoo.endOfOctets:
+                break
+            r = r + component
+        else:
+            raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                'No EOO seen before substrate ends'
+                )
+        return r, substrate
+
+# character string types
+class UTF8StringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.UTF8String()
+class NumericStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.NumericString()
+class PrintableStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.PrintableString()
+class TeletexStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.TeletexString()
+class VideotexStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.VideotexString()
+class IA5StringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.IA5String()
+class GraphicStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.GraphicString()
+class VisibleStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.VisibleString()
+class GeneralStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.GeneralString()
+class UniversalStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.UniversalString()
+class BMPStringDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = char.BMPString()
+
+# "useful" types
+class GeneralizedTimeDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = useful.GeneralizedTime()
+class UTCTimeDecoder(OctetStringDecoder):
+    protoComponent = useful.UTCTime()
+
+tagMap = {
+    eoo.endOfOctets.tagSet: EndOfOctetsDecoder(),
+    univ.Integer.tagSet: IntegerDecoder(),
+    univ.Boolean.tagSet: BooleanDecoder(),
+    univ.BitString.tagSet: BitStringDecoder(),
+    univ.OctetString.tagSet: OctetStringDecoder(),
+    univ.Null.tagSet: NullDecoder(),
+    univ.ObjectIdentifier.tagSet: ObjectIdentifierDecoder(),
+    univ.Enumerated.tagSet: IntegerDecoder(),
+    univ.Real.tagSet: RealDecoder(),
+    univ.Sequence.tagSet: SequenceDecoder(),  # conflicts with SequenceOf
+    univ.Set.tagSet: SetDecoder(),            # conflicts with SetOf
+    univ.Choice.tagSet: ChoiceDecoder(),      # conflicts with Any
+    # character string types
+    char.UTF8String.tagSet: UTF8StringDecoder(),
+    char.NumericString.tagSet: NumericStringDecoder(),
+    char.PrintableString.tagSet: PrintableStringDecoder(),
+    char.TeletexString.tagSet: TeletexStringDecoder(),
+    char.VideotexString.tagSet: VideotexStringDecoder(),
+    char.IA5String.tagSet: IA5StringDecoder(),
+    char.GraphicString.tagSet: GraphicStringDecoder(),
+    char.VisibleString.tagSet: VisibleStringDecoder(),
+    char.GeneralString.tagSet: GeneralStringDecoder(),
+    char.UniversalString.tagSet: UniversalStringDecoder(),
+    char.BMPString.tagSet: BMPStringDecoder(),
+    # useful types
+    useful.GeneralizedTime.tagSet: GeneralizedTimeDecoder(),
+    useful.UTCTime.tagSet: UTCTimeDecoder()
+    }
+
+# Type-to-codec map for ambiguous ASN.1 types
+typeMap = {
+    univ.Set.typeId: SetDecoder(),
+    univ.SetOf.typeId: SetOfDecoder(),
+    univ.Sequence.typeId: SequenceDecoder(),
+    univ.SequenceOf.typeId: SequenceOfDecoder(),
+    univ.Choice.typeId: ChoiceDecoder(),
+    univ.Any.typeId: AnyDecoder()
+    }
+
+( stDecodeTag, stDecodeLength, stGetValueDecoder, stGetValueDecoderByAsn1Spec,
+  stGetValueDecoderByTag, stTryAsExplicitTag, stDecodeValue,
+  stDumpRawValue, stErrorCondition, stStop ) = [x for x in range(10)]
+
+class Decoder:
+    defaultErrorState = stErrorCondition
+#    defaultErrorState = stDumpRawValue
+    defaultRawDecoder = AnyDecoder()
+    def __init__(self, tagMap, typeMap={}):
+        self.__tagMap = tagMap
+        self.__typeMap = typeMap
+        self.__endOfOctetsTagSet = eoo.endOfOctets.getTagSet()
+        # Tag & TagSet objects caches
+        self.__tagCache = {}
+        self.__tagSetCache = {}
+        
+    def __call__(self, substrate, asn1Spec=None, tagSet=None,
+                 length=None, state=stDecodeTag, recursiveFlag=1,
+                 substrateFun=None):
+        if debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder:
+            debug.logger('decoder called at scope %s with state %d, working with up to %d octets of substrate: %s' % (debug.scope, state, len(substrate), debug.hexdump(substrate)))
+        fullSubstrate = substrate
+        while state != stStop:
+            if state == stDecodeTag:
+                # Decode tag
+                if not substrate:
+                    raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                        'Short octet stream on tag decoding'
+                        )
+                if not isOctetsType(substrate) and \
+                   not isinstance(substrate, univ.OctetString):
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error('Bad octet stream type')
+                
+                firstOctet = substrate[0]
+                substrate = substrate[1:]
+                if firstOctet in self.__tagCache:
+                    lastTag = self.__tagCache[firstOctet]
+                else:
+                    t = oct2int(firstOctet)
+                    tagClass = t&0xC0
+                    tagFormat = t&0x20
+                    tagId = t&0x1F
+                    if tagId == 0x1F:
+                        tagId = 0
+                        while 1:
+                            if not substrate:
+                                raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                                    'Short octet stream on long tag decoding'
+                                    )
+                            t = oct2int(substrate[0])
+                            tagId = tagId << 7 | (t&0x7F)
+                            substrate = substrate[1:]
+                            if not t&0x80:
+                                break
+                    lastTag = tag.Tag(
+                        tagClass=tagClass, tagFormat=tagFormat, tagId=tagId
+                        )
+                    if tagId < 31:
+                        # cache short tags
+                        self.__tagCache[firstOctet] = lastTag
+                if tagSet is None:
+                    if firstOctet in self.__tagSetCache:
+                        tagSet = self.__tagSetCache[firstOctet]
+                    else:
+                        # base tag not recovered
+                        tagSet = tag.TagSet((), lastTag)
+                        if firstOctet in self.__tagCache:
+                            self.__tagSetCache[firstOctet] = tagSet
+                else:
+                    tagSet = lastTag + tagSet
+                state = stDecodeLength
+                debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('tag decoded into %r, decoding length' % tagSet)
+            if state == stDecodeLength:
+                # Decode length
+                if not substrate:
+                     raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                         'Short octet stream on length decoding'
+                         )
+                firstOctet  = oct2int(substrate[0])
+                if firstOctet == 128:
+                    size = 1
+                    length = -1
+                elif firstOctet < 128:
+                    length, size = firstOctet, 1
+                else:
+                    size = firstOctet & 0x7F
+                    # encoded in size bytes
+                    length = 0
+                    lengthString = substrate[1:size+1]
+                    # missing check on maximum size, which shouldn't be a
+                    # problem, we can handle more than is possible
+                    if len(lengthString) != size:
+                        raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                            '%s<%s at %s' %
+                            (size, len(lengthString), tagSet)
+                            )
+                    for char in lengthString:
+                        length = (length << 8) | oct2int(char)
+                    size = size + 1
+                substrate = substrate[size:]
+                if length != -1 and len(substrate) < length:
+                    raise error.SubstrateUnderrunError(
+                        '%d-octet short' % (length - len(substrate))
+                        )
+                state = stGetValueDecoder
+                debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('value length decoded into %d, payload substrate is: %s' % (length, debug.hexdump(length == -1 and substrate or substrate[:length])))
+            if state == stGetValueDecoder:
+                if asn1Spec is None:
+                    state = stGetValueDecoderByTag
+                else:
+                    state = stGetValueDecoderByAsn1Spec
+            #
+            # There're two ways of creating subtypes in ASN.1 what influences
+            # decoder operation. These methods are:
+            # 1) Either base types used in or no IMPLICIT tagging has been
+            #    applied on subtyping.
+            # 2) Subtype syntax drops base type information (by means of
+            #    IMPLICIT tagging.
+            # The first case allows for complete tag recovery from substrate
+            # while the second one requires original ASN.1 type spec for
+            # decoding.
+            #
+            # In either case a set of tags (tagSet) is coming from substrate
+            # in an incremental, tag-by-tag fashion (this is the case of
+            # EXPLICIT tag which is most basic). Outermost tag comes first
+            # from the wire.
+            #            
+            if state == stGetValueDecoderByTag:
+                if tagSet in self.__tagMap:
+                    concreteDecoder = self.__tagMap[tagSet]
+                else:
+                    concreteDecoder = None
+                if concreteDecoder:
+                    state = stDecodeValue
+                else:
+                    _k = tagSet[:1]
+                    if _k in self.__tagMap:
+                        concreteDecoder = self.__tagMap[_k]
+                    else:
+                        concreteDecoder = None
+                    if concreteDecoder:
+                        state = stDecodeValue
+                    else:
+                        state = stTryAsExplicitTag
+                if debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder:
+                    debug.logger('codec %s chosen by a built-in type, decoding %s' % (concreteDecoder and concreteDecoder.__class__.__name__ or "<none>", state == stDecodeValue and 'value' or 'as explicit tag'))
+                    debug.scope.push(concreteDecoder is None and '?' or concreteDecoder.protoComponent.__class__.__name__)
+            if state == stGetValueDecoderByAsn1Spec:
+                if isinstance(asn1Spec, (dict, tagmap.TagMap)):
+                    if tagSet in asn1Spec:
+                        __chosenSpec = asn1Spec[tagSet]
+                    else:
+                        __chosenSpec = None
+                    if debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder:
+                        debug.logger('candidate ASN.1 spec is a map of:')
+                        for t, v in asn1Spec.getPosMap().items():
+                            debug.logger('  %r -> %s' % (t, v.__class__.__name__))
+                        if asn1Spec.getNegMap():
+                            debug.logger('but neither of: ')
+                            for i in asn1Spec.getNegMap().items():
+                                debug.logger('  %r -> %s' % (t, v.__class__.__name__))
+                        debug.logger('new candidate ASN.1 spec is %s, chosen by %r' % (__chosenSpec is None and '<none>' or __chosenSpec.__class__.__name__, tagSet))
+                else:
+                    __chosenSpec = asn1Spec
+                    debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('candidate ASN.1 spec is %s' % asn1Spec.__class__.__name__)
+                if __chosenSpec is not None and (
+                       tagSet == __chosenSpec.getTagSet() or \
+                       tagSet in __chosenSpec.getTagMap()
+                       ):
+                    # use base type for codec lookup to recover untagged types
+                    baseTagSet = __chosenSpec.baseTagSet
+                    if __chosenSpec.typeId is not None and \
+                           __chosenSpec.typeId in self.__typeMap:
+                        # ambiguous type
+                        concreteDecoder = self.__typeMap[__chosenSpec.typeId]
+                        debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('value decoder chosen for an ambiguous type by type ID %s' % (__chosenSpec.typeId,))
+                    elif baseTagSet in self.__tagMap:
+                        # base type or tagged subtype
+                        concreteDecoder = self.__tagMap[baseTagSet]
+                        debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('value decoder chosen by base %r' % (baseTagSet,))
+                    else:
+                        concreteDecoder = None
+                    if concreteDecoder:
+                        asn1Spec = __chosenSpec
+                        state = stDecodeValue
+                    else:
+                        state = stTryAsExplicitTag
+                elif tagSet == self.__endOfOctetsTagSet:
+                    concreteDecoder = self.__tagMap[tagSet]
+                    state = stDecodeValue
+                    debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('end-of-octets found')
+                else:
+                    concreteDecoder = None
+                    state = stTryAsExplicitTag
+                if debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder:
+                    debug.logger('codec %s chosen by ASN.1 spec, decoding %s' % (state == stDecodeValue and concreteDecoder.__class__.__name__ or "<none>", state == stDecodeValue and 'value' or 'as explicit tag'))
+                    debug.scope.push(__chosenSpec is None and '?' or __chosenSpec.__class__.__name__)
+            if state == stTryAsExplicitTag:
+                if tagSet and \
+                       tagSet[0][1] == tag.tagFormatConstructed and \
+                       tagSet[0][0] != tag.tagClassUniversal:
+                    # Assume explicit tagging
+                    concreteDecoder = explicitTagDecoder
+                    state = stDecodeValue
+                else:                    
+                    concreteDecoder = None
+                    state = self.defaultErrorState
+                debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('codec %s chosen, decoding %s' % (concreteDecoder and concreteDecoder.__class__.__name__ or "<none>", state == stDecodeValue and 'value' or 'as failure'))
+            if state == stDumpRawValue:
+                concreteDecoder = self.defaultRawDecoder
+                debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('codec %s chosen, decoding value' % concreteDecoder.__class__.__name__)
+                state = stDecodeValue
+            if state == stDecodeValue:
+                if recursiveFlag == 0 and not substrateFun: # legacy
+                    substrateFun = lambda a,b,c: (a,b[:c])
+                if length == -1:  # indef length
+                    value, substrate = concreteDecoder.indefLenValueDecoder(
+                        fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                        stGetValueDecoder, self, substrateFun
+                        )
+                else:
+                    value, substrate = concreteDecoder.valueDecoder(
+                        fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                        stGetValueDecoder, self, substrateFun
+                        )
+                state = stStop
+                debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder and debug.logger('codec %s yields type %s, value:\n%s\n...remaining substrate is: %s' % (concreteDecoder.__class__.__name__, value.__class__.__name__, value.prettyPrint(), substrate and debug.hexdump(substrate) or '<none>'))
+            if state == stErrorCondition:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    '%r not in asn1Spec: %r' % (tagSet, asn1Spec)
+                    )
+        if debug.logger and debug.logger & debug.flagDecoder:
+            debug.scope.pop()
+            debug.logger('decoder left scope %s, call completed' % debug.scope)
+        return value, substrate
+            
+decode = Decoder(tagMap, typeMap)
+
+# XXX
+# non-recursive decoding; return position rather than substrate
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/encoder.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..173949d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+# BER encoder
+from pyasn1.type import base, tag, univ, char, useful
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import eoo
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import int2oct, oct2int, ints2octs, null, str2octs
+from pyasn1 import debug, error
+
+class Error(Exception): pass
+
+class AbstractItemEncoder:
+    supportIndefLenMode = 1
+    def encodeTag(self, t, isConstructed):
+        tagClass, tagFormat, tagId = t.asTuple()  # this is a hotspot
+        v = tagClass | tagFormat
+        if isConstructed:
+            v = v|tag.tagFormatConstructed
+        if tagId < 31:
+            return int2oct(v|tagId)
+        else:
+            s = int2oct(tagId&0x7f)
+            tagId = tagId >> 7
+            while tagId:
+                s = int2oct(0x80|(tagId&0x7f)) + s
+                tagId = tagId >> 7
+            return int2oct(v|0x1F) + s
+
+    def encodeLength(self, length, defMode):
+        if not defMode and self.supportIndefLenMode:
+            return int2oct(0x80)
+        if length < 0x80:
+            return int2oct(length)
+        else:
+            substrate = null
+            while length:
+                substrate = int2oct(length&0xff) + substrate
+                length = length >> 8
+            substrateLen = len(substrate)
+            if substrateLen > 126:
+                raise Error('Length octets overflow (%d)' % substrateLen)
+            return int2oct(0x80 | substrateLen) + substrate
+
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        raise Error('Not implemented')
+
+    def _encodeEndOfOctets(self, encodeFun, defMode):
+        if defMode or not self.supportIndefLenMode:
+            return null
+        else:
+            return encodeFun(eoo.endOfOctets, defMode)
+        
+    def encode(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        substrate, isConstructed = self.encodeValue(
+            encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize
+            )
+        tagSet = value.getTagSet()
+        if tagSet:
+            if not isConstructed:  # primitive form implies definite mode
+                defMode = 1
+            return self.encodeTag(
+                tagSet[-1], isConstructed
+                ) + self.encodeLength(
+                len(substrate), defMode
+                ) + substrate + self._encodeEndOfOctets(encodeFun, defMode)
+        else:
+            return substrate  # untagged value
+
+class EndOfOctetsEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return null, 0
+
+class ExplicitlyTaggedItemEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if isinstance(value, base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item):
+            value = value.clone(tagSet=value.getTagSet()[:-1],
+                                cloneValueFlag=1)
+        else:
+            value = value.clone(tagSet=value.getTagSet()[:-1])
+        return encodeFun(value, defMode, maxChunkSize), 1
+
+explicitlyTaggedItemEncoder = ExplicitlyTaggedItemEncoder()
+
+class BooleanEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    supportIndefLenMode = 0
+    _true = ints2octs((1,))
+    _false = ints2octs((0,))
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return value and self._true or self._false, 0
+
+class IntegerEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    supportIndefLenMode = 0
+    supportCompactZero = False
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if value == 0:  # shortcut for zero value
+            if self.supportCompactZero:
+                # this seems to be a correct way for encoding zeros
+                return null, 0
+            else:
+                # this seems to be a widespread way for encoding zeros
+                return ints2octs((0,)), 0
+        octets = []
+        value = int(value) # to save on ops on asn1 type
+        while 1:
+            octets.insert(0, value & 0xff)
+            if value == 0 or value == -1:
+                break
+            value = value >> 8
+        if value == 0 and octets[0] & 0x80:
+            octets.insert(0, 0)
+        while len(octets) > 1 and \
+                  (octets[0] == 0 and octets[1] & 0x80 == 0 or \
+                   octets[0] == 0xff and octets[1] & 0x80 != 0):
+            del octets[0]
+        return ints2octs(octets), 0
+
+class BitStringEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if not maxChunkSize or len(value) <= maxChunkSize*8:
+            r = {}; l = len(value); p = 0; j = 7
+            while p < l:
+                i, j = divmod(p, 8)
+                r[i] = r.get(i,0) | value[p]<<(7-j)
+                p = p + 1
+            keys = list(r); keys.sort()
+            return int2oct(7-j) + ints2octs([r[k] for k in keys]), 0
+        else:
+            pos = 0; substrate = null
+            while 1:
+                # count in octets
+                v = value.clone(value[pos*8:pos*8+maxChunkSize*8])
+                if not v:
+                    break
+                substrate = substrate + encodeFun(v, defMode, maxChunkSize)
+                pos = pos + maxChunkSize
+            return substrate, 1
+
+class OctetStringEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if not maxChunkSize or len(value) <= maxChunkSize:
+            return value.asOctets(), 0
+        else:
+            pos = 0; substrate = null
+            while 1:
+                v = value.clone(value[pos:pos+maxChunkSize])
+                if not v:
+                    break
+                substrate = substrate + encodeFun(v, defMode, maxChunkSize)
+                pos = pos + maxChunkSize
+            return substrate, 1
+
+class NullEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    supportIndefLenMode = 0
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return null, 0
+
+class ObjectIdentifierEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    supportIndefLenMode = 0
+    precomputedValues = {
+        (1, 3, 6, 1, 2): (43, 6, 1, 2),        
+        (1, 3, 6, 1, 4): (43, 6, 1, 4)
+        }
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):    
+        oid = value.asTuple()
+        if oid[:5] in self.precomputedValues:
+            octets = self.precomputedValues[oid[:5]]
+            index = 5
+        else:
+            if len(oid) < 2:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Short OID %s' % (value,))
+
+            # Build the first twos
+            if oid[0] > 6 or oid[1] > 39 or oid[0] == 6 and oid[1] > 15:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'Initial sub-ID overflow %s in OID %s' % (oid[:2], value)
+                    )
+            octets = (oid[0] * 40 + oid[1],)
+            index = 2
+
+        # Cycle through subids
+        for subid in oid[index:]:
+            if subid > -1 and subid < 128:
+                # Optimize for the common case
+                octets = octets + (subid & 0x7f,)
+            elif subid < 0 or subid > 0xFFFFFFFF:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'SubId overflow %s in %s' % (subid, value)
+                    )
+            else:
+                # Pack large Sub-Object IDs
+                res = (subid & 0x7f,)
+                subid = subid >> 7
+                while subid > 0:
+                    res = (0x80 | (subid & 0x7f),) + res
+                    subid = subid >> 7 
+                # Add packed Sub-Object ID to resulted Object ID
+                octets += res
+                
+        return ints2octs(octets), 0
+
+class RealEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    supportIndefLenMode = 0
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if value.isPlusInfinity():
+            return int2oct(0x40), 0
+        if value.isMinusInfinity():
+            return int2oct(0x41), 0
+        m, b, e = value
+        if not m:
+            return null, 0
+        if b == 10:
+            return str2octs('\x03%dE%s%d' % (m, e == 0 and '+' or '', e)), 0
+        elif b == 2:
+            fo = 0x80                 # binary enoding
+            if m < 0:
+                fo = fo | 0x40  # sign bit
+                m = -m
+            while int(m) != m: # drop floating point
+                m *= 2
+                e -= 1
+            while m & 0x1 == 0: # mantissa normalization
+                m >>= 1
+                e += 1
+            eo = null
+            while e not in (0, -1):
+                eo = int2oct(e&0xff) + eo
+                e >>= 8
+            if e == 0 and eo and oct2int(eo[0]) & 0x80:
+                eo = int2oct(0) + eo
+            n = len(eo)
+            if n > 0xff:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Real exponent overflow')
+            if n == 1:
+                pass
+            elif n == 2:
+                fo |= 1
+            elif n == 3:
+                fo |= 2
+            else:
+                fo |= 3
+                eo = int2oct(n//0xff+1) + eo
+            po = null
+            while m:
+                po = int2oct(m&0xff) + po
+                m >>= 8
+            substrate = int2oct(fo) + eo + po
+            return substrate, 0
+        else:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Prohibited Real base %s' % b)
+
+class SequenceEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        value.setDefaultComponents()
+        value.verifySizeSpec()
+        substrate = null; idx = len(value)
+        while idx > 0:
+            idx = idx - 1
+            if value[idx] is None:  # Optional component
+                continue
+            component = value.getDefaultComponentByPosition(idx)
+            if component is not None and component == value[idx]:
+                continue
+            substrate = encodeFun(
+                value[idx], defMode, maxChunkSize
+                ) + substrate
+        return substrate, 1
+
+class SequenceOfEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        value.verifySizeSpec()
+        substrate = null; idx = len(value)
+        while idx > 0:
+            idx = idx - 1
+            substrate = encodeFun(
+                value[idx], defMode, maxChunkSize
+                ) + substrate
+        return substrate, 1
+
+class ChoiceEncoder(AbstractItemEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return encodeFun(value.getComponent(), defMode, maxChunkSize), 1
+
+class AnyEncoder(OctetStringEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, value, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return value.asOctets(), defMode == 0
+
+tagMap = {
+    eoo.endOfOctets.tagSet: EndOfOctetsEncoder(),
+    univ.Boolean.tagSet: BooleanEncoder(),
+    univ.Integer.tagSet: IntegerEncoder(),
+    univ.BitString.tagSet: BitStringEncoder(),
+    univ.OctetString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    univ.Null.tagSet: NullEncoder(),
+    univ.ObjectIdentifier.tagSet: ObjectIdentifierEncoder(),
+    univ.Enumerated.tagSet: IntegerEncoder(),
+    univ.Real.tagSet: RealEncoder(),
+    # Sequence & Set have same tags as SequenceOf & SetOf
+    univ.SequenceOf.tagSet: SequenceOfEncoder(),
+    univ.SetOf.tagSet: SequenceOfEncoder(),
+    univ.Choice.tagSet: ChoiceEncoder(),
+    # character string types
+    char.UTF8String.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.NumericString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.PrintableString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.TeletexString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.VideotexString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.IA5String.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.GraphicString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.VisibleString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.GeneralString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.UniversalString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    char.BMPString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    # useful types
+    useful.GeneralizedTime.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    useful.UTCTime.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder()        
+    }
+
+# Type-to-codec map for ambiguous ASN.1 types
+typeMap = {
+    univ.Set.typeId: SequenceEncoder(),
+    univ.SetOf.typeId: SequenceOfEncoder(),
+    univ.Sequence.typeId: SequenceEncoder(),
+    univ.SequenceOf.typeId: SequenceOfEncoder(),
+    univ.Choice.typeId: ChoiceEncoder(),
+    univ.Any.typeId: AnyEncoder()
+    }
+
+class Encoder:
+    def __init__(self, tagMap, typeMap={}):
+        self.__tagMap = tagMap
+        self.__typeMap = typeMap
+
+    def __call__(self, value, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=0):
+        debug.logger & debug.flagEncoder and debug.logger('encoder called in %sdef mode, chunk size %s for type %s, value:\n%s' % (not defMode and 'in' or '', maxChunkSize, value.__class__.__name__, value.prettyPrint()))
+        tagSet = value.getTagSet()
+        if len(tagSet) > 1:
+            concreteEncoder = explicitlyTaggedItemEncoder
+        else:
+            if value.typeId is not None and value.typeId in self.__typeMap:
+                concreteEncoder = self.__typeMap[value.typeId]
+            elif tagSet in self.__tagMap:
+                concreteEncoder = self.__tagMap[tagSet]
+            else:
+                tagSet = value.baseTagSet
+                if tagSet in self.__tagMap:
+                    concreteEncoder = self.__tagMap[tagSet]
+                else:
+                    raise Error('No encoder for %s' % (value,))
+        debug.logger & debug.flagEncoder and debug.logger('using value codec %s chosen by %r' % (concreteEncoder.__class__.__name__, tagSet))
+        substrate = concreteEncoder.encode(
+            self, value, defMode, maxChunkSize
+            )
+        debug.logger & debug.flagEncoder and debug.logger('built %s octets of substrate: %s\nencoder completed' % (len(substrate), debug.hexdump(substrate)))
+        return substrate
+
+encode = Encoder(tagMap, typeMap)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/eoo.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/eoo.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..379be1996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/ber/eoo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from pyasn1.type import base, tag
+
+class EndOfOctets(base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+    defaultValue = 0
+    tagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x00)
+        )
+endOfOctets = EndOfOctets()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/decoder.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fd37c134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# CER decoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import oct2int
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+class BooleanDecoder(decoder.AbstractSimpleDecoder):
+    protoComponent = univ.Boolean(0)
+    def valueDecoder(self, fullSubstrate, substrate, asn1Spec, tagSet, length,
+                     state, decodeFun, substrateFun):
+        head, tail = substrate[:length], substrate[length:]
+        if not head:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Empty substrate')
+        byte = oct2int(head[0])
+        # CER/DER specifies encoding of TRUE as 0xFF and FALSE as 0x0, while
+        # BER allows any non-zero value as TRUE; cf. sections 8.2.2. and 11.1 
+        # in http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/languages/X.690-0207.pdf
+        if byte == 0xff:
+            value = 1
+        elif byte == 0x00:
+            value = 0
+        else:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Boolean CER violation: %s' % byte)
+        return self._createComponent(asn1Spec, tagSet, value), tail
+
+tagMap = decoder.tagMap.copy()
+tagMap.update({
+    univ.Boolean.tagSet: BooleanDecoder()
+    })
+
+typeMap = decoder.typeMap
+
+class Decoder(decoder.Decoder): pass
+
+decode = Decoder(tagMap, decoder.typeMap)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/encoder.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c05130af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/cer/encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# CER encoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import int2oct, null
+
+class BooleanEncoder(encoder.IntegerEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, client, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if client == 0:
+            substrate = int2oct(0)
+        else:
+            substrate = int2oct(255)
+        return substrate, 0
+
+class BitStringEncoder(encoder.BitStringEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, client, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return encoder.BitStringEncoder.encodeValue(
+            self, encodeFun, client, defMode, 1000
+            )
+
+class OctetStringEncoder(encoder.OctetStringEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, client, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        return encoder.OctetStringEncoder.encodeValue(
+            self, encodeFun, client, defMode, 1000
+            )
+
+# specialized RealEncoder here
+# specialized GeneralStringEncoder here
+# specialized GeneralizedTimeEncoder here
+# specialized UTCTimeEncoder here
+
+class SetOfEncoder(encoder.SequenceOfEncoder):
+    def encodeValue(self, encodeFun, client, defMode, maxChunkSize):
+        if isinstance(client, univ.SequenceAndSetBase):
+            client.setDefaultComponents()
+        client.verifySizeSpec()
+        substrate = null; idx = len(client)
+        # This is certainly a hack but how else do I distinguish SetOf
+        # from Set if they have the same tags&constraints?
+        if isinstance(client, univ.SequenceAndSetBase):
+            # Set
+            comps = []
+            while idx > 0:
+                idx = idx - 1
+                if client[idx] is None:  # Optional component
+                    continue
+                if client.getDefaultComponentByPosition(idx) == client[idx]:
+                    continue
+                comps.append(client[idx])
+            comps.sort(key=lambda x: isinstance(x, univ.Choice) and \
+                                     x.getMinTagSet() or x.getTagSet())
+            for c in comps:
+                substrate += encodeFun(c, defMode, maxChunkSize)
+        else:
+            # SetOf
+            compSubs = []
+            while idx > 0:
+                idx = idx - 1
+                compSubs.append(
+                    encodeFun(client[idx], defMode, maxChunkSize)
+                    )
+            compSubs.sort()  # perhaps padding's not needed
+            substrate = null
+            for compSub in compSubs:
+                substrate += compSub
+        return substrate, 1
+
+tagMap = encoder.tagMap.copy()
+tagMap.update({
+    univ.Boolean.tagSet: BooleanEncoder(),
+    univ.BitString.tagSet: BitStringEncoder(),
+    univ.OctetString.tagSet: OctetStringEncoder(),
+    univ.SetOf().tagSet: SetOfEncoder()  # conflcts with Set
+    })
+
+typeMap = encoder.typeMap.copy()
+typeMap.update({
+    univ.Set.typeId: SetOfEncoder(),
+    univ.SetOf.typeId: SetOfEncoder()
+    })
+
+class Encoder(encoder.Encoder):
+    def __call__(self, client, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=0):
+        return encoder.Encoder.__call__(self, client, defMode, maxChunkSize)
+
+encode = Encoder(tagMap, typeMap)
+
+# EncoderFactory queries class instance and builds a map of tags -> encoders
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/decoder.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..604abec2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# DER decoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+from pyasn1.codec.cer import decoder
+
+tagMap = decoder.tagMap
+typeMap = decoder.typeMap
+Decoder = decoder.Decoder
+
+decode = Decoder(tagMap, typeMap)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/encoder.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e5faefad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/codec/der/encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# DER encoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+from pyasn1.codec.cer import encoder
+
+class SetOfEncoder(encoder.SetOfEncoder):
+    def _cmpSetComponents(self, c1, c2):
+        tagSet1 = isinstance(c1, univ.Choice) and \
+                  c1.getEffectiveTagSet() or c1.getTagSet()
+        tagSet2 = isinstance(c2, univ.Choice) and \
+                  c2.getEffectiveTagSet() or c2.getTagSet()        
+        return cmp(tagSet1, tagSet2)
+
+tagMap = encoder.tagMap.copy()
+tagMap.update({
+    # Overload CER encodrs with BER ones (a bit hackerish XXX)
+    univ.BitString.tagSet: encoder.encoder.BitStringEncoder(),
+    univ.OctetString.tagSet: encoder.encoder.OctetStringEncoder(),
+    # Set & SetOf have same tags
+    univ.SetOf().tagSet: SetOfEncoder()
+    })
+
+typeMap = encoder.typeMap
+
+class Encoder(encoder.Encoder):
+    def __call__(self, client, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=0):
+        return encoder.Encoder.__call__(self, client, defMode, maxChunkSize)
+        
+encode = Encoder(tagMap, typeMap)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/compat/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/compat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/compat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/compat/octets.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/compat/octets.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7f2a29bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/compat/octets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from sys import version_info
+
+if version_info[0] <= 2:
+    int2oct = chr
+    ints2octs = lambda s: ''.join([ int2oct(x) for x in s ])
+    null = ''
+    oct2int = ord
+    octs2ints = lambda s: [ oct2int(x) for x in s ]
+    str2octs = lambda x: x
+    octs2str = lambda x: x
+    isOctetsType = lambda s: isinstance(s, str)
+else:
+    ints2octs = bytes
+    int2oct = lambda x: ints2octs((x,))
+    null = ints2octs()
+    oct2int = lambda x: x
+    octs2ints = lambda s: [ x for x in s ]
+    str2octs = lambda x: x.encode()
+    octs2str = lambda x: x.decode()
+    isOctetsType = lambda s: isinstance(s, bytes)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/debug.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/debug.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c27cb1d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/debug.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import sys
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import octs2ints
+from pyasn1 import error
+from pyasn1 import __version__
+
+flagNone     = 0x0000
+flagEncoder  = 0x0001
+flagDecoder  = 0x0002
+flagAll      = 0xffff
+
+flagMap = {
+    'encoder': flagEncoder,
+    'decoder': flagDecoder,
+    'all': flagAll
+    }
+
+class Debug:
+    defaultPrinter = sys.stderr.write
+    def __init__(self, *flags):
+        self._flags = flagNone
+        self._printer = self.defaultPrinter
+        self('running pyasn1 version %s' % __version__)
+        for f in flags:
+            if f not in flagMap:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('bad debug flag %s' % (f,))
+            self._flags = self._flags | flagMap[f]
+            self('debug category \'%s\' enabled' % f)
+        
+    def __str__(self):
+        return 'logger %s, flags %x' % (self._printer, self._flags)
+    
+    def __call__(self, msg):
+        self._printer('DBG: %s\n' % msg)
+
+    def __and__(self, flag):
+        return self._flags & flag
+
+    def __rand__(self, flag):
+        return flag & self._flags
+
+logger = 0
+
+def setLogger(l):
+    global logger
+    logger = l
+
+def hexdump(octets):
+    return ' '.join(
+            [ '%s%.2X' % (n%16 == 0 and ('\n%.5d: ' % n) or '', x) 
+              for n,x in zip(range(len(octets)), octs2ints(octets)) ]
+        )
+
+class Scope:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __str__(self): return '.'.join(self._list)
+
+    def push(self, token):
+        self._list.append(token)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        return self._list.pop()
+
+scope = Scope()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/error.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/error.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..716406ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+class PyAsn1Error(Exception): pass
+class ValueConstraintError(PyAsn1Error): pass
+class SubstrateUnderrunError(PyAsn1Error): pass
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/base.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40873719c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# Base classes for ASN.1 types
+import sys
+from pyasn1.type import constraint, tagmap
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+class Asn1Item: pass
+
+class Asn1ItemBase(Asn1Item):
+    # Set of tags for this ASN.1 type
+    tagSet = ()
+    
+    # A list of constraint.Constraint instances for checking values
+    subtypeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection()
+
+    # Used for ambiguous ASN.1 types identification
+    typeId = None
+    
+    def __init__(self, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None):
+        if tagSet is None:
+            self._tagSet = self.tagSet
+        else:
+            self._tagSet = tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            self._subtypeSpec = self.subtypeSpec
+        else:
+            self._subtypeSpec = subtypeSpec
+
+    def _verifySubtypeSpec(self, value, idx=None):
+        try:
+            self._subtypeSpec(value, idx)
+        except error.PyAsn1Error:
+            c, i, t = sys.exc_info()
+            raise c('%s at %s' % (i, self.__class__.__name__))
+        
+    def getSubtypeSpec(self): return self._subtypeSpec
+    
+    def getTagSet(self): return self._tagSet
+    def getEffectiveTagSet(self): return self._tagSet  # used by untagged types
+    def getTagMap(self): return tagmap.TagMap({self._tagSet: self})
+    
+    def isSameTypeWith(self, other):
+        return self is other or \
+               self._tagSet == other.getTagSet() and \
+               self._subtypeSpec == other.getSubtypeSpec()
+    def isSuperTypeOf(self, other):
+        """Returns true if argument is a ASN1 subtype of ourselves"""
+        return self._tagSet.isSuperTagSetOf(other.getTagSet()) and \
+               self._subtypeSpec.isSuperTypeOf(other.getSubtypeSpec())
+
+class __NoValue:
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('No value for %s()' % attr)
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('No value')
+    
+noValue = __NoValue()
+
+# Base class for "simple" ASN.1 objects. These are immutable.
+class AbstractSimpleAsn1Item(Asn1ItemBase):    
+    defaultValue = noValue
+    def __init__(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None):
+        Asn1ItemBase.__init__(self, tagSet, subtypeSpec)
+        if value is None or value is noValue:
+            value = self.defaultValue
+        if value is None or value is noValue:
+            self.__hashedValue = value = noValue
+        else:
+            value = self.prettyIn(value)
+            self._verifySubtypeSpec(value)
+            self.__hashedValue = hash(value)
+        self._value = value
+        self._len = None
+        
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._value is noValue:
+            return self.__class__.__name__ + '()'
+        else:
+            return self.__class__.__name__ + '(%s)' % (self.prettyOut(self._value),)
+    def __str__(self): return str(self._value)
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self is other and True or self._value == other
+    def __ne__(self, other): return self._value != other
+    def __lt__(self, other): return self._value < other
+    def __le__(self, other): return self._value <= other
+    def __gt__(self, other): return self._value > other
+    def __ge__(self, other): return self._value >= other
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self._value)
+    else:
+        def __bool__(self): return bool(self._value)
+    def __hash__(self): return self.__hashedValue
+
+    def clone(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None):
+        if value is None and tagSet is None and subtypeSpec is None:
+            return self
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if tagSet is None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        return self.__class__(value, tagSet, subtypeSpec)
+
+    def subtype(self, value=None, implicitTag=None, explicitTag=None,
+                subtypeSpec=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if implicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagImplicitly(implicitTag)
+        elif explicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagExplicitly(explicitTag)
+        else:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        else:
+            subtypeSpec = subtypeSpec + self._subtypeSpec
+        return self.__class__(value, tagSet, subtypeSpec)
+
+    def prettyIn(self, value): return value
+    def prettyOut(self, value): return str(value)
+
+    def prettyPrint(self, scope=0):
+        if self._value is noValue:
+            return '<no value>'
+        else:
+            return self.prettyOut(self._value)
+
+    # XXX Compatibility stub
+    def prettyPrinter(self, scope=0): return self.prettyPrint(scope)
+    
+#
+# Constructed types:
+# * There are five of them: Sequence, SequenceOf/SetOf, Set and Choice
+# * ASN1 types and values are represened by Python class instances
+# * Value initialization is made for defaulted components only
+# * Primary method of component addressing is by-position. Data model for base
+#   type is Python sequence. Additional type-specific addressing methods
+#   may be implemented for particular types.
+# * SequenceOf and SetOf types do not implement any additional methods
+# * Sequence, Set and Choice types also implement by-identifier addressing
+# * Sequence, Set and Choice types also implement by-asn1-type (tag) addressing
+# * Sequence and Set types may include optional and defaulted
+#   components
+# * Constructed types hold a reference to component types used for value
+#   verification and ordering.
+# * Component type is a scalar type for SequenceOf/SetOf types and a list
+#   of types for Sequence/Set/Choice.
+#
+
+class AbstractConstructedAsn1Item(Asn1ItemBase):
+    componentType = None
+    sizeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection()
+    def __init__(self, componentType=None, tagSet=None,
+                 subtypeSpec=None, sizeSpec=None):
+        Asn1ItemBase.__init__(self, tagSet, subtypeSpec)
+        if componentType is None:
+            self._componentType = self.componentType
+        else:
+            self._componentType = componentType
+        if sizeSpec is None:
+            self._sizeSpec = self.sizeSpec
+        else:
+            self._sizeSpec = sizeSpec
+        self._componentValues = []
+        self._componentValuesSet = 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r = self.__class__.__name__ + '()'
+        for idx in range(len(self._componentValues)):
+            if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+                continue
+            r = r + '.setComponentByPosition(%s, %r)' % (
+                idx, self._componentValues[idx]
+                )
+        return r
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self is other and True or self._componentValues == other
+    def __ne__(self, other): return self._componentValues != other
+    def __lt__(self, other): return self._componentValues < other
+    def __le__(self, other): return self._componentValues <= other
+    def __gt__(self, other): return self._componentValues > other
+    def __ge__(self, other): return self._componentValues >= other
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self._componentValues)
+    else:
+        def __bool__(self): return bool(self._componentValues)
+
+    def getComponentTagMap(self):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('Method not implemented')
+
+    def _cloneComponentValues(self, myClone, cloneValueFlag): pass
+
+    def clone(self, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None, sizeSpec=None, 
+              cloneValueFlag=None):
+        if tagSet is None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        if sizeSpec is None:
+            sizeSpec = self._sizeSpec
+        r = self.__class__(self._componentType, tagSet, subtypeSpec, sizeSpec)
+        if cloneValueFlag:
+            self._cloneComponentValues(r, cloneValueFlag)
+        return r
+
+    def subtype(self, implicitTag=None, explicitTag=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+                sizeSpec=None, cloneValueFlag=None):
+        if implicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagImplicitly(implicitTag)
+        elif explicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagExplicitly(explicitTag)
+        else:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        else:
+            subtypeSpec = subtypeSpec + self._subtypeSpec
+        if sizeSpec is None:
+            sizeSpec = self._sizeSpec
+        else:
+            sizeSpec = sizeSpec + self._sizeSpec
+        r = self.__class__(self._componentType, tagSet, subtypeSpec, sizeSpec)
+        if cloneValueFlag:
+            self._cloneComponentValues(r, cloneValueFlag)
+        return r
+
+    def _verifyComponent(self, idx, value): pass
+
+    def verifySizeSpec(self): self._sizeSpec(self)
+
+    def getComponentByPosition(self, idx):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('Method not implemented')
+    def setComponentByPosition(self, idx, value, verifyConstraints=True):
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error('Method not implemented')
+
+    def getComponentType(self): return self._componentType
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx): return self.getComponentByPosition(idx)
+    def __setitem__(self, idx, value): self.setComponentByPosition(idx, value)
+
+    def __len__(self): return len(self._componentValues)
+    
+    def clear(self):
+        self._componentValues = []
+        self._componentValuesSet = 0
+
+    def setDefaultComponents(self): pass
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/char.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/char.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae112f8bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/char.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# ASN.1 "character string" types
+from pyasn1.type import univ, tag
+
+class UTF8String(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+        )
+    encoding = "utf-8"
+
+class NumericString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 18)
+        )
+
+class PrintableString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 19)
+        )
+
+class TeletexString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 20)
+        )
+    
+
+class VideotexString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 21)
+        )
+
+class IA5String(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 22)
+        )
+
+class GraphicString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 25)
+        )
+
+class VisibleString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 26)
+        )
+
+class GeneralString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 27)
+        )
+
+class UniversalString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 28)
+        )
+    encoding = "utf-32-be"
+
+class BMPString(univ.OctetString):
+    tagSet = univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 30)
+        )
+    encoding = "utf-16-be"
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/constraint.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/constraint.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66873937d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/constraint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+#
+#   ASN.1 subtype constraints classes.
+#
+#   Constraints are relatively rare, but every ASN1 object
+#   is doing checks all the time for whether they have any
+#   constraints and whether they are applicable to the object.
+#
+#   What we're going to do is define objects/functions that
+#   can be called unconditionally if they are present, and that
+#   are simply not present if there are no constraints.
+#
+#   Original concept and code by Mike C. Fletcher.
+#
+import sys
+from pyasn1.type import error
+
+class AbstractConstraint:
+    """Abstract base-class for constraint objects
+
+       Constraints should be stored in a simple sequence in the
+       namespace of their client Asn1Item sub-classes.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *values):
+        self._valueMap = {}
+        self._setValues(values)
+        self.__hashedValues = None
+    def __call__(self, value, idx=None):
+        try:
+            self._testValue(value, idx)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            raise error.ValueConstraintError(
+               '%s failed at: \"%s\"' % (self, sys.exc_info()[1])
+            )
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ', '.join([repr(x) for x in self._values])
+        )
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self is other and True or self._values == other
+    def __ne__(self, other): return self._values != other
+    def __lt__(self, other): return self._values < other
+    def __le__(self, other): return self._values <= other
+    def __gt__(self, other): return self._values > other
+    def __ge__(self, other): return self._values >= other
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self._values)
+    else:
+        def __bool__(self): return bool(self._values)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self.__hashedValues is None:
+            self.__hashedValues = hash((self.__class__.__name__, self._values))
+        return self.__hashedValues
+
+    def _setValues(self, values): self._values = values
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+
+    # Constraints derivation logic
+    def getValueMap(self): return self._valueMap
+    def isSuperTypeOf(self, otherConstraint):
+        return self in otherConstraint.getValueMap() or \
+               otherConstraint is self or otherConstraint == self
+    def isSubTypeOf(self, otherConstraint):
+        return otherConstraint in self._valueMap or \
+               otherConstraint is self or otherConstraint == self
+
+class SingleValueConstraint(AbstractConstraint):
+    """Value must be part of defined values constraint"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        # XXX index vals for performance?
+        if value not in self._values:
+            raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+
+class ContainedSubtypeConstraint(AbstractConstraint):
+    """Value must satisfy all of defined set of constraints"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        for c in self._values:
+            c(value, idx)
+
+class ValueRangeConstraint(AbstractConstraint):
+    """Value must be within start and stop values (inclusive)"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        if value < self.start or value > self.stop:
+            raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+
+    def _setValues(self, values):
+        if len(values) != 2:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                '%s: bad constraint values' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+                )
+        self.start, self.stop = values
+        if self.start > self.stop:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                '%s: screwed constraint values (start > stop): %s > %s' % (
+                    self.__class__.__name__,
+                    self.start, self.stop
+                )
+            )
+        AbstractConstraint._setValues(self, values)
+        
+class ValueSizeConstraint(ValueRangeConstraint):
+    """len(value) must be within start and stop values (inclusive)"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        l = len(value)
+        if l < self.start or l > self.stop:
+            raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+
+class PermittedAlphabetConstraint(SingleValueConstraint):
+    def _setValues(self, values):
+        self._values = ()
+        for v in values:
+            self._values = self._values + tuple(v)
+
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        for v in value:
+            if v not in self._values:
+                raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+
+# This is a bit kludgy, meaning two op modes within a single constraing
+class InnerTypeConstraint(AbstractConstraint):
+    """Value must satisfy type and presense constraints"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        if self.__singleTypeConstraint:
+            self.__singleTypeConstraint(value)
+        elif self.__multipleTypeConstraint:
+            if idx not in self.__multipleTypeConstraint:
+                raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+            constraint, status = self.__multipleTypeConstraint[idx]
+            if status == 'ABSENT':   # XXX presense is not checked!
+                raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+            constraint(value)
+
+    def _setValues(self, values):
+        self.__multipleTypeConstraint = {}
+        self.__singleTypeConstraint = None
+        for v in values:
+            if isinstance(v, tuple):
+                self.__multipleTypeConstraint[v[0]] = v[1], v[2]
+            else:
+                self.__singleTypeConstraint = v
+        AbstractConstraint._setValues(self, values)
+
+# Boolean ops on constraints 
+
+class ConstraintsExclusion(AbstractConstraint):
+    """Value must not fit the single constraint"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        try:
+            self._values[0](value, idx)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            return
+        else:
+            raise error.ValueConstraintError(value)
+
+    def _setValues(self, values):
+        if len(values) != 1:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Single constraint expected')
+        AbstractConstraint._setValues(self, values)
+
+class AbstractConstraintSet(AbstractConstraint):
+    """Value must not satisfy the single constraint"""
+    def __getitem__(self, idx): return self._values[idx]
+
+    def __add__(self, value): return self.__class__(self, value)
+    def __radd__(self, value): return self.__class__(self, value)
+
+    def __len__(self): return len(self._values)
+
+    # Constraints inclusion in sets
+    
+    def _setValues(self, values):
+        self._values = values
+        for v in values:
+            self._valueMap[v] = 1
+            self._valueMap.update(v.getValueMap())
+
+class ConstraintsIntersection(AbstractConstraintSet):
+    """Value must satisfy all constraints"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        for v in self._values:
+            v(value, idx)
+
+class ConstraintsUnion(AbstractConstraintSet):
+    """Value must satisfy at least one constraint"""
+    def _testValue(self, value, idx):
+        for v in self._values:
+            try:
+                v(value, idx)
+            except error.ValueConstraintError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                return
+        raise error.ValueConstraintError(
+            'all of %s failed for \"%s\"' % (self._values, value)
+            )
+
+# XXX
+# add tests for type check
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/error.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/error.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e6848447
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+
+class ValueConstraintError(PyAsn1Error): pass
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/namedtype.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/namedtype.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48967a5fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/namedtype.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# NamedType specification for constructed types
+import sys
+from pyasn1.type import tagmap
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+class NamedType:
+    isOptional = 0
+    isDefaulted = 0
+    def __init__(self, name, t):
+        self.__name = name; self.__type = t
+    def __repr__(self): return '%s(%s, %s)' % (
+        self.__class__.__name__, self.__name, self.__type
+        )
+    def getType(self): return self.__type
+    def getName(self): return self.__name
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        if idx == 0: return self.__name
+        if idx == 1: return self.__type
+        raise IndexError()
+    
+class OptionalNamedType(NamedType):
+    isOptional = 1
+class DefaultedNamedType(NamedType):
+    isDefaulted = 1
+    
+class NamedTypes:
+    def __init__(self, *namedTypes):
+        self.__namedTypes = namedTypes
+        self.__namedTypesLen = len(self.__namedTypes)
+        self.__minTagSet = None
+        self.__tagToPosIdx = {}; self.__nameToPosIdx = {}
+        self.__tagMap = { False: None, True: None }
+        self.__ambigiousTypes = {}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        r = '%s(' % self.__class__.__name__
+        for n in self.__namedTypes:
+            r = r + '%r, ' % (n,)
+        return r + ')'
+    
+    def __getitem__(self, idx): return self.__namedTypes[idx]
+
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self.__namedTypesLen)
+    else:
+        def __bool__(self): return bool(self.__namedTypesLen)
+    def __len__(self): return self.__namedTypesLen
+    
+    def getTypeByPosition(self, idx):
+        if idx < 0 or idx >= self.__namedTypesLen:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Type position out of range')
+        else:
+            return self.__namedTypes[idx].getType()
+
+    def getPositionByType(self, tagSet):
+        if not self.__tagToPosIdx:
+            idx = self.__namedTypesLen
+            while idx > 0:
+                idx = idx - 1
+                tagMap = self.__namedTypes[idx].getType().getTagMap()
+                for t in tagMap.getPosMap():
+                    if t in self.__tagToPosIdx:
+                        raise error.PyAsn1Error('Duplicate type %s' % (t,))
+                    self.__tagToPosIdx[t] = idx
+        try:
+            return self.__tagToPosIdx[tagSet]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Type %s not found' % (tagSet,))
+        
+    def getNameByPosition(self, idx):
+        try:
+            return self.__namedTypes[idx].getName()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Type position out of range')
+    def getPositionByName(self, name):
+        if not self.__nameToPosIdx:
+            idx = self.__namedTypesLen
+            while idx > 0:
+                idx = idx - 1
+                n = self.__namedTypes[idx].getName()
+                if n in self.__nameToPosIdx:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error('Duplicate name %s' % (n,))
+                self.__nameToPosIdx[n] = idx
+        try:
+            return self.__nameToPosIdx[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Name %s not found' % (name,))
+
+    def __buildAmbigiousTagMap(self):
+        ambigiousTypes = ()
+        idx = self.__namedTypesLen
+        while idx > 0:
+            idx = idx - 1
+            t = self.__namedTypes[idx]
+            if t.isOptional or t.isDefaulted:
+                ambigiousTypes = (t, ) + ambigiousTypes
+            else:
+                ambigiousTypes = (t, )
+            self.__ambigiousTypes[idx] = NamedTypes(*ambigiousTypes)
+        
+    def getTagMapNearPosition(self, idx):
+        if not self.__ambigiousTypes: self.__buildAmbigiousTagMap()
+        try:
+            return self.__ambigiousTypes[idx].getTagMap()
+        except KeyError:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Type position out of range')
+
+    def getPositionNearType(self, tagSet, idx):
+        if not self.__ambigiousTypes: self.__buildAmbigiousTagMap()
+        try:
+            return idx+self.__ambigiousTypes[idx].getPositionByType(tagSet)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Type position out of range')
+
+    def genMinTagSet(self):
+        if self.__minTagSet is None:
+            for t in self.__namedTypes:
+                __type = t.getType()
+                tagSet = getattr(__type,'getMinTagSet',__type.getTagSet)()
+                if self.__minTagSet is None or tagSet < self.__minTagSet:
+                    self.__minTagSet = tagSet
+        return self.__minTagSet
+    
+    def getTagMap(self, uniq=False):
+        if self.__tagMap[uniq] is None:
+            tagMap = tagmap.TagMap()
+            for nt in self.__namedTypes:
+                tagMap = tagMap.clone(
+                    nt.getType(), nt.getType().getTagMap(), uniq
+                    )
+            self.__tagMap[uniq] = tagMap
+        return self.__tagMap[uniq]
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/namedval.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/namedval.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0fea7cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/namedval.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# ASN.1 named integers
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+__all__ = [ 'NamedValues' ]
+
+class NamedValues:
+    def __init__(self, *namedValues):
+        self.nameToValIdx = {}; self.valToNameIdx = {}
+        self.namedValues = ()        
+        automaticVal = 1
+        for namedValue in namedValues:
+            if isinstance(namedValue, tuple):
+                name, val = namedValue
+            else:
+                name = namedValue
+                val = automaticVal
+            if name in self.nameToValIdx:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Duplicate name %s' % (name,))
+            self.nameToValIdx[name] = val
+            if val in self.valToNameIdx:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Duplicate value %s=%s' % (name, val))
+            self.valToNameIdx[val] = name
+            self.namedValues = self.namedValues + ((name, val),)
+            automaticVal = automaticVal + 1
+    def __str__(self): return str(self.namedValues)
+    
+    def getName(self, value):
+        if value in self.valToNameIdx:
+            return self.valToNameIdx[value]
+
+    def getValue(self, name):
+        if name in self.nameToValIdx:
+            return self.nameToValIdx[name]
+    
+    def __getitem__(self, i): return self.namedValues[i]
+    def __len__(self): return len(self.namedValues)
+
+    def __add__(self, namedValues):
+        return self.__class__(*self.namedValues + namedValues)
+    def __radd__(self, namedValues):
+        return self.__class__(*namedValues + tuple(self))
+        
+    def clone(self, *namedValues):
+        return self.__class__(*tuple(self) + namedValues)
+
+# XXX clone/subtype?
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/tag.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/tag.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1144907fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/tag.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# ASN.1 types tags
+from operator import getitem
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+tagClassUniversal = 0x00
+tagClassApplication = 0x40
+tagClassContext = 0x80
+tagClassPrivate = 0xC0
+
+tagFormatSimple = 0x00
+tagFormatConstructed = 0x20
+
+tagCategoryImplicit = 0x01
+tagCategoryExplicit = 0x02
+tagCategoryUntagged = 0x04
+
+class Tag:
+    def __init__(self, tagClass, tagFormat, tagId):
+        if tagId < 0:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                'Negative tag ID (%s) not allowed' % (tagId,)
+                )
+        self.__tag = (tagClass, tagFormat, tagId)
+        self.uniq = (tagClass, tagId)
+        self.__hashedUniqTag = hash(self.uniq)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(tagClass=%s, tagFormat=%s, tagId=%s)' % (
+            (self.__class__.__name__,) + self.__tag
+            )
+    # These is really a hotspot -- expose public "uniq" attribute to save on
+    # function calls
+    def __eq__(self, other): return self.uniq == other.uniq
+    def __ne__(self, other): return self.uniq != other.uniq
+    def __lt__(self, other): return self.uniq < other.uniq
+    def __le__(self, other): return self.uniq <= other.uniq
+    def __gt__(self, other): return self.uniq > other.uniq
+    def __ge__(self, other): return self.uniq >= other.uniq
+    def __hash__(self): return self.__hashedUniqTag
+    def __getitem__(self, idx): return self.__tag[idx]
+    def __and__(self, otherTag):
+        (tagClass, tagFormat, tagId) = otherTag
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.__tag&tagClass, self.__tag&tagFormat, self.__tag&tagId
+            )
+    def __or__(self, otherTag):
+        (tagClass, tagFormat, tagId) = otherTag
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.__tag[0]|tagClass,
+            self.__tag[1]|tagFormat,
+            self.__tag[2]|tagId
+            )
+    def asTuple(self): return self.__tag  # __getitem__() is slow
+    
+class TagSet:
+    def __init__(self, baseTag=(), *superTags):
+        self.__baseTag = baseTag
+        self.__superTags = superTags
+        self.__hashedSuperTags = hash(superTags)
+        _uniq = ()
+        for t in superTags:
+            _uniq = _uniq + t.uniq
+        self.uniq = _uniq
+        self.__lenOfSuperTags = len(superTags)
+        
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ', '.join([repr(x) for x in self.__superTags])
+            )
+
+    def __add__(self, superTag):
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.__baseTag, *self.__superTags + (superTag,)
+            )
+    def __radd__(self, superTag):
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.__baseTag, *(superTag,) + self.__superTags
+            )
+
+    def tagExplicitly(self, superTag):
+        tagClass, tagFormat, tagId = superTag
+        if tagClass == tagClassUniversal:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                'Can\'t tag with UNIVERSAL-class tag'
+                )
+        if tagFormat != tagFormatConstructed:
+            superTag = Tag(tagClass, tagFormatConstructed, tagId)
+        return self + superTag
+
+    def tagImplicitly(self, superTag):
+        tagClass, tagFormat, tagId = superTag
+        if self.__superTags:
+            superTag = Tag(tagClass, self.__superTags[-1][1], tagId)
+        return self[:-1] + superTag
+
+    def getBaseTag(self): return self.__baseTag
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        if isinstance(idx, slice):
+            return self.__class__(
+               self.__baseTag, *getitem(self.__superTags, idx)
+            )
+        return self.__superTags[idx]
+    def __eq__(self, other): return self.uniq == other.uniq
+    def __ne__(self, other): return self.uniq != other.uniq
+    def __lt__(self, other): return self.uniq < other.uniq
+    def __le__(self, other): return self.uniq <= other.uniq
+    def __gt__(self, other): return self.uniq > other.uniq
+    def __ge__(self, other): return self.uniq >= other.uniq
+    def __hash__(self): return self.__hashedSuperTags
+    def __len__(self): return self.__lenOfSuperTags
+    def isSuperTagSetOf(self, tagSet):
+        if len(tagSet) < self.__lenOfSuperTags:
+            return
+        idx = self.__lenOfSuperTags - 1
+        while idx >= 0:
+            if self.__superTags[idx] != tagSet[idx]:
+                return
+            idx = idx - 1
+        return 1
+    
+def initTagSet(tag): return TagSet(tag, tag)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/tagmap.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/tagmap.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cec3a10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/tagmap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+class TagMap:
+    def __init__(self, posMap={}, negMap={}, defType=None):
+        self.__posMap = posMap.copy()
+        self.__negMap = negMap.copy()
+        self.__defType = defType
+        
+    def __contains__(self, tagSet):
+        return tagSet in self.__posMap or \
+               self.__defType is not None and tagSet not in self.__negMap
+
+    def __getitem__(self, tagSet):
+        if tagSet in self.__posMap:
+            return self.__posMap[tagSet]
+        elif tagSet in self.__negMap:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Key in negative map')
+        elif self.__defType is not None:
+            return self.__defType
+        else:
+            raise KeyError()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        s = '%r/%r' % (self.__posMap, self.__negMap)
+        if self.__defType is not None:
+            s = s + '/%r' % (self.__defType,)
+        return s
+
+    def clone(self, parentType, tagMap, uniq=False):
+        if self.__defType is not None and tagMap.getDef() is not None:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Duplicate default value at %s' % (self,))
+        if tagMap.getDef() is not None:
+            defType = tagMap.getDef()
+        else:
+            defType = self.__defType
+            
+        posMap = self.__posMap.copy()
+        for k in tagMap.getPosMap():
+            if uniq and k in posMap:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Duplicate positive key %s' % (k,))
+            posMap[k] = parentType
+
+        negMap = self.__negMap.copy()
+        negMap.update(tagMap.getNegMap())
+        
+        return self.__class__(
+            posMap, negMap, defType,
+            )
+
+    def getPosMap(self): return self.__posMap.copy()
+    def getNegMap(self): return self.__negMap.copy()
+    def getDef(self): return self.__defType
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/univ.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/univ.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cd16f8a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/univ.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1042 @@
+# ASN.1 "universal" data types
+import operator, sys
+from pyasn1.type import base, tag, constraint, namedtype, namedval, tagmap
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import eoo
+from pyasn1.compat import octets
+from pyasn1 import error
+
+# "Simple" ASN.1 types (yet incomplete)
+
+class Integer(base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x02)
+        )
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues()
+    def __init__(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+                 namedValues=None):
+        if namedValues is None:
+            self.__namedValues = self.namedValues
+        else:
+            self.__namedValues = namedValues
+        base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item.__init__(
+            self, value, tagSet, subtypeSpec
+            )
+
+    def __and__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value & value)
+    def __rand__(self, value): return self.clone(value & self._value)
+    def __or__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value | value)
+    def __ror__(self, value): return self.clone(value | self._value)
+    def __xor__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value ^ value)
+    def __rxor__(self, value): return self.clone(value ^ self._value)
+    def __lshift__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value << value)
+    def __rshift__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value >> value)
+
+    def __add__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value + value)
+    def __radd__(self, value): return self.clone(value + self._value)
+    def __sub__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value - value)
+    def __rsub__(self, value): return self.clone(value - self._value)
+    def __mul__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value * value)
+    def __rmul__(self, value): return self.clone(value * self._value)
+    def __mod__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value % value)
+    def __rmod__(self, value): return self.clone(value % self._value)
+    def __pow__(self, value, modulo=None): return self.clone(pow(self._value, value, modulo))
+    def __rpow__(self, value): return self.clone(pow(value, self._value))
+
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __div__(self, value):  return self.clone(self._value // value)
+        def __rdiv__(self, value):  return self.clone(value // self._value)
+    else:
+        def __truediv__(self, value):  return self.clone(self._value / value)
+        def __rtruediv__(self, value):  return self.clone(value / self._value)
+        def __divmod__(self, value):  return self.clone(self._value // value)
+        def __rdivmod__(self, value):  return self.clone(value // self._value)
+
+        __hash__ = base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item.__hash__
+
+    def __int__(self): return int(self._value)
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __long__(self): return long(self._value)
+    def __float__(self): return float(self._value)    
+    def __abs__(self): return abs(self._value)
+    def __index__(self): return int(self._value)
+
+    def __lt__(self, value): return self._value < value
+    def __le__(self, value): return self._value <= value
+    def __eq__(self, value): return self._value == value
+    def __ne__(self, value): return self._value != value
+    def __gt__(self, value): return self._value > value
+    def __ge__(self, value): return self._value >= value
+
+    def prettyIn(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, str):
+            try:
+                return int(value)
+            except:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'Can\'t coerce %s into integer: %s' % (value, sys.exc_info()[1])
+                    )
+        r = self.__namedValues.getValue(value)
+        if r is not None:
+            return r
+        try:
+            return int(value)
+        except:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                'Can\'t coerce %s into integer: %s' % (value, sys.exc_info()[1])
+                )
+
+    def prettyOut(self, value):
+        r = self.__namedValues.getName(value)
+        return r is None and str(value) or repr(r)
+
+    def getNamedValues(self): return self.__namedValues
+
+    def clone(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+              namedValues=None):
+        if value is None and tagSet is None and subtypeSpec is None \
+               and namedValues is None:
+            return self
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if tagSet is None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        if namedValues is None:
+            namedValues = self.__namedValues
+        return self.__class__(value, tagSet, subtypeSpec, namedValues)
+
+    def subtype(self, value=None, implicitTag=None, explicitTag=None,
+                subtypeSpec=None, namedValues=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if implicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagImplicitly(implicitTag)
+        elif explicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagExplicitly(explicitTag)
+        else:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        else:
+            subtypeSpec = subtypeSpec + self._subtypeSpec
+        if namedValues is None:
+            namedValues = self.__namedValues
+        else:
+            namedValues = namedValues + self.__namedValues
+        return self.__class__(value, tagSet, subtypeSpec, namedValues)
+
+class Boolean(Integer):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x01),
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = Integer.subtypeSpec+constraint.SingleValueConstraint(0,1)
+    namedValues = Integer.namedValues.clone(('False', 0), ('True', 1))
+
+class BitString(base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x03)
+        )
+    namedValues = namedval.NamedValues()
+    def __init__(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+                 namedValues=None):
+        if namedValues is None:
+            self.__namedValues = self.namedValues
+        else:
+            self.__namedValues = namedValues
+        base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item.__init__(
+            self, value, tagSet, subtypeSpec
+            )
+
+    def clone(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+              namedValues=None):
+        if value is None and tagSet is None and subtypeSpec is None \
+               and namedValues is None:
+            return self
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if tagSet is None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        if namedValues is None:
+            namedValues = self.__namedValues
+        return self.__class__(value, tagSet, subtypeSpec, namedValues)
+
+    def subtype(self, value=None, implicitTag=None, explicitTag=None,
+                subtypeSpec=None, namedValues=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if implicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagImplicitly(implicitTag)
+        elif explicitTag is not None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet.tagExplicitly(explicitTag)
+        else:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        else:
+            subtypeSpec = subtypeSpec + self._subtypeSpec
+        if namedValues is None:
+            namedValues = self.__namedValues
+        else:
+            namedValues = namedValues + self.__namedValues
+        return self.__class__(value, tagSet, subtypeSpec, namedValues)
+
+    def __str__(self): return str(tuple(self))
+
+    # Immutable sequence object protocol
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        if self._len is None:
+            self._len = len(self._value)
+        return self._len
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        if isinstance(i, slice):
+            return self.clone(operator.getitem(self._value, i))
+        else:
+            return self._value[i]
+
+    def __add__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value + value)
+    def __radd__(self, value): return self.clone(value + self._value)
+    def __mul__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value * value)
+    def __rmul__(self, value): return self * value
+
+    def prettyIn(self, value):
+        r = []
+        if not value:
+            return ()
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            if value[0] == '\'':
+                if value[-2:] == '\'B':
+                    for v in value[1:-2]:
+                        if v == '0':
+                            r.append(0)
+                        elif v == '1':
+                            r.append(1)
+                        else:
+                            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                                'Non-binary BIT STRING initializer %s' % (v,)
+                                )
+                    return tuple(r)
+                elif value[-2:] == '\'H':
+                    for v in value[1:-2]:
+                        i = 4
+                        v = int(v, 16)
+                        while i:
+                            i = i - 1
+                            r.append((v>>i)&0x01)
+                    return tuple(r)
+                else:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Bad BIT STRING value notation %s' % (value,)
+                        )                
+            else:
+                for i in value.split(','):
+                    j = self.__namedValues.getValue(i)
+                    if j is None:
+                        raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                            'Unknown bit identifier \'%s\'' % (i,)
+                            )
+                    if j >= len(r):
+                        r.extend([0]*(j-len(r)+1))
+                    r[j] = 1
+                return tuple(r)
+        elif isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+            r = tuple(value)
+            for b in r:
+                if b and b != 1:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Non-binary BitString initializer \'%s\'' % (r,)
+                        )
+            return r
+        elif isinstance(value, BitString):
+            return tuple(value)
+        else:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                'Bad BitString initializer type \'%s\'' % (value,)
+                )
+
+    def prettyOut(self, value):
+        return '\"\'%s\'B\"' % ''.join([str(x) for x in value])
+
+class OctetString(base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x04)
+        )
+    defaultBinValue = defaultHexValue = base.noValue
+    encoding = 'us-ascii'
+    def __init__(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+                 encoding=None, binValue=None, hexValue=None):
+        if encoding is None:
+            self._encoding = self.encoding
+        else:
+            self._encoding = encoding
+        if binValue is not None:
+            value = self.fromBinaryString(binValue)
+        if hexValue is not None:
+            value = self.fromHexString(hexValue)
+        if value is None or value is base.noValue:
+            value = self.defaultHexValue
+        if value is None or value is base.noValue:
+            value = self.defaultBinValue
+        self.__intValue = None
+        base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item.__init__(self, value, tagSet, subtypeSpec)
+
+    def clone(self, value=None, tagSet=None, subtypeSpec=None,
+              encoding=None, binValue=None, hexValue=None):
+        if value is None and tagSet is None and subtypeSpec is None and \
+               encoding is None and binValue is None and hexValue is None:
+            return self
+        if value is None and binValue is None and hexValue is None:
+            value = self._value
+        if tagSet is None:
+            tagSet = self._tagSet
+        if subtypeSpec is None:
+            subtypeSpec = self._subtypeSpec
+        if encoding is None:
+            encoding = self._encoding
+        return self.__class__(
+            value, tagSet, subtypeSpec, encoding, binValue, hexValue
+            )
+   
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def prettyIn(self, value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                return value
+            elif isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+                try:
+                    return ''.join([ chr(x) for x in value ])
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Bad OctetString initializer \'%s\'' % (value,)
+                        )                
+            else:
+                return str(value)
+    else:
+        def prettyIn(self, value):
+            if isinstance(value, bytes):
+                return value
+            elif isinstance(value, OctetString):
+                return value.asOctets()
+            elif isinstance(value, (tuple, list, map)):
+                try:
+                    return bytes(value)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Bad OctetString initializer \'%s\'' % (value,)
+                        )
+            else:
+                try:
+                    return str(value).encode(self._encoding)
+                except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Can\'t encode string \'%s\' with \'%s\' codec' % (value, self._encoding)
+                        )
+                        
+
+    def fromBinaryString(self, value):
+        bitNo = 8; byte = 0; r = ()
+        for v in value:
+            if bitNo:
+                bitNo = bitNo - 1
+            else:
+                bitNo = 7
+                r = r + (byte,)
+                byte = 0
+            if v == '0':
+                v = 0
+            elif v == '1':
+                v = 1
+            else:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'Non-binary OCTET STRING initializer %s' % (v,)
+                    )
+            byte = byte | (v << bitNo)
+        return octets.ints2octs(r + (byte,))
+        
+    def fromHexString(self, value):            
+        r = p = ()
+        for v in value:
+            if p:
+                r = r + (int(p+v, 16),)
+                p = ()
+            else:
+                p = v
+        if p:
+            r = r + (int(p+'0', 16),)
+        return octets.ints2octs(r)
+
+    def prettyOut(self, value):
+        if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+            numbers = tuple([ ord(x) for x in value ])
+        else:
+            numbers = tuple(value)
+        if [ x for x in numbers if x < 32 or x > 126 ]:
+            return '0x' + ''.join([ '%.2x' % x for x in numbers ])
+        else:
+            return str(value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._value is base.noValue:
+            return self.__class__.__name__ + '()'
+        if [ x for x in self.asNumbers() if x < 32 or x > 126 ]:
+            return self.__class__.__name__ + '(hexValue=\'' + ''.join([ '%.2x' % x for x in self.asNumbers() ])+'\')'
+        else:
+            return self.__class__.__name__ + '(\'' + self.prettyOut(self._value) + '\')'
+                                
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __str__(self): return str(self._value)
+        def __unicode__(self):
+            return self._value.decode(self._encoding, 'ignore')
+        def asOctets(self): return self._value
+        def asNumbers(self):
+            if self.__intValue is None:
+                self.__intValue = tuple([ ord(x) for x in self._value ])
+            return self.__intValue
+    else:
+        def __str__(self): return self._value.decode(self._encoding, 'ignore')
+        def __bytes__(self): return self._value
+        def asOctets(self): return self._value
+        def asNumbers(self):
+            if self.__intValue is None:
+                self.__intValue = tuple(self._value)
+            return self.__intValue
+ 
+    # Immutable sequence object protocol
+    
+    def __len__(self):
+        if self._len is None:
+            self._len = len(self._value)
+        return self._len
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        if isinstance(i, slice):
+            return self.clone(operator.getitem(self._value, i))
+        else:
+            return self._value[i]
+
+    def __add__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value + self.prettyIn(value))
+    def __radd__(self, value): return self.clone(self.prettyIn(value) + self._value)
+    def __mul__(self, value): return self.clone(self._value * value)
+    def __rmul__(self, value): return self * value
+
+class Null(OctetString):
+    defaultValue = ''.encode()  # This is tightly constrained
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x05)
+        )
+    subtypeSpec = OctetString.subtypeSpec+constraint.SingleValueConstraint(''.encode())
+    
+if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+    intTypes = (int, long)
+else:
+    intTypes = int
+
+class ObjectIdentifier(base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x06)
+        )
+    def __add__(self, other): return self.clone(self._value + other)
+    def __radd__(self, other): return self.clone(other + self._value)
+
+    def asTuple(self): return self._value
+    
+    # Sequence object protocol
+    
+    def __len__(self):
+        if self._len is None:
+            self._len = len(self._value)
+        return self._len
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        if isinstance(i, slice):
+            return self.clone(
+                operator.getitem(self._value, i)
+                )
+        else:
+            return self._value[i]
+
+    def __str__(self): return self.prettyPrint()
+    
+    def index(self, suboid): return self._value.index(suboid)
+
+    def isPrefixOf(self, value):
+        """Returns true if argument OID resides deeper in the OID tree"""
+        l = len(self)
+        if l <= len(value):
+            if self._value[:l] == value[:l]:
+                return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def prettyIn(self, value):
+        """Dotted -> tuple of numerics OID converter"""
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(value, ObjectIdentifier):
+            return tuple(value)        
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            r = []
+            for element in [ x for x in value.split('.') if x != '' ]:
+                try:
+                    r.append(int(element, 0))
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Malformed Object ID %s at %s: %s' %
+                        (str(value), self.__class__.__name__, sys.exc_info()[1])
+                        )
+            value = tuple(r)
+        else:
+            try:
+                value = tuple(value)
+            except TypeError:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Malformed Object ID %s at %s: %s' %
+                        (str(value), self.__class__.__name__,sys.exc_info()[1])
+                        )
+
+        for x in value:
+            if not isinstance(x, intTypes) or x < 0:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'Invalid sub-ID in %s at %s' % (value, self.__class__.__name__)
+                    )
+    
+        return value
+
+    def prettyOut(self, value): return '.'.join([ str(x) for x in value ])
+    
+class Real(base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+    try:
+        _plusInf = float('inf')
+        _minusInf = float('-inf')
+        _inf = (_plusInf, _minusInf)
+    except ValueError:
+        # Infinity support is platform and Python dependent
+        _plusInf = _minusInf = None
+        _inf = ()
+
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x09)
+        )
+
+    def __normalizeBase10(self, value):
+        m, b, e = value
+        while m and m % 10 == 0:
+            m = m / 10
+            e = e + 1
+        return m, b, e
+
+    def prettyIn(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, tuple) and len(value) == 3:
+            for d in value:
+                if not isinstance(d, intTypes):
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Lame Real value syntax: %s' % (value,)
+                        )
+            if value[1] not in (2, 10):
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                    'Prohibited base for Real value: %s' % (value[1],)
+                    )
+            if value[1] == 10:
+                value = self.__normalizeBase10(value)
+            return value
+        elif isinstance(value, intTypes):
+            return self.__normalizeBase10((value, 10, 0))
+        elif isinstance(value, float):
+            if self._inf and value in self._inf:
+                return value
+            else:
+                e = 0
+                while int(value) != value:
+                    value = value * 10
+                    e = e - 1
+                return self.__normalizeBase10((int(value), 10, e))
+        elif isinstance(value, Real):
+            return tuple(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, str):  # handle infinite literal
+            try:
+                return float(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+            'Bad real value syntax: %s' % (value,)
+            )
+        
+    def prettyOut(self, value):
+        if value in self._inf:
+            return '\'%s\'' % value
+        else:
+            return str(value)
+
+    def isPlusInfinity(self): return self._value == self._plusInf
+    def isMinusInfinity(self): return self._value == self._minusInf
+    def isInfinity(self): return self._value in self._inf
+    
+    def __str__(self): return str(float(self))
+    
+    def __add__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) + value)
+    def __radd__(self, value): return self + value
+    def __mul__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) * value)
+    def __rmul__(self, value): return self * value
+    def __sub__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) - value)
+    def __rsub__(self, value): return self.clone(value - float(self))
+    def __mod__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) % value)
+    def __rmod__(self, value): return self.clone(value % float(self))
+    def __pow__(self, value, modulo=None): return self.clone(pow(float(self), value, modulo))
+    def __rpow__(self, value): return self.clone(pow(value, float(self)))
+
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __div__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) / value)
+        def __rdiv__(self, value): return self.clone(value / float(self))
+    else:
+        def __truediv__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) / value)
+        def __rtruediv__(self, value): return self.clone(value / float(self))
+        def __divmod__(self, value): return self.clone(float(self) // value)
+        def __rdivmod__(self, value): return self.clone(value // float(self))
+
+    def __int__(self): return int(float(self))
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __long__(self): return long(float(self))
+    def __float__(self):
+        if self._value in self._inf:
+            return self._value
+        else:
+            return float(
+                self._value[0] * pow(self._value[1], self._value[2])
+                )
+    def __abs__(self): return abs(float(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, value): return float(self) < value
+    def __le__(self, value): return float(self) <= value
+    def __eq__(self, value): return float(self) == value
+    def __ne__(self, value): return float(self) != value
+    def __gt__(self, value): return float(self) > value
+    def __ge__(self, value): return float(self) >= value
+
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __nonzero__(self): return bool(float(self))
+    else:
+        def __bool__(self): return bool(float(self))
+        __hash__ = base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item.__hash__
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        if self._value in self._inf:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Invalid infinite value operation')
+        else:
+            return self._value[idx]
+    
+class Enumerated(Integer):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x0A)
+        )
+
+# "Structured" ASN.1 types
+
+class SetOf(base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item):
+    componentType = None
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x11)
+        )
+    typeId = 1
+
+    def _cloneComponentValues(self, myClone, cloneValueFlag):
+        idx = 0; l = len(self._componentValues)
+        while idx < l:
+            c = self._componentValues[idx]
+            if c is not None:
+                if isinstance(c, base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item):
+                    myClone.setComponentByPosition(
+                        idx, c.clone(cloneValueFlag=cloneValueFlag)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    myClone.setComponentByPosition(idx, c.clone())
+            idx = idx + 1
+        
+    def _verifyComponent(self, idx, value):
+        if self._componentType is not None and \
+               not self._componentType.isSuperTypeOf(value):
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component type error %s' % (value,))
+
+    def getComponentByPosition(self, idx): return self._componentValues[idx]
+    def setComponentByPosition(self, idx, value=None, verifyConstraints=True):
+        l = len(self._componentValues)
+        if idx >= l:
+            self._componentValues = self._componentValues + (idx-l+1)*[None]
+        if value is None:
+            if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+                if self._componentType is None:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component type not defined')
+                self._componentValues[idx] = self._componentType.clone()
+                self._componentValuesSet = self._componentValuesSet + 1
+            return self
+        elif not isinstance(value, base.Asn1Item):
+            if self._componentType is None:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component type not defined')
+            if isinstance(self._componentType, base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+                value = self._componentType.clone(value=value)
+            else:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Instance value required')
+        if verifyConstraints:
+            if self._componentType is not None:
+                self._verifyComponent(idx, value)
+            self._verifySubtypeSpec(value, idx)            
+        if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+            self._componentValuesSet = self._componentValuesSet + 1
+        self._componentValues[idx] = value
+        return self
+
+    def getComponentTagMap(self):
+        if self._componentType is not None:
+            return self._componentType.getTagMap()
+
+    def prettyPrint(self, scope=0):
+        scope = scope + 1
+        r = self.__class__.__name__ + ':\n'        
+        for idx in range(len(self._componentValues)):
+            r = r + ' '*scope
+            if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+                r = r + '<empty>'
+            else:
+                r = r + self._componentValues[idx].prettyPrint(scope)
+        return r
+
+class SequenceOf(SetOf):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x10)
+        )
+    typeId = 2
+
+class SequenceAndSetBase(base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes()
+    def __init__(self, componentType=None, tagSet=None,
+                 subtypeSpec=None, sizeSpec=None):
+        base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item.__init__(
+            self, componentType, tagSet, subtypeSpec, sizeSpec
+            )
+        if self._componentType is None:
+            self._componentTypeLen = 0
+        else:
+            self._componentTypeLen = len(self._componentType)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        if isinstance(idx, str):
+            return self.getComponentByName(idx)
+        else:
+            return base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item.__getitem__(self, idx)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, idx, value):
+        if isinstance(idx, str):
+            self.setComponentByName(idx, value)
+        else:
+            base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item.__setitem__(self, idx, value)
+        
+    def _cloneComponentValues(self, myClone, cloneValueFlag):
+        idx = 0; l = len(self._componentValues)
+        while idx < l:
+            c = self._componentValues[idx]
+            if c is not None:
+                if isinstance(c, base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item):
+                    myClone.setComponentByPosition(
+                        idx, c.clone(cloneValueFlag=cloneValueFlag)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    myClone.setComponentByPosition(idx, c.clone())
+            idx = idx + 1
+
+    def _verifyComponent(self, idx, value):
+        if idx >= self._componentTypeLen:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                'Component type error out of range'
+                )
+        t = self._componentType[idx].getType()
+        if not t.isSuperTypeOf(value):
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component type error %r vs %r' % (t, value))
+
+    def getComponentByName(self, name):
+        return self.getComponentByPosition(
+            self._componentType.getPositionByName(name)
+            )
+    def setComponentByName(self, name, value=None, verifyConstraints=True):
+        return self.setComponentByPosition(
+            self._componentType.getPositionByName(name), value,
+            verifyConstraints
+            )
+
+    def getComponentByPosition(self, idx):
+        try:
+            return self._componentValues[idx]
+        except IndexError:
+            if idx < self._componentTypeLen:
+                return
+            raise
+    def setComponentByPosition(self, idx, value=None, verifyConstraints=True):
+        l = len(self._componentValues)
+        if idx >= l:
+            self._componentValues = self._componentValues + (idx-l+1)*[None]
+        if value is None:
+            if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+                self._componentValues[idx] = self._componentType.getTypeByPosition(idx).clone()
+                self._componentValuesSet = self._componentValuesSet + 1
+            return self
+        elif not isinstance(value, base.Asn1Item):
+            t = self._componentType.getTypeByPosition(idx)
+            if isinstance(t, base.AbstractSimpleAsn1Item):
+                value = t.clone(value=value)
+            else:
+                raise error.PyAsn1Error('Instance value required')
+        if verifyConstraints:
+            if self._componentTypeLen:
+                self._verifyComponent(idx, value)
+            self._verifySubtypeSpec(value, idx)            
+        if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+            self._componentValuesSet = self._componentValuesSet + 1
+        self._componentValues[idx] = value
+        return self
+
+    def getNameByPosition(self, idx):
+        if self._componentTypeLen:
+            return self._componentType.getNameByPosition(idx)
+
+    def getDefaultComponentByPosition(self, idx):
+        if self._componentTypeLen and self._componentType[idx].isDefaulted:
+            return self._componentType[idx].getType()
+
+    def getComponentType(self):
+        if self._componentTypeLen:
+            return self._componentType
+    
+    def setDefaultComponents(self):
+        if self._componentTypeLen == self._componentValuesSet:
+            return
+        idx = self._componentTypeLen
+        while idx:
+            idx = idx - 1
+            if self._componentType[idx].isDefaulted:
+                if self.getComponentByPosition(idx) is None:
+                    self.setComponentByPosition(idx)
+            elif not self._componentType[idx].isOptional:
+                if self.getComponentByPosition(idx) is None:
+                    raise error.PyAsn1Error(
+                        'Uninitialized component #%s at %r' % (idx, self)
+                        )
+
+    def prettyPrint(self, scope=0):
+        scope = scope + 1
+        r = self.__class__.__name__ + ':\n'
+        for idx in range(len(self._componentValues)):
+            if self._componentValues[idx] is not None:
+                r = r + ' '*scope
+                componentType = self.getComponentType()
+                if componentType is None:
+                    r = r + '<no-name>'
+                else:
+                    r = r + componentType.getNameByPosition(idx)
+                r = '%s=%s\n' % (
+                    r, self._componentValues[idx].prettyPrint(scope)
+                    )
+        return r
+
+class Sequence(SequenceAndSetBase):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x10)
+        )
+    typeId = 3
+
+    def getComponentTagMapNearPosition(self, idx):
+        if self._componentType:
+            return self._componentType.getTagMapNearPosition(idx)
+    
+    def getComponentPositionNearType(self, tagSet, idx):
+        if self._componentType:
+            return self._componentType.getPositionNearType(tagSet, idx)
+        else:
+            return idx
+    
+class Set(SequenceAndSetBase):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.initTagSet(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x11)
+        )
+    typeId = 4
+
+    def getComponent(self, innerFlag=0): return self
+    
+    def getComponentByType(self, tagSet, innerFlag=0):
+        c = self.getComponentByPosition(
+            self._componentType.getPositionByType(tagSet)
+            )
+        if innerFlag and isinstance(c, Set):
+            # get inner component by inner tagSet
+            return c.getComponent(1)
+        else:
+            # get outer component by inner tagSet
+            return c
+        
+    def setComponentByType(self, tagSet, value=None, innerFlag=0,
+                           verifyConstraints=True):
+        idx = self._componentType.getPositionByType(tagSet)
+        t = self._componentType.getTypeByPosition(idx)
+        if innerFlag:  # set inner component by inner tagSet
+            if t.getTagSet():
+                return self.setComponentByPosition(
+                    idx, value, verifyConstraints
+                    )
+            else:
+                t = self.setComponentByPosition(idx).getComponentByPosition(idx)
+                return t.setComponentByType(
+                    tagSet, value, innerFlag, verifyConstraints
+                    )
+        else:  # set outer component by inner tagSet
+            return self.setComponentByPosition(
+                idx, value, verifyConstraints
+                )
+            
+    def getComponentTagMap(self):
+        if self._componentType:
+            return self._componentType.getTagMap(True)
+
+    def getComponentPositionByType(self, tagSet):
+        if self._componentType:
+            return self._componentType.getPositionByType(tagSet)
+
+class Choice(Set):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.TagSet()  # untagged
+    sizeSpec = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+        constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 1)
+        )
+    typeId = 5
+    _currentIdx = None
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if self._componentValues:
+            return self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] == other
+        return NotImplemented
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if self._componentValues:
+            return self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] != other
+        return NotImplemented
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if self._componentValues:
+            return self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] < other
+        return NotImplemented
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if self._componentValues:
+            return self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] <= other
+        return NotImplemented
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if self._componentValues:
+            return self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] > other
+        return NotImplemented
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if self._componentValues:
+            return self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] >= other
+        return NotImplemented
+    if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
+        def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self._componentValues)
+    else:
+        def __bool__(self): return bool(self._componentValues)
+
+    def __len__(self): return self._currentIdx is not None and 1 or 0
+    
+    def verifySizeSpec(self):
+        if self._currentIdx is None:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component not chosen')
+        else:
+            self._sizeSpec(' ')
+
+    def _cloneComponentValues(self, myClone, cloneValueFlag):
+        try:
+            c = self.getComponent()
+        except error.PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(c, Choice):
+                tagSet = c.getEffectiveTagSet()
+            else:
+                tagSet = c.getTagSet()
+            if isinstance(c, base.AbstractConstructedAsn1Item):
+                myClone.setComponentByType(
+                    tagSet, c.clone(cloneValueFlag=cloneValueFlag)
+                    )
+            else:
+                myClone.setComponentByType(tagSet, c.clone())
+
+    def setComponentByPosition(self, idx, value=None, verifyConstraints=True):
+        l = len(self._componentValues)
+        if idx >= l:
+            self._componentValues = self._componentValues + (idx-l+1)*[None]
+        if self._currentIdx is not None:
+            self._componentValues[self._currentIdx] = None
+        if value is None:
+            if self._componentValues[idx] is None:
+                self._componentValues[idx] = self._componentType.getTypeByPosition(idx).clone()
+                self._componentValuesSet = 1
+                self._currentIdx = idx
+            return self
+        elif not isinstance(value, base.Asn1Item):
+            value = self._componentType.getTypeByPosition(idx).clone(
+                value=value
+                )
+        if verifyConstraints:
+            if self._componentTypeLen:
+                self._verifyComponent(idx, value)
+            self._verifySubtypeSpec(value, idx)            
+        self._componentValues[idx] = value
+        self._currentIdx = idx
+        self._componentValuesSet = 1
+        return self
+
+    def getMinTagSet(self):
+        if self._tagSet:
+            return self._tagSet
+        else:
+            return self._componentType.genMinTagSet()
+
+    def getEffectiveTagSet(self):
+        if self._tagSet:
+            return self._tagSet
+        else:
+            c = self.getComponent()
+            if isinstance(c, Choice):
+                return c.getEffectiveTagSet()
+            else:
+                return c.getTagSet()
+
+    def getTagMap(self):
+        if self._tagSet:
+            return Set.getTagMap(self)
+        else:
+            return Set.getComponentTagMap(self)
+
+    def getComponent(self, innerFlag=0):
+        if self._currentIdx is None:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component not chosen')
+        else:
+            c = self._componentValues[self._currentIdx]
+            if innerFlag and isinstance(c, Choice):
+                return c.getComponent(innerFlag)
+            else:
+                return c
+
+    def getName(self, innerFlag=0):
+        if self._currentIdx is None:
+            raise error.PyAsn1Error('Component not chosen')
+        else:
+            if innerFlag:
+                c = self._componentValues[self._currentIdx]
+                if isinstance(c, Choice):
+                    return c.getName(innerFlag)
+            return self._componentType.getNameByPosition(self._currentIdx)
+
+    def setDefaultComponents(self): pass
+
+class Any(OctetString):
+    tagSet = baseTagSet = tag.TagSet()  # untagged
+    typeId = 6
+
+    def getTagMap(self):
+        return tagmap.TagMap(
+            { self.getTagSet(): self },
+            { eoo.endOfOctets.getTagSet(): eoo.endOfOctets },
+            self
+            )
+
+# XXX
+# coercion rules?
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/useful.py b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/useful.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7139c22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/pyasn1/type/useful.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# ASN.1 "useful" types
+from pyasn1.type import char, tag
+
+class GeneralizedTime(char.VisibleString):
+    tagSet = char.VisibleString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 24)
+        )
+
+class UTCTime(char.VisibleString):
+    tagSet = char.VisibleString.tagSet.tagImplicitly(
+        tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 23)
+        )
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/setup.cfg b/python/pyasn1/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..861a9f554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/setup.py b/python/pyasn1/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..194f0c8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""ASN.1 types and codecs
+
+   A pure-Python implementation of ASN.1 types and DER/BER/CER codecs (X.208).
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+classifiers = """\
+Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Environment :: Console
+Intended Audience :: Developers
+Intended Audience :: Education
+Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Intended Audience :: Science/Research
+Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Intended Audience :: Telecommunications Industry
+License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Natural Language :: English
+Operating System :: OS Independent
+Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Topic :: Communications
+Topic :: Security :: Cryptography
+Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+"""
+
+def howto_install_distribute():
+    print("""
+   Error: You need the distribute Python package!
+
+   It's very easy to install it, just type (as root on Linux):
+
+   wget http://python-distribute.org/distribute_setup.py
+   python distribute_setup.py
+
+   Then you could make eggs from this package.
+""")
+
+def howto_install_setuptools():
+    print("""
+   Error: You need setuptools Python package!
+
+   It's very easy to install it, just type (as root on Linux):
+
+   wget http://peak.telecommunity.com/dist/ez_setup.py
+   python ez_setup.py
+
+   Then you could make eggs from this package.
+""")
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup, Command
+    params = {
+        'zip_safe': True
+    }    
+except ImportError:
+    for arg in sys.argv:
+        if arg.find('egg') != -1:
+            if sys.version_info[0] > 2:
+                howto_install_distribute()
+            else:
+                howto_install_setuptools()
+            sys.exit(1)
+    from distutils.core import setup, Command
+    params = {}
+
+doclines = [ x.strip() for x in __doc__.split('\n') if x ]
+
+params.update( {
+    'name': 'pyasn1',
+    'version': open(os.path.join('pyasn1','__init__.py')).read().split('\'')[1],
+    'description': doclines[0],
+    'long_description': ' '.join(doclines[1:]),
+    'maintainer': 'Ilya Etingof <ilya@glas.net>',
+    'author': 'Ilya Etingof',
+    'author_email': 'ilya@glas.net',
+    'url': 'http://sourceforge.net/projects/pyasn1/',
+    'platforms': ['any'],
+    'classifiers': [ x for x in classifiers.split('\n') if x ],
+    'license': 'BSD',
+    'packages': [ 'pyasn1',
+                  'pyasn1.type',
+                  'pyasn1.compat',
+                  'pyasn1.codec',
+                  'pyasn1.codec.ber',
+                  'pyasn1.codec.cer',
+                  'pyasn1.codec.der' ]
+} )
+
+# handle unittest discovery feature
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   sys.version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        unittest = None
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+if unittest:
+    class PyTest(Command):
+        user_options = []
+
+        def initialize_options(self): pass
+        def finalize_options(self): pass
+
+        def run(self):
+            suite = unittest.defaultTestLoader.discover('.')
+            unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+    params['cmdclass'] = { 'test': PyTest }
+
+setup(**params)
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/suite.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/suite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..796c526b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/suite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from sys import path, version_info
+from os.path import sep
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'ber')
+import test_encoder, test_decoder
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+loader = unittest.TestLoader()
+for m in (test_encoder, test_decoder):
+    suite.addTest(loader.loadTestsFromModule(m))
+
+def runTests(): unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': runTests()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/test_decoder.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/test_decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36999e84d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/test_decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, univ
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import decoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import ints2octs, str2octs, null
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class LargeTagDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testLargeTag(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((127, 141, 245, 182, 253, 47, 3, 2, 1, 1))) == (1, null)
+
+class IntegerDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testPosInt(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((2, 1, 12))) == (12, null)
+    def testNegInt(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((2, 1, 244))) == (-12, null)
+    def testZero(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((2, 0))) == (0, null)
+    def testZeroLong(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((2, 1, 0))) == (0, null)
+    def testMinusOne(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((2, 1, 255))) == (-1, null)
+    def testPosLong(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((2, 9, 0, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255))
+            ) == (0xffffffffffffffff, null)
+    def testNegLong(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((2, 9, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1))
+            ) == (-0xffffffffffffffff, null)
+    def testSpec(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(
+                ints2octs((2, 1, 12)), asn1Spec=univ.Null()
+                ) == (12, null)
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong asn1Spec worked out'
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((2, 1, 12)), asn1Spec=univ.Integer()
+            ) == (12, null)
+    def testTagFormat(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(ints2octs((34, 1, 12)))
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong tagFormat worked out'
+
+class BooleanDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testTrue(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((1, 1, 1))) == (1, null)
+    def testTrueNeg(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((1, 1, 255))) == (1, null)
+    def testExtraTrue(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((1, 1, 1, 0, 120, 50, 50))) == (1, ints2octs((0, 120, 50, 50)))
+    def testFalse(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((1, 1, 0))) == (0, null)
+    def testTagFormat(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(ints2octs((33, 1, 1)))
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong tagFormat worked out'
+
+class BitStringDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((3, 3, 1, 169, 138))
+            ) == ((1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1), null)
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((3, 3, 1, 169, 138))
+            ) == ((1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1), null)
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((35, 8, 3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138))
+            ) == ((1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1), null)
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((35, 128, 3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138, 0, 0))
+            ) == ((1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1), null)
+    def testDefModeChunkedSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((35, 8, 3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138)), 8)
+    def testIndefModeChunkedSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((35, 128, 3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138, 0, 0)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138, 0, 0)), -1)
+        
+class OctetStringDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+            ) == (str2octs('Quick brown fox'), null)
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0))
+            ) == (str2octs('Quick brown fox'), null)
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((36, 23, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120))
+            ) == (str2octs('Quick brown fox'), null)
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0))
+            ) == (str2octs('Quick brown fox'), null)
+    def testDefModeChunkedSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((36, 23, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), 23)
+    def testIndefModeChunkedSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0)), -1)
+        
+class ExpTaggedOctetStringDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.o = univ.OctetString(
+            'Quick brown fox',
+            tagSet=univ.OctetString.tagSet.tagExplicitly(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 5)
+            ))
+
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        assert self.o.isSameTypeWith(decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((101, 17, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+            )[0])
+
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        v, s = decoder.decode(ints2octs((101, 128, 36, 128, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0, 0, 0)))
+        assert self.o.isSameTypeWith(v)
+        assert not s
+
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        v, s = decoder.decode(ints2octs((101, 25, 36, 23, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)))
+        assert self.o.isSameTypeWith(v)
+        assert not s
+
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        v, s = decoder.decode(ints2octs((101, 128, 36, 128, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0, 0, 0)))
+        assert self.o.isSameTypeWith(v)
+        assert not s
+
+    def testDefModeSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((101, 17, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120)), 17)
+
+    def testIndefModeSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((101, 128, 36, 128, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0, 0, 0)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0, 0, 0)), -1)
+  
+class NullDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testNull(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((5, 0))) == (null, null)
+    def testTagFormat(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(ints2octs((37, 0)))
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong tagFormat worked out'
+
+class ObjectIdentifierDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testOID(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((6, 6, 43, 6, 0, 191, 255, 126))
+            ) == ((1,3,6,0,0xffffe), null)
+
+    def testEdges1(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((6, 1, 255))
+            ) == ((6,15), null)
+
+    def testEdges2(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((6, 1, 239))
+            ) == ((5,39), null)
+
+    def testEdges3(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((6, 7, 43, 6, 143, 255, 255, 255, 127))
+            ) == ((1, 3, 6, 4294967295), null)
+
+    def testNonLeading0x80(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((6, 5, 85, 4, 129, 128, 0)),
+            ) == ((2, 5, 4, 16384), null)
+
+    def testLeading0x80(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(
+                ints2octs((6, 5, 85, 4, 128, 129, 0))
+            )
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 1, 'Leading 0x80 tolarated'
+
+    def testTagFormat(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(ints2octs((38, 1, 239)))
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong tagFormat worked out'
+
+class RealDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testChar(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 7, 3, 49, 50, 51, 69, 49, 49))
+        ) == (univ.Real((123, 10, 11)), null)
+
+    def testBin1(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 4, 128, 245, 4, 77))
+        ) == (univ.Real((1101, 2, -11)), null)
+
+    def testBin2(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 4, 128, 11, 4, 77))
+        ) == (univ.Real((1101, 2, 11)), null)
+
+    def testBin3(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 3, 192, 10, 123))
+        ) == (univ.Real((-123, 2, 10)), null)
+
+
+    def testPlusInf(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 1, 64))
+        ) == (univ.Real('inf'), null)
+ 
+    def testMinusInf(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 1, 65))
+        ) == (univ.Real('-inf'), null)
+
+    def testEmpty(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((9, 0))
+        ) == (univ.Real(0.0), null)
+ 
+    def testTagFormat(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(ints2octs((41, 0)))
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong tagFormat worked out'
+
+class SequenceDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null(null)),
+            namedtype.NamedType('first-name', univ.OctetString(null)),
+            namedtype.NamedType('age', univ.Integer(33)),
+            ))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('quick brown'))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.Integer(1))
+        self.s.setDefaultComponents()
+        
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 18, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1))
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+        
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0))
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefModeChunked(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 24, 5, 0, 36, 17, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1))
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefModeChunked(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0))
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefModeSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 18, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1)), 18)
+        
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefModeSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)),
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)), -1)
+
+    def testTagFormat(self):
+        try:
+            decoder.decode(
+                ints2octs((16, 18, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1))
+            )
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'wrong tagFormat worked out'
+
+class GuidedSequenceDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null(null)),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('first-name', univ.OctetString(null)),
+            namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('age', univ.Integer(33)),
+            ))
+
+    def __init(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        self.s.setDefaultComponents()
+        
+    def __initWithOptional(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('quick brown'))
+        self.s.setDefaultComponents()
+
+    def __initWithDefaulted(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.Integer(1))
+        self.s.setDefaultComponents()
+        
+    def __initWithOptionalAndDefaulted(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('quick brown'))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.Integer(1))
+        self.s.setDefaultComponents()
+        
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+        
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 2, 5, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalDefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 15, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+        
+    def testWithOptionaIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0)),
+            asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 21, 5, 0, 36, 17, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110)),
+            asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0)),
+            asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithDefaultedDefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 5, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+        
+    def testWithDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithDefaultedDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 5, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithDefaultedIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 18, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+        
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 24, 5, 0, 36, 17, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+class ChoiceDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null(null)),
+            namedtype.NamedType('number', univ.Integer(0)),
+            namedtype.NamedType('string', univ.OctetString())
+            ))
+
+    def testBySpec(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((5, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testWithoutSpec(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((5, 0))) == (self.s, null)
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((5, 0))) == (univ.Null(null), null)
+
+    def testUndefLength(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.OctetString('abcdefgh'))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 3, 97, 98, 99, 4, 3, 100, 101, 102, 4, 2, 103, 104, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=self.s) == (self.s, null)
+
+    def testExplicitTag(self):
+        s = self.s.subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,
+                           tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))
+        s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((164, 2, 5, 0)), asn1Spec=s) == (s, null)
+
+    def testExplicitTagUndefLength(self):
+        s = self.s.subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,
+                           tag.tagFormatConstructed, 4))
+        s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(null))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((164, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=s) == (s, null)
+
+class AnyDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Any()
+
+    def testByUntagged(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (univ.Any('\004\003fox'), null)
+
+    def testTaggedEx(self):
+        s = univ.Any('\004\003fox').subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((164, 5, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), asn1Spec=s) == (s, null)
+                
+    def testTaggedIm(self):
+        s = univ.Any('\004\003fox').subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((132, 5, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), asn1Spec=s) == (s, null)
+
+    def testByUntaggedIndefMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), asn1Spec=self.s
+            ) == (univ.Any('\004\003fox'), null)
+
+    def testTaggedExIndefMode(self):
+        s = univ.Any('\004\003fox').subtype(explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((164, 128, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=s) == (s, null)
+                
+    def testTaggedImIndefMode(self):
+        s = univ.Any('\004\003fox').subtype(implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4))
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((164, 128, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0)), asn1Spec=s) == (s, null)
+
+    def testByUntaggedSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((4, 3, 102, 111, 120)),
+            asn1Spec=self.s,
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+            ) == (ints2octs((4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), 5)
+
+    def testTaggedExSubst(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((164, 5, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)),
+            asn1Spec=self.s,
+            substrateFun=lambda a,b,c: (b,c)
+        ) == (ints2octs((164, 5, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120)), 7)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/test_encoder.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/test_encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfb3f618c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/ber/test_encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+from pyasn1.type import tag, namedtype, univ
+from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import ints2octs
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class LargeTagEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.o = univ.Integer().subtype(
+            value=1, explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0xdeadbeaf)
+            )
+    def testEncoder(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(self.o) == ints2octs((127, 141, 245, 182, 253, 47, 3, 2, 1, 1))
+        
+class IntegerEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testPosInt(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Integer(12)) == ints2octs((2, 1, 12))
+        
+    def testNegInt(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Integer(-12)) == ints2octs((2, 1, 244))
+        
+    def testZero(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Integer(0)) == ints2octs((2, 1, 0))
+
+    def testCompactZero(self):
+        encoder.IntegerEncoder.supportCompactZero = True
+        substrate = encoder.encode(univ.Integer(0))
+        encoder.IntegerEncoder.supportCompactZero = False
+        assert substrate == ints2octs((2, 0))
+        
+    def testMinusOne(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Integer(-1)) == ints2octs((2, 1, 255))
+        
+    def testPosLong(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.Integer(0xffffffffffffffff)
+            ) == ints2octs((2, 9, 0, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255))
+        
+    def testNegLong(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.Integer(-0xffffffffffffffff)
+            ) == ints2octs((2, 9, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1))
+
+class BooleanEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testTrue(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(1)) == ints2octs((1, 1, 1))
+        
+    def testFalse(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(0)) == ints2octs((1, 1, 0))
+
+class BitStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.b = univ.BitString((1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1))
+        
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(self.b) == ints2octs((3, 3, 1, 169, 138))
+        
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.b, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((3, 3, 1, 169, 138))
+        
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.b, maxChunkSize=1
+            ) == ints2octs((35, 8, 3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138))
+        
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.b, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=1
+            ) == ints2octs((35, 128, 3, 2, 0, 169, 3, 2, 1, 138, 0, 0))
+        
+    def testEmptyValue(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.BitString(())) == ints2octs((3, 1, 0))
+        
+class OctetStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.o = univ.OctetString('Quick brown fox')
+        
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(self.o) == ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+        
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.o, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.o, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((36, 23, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120))
+
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.o, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0))
+        
+class ExpTaggedOctetStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.o = univ.OctetString().subtype(
+            value='Quick brown fox',
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication,tag.tagFormatSimple,5)
+            )
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(self.o) == ints2octs((101, 17, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.o, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((101, 128, 4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0))
+        
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.o, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((101, 25, 36, 23, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120))
+        
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.o, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((101, 128, 36, 128, 4, 4, 81, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 4, 111, 119, 110, 32, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+class NullEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testNull(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Null('')) == ints2octs((5, 0))
+
+class ObjectIdentifierEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testNull(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.ObjectIdentifier((1,3,6,0,0xffffe))
+            ) == ints2octs((6, 6, 43, 6, 0, 191, 255, 126))
+
+class RealEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testChar(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.Real((123, 10, 11))
+            ) == ints2octs((9, 7, 3, 49, 50, 51, 69, 49, 49))
+
+    def testBin1(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.Real((1101, 2, 11))
+            ) == ints2octs((9, 4, 128, 11, 4, 77))
+
+    def testBin2(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.Real((1101, 2, -11))
+            ) == ints2octs((9, 4, 128, 245, 4, 77))
+
+    def testPlusInf(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Real('inf')) == ints2octs((9, 1, 64))
+
+    def testMinusInf(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Real('-inf')) == ints2octs((9, 1, 65))
+        
+    def testZero(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Real(0)) == ints2octs((9, 0))
+        
+class SequenceEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null('')),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('first-name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('age', univ.Integer(33)),
+            ))
+
+    def __init(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        
+    def __initWithOptional(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, 'quick brown')
+        
+    def __initWithDefaulted(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, 1)
+        
+    def __initWithOptionalAndDefaulted(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(''))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('quick brown'))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.Integer(1))
+        
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((48, 2, 5, 0))
+        
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+    def testDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 2, 5, 0))
+
+    def testIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithOptionalDefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((48, 15, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110))
+        
+    def testWithOptionalIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithOptionalDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 21, 5, 0, 36, 17, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110))
+
+    def testWithOptionalIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithDefaultedDefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((48, 5, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1))
+        
+    def testWithDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithDefaultedDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 5, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1))
+
+    def testWithDefaultedIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((48, 18, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1))
+        
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedDefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=1, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 24, 5, 0, 36, 17, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 2, 1, 1))
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefModeChunked(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s, defMode=0, maxChunkSize=4
+            ) == ints2octs((48, 128, 5, 0, 36, 128, 4, 4, 113, 117, 105, 99, 4, 4, 107, 32, 98, 114, 4, 3, 111, 119, 110, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0))
+
+class ChoiceEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null('')),
+            namedtype.NamedType('number', univ.Integer(0)),
+            namedtype.NamedType('string', univ.OctetString())
+            ))
+
+    def testEmpty(self):
+        try:
+            encoder.encode(self.s)
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'encoded unset choice'
+        
+    def testFilled(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(''))
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((5, 0))
+
+    def testTagged(self):
+        s = self.s.subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,4)
+        )
+        s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(''))
+        assert encoder.encode(s) == ints2octs((164, 2, 5, 0))
+
+    def testUndefLength(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.OctetString('abcdefgh'))
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s, defMode=False, maxChunkSize=3) == ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 3, 97, 98, 99, 4, 3, 100, 101, 102, 4, 2, 103, 104, 0, 0))
+
+    def testTaggedUndefLength(self):
+        s = self.s.subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext,tag.tagFormatConstructed,4)
+        )
+        s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.OctetString('abcdefgh'))
+        assert encoder.encode(s, defMode=False, maxChunkSize=3) == ints2octs((164, 128, 36, 128, 4, 3, 97, 98, 99, 4, 3, 100, 101, 102, 4, 2, 103, 104, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+class AnyEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Any(encoder.encode(univ.OctetString('fox')))
+        
+    def testUntagged(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((4, 3, 102, 111, 120))
+            
+    def testTaggedEx(self):
+        s = self.s.subtype(
+            explicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4)
+            )
+        assert encoder.encode(s) == ints2octs((164, 5, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120))
+
+    def testTaggedIm(self):
+        s = self.s.subtype(
+            implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassContext, tag.tagFormatSimple, 4)
+            )
+        assert encoder.encode(s) == ints2octs((132, 5, 4, 3, 102, 111, 120))
+                    
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/suite.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/suite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49d682918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/suite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from sys import path, version_info
+from os.path import sep
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'cer')
+import test_encoder, test_decoder
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+loader = unittest.TestLoader()
+for m in (test_encoder, test_decoder):
+    suite.addTest(loader.loadTestsFromModule(m))
+
+def runTests(): unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': runTests()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/test_decoder.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/test_decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7195b72e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/test_decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+from pyasn1.codec.cer import decoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import ints2octs, str2octs, null
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class BooleanDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testTrue(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((1, 1, 255))) == (1, null)
+    def testFalse(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(ints2octs((1, 1, 0))) == (0, null)
+        
+class OctetStringDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShortMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120)),
+            ) == (str2octs('Quick brown fox'), null)
+    def testLongMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 130, 3, 232) + (81,)*1000 + (4, 1, 81, 0, 0))
+            ) == (str2octs('Q'*1001), null)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/test_encoder.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/test_encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4f80aa20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/cer/test_encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+from pyasn1.type import namedtype, univ
+from pyasn1.codec.cer import encoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import ints2octs
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class BooleanEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testTrue(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(1)) == ints2octs((1, 1, 255))
+    def testFalse(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(univ.Boolean(0)) == ints2octs((1, 1, 0))
+
+class BitStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShortMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.BitString((1,0)*501)
+            ) == ints2octs((3, 127, 6) + (170,) * 125 + (128,))
+
+    def testLongMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.BitString((1,0)*501)
+            ) == ints2octs((3, 127, 6) + (170,) * 125 + (128,))
+        
+class OctetStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShortMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.OctetString('Quick brown fox')
+            ) == ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+    def testLongMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.OctetString('Q'*1001)
+            ) == ints2octs((36, 128, 4, 130, 3, 232) + (81,)*1000 + (4, 1, 81, 0, 0))
+        
+class SetEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s = univ.Set(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null('')),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('first-name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('age', univ.Integer(33))
+            ))
+
+    def __init(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+    def __initWithOptional(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, 'quick brown')
+        
+    def __initWithDefaulted(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, 1)
+        
+    def __initWithOptionalAndDefaulted(self):
+        self.s.clear()
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.Null(''))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('quick brown'))
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.Integer(1))
+        
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        self.__init()
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((49, 128, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithOptionalIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptional()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s
+            ) == ints2octs((49, 128, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s
+            ) == ints2octs((49, 128, 2, 1, 1, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+    def testWithOptionalAndDefaultedIndefMode(self):
+        self.__initWithOptionalAndDefaulted()
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            self.s
+            ) == ints2octs((49, 128, 2, 1, 1, 4, 11, 113, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+class SetWithChoiceEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        c = univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('actual', univ.Boolean(0))
+            ))
+        self.s = univ.Set(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null('')),
+            namedtype.NamedType('status', c)
+            ))
+
+    def testIndefMode(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        self.s.setComponentByName('status')
+        self.s.getComponentByName('status').setComponentByPosition(0, 1)
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((49, 128, 1, 1, 255, 5, 0, 0, 0))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/suite.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/suite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7af83bf94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/suite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from sys import path, version_info
+from os.path import sep
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'der')
+import test_encoder, test_decoder
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+loader = unittest.TestLoader()
+for m in (test_encoder, test_decoder):
+    suite.addTest(loader.loadTestsFromModule(m))
+
+def runTests(): unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': runTests()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/test_decoder.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/test_decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c9a1948b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/test_decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from pyasn1.type import univ
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class OctetStringDecoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShortMode(self):
+        assert decoder.decode(
+            '\004\017Quick brown fox'.encode()
+            ) == ('Quick brown fox'.encode(), ''.encode())
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/test_encoder.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/test_encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..787da7bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/der/test_encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from pyasn1.type import namedtype, univ
+from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import ints2octs
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class OctetStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShortMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.OctetString('Quick brown fox')
+            ) == ints2octs((4, 15, 81, 117, 105, 99, 107, 32, 98, 114, 111, 119, 110, 32, 102, 111, 120))
+
+class BitStringEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testShortMode(self):
+        assert encoder.encode(
+            univ.BitString((1,))
+            ) == ints2octs((3, 2, 7, 128))
+        
+class SetWithChoiceEncoderTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        c = univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.NamedType('amount', univ.Integer(0))
+            ))
+        self.s = univ.Set(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('place-holder', univ.Null('')),
+            namedtype.NamedType('status', c)
+            ))
+
+    def testDefMode(self):
+        self.s.setComponentByPosition(0)
+        self.s.setComponentByName('status')
+        self.s.getComponentByName('status').setComponentByPosition(0, 'ann')
+        assert encoder.encode(self.s) == ints2octs((49, 7, 4, 3, 97, 110, 110, 5, 0))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/codec/suite.py b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/suite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93ff06381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/codec/suite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from sys import path, version_info
+from os.path import sep
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'codec'+sep+'ber')
+import ber.suite
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'codec'+sep+'cer')
+import cer.suite
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'codec'+sep+'der')
+import der.suite
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+for m in (
+    ber.suite,
+    cer.suite,
+    der.suite
+    ):
+    suite.addTest(getattr(m, 'suite'))
+
+def runTests(): unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': runTests()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/suite.py b/python/pyasn1/test/suite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4d80e864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/suite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from sys import path, version_info
+from os.path import sep
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'type')
+import type.suite
+path.insert(1, path[0]+sep+'codec')
+import codec.suite
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+for m in (
+    type.suite,
+    codec.suite
+    ):
+    suite.addTest(getattr(m, 'suite'))
+
+def runTests(): unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': runTests()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/type/__init__.py b/python/pyasn1/test/type/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3066b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/type/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This file is necessary to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/type/suite.py b/python/pyasn1/test/type/suite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc4b48685
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/type/suite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import test_tag, test_constraint, test_namedtype, test_univ
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+loader = unittest.TestLoader()
+for m in (test_tag, test_constraint, test_namedtype, test_univ):
+    suite.addTest(loader.loadTestsFromModule(m))
+
+def runTests(): unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': runTests()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_constraint.py b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_constraint.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3457c0fc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_constraint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+from pyasn1.type import constraint, error
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class SingleValueConstraintTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(1,2)
+        self.c2 = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(3,4)
+
+    def testCmp(self): assert self.c1 == self.c1, 'comparation fails'
+    def testHash(self): assert hash(self.c1) != hash(self.c2), 'hash() fails'
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(1)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(4)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class ContainedSubtypeConstraintTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ContainedSubtypeConstraint(
+            constraint.SingleValueConstraint(12)
+            )
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(12)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(4)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class ValueRangeConstraintTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1,4)
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(1)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(-5)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class ValueSizeConstraintTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1,2)
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1('a')
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1('abc')
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class PermittedAlphabetConstraintTestCase(SingleValueConstraintTestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('A', 'B', 'C')
+        self.c2 = constraint.PermittedAlphabetConstraint('DEF')
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1('A')
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1('E')
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class ConstraintsIntersectionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+            constraint.SingleValueConstraint(4),
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(2, 4)
+            )
+
+    def testCmp1(self):
+        assert constraint.SingleValueConstraint(4) in self.c1, '__cmp__() fails'
+
+    def testCmp2(self):
+        assert constraint.SingleValueConstraint(5) not in self.c1, \
+               '__cmp__() fails'
+
+    def testCmp3(self):
+        c = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+            constraint.SingleValueConstraint(4),
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(2, 4)
+            ))
+        assert self.c1 in c, '__cmp__() fails'
+    def testCmp4(self):
+        c = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+            constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(constraint.SingleValueConstraint(5))
+            )
+        assert self.c1 not in c, '__cmp__() fails'
+        
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(4)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(-5)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class InnerTypeConstraintTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testConst1(self):
+        c = constraint.InnerTypeConstraint(
+            constraint.SingleValueConstraint(4)
+            )
+        try:
+            c(4, 32)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+        try:
+            c(5, 32)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testConst2(self):
+        c = constraint.InnerTypeConstraint(
+            (0, constraint.SingleValueConstraint(4), 'PRESENT'),
+            (1, constraint.SingleValueConstraint(4), 'ABSENT')
+            )
+        try:
+            c(4, 0)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            raise
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'            
+        try:
+            c(4, 1)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'            
+        try:
+            c(3, 0)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'            
+
+# Constraints compositions
+
+class ConstraintsIntersectionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 9),
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(2, 5)
+            )
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(3)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(0)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class ConstraintsUnionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+            constraint.SingleValueConstraint(5),
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 3)
+            )
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(2)
+            self.c1(5)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(-5)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+class ConstraintsExclusionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ConstraintsExclusion(
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(2, 4)
+            )
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(6)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        try:
+            self.c1(2)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint check fails'
+
+# Constraints derivations
+
+class DirectDerivationTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.SingleValueConstraint(5)
+        self.c2 = constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+            self.c1, constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 3)
+            )
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        assert self.c1.isSuperTypeOf(self.c2), 'isSuperTypeOf failed'
+        assert not self.c1.isSubTypeOf(self.c2) , 'isSubTypeOf failed'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        assert not self.c2.isSuperTypeOf(self.c1) , 'isSuperTypeOf failed'
+        assert self.c2.isSubTypeOf(self.c1) , 'isSubTypeOf failed'
+
+class IndirectDerivationTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.c1 = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+            constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 30)
+            )
+        self.c2 = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+            self.c1, constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 20)
+            )
+        self.c2 = constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(
+            self.c2, constraint.ValueRangeConstraint(1, 10)
+            )
+
+    def testGoodVal(self):
+        assert self.c1.isSuperTypeOf(self.c2), 'isSuperTypeOf failed'
+        assert not self.c1.isSubTypeOf(self.c2) , 'isSubTypeOf failed'
+    def testBadVal(self):
+        assert not self.c2.isSuperTypeOf(self.c1) , 'isSuperTypeOf failed'
+        assert self.c2.isSubTypeOf(self.c1) , 'isSubTypeOf failed'
+        
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
+
+# how to apply size constriants to constructed types?
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_namedtype.py b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_namedtype.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a4f30599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_namedtype.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from pyasn1.type import namedtype, univ
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class NamedTypeCaseBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.e = namedtype.NamedType('age', univ.Integer())
+    def testIter(self):
+        n, t = self.e
+        assert n == 'age' or t == univ.Integer(), 'unpack fails'
+
+class NamedTypesCaseBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.e = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('first-name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('age', univ.Integer(0)),
+            namedtype.NamedType('family-name', univ.OctetString(''))
+            )
+    def testIter(self):
+        for t in self.e:
+            break
+        else:
+            assert 0, '__getitem__() fails'
+            
+    def testGetTypeByPosition(self):
+        assert self.e.getTypeByPosition(0) == univ.OctetString(''), \
+               'getTypeByPosition() fails'
+
+    def testGetNameByPosition(self):
+        assert self.e.getNameByPosition(0) == 'first-name', \
+               'getNameByPosition() fails'
+
+    def testGetPositionByName(self):
+        assert self.e.getPositionByName('first-name') == 0, \
+               'getPositionByName() fails'
+
+    def testGetTypesNearPosition(self):
+        assert self.e.getTagMapNearPosition(0).getPosMap() == {
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString('')
+            }
+        assert self.e.getTagMapNearPosition(1).getPosMap() == {
+            univ.Integer.tagSet: univ.Integer(0),
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString('')
+            }
+        assert self.e.getTagMapNearPosition(2).getPosMap() == {
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString('')
+            }
+
+    def testGetTagMap(self):
+        assert self.e.getTagMap().getPosMap() == {
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString(''),
+            univ.Integer.tagSet: univ.Integer(0)
+            }
+
+    def testGetTagMapWithDups(self):
+        try:
+            self.e.getTagMap(1)
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'Duped types not noticed'
+        
+    def testGetPositionNearType(self):
+        assert self.e.getPositionNearType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, 0) == 0
+        assert self.e.getPositionNearType(univ.Integer.tagSet, 1) == 1
+        assert self.e.getPositionNearType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, 2) == 2
+
+class OrderedNamedTypesCaseBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.e = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('first-name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.NamedType('age', univ.Integer(0))
+            )
+            
+    def testGetTypeByPosition(self):
+        assert self.e.getTypeByPosition(0) == univ.OctetString(''), \
+               'getTypeByPosition() fails'
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_tag.py b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_tag.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78146dca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_tag.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+from pyasn1.type import tag
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class TagTestCaseBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.t1 = tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)
+        self.t2 = tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 3)
+    
+class TagCmpTestCase(TagTestCaseBase):
+    def testCmp(self):
+        assert self.t1 == self.t2, 'tag comparation fails'
+
+    def testHash(self):
+        assert hash(self.t1) == hash(self.t2), 'tag hash comparation fails'
+
+    def testSequence(self):
+        assert self.t1[0] == self.t2[0] and \
+               self.t1[1] == self.t2[1] and \
+               self.t1[2] == self.t2[2], 'tag sequence protocol fails'
+
+class TagSetTestCaseBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.ts1 = tag.initTagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+            )
+        self.ts2 = tag.initTagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+            )
+
+class TagSetCmpTestCase(TagSetTestCaseBase):
+    def testCmp(self):
+        assert self.ts1 == self.ts2, 'tag set comparation fails'
+
+    def testHash(self):
+        assert hash(self.ts1) == hash(self.ts2), 'tag set hash comp. fails'
+
+    def testLen(self):
+        assert len(self.ts1) == len(self.ts2), 'tag length comparation fails'
+
+class TaggingTestSuite(TagSetTestCaseBase):
+    def testImplicitTag(self):
+        t = self.ts1.tagImplicitly(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 14)
+            )
+        assert t == tag.TagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 14)
+            ), 'implicit tagging went wrong'
+
+    def testExplicitTag(self):
+        t = self.ts1.tagExplicitly(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassPrivate, tag.tagFormatSimple, 32)
+            )
+        assert t == tag.TagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassPrivate, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 32)
+            ), 'explicit tagging went wrong'
+
+class TagSetAddTestSuite(TagSetTestCaseBase):
+    def testAdd(self):
+        t = self.ts1 + tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)
+        assert t == tag.TagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2)
+            ), 'TagSet.__add__() fails'
+
+    def testRadd(self):
+        t = tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2) + self.ts1
+        assert t == tag.TagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassApplication, tag.tagFormatSimple, 2),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+            ), 'TagSet.__radd__() fails'
+
+class SuperTagSetTestCase(TagSetTestCaseBase):
+    def testSuperTagCheck1(self):
+        assert self.ts1.isSuperTagSetOf(
+            tag.TagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12)
+            )), 'isSuperTagSetOf() fails'
+
+    def testSuperTagCheck2(self):
+        assert not self.ts1.isSuperTagSetOf(
+            tag.TagSet(
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 12),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 13)
+            )), 'isSuperTagSetOf() fails'
+
+    def testSuperTagCheck3(self):
+        assert self.ts1.isSuperTagSetOf(
+            tag.TagSet((), tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal,
+                                   tag.tagFormatSimple, 12))
+            ), 'isSuperTagSetOf() fails'
+    
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_univ.py b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_univ.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3eedcf26a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyasn1/test/type/test_univ.py
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+from pyasn1.type import univ, tag, constraint, namedtype, namedval, error
+from pyasn1.compat.octets import str2octs, ints2octs
+from pyasn1.error import PyAsn1Error
+from sys import version_info
+if version_info[0:2] < (2, 7) or \
+   version_info[0:2] in ( (3, 0), (3, 1) ):
+    try:
+        import unittest2 as unittest
+    except ImportError:
+        import unittest
+else:
+    import unittest
+
+class IntegerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testStr(self): assert str(univ.Integer(1)) in ('1','1L'),'str() fails'
+    def testAnd(self): assert univ.Integer(1) & 0 == 0, '__and__() fails'
+    def testOr(self): assert univ.Integer(1) | 0 == 1, '__or__() fails'
+    def testXor(self): assert univ.Integer(1) ^ 0 == 1, '__xor__() fails'
+    def testRand(self): assert 0 & univ.Integer(1) == 0, '__rand__() fails'
+    def testRor(self): assert 0 | univ.Integer(1) == 1, '__ror__() fails'
+    def testRxor(self): assert 0 ^ univ.Integer(1) == 1, '__rxor__() fails'    
+    def testAdd(self): assert univ.Integer(-4) + 6 == 2, '__add__() fails'
+    def testRadd(self): assert 4 + univ.Integer(5) == 9, '__radd__() fails'
+    def testSub(self): assert univ.Integer(3) - 6 == -3, '__sub__() fails'
+    def testRsub(self): assert 6 - univ.Integer(3) == 3, '__rsub__() fails'
+    def testMul(self): assert univ.Integer(3) * -3 == -9, '__mul__() fails'
+    def testRmul(self): assert 2 * univ.Integer(3) == 6, '__rmul__() fails'
+    def testDiv(self): assert univ.Integer(3) / 2 == 1, '__div__() fails'
+    def testRdiv(self): assert 6 / univ.Integer(3) == 2, '__rdiv__() fails'
+    def testMod(self): assert univ.Integer(3) % 2 == 1, '__mod__() fails'
+    def testRmod(self): assert 4 % univ.Integer(3) == 1, '__rmod__() fails'
+    def testPow(self): assert univ.Integer(3) ** 2 == 9, '__pow__() fails'
+    def testRpow(self): assert 2 ** univ.Integer(2) == 4, '__rpow__() fails'
+    def testLshift(self): assert univ.Integer(1) << 1 == 2, '<< fails'
+    def testRshift(self): assert univ.Integer(2) >> 1 == 1, '>> fails'
+    def testInt(self): assert int(univ.Integer(3)) == 3, '__int__() fails'
+    def testLong(self): assert int(univ.Integer(8)) == 8, '__long__() fails'
+    def testFloat(self): assert float(univ.Integer(4))==4.0,'__float__() fails'
+    def testPrettyIn(self): assert univ.Integer('3') == 3, 'prettyIn() fails'
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.Integer().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x02)
+            )
+    def testNamedVals(self):
+        i = univ.Integer(
+            'asn1', namedValues=univ.Integer.namedValues.clone(('asn1', 1))
+            )
+        assert i == 1, 'named val fails'
+        assert str(i) != 'asn1', 'named val __str__() fails'
+
+class BooleanTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testTruth(self):
+        assert univ.Boolean(True) and univ.Boolean(1), 'Truth initializer fails'
+    def testFalse(self):
+        assert not univ.Boolean(False) and not univ.Boolean(0), 'False initializer fails'
+    def testStr(self):
+        assert str(univ.Boolean(1)) in ('1', '1L'), 'str() fails'
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.Boolean().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x01)
+            )
+    def testConstraints(self):
+        try:
+            univ.Boolean(2)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint fail'
+    def testSubtype(self):
+        assert univ.Integer().subtype(
+            value=1,
+            implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassPrivate,tag.tagFormatSimple,2),
+            subtypeSpec=constraint.SingleValueConstraint(1,3)
+            ) == univ.Integer(
+            value=1,
+            tagSet=tag.TagSet(tag.Tag(tag.tagClassPrivate,
+                                        tag.tagFormatSimple,2)),
+            subtypeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(constraint.SingleValueConstraint(1,3))
+            )
+
+class BitStringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.b = univ.BitString(
+            namedValues=namedval.NamedValues(('Active', 0), ('Urgent', 1))
+            )
+    def testSet(self):
+        assert self.b.clone('Active') == (1,)
+        assert self.b.clone("'1010100110001010'B") == (1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0)
+        assert self.b.clone("'A98A'H") == (1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0)
+        assert self.b.clone((1,0,1)) == (1,0,1)
+    def testStr(self):
+        assert str(self.b.clone('Urgent,Active')) == '(1, 1)'
+    def testRepr(self):
+        assert repr(self.b.clone('Urgent,Active')) == 'BitString("\'11\'B")'
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.BitString().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x03)
+            )
+    def testLen(self): assert len(self.b.clone("'A98A'H")) == 16
+    def testIter(self):
+        assert self.b.clone("'A98A'H")[0] == 1
+        assert self.b.clone("'A98A'H")[1] == 0
+        assert self.b.clone("'A98A'H")[2] == 1
+        
+class OctetStringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testInit(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString(str2octs('abcd')) == str2octs('abcd'), '__init__() fails'
+    def testBinStr(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString(binValue="1000010111101110101111000000111011") == ints2octs((133, 238, 188, 14, 192)), 'bin init fails'
+    def testHexStr(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString(hexValue="FA9823C43E43510DE3422") == ints2octs((250, 152, 35, 196, 62, 67, 81, 13, 227, 66, 32)), 'hex init fails'
+    def testTuple(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString((1,2,3,4,5)) == ints2octs((1,2,3,4,5)), 'tuple init failed'
+    def testStr(self):
+        assert str(univ.OctetString('q')) == 'q', '__str__() fails'
+    def testSeq(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString('q')[0] == str2octs('q')[0],'__getitem__() fails'
+    def testAsOctets(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString('abcd').asOctets() == str2octs('abcd'), 'testAsOctets() fails'
+    def testAsInts(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString('abcd').asNumbers() == (97, 98, 99, 100), 'testAsNumbers() fails'
+
+    def testEmpty(self):
+        try:
+            str(univ.OctetString())
+        except PyAsn1Error:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'empty OctetString() not reported'
+            
+    def testAdd(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString('') + 'q' == str2octs('q'), '__add__() fails'
+    def testRadd(self):
+        assert 'b' + univ.OctetString('q') == str2octs('bq'), '__radd__() fails'
+    def testMul(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString('a') * 2 == str2octs('aa'), '__mul__() fails'
+    def testRmul(self):
+        assert 2 * univ.OctetString('b') == str2octs('bb'), '__rmul__() fails'
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.OctetString().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x04)
+            )
+
+class Null(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testStr(self): assert str(univ.Null('')) == '', 'str() fails'
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.Null().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x05)
+            )
+    def testConstraints(self):
+        try:
+            univ.Null(2)
+        except error.ValueConstraintError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint fail'
+
+class RealTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testStr(self): assert str(univ.Real(1.0)) == '1.0','str() fails'
+    def testRepr(self): assert repr(univ.Real(-4.1)) == 'Real((-41, 10, -1))','repr() fails'
+    def testAdd(self): assert univ.Real(-4.1) + 1.4 == -2.7, '__add__() fails'
+    def testRadd(self): assert 4 + univ.Real(0.5) == 4.5, '__radd__() fails'
+    def testSub(self): assert univ.Real(3.9) - 1.7 == 2.2, '__sub__() fails'
+    def testRsub(self): assert 6.1 - univ.Real(0.1) == 6, '__rsub__() fails'
+    def testMul(self): assert univ.Real(3.0) * -3 == -9, '__mul__() fails'
+    def testRmul(self): assert 2 * univ.Real(3.0) == 6, '__rmul__() fails'
+    def testDiv(self): assert univ.Real(3.0) / 2 == 1.5, '__div__() fails'
+    def testRdiv(self): assert 6 / univ.Real(3.0) == 2, '__rdiv__() fails'
+    def testMod(self): assert univ.Real(3.0) % 2 == 1, '__mod__() fails'
+    def testRmod(self): assert 4 % univ.Real(3.0) == 1, '__rmod__() fails'
+    def testPow(self): assert univ.Real(3.0) ** 2 == 9, '__pow__() fails'
+    def testRpow(self): assert 2 ** univ.Real(2.0) == 4, '__rpow__() fails'
+    def testInt(self): assert int(univ.Real(3.0)) == 3, '__int__() fails'
+    def testLong(self): assert int(univ.Real(8.0)) == 8, '__long__() fails'
+    def testFloat(self): assert float(univ.Real(4.0))==4.0,'__float__() fails'
+    def testPrettyIn(self): assert univ.Real((3,10,0)) == 3, 'prettyIn() fails'
+    # infinite float values
+    def testStrInf(self):
+        assert str(univ.Real('inf')) == 'inf','str() fails'
+    def testReprInf(self):
+        assert repr(univ.Real('inf')) == 'Real(\'inf\')','repr() fails'
+    def testAddInf(self):
+        assert univ.Real('inf') + 1 == float('inf'), '__add__() fails'
+    def testRaddInf(self):
+        assert 1 + univ.Real('inf') == float('inf'), '__radd__() fails'
+    def testIntInf(self):
+        try:
+            assert int(univ.Real('inf'))
+        except OverflowError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, '__int__() fails'
+    def testLongInf(self):
+        try:
+            assert int(univ.Real('inf'))
+        except OverflowError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, '__long__() fails'        
+        assert int(univ.Real(8.0)) == 8, '__long__() fails'
+    def testFloatInf(self):
+        assert float(univ.Real('-inf')) == float('-inf'),'__float__() fails'
+    def testPrettyInInf(self):
+        assert univ.Real(float('inf')) == float('inf'), 'prettyIn() fails'
+    def testPlusInf(self):
+        assert univ.Real('inf').isPlusInfinity(), 'isPlusInfinity failed'
+    def testMinusInf(self):
+        assert univ.Real('-inf').isMinusInfinity(), 'isMinusInfinity failed'
+
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.Real().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x09)
+            )
+
+class ObjectIdentifier(unittest.TestCase):
+    def testStr(self):
+        assert str(univ.ObjectIdentifier((1,3,6))) == '1.3.6'
+    def testEq(self):
+        assert univ.ObjectIdentifier((1,3,6)) == (1,3,6), '__cmp__() fails'
+    def testAdd(self):
+        assert univ.ObjectIdentifier((1,3)) + (6,)==(1,3,6),'__add__() fails'
+    def testRadd(self):
+        assert (1,) + univ.ObjectIdentifier((3,6))==(1,3,6),'__radd__() fails'
+    def testLen(self):
+        assert len(univ.ObjectIdentifier((1,3))) == 2,'__len__() fails'
+    def testPrefix(self):
+        o = univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6')
+        assert o.isPrefixOf((1,3,6)), 'isPrefixOf() fails'
+        assert o.isPrefixOf((1,3,6,1)), 'isPrefixOf() fails'
+        assert not o.isPrefixOf((1,3)), 'isPrefixOf() fails'        
+    def testInput(self):
+        assert univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.3.6')==(1,3,6),'prettyIn() fails'
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert univ.ObjectIdentifier().getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatSimple, 0x06)
+            )
+
+class SequenceOf(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s1 = univ.SequenceOf(
+            componentType=univ.OctetString('')
+            )
+        self.s2 = self.s1.clone()
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert self.s1.getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x10)
+            ), 'wrong tagSet'
+    def testSeq(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        assert self.s1[0] == str2octs('abc'), 'set by idx fails'
+        self.s1[0] = 'cba'
+        assert self.s1[0] == str2octs('cba'), 'set by idx fails'
+    def testCmp(self):
+        self.s1.clear()
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, 'abc')
+        self.s2.clear()
+        self.s2.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        assert self.s1 == self.s2, '__cmp__() fails'
+    def testSubtypeSpec(self):
+        s = self.s1.clone(subtypeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+            constraint.SingleValueConstraint(str2octs('abc'))
+            ))
+        try:
+            s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        except:
+            assert 0, 'constraint fails'
+        try:
+            s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('Abc'))
+        except:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'constraint fails'
+    def testSizeSpec(self):
+        s = self.s1.clone(sizeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsUnion(
+            constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1,1)
+            ))
+        s.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        try:
+            s.verifySizeSpec()
+        except:
+            assert 0, 'size spec fails'
+        s.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        try:
+            s.verifySizeSpec()
+        except:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, 'size spec fails'
+    def testGetComponentTagMap(self):
+        assert self.s1.getComponentTagMap().getPosMap() == {
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString('')
+            }
+    def testSubtype(self):
+        self.s1.clear()
+        assert self.s1.subtype(
+            implicitTag=tag.Tag(tag.tagClassPrivate,tag.tagFormatSimple,2),
+            subtypeSpec=constraint.SingleValueConstraint(1,3),
+            sizeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0,1)
+            ) == self.s1.clone(
+            tagSet=tag.TagSet(tag.Tag(tag.tagClassPrivate,
+                                        tag.tagFormatSimple,2)),
+            subtypeSpec=constraint.ConstraintsIntersection(constraint.SingleValueConstraint(1,3)),
+            sizeSpec=constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(0,1)
+            )
+    def testClone(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        s = self.s1.clone()
+        assert len(s) == 0
+        s = self.s1.clone(cloneValueFlag=1)
+        assert len(s) == 1
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(0) == self.s1.getComponentByPosition(0)
+        
+class Sequence(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s1 = univ.Sequence(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('nick', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('age', univ.Integer(34))
+            ))
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert self.s1.getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x10)
+            ), 'wrong tagSet'
+    def testById(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByName('name', univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByName('name') == str2octs('abc'), 'set by name fails'
+    def testByKey(self):
+        self.s1['name'] = 'abc'
+        assert self.s1['name'] == str2octs('abc'), 'set by key fails'
+    def testGetNearPosition(self):
+        assert self.s1.getComponentTagMapNearPosition(1).getPosMap() == {
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString(''),
+            univ.Integer.tagSet: univ.Integer(34)
+            }
+        assert self.s1.getComponentPositionNearType(
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet, 1
+            ) == 1
+    def testGetDefaultComponentByPosition(self):
+        self.s1.clear()
+        assert self.s1.getDefaultComponentByPosition(0) == None
+        assert self.s1.getDefaultComponentByPosition(2) == univ.Integer(34)
+    def testSetDefaultComponents(self):
+        self.s1.clear()
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByPosition(2) == None
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('Ping'))
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('Pong'))
+        self.s1.setDefaultComponents()
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByPosition(2) == 34
+    def testClone(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(1, univ.OctetString('def'))
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(2, univ.Integer(123))
+        s = self.s1.clone()
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(0) != self.s1.getComponentByPosition(0)
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(1) != self.s1.getComponentByPosition(1)
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(2) != self.s1.getComponentByPosition(2)
+        s = self.s1.clone(cloneValueFlag=1)
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(0) == self.s1.getComponentByPosition(0)
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(1) == self.s1.getComponentByPosition(1)
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(2) == self.s1.getComponentByPosition(2)
+
+class SetOf(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s1 = univ.SetOf(componentType=univ.OctetString(''))
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert self.s1.getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x11)
+            ), 'wrong tagSet'
+    def testSeq(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        assert self.s1[0] == str2octs('abc'), 'set by idx fails'
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, self.s1[0].clone('cba'))
+        assert self.s1[0] == str2octs('cba'), 'set by idx fails'
+
+class Set(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.s1 = univ.Set(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('name', univ.OctetString('')),
+            namedtype.OptionalNamedType('null', univ.Null('')),
+            namedtype.DefaultedNamedType('age', univ.Integer(34))
+            ))
+        self.s2 = self.s1.clone()
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert self.s1.getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(
+            (),
+            tag.Tag(tag.tagClassUniversal, tag.tagFormatConstructed, 0x11)
+            ), 'wrong tagSet'
+    def testByTypeWithPythonValue(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, 'abc')
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByType(
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet
+            ) == str2octs('abc'), 'set by name fails'
+    def testByTypeWithInstance(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByType(
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet
+            ) == str2octs('abc'), 'set by name fails'
+    def testGetTagMap(self):
+        assert self.s1.getTagMap().getPosMap() == {
+            univ.Set.tagSet: univ.Set()
+            }
+    def testGetComponentTagMap(self):
+        assert self.s1.getComponentTagMap().getPosMap() == {
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet: univ.OctetString(''),
+            univ.Null.tagSet: univ.Null(''),
+            univ.Integer.tagSet: univ.Integer(34)
+            }
+    def testGetPositionByType(self):
+        assert self.s1.getComponentPositionByType(
+            univ.Null().getTagSet()
+            ) == 1
+
+class Choice(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        innerComp = univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('count', univ.Integer()),
+            namedtype.NamedType('flag', univ.Boolean())
+            ))
+        self.s1 = univ.Choice(componentType=namedtype.NamedTypes(
+            namedtype.NamedType('name', univ.OctetString()),
+            namedtype.NamedType('sex', innerComp)
+            ))
+    def testTag(self):
+        assert self.s1.getTagSet() == tag.TagSet(), 'wrong tagSet'
+    def testOuterByTypeWithPythonValue(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, 'abc')
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByType(
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet
+            ) == str2octs('abc')
+    def testOuterByTypeWithInstanceValue(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet, univ.OctetString('abc')
+            )
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByType(
+            univ.OctetString.tagSet
+            ) == str2octs('abc')
+    def testInnerByTypeWithPythonValue(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(univ.Integer.tagSet, 123, 1)
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByType(
+            univ.Integer.tagSet, 1
+            ) == 123
+    def testInnerByTypeWithInstanceValue(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(
+            univ.Integer.tagSet, univ.Integer(123), 1
+            )
+        assert self.s1.getComponentByType(
+            univ.Integer.tagSet, 1
+            ) == 123
+    def testCmp(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByName('name', univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        assert self.s1 == str2octs('abc'), '__cmp__() fails'
+    def testGetComponent(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, 'abc')
+        assert self.s1.getComponent() == str2octs('abc'), 'getComponent() fails'
+    def testGetName(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByType(univ.OctetString.tagSet, 'abc')
+        assert self.s1.getName() == 'name', 'getName() fails'
+    def testSetComponentByPosition(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('Jim'))
+        assert self.s1 == str2octs('Jim')
+    def testClone(self):
+        self.s1.setComponentByPosition(0, univ.OctetString('abc'))
+        s = self.s1.clone()
+        assert len(s) == 0
+        s = self.s1.clone(cloneValueFlag=1)
+        assert len(s) == 1
+        assert s.getComponentByPosition(0) == self.s1.getComponentByPosition(0)
+        
+if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/pylru/pylru.py b/python/pylru/pylru.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69cadb76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pylru/pylru.py
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+
+# Cache implementaion with a Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy and
+# a basic dictionary interface.
+
+# Copyright (C) 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011 Jay Hutchinson
+
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
+# more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+# with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
+# Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+
+
+
+# The cache is implemented using a combination of a python dictionary (hash
+# table) and a circular doubly linked list. Items in the cache are stored in
+# nodes. These nodes make up the linked list. The list is used to efficiently
+# maintain the order that the items have been used in. The front or head of
+# the list contains the most recently used item, the tail of the list
+# contains the least recently used item. When an item is used it can easily
+# (in a constant amount of time) be moved to the front of the list, thus
+# updating its position in the ordering. These nodes are also placed in the
+# hash table under their associated key. The hash table allows efficient
+# lookup of values by key.
+
+# Class for the node objects.
+class _dlnode(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.empty = True
+
+
+class lrucache(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, size, callback=None):
+
+        self.callback = callback
+
+        # Create an empty hash table.
+        self.table = {}
+
+        # Initialize the doubly linked list with one empty node. This is an
+        # invariant. The cache size must always be greater than zero. Each
+        # node has a 'prev' and 'next' variable to hold the node that comes
+        # before it and after it respectively. Initially the two variables
+        # each point to the head node itself, creating a circular doubly
+        # linked list of size one. Then the size() method is used to adjust
+        # the list to the desired size.
+
+        self.head = _dlnode()
+        self.head.next = self.head
+        self.head.prev = self.head
+
+        self.listSize = 1
+
+        # Adjust the size
+        self.size(size)
+
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.table)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        for node in self.dli():
+            node.empty = True
+            node.key = None
+            node.value = None
+
+        self.table.clear()
+
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self.table
+
+    # Looks up a value in the cache without affecting cache order.
+    def peek(self, key):
+        # Look up the node
+        node = self.table[key]
+        return node.value
+
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # Look up the node
+        node = self.table[key]
+
+        # Update the list ordering. Move this node so that is directly
+        # proceeds the head node. Then set the 'head' variable to it. This
+        # makes it the new head of the list.
+        self.mtf(node)
+        self.head = node
+
+        # Return the value.
+        return node.value
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Get an item - return default (None) if not present"""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # First, see if any value is stored under 'key' in the cache already.
+        # If so we are going to replace that value with the new one.
+        if key in self.table:
+
+            # Lookup the node
+            node = self.table[key]
+
+            # Replace the value.
+            node.value = value
+
+            # Update the list ordering.
+            self.mtf(node)
+            self.head = node
+
+            return
+
+        # Ok, no value is currently stored under 'key' in the cache. We need
+        # to choose a node to place the new item in. There are two cases. If
+        # the cache is full some item will have to be pushed out of the
+        # cache. We want to choose the node with the least recently used
+        # item. This is the node at the tail of the list. If the cache is not
+        # full we want to choose a node that is empty. Because of the way the
+        # list is managed, the empty nodes are always together at the tail
+        # end of the list. Thus, in either case, by chooseing the node at the
+        # tail of the list our conditions are satisfied.
+
+        # Since the list is circular, the tail node directly preceeds the
+        # 'head' node.
+        node = self.head.prev
+
+        # If the node already contains something we need to remove the old
+        # key from the dictionary.
+        if not node.empty:
+            if self.callback is not None:
+                self.callback(node.key, node.value)
+            del self.table[node.key]
+
+        # Place the new key and value in the node
+        node.empty = False
+        node.key = key
+        node.value = value
+
+        # Add the node to the dictionary under the new key.
+        self.table[key] = node
+
+        # We need to move the node to the head of the list. The node is the
+        # tail node, so it directly preceeds the head node due to the list
+        # being circular. Therefore, the ordering is already correct, we just
+        # need to adjust the 'head' variable.
+        self.head = node
+
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+
+        # Lookup the node, then remove it from the hash table.
+        node = self.table[key]
+        del self.table[key]
+
+        node.empty = True
+
+        # Not strictly necessary.
+        node.key = None
+        node.value = None
+
+        # Because this node is now empty we want to reuse it before any
+        # non-empty node. To do that we want to move it to the tail of the
+        # list. We move it so that it directly preceeds the 'head' node. This
+        # makes it the tail node. The 'head' is then adjusted. This
+        # adjustment ensures correctness even for the case where the 'node'
+        # is the 'head' node.
+        self.mtf(node)
+        self.head = node.next
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+
+        # Return an iterator that returns the keys in the cache in order from
+        # the most recently to least recently used. Does not modify the cache
+        # order.
+        for node in self.dli():
+            yield node.key
+
+    def items(self):
+
+        # Return an iterator that returns the (key, value) pairs in the cache
+        # in order from the most recently to least recently used. Does not
+        # modify the cache order.
+        for node in self.dli():
+            yield (node.key, node.value)
+
+    def keys(self):
+
+        # Return an iterator that returns the keys in the cache in order from
+        # the most recently to least recently used. Does not modify the cache
+        # order.
+        for node in self.dli():
+            yield node.key
+
+    def values(self):
+
+        # Return an iterator that returns the values in the cache in order
+        # from the most recently to least recently used. Does not modify the
+        # cache order.
+        for node in self.dli():
+            yield node.value
+
+    def size(self, size=None):
+
+        if size is not None:
+            assert size > 0
+            if size > self.listSize:
+                self.addTailNode(size - self.listSize)
+            elif size < self.listSize:
+                self.removeTailNode(self.listSize - size)
+
+        return self.listSize
+
+    # Increases the size of the cache by inserting n empty nodes at the tail
+    # of the list.
+    def addTailNode(self, n):
+        for i in range(n):
+            node = _dlnode()
+            node.next = self.head
+            node.prev = self.head.prev
+
+            self.head.prev.next = node
+            self.head.prev = node
+
+        self.listSize += n
+
+    # Decreases the size of the list by removing n nodes from the tail of the
+    # list.
+    def removeTailNode(self, n):
+        assert self.listSize > n
+        for i in range(n):
+            node = self.head.prev
+            if not node.empty:
+                if self.callback is not None:
+                    self.callback(node.key, node.value)
+                del self.table[node.key]
+
+            # Splice the tail node out of the list
+            self.head.prev = node.prev
+            node.prev.next = self.head
+
+            # The next four lines are not strictly necessary.
+            node.prev = None
+            node.next = None
+
+            node.key = None
+            node.value = None
+
+        self.listSize -= n
+
+
+    # This method adjusts the ordering of the doubly linked list so that
+    # 'node' directly precedes the 'head' node. Because of the order of
+    # operations, if 'node' already directly precedes the 'head' node or if
+    # 'node' is the 'head' node the order of the list will be unchanged.
+    def mtf(self, node):
+        node.prev.next = node.next
+        node.next.prev = node.prev
+
+        node.prev = self.head.prev
+        node.next = self.head.prev.next
+
+        node.next.prev = node
+        node.prev.next = node
+
+    # This method returns an iterator that iterates over the non-empty nodes
+    # in the doubly linked list in order from the most recently to the least
+    # recently used.
+    def dli(self):
+        node = self.head
+        for i in range(len(self.table)):
+            yield node
+            node = node.next
+
+
+
+
+class WriteThroughCacheManager(object):
+    def __init__(self, store, size):
+        self.store = store
+        self.cache = lrucache(size)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.store)
+
+    # Returns/sets the size of the managed cache.
+    def size(self, size=None):
+        return self.cache.size(size)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.cache.clear()
+        self.store.clear()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        # Check the cache first. If it is there we can return quickly.
+        if key in self.cache:
+            return True
+
+        # Not in the cache. Might be in the underlying store.
+        if key in self.store:
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # First we try the cache. If successful we just return the value. If
+        # not we catch KeyError and ignore it since that just means the key
+        # was not in the cache.
+        try:
+            return self.cache[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # It wasn't in the cache. Look it up in the store, add the entry to
+        # the cache, and return the value.
+        value = self.store[key]
+        self.cache[key] = value
+        return value
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Get an item - return default (None) if not present"""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Add the key/value pair to the cache and store.
+        self.cache[key] = value
+        self.store[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        # Write-through behavior cache and store should be consistent. Delete
+        # it from the store.
+        del self.store[key]
+        try:
+            # Ok, delete from the store was successful. It might also be in
+            # the cache, try and delete it. If not we catch the KeyError and
+            # ignore it.
+            del self.cache[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self.keys()
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.store.keys()
+
+    def values(self):
+        return self.store.values()
+
+    def items(self):
+        return self.store.items()
+
+
+
+class WriteBackCacheManager(object):
+    def __init__(self, store, size):
+        self.store = store
+
+        # Create a set to hold the dirty keys.
+        self.dirty = set()
+
+        # Define a callback function to be called by the cache when a
+        # key/value pair is about to be ejected. This callback will check to
+        # see if the key is in the dirty set. If so, then it will update the
+        # store object and remove the key from the dirty set.
+        def callback(key, value):
+            if key in self.dirty:
+                self.store[key] = value
+                self.dirty.remove(key)
+
+        # Create a cache and give it the callback function.
+        self.cache = lrucache(size, callback)
+
+    # Returns/sets the size of the managed cache.
+    def size(self, size=None):
+        return self.cache.size(size)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.cache.clear()
+        self.dirty.clear()
+        self.store.clear()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        # Check the cache first, since if it is there we can return quickly.
+        if key in self.cache:
+            return True
+
+        # Not in the cache. Might be in the underlying store.
+        if key in self.store:
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # First we try the cache. If successful we just return the value. If
+        # not we catch KeyError and ignore it since that just means the key
+        # was not in the cache.
+        try:
+            return self.cache[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # It wasn't in the cache. Look it up in the store, add the entry to
+        # the cache, and return the value.
+        value = self.store[key]
+        self.cache[key] = value
+        return value
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Get an item - return default (None) if not present"""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Add the key/value pair to the cache.
+        self.cache[key] = value
+        self.dirty.add(key)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+
+        found = False
+        try:
+            del self.cache[key]
+            found = True
+            self.dirty.remove(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            del self.store[key]
+            found = True
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        if not found:  # If not found in cache or store, raise error.
+            raise KeyError
+
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self.keys()
+
+    def keys(self):
+        for key in self.store.keys():
+            if key not in self.dirty:
+                yield key
+
+        for key in self.dirty:
+            yield key
+
+
+    def values(self):
+        for key, value in self.items():
+            yield value
+
+
+    def items(self):
+        for key, value in self.store.items():
+            if key not in self.dirty:
+                yield (key, value)
+
+        for key in self.dirty:
+            value = self.cache.peek(key)
+            yield (key, value)
+
+
+
+    def sync(self):
+        # For each dirty key, peek at its value in the cache and update the
+        # store. Doesn't change the cache's order.
+        for key in self.dirty:
+            self.store[key] = self.cache.peek(key)
+        # There are no dirty keys now.
+        self.dirty.clear()
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.sync()
+        self.cache.clear()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.sync()
+        return False
+
+
+class FunctionCacheManager(object):
+    def __init__(self, func, size):
+        self.func = func
+        self.cache = lrucache(size)
+
+    def size(self, size=None):
+        return self.cache.size(size)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.cache.clear()
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwtuple = tuple((key, kwargs[key]) for key in sorted(kwargs.keys()))
+        key = (args, kwtuple)
+        try:
+            return self.cache[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        value = self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.cache[key] = value
+        return value
+
+
+def lruwrap(store, size, writeback=False):
+    if writeback:
+        return WriteBackCacheManager(store, size)
+    else:
+        return WriteThroughCacheManager(store, size)
+
+import functools
+
+class lrudecorator(object):
+    def __init__(self, size):
+        self.cache = lrucache(size)
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            kwtuple = tuple((key, kwargs[key]) for key in sorted(kwargs.keys()))
+            key = (args, kwtuple)
+            try:
+                return self.cache[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            value = func(*args, **kwargs)
+            self.cache[key] = value
+            return value
+
+        wrapper.cache = self.cache
+        wrapper.size = self.cache.size
+        wrapper.clear = self.cache.clear
+        return functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, func)
diff --git a/python/pylru/test.py b/python/pylru/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a4842fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pylru/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+
+from pylru import *
+import random
+
+# This tests PyLRU by fuzzing it with random operations, then checking the
+# results against another, simpler, LRU cache implementation.
+
+class simplelrucache:
+
+    def __init__(self, size):
+
+        # Initialize the cache as empty.
+        self.cache = []
+        self.size = size
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+
+        for x in self.cache:
+            if x[0] == key:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+
+        for i in range(len(self.cache)):
+            x = self.cache[i]
+            if x[0] == key:
+                del self.cache[i]
+                self.cache.append(x)
+                return x[1]
+
+        raise KeyError
+
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+
+        for i in range(len(self.cache)):
+            x = self.cache[i]
+            if x[0] == key:
+                x[1] = value
+                del self.cache[i]
+                self.cache.append(x)
+                return
+
+        if len(self.cache) == self.size:
+            self.cache = self.cache[1:]
+
+        self.cache.append([key, value])
+
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+
+        for i in range(len(self.cache)):
+            if self.cache[i][0] == key:
+                del self.cache[i]
+                return
+
+        raise KeyError
+
+    def resize(self, x=None):
+        assert x > 0
+        self.size = x
+        if x < len(self.cache):
+            del self.cache[:len(self.cache) - x]
+
+
+def test(a, b, c, d, verify):
+
+    for i in range(1000):
+        x = random.randint(0, 512)
+        y = random.randint(0, 512)
+
+        a[x] = y
+        b[x] = y
+        verify(c, d)
+
+    for i in range(1000):
+        x = random.randint(0, 512)
+        if x in a:
+            assert x in b
+            z = a[x]
+            z += b[x]
+        else:
+            assert x not in b
+        verify(c, d)
+
+    for i in range(256):
+        x = random.randint(0, 512)
+        if x in a:
+            assert x in b
+            del a[x]
+            del b[x]
+        else:
+            assert x not in b
+        verify(c, d)
+
+
+def testcache():
+    def verify(a, b):
+        q = []
+        z = a.head
+        for j in range(len(a.table)):
+            q.append([z.key, z.value])
+            z = z.next
+
+        assert q == b.cache[::-1]
+
+        q2 = []
+        for x, y in q:
+            q2.append((x, y))
+
+        assert list(a.items()) == q2
+        assert list(zip(a.keys(), a.values())) == q2
+        assert list(a.keys()) == list(a)
+
+
+    a = lrucache(128)
+    b = simplelrucache(128)
+    verify(a, b)
+    test(a, b, a, b, verify)
+
+    a.size(71)
+    b.resize(71)
+    verify(a, b)
+    test(a, b, a, b, verify)
+
+    a.size(341)
+    b.resize(341)
+    verify(a, b)
+    test(a, b, a, b, verify)
+
+    a.size(127)
+    b.resize(127)
+    verify(a, b)
+    test(a, b, a, b, verify)
+
+
+def wraptest():
+
+    def verify(p, x):
+        assert p == x.store
+        for key, value in x.cache.items():
+            assert x.store[key] == value
+
+        tmp = list(x.items())
+        tmp.sort()
+
+        tmp2 = list(p.items())
+        tmp2.sort()
+
+        assert tmp == tmp2
+
+    p = dict()
+    q = dict()
+    x = lruwrap(q, 128)
+
+    test(p, x, p, x, verify)
+
+
+
+def wraptest2():
+
+    def verify(p, x):
+        for key, value in x.store.items():
+            if key not in x.dirty:
+                assert p[key] == value
+
+        for key in x.dirty:
+            assert x.cache.peek(key) == p[key]
+
+        for key, value in x.cache.items():
+            if key not in x.dirty:
+                assert x.store[key] == p[key] == value
+
+        tmp = list(x.items())
+        tmp.sort()
+
+        tmp2 = list(p.items())
+        tmp2.sort()
+
+        assert tmp == tmp2
+
+    p = dict()
+    q = dict()
+    x = lruwrap(q, 128, True)
+
+    test(p, x, p, x, verify)
+
+    x.sync()
+    assert p == q
+
+def wraptest3():
+
+    def verify(p, x):
+        for key, value in x.store.items():
+            if key not in x.dirty:
+                assert p[key] == value
+
+        for key in x.dirty:
+            assert x.cache.peek(key) == p[key]
+
+        for key, value in x.cache.items():
+            if key not in x.dirty:
+                assert x.store[key] == p[key] == value
+
+    p = dict()
+    q = dict()
+    with lruwrap(q, 128, True) as x:
+        test(p, x, p, x, verify)
+
+    assert p == q
+
+
+@lrudecorator(100)
+def square(x):
+    return x*x
+
+def testDecorator():
+    for i in range(1000):
+        x = random.randint(0, 200)
+        assert square(x) == x*x
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    random.seed()
+
+
+    for i in range(20):
+        testcache()
+        wraptest()
+        wraptest2()
+        wraptest3()
+        testDecorator()
+
+
diff --git a/python/pystache/.gitignore b/python/pystache/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..758d62df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+*.pyc
+.DS_Store
+# Tox support.  See: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox
+.tox
+# Our tox runs convert the doctests in *.rst files to Python 3 prior to
+# running tests.  Ignore these temporary files.
+*.temp2to3.rst
+# The setup.py "prep" command converts *.md to *.temp.rst (via *.temp.md).
+*.temp.md
+*.temp.rst
+# TextMate project file
+*.tmproj
+# Distribution-related folders and files.
+build
+dist
+MANIFEST
+pystache.egg-info
diff --git a/python/pystache/.gitmodules b/python/pystache/.gitmodules
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c55c8e5e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[submodule "ext/spec"]
+	path = ext/spec
+	url = http://github.com/mustache/spec.git
diff --git a/python/pystache/.travis.yml b/python/pystache/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00227053a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+language: python
+
+# Travis CI has no plans to support Jython and no longer supports Python 2.5.
+python:
+  - 2.6
+  - 2.7
+  - 3.2
+  - pypy
+
+script:
+  - python setup.py install
+  # Include the spec tests directory for Mustache spec tests and the
+  # project directory for doctests.
+  - pystache-test . ext/spec/specs
diff --git a/python/pystache/HISTORY.md b/python/pystache/HISTORY.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5b7638ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/HISTORY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+History
+=======
+
+**Note:** Official support for Python 2.4 will end with Pystache version 0.6.0.
+
+0.5.4 (2014-07-11)
+------------------
+
+-   Bugfix: made test with filenames OS agnostic (issue \#162).
+
+0.5.3 (2012-11-03)
+------------------
+
+-   Added ability to customize string coercion (e.g. to have None render as
+    `''`) (issue \#130).
+-   Added Renderer.render_name() to render a template by name (issue \#122).
+-   Added TemplateSpec.template_path to specify an absolute path to a
+    template (issue \#41).
+-   Added option of raising errors on missing tags/partials:
+    `Renderer(missing_tags='strict')` (issue \#110).
+-   Added support for finding and loading templates by file name in
+    addition to by template name (issue \#127). [xgecko]
+-   Added a `parse()` function that yields a printable, pre-compiled
+    parse tree.
+-   Added support for rendering pre-compiled templates.
+-   Added Python 3.3 to the list of supported versions.
+-   Added support for [PyPy](http://pypy.org/) (issue \#125).
+-   Added support for [Travis CI](http://travis-ci.org) (issue \#124).
+    [msabramo]
+-   Bugfix: `defaults.DELIMITERS` can now be changed at runtime (issue \#135).
+    [bennoleslie]
+-   Bugfix: exceptions raised from a property are no longer swallowed
+    when getting a key from a context stack (issue \#110).
+-   Bugfix: lambda section values can now return non-ascii, non-unicode
+    strings (issue \#118).
+-   Bugfix: allow `test_pystache.py` and `tox` to pass when run from a
+    downloaded sdist (i.e. without the spec test directory).
+-   Convert HISTORY and README files from reST to Markdown.
+-   More robust handling of byte strings in Python 3.
+-   Added Creative Commons license for David Phillips's logo.
+
+0.5.2 (2012-05-03)
+------------------
+
+-   Added support for dot notation and version 1.1.2 of the spec (issue
+    \#99). [rbp]
+-   Missing partials now render as empty string per latest version of
+    spec (issue \#115).
+-   Bugfix: falsey values now coerced to strings using str().
+-   Bugfix: lambda return values for sections no longer pushed onto
+    context stack (issue \#113).
+-   Bugfix: lists of lambdas for sections were not rendered (issue
+    \#114).
+
+0.5.1 (2012-04-24)
+------------------
+
+-   Added support for Python 3.1 and 3.2.
+-   Added tox support to test multiple Python versions.
+-   Added test script entry point: pystache-test.
+-   Added \_\_version\_\_ package attribute.
+-   Test harness now supports both YAML and JSON forms of Mustache spec.
+-   Test harness no longer requires nose.
+
+0.5.0 (2012-04-03)
+------------------
+
+This version represents a major rewrite and refactoring of the code base
+that also adds features and fixes many bugs. All functionality and
+nearly all unit tests have been preserved. However, some backwards
+incompatible changes to the API have been made.
+
+Below is a selection of some of the changes (not exhaustive).
+
+Highlights:
+
+-   Pystache now passes all tests in version 1.0.3 of the [Mustache
+    spec](https://github.com/mustache/spec). [pvande]
+-   Removed View class: it is no longer necessary to subclass from View
+    or from any other class to create a view.
+-   Replaced Template with Renderer class: template rendering behavior
+    can be modified via the Renderer constructor or by setting
+    attributes on a Renderer instance.
+-   Added TemplateSpec class: template rendering can be specified on a
+    per-view basis by subclassing from TemplateSpec.
+-   Introduced separation of concerns and removed circular dependencies
+    (e.g. between Template and View classes, cf. [issue
+    \#13](https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/issues/13)).
+-   Unicode now used consistently throughout the rendering process.
+-   Expanded test coverage: nosetests now runs doctests and \~105 test
+    cases from the Mustache spec (increasing the number of tests from 56
+    to \~315).
+-   Added a rudimentary benchmarking script to gauge performance while
+    refactoring.
+-   Extensive documentation added (e.g. docstrings).
+
+Other changes:
+
+-   Added a command-line interface. [vrde]
+-   The main rendering class now accepts a custom partial loader (e.g. a
+    dictionary) and a custom escape function.
+-   Non-ascii characters in str strings are now supported while
+    rendering.
+-   Added string encoding, file encoding, and errors options for
+    decoding to unicode.
+-   Removed the output encoding option.
+-   Removed the use of markupsafe.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+-   Context values no longer processed as template strings.
+    [jakearchibald]
+-   Whitespace surrounding sections is no longer altered, per the spec.
+    [heliodor]
+-   Zeroes now render correctly when using PyPy. [alex]
+-   Multline comments now permitted. [fczuardi]
+-   Extensionless template files are now supported.
+-   Passing `**kwargs` to `Template()` no longer modifies the context.
+-   Passing `**kwargs` to `Template()` with no context no longer raises
+    an exception.
+
+0.4.1 (2012-03-25)
+------------------
+
+-   Added support for Python 2.4. [wangtz, jvantuyl]
+
+0.4.0 (2011-01-12)
+------------------
+
+-   Add support for nested contexts (within template and view)
+-   Add support for inverted lists
+-   Decoupled template loading
+
+0.3.1 (2010-05-07)
+------------------
+
+-   Fix package
+
+0.3.0 (2010-05-03)
+------------------
+
+-   View.template\_path can now hold a list of path
+-   Add {{& blah}} as an alias for {{{ blah }}}
+-   Higher Order Sections
+-   Inverted sections
+
+0.2.0 (2010-02-15)
+------------------
+
+-   Bugfix: Methods returning False or None are not rendered
+-   Bugfix: Don't render an empty string when a tag's value is 0.
+    [enaeseth]
+-   Add support for using non-callables as View attributes.
+    [joshthecoder]
+-   Allow using View instances as attributes. [joshthecoder]
+-   Support for Unicode and non-ASCII-encoded bytestring output.
+    [enaeseth]
+-   Template file encoding awareness. [enaeseth]
+
+0.1.1 (2009-11-13)
+------------------
+
+-   Ensure we're dealing with strings, always
+-   Tests can be run by executing the test file directly
+
+0.1.0 (2009-11-12)
+------------------
+
+-   First release
diff --git a/python/pystache/LICENSE b/python/pystache/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42be9d646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (C) 2012 Chris Jerdonek.  All rights reserved.
+
+Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Wanstrath
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/python/pystache/MANIFEST.in b/python/pystache/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdc64bf71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+include README.md
+include HISTORY.md
+include LICENSE
+include TODO.md
+include setup_description.rst
+include tox.ini
+include test_pystache.py
+# You cannot use package_data, for example, to include data files in a
+# source distribution when using Distribute.
+recursive-include pystache/tests *.mustache *.txt
+# We deliberately exclude the gh/ directory because it contains copies
+# of resources needed only for the web page hosted on GitHub (via the
+# gh-pages branch).
diff --git a/python/pystache/README.md b/python/pystache/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54a96088b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+Pystache
+========
+
+<!-- Since PyPI rejects reST long descriptions that contain HTML, -->
+<!-- HTML comments must be removed when converting this file to reST. -->
+<!-- For more information on PyPI's behavior in this regard, see: -->
+<!-- http://docs.python.org/distutils/uploading.html#pypi-package-display -->
+<!-- The Pystache setup script strips 1-line HTML comments prior -->
+<!-- to converting to reST, so all HTML comments should be one line. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- We leave the leading brackets empty here.  Otherwise, unwanted -->
+<!-- caption text shows up in the reST version converted by pandoc. -->
+![](http://defunkt.github.com/pystache/images/logo_phillips.png "mustachioed, monocled snake by David Phillips")
+
+![](https://secure.travis-ci.org/defunkt/pystache.png "Travis CI current build status")
+
+[Pystache](http://defunkt.github.com/pystache) is a Python
+implementation of [Mustache](http://mustache.github.com/). Mustache is a
+framework-agnostic, logic-free templating system inspired by
+[ctemplate](http://code.google.com/p/google-ctemplate/) and
+[et](http://www.ivan.fomichev.name/2008/05/erlang-template-engine-prototype.html).
+Like ctemplate, Mustache "emphasizes separating logic from presentation:
+it is impossible to embed application logic in this template language."
+
+The [mustache(5)](http://mustache.github.com/mustache.5.html) man page
+provides a good introduction to Mustache's syntax. For a more complete
+(and more current) description of Mustache's behavior, see the official
+[Mustache spec](https://github.com/mustache/spec).
+
+Pystache is [semantically versioned](http://semver.org) and can be found
+on [PyPI](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pystache). This version of
+Pystache passes all tests in [version
+1.1.2](https://github.com/mustache/spec/tree/v1.1.2) of the spec.
+
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+Pystache is tested with--
+
+-   Python 2.4 (requires simplejson [version
+    2.0.9](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/simplejson/2.0.9) or earlier)
+-   Python 2.5 (requires
+    [simplejson](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/simplejson/))
+-   Python 2.6
+-   Python 2.7
+-   Python 3.1
+-   Python 3.2
+-   Python 3.3
+-   [PyPy](http://pypy.org/)
+
+[Distribute](http://packages.python.org/distribute/) (the setuptools fork)
+is recommended over [setuptools](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools),
+and is required in some cases (e.g. for Python 3 support).
+If you use [pip](http://www.pip-installer.org/), you probably already satisfy
+this requirement.
+
+JSON support is needed only for the command-line interface and to run
+the spec tests. We require simplejson for earlier versions of Python
+since Python's [json](http://docs.python.org/library/json.html) module
+was added in Python 2.6.
+
+For Python 2.4 we require an earlier version of simplejson since
+simplejson stopped officially supporting Python 2.4 in simplejson
+version 2.1.0. Earlier versions of simplejson can be installed manually,
+as follows:
+
+    pip install 'simplejson<2.1.0'
+
+Official support for Python 2.4 will end with Pystache version 0.6.0.
+
+Install It
+----------
+
+    pip install pystache
+
+And test it--
+
+    pystache-test
+
+To install and test from source (e.g. from GitHub), see the Develop
+section.
+
+Use It
+------
+
+    >>> import pystache
+    >>> print pystache.render('Hi {{person}}!', {'person': 'Mom'})
+    Hi Mom!
+
+You can also create dedicated view classes to hold your view logic.
+
+Here's your view class (in .../examples/readme.py):
+
+    class SayHello(object):
+        def to(self):
+            return "Pizza"
+
+Instantiating like so:
+
+    >>> from pystache.tests.examples.readme import SayHello
+    >>> hello = SayHello()
+
+Then your template, say\_hello.mustache (by default in the same
+directory as your class definition):
+
+    Hello, {{to}}!
+
+Pull it together:
+
+    >>> renderer = pystache.Renderer()
+    >>> print renderer.render(hello)
+    Hello, Pizza!
+
+For greater control over rendering (e.g. to specify a custom template
+directory), use the `Renderer` class like above. One can pass attributes
+to the Renderer class constructor or set them on a Renderer instance. To
+customize template loading on a per-view basis, subclass `TemplateSpec`.
+See the docstrings of the
+[Renderer](https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/blob/master/pystache/renderer.py)
+class and
+[TemplateSpec](https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/blob/master/pystache/template_spec.py)
+class for more information.
+
+You can also pre-parse a template:
+
+    >>> parsed = pystache.parse(u"Hey {{#who}}{{.}}!{{/who}}")
+    >>> print parsed
+    [u'Hey ', _SectionNode(key=u'who', index_begin=12, index_end=18, parsed=[_EscapeNode(key=u'.'), u'!'])]
+
+And then:
+
+    >>> print renderer.render(parsed, {'who': 'Pops'})
+    Hey Pops!
+    >>> print renderer.render(parsed, {'who': 'you'})
+    Hey you!
+
+Python 3
+--------
+
+Pystache has supported Python 3 since version 0.5.1. Pystache behaves
+slightly differently between Python 2 and 3, as follows:
+
+-   In Python 2, the default html-escape function `cgi.escape()` does
+    not escape single quotes.  In Python 3, the default escape function
+    `html.escape()` does escape single quotes.
+-   In both Python 2 and 3, the string and file encodings default to
+    `sys.getdefaultencoding()`. However, this function can return
+    different values under Python 2 and 3, even when run from the same
+    system. Check your own system for the behavior on your system, or do
+    not rely on the defaults by passing in the encodings explicitly
+    (e.g. to the `Renderer` class).
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+This section describes how Pystache handles unicode, strings, and
+encodings.
+
+Internally, Pystache uses [only unicode
+strings](http://docs.python.org/howto/unicode.html#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs)
+(`str` in Python 3 and `unicode` in Python 2). For input, Pystache
+accepts both unicode strings and byte strings (`bytes` in Python 3 and
+`str` in Python 2). For output, Pystache's template rendering methods
+return only unicode.
+
+Pystache's `Renderer` class supports a number of attributes to control
+how Pystache converts byte strings to unicode on input. These include
+the `file_encoding`, `string_encoding`, and `decode_errors` attributes.
+
+The `file_encoding` attribute is the encoding the renderer uses to
+convert to unicode any files read from the file system. Similarly,
+`string_encoding` is the encoding the renderer uses to convert any other
+byte strings encountered during the rendering process into unicode (e.g.
+context values that are encoded byte strings).
+
+The `decode_errors` attribute is what the renderer passes as the
+`errors` argument to Python's built-in unicode-decoding function
+(`str()` in Python 3 and `unicode()` in Python 2). The valid values for
+this argument are `strict`, `ignore`, and `replace`.
+
+Each of these attributes can be set via the `Renderer` class's
+constructor using a keyword argument of the same name. See the Renderer
+class's docstrings for further details. In addition, the `file_encoding`
+attribute can be controlled on a per-view basis by subclassing the
+`TemplateSpec` class. When not specified explicitly, these attributes
+default to values set in Pystache's `defaults` module.
+
+Develop
+-------
+
+To test from a source distribution (without installing)--
+
+    python test_pystache.py
+
+To test Pystache with multiple versions of Python (with a single
+command!), you can use [tox](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox):
+
+    pip install 'virtualenv<1.8'  # Version 1.8 dropped support for Python 2.4.
+    pip install 'tox<1.4'  # Version 1.4 dropped support for Python 2.4.
+    tox
+
+If you do not have all Python versions listed in `tox.ini`--
+
+    tox -e py26,py32  # for example
+
+The source distribution tests also include doctests and tests from the
+Mustache spec. To include tests from the Mustache spec in your test
+runs:
+
+    git submodule init
+    git submodule update
+
+The test harness parses the spec's (more human-readable) yaml files if
+[PyYAML](http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyYAML) is present. Otherwise, it
+parses the json files. To install PyYAML--
+
+    pip install pyyaml
+
+To run a subset of the tests, you can use
+[nose](http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/0.11.1/testing.html):
+
+    pip install nose
+    nosetests --tests pystache/tests/test_context.py:GetValueTests.test_dictionary__key_present
+
+### Using Python 3 with Pystache from source
+
+Pystache is written in Python 2 and must be converted to Python 3 prior to
+using it with Python 3.  The installation process (and tox) do this
+automatically.
+
+To convert the code to Python 3 manually (while using Python 3)--
+
+    python setup.py build
+
+This writes the converted code to a subdirectory called `build`.
+By design, Python 3 builds
+[cannot](https://bitbucket.org/tarek/distribute/issue/292/allow-use_2to3-with-python-2)
+be created from Python 2.
+
+To convert the code without using setup.py, you can use
+[2to3](http://docs.python.org/library/2to3.html) as follows (two steps)--
+
+    2to3 --write --nobackups --no-diffs --doctests_only pystache
+    2to3 --write --nobackups --no-diffs pystache
+
+This converts the code (and doctests) in place.
+
+To `import pystache` from a source distribution while using Python 3, be
+sure that you are importing from a directory containing a converted
+version of the code (e.g. from the `build` directory after converting),
+and not from the original (unconverted) source directory.  Otherwise, you will
+get a syntax error.  You can help prevent this by not running the Python
+IDE from the project directory when importing Pystache while using Python 3.
+
+
+Mailing List
+------------
+
+There is a [mailing list](http://librelist.com/browser/pystache/). Note
+that there is a bit of a delay between posting a message and seeing it
+appear in the mailing list archive.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+    >>> context = { 'author': 'Chris Wanstrath', 'maintainer': 'Chris Jerdonek' }
+    >>> print pystache.render("Author: {{author}}\nMaintainer: {{maintainer}}", context)
+    Author: Chris Wanstrath
+    Maintainer: Chris Jerdonek
+
+Pystache logo by [David Phillips](http://davidphillips.us/) is licensed
+under a [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
+License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US).
+![](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/3.0/88x31.png "Creative
+Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License")
diff --git a/python/pystache/TODO.md b/python/pystache/TODO.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd8241765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/TODO.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+TODO
+====
+
+In development branch:
+
+* Figure out a way to suppress center alignment of images in reST output.
+* Add a unit test for the change made in 7ea8e7180c41.  This is with regard
+  to not requiring spec tests when running tests from a downloaded sdist.
+* End support for Python 2.4.
+* Add Python 3.3 to tox file (after deprecating 2.4).
+* Turn the benchmarking script at pystache/tests/benchmark.py into a command
+  in pystache/commands, or make it a subcommand of one of the existing
+  commands (i.e. using a command argument).
+* Provide support for logging in at least one of the commands.
+* Make sure command parsing to pystache-test doesn't break with Python 2.4 and earlier.
+* Combine pystache-test with the main command.
diff --git a/python/pystache/gh/images/logo_phillips.png b/python/pystache/gh/images/logo_phillips.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..749190136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/gh/images/logo_phillips.png
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/__init__.py b/python/pystache/pystache/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4cf24344e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+"""
+TODO: add a docstring.
+
+"""
+
+# We keep all initialization code in a separate module.
+
+from pystache.init import parse, render, Renderer, TemplateSpec
+
+__all__ = ['parse', 'render', 'Renderer', 'TemplateSpec']
+
+__version__ = '0.5.4'  # Also change in setup.py.
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/commands/__init__.py b/python/pystache/pystache/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0d386a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/commands/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""
+TODO: add a docstring.
+
+"""
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/commands/render.py b/python/pystache/pystache/commands/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a9c309d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/commands/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module provides command-line access to pystache.
+
+Run this script using the -h option for command-line help.
+
+"""
+
+
+try:
+    import json
+except:
+    # The json module is new in Python 2.6, whereas simplejson is
+    # compatible with earlier versions.
+    try:
+        import simplejson as json
+    except ImportError:
+        # Raise an error with a type different from ImportError as a hack around
+        # this issue:
+        #   http://bugs.python.org/issue7559
+        from sys import exc_info
+        ex_type, ex_value, tb = exc_info()
+        new_ex = Exception("%s: %s" % (ex_type.__name__, ex_value))
+        raise new_ex.__class__, new_ex, tb
+
+# The optparse module is deprecated in Python 2.7 in favor of argparse.
+# However, argparse is not available in Python 2.6 and earlier.
+from optparse import OptionParser
+import sys
+
+# We use absolute imports here to allow use of this script from its
+# location in source control (e.g. for development purposes).
+# Otherwise, the following error occurs:
+#
+#   ValueError: Attempted relative import in non-package
+#
+from pystache.common import TemplateNotFoundError
+from pystache.renderer import Renderer
+
+
+USAGE = """\
+%prog [-h] template context
+
+Render a mustache template with the given context.
+
+positional arguments:
+  template    A filename or template string.
+  context     A filename or JSON string."""
+
+
+def parse_args(sys_argv, usage):
+    """
+    Return an OptionParser for the script.
+
+    """
+    args = sys_argv[1:]
+
+    parser = OptionParser(usage=usage)
+    options, args = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    template, context = args
+
+    return template, context
+
+
+# TODO: verify whether the setup() method's entry_points argument
+# supports passing arguments to main:
+#
+#     http://packages.python.org/distribute/setuptools.html#automatic-script-creation
+#
+def main(sys_argv=sys.argv):
+    template, context = parse_args(sys_argv, USAGE)
+
+    if template.endswith('.mustache'):
+        template = template[:-9]
+
+    renderer = Renderer()
+
+    try:
+        template = renderer.load_template(template)
+    except TemplateNotFoundError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        context = json.load(open(context))
+    except IOError:
+        context = json.loads(context)
+
+    rendered = renderer.render(template, context)
+    print rendered
+
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/commands/test.py b/python/pystache/pystache/commands/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..087245338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/commands/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module provides a command to test pystache (unit tests, doctests, etc).
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+from pystache.tests.main import main as run_tests
+
+
+def main(sys_argv=sys.argv):
+    run_tests(sys_argv=sys_argv)
+
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/common.py b/python/pystache/pystache/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb266dd8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Exposes functionality needed throughout the project.
+
+"""
+
+from sys import version_info
+
+def _get_string_types():
+    # TODO: come up with a better solution for this.  One of the issues here
+    #   is that in Python 3 there is no common base class for unicode strings
+    #   and byte strings, and 2to3 seems to convert all of "str", "unicode",
+    #   and "basestring" to Python 3's "str".
+    if version_info < (3, ):
+         return basestring
+    # The latter evaluates to "bytes" in Python 3 -- even after conversion by 2to3.
+    return (unicode, type(u"a".encode('utf-8')))
+
+
+_STRING_TYPES = _get_string_types()
+
+
+def is_string(obj):
+    """
+    Return whether the given object is a byte string or unicode string.
+
+    This function is provided for compatibility with both Python 2 and 3
+    when using 2to3.
+
+    """
+    return isinstance(obj, _STRING_TYPES)
+
+
+# This function was designed to be portable across Python versions -- both
+# with older versions and with Python 3 after applying 2to3.
+def read(path):
+    """
+    Return the contents of a text file as a byte string.
+
+    """
+    # Opening in binary mode is necessary for compatibility across Python
+    # 2 and 3.  In both Python 2 and 3, open() defaults to opening files in
+    # text mode.  However, in Python 2, open() returns file objects whose
+    # read() method returns byte strings (strings of type `str` in Python 2),
+    # whereas in Python 3, the file object returns unicode strings (strings
+    # of type `str` in Python 3).
+    f = open(path, 'rb')
+    # We avoid use of the with keyword for Python 2.4 support.
+    try:
+        return f.read()
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+
+class MissingTags(object):
+
+    """Contains the valid values for Renderer.missing_tags."""
+
+    ignore = 'ignore'
+    strict = 'strict'
+
+
+class PystacheError(Exception):
+    """Base class for Pystache exceptions."""
+    pass
+
+
+class TemplateNotFoundError(PystacheError):
+    """An exception raised when a template is not found."""
+    pass
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/context.py b/python/pystache/pystache/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..671591609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Exposes a ContextStack class.
+
+The Mustache spec makes a special distinction between two types of context
+stack elements: hashes and objects.  For the purposes of interpreting the
+spec, we define these categories mutually exclusively as follows:
+
+ (1) Hash: an item whose type is a subclass of dict.
+
+ (2) Object: an item that is neither a hash nor an instance of a
+     built-in type.
+
+"""
+
+from pystache.common import PystacheError
+
+
+# This equals '__builtin__' in Python 2 and 'builtins' in Python 3.
+_BUILTIN_MODULE = type(0).__module__
+
+
+# We use this private global variable as a return value to represent a key
+# not being found on lookup.  This lets us distinguish between the case
+# of a key's value being None with the case of a key not being found --
+# without having to rely on exceptions (e.g. KeyError) for flow control.
+#
+# TODO: eliminate the need for a private global variable, e.g. by using the
+#   preferred Python approach of "easier to ask for forgiveness than permission":
+#     http://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-eafp
+class NotFound(object):
+    pass
+_NOT_FOUND = NotFound()
+
+
+def _get_value(context, key):
+    """
+    Retrieve a key's value from a context item.
+
+    Returns _NOT_FOUND if the key does not exist.
+
+    The ContextStack.get() docstring documents this function's intended behavior.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(context, dict):
+        # Then we consider the argument a "hash" for the purposes of the spec.
+        #
+        # We do a membership test to avoid using exceptions for flow control
+        # (e.g. catching KeyError).
+        if key in context:
+            return context[key]
+    elif type(context).__module__ != _BUILTIN_MODULE:
+        # Then we consider the argument an "object" for the purposes of
+        # the spec.
+        #
+        # The elif test above lets us avoid treating instances of built-in
+        # types like integers and strings as objects (cf. issue #81).
+        # Instances of user-defined classes on the other hand, for example,
+        # are considered objects by the test above.
+        try:
+            attr = getattr(context, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # TODO: distinguish the case of the attribute not existing from
+            #   an AttributeError being raised by the call to the attribute.
+            #   See the following issue for implementation ideas:
+            #     http://bugs.python.org/issue7559
+            pass
+        else:
+            # TODO: consider using EAFP here instead.
+            #   http://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-eafp
+            if callable(attr):
+                return attr()
+            return attr
+
+    return _NOT_FOUND
+
+
+class KeyNotFoundError(PystacheError):
+
+    """
+    An exception raised when a key is not found in a context stack.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, key, details):
+        self.key = key
+        self.details = details
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Key %s not found: %s" % (repr(self.key), self.details)
+
+
+class ContextStack(object):
+
+    """
+    Provides dictionary-like access to a stack of zero or more items.
+
+    Instances of this class are meant to act as the rendering context
+    when rendering Mustache templates in accordance with mustache(5)
+    and the Mustache spec.
+
+    Instances encapsulate a private stack of hashes, objects, and built-in
+    type instances.  Querying the stack for the value of a key queries
+    the items in the stack in order from last-added objects to first
+    (last in, first out).
+
+    Caution: this class does not currently support recursive nesting in
+    that items in the stack cannot themselves be ContextStack instances.
+
+    See the docstrings of the methods of this class for more details.
+
+    """
+
+    # We reserve keyword arguments for future options (e.g. a "strict=True"
+    # option for enabling a strict mode).
+    def __init__(self, *items):
+        """
+        Construct an instance, and initialize the private stack.
+
+        The *items arguments are the items with which to populate the
+        initial stack.  Items in the argument list are added to the
+        stack in order so that, in particular, items at the end of
+        the argument list are queried first when querying the stack.
+
+        Caution: items should not themselves be ContextStack instances, as
+        recursive nesting does not behave as one might expect.
+
+        """
+        self._stack = list(items)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of the instance.
+
+        For example--
+
+        >>> context = ContextStack({'alpha': 'abc'}, {'numeric': 123})
+        >>> repr(context)
+        "ContextStack({'alpha': 'abc'}, {'numeric': 123})"
+
+        """
+        return "%s%s" % (self.__class__.__name__, tuple(self._stack))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def create(*context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Build a ContextStack instance from a sequence of context-like items.
+
+        This factory-style method is more general than the ContextStack class's
+        constructor in that, unlike the constructor, the argument list
+        can itself contain ContextStack instances.
+
+        Here is an example illustrating various aspects of this method:
+
+        >>> obj1 = {'animal': 'cat', 'vegetable': 'carrot', 'mineral': 'copper'}
+        >>> obj2 = ContextStack({'vegetable': 'spinach', 'mineral': 'silver'})
+        >>>
+        >>> context = ContextStack.create(obj1, None, obj2, mineral='gold')
+        >>>
+        >>> context.get('animal')
+        'cat'
+        >>> context.get('vegetable')
+        'spinach'
+        >>> context.get('mineral')
+        'gold'
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          *context: zero or more dictionaries, ContextStack instances, or objects
+            with which to populate the initial context stack.  None
+            arguments will be skipped.  Items in the *context list are
+            added to the stack in order so that later items in the argument
+            list take precedence over earlier items.  This behavior is the
+            same as the constructor's.
+
+          **kwargs: additional key-value data to add to the context stack.
+            As these arguments appear after all items in the *context list,
+            in the case of key conflicts these values take precedence over
+            all items in the *context list.  This behavior is the same as
+            the constructor's.
+
+        """
+        items = context
+
+        context = ContextStack()
+
+        for item in items:
+            if item is None:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(item, ContextStack):
+                context._stack.extend(item._stack)
+            else:
+                context.push(item)
+
+        if kwargs:
+            context.push(kwargs)
+
+        return context
+
+    # TODO: add more unit tests for this.
+    # TODO: update the docstring for dotted names.
+    def get(self, name):
+        """
+        Resolve a dotted name against the current context stack.
+
+        This function follows the rules outlined in the section of the
+        spec regarding tag interpolation.  This function returns the value
+        as is and does not coerce the return value to a string.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          name: a dotted or non-dotted name.
+
+          default: the value to return if name resolution fails at any point.
+            Defaults to the empty string per the Mustache spec.
+
+        This method queries items in the stack in order from last-added
+        objects to first (last in, first out).  The value returned is
+        the value of the key in the first item that contains the key.
+        If the key is not found in any item in the stack, then the default
+        value is returned.  The default value defaults to None.
+
+        In accordance with the spec, this method queries items in the
+        stack for a key differently depending on whether the item is a
+        hash, object, or neither (as defined in the module docstring):
+
+        (1) Hash: if the item is a hash, then the key's value is the
+            dictionary value of the key.  If the dictionary doesn't contain
+            the key, then the key is considered not found.
+
+        (2) Object: if the item is an an object, then the method looks for
+            an attribute with the same name as the key.  If an attribute
+            with that name exists, the value of the attribute is returned.
+            If the attribute is callable, however (i.e. if the attribute
+            is a method), then the attribute is called with no arguments
+            and that value is returned.  If there is no attribute with
+            the same name as the key, then the key is considered not found.
+
+        (3) Neither: if the item is neither a hash nor an object, then
+            the key is considered not found.
+
+        *Caution*:
+
+          Callables are handled differently depending on whether they are
+          dictionary values, as in (1) above, or attributes, as in (2).
+          The former are returned as-is, while the latter are first
+          called and that value returned.
+
+          Here is an example to illustrate:
+
+          >>> def greet():
+          ...     return "Hi Bob!"
+          >>>
+          >>> class Greeter(object):
+          ...     greet = None
+          >>>
+          >>> dct = {'greet': greet}
+          >>> obj = Greeter()
+          >>> obj.greet = greet
+          >>>
+          >>> dct['greet'] is obj.greet
+          True
+          >>> ContextStack(dct).get('greet')  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+          <function greet at 0x...>
+          >>> ContextStack(obj).get('greet')
+          'Hi Bob!'
+
+          TODO: explain the rationale for this difference in treatment.
+
+        """
+        if name == '.':
+            try:
+                return self.top()
+            except IndexError:
+                raise KeyNotFoundError(".", "empty context stack")
+
+        parts = name.split('.')
+
+        try:
+            result = self._get_simple(parts[0])
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            raise KeyNotFoundError(name, "first part")
+
+        for part in parts[1:]:
+            # The full context stack is not used to resolve the remaining parts.
+            # From the spec--
+            #
+            #   5) If any name parts were retained in step 1, each should be
+            #   resolved against a context stack containing only the result
+            #   from the former resolution.  If any part fails resolution, the
+            #   result should be considered falsey, and should interpolate as
+            #   the empty string.
+            #
+            # TODO: make sure we have a test case for the above point.
+            result = _get_value(result, part)
+            # TODO: consider using EAFP here instead.
+            #   http://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-eafp
+            if result is _NOT_FOUND:
+                raise KeyNotFoundError(name, "missing %s" % repr(part))
+
+        return result
+
+    def _get_simple(self, name):
+        """
+        Query the stack for a non-dotted name.
+
+        """
+        for item in reversed(self._stack):
+            result = _get_value(item, name)
+            if result is not _NOT_FOUND:
+                return result
+
+        raise KeyNotFoundError(name, "part missing")
+
+    def push(self, item):
+        """
+        Push an item onto the stack.
+
+        """
+        self._stack.append(item)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """
+        Pop an item off of the stack, and return it.
+
+        """
+        return self._stack.pop()
+
+    def top(self):
+        """
+        Return the item last added to the stack.
+
+        """
+        return self._stack[-1]
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """
+        Return a copy of this instance.
+
+        """
+        return ContextStack(*self._stack)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/defaults.py b/python/pystache/pystache/defaults.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcfdf4cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/defaults.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module provides a central location for defining default behavior.
+
+Throughout the package, these defaults take effect only when the user
+does not otherwise specify a value.
+
+"""
+
+try:
+    # Python 3.2 adds html.escape() and deprecates cgi.escape().
+    from html import escape
+except ImportError:
+    from cgi import escape
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pystache.common import MissingTags
+
+
+# How to handle encoding errors when decoding strings from str to unicode.
+#
+# This value is passed as the "errors" argument to Python's built-in
+# unicode() function:
+#
+#   http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#unicode
+#
+DECODE_ERRORS = 'strict'
+
+# The name of the encoding to use when converting to unicode any strings of
+# type str encountered during the rendering process.
+STRING_ENCODING = sys.getdefaultencoding()
+
+# The name of the encoding to use when converting file contents to unicode.
+# This default takes precedence over the STRING_ENCODING default for
+# strings that arise from files.
+FILE_ENCODING = sys.getdefaultencoding()
+
+# The delimiters to start with when parsing.
+DELIMITERS = (u'{{', u'}}')
+
+# How to handle missing tags when rendering a template.
+MISSING_TAGS = MissingTags.ignore
+
+# The starting list of directories in which to search for templates when
+# loading a template by file name.
+SEARCH_DIRS = [os.curdir]  # i.e. ['.']
+
+# The escape function to apply to strings that require escaping when
+# rendering templates (e.g. for tags enclosed in double braces).
+# Only unicode strings will be passed to this function.
+#
+# The quote=True argument causes double but not single quotes to be escaped
+# in Python 3.1 and earlier, and both double and single quotes to be
+# escaped in Python 3.2 and later:
+#
+#   http://docs.python.org/library/cgi.html#cgi.escape
+#   http://docs.python.org/dev/library/html.html#html.escape
+#
+TAG_ESCAPE = lambda u: escape(u, quote=True)
+
+# The default template extension, without the leading dot.
+TEMPLATE_EXTENSION = 'mustache'
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/init.py b/python/pystache/pystache/init.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38bb1f5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/init.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module contains the initialization logic called by __init__.py.
+
+"""
+
+from pystache.parser import parse
+from pystache.renderer import Renderer
+from pystache.template_spec import TemplateSpec
+
+
+def render(template, context=None, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Return the given template string rendered using the given context.
+
+    """
+    renderer = Renderer()
+    return renderer.render(template, context, **kwargs)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/loader.py b/python/pystache/pystache/loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4a7e5310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module provides a Loader class for locating and reading templates.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pystache import common
+from pystache import defaults
+from pystache.locator import Locator
+
+
+# We make a function so that the current defaults take effect.
+# TODO: revisit whether this is necessary.
+
+def _make_to_unicode():
+    def to_unicode(s, encoding=None):
+        """
+        Raises a TypeError exception if the given string is already unicode.
+
+        """
+        if encoding is None:
+            encoding = defaults.STRING_ENCODING
+        return unicode(s, encoding, defaults.DECODE_ERRORS)
+    return to_unicode
+
+
+class Loader(object):
+
+    """
+    Loads the template associated to a name or user-defined object.
+
+    All load_*() methods return the template as a unicode string.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file_encoding=None, extension=None, to_unicode=None,
+                 search_dirs=None):
+        """
+        Construct a template loader instance.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          extension: the template file extension, without the leading dot.
+            Pass False for no extension (e.g. to use extensionless template
+            files).  Defaults to the package default.
+
+          file_encoding: the name of the encoding to use when converting file
+            contents to unicode.  Defaults to the package default.
+
+          search_dirs: the list of directories in which to search when loading
+            a template by name or file name.  Defaults to the package default.
+
+          to_unicode: the function to use when converting strings of type
+            str to unicode.  The function should have the signature:
+
+              to_unicode(s, encoding=None)
+
+            It should accept a string of type str and an optional encoding
+            name and return a string of type unicode.  Defaults to calling
+            Python's built-in function unicode() using the package string
+            encoding and decode errors defaults.
+
+        """
+        if extension is None:
+            extension = defaults.TEMPLATE_EXTENSION
+
+        if file_encoding is None:
+            file_encoding = defaults.FILE_ENCODING
+
+        if search_dirs is None:
+            search_dirs = defaults.SEARCH_DIRS
+
+        if to_unicode is None:
+            to_unicode = _make_to_unicode()
+
+        self.extension = extension
+        self.file_encoding = file_encoding
+        # TODO: unit test setting this attribute.
+        self.search_dirs = search_dirs
+        self.to_unicode = to_unicode
+
+    def _make_locator(self):
+        return Locator(extension=self.extension)
+
+    def unicode(self, s, encoding=None):
+        """
+        Convert a string to unicode using the given encoding, and return it.
+
+        This function uses the underlying to_unicode attribute.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          s: a basestring instance to convert to unicode.  Unlike Python's
+            built-in unicode() function, it is okay to pass unicode strings
+            to this function.  (Passing a unicode string to Python's unicode()
+            with the encoding argument throws the error, "TypeError: decoding
+            Unicode is not supported.")
+
+          encoding: the encoding to pass to the to_unicode attribute.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            return unicode(s)
+
+        return self.to_unicode(s, encoding)
+
+    def read(self, path, encoding=None):
+        """
+        Read the template at the given path, and return it as a unicode string.
+
+        """
+        b = common.read(path)
+
+        if encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.file_encoding
+
+        return self.unicode(b, encoding)
+
+    def load_file(self, file_name):
+        """
+        Find and return the template with the given file name.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          file_name: the file name of the template.
+
+        """
+        locator = self._make_locator()
+
+        path = locator.find_file(file_name, self.search_dirs)
+
+        return self.read(path)
+
+    def load_name(self, name):
+        """
+        Find and return the template with the given template name.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          name: the name of the template.
+
+        """
+        locator = self._make_locator()
+
+        path = locator.find_name(name, self.search_dirs)
+
+        return self.read(path)
+
+    # TODO: unit-test this method.
+    def load_object(self, obj):
+        """
+        Find and return the template associated to the given object.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          obj: an instance of a user-defined class.
+
+          search_dirs: the list of directories in which to search.
+
+        """
+        locator = self._make_locator()
+
+        path = locator.find_object(obj, self.search_dirs)
+
+        return self.read(path)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/locator.py b/python/pystache/pystache/locator.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30c5b01e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/locator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module provides a Locator class for finding template files.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pystache.common import TemplateNotFoundError
+from pystache import defaults
+
+
+class Locator(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, extension=None):
+        """
+        Construct a template locator.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          extension: the template file extension, without the leading dot.
+            Pass False for no extension (e.g. to use extensionless template
+            files).  Defaults to the package default.
+
+        """
+        if extension is None:
+            extension = defaults.TEMPLATE_EXTENSION
+
+        self.template_extension = extension
+
+    def get_object_directory(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the directory containing an object's defining class.
+
+        Returns None if there is no such directory, for example if the
+        class was defined in an interactive Python session, or in a
+        doctest that appears in a text file (rather than a Python file).
+
+        """
+        if not hasattr(obj, '__module__'):
+            return None
+
+        module = sys.modules[obj.__module__]
+
+        if not hasattr(module, '__file__'):
+            # TODO: add a unit test for this case.
+            return None
+
+        path = module.__file__
+
+        return os.path.dirname(path)
+
+    def make_template_name(self, obj):
+        """
+        Return the canonical template name for an object instance.
+
+        This method converts Python-style class names (PEP 8's recommended
+        CamelCase, aka CapWords) to lower_case_with_underscords.  Here
+        is an example with code:
+
+        >>> class HelloWorld(object):
+        ...     pass
+        >>> hi = HelloWorld()
+        >>>
+        >>> locator = Locator()
+        >>> locator.make_template_name(hi)
+        'hello_world'
+
+        """
+        template_name = obj.__class__.__name__
+
+        def repl(match):
+            return '_' + match.group(0).lower()
+
+        return re.sub('[A-Z]', repl, template_name)[1:]
+
+    def make_file_name(self, template_name, template_extension=None):
+        """
+        Generate and return the file name for the given template name.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          template_extension: defaults to the instance's extension.
+
+        """
+        file_name = template_name
+
+        if template_extension is None:
+            template_extension = self.template_extension
+
+        if template_extension is not False:
+            file_name += os.path.extsep + template_extension
+
+        return file_name
+
+    def _find_path(self, search_dirs, file_name):
+        """
+        Search for the given file, and return the path.
+
+        Returns None if the file is not found.
+
+        """
+        for dir_path in search_dirs:
+            file_path = os.path.join(dir_path, file_name)
+            if os.path.exists(file_path):
+                return file_path
+
+        return None
+
+    def _find_path_required(self, search_dirs, file_name):
+        """
+        Return the path to a template with the given file name.
+
+        """
+        path = self._find_path(search_dirs, file_name)
+
+        if path is None:
+            raise TemplateNotFoundError('File %s not found in dirs: %s' %
+                                        (repr(file_name), repr(search_dirs)))
+
+        return path
+
+    def find_file(self, file_name, search_dirs):
+        """
+        Return the path to a template with the given file name.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          file_name: the file name of the template.
+
+          search_dirs: the list of directories in which to search.
+
+        """
+        return self._find_path_required(search_dirs, file_name)
+
+    def find_name(self, template_name, search_dirs):
+        """
+        Return the path to a template with the given name.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          template_name: the name of the template.
+
+          search_dirs: the list of directories in which to search.
+
+        """
+        file_name = self.make_file_name(template_name)
+
+        return self._find_path_required(search_dirs, file_name)
+
+    def find_object(self, obj, search_dirs, file_name=None):
+        """
+        Return the path to a template associated with the given object.
+
+        """
+        if file_name is None:
+            # TODO: should we define a make_file_name() method?
+            template_name = self.make_template_name(obj)
+            file_name = self.make_file_name(template_name)
+
+        dir_path = self.get_object_directory(obj)
+
+        if dir_path is not None:
+            search_dirs = [dir_path] + search_dirs
+
+        path = self._find_path_required(search_dirs, file_name)
+
+        return path
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/parsed.py b/python/pystache/pystache/parsed.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..372d96c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/parsed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Exposes a class that represents a parsed (or compiled) template.
+
+"""
+
+
+class ParsedTemplate(object):
+
+    """
+    Represents a parsed or compiled template.
+
+    An instance wraps a list of unicode strings and node objects.  A node
+    object must have a `render(engine, stack)` method that accepts a
+    RenderEngine instance and a ContextStack instance and returns a unicode
+    string.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._parse_tree = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self._parse_tree)
+
+    def add(self, node):
+        """
+        Arguments:
+
+          node: a unicode string or node object instance.  See the class
+            docstring for information.
+
+        """
+        self._parse_tree.append(node)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        """
+        Returns: a string of type unicode.
+
+        """
+        # We avoid use of the ternary operator for Python 2.4 support.
+        def get_unicode(node):
+            if type(node) is unicode:
+                return node
+            return node.render(engine, context)
+        parts = map(get_unicode, self._parse_tree)
+        s = ''.join(parts)
+
+        return unicode(s)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/parser.py b/python/pystache/pystache/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a4fba235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Exposes a parse() function to parse template strings.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from pystache import defaults
+from pystache.parsed import ParsedTemplate
+
+
+END_OF_LINE_CHARACTERS = [u'\r', u'\n']
+NON_BLANK_RE = re.compile(ur'^(.)', re.M)
+
+
+# TODO: add some unit tests for this.
+# TODO: add a test case that checks for spurious spaces.
+# TODO: add test cases for delimiters.
+def parse(template, delimiters=None):
+    """
+    Parse a unicode template string and return a ParsedTemplate instance.
+
+    Arguments:
+
+      template: a unicode template string.
+
+      delimiters: a 2-tuple of delimiters.  Defaults to the package default.
+
+    Examples:
+
+    >>> parsed = parse(u"Hey {{#who}}{{name}}!{{/who}}")
+    >>> print str(parsed).replace('u', '')  # This is a hack to get the test to pass both in Python 2 and 3.
+    ['Hey ', _SectionNode(key='who', index_begin=12, index_end=21, parsed=[_EscapeNode(key='name'), '!'])]
+
+    """
+    if type(template) is not unicode:
+        raise Exception("Template is not unicode: %s" % type(template))
+    parser = _Parser(delimiters)
+    return parser.parse(template)
+
+
+def _compile_template_re(delimiters):
+    """
+    Return a regular expression object (re.RegexObject) instance.
+
+    """
+    # The possible tag type characters following the opening tag,
+    # excluding "=" and "{".
+    tag_types = "!>&/#^"
+
+    # TODO: are we following this in the spec?
+    #
+    #   The tag's content MUST be a non-whitespace character sequence
+    #   NOT containing the current closing delimiter.
+    #
+    tag = r"""
+        (?P<whitespace>[\ \t]*)
+        %(otag)s \s*
+        (?:
+          (?P<change>=) \s* (?P<delims>.+?)   \s* = |
+          (?P<raw>{)    \s* (?P<raw_name>.+?) \s* } |
+          (?P<tag>[%(tag_types)s]?)  \s* (?P<tag_key>[\s\S]+?)
+        )
+        \s* %(ctag)s
+    """ % {'tag_types': tag_types, 'otag': re.escape(delimiters[0]), 'ctag': re.escape(delimiters[1])}
+
+    return re.compile(tag, re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+class ParsingError(Exception):
+
+    pass
+
+
+## Node types
+
+def _format(obj, exclude=None):
+    if exclude is None:
+        exclude = []
+    exclude.append('key')
+    attrs = obj.__dict__
+    names = list(set(attrs.keys()) - set(exclude))
+    names.sort()
+    names.insert(0, 'key')
+    args = ["%s=%s" % (name, repr(attrs[name])) for name in names]
+    return "%s(%s)" % (obj.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(args))
+
+
+class _CommentNode(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        return u''
+
+
+class _ChangeNode(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, delimiters):
+        self.delimiters = delimiters
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        return u''
+
+
+class _EscapeNode(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        self.key = key
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        s = engine.fetch_string(context, self.key)
+        return engine.escape(s)
+
+
+class _LiteralNode(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        self.key = key
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        s = engine.fetch_string(context, self.key)
+        return engine.literal(s)
+
+
+class _PartialNode(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, key, indent):
+        self.key = key
+        self.indent = indent
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        template = engine.resolve_partial(self.key)
+        # Indent before rendering.
+        template = re.sub(NON_BLANK_RE, self.indent + ur'\1', template)
+
+        return engine.render(template, context)
+
+
+class _InvertedNode(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, key, parsed_section):
+        self.key = key
+        self.parsed_section = parsed_section
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self)
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        # TODO: is there a bug because we are not using the same
+        #   logic as in fetch_string()?
+        data = engine.resolve_context(context, self.key)
+        # Note that lambdas are considered truthy for inverted sections
+        # per the spec.
+        if data:
+            return u''
+        return self.parsed_section.render(engine, context)
+
+
+class _SectionNode(object):
+
+    # TODO: the template_ and parsed_template_ arguments don't both seem
+    # to be necessary.  Can we remove one of them?  For example, if
+    # callable(data) is True, then the initial parsed_template isn't used.
+    def __init__(self, key, parsed, delimiters, template, index_begin, index_end):
+        self.delimiters = delimiters
+        self.key = key
+        self.parsed = parsed
+        self.template = template
+        self.index_begin = index_begin
+        self.index_end = index_end
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return _format(self, exclude=['delimiters', 'template'])
+
+    def render(self, engine, context):
+        values = engine.fetch_section_data(context, self.key)
+
+        parts = []
+        for val in values:
+            if callable(val):
+                # Lambdas special case section rendering and bypass pushing
+                # the data value onto the context stack.  From the spec--
+                #
+                #   When used as the data value for a Section tag, the
+                #   lambda MUST be treatable as an arity 1 function, and
+                #   invoked as such (passing a String containing the
+                #   unprocessed section contents).  The returned value
+                #   MUST be rendered against the current delimiters, then
+                #   interpolated in place of the section.
+                #
+                #  Also see--
+                #
+                #   https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/issues/113
+                #
+                # TODO: should we check the arity?
+                val = val(self.template[self.index_begin:self.index_end])
+                val = engine._render_value(val, context, delimiters=self.delimiters)
+                parts.append(val)
+                continue
+
+            context.push(val)
+            parts.append(self.parsed.render(engine, context))
+            context.pop()
+
+        return unicode(''.join(parts))
+
+
+class _Parser(object):
+
+    _delimiters = None
+    _template_re = None
+
+    def __init__(self, delimiters=None):
+        if delimiters is None:
+            delimiters = defaults.DELIMITERS
+
+        self._delimiters = delimiters
+
+    def _compile_delimiters(self):
+        self._template_re = _compile_template_re(self._delimiters)
+
+    def _change_delimiters(self, delimiters):
+        self._delimiters = delimiters
+        self._compile_delimiters()
+
+    def parse(self, template):
+        """
+        Parse a template string starting at some index.
+
+        This method uses the current tag delimiter.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          template: a unicode string that is the template to parse.
+
+          index: the index at which to start parsing.
+
+        Returns:
+
+          a ParsedTemplate instance.
+
+        """
+        self._compile_delimiters()
+
+        start_index = 0
+        content_end_index, parsed_section, section_key = None, None, None
+        parsed_template = ParsedTemplate()
+
+        states = []
+
+        while True:
+            match = self._template_re.search(template, start_index)
+
+            if match is None:
+                break
+
+            match_index = match.start()
+            end_index = match.end()
+
+            matches = match.groupdict()
+
+            # Normalize the matches dictionary.
+            if matches['change'] is not None:
+                matches.update(tag='=', tag_key=matches['delims'])
+            elif matches['raw'] is not None:
+                matches.update(tag='&', tag_key=matches['raw_name'])
+
+            tag_type = matches['tag']
+            tag_key = matches['tag_key']
+            leading_whitespace = matches['whitespace']
+
+            # Standalone (non-interpolation) tags consume the entire line,
+            # both leading whitespace and trailing newline.
+            did_tag_begin_line = match_index == 0 or template[match_index - 1] in END_OF_LINE_CHARACTERS
+            did_tag_end_line = end_index == len(template) or template[end_index] in END_OF_LINE_CHARACTERS
+            is_tag_interpolating = tag_type in ['', '&']
+
+            if did_tag_begin_line and did_tag_end_line and not is_tag_interpolating:
+                if end_index < len(template):
+                    end_index += template[end_index] == '\r' and 1 or 0
+                if end_index < len(template):
+                    end_index += template[end_index] == '\n' and 1 or 0
+            elif leading_whitespace:
+                match_index += len(leading_whitespace)
+                leading_whitespace = ''
+
+            # Avoid adding spurious empty strings to the parse tree.
+            if start_index != match_index:
+                parsed_template.add(template[start_index:match_index])
+
+            start_index = end_index
+
+            if tag_type in ('#', '^'):
+                # Cache current state.
+                state = (tag_type, end_index, section_key, parsed_template)
+                states.append(state)
+
+                # Initialize new state
+                section_key, parsed_template = tag_key, ParsedTemplate()
+                continue
+
+            if tag_type == '/':
+                if tag_key != section_key:
+                    raise ParsingError("Section end tag mismatch: %s != %s" % (tag_key, section_key))
+
+                # Restore previous state with newly found section data.
+                parsed_section = parsed_template
+
+                (tag_type, section_start_index, section_key, parsed_template) = states.pop()
+                node = self._make_section_node(template, tag_type, tag_key, parsed_section,
+                                               section_start_index, match_index)
+
+            else:
+                node = self._make_interpolation_node(tag_type, tag_key, leading_whitespace)
+
+            parsed_template.add(node)
+
+        # Avoid adding spurious empty strings to the parse tree.
+        if start_index != len(template):
+            parsed_template.add(template[start_index:])
+
+        return parsed_template
+
+    def _make_interpolation_node(self, tag_type, tag_key, leading_whitespace):
+        """
+        Create and return a non-section node for the parse tree.
+
+        """
+        # TODO: switch to using a dictionary instead of a bunch of ifs and elifs.
+        if tag_type == '!':
+            return _CommentNode()
+
+        if tag_type == '=':
+            delimiters = tag_key.split()
+            self._change_delimiters(delimiters)
+            return _ChangeNode(delimiters)
+
+        if tag_type == '':
+            return _EscapeNode(tag_key)
+
+        if tag_type == '&':
+            return _LiteralNode(tag_key)
+
+        if tag_type == '>':
+            return _PartialNode(tag_key, leading_whitespace)
+
+        raise Exception("Invalid symbol for interpolation tag: %s" % repr(tag_type))
+
+    def _make_section_node(self, template, tag_type, tag_key, parsed_section,
+                           section_start_index, section_end_index):
+        """
+        Create and return a section node for the parse tree.
+
+        """
+        if tag_type == '#':
+            return _SectionNode(tag_key, parsed_section, self._delimiters,
+                               template, section_start_index, section_end_index)
+
+        if tag_type == '^':
+            return _InvertedNode(tag_key, parsed_section)
+
+        raise Exception("Invalid symbol for section tag: %s" % repr(tag_type))
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/renderengine.py b/python/pystache/pystache/renderengine.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c797b1765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/renderengine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Defines a class responsible for rendering logic.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from pystache.common import is_string
+from pystache.parser import parse
+
+
+def context_get(stack, name):
+    """
+    Find and return a name from a ContextStack instance.
+
+    """
+    return stack.get(name)
+
+
+class RenderEngine(object):
+
+    """
+    Provides a render() method.
+
+    This class is meant only for internal use.
+
+    As a rule, the code in this class operates on unicode strings where
+    possible rather than, say, strings of type str or markupsafe.Markup.
+    This means that strings obtained from "external" sources like partials
+    and variable tag values are immediately converted to unicode (or
+    escaped and converted to unicode) before being operated on further.
+    This makes maintaining, reasoning about, and testing the correctness
+    of the code much simpler.  In particular, it keeps the implementation
+    of this class independent of the API details of one (or possibly more)
+    unicode subclasses (e.g. markupsafe.Markup).
+
+    """
+
+    # TODO: it would probably be better for the constructor to accept
+    #   and set as an attribute a single RenderResolver instance
+    #   that encapsulates the customizable aspects of converting
+    #   strings and resolving partials and names from context.
+    def __init__(self, literal=None, escape=None, resolve_context=None,
+                 resolve_partial=None, to_str=None):
+        """
+        Arguments:
+
+          literal: the function used to convert unescaped variable tag
+            values to unicode, e.g. the value corresponding to a tag
+            "{{{name}}}".  The function should accept a string of type
+            str or unicode (or a subclass) and return a string of type
+            unicode (but not a proper subclass of unicode).
+                This class will only pass basestring instances to this
+            function.  For example, it will call str() on integer variable
+            values prior to passing them to this function.
+
+          escape: the function used to escape and convert variable tag
+            values to unicode, e.g. the value corresponding to a tag
+            "{{name}}".  The function should obey the same properties
+            described above for the "literal" function argument.
+                This function should take care to convert any str
+            arguments to unicode just as the literal function should, as
+            this class will not pass tag values to literal prior to passing
+            them to this function.  This allows for more flexibility,
+            for example using a custom escape function that handles
+            incoming strings of type markupsafe.Markup differently
+            from plain unicode strings.
+
+          resolve_context: the function to call to resolve a name against
+            a context stack.  The function should accept two positional
+            arguments: a ContextStack instance and a name to resolve.
+
+          resolve_partial: the function to call when loading a partial.
+            The function should accept a template name string and return a
+            template string of type unicode (not a subclass).
+
+          to_str: a function that accepts an object and returns a string (e.g.
+            the built-in function str).  This function is used for string
+            coercion whenever a string is required (e.g. for converting None
+            or 0 to a string).
+
+        """
+        self.escape = escape
+        self.literal = literal
+        self.resolve_context = resolve_context
+        self.resolve_partial = resolve_partial
+        self.to_str = to_str
+
+    # TODO: Rename context to stack throughout this module.
+
+    # From the spec:
+    #
+    #   When used as the data value for an Interpolation tag, the lambda
+    #   MUST be treatable as an arity 0 function, and invoked as such.
+    #   The returned value MUST be rendered against the default delimiters,
+    #   then interpolated in place of the lambda.
+    #
+    def fetch_string(self, context, name):
+        """
+        Get a value from the given context as a basestring instance.
+
+        """
+        val = self.resolve_context(context, name)
+
+        if callable(val):
+            # Return because _render_value() is already a string.
+            return self._render_value(val(), context)
+
+        if not is_string(val):
+            return self.to_str(val)
+
+        return val
+
+    def fetch_section_data(self, context, name):
+        """
+        Fetch the value of a section as a list.
+
+        """
+        data = self.resolve_context(context, name)
+
+        # From the spec:
+        #
+        #   If the data is not of a list type, it is coerced into a list
+        #   as follows: if the data is truthy (e.g. `!!data == true`),
+        #   use a single-element list containing the data, otherwise use
+        #   an empty list.
+        #
+        if not data:
+            data = []
+        else:
+            # The least brittle way to determine whether something
+            # supports iteration is by trying to call iter() on it:
+            #
+            #   http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#iter
+            #
+            # It is not sufficient, for example, to check whether the item
+            # implements __iter__ () (the iteration protocol).  There is
+            # also __getitem__() (the sequence protocol).  In Python 2,
+            # strings do not implement __iter__(), but in Python 3 they do.
+            try:
+                iter(data)
+            except TypeError:
+                # Then the value does not support iteration.
+                data = [data]
+            else:
+                if is_string(data) or isinstance(data, dict):
+                    # Do not treat strings and dicts (which are iterable) as lists.
+                    data = [data]
+                # Otherwise, treat the value as a list.
+
+        return data
+
+    def _render_value(self, val, context, delimiters=None):
+        """
+        Render an arbitrary value.
+
+        """
+        if not is_string(val):
+            # In case the template is an integer, for example.
+            val = self.to_str(val)
+        if type(val) is not unicode:
+            val = self.literal(val)
+        return self.render(val, context, delimiters)
+
+    def render(self, template, context_stack, delimiters=None):
+        """
+        Render a unicode template string, and return as unicode.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          template: a template string of type unicode (but not a proper
+            subclass of unicode).
+
+          context_stack: a ContextStack instance.
+
+        """
+        parsed_template = parse(template, delimiters)
+
+        return parsed_template.render(self, context_stack)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/renderer.py b/python/pystache/pystache/renderer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff6a90c64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/renderer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module provides a Renderer class to render templates.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+from pystache import defaults
+from pystache.common import TemplateNotFoundError, MissingTags, is_string
+from pystache.context import ContextStack, KeyNotFoundError
+from pystache.loader import Loader
+from pystache.parsed import ParsedTemplate
+from pystache.renderengine import context_get, RenderEngine
+from pystache.specloader import SpecLoader
+from pystache.template_spec import TemplateSpec
+
+
+class Renderer(object):
+
+    """
+    A class for rendering mustache templates.
+
+    This class supports several rendering options which are described in
+    the constructor's docstring.  Other behavior can be customized by
+    subclassing this class.
+
+    For example, one can pass a string-string dictionary to the constructor
+    to bypass loading partials from the file system:
+
+    >>> partials = {'partial': 'Hello, {{thing}}!'}
+    >>> renderer = Renderer(partials=partials)
+    >>> # We apply print to make the test work in Python 3 after 2to3.
+    >>> print renderer.render('{{>partial}}', {'thing': 'world'})
+    Hello, world!
+
+    To customize string coercion (e.g. to render False values as ''), one can
+    subclass this class.  For example:
+
+        class MyRenderer(Renderer):
+            def str_coerce(self, val):
+                if not val:
+                    return ''
+                else:
+                    return str(val)
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file_encoding=None, string_encoding=None,
+                 decode_errors=None, search_dirs=None, file_extension=None,
+                 escape=None, partials=None, missing_tags=None):
+        """
+        Construct an instance.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          file_encoding: the name of the encoding to use by default when
+            reading template files.  All templates are converted to unicode
+            prior to parsing.  Defaults to the package default.
+
+          string_encoding: the name of the encoding to use when converting
+            to unicode any byte strings (type str in Python 2) encountered
+            during the rendering process.  This name will be passed as the
+            encoding argument to the built-in function unicode().
+            Defaults to the package default.
+
+          decode_errors: the string to pass as the errors argument to the
+            built-in function unicode() when converting byte strings to
+            unicode.  Defaults to the package default.
+
+          search_dirs: the list of directories in which to search when
+            loading a template by name or file name.  If given a string,
+            the method interprets the string as a single directory.
+            Defaults to the package default.
+
+          file_extension: the template file extension.  Pass False for no
+            extension (i.e. to use extensionless template files).
+            Defaults to the package default.
+
+          partials: an object (e.g. a dictionary) for custom partial loading
+            during the rendering process.
+                The object should have a get() method that accepts a string
+            and returns the corresponding template as a string, preferably
+            as a unicode string.  If there is no template with that name,
+            the get() method should either return None (as dict.get() does)
+            or raise an exception.
+                If this argument is None, the rendering process will use
+            the normal procedure of locating and reading templates from
+            the file system -- using relevant instance attributes like
+            search_dirs, file_encoding, etc.
+
+          escape: the function used to escape variable tag values when
+            rendering a template.  The function should accept a unicode
+            string (or subclass of unicode) and return an escaped string
+            that is again unicode (or a subclass of unicode).
+                This function need not handle strings of type `str` because
+            this class will only pass it unicode strings.  The constructor
+            assigns this function to the constructed instance's escape()
+            method.
+                To disable escaping entirely, one can pass `lambda u: u`
+            as the escape function, for example.  One may also wish to
+            consider using markupsafe's escape function: markupsafe.escape().
+            This argument defaults to the package default.
+
+          missing_tags: a string specifying how to handle missing tags.
+            If 'strict', an error is raised on a missing tag.  If 'ignore',
+            the value of the tag is the empty string.  Defaults to the
+            package default.
+
+        """
+        if decode_errors is None:
+            decode_errors = defaults.DECODE_ERRORS
+
+        if escape is None:
+            escape = defaults.TAG_ESCAPE
+
+        if file_encoding is None:
+            file_encoding = defaults.FILE_ENCODING
+
+        if file_extension is None:
+            file_extension = defaults.TEMPLATE_EXTENSION
+
+        if missing_tags is None:
+            missing_tags = defaults.MISSING_TAGS
+
+        if search_dirs is None:
+            search_dirs = defaults.SEARCH_DIRS
+
+        if string_encoding is None:
+            string_encoding = defaults.STRING_ENCODING
+
+        if isinstance(search_dirs, basestring):
+            search_dirs = [search_dirs]
+
+        self._context = None
+        self.decode_errors = decode_errors
+        self.escape = escape
+        self.file_encoding = file_encoding
+        self.file_extension = file_extension
+        self.missing_tags = missing_tags
+        self.partials = partials
+        self.search_dirs = search_dirs
+        self.string_encoding = string_encoding
+
+    # This is an experimental way of giving views access to the current context.
+    # TODO: consider another approach of not giving access via a property,
+    #   but instead letting the caller pass the initial context to the
+    #   main render() method by reference.  This approach would probably
+    #   be less likely to be misused.
+    @property
+    def context(self):
+        """
+        Return the current rendering context [experimental].
+
+        """
+        return self._context
+
+    # We could not choose str() as the name because 2to3 renames the unicode()
+    # method of this class to str().
+    def str_coerce(self, val):
+        """
+        Coerce a non-string value to a string.
+
+        This method is called whenever a non-string is encountered during the
+        rendering process when a string is needed (e.g. if a context value
+        for string interpolation is not a string).  To customize string
+        coercion, you can override this method.
+
+        """
+        return str(val)
+
+    def _to_unicode_soft(self, s):
+        """
+        Convert a basestring to unicode, preserving any unicode subclass.
+
+        """
+        # We type-check to avoid "TypeError: decoding Unicode is not supported".
+        # We avoid the Python ternary operator for Python 2.4 support.
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            return s
+        return self.unicode(s)
+
+    def _to_unicode_hard(self, s):
+        """
+        Convert a basestring to a string with type unicode (not subclass).
+
+        """
+        return unicode(self._to_unicode_soft(s))
+
+    def _escape_to_unicode(self, s):
+        """
+        Convert a basestring to unicode (preserving any unicode subclass), and escape it.
+
+        Returns a unicode string (not subclass).
+
+        """
+        return unicode(self.escape(self._to_unicode_soft(s)))
+
+    def unicode(self, b, encoding=None):
+        """
+        Convert a byte string to unicode, using string_encoding and decode_errors.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          b: a byte string.
+
+          encoding: the name of an encoding.  Defaults to the string_encoding
+            attribute for this instance.
+
+        Raises:
+
+          TypeError: Because this method calls Python's built-in unicode()
+            function, this method raises the following exception if the
+            given string is already unicode:
+
+              TypeError: decoding Unicode is not supported
+
+        """
+        if encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.string_encoding
+
+        # TODO: Wrap UnicodeDecodeErrors with a message about setting
+        # the string_encoding and decode_errors attributes.
+        return unicode(b, encoding, self.decode_errors)
+
+    def _make_loader(self):
+        """
+        Create a Loader instance using current attributes.
+
+        """
+        return Loader(file_encoding=self.file_encoding, extension=self.file_extension,
+                      to_unicode=self.unicode, search_dirs=self.search_dirs)
+
+    def _make_load_template(self):
+        """
+        Return a function that loads a template by name.
+
+        """
+        loader = self._make_loader()
+
+        def load_template(template_name):
+            return loader.load_name(template_name)
+
+        return load_template
+
+    def _make_load_partial(self):
+        """
+        Return a function that loads a partial by name.
+
+        """
+        if self.partials is None:
+            return self._make_load_template()
+
+        # Otherwise, create a function from the custom partial loader.
+        partials = self.partials
+
+        def load_partial(name):
+            # TODO: consider using EAFP here instead.
+            #     http://docs.python.org/glossary.html#term-eafp
+            #   This would mean requiring that the custom partial loader
+            #   raise a KeyError on name not found.
+            template = partials.get(name)
+            if template is None:
+                raise TemplateNotFoundError("Name %s not found in partials: %s" %
+                                            (repr(name), type(partials)))
+
+            # RenderEngine requires that the return value be unicode.
+            return self._to_unicode_hard(template)
+
+        return load_partial
+
+    def _is_missing_tags_strict(self):
+        """
+        Return whether missing_tags is set to strict.
+
+        """
+        val = self.missing_tags
+
+        if val == MissingTags.strict:
+            return True
+        elif val == MissingTags.ignore:
+            return False
+
+        raise Exception("Unsupported 'missing_tags' value: %s" % repr(val))
+
+    def _make_resolve_partial(self):
+        """
+        Return the resolve_partial function to pass to RenderEngine.__init__().
+
+        """
+        load_partial = self._make_load_partial()
+
+        if self._is_missing_tags_strict():
+            return load_partial
+        # Otherwise, ignore missing tags.
+
+        def resolve_partial(name):
+            try:
+                return load_partial(name)
+            except TemplateNotFoundError:
+                return u''
+
+        return resolve_partial
+
+    def _make_resolve_context(self):
+        """
+        Return the resolve_context function to pass to RenderEngine.__init__().
+
+        """
+        if self._is_missing_tags_strict():
+            return context_get
+        # Otherwise, ignore missing tags.
+
+        def resolve_context(stack, name):
+            try:
+                return context_get(stack, name)
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                return u''
+
+        return resolve_context
+
+    def _make_render_engine(self):
+        """
+        Return a RenderEngine instance for rendering.
+
+        """
+        resolve_context = self._make_resolve_context()
+        resolve_partial = self._make_resolve_partial()
+
+        engine = RenderEngine(literal=self._to_unicode_hard,
+                              escape=self._escape_to_unicode,
+                              resolve_context=resolve_context,
+                              resolve_partial=resolve_partial,
+                              to_str=self.str_coerce)
+        return engine
+
+    # TODO: add unit tests for this method.
+    def load_template(self, template_name):
+        """
+        Load a template by name from the file system.
+
+        """
+        load_template = self._make_load_template()
+        return load_template(template_name)
+
+    def _render_object(self, obj, *context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Render the template associated with the given object.
+
+        """
+        loader = self._make_loader()
+
+        # TODO: consider an approach that does not require using an if
+        #   block here.  For example, perhaps this class's loader can be
+        #   a SpecLoader in all cases, and the SpecLoader instance can
+        #   check the object's type.  Or perhaps Loader and SpecLoader
+        #   can be refactored to implement the same interface.
+        if isinstance(obj, TemplateSpec):
+            loader = SpecLoader(loader)
+            template = loader.load(obj)
+        else:
+            template = loader.load_object(obj)
+
+        context = [obj] + list(context)
+
+        return self._render_string(template, *context, **kwargs)
+
+    def render_name(self, template_name, *context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Render the template with the given name using the given context.
+
+        See the render() docstring for more information.
+
+        """
+        loader = self._make_loader()
+        template = loader.load_name(template_name)
+        return self._render_string(template, *context, **kwargs)
+
+    def render_path(self, template_path, *context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Render the template at the given path using the given context.
+
+        Read the render() docstring for more information.
+
+        """
+        loader = self._make_loader()
+        template = loader.read(template_path)
+
+        return self._render_string(template, *context, **kwargs)
+
+    def _render_string(self, template, *context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Render the given template string using the given context.
+
+        """
+        # RenderEngine.render() requires that the template string be unicode.
+        template = self._to_unicode_hard(template)
+
+        render_func = lambda engine, stack: engine.render(template, stack)
+
+        return self._render_final(render_func, *context, **kwargs)
+
+    # All calls to render() should end here because it prepares the
+    # context stack correctly.
+    def _render_final(self, render_func, *context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Arguments:
+
+          render_func: a function that accepts a RenderEngine and ContextStack
+            instance and returns a template rendering as a unicode string.
+
+        """
+        stack = ContextStack.create(*context, **kwargs)
+        self._context = stack
+
+        engine = self._make_render_engine()
+
+        return render_func(engine, stack)
+
+    def render(self, template, *context, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Render the given template string, view template, or parsed template.
+
+        Returns a unicode string.
+
+        Prior to rendering, this method will convert a template that is a
+        byte string (type str in Python 2) to unicode using the string_encoding
+        and decode_errors attributes.  See the constructor docstring for
+        more information.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          template: a template string that is unicode or a byte string,
+            a ParsedTemplate instance, or another object instance.  In the
+            final case, the function first looks for the template associated
+            to the object by calling this class's get_associated_template()
+            method.  The rendering process also uses the passed object as
+            the first element of the context stack when rendering.
+
+          *context: zero or more dictionaries, ContextStack instances, or objects
+            with which to populate the initial context stack.  None
+            arguments are skipped.  Items in the *context list are added to
+            the context stack in order so that later items in the argument
+            list take precedence over earlier items.
+
+          **kwargs: additional key-value data to add to the context stack.
+            As these arguments appear after all items in the *context list,
+            in the case of key conflicts these values take precedence over
+            all items in the *context list.
+
+        """
+        if is_string(template):
+            return self._render_string(template, *context, **kwargs)
+        if isinstance(template, ParsedTemplate):
+            render_func = lambda engine, stack: template.render(engine, stack)
+            return self._render_final(render_func, *context, **kwargs)
+        # Otherwise, we assume the template is an object.
+
+        return self._render_object(template, *context, **kwargs)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/specloader.py b/python/pystache/pystache/specloader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a77d4c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/specloader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This module supports customized (aka special or specified) template loading.
+
+"""
+
+import os.path
+
+from pystache.loader import Loader
+
+
+# TODO: add test cases for this class.
+class SpecLoader(object):
+
+    """
+    Supports loading custom-specified templates (from TemplateSpec instances).
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, loader=None):
+        if loader is None:
+            loader = Loader()
+
+        self.loader = loader
+
+    def _find_relative(self, spec):
+        """
+        Return the path to the template as a relative (dir, file_name) pair.
+
+        The directory returned is relative to the directory containing the
+        class definition of the given object.  The method returns None for
+        this directory if the directory is unknown without first searching
+        the search directories.
+
+        """
+        if spec.template_rel_path is not None:
+            return os.path.split(spec.template_rel_path)
+        # Otherwise, determine the file name separately.
+
+        locator = self.loader._make_locator()
+
+        # We do not use the ternary operator for Python 2.4 support.
+        if spec.template_name is not None:
+            template_name = spec.template_name
+        else:
+            template_name = locator.make_template_name(spec)
+
+        file_name = locator.make_file_name(template_name, spec.template_extension)
+
+        return (spec.template_rel_directory, file_name)
+
+    def _find(self, spec):
+        """
+        Find and return the path to the template associated to the instance.
+
+        """
+        if spec.template_path is not None:
+            return spec.template_path
+
+        dir_path, file_name = self._find_relative(spec)
+
+        locator = self.loader._make_locator()
+
+        if dir_path is None:
+            # Then we need to search for the path.
+            path = locator.find_object(spec, self.loader.search_dirs, file_name=file_name)
+        else:
+            obj_dir = locator.get_object_directory(spec)
+            path = os.path.join(obj_dir, dir_path, file_name)
+
+        return path
+
+    def load(self, spec):
+        """
+        Find and return the template associated to a TemplateSpec instance.
+
+        Returns the template as a unicode string.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+          spec: a TemplateSpec instance.
+
+        """
+        if spec.template is not None:
+            return self.loader.unicode(spec.template, spec.template_encoding)
+
+        path = self._find(spec)
+
+        return self.loader.read(path, spec.template_encoding)
diff --git a/python/pystache/pystache/template_spec.py b/python/pystache/pystache/template_spec.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e9f454c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/pystache/template_spec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Provides a class to customize template information on a per-view basis.
+
+To customize template properties for a particular view, create that view
+from a class that subclasses TemplateSpec.  The "spec" in TemplateSpec
+stands for "special" or "specified" template information.
+
+"""
+
+class TemplateSpec(object):
+
+    """
+    A mixin or interface for specifying custom template information.
+
+    The "spec" in TemplateSpec can be taken to mean that the template
+    information is either "specified" or "special."
+
+    A view should subclass this class only if customized template loading
+    is needed.  The following attributes allow one to customize/override
+    template information on a per view basis.  A None value means to use
+    default behavior for that value and perform no customization.  All
+    attributes are initialized to None.
+
+    Attributes:
+
+      template: the template as a string.
+
+      template_encoding: the encoding used by the template.
+
+      template_extension: the template file extension.  Defaults to "mustache".
+        Pass False for no extension (i.e. extensionless template files).
+
+      template_name: the name of the template.
+
+      template_path: absolute path to the template.
+
+      template_rel_directory: the directory containing the template file,
+        relative to the directory containing the module defining the class.
+
+      template_rel_path: the path to the template file, relative to the
+        directory containing the module defining the class.
+
+    """
+
+    template = None
+    template_encoding = None
+    template_extension = None
+    template_name = None
+    template_path = None
+    template_rel_directory = None
+    template_rel_path = None
diff --git a/python/pystache/setup.py b/python/pystache/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d99aae8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+This script supports publishing Pystache to PyPI.
+
+This docstring contains instructions to Pystache maintainers on how
+to release a new version of Pystache.
+
+(1) Prepare the release.
+
+Make sure the code is finalized and merged to master.  Bump the version
+number in setup.py, update the release date in the HISTORY file, etc.
+
+Generate the reStructuredText long_description using--
+
+    $ python setup.py prep
+
+and be sure this new version is checked in.  You must have pandoc installed
+to do this step:
+
+    http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
+
+It helps to review this auto-generated file on GitHub prior to uploading
+because the long description will be sent to PyPI and appear there after
+publishing.  PyPI attempts to convert this string to HTML before displaying
+it on the PyPI project page.  If PyPI finds any issues, it will render it
+instead as plain-text, which we do not want.
+
+To check in advance that PyPI will accept and parse the reST file as HTML,
+you can use the rst2html program installed by the docutils package
+(http://docutils.sourceforge.net/).  To install docutils:
+
+    $ pip install docutils
+
+To check the file, run the following command and confirm that it reports
+no warnings:
+
+    $ python setup.py --long-description | rst2html.py -v --no-raw > out.html
+
+See here for more information:
+
+    http://docs.python.org/distutils/uploading.html#pypi-package-display
+
+(2) Push to PyPI.  To release a new version of Pystache to PyPI--
+
+    http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pystache
+
+create a PyPI user account if you do not already have one.  The user account
+will need permissions to push to PyPI.  A current "Package Index Owner" of
+Pystache can grant you those permissions.
+
+When you have permissions, run the following:
+
+    python setup.py publish
+
+If you get an error like the following--
+
+    Upload failed (401): You must be identified to edit package information
+
+then add a file called .pyirc to your home directory with the following
+contents:
+
+    [server-login]
+    username: <PyPI username>
+    password: <PyPI password>
+
+as described here, for example:
+
+    http://docs.python.org/release/2.5.2/dist/pypirc.html
+
+(3) Tag the release on GitHub.  Here are some commands for tagging.
+
+List current tags:
+
+    git tag -l -n3
+
+Create an annotated tag:
+
+    git tag -a -m "Version 0.5.1" "v0.5.1"
+
+Push a tag to GitHub:
+
+    git push --tags defunkt v0.5.1
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+
+py_version = sys.version_info
+
+# distutils does not seem to support the following setup() arguments.
+# It displays a UserWarning when setup() is passed those options:
+#
+#  * entry_points
+#  * install_requires
+#
+# distribute works with Python 2.3.5 and above:
+#
+#   http://packages.python.org/distribute/setuptools.html#building-and-distributing-packages-with-distribute
+#
+if py_version < (2, 3, 5):
+    # TODO: this might not work yet.
+    import distutils as dist
+    from distutils import core
+    setup = core.setup
+else:
+    import setuptools as dist
+    setup = dist.setup
+
+
+VERSION = '0.5.4'  # Also change in pystache/__init__.py.
+
+FILE_ENCODING = 'utf-8'
+
+README_PATH = 'README.md'
+HISTORY_PATH = 'HISTORY.md'
+LICENSE_PATH = 'LICENSE'
+
+RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH = 'setup_description.rst'
+
+TEMP_EXTENSION = '.temp'
+
+PREP_COMMAND = 'prep'
+
+CLASSIFIERS = (
+    'Development Status :: 4 - Beta',
+    'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+    'Programming Language :: Python',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.4',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy',
+)
+
+# Comments in reST begin with two dots.
+RST_LONG_DESCRIPTION_INTRO = """\
+.. Do not edit this file.  This file is auto-generated for PyPI by setup.py
+.. using pandoc, so edits should go in the source files rather than here.
+"""
+
+
+def read(path):
+    """
+    Read and return the contents of a text file as a unicode string.
+
+    """
+    # This function implementation was chosen to be compatible across Python 2/3.
+    f = open(path, 'rb')
+    # We avoid use of the with keyword for Python 2.4 support.
+    try:
+        b = f.read()
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+    return b.decode(FILE_ENCODING)
+
+
+def write(u, path):
+    """
+    Write a unicode string to a file (as utf-8).
+
+    """
+    print("writing to: %s" % path)
+    # This function implementation was chosen to be compatible across Python 2/3.
+    f = open(path, "wb")
+    try:
+        b = u.encode(FILE_ENCODING)
+        f.write(b)
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+
+def make_temp_path(path, new_ext=None):
+    """
+    Arguments:
+
+      new_ext: the new file extension, including the leading dot.
+        Defaults to preserving the existing file extension.
+
+    """
+    root, ext = os.path.splitext(path)
+    if new_ext is None:
+        new_ext = ext
+    temp_path = root + TEMP_EXTENSION + new_ext
+    return temp_path
+
+
+def strip_html_comments(text):
+    """Strip HTML comments from a unicode string."""
+    lines = text.splitlines(True)  # preserve line endings.
+
+    # Remove HTML comments (which we only allow to take a special form).
+    new_lines = filter(lambda line: not line.startswith("<!--"), lines)
+
+    return "".join(new_lines)
+
+
+# We write the converted file to a temp file to simplify debugging and
+# to avoid removing a valid pre-existing file on failure.
+def convert_md_to_rst(md_path, rst_temp_path):
+    """
+    Convert the contents of a file from Markdown to reStructuredText.
+
+    Returns the converted text as a Unicode string.
+
+    Arguments:
+
+      md_path: a path to a UTF-8 encoded Markdown file to convert.
+
+      rst_temp_path: a temporary path to which to write the converted contents.
+
+    """
+    # Pandoc uses the UTF-8 character encoding for both input and output.
+    command = "pandoc --write=rst --output=%s %s" % (rst_temp_path, md_path)
+    print("converting with pandoc: %s to %s\n-->%s" % (md_path, rst_temp_path,
+                                                       command))
+
+    if os.path.exists(rst_temp_path):
+        os.remove(rst_temp_path)
+
+    os.system(command)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(rst_temp_path):
+        s = ("Error running: %s\n"
+             "  Did you install pandoc per the %s docstring?" % (command,
+                                                                 __file__))
+        sys.exit(s)
+
+    return read(rst_temp_path)
+
+
+# The long_description needs to be formatted as reStructuredText.
+# See the following for more information:
+#
+#   http://docs.python.org/distutils/setupscript.html#additional-meta-data
+#   http://docs.python.org/distutils/uploading.html#pypi-package-display
+#
+def make_long_description():
+    """
+    Generate the reST long_description for setup() from source files.
+
+    Returns the generated long_description as a unicode string.
+
+    """
+    readme_path = README_PATH
+
+    # Remove our HTML comments because PyPI does not allow it.
+    # See the setup.py docstring for more info on this.
+    readme_md = strip_html_comments(read(readme_path))
+    history_md = strip_html_comments(read(HISTORY_PATH))
+    license_md = """\
+License
+=======
+
+""" + read(LICENSE_PATH)
+
+    sections = [readme_md, history_md, license_md]
+    md_description = '\n\n'.join(sections)
+
+    # Write the combined Markdown file to a temp path.
+    md_ext = os.path.splitext(readme_path)[1]
+    md_description_path = make_temp_path(RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH, new_ext=md_ext)
+    write(md_description, md_description_path)
+
+    rst_temp_path = make_temp_path(RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH)
+    long_description = convert_md_to_rst(md_path=md_description_path,
+                                         rst_temp_path=rst_temp_path)
+
+    return "\n".join([RST_LONG_DESCRIPTION_INTRO, long_description])
+
+
+def prep():
+    """Update the reST long_description file."""
+    long_description = make_long_description()
+    write(long_description, RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH)
+
+
+def publish():
+    """Publish this package to PyPI (aka "the Cheeseshop")."""
+    long_description = make_long_description()
+
+    if long_description != read(RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH):
+        print("""\
+Description file not up-to-date: %s
+Run the following command and commit the changes--
+
+    python setup.py %s
+""" % (RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH, PREP_COMMAND))
+        sys.exit()
+
+    print("Description up-to-date: %s" % RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH)
+
+    answer = raw_input("Are you sure you want to publish to PyPI (yes/no)?")
+
+    if answer != "yes":
+        exit("Aborted: nothing published")
+
+    os.system('python setup.py sdist upload')
+
+
+# We use the package simplejson for older Python versions since Python
+# does not contain the module json before 2.6:
+#
+#   http://docs.python.org/library/json.html
+#
+# Moreover, simplejson stopped officially support for Python 2.4 in version 2.1.0:
+#
+#   https://github.com/simplejson/simplejson/blob/master/CHANGES.txt
+#
+requires = []
+if py_version < (2, 5):
+    requires.append('simplejson<2.1')
+elif py_version < (2, 6):
+    requires.append('simplejson')
+
+INSTALL_REQUIRES = requires
+
+# TODO: decide whether to use find_packages() instead.  I'm not sure that
+#   find_packages() is available with distutils, for example.
+PACKAGES = [
+    'pystache',
+    'pystache.commands',
+    # The following packages are only for testing.
+    'pystache.tests',
+    'pystache.tests.data',
+    'pystache.tests.data.locator',
+    'pystache.tests.examples',
+]
+
+
+# The purpose of this function is to follow the guidance suggested here:
+#
+#   http://packages.python.org/distribute/python3.html#note-on-compatibility-with-setuptools
+#
+# The guidance is for better compatibility when using setuptools (e.g. with
+# earlier versions of Python 2) instead of Distribute, because of new
+# keyword arguments to setup() that setuptools may not recognize.
+def get_extra_args():
+    """
+    Return a dictionary of extra args to pass to setup().
+
+    """
+    extra = {}
+    # TODO: it might be more correct to check whether we are using
+    #   Distribute instead of setuptools, since use_2to3 doesn't take
+    #   effect when using Python 2, even when using Distribute.
+    if py_version >= (3, ):
+        # Causes 2to3 to be run during the build step.
+        extra['use_2to3'] = True
+
+    return extra
+
+
+def main(sys_argv):
+
+    # TODO: use the logging module instead of printing.
+    # TODO: include the following in a verbose mode.
+    sys.stderr.write("pystache: using: version %s of %s\n" % (repr(dist.__version__), repr(dist)))
+
+    command = sys_argv[-1]
+
+    if command == 'publish':
+        publish()
+        sys.exit()
+    elif command == PREP_COMMAND:
+        prep()
+        sys.exit()
+
+    long_description = read(RST_DESCRIPTION_PATH)
+    template_files = ['*.mustache', '*.txt']
+    extra_args = get_extra_args()
+
+    setup(name='pystache',
+          version=VERSION,
+          license='MIT',
+          description='Mustache for Python',
+          long_description=long_description,
+          author='Chris Wanstrath',
+          author_email='chris@ozmm.org',
+          maintainer='Chris Jerdonek',
+          maintainer_email='chris.jerdonek@gmail.com',
+          url='http://github.com/defunkt/pystache',
+          install_requires=INSTALL_REQUIRES,
+          packages=PACKAGES,
+          package_data = {
+              # Include template files so tests can be run.
+              'pystache.tests.data': template_files,
+              'pystache.tests.data.locator': template_files,
+              'pystache.tests.examples': template_files,
+          },
+          entry_points = {
+            'console_scripts': [
+                'pystache=pystache.commands.render:main',
+                'pystache-test=pystache.commands.test:main',
+            ],
+          },
+          classifiers = CLASSIFIERS,
+          **extra_args
+    )
+
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    main(sys.argv)
diff --git a/python/pystache/setup_description.rst b/python/pystache/setup_description.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..724c45723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/setup_description.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+.. Do not edit this file.  This file is auto-generated for PyPI by setup.py
+.. using pandoc, so edits should go in the source files rather than here.
+
+Pystache
+========
+
+.. figure:: http://defunkt.github.com/pystache/images/logo_phillips.png
+   :alt: mustachioed, monocled snake by David Phillips
+
+.. figure:: https://secure.travis-ci.org/defunkt/pystache.png
+   :alt: Travis CI current build status
+
+`Pystache <http://defunkt.github.com/pystache>`__ is a Python
+implementation of `Mustache <http://mustache.github.com/>`__. Mustache
+is a framework-agnostic, logic-free templating system inspired by
+`ctemplate <http://code.google.com/p/google-ctemplate/>`__ and
+`et <http://www.ivan.fomichev.name/2008/05/erlang-template-engine-prototype.html>`__.
+Like ctemplate, Mustache "emphasizes separating logic from presentation:
+it is impossible to embed application logic in this template language."
+
+The `mustache(5) <http://mustache.github.com/mustache.5.html>`__ man
+page provides a good introduction to Mustache's syntax. For a more
+complete (and more current) description of Mustache's behavior, see the
+official `Mustache spec <https://github.com/mustache/spec>`__.
+
+Pystache is `semantically versioned <http://semver.org>`__ and can be
+found on `PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pystache>`__. This version
+of Pystache passes all tests in `version
+1.1.2 <https://github.com/mustache/spec/tree/v1.1.2>`__ of the spec.
+
+Requirements
+------------
+
+Pystache is tested with--
+
+-  Python 2.4 (requires simplejson `version
+   2.0.9 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/simplejson/2.0.9>`__ or earlier)
+-  Python 2.5 (requires
+   `simplejson <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/simplejson/>`__)
+-  Python 2.6
+-  Python 2.7
+-  Python 3.1
+-  Python 3.2
+-  Python 3.3
+-  `PyPy <http://pypy.org/>`__
+
+`Distribute <http://packages.python.org/distribute/>`__ (the setuptools
+fork) is recommended over
+`setuptools <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>`__, and is required
+in some cases (e.g. for Python 3 support). If you use
+`pip <http://www.pip-installer.org/>`__, you probably already satisfy
+this requirement.
+
+JSON support is needed only for the command-line interface and to run
+the spec tests. We require simplejson for earlier versions of Python
+since Python's `json <http://docs.python.org/library/json.html>`__
+module was added in Python 2.6.
+
+For Python 2.4 we require an earlier version of simplejson since
+simplejson stopped officially supporting Python 2.4 in simplejson
+version 2.1.0. Earlier versions of simplejson can be installed manually,
+as follows:
+
+::
+
+    pip install 'simplejson<2.1.0'
+
+Official support for Python 2.4 will end with Pystache version 0.6.0.
+
+Install It
+----------
+
+::
+
+    pip install pystache
+
+And test it--
+
+::
+
+    pystache-test
+
+To install and test from source (e.g. from GitHub), see the Develop
+section.
+
+Use It
+------
+
+::
+
+    >>> import pystache
+    >>> print pystache.render('Hi {{person}}!', {'person': 'Mom'})
+    Hi Mom!
+
+You can also create dedicated view classes to hold your view logic.
+
+Here's your view class (in .../examples/readme.py):
+
+::
+
+    class SayHello(object):
+        def to(self):
+            return "Pizza"
+
+Instantiating like so:
+
+::
+
+    >>> from pystache.tests.examples.readme import SayHello
+    >>> hello = SayHello()
+
+Then your template, say\_hello.mustache (by default in the same
+directory as your class definition):
+
+::
+
+    Hello, {{to}}!
+
+Pull it together:
+
+::
+
+    >>> renderer = pystache.Renderer()
+    >>> print renderer.render(hello)
+    Hello, Pizza!
+
+For greater control over rendering (e.g. to specify a custom template
+directory), use the ``Renderer`` class like above. One can pass
+attributes to the Renderer class constructor or set them on a Renderer
+instance. To customize template loading on a per-view basis, subclass
+``TemplateSpec``. See the docstrings of the
+`Renderer <https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/blob/master/pystache/renderer.py>`__
+class and
+`TemplateSpec <https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/blob/master/pystache/template_spec.py>`__
+class for more information.
+
+You can also pre-parse a template:
+
+::
+
+    >>> parsed = pystache.parse(u"Hey {{#who}}{{.}}!{{/who}}")
+    >>> print parsed
+    [u'Hey ', _SectionNode(key=u'who', index_begin=12, index_end=18, parsed=[_EscapeNode(key=u'.'), u'!'])]
+
+And then:
+
+::
+
+    >>> print renderer.render(parsed, {'who': 'Pops'})
+    Hey Pops!
+    >>> print renderer.render(parsed, {'who': 'you'})
+    Hey you!
+
+Python 3
+--------
+
+Pystache has supported Python 3 since version 0.5.1. Pystache behaves
+slightly differently between Python 2 and 3, as follows:
+
+-  In Python 2, the default html-escape function ``cgi.escape()`` does
+   not escape single quotes. In Python 3, the default escape function
+   ``html.escape()`` does escape single quotes.
+-  In both Python 2 and 3, the string and file encodings default to
+   ``sys.getdefaultencoding()``. However, this function can return
+   different values under Python 2 and 3, even when run from the same
+   system. Check your own system for the behavior on your system, or do
+   not rely on the defaults by passing in the encodings explicitly (e.g.
+   to the ``Renderer`` class).
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+This section describes how Pystache handles unicode, strings, and
+encodings.
+
+Internally, Pystache uses `only unicode
+strings <http://docs.python.org/howto/unicode.html#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs>`__
+(``str`` in Python 3 and ``unicode`` in Python 2). For input, Pystache
+accepts both unicode strings and byte strings (``bytes`` in Python 3 and
+``str`` in Python 2). For output, Pystache's template rendering methods
+return only unicode.
+
+Pystache's ``Renderer`` class supports a number of attributes to control
+how Pystache converts byte strings to unicode on input. These include
+the ``file_encoding``, ``string_encoding``, and ``decode_errors``
+attributes.
+
+The ``file_encoding`` attribute is the encoding the renderer uses to
+convert to unicode any files read from the file system. Similarly,
+``string_encoding`` is the encoding the renderer uses to convert any
+other byte strings encountered during the rendering process into unicode
+(e.g. context values that are encoded byte strings).
+
+The ``decode_errors`` attribute is what the renderer passes as the
+``errors`` argument to Python's built-in unicode-decoding function
+(``str()`` in Python 3 and ``unicode()`` in Python 2). The valid values
+for this argument are ``strict``, ``ignore``, and ``replace``.
+
+Each of these attributes can be set via the ``Renderer`` class's
+constructor using a keyword argument of the same name. See the Renderer
+class's docstrings for further details. In addition, the
+``file_encoding`` attribute can be controlled on a per-view basis by
+subclassing the ``TemplateSpec`` class. When not specified explicitly,
+these attributes default to values set in Pystache's ``defaults``
+module.
+
+Develop
+-------
+
+To test from a source distribution (without installing)--
+
+::
+
+    python test_pystache.py
+
+To test Pystache with multiple versions of Python (with a single
+command!), you can use `tox <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox>`__:
+
+::
+
+    pip install 'virtualenv<1.8'  # Version 1.8 dropped support for Python 2.4.
+    pip install 'tox<1.4'  # Version 1.4 dropped support for Python 2.4.
+    tox
+
+If you do not have all Python versions listed in ``tox.ini``--
+
+::
+
+    tox -e py26,py32  # for example
+
+The source distribution tests also include doctests and tests from the
+Mustache spec. To include tests from the Mustache spec in your test
+runs:
+
+::
+
+    git submodule init
+    git submodule update
+
+The test harness parses the spec's (more human-readable) yaml files if
+`PyYAML <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyYAML>`__ is present. Otherwise,
+it parses the json files. To install PyYAML--
+
+::
+
+    pip install pyyaml
+
+To run a subset of the tests, you can use
+`nose <http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/0.11.1/testing.html>`__:
+
+::
+
+    pip install nose
+    nosetests --tests pystache/tests/test_context.py:GetValueTests.test_dictionary__key_present
+
+Using Python 3 with Pystache from source
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Pystache is written in Python 2 and must be converted to Python 3 prior
+to using it with Python 3. The installation process (and tox) do this
+automatically.
+
+To convert the code to Python 3 manually (while using Python 3)--
+
+::
+
+    python setup.py build
+
+This writes the converted code to a subdirectory called ``build``. By
+design, Python 3 builds
+`cannot <https://bitbucket.org/tarek/distribute/issue/292/allow-use_2to3-with-python-2>`__
+be created from Python 2.
+
+To convert the code without using setup.py, you can use
+`2to3 <http://docs.python.org/library/2to3.html>`__ as follows (two
+steps)--
+
+::
+
+    2to3 --write --nobackups --no-diffs --doctests_only pystache
+    2to3 --write --nobackups --no-diffs pystache
+
+This converts the code (and doctests) in place.
+
+To ``import pystache`` from a source distribution while using Python 3,
+be sure that you are importing from a directory containing a converted
+version of the code (e.g. from the ``build`` directory after
+converting), and not from the original (unconverted) source directory.
+Otherwise, you will get a syntax error. You can help prevent this by not
+running the Python IDE from the project directory when importing
+Pystache while using Python 3.
+
+Mailing List
+------------
+
+There is a `mailing list <http://librelist.com/browser/pystache/>`__.
+Note that there is a bit of a delay between posting a message and seeing
+it appear in the mailing list archive.
+
+Credits
+-------
+
+::
+
+    >>> context = { 'author': 'Chris Wanstrath', 'maintainer': 'Chris Jerdonek' }
+    >>> print pystache.render("Author: {{author}}\nMaintainer: {{maintainer}}", context)
+    Author: Chris Wanstrath
+    Maintainer: Chris Jerdonek
+
+Pystache logo by `David Phillips <http://davidphillips.us/>`__ is
+licensed under a `Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
+License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US>`__.
+|image0|
+
+History
+=======
+
+**Note:** Official support for Python 2.4 will end with Pystache version
+0.6.0.
+
+0.5.4 (2014-07-11)
+------------------
+
+-  Bugfix: made test with filenames OS agnostic (issue #162).
+
+0.5.3 (2012-11-03)
+------------------
+
+-  Added ability to customize string coercion (e.g. to have None render
+   as ``''``) (issue #130).
+-  Added Renderer.render\_name() to render a template by name (issue
+   #122).
+-  Added TemplateSpec.template\_path to specify an absolute path to a
+   template (issue #41).
+-  Added option of raising errors on missing tags/partials:
+   ``Renderer(missing_tags='strict')`` (issue #110).
+-  Added support for finding and loading templates by file name in
+   addition to by template name (issue #127). [xgecko]
+-  Added a ``parse()`` function that yields a printable, pre-compiled
+   parse tree.
+-  Added support for rendering pre-compiled templates.
+-  Added Python 3.3 to the list of supported versions.
+-  Added support for `PyPy <http://pypy.org/>`__ (issue #125).
+-  Added support for `Travis CI <http://travis-ci.org>`__ (issue #124).
+   [msabramo]
+-  Bugfix: ``defaults.DELIMITERS`` can now be changed at runtime (issue
+   #135). [bennoleslie]
+-  Bugfix: exceptions raised from a property are no longer swallowed
+   when getting a key from a context stack (issue #110).
+-  Bugfix: lambda section values can now return non-ascii, non-unicode
+   strings (issue #118).
+-  Bugfix: allow ``test_pystache.py`` and ``tox`` to pass when run from
+   a downloaded sdist (i.e. without the spec test directory).
+-  Convert HISTORY and README files from reST to Markdown.
+-  More robust handling of byte strings in Python 3.
+-  Added Creative Commons license for David Phillips's logo.
+
+0.5.2 (2012-05-03)
+------------------
+
+-  Added support for dot notation and version 1.1.2 of the spec (issue
+   #99). [rbp]
+-  Missing partials now render as empty string per latest version of
+   spec (issue #115).
+-  Bugfix: falsey values now coerced to strings using str().
+-  Bugfix: lambda return values for sections no longer pushed onto
+   context stack (issue #113).
+-  Bugfix: lists of lambdas for sections were not rendered (issue #114).
+
+0.5.1 (2012-04-24)
+------------------
+
+-  Added support for Python 3.1 and 3.2.
+-  Added tox support to test multiple Python versions.
+-  Added test script entry point: pystache-test.
+-  Added \_\_version\_\_ package attribute.
+-  Test harness now supports both YAML and JSON forms of Mustache spec.
+-  Test harness no longer requires nose.
+
+0.5.0 (2012-04-03)
+------------------
+
+This version represents a major rewrite and refactoring of the code base
+that also adds features and fixes many bugs. All functionality and
+nearly all unit tests have been preserved. However, some backwards
+incompatible changes to the API have been made.
+
+Below is a selection of some of the changes (not exhaustive).
+
+Highlights:
+
+-  Pystache now passes all tests in version 1.0.3 of the `Mustache
+   spec <https://github.com/mustache/spec>`__. [pvande]
+-  Removed View class: it is no longer necessary to subclass from View
+   or from any other class to create a view.
+-  Replaced Template with Renderer class: template rendering behavior
+   can be modified via the Renderer constructor or by setting attributes
+   on a Renderer instance.
+-  Added TemplateSpec class: template rendering can be specified on a
+   per-view basis by subclassing from TemplateSpec.
+-  Introduced separation of concerns and removed circular dependencies
+   (e.g. between Template and View classes, cf. `issue
+   #13 <https://github.com/defunkt/pystache/issues/13>`__).
+-  Unicode now used consistently throughout the rendering process.
+-  Expanded test coverage: nosetests now runs doctests and ~105 test
+   cases from the Mustache spec (increasing the number of tests from 56
+   to ~315).
+-  Added a rudimentary benchmarking script to gauge performance while
+   refactoring.
+-  Extensive documentation added (e.g. docstrings).
+
+Other changes:
+
+-  Added a command-line interface. [vrde]
+-  The main rendering class now accepts a custom partial loader (e.g. a
+   dictionary) and a custom escape function.
+-  Non-ascii characters in str strings are now supported while
+   rendering.
+-  Added string encoding, file encoding, and errors options for decoding
+   to unicode.
+-  Removed the output encoding option.
+-  Removed the use of markupsafe.
+
+Bug fixes:
+
+-  Context values no longer processed as template strings.
+   [jakearchibald]
+-  Whitespace surrounding sections is no longer altered, per the spec.
+   [heliodor]
+-  Zeroes now render correctly when using PyPy. [alex]
+-  Multline comments now permitted. [fczuardi]
+-  Extensionless template files are now supported.
+-  Passing ``**kwargs`` to ``Template()`` no longer modifies the
+   context.
+-  Passing ``**kwargs`` to ``Template()`` with no context no longer
+   raises an exception.
+
+0.4.1 (2012-03-25)
+------------------
+
+-  Added support for Python 2.4. [wangtz, jvantuyl]
+
+0.4.0 (2011-01-12)
+------------------
+
+-  Add support for nested contexts (within template and view)
+-  Add support for inverted lists
+-  Decoupled template loading
+
+0.3.1 (2010-05-07)
+------------------
+
+-  Fix package
+
+0.3.0 (2010-05-03)
+------------------
+
+-  View.template\_path can now hold a list of path
+-  Add {{& blah}} as an alias for {{{ blah }}}
+-  Higher Order Sections
+-  Inverted sections
+
+0.2.0 (2010-02-15)
+------------------
+
+-  Bugfix: Methods returning False or None are not rendered
+-  Bugfix: Don't render an empty string when a tag's value is 0.
+   [enaeseth]
+-  Add support for using non-callables as View attributes.
+   [joshthecoder]
+-  Allow using View instances as attributes. [joshthecoder]
+-  Support for Unicode and non-ASCII-encoded bytestring output.
+   [enaeseth]
+-  Template file encoding awareness. [enaeseth]
+
+0.1.1 (2009-11-13)
+------------------
+
+-  Ensure we're dealing with strings, always
+-  Tests can be run by executing the test file directly
+
+0.1.0 (2009-11-12)
+------------------
+
+-  First release
+
+License
+=======
+
+Copyright (C) 2012 Chris Jerdonek. All rights reserved.
+
+Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Wanstrath
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+.. |image0| image:: http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/3.0/88x31.png
diff --git a/python/pystache/test_pystache.py b/python/pystache/test_pystache.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a1a3ca26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/test_pystache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# coding: utf-8
+
+"""
+Runs project tests.
+
+This script is a substitute for running--
+
+    python -m pystache.commands.test
+
+It is useful in Python 2.4 because the -m flag does not accept subpackages
+in Python 2.4:
+
+  http://docs.python.org/using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+from pystache.commands import test
+from pystache.tests.main import FROM_SOURCE_OPTION
+
+
+def main(sys_argv=sys.argv):
+    sys.argv.insert(1, FROM_SOURCE_OPTION)
+    test.main()
+
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/pystache/tox.ini b/python/pystache/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1eaebfbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pystache/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# A tox configuration file to test across multiple Python versions.
+#
+#   http://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox
+#
+[tox]
+# Tox 1.4 drops py24 and adds py33.  In the current version, we want to
+# support 2.4, so we can't simultaneously support 3.3.
+envlist = py24,py25,py26,py27,py27-yaml,py27-noargs,py31,py32,pypy
+
+[testenv]
+# Change the working directory so that we don't import the pystache located
+# in the original location.
+changedir =
+    {envbindir}
+commands =
+    pystache-test {toxinidir}
+
+# Check that the spec tests work with PyYAML.
+[testenv:py27-yaml]
+basepython =
+    python2.7
+deps =
+    PyYAML
+changedir =
+    {envbindir}
+commands =
+    pystache-test {toxinidir}
+
+# Check that pystache-test works from an install with no arguments.
+[testenv:py27-noargs]
+basepython =
+    python2.7
+changedir =
+    {envbindir}
+commands =
+    pystache-test
diff --git a/python/pytest/.coveragerc b/python/pytest/.coveragerc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27db64e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/.coveragerc
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[run]
+omit = 
+    # standlonetemplate is read dynamically and tested by test_genscript
+    *standalonetemplate.py
+    # oldinterpret could be removed, as it is no longer used in py26+
+    *oldinterpret.py
+    vendored_packages
diff --git a/python/pytest/AUTHORS b/python/pytest/AUTHORS
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4a21b22d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/AUTHORS
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+Holger Krekel, holger at merlinux eu
+merlinux GmbH, Germany, office at merlinux eu
+
+Contributors include::
+
+Abhijeet Kasurde
+Anatoly Bubenkoff
+Andreas Zeidler
+Andy Freeland
+Anthon van der Neut
+Armin Rigo
+Aron Curzon
+Aviv Palivoda
+Benjamin Peterson
+Bob Ippolito
+Brian Dorsey
+Brian Okken
+Brianna Laugher
+Bruno Oliveira
+Carl Friedrich Bolz
+Charles Cloud
+Chris Lamb
+Christian Theunert
+Christian Tismer
+Christopher Gilling
+Daniel Grana
+Daniel Hahler
+Daniel Nuri
+Dave Hunt
+David Mohr
+David Vierra
+Edison Gustavo Muenz
+Eduardo Schettino
+Endre Galaczi
+Elizaveta Shashkova
+Eric Hunsberger
+Eric Siegerman
+Erik M. Bray
+Florian Bruhin
+Floris Bruynooghe
+Gabriel Reis
+Georgy Dyuldin
+Graham Horler
+Grig Gheorghiu
+Guido Wesdorp
+Harald Armin Massa
+Ian Bicking
+Jaap Broekhuizen
+Jan Balster
+Janne Vanhala
+Jason R. Coombs
+John Towler
+Joshua Bronson
+Jurko Gospodnetić
+Katarzyna Jachim
+Kevin Cox
+Lee Kamentsky
+Lukas Bednar
+Maciek Fijalkowski
+Maho
+Marc Schlaich
+Mark Abramowitz
+Markus Unterwaditzer
+Martijn Faassen
+Martin Prusse
+Matt Bachmann
+Michael Aquilina
+Michael Birtwell
+Michael Droettboom
+Nicolas Delaby
+Pieter Mulder
+Piotr Banaszkiewicz
+Punyashloka Biswal
+Quentin Pradet
+Ralf Schmitt
+Raphael Pierzina
+Ronny Pfannschmidt
+Ross Lawley
+Ryan Wooden
+Samuele Pedroni
+Tom Viner
+Trevor Bekolay
+Wouter van Ackooy
+David Díaz-Barquero
+Eric Hunsberger
+Simon Gomizelj
+Russel Winder
+Ben Webb
+Alexei Kozlenok
+Cal Leeming
+Feng Ma
diff --git a/python/pytest/LICENSE b/python/pytest/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e27bd784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2004-2016 Holger Krekel and others
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/python/pytest/MANIFEST.in b/python/pytest/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..266a9184d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+include CHANGELOG.rst
+include LICENSE
+include AUTHORS
+
+include README.rst
+include CONTRIBUTING.rst
+
+include tox.ini
+include setup.py
+
+include .coveragerc
+
+include plugin-test.sh
+include requirements-docs.txt
+include runtox.py
+
+recursive-include bench *.py
+recursive-include extra *.py
+
+graft testing
+graft doc
+
+exclude _pytest/impl
+
+graft _pytest/vendored_packages
+
+recursive-exclude * *.pyc *.pyo
+
+exclude appveyor/install.ps1
+exclude appveyor.yml
+exclude appveyor
+
+exclude ISSUES.txt
+exclude HOWTORELEASE.rst
diff --git a/python/pytest/PKG-INFO b/python/pytest/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b801be0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: pytest
+Version: 2.9.2
+Summary: pytest: simple powerful testing with Python
+Home-page: http://pytest.org
+Author: Holger Krekel, Bruno Oliveira, Ronny Pfannschmidt, Floris Bruynooghe, Brianna Laugher, Florian Bruhin and others
+Author-email: holger at merlinux.eu
+License: MIT license
+Description: .. image:: http://pytest.org/latest/_static/pytest1.png
+           :target: http://pytest.org
+           :align: center
+           :alt: pytest
+        
+        ------
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pytest.svg
+           :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pytest.svg
+          :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/coveralls/pytest-dev/pytest/master.svg
+           :target: https://coveralls.io/r/pytest-dev/pytest
+        .. image:: https://travis-ci.org/pytest-dev/pytest.svg?branch=master
+            :target: https://travis-ci.org/pytest-dev/pytest
+        .. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/mrgbjaua7t33pg6b?svg=true
+            :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pytestbot/pytest
+        
+        The ``pytest`` framework makes it easy to write small tests, yet
+        scales to support complex functional testing for applications and libraries.    
+        
+        An example of a simple test:
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            # content of test_sample.py
+            def func(x):
+                return x + 1
+        
+            def test_answer():
+                assert func(3) == 5
+        
+        
+        To execute it::
+        
+            $ py.test
+            ======= test session starts ========
+            platform linux -- Python 3.4.3, pytest-2.8.5, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1    
+            collected 1 items
+        
+            test_sample.py F
+        
+            ======= FAILURES ========
+            _______ test_answer ________
+        
+                def test_answer():
+            >       assert func(3) == 5
+            E       assert 4 == 5
+            E        +  where 4 = func(3)
+        
+            test_sample.py:5: AssertionError
+            ======= 1 failed in 0.12 seconds ========
+        
+        Due to ``py.test``'s detailed assertion introspection, only plain ``assert`` statements are used. See `getting-started <http://pytest.org/latest/getting-started.html#our-first-test-run>`_ for more examples.
+                
+        
+        Features
+        --------
+        
+        - Detailed info on failing `assert statements <http://pytest.org/latest/assert.html>`_ (no need to remember ``self.assert*`` names);
+        
+        - `Auto-discovery
+          <http://pytest.org/latest/goodpractices.html#python-test-discovery>`_
+          of test modules and functions;
+        
+        - `Modular fixtures <http://pytest.org/latest/fixture.html>`_  for
+          managing small or parametrized long-lived test resources;
+        
+        - Can run `unittest <http://pytest.org/latest/unittest.html>`_ (or trial),
+          `nose <http://pytest.org/latest/nose.html>`_ test suites out of the box;
+        
+        - Python2.6+, Python3.2+, PyPy-2.3, Jython-2.5 (untested);
+        
+        - Rich plugin architecture, with over 150+ `external plugins <http://pytest.org/latest/plugins.html#installing-external-plugins-searching>`_ and thriving community;
+        
+        
+        Documentation
+        -------------
+        
+        For full documentation, including installation, tutorials and PDF documents, please see http://pytest.org.
+        
+        
+        Bugs/Requests
+        -------------
+        
+        Please use the `GitHub issue tracker <https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues>`_ to submit bugs or request features.
+        
+        
+        Changelog
+        ---------
+        
+        Consult the `Changelog <http://pytest.org/latest/changelog.html>`_ page for fixes and enhancements of each version.
+        
+        
+        License
+        -------
+        
+        Copyright Holger Krekel and others, 2004-2016.
+        
+        Distributed under the terms of the `MIT`_ license, pytest is free and open source software.
+        
+        .. _`MIT`: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/blob/master/LICENSE
+        
+Platform: unix
+Platform: linux
+Platform: osx
+Platform: cygwin
+Platform: win32
+Classifier: Development Status :: 6 - Mature
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Testing
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
diff --git a/python/pytest/README.rst b/python/pytest/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68fc92211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+.. image:: http://pytest.org/latest/_static/pytest1.png
+   :target: http://pytest.org
+   :align: center
+   :alt: pytest
+
+------
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pytest.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pytest.svg
+  :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/coveralls/pytest-dev/pytest/master.svg
+   :target: https://coveralls.io/r/pytest-dev/pytest
+.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/pytest-dev/pytest.svg?branch=master
+    :target: https://travis-ci.org/pytest-dev/pytest
+.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/mrgbjaua7t33pg6b?svg=true
+    :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/pytestbot/pytest
+
+The ``pytest`` framework makes it easy to write small tests, yet
+scales to support complex functional testing for applications and libraries.    
+
+An example of a simple test:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # content of test_sample.py
+    def func(x):
+        return x + 1
+
+    def test_answer():
+        assert func(3) == 5
+
+
+To execute it::
+
+    $ py.test
+    ======= test session starts ========
+    platform linux -- Python 3.4.3, pytest-2.8.5, py-1.4.31, pluggy-0.3.1    
+    collected 1 items
+
+    test_sample.py F
+
+    ======= FAILURES ========
+    _______ test_answer ________
+
+        def test_answer():
+    >       assert func(3) == 5
+    E       assert 4 == 5
+    E        +  where 4 = func(3)
+
+    test_sample.py:5: AssertionError
+    ======= 1 failed in 0.12 seconds ========
+
+Due to ``py.test``'s detailed assertion introspection, only plain ``assert`` statements are used. See `getting-started <http://pytest.org/latest/getting-started.html#our-first-test-run>`_ for more examples.
+        
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- Detailed info on failing `assert statements <http://pytest.org/latest/assert.html>`_ (no need to remember ``self.assert*`` names);
+
+- `Auto-discovery
+  <http://pytest.org/latest/goodpractices.html#python-test-discovery>`_
+  of test modules and functions;
+
+- `Modular fixtures <http://pytest.org/latest/fixture.html>`_  for
+  managing small or parametrized long-lived test resources;
+
+- Can run `unittest <http://pytest.org/latest/unittest.html>`_ (or trial),
+  `nose <http://pytest.org/latest/nose.html>`_ test suites out of the box;
+
+- Python2.6+, Python3.2+, PyPy-2.3, Jython-2.5 (untested);
+
+- Rich plugin architecture, with over 150+ `external plugins <http://pytest.org/latest/plugins.html#installing-external-plugins-searching>`_ and thriving community;
+
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+For full documentation, including installation, tutorials and PDF documents, please see http://pytest.org.
+
+
+Bugs/Requests
+-------------
+
+Please use the `GitHub issue tracker <https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues>`_ to submit bugs or request features.
+
+
+Changelog
+---------
+
+Consult the `Changelog <http://pytest.org/latest/changelog.html>`_ page for fixes and enhancements of each version.
+
+
+License
+-------
+
+Copyright Holger Krekel and others, 2004-2016.
+
+Distributed under the terms of the `MIT`_ license, pytest is free and open source software.
+
+.. _`MIT`: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/blob/master/LICENSE
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/__init__.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23dac6d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#
+__version__ = '2.9.2'
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/_argcomplete.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/_argcomplete.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..955855a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/_argcomplete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+
+"""allow bash-completion for argparse with argcomplete if installed
+needs argcomplete>=0.5.6 for python 3.2/3.3 (older versions fail
+to find the magic string, so _ARGCOMPLETE env. var is never set, and
+this does not need special code.
+
+argcomplete does not support python 2.5 (although the changes for that
+are minor).
+
+Function try_argcomplete(parser) should be called directly before
+the call to ArgumentParser.parse_args().
+
+The filescompleter is what you normally would use on the positional
+arguments specification, in order to get "dirname/" after "dirn<TAB>"
+instead of the default "dirname ":
+
+   optparser.add_argument(Config._file_or_dir, nargs='*'
+                               ).completer=filescompleter
+
+Other, application specific, completers should go in the file
+doing the add_argument calls as they need to be specified as .completer
+attributes as well. (If argcomplete is not installed, the function the
+attribute points to will not be used).
+
+SPEEDUP
+=======
+The generic argcomplete script for bash-completion
+(/etc/bash_completion.d/python-argcomplete.sh )
+uses a python program to determine startup script generated by pip.
+You can speed up completion somewhat by changing this script to include
+  # PYTHON_ARGCOMPLETE_OK
+so the the python-argcomplete-check-easy-install-script does not
+need to be called to find the entry point of the code and see if that is
+marked  with PYTHON_ARGCOMPLETE_OK
+
+INSTALL/DEBUGGING
+=================
+To include this support in another application that has setup.py generated
+scripts:
+- add the line:
+    # PYTHON_ARGCOMPLETE_OK
+  near the top of the main python entry point
+- include in the file calling parse_args():
+    from _argcomplete import try_argcomplete, filescompleter
+   , call try_argcomplete just before parse_args(), and optionally add
+   filescompleter to the positional arguments' add_argument()
+If things do not work right away:
+- switch on argcomplete debugging with (also helpful when doing custom
+  completers):
+    export _ARC_DEBUG=1
+- run:
+    python-argcomplete-check-easy-install-script $(which appname)
+    echo $?
+  will echo 0 if the magic line has been found, 1 if not
+- sometimes it helps to find early on errors using:
+    _ARGCOMPLETE=1 _ARC_DEBUG=1 appname
+  which should throw a KeyError: 'COMPLINE' (which is properly set by the
+  global argcomplete script).
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+from glob import glob
+
+class FastFilesCompleter:
+    'Fast file completer class'
+    def __init__(self, directories=True):
+        self.directories = directories
+
+    def __call__(self, prefix, **kwargs):
+        """only called on non option completions"""
+        if os.path.sep in prefix[1:]: #
+            prefix_dir = len(os.path.dirname(prefix) + os.path.sep)
+        else:
+            prefix_dir = 0
+        completion = []
+        globbed = []
+        if '*' not in prefix and '?' not in prefix:
+            if prefix[-1] == os.path.sep:  # we are on unix, otherwise no bash
+                globbed.extend(glob(prefix + '.*'))
+            prefix += '*'
+        globbed.extend(glob(prefix))
+        for x in sorted(globbed):
+            if os.path.isdir(x):
+                x += '/'
+            # append stripping the prefix (like bash, not like compgen)
+            completion.append(x[prefix_dir:])
+        return completion
+
+if os.environ.get('_ARGCOMPLETE'):
+    try:
+        import argcomplete.completers
+    except ImportError:
+        sys.exit(-1)
+    filescompleter = FastFilesCompleter()
+
+    def try_argcomplete(parser):
+        argcomplete.autocomplete(parser)
+else:
+    def try_argcomplete(parser): pass
+    filescompleter = None
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/__init__.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c046b9716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+""" python inspection/code generation API """
+from .code import Code  # noqa
+from .code import ExceptionInfo  # noqa
+from .code import Frame  # noqa
+from .code import Traceback  # noqa
+from .code import getrawcode  # noqa
+from .code import patch_builtins  # noqa
+from .code import unpatch_builtins  # noqa
+from .source import Source  # noqa
+from .source import compile_ as compile  # noqa
+from .source import getfslineno  # noqa
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/_py2traceback.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/_py2traceback.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a830d9899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/_py2traceback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# copied from python-2.7.3's traceback.py
+# CHANGES:
+# - some_str is replaced, trying to create unicode strings
+#
+import types
+
+def format_exception_only(etype, value):
+    """Format the exception part of a traceback.
+
+    The arguments are the exception type and value such as given by
+    sys.last_type and sys.last_value. The return value is a list of
+    strings, each ending in a newline.
+
+    Normally, the list contains a single string; however, for
+    SyntaxError exceptions, it contains several lines that (when
+    printed) display detailed information about where the syntax
+    error occurred.
+
+    The message indicating which exception occurred is always the last
+    string in the list.
+
+    """
+
+    # An instance should not have a meaningful value parameter, but
+    # sometimes does, particularly for string exceptions, such as
+    # >>> raise string1, string2  # deprecated
+    #
+    # Clear these out first because issubtype(string1, SyntaxError)
+    # would throw another exception and mask the original problem.
+    if (isinstance(etype, BaseException) or
+        isinstance(etype, types.InstanceType) or
+        etype is None or type(etype) is str):
+        return [_format_final_exc_line(etype, value)]
+
+    stype = etype.__name__
+
+    if not issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
+        return [_format_final_exc_line(stype, value)]
+
+    # It was a syntax error; show exactly where the problem was found.
+    lines = []
+    try:
+        msg, (filename, lineno, offset, badline) = value.args
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    else:
+        filename = filename or "<string>"
+        lines.append('  File "%s", line %d\n' % (filename, lineno))
+        if badline is not None:
+            if isinstance(badline, bytes):  # python 2 only
+                badline = badline.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+            lines.append(u'    %s\n' % badline.strip())
+            if offset is not None:
+                caretspace = badline.rstrip('\n')[:offset].lstrip()
+                # non-space whitespace (likes tabs) must be kept for alignment
+                caretspace = ((c.isspace() and c or ' ') for c in caretspace)
+                # only three spaces to account for offset1 == pos 0
+                lines.append('   %s^\n' % ''.join(caretspace))
+        value = msg
+
+    lines.append(_format_final_exc_line(stype, value))
+    return lines
+
+def _format_final_exc_line(etype, value):
+    """Return a list of a single line -- normal case for format_exception_only"""
+    valuestr = _some_str(value)
+    if value is None or not valuestr:
+        line = "%s\n" % etype
+    else:
+        line = "%s: %s\n" % (etype, valuestr)
+    return line
+
+def _some_str(value):
+    try:
+        return unicode(value)
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            return str(value)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return '<unprintable %s object>' % type(value).__name__
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/code.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/code.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8995cc1f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/code.py
@@ -0,0 +1,805 @@
+import sys
+from inspect import CO_VARARGS, CO_VARKEYWORDS
+
+import py
+
+builtin_repr = repr
+
+reprlib = py.builtin._tryimport('repr', 'reprlib')
+
+if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+    from traceback import format_exception_only
+else:
+    from ._py2traceback import format_exception_only
+
+class Code(object):
+    """ wrapper around Python code objects """
+    def __init__(self, rawcode):
+        if not hasattr(rawcode, "co_filename"):
+            rawcode = getrawcode(rawcode)
+        try:
+            self.filename = rawcode.co_filename
+            self.firstlineno = rawcode.co_firstlineno - 1
+            self.name = rawcode.co_name
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise TypeError("not a code object: %r" %(rawcode,))
+        self.raw = rawcode
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.raw == other.raw
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        """ return a path object pointing to source code (note that it
+        might not point to an actually existing file). """
+        p = py.path.local(self.raw.co_filename)
+        # maybe don't try this checking
+        if not p.check():
+            # XXX maybe try harder like the weird logic
+            # in the standard lib [linecache.updatecache] does?
+            p = self.raw.co_filename
+        return p
+
+    @property
+    def fullsource(self):
+        """ return a _pytest._code.Source object for the full source file of the code
+        """
+        from _pytest._code import source
+        full, _ = source.findsource(self.raw)
+        return full
+
+    def source(self):
+        """ return a _pytest._code.Source object for the code object's source only
+        """
+        # return source only for that part of code
+        import _pytest._code
+        return _pytest._code.Source(self.raw)
+
+    def getargs(self, var=False):
+        """ return a tuple with the argument names for the code object
+
+            if 'var' is set True also return the names of the variable and
+            keyword arguments when present
+        """
+        # handfull shortcut for getting args
+        raw = self.raw
+        argcount = raw.co_argcount
+        if var:
+            argcount += raw.co_flags & CO_VARARGS
+            argcount += raw.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS
+        return raw.co_varnames[:argcount]
+
+class Frame(object):
+    """Wrapper around a Python frame holding f_locals and f_globals
+    in which expressions can be evaluated."""
+
+    def __init__(self, frame):
+        self.lineno = frame.f_lineno - 1
+        self.f_globals = frame.f_globals
+        self.f_locals = frame.f_locals
+        self.raw = frame
+        self.code = Code(frame.f_code)
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self):
+        """ statement this frame is at """
+        import _pytest._code
+        if self.code.fullsource is None:
+            return _pytest._code.Source("")
+        return self.code.fullsource.getstatement(self.lineno)
+
+    def eval(self, code, **vars):
+        """ evaluate 'code' in the frame
+
+            'vars' are optional additional local variables
+
+            returns the result of the evaluation
+        """
+        f_locals = self.f_locals.copy()
+        f_locals.update(vars)
+        return eval(code, self.f_globals, f_locals)
+
+    def exec_(self, code, **vars):
+        """ exec 'code' in the frame
+
+            'vars' are optiona; additional local variables
+        """
+        f_locals = self.f_locals.copy()
+        f_locals.update(vars)
+        py.builtin.exec_(code, self.f_globals, f_locals )
+
+    def repr(self, object):
+        """ return a 'safe' (non-recursive, one-line) string repr for 'object'
+        """
+        return py.io.saferepr(object)
+
+    def is_true(self, object):
+        return object
+
+    def getargs(self, var=False):
+        """ return a list of tuples (name, value) for all arguments
+
+            if 'var' is set True also include the variable and keyword
+            arguments when present
+        """
+        retval = []
+        for arg in self.code.getargs(var):
+            try:
+                retval.append((arg, self.f_locals[arg]))
+            except KeyError:
+                pass     # this can occur when using Psyco
+        return retval
+
+class TracebackEntry(object):
+    """ a single entry in a traceback """
+
+    _repr_style = None
+    exprinfo = None
+
+    def __init__(self, rawentry):
+        self._rawentry = rawentry
+        self.lineno = rawentry.tb_lineno - 1
+
+    def set_repr_style(self, mode):
+        assert mode in ("short", "long")
+        self._repr_style = mode
+
+    @property
+    def frame(self):
+        import _pytest._code
+        return _pytest._code.Frame(self._rawentry.tb_frame)
+
+    @property
+    def relline(self):
+        return self.lineno - self.frame.code.firstlineno
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<TracebackEntry %s:%d>" %(self.frame.code.path, self.lineno+1)
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self):
+        """ _pytest._code.Source object for the current statement """
+        source = self.frame.code.fullsource
+        return source.getstatement(self.lineno)
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        """ path to the source code """
+        return self.frame.code.path
+
+    def getlocals(self):
+        return self.frame.f_locals
+    locals = property(getlocals, None, None, "locals of underlaying frame")
+
+    def reinterpret(self):
+        """Reinterpret the failing statement and returns a detailed information
+           about what operations are performed."""
+        from _pytest.assertion.reinterpret import reinterpret
+        if self.exprinfo is None:
+            source = py.builtin._totext(self.statement).strip()
+            x = reinterpret(source, self.frame, should_fail=True)
+            if not py.builtin._istext(x):
+                raise TypeError("interpret returned non-string %r" % (x,))
+            self.exprinfo = x
+        return self.exprinfo
+
+    def getfirstlinesource(self):
+        # on Jython this firstlineno can be -1 apparently
+        return max(self.frame.code.firstlineno, 0)
+
+    def getsource(self, astcache=None):
+        """ return failing source code. """
+        # we use the passed in astcache to not reparse asttrees
+        # within exception info printing
+        from _pytest._code.source import getstatementrange_ast
+        source = self.frame.code.fullsource
+        if source is None:
+            return None
+        key = astnode = None
+        if astcache is not None:
+            key = self.frame.code.path
+            if key is not None:
+                astnode = astcache.get(key, None)
+        start = self.getfirstlinesource()
+        try:
+            astnode, _, end = getstatementrange_ast(self.lineno, source,
+                                                    astnode=astnode)
+        except SyntaxError:
+            end = self.lineno + 1
+        else:
+            if key is not None:
+                astcache[key] = astnode
+        return source[start:end]
+
+    source = property(getsource)
+
+    def ishidden(self):
+        """ return True if the current frame has a var __tracebackhide__
+            resolving to True
+
+            mostly for internal use
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.frame.f_locals['__tracebackhide__']
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                return self.frame.f_globals['__tracebackhide__']
+            except KeyError:
+                return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            fn = str(self.path)
+        except py.error.Error:
+            fn = '???'
+        name = self.frame.code.name
+        try:
+            line = str(self.statement).lstrip()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except:
+            line = "???"
+        return "  File %r:%d in %s\n  %s\n" %(fn, self.lineno+1, name, line)
+
+    def name(self):
+        return self.frame.code.raw.co_name
+    name = property(name, None, None, "co_name of underlaying code")
+
+class Traceback(list):
+    """ Traceback objects encapsulate and offer higher level
+        access to Traceback entries.
+    """
+    Entry = TracebackEntry
+    def __init__(self, tb):
+        """ initialize from given python traceback object. """
+        if hasattr(tb, 'tb_next'):
+            def f(cur):
+                while cur is not None:
+                    yield self.Entry(cur)
+                    cur = cur.tb_next
+            list.__init__(self, f(tb))
+        else:
+            list.__init__(self, tb)
+
+    def cut(self, path=None, lineno=None, firstlineno=None, excludepath=None):
+        """ return a Traceback instance wrapping part of this Traceback
+
+            by provding any combination of path, lineno and firstlineno, the
+            first frame to start the to-be-returned traceback is determined
+
+            this allows cutting the first part of a Traceback instance e.g.
+            for formatting reasons (removing some uninteresting bits that deal
+            with handling of the exception/traceback)
+        """
+        for x in self:
+            code = x.frame.code
+            codepath = code.path
+            if ((path is None or codepath == path) and
+                (excludepath is None or not hasattr(codepath, 'relto') or
+                 not codepath.relto(excludepath)) and
+                (lineno is None or x.lineno == lineno) and
+                (firstlineno is None or x.frame.code.firstlineno == firstlineno)):
+                return Traceback(x._rawentry)
+        return self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = super(Traceback, self).__getitem__(key)
+        if isinstance(key, type(slice(0))):
+            val = self.__class__(val)
+        return val
+
+    def filter(self, fn=lambda x: not x.ishidden()):
+        """ return a Traceback instance with certain items removed
+
+            fn is a function that gets a single argument, a TracebackEntry
+            instance, and should return True when the item should be added
+            to the Traceback, False when not
+
+            by default this removes all the TracebackEntries which are hidden
+            (see ishidden() above)
+        """
+        return Traceback(filter(fn, self))
+
+    def getcrashentry(self):
+        """ return last non-hidden traceback entry that lead
+        to the exception of a traceback.
+        """
+        for i in range(-1, -len(self)-1, -1):
+            entry = self[i]
+            if not entry.ishidden():
+                return entry
+        return self[-1]
+
+    def recursionindex(self):
+        """ return the index of the frame/TracebackEntry where recursion
+            originates if appropriate, None if no recursion occurred
+        """
+        cache = {}
+        for i, entry in enumerate(self):
+            # id for the code.raw is needed to work around
+            # the strange metaprogramming in the decorator lib from pypi
+            # which generates code objects that have hash/value equality
+            #XXX needs a test
+            key = entry.frame.code.path, id(entry.frame.code.raw), entry.lineno
+            #print "checking for recursion at", key
+            l = cache.setdefault(key, [])
+            if l:
+                f = entry.frame
+                loc = f.f_locals
+                for otherloc in l:
+                    if f.is_true(f.eval(co_equal,
+                        __recursioncache_locals_1=loc,
+                        __recursioncache_locals_2=otherloc)):
+                        return i
+            l.append(entry.frame.f_locals)
+        return None
+
+co_equal = compile('__recursioncache_locals_1 == __recursioncache_locals_2',
+                   '?', 'eval')
+
+class ExceptionInfo(object):
+    """ wraps sys.exc_info() objects and offers
+        help for navigating the traceback.
+    """
+    _striptext = ''
+    def __init__(self, tup=None, exprinfo=None):
+        import _pytest._code
+        if tup is None:
+            tup = sys.exc_info()
+            if exprinfo is None and isinstance(tup[1], AssertionError):
+                exprinfo = getattr(tup[1], 'msg', None)
+                if exprinfo is None:
+                    exprinfo = str(tup[1])
+                if exprinfo and exprinfo.startswith('assert '):
+                    self._striptext = 'AssertionError: '
+        self._excinfo = tup
+        #: the exception class
+        self.type = tup[0]
+        #: the exception instance
+        self.value = tup[1]
+        #: the exception raw traceback
+        self.tb = tup[2]
+        #: the exception type name
+        self.typename = self.type.__name__
+        #: the exception traceback (_pytest._code.Traceback instance)
+        self.traceback = _pytest._code.Traceback(self.tb)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<ExceptionInfo %s tblen=%d>" % (self.typename, len(self.traceback))
+
+    def exconly(self, tryshort=False):
+        """ return the exception as a string
+
+            when 'tryshort' resolves to True, and the exception is a
+            _pytest._code._AssertionError, only the actual exception part of
+            the exception representation is returned (so 'AssertionError: ' is
+            removed from the beginning)
+        """
+        lines = format_exception_only(self.type, self.value)
+        text = ''.join(lines)
+        text = text.rstrip()
+        if tryshort:
+            if text.startswith(self._striptext):
+                text = text[len(self._striptext):]
+        return text
+
+    def errisinstance(self, exc):
+        """ return True if the exception is an instance of exc """
+        return isinstance(self.value, exc)
+
+    def _getreprcrash(self):
+        exconly = self.exconly(tryshort=True)
+        entry = self.traceback.getcrashentry()
+        path, lineno = entry.frame.code.raw.co_filename, entry.lineno
+        return ReprFileLocation(path, lineno+1, exconly)
+
+    def getrepr(self, showlocals=False, style="long",
+            abspath=False, tbfilter=True, funcargs=False):
+        """ return str()able representation of this exception info.
+            showlocals: show locals per traceback entry
+            style: long|short|no|native traceback style
+            tbfilter: hide entries (where __tracebackhide__ is true)
+
+            in case of style==native, tbfilter and showlocals is ignored.
+        """
+        if style == 'native':
+            return ReprExceptionInfo(ReprTracebackNative(
+                py.std.traceback.format_exception(
+                    self.type,
+                    self.value,
+                    self.traceback[0]._rawentry,
+                )), self._getreprcrash())
+
+        fmt = FormattedExcinfo(showlocals=showlocals, style=style,
+            abspath=abspath, tbfilter=tbfilter, funcargs=funcargs)
+        return fmt.repr_excinfo(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        entry = self.traceback[-1]
+        loc = ReprFileLocation(entry.path, entry.lineno + 1, self.exconly())
+        return str(loc)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        entry = self.traceback[-1]
+        loc = ReprFileLocation(entry.path, entry.lineno + 1, self.exconly())
+        return unicode(loc)
+
+
+class FormattedExcinfo(object):
+    """ presenting information about failing Functions and Generators. """
+    # for traceback entries
+    flow_marker = ">"
+    fail_marker = "E"
+
+    def __init__(self, showlocals=False, style="long", abspath=True, tbfilter=True, funcargs=False):
+        self.showlocals = showlocals
+        self.style = style
+        self.tbfilter = tbfilter
+        self.funcargs = funcargs
+        self.abspath = abspath
+        self.astcache = {}
+
+    def _getindent(self, source):
+        # figure out indent for given source
+        try:
+            s = str(source.getstatement(len(source)-1))
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except:
+            try:
+                s = str(source[-1])
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                raise
+            except:
+                return 0
+        return 4 + (len(s) - len(s.lstrip()))
+
+    def _getentrysource(self, entry):
+        source = entry.getsource(self.astcache)
+        if source is not None:
+            source = source.deindent()
+        return source
+
+    def _saferepr(self, obj):
+        return py.io.saferepr(obj)
+
+    def repr_args(self, entry):
+        if self.funcargs:
+            args = []
+            for argname, argvalue in entry.frame.getargs(var=True):
+                args.append((argname, self._saferepr(argvalue)))
+            return ReprFuncArgs(args)
+
+    def get_source(self, source, line_index=-1, excinfo=None, short=False):
+        """ return formatted and marked up source lines. """
+        import _pytest._code
+        lines = []
+        if source is None or line_index >= len(source.lines):
+            source = _pytest._code.Source("???")
+            line_index = 0
+        if line_index < 0:
+            line_index += len(source)
+        space_prefix = "    "
+        if short:
+            lines.append(space_prefix + source.lines[line_index].strip())
+        else:
+            for line in source.lines[:line_index]:
+                lines.append(space_prefix + line)
+            lines.append(self.flow_marker + "   " + source.lines[line_index])
+            for line in source.lines[line_index+1:]:
+                lines.append(space_prefix + line)
+        if excinfo is not None:
+            indent = 4 if short else self._getindent(source)
+            lines.extend(self.get_exconly(excinfo, indent=indent, markall=True))
+        return lines
+
+    def get_exconly(self, excinfo, indent=4, markall=False):
+        lines = []
+        indent = " " * indent
+        # get the real exception information out
+        exlines = excinfo.exconly(tryshort=True).split('\n')
+        failindent = self.fail_marker + indent[1:]
+        for line in exlines:
+            lines.append(failindent + line)
+            if not markall:
+                failindent = indent
+        return lines
+
+    def repr_locals(self, locals):
+        if self.showlocals:
+            lines = []
+            keys = [loc for loc in locals if loc[0] != "@"]
+            keys.sort()
+            for name in keys:
+                value = locals[name]
+                if name == '__builtins__':
+                    lines.append("__builtins__ = <builtins>")
+                else:
+                    # This formatting could all be handled by the
+                    # _repr() function, which is only reprlib.Repr in
+                    # disguise, so is very configurable.
+                    str_repr = self._saferepr(value)
+                    #if len(str_repr) < 70 or not isinstance(value,
+                    #                            (list, tuple, dict)):
+                    lines.append("%-10s = %s" %(name, str_repr))
+                    #else:
+                    #    self._line("%-10s =\\" % (name,))
+                    #    # XXX
+                    #    py.std.pprint.pprint(value, stream=self.excinfowriter)
+            return ReprLocals(lines)
+
+    def repr_traceback_entry(self, entry, excinfo=None):
+        import _pytest._code
+        source = self._getentrysource(entry)
+        if source is None:
+            source = _pytest._code.Source("???")
+            line_index = 0
+        else:
+            # entry.getfirstlinesource() can be -1, should be 0 on jython
+            line_index = entry.lineno - max(entry.getfirstlinesource(), 0)
+
+        lines = []
+        style = entry._repr_style
+        if style is None:
+            style = self.style
+        if style in ("short", "long"):
+            short = style == "short"
+            reprargs = self.repr_args(entry) if not short else None
+            s = self.get_source(source, line_index, excinfo, short=short)
+            lines.extend(s)
+            if short:
+                message = "in %s" %(entry.name)
+            else:
+                message = excinfo and excinfo.typename or ""
+            path = self._makepath(entry.path)
+            filelocrepr = ReprFileLocation(path, entry.lineno+1, message)
+            localsrepr = None
+            if not short:
+                localsrepr =  self.repr_locals(entry.locals)
+            return ReprEntry(lines, reprargs, localsrepr, filelocrepr, style)
+        if excinfo:
+            lines.extend(self.get_exconly(excinfo, indent=4))
+        return ReprEntry(lines, None, None, None, style)
+
+    def _makepath(self, path):
+        if not self.abspath:
+            try:
+                np = py.path.local().bestrelpath(path)
+            except OSError:
+                return path
+            if len(np) < len(str(path)):
+                path = np
+        return path
+
+    def repr_traceback(self, excinfo):
+        traceback = excinfo.traceback
+        if self.tbfilter:
+            traceback = traceback.filter()
+        recursionindex = None
+        if is_recursion_error(excinfo):
+            recursionindex = traceback.recursionindex()
+        last = traceback[-1]
+        entries = []
+        extraline = None
+        for index, entry in enumerate(traceback):
+            einfo = (last == entry) and excinfo or None
+            reprentry = self.repr_traceback_entry(entry, einfo)
+            entries.append(reprentry)
+            if index == recursionindex:
+                extraline = "!!! Recursion detected (same locals & position)"
+                break
+        return ReprTraceback(entries, extraline, style=self.style)
+
+    def repr_excinfo(self, excinfo):
+        reprtraceback = self.repr_traceback(excinfo)
+        reprcrash = excinfo._getreprcrash()
+        return ReprExceptionInfo(reprtraceback, reprcrash)
+
+class TerminalRepr:
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = self.__unicode__()
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            s = s.encode('utf-8')
+        return s
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        # FYI this is called from pytest-xdist's serialization of exception
+        # information.
+        io = py.io.TextIO()
+        tw = py.io.TerminalWriter(file=io)
+        self.toterminal(tw)
+        return io.getvalue().strip()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s instance at %0x>" %(self.__class__, id(self))
+
+
+class ReprExceptionInfo(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, reprtraceback, reprcrash):
+        self.reprtraceback = reprtraceback
+        self.reprcrash = reprcrash
+        self.sections = []
+
+    def addsection(self, name, content, sep="-"):
+        self.sections.append((name, content, sep))
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        self.reprtraceback.toterminal(tw)
+        for name, content, sep in self.sections:
+            tw.sep(sep, name)
+            tw.line(content)
+
+class ReprTraceback(TerminalRepr):
+    entrysep = "_ "
+
+    def __init__(self, reprentries, extraline, style):
+        self.reprentries = reprentries
+        self.extraline = extraline
+        self.style = style
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        # the entries might have different styles
+        for i, entry in enumerate(self.reprentries):
+            if entry.style == "long":
+                tw.line("")
+            entry.toterminal(tw)
+            if i < len(self.reprentries) - 1:
+                next_entry = self.reprentries[i+1]
+                if entry.style == "long" or \
+                   entry.style == "short" and next_entry.style == "long":
+                    tw.sep(self.entrysep)
+
+        if self.extraline:
+            tw.line(self.extraline)
+
+class ReprTracebackNative(ReprTraceback):
+    def __init__(self, tblines):
+        self.style = "native"
+        self.reprentries = [ReprEntryNative(tblines)]
+        self.extraline = None
+
+class ReprEntryNative(TerminalRepr):
+    style = "native"
+
+    def __init__(self, tblines):
+        self.lines = tblines
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        tw.write("".join(self.lines))
+
+class ReprEntry(TerminalRepr):
+    localssep = "_ "
+
+    def __init__(self, lines, reprfuncargs, reprlocals, filelocrepr, style):
+        self.lines = lines
+        self.reprfuncargs = reprfuncargs
+        self.reprlocals = reprlocals
+        self.reprfileloc = filelocrepr
+        self.style = style
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        if self.style == "short":
+            self.reprfileloc.toterminal(tw)
+            for line in self.lines:
+                red = line.startswith("E   ")
+                tw.line(line, bold=True, red=red)
+            #tw.line("")
+            return
+        if self.reprfuncargs:
+            self.reprfuncargs.toterminal(tw)
+        for line in self.lines:
+            red = line.startswith("E   ")
+            tw.line(line, bold=True, red=red)
+        if self.reprlocals:
+            #tw.sep(self.localssep, "Locals")
+            tw.line("")
+            self.reprlocals.toterminal(tw)
+        if self.reprfileloc:
+            if self.lines:
+                tw.line("")
+            self.reprfileloc.toterminal(tw)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s\n%s\n%s" % ("\n".join(self.lines),
+                               self.reprlocals,
+                               self.reprfileloc)
+
+class ReprFileLocation(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, path, lineno, message):
+        self.path = str(path)
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.message = message
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        # filename and lineno output for each entry,
+        # using an output format that most editors unterstand
+        msg = self.message
+        i = msg.find("\n")
+        if i != -1:
+            msg = msg[:i]
+        tw.line("%s:%s: %s" %(self.path, self.lineno, msg))
+
+class ReprLocals(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, lines):
+        self.lines = lines
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        for line in self.lines:
+            tw.line(line)
+
+class ReprFuncArgs(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        self.args = args
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        if self.args:
+            linesofar = ""
+            for name, value in self.args:
+                ns = "%s = %s" %(name, value)
+                if len(ns) + len(linesofar) + 2 > tw.fullwidth:
+                    if linesofar:
+                        tw.line(linesofar)
+                    linesofar =  ns
+                else:
+                    if linesofar:
+                        linesofar += ", " + ns
+                    else:
+                        linesofar = ns
+            if linesofar:
+                tw.line(linesofar)
+            tw.line("")
+
+
+
+oldbuiltins = {}
+
+def patch_builtins(assertion=True, compile=True):
+    """ put compile and AssertionError builtins to Python's builtins. """
+    if assertion:
+        from _pytest.assertion import reinterpret
+        l = oldbuiltins.setdefault('AssertionError', [])
+        l.append(py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError)
+        py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError = reinterpret.AssertionError
+    if compile:
+        import _pytest._code
+        l = oldbuiltins.setdefault('compile', [])
+        l.append(py.builtin.builtins.compile)
+        py.builtin.builtins.compile = _pytest._code.compile
+
+def unpatch_builtins(assertion=True, compile=True):
+    """ remove compile and AssertionError builtins from Python builtins. """
+    if assertion:
+        py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError = oldbuiltins['AssertionError'].pop()
+    if compile:
+        py.builtin.builtins.compile = oldbuiltins['compile'].pop()
+
+def getrawcode(obj, trycall=True):
+    """ return code object for given function. """
+    try:
+        return obj.__code__
+    except AttributeError:
+        obj = getattr(obj, 'im_func', obj)
+        obj = getattr(obj, 'func_code', obj)
+        obj = getattr(obj, 'f_code', obj)
+        obj = getattr(obj, '__code__', obj)
+        if trycall and not hasattr(obj, 'co_firstlineno'):
+            if hasattr(obj, '__call__') and not py.std.inspect.isclass(obj):
+                x = getrawcode(obj.__call__, trycall=False)
+                if hasattr(x, 'co_firstlineno'):
+                    return x
+        return obj
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 5):  # RecursionError introduced in 3.5
+    def is_recursion_error(excinfo):
+        return excinfo.errisinstance(RecursionError)  # noqa
+else:
+    def is_recursion_error(excinfo):
+        if not excinfo.errisinstance(RuntimeError):
+            return False
+        try:
+            return "maximum recursion depth exceeded" in str(excinfo.value)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/source.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/source.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1521f8a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/_code/source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+from __future__ import generators
+
+from bisect import bisect_right
+import sys
+import inspect, tokenize
+import py
+from types import ModuleType
+cpy_compile = compile
+
+try:
+    import _ast
+    from _ast import PyCF_ONLY_AST as _AST_FLAG
+except ImportError:
+    _AST_FLAG = 0
+    _ast = None
+
+
+class Source(object):
+    """ a immutable object holding a source code fragment,
+        possibly deindenting it.
+    """
+    _compilecounter = 0
+    def __init__(self, *parts, **kwargs):
+        self.lines = lines = []
+        de = kwargs.get('deindent', True)
+        rstrip = kwargs.get('rstrip', True)
+        for part in parts:
+            if not part:
+                partlines = []
+            if isinstance(part, Source):
+                partlines = part.lines
+            elif isinstance(part, (tuple, list)):
+                partlines = [x.rstrip("\n") for x in part]
+            elif isinstance(part, py.builtin._basestring):
+                partlines = part.split('\n')
+                if rstrip:
+                    while partlines:
+                        if partlines[-1].strip():
+                            break
+                        partlines.pop()
+            else:
+                partlines = getsource(part, deindent=de).lines
+            if de:
+                partlines = deindent(partlines)
+            lines.extend(partlines)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return self.lines == other.lines
+        except AttributeError:
+            if isinstance(other, str):
+                return str(self) == other
+            return False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, int):
+            return self.lines[key]
+        else:
+            if key.step not in (None, 1):
+                raise IndexError("cannot slice a Source with a step")
+            return self.__getslice__(key.start, key.stop)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.lines)
+
+    def __getslice__(self, start, end):
+        newsource = Source()
+        newsource.lines = self.lines[start:end]
+        return newsource
+
+    def strip(self):
+        """ return new source object with trailing
+            and leading blank lines removed.
+        """
+        start, end = 0, len(self)
+        while start < end and not self.lines[start].strip():
+            start += 1
+        while end > start and not self.lines[end-1].strip():
+            end -= 1
+        source = Source()
+        source.lines[:] = self.lines[start:end]
+        return source
+
+    def putaround(self, before='', after='', indent=' ' * 4):
+        """ return a copy of the source object with
+            'before' and 'after' wrapped around it.
+        """
+        before = Source(before)
+        after = Source(after)
+        newsource = Source()
+        lines = [ (indent + line) for line in self.lines]
+        newsource.lines = before.lines + lines +  after.lines
+        return newsource
+
+    def indent(self, indent=' ' * 4):
+        """ return a copy of the source object with
+            all lines indented by the given indent-string.
+        """
+        newsource = Source()
+        newsource.lines = [(indent+line) for line in self.lines]
+        return newsource
+
+    def getstatement(self, lineno, assertion=False):
+        """ return Source statement which contains the
+            given linenumber (counted from 0).
+        """
+        start, end = self.getstatementrange(lineno, assertion)
+        return self[start:end]
+
+    def getstatementrange(self, lineno, assertion=False):
+        """ return (start, end) tuple which spans the minimal
+            statement region which containing the given lineno.
+        """
+        if not (0 <= lineno < len(self)):
+            raise IndexError("lineno out of range")
+        ast, start, end = getstatementrange_ast(lineno, self)
+        return start, end
+
+    def deindent(self, offset=None):
+        """ return a new source object deindented by offset.
+            If offset is None then guess an indentation offset from
+            the first non-blank line.  Subsequent lines which have a
+            lower indentation offset will be copied verbatim as
+            they are assumed to be part of multilines.
+        """
+        # XXX maybe use the tokenizer to properly handle multiline
+        #     strings etc.pp?
+        newsource = Source()
+        newsource.lines[:] = deindent(self.lines, offset)
+        return newsource
+
+    def isparseable(self, deindent=True):
+        """ return True if source is parseable, heuristically
+            deindenting it by default.
+        """
+        try:
+            import parser
+        except ImportError:
+            syntax_checker = lambda x: compile(x, 'asd', 'exec')
+        else:
+            syntax_checker = parser.suite
+
+        if deindent:
+            source = str(self.deindent())
+        else:
+            source = str(self)
+        try:
+            #compile(source+'\n', "x", "exec")
+            syntax_checker(source+'\n')
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            raise
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "\n".join(self.lines)
+
+    def compile(self, filename=None, mode='exec',
+                flag=generators.compiler_flag,
+                dont_inherit=0, _genframe=None):
+        """ return compiled code object. if filename is None
+            invent an artificial filename which displays
+            the source/line position of the caller frame.
+        """
+        if not filename or py.path.local(filename).check(file=0):
+            if _genframe is None:
+                _genframe = sys._getframe(1) # the caller
+            fn,lineno = _genframe.f_code.co_filename, _genframe.f_lineno
+            base = "<%d-codegen " % self._compilecounter
+            self.__class__._compilecounter += 1
+            if not filename:
+                filename = base + '%s:%d>' % (fn, lineno)
+            else:
+                filename = base + '%r %s:%d>' % (filename, fn, lineno)
+        source = "\n".join(self.lines) + '\n'
+        try:
+            co = cpy_compile(source, filename, mode, flag)
+        except SyntaxError:
+            ex = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            # re-represent syntax errors from parsing python strings
+            msglines = self.lines[:ex.lineno]
+            if ex.offset:
+                msglines.append(" "*ex.offset + '^')
+            msglines.append("(code was compiled probably from here: %s)" % filename)
+            newex = SyntaxError('\n'.join(msglines))
+            newex.offset = ex.offset
+            newex.lineno = ex.lineno
+            newex.text = ex.text
+            raise newex
+        else:
+            if flag & _AST_FLAG:
+                return co
+            lines = [(x + "\n") for x in self.lines]
+            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+                # XXX py3's inspect.getsourcefile() checks for a module
+                # and a pep302 __loader__ ... we don't have a module
+                # at code compile-time so we need to fake it here
+                m = ModuleType("_pycodecompile_pseudo_module")
+                py.std.inspect.modulesbyfile[filename] = None
+                py.std.sys.modules[None] = m
+                m.__loader__ = 1
+            py.std.linecache.cache[filename] = (1, None, lines, filename)
+            return co
+
+#
+# public API shortcut functions
+#
+
+def compile_(source, filename=None, mode='exec', flags=
+            generators.compiler_flag, dont_inherit=0):
+    """ compile the given source to a raw code object,
+        and maintain an internal cache which allows later
+        retrieval of the source code for the code object
+        and any recursively created code objects.
+    """
+    if _ast is not None and isinstance(source, _ast.AST):
+        # XXX should Source support having AST?
+        return cpy_compile(source, filename, mode, flags, dont_inherit)
+    _genframe = sys._getframe(1) # the caller
+    s = Source(source)
+    co = s.compile(filename, mode, flags, _genframe=_genframe)
+    return co
+
+
+def getfslineno(obj):
+    """ Return source location (path, lineno) for the given object.
+    If the source cannot be determined return ("", -1)
+    """
+    import _pytest._code
+    try:
+        code = _pytest._code.Code(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        try:
+            fn = (py.std.inspect.getsourcefile(obj) or
+                  py.std.inspect.getfile(obj))
+        except TypeError:
+            return "", -1
+
+        fspath = fn and py.path.local(fn) or None
+        lineno = -1
+        if fspath:
+            try:
+                _, lineno = findsource(obj)
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+    else:
+        fspath = code.path
+        lineno = code.firstlineno
+    assert isinstance(lineno, int)
+    return fspath, lineno
+
+#
+# helper functions
+#
+
+def findsource(obj):
+    try:
+        sourcelines, lineno = py.std.inspect.findsource(obj)
+    except py.builtin._sysex:
+        raise
+    except:
+        return None, -1
+    source = Source()
+    source.lines = [line.rstrip() for line in sourcelines]
+    return source, lineno
+
+def getsource(obj, **kwargs):
+    import _pytest._code
+    obj = _pytest._code.getrawcode(obj)
+    try:
+        strsrc = inspect.getsource(obj)
+    except IndentationError:
+        strsrc = "\"Buggy python version consider upgrading, cannot get source\""
+    assert isinstance(strsrc, str)
+    return Source(strsrc, **kwargs)
+
+def deindent(lines, offset=None):
+    if offset is None:
+        for line in lines:
+            line = line.expandtabs()
+            s = line.lstrip()
+            if s:
+                offset = len(line)-len(s)
+                break
+        else:
+            offset = 0
+    if offset == 0:
+        return list(lines)
+    newlines = []
+    def readline_generator(lines):
+        for line in lines:
+            yield line + '\n'
+        while True:
+            yield ''
+
+    it = readline_generator(lines)
+
+    try:
+        for _, _, (sline, _), (eline, _), _ in tokenize.generate_tokens(lambda: next(it)):
+            if sline > len(lines):
+                break # End of input reached
+            if sline > len(newlines):
+                line = lines[sline - 1].expandtabs()
+                if line.lstrip() and line[:offset].isspace():
+                    line = line[offset:] # Deindent
+                newlines.append(line)
+
+            for i in range(sline, eline):
+                # Don't deindent continuing lines of
+                # multiline tokens (i.e. multiline strings)
+                newlines.append(lines[i])
+    except (IndentationError, tokenize.TokenError):
+        pass
+    # Add any lines we didn't see. E.g. if an exception was raised.
+    newlines.extend(lines[len(newlines):])
+    return newlines
+
+
+def get_statement_startend2(lineno, node):
+    import ast
+    # flatten all statements and except handlers into one lineno-list
+    # AST's line numbers start indexing at 1
+    l = []
+    for x in ast.walk(node):
+        if isinstance(x, _ast.stmt) or isinstance(x, _ast.ExceptHandler):
+            l.append(x.lineno - 1)
+            for name in "finalbody", "orelse":
+                val = getattr(x, name, None)
+                if val:
+                    # treat the finally/orelse part as its own statement
+                    l.append(val[0].lineno - 1 - 1)
+    l.sort()
+    insert_index = bisect_right(l, lineno)
+    start = l[insert_index - 1]
+    if insert_index >= len(l):
+        end = None
+    else:
+        end = l[insert_index]
+    return start, end
+
+
+def getstatementrange_ast(lineno, source, assertion=False, astnode=None):
+    if astnode is None:
+        content = str(source)
+        if sys.version_info < (2,7):
+            content += "\n"
+        try:
+            astnode = compile(content, "source", "exec", 1024)  # 1024 for AST
+        except ValueError:
+            start, end = getstatementrange_old(lineno, source, assertion)
+            return None, start, end
+    start, end = get_statement_startend2(lineno, astnode)
+    # we need to correct the end:
+    # - ast-parsing strips comments
+    # - there might be empty lines
+    # - we might have lesser indented code blocks at the end
+    if end is None:
+        end = len(source.lines)
+
+    if end > start + 1:
+        # make sure we don't span differently indented code blocks
+        # by using the BlockFinder helper used which inspect.getsource() uses itself
+        block_finder = inspect.BlockFinder()
+        # if we start with an indented line, put blockfinder to "started" mode
+        block_finder.started = source.lines[start][0].isspace()
+        it = ((x + "\n") for x in source.lines[start:end])
+        try:
+            for tok in tokenize.generate_tokens(lambda: next(it)):
+                block_finder.tokeneater(*tok)
+        except (inspect.EndOfBlock, IndentationError):
+            end = block_finder.last + start
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    # the end might still point to a comment or empty line, correct it
+    while end:
+        line = source.lines[end - 1].lstrip()
+        if line.startswith("#") or not line:
+            end -= 1
+        else:
+            break
+    return astnode, start, end
+
+
+def getstatementrange_old(lineno, source, assertion=False):
+    """ return (start, end) tuple which spans the minimal
+        statement region which containing the given lineno.
+        raise an IndexError if no such statementrange can be found.
+    """
+    # XXX this logic is only used on python2.4 and below
+    # 1. find the start of the statement
+    from codeop import compile_command
+    for start in range(lineno, -1, -1):
+        if assertion:
+            line = source.lines[start]
+            # the following lines are not fully tested, change with care
+            if 'super' in line and 'self' in line and '__init__' in line:
+                raise IndexError("likely a subclass")
+            if "assert" not in line and "raise" not in line:
+                continue
+        trylines = source.lines[start:lineno+1]
+        # quick hack to prepare parsing an indented line with
+        # compile_command() (which errors on "return" outside defs)
+        trylines.insert(0, 'def xxx():')
+        trysource = '\n '.join(trylines)
+        #              ^ space here
+        try:
+            compile_command(trysource)
+        except (SyntaxError, OverflowError, ValueError):
+            continue
+
+        # 2. find the end of the statement
+        for end in range(lineno+1, len(source)+1):
+            trysource = source[start:end]
+            if trysource.isparseable():
+                return start, end
+    raise SyntaxError("no valid source range around line %d " % (lineno,))
+
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/_pluggy.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/_pluggy.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87d32cf8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/_pluggy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""
+imports symbols from vendored "pluggy" if available, otherwise
+falls back to importing "pluggy" from the default namespace.
+"""
+
+try:
+    from _pytest.vendored_packages.pluggy import *  # noqa
+    from _pytest.vendored_packages.pluggy import __version__  # noqa
+except ImportError:
+    from pluggy import *  # noqa
+    from pluggy import __version__  # noqa
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/__init__.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6921deb2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+support for presenting detailed information in failing assertions.
+"""
+import py
+import os
+import sys
+from _pytest.monkeypatch import monkeypatch
+from _pytest.assertion import util
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("debugconfig")
+    group.addoption('--assert',
+                    action="store",
+                    dest="assertmode",
+                    choices=("rewrite", "reinterp", "plain",),
+                    default="rewrite",
+                    metavar="MODE",
+                    help="""control assertion debugging tools.  'plain'
+                            performs no assertion debugging.  'reinterp'
+                            reinterprets assert statements after they failed
+                            to provide assertion expression information.
+                            'rewrite' (the default) rewrites assert
+                            statements in test modules on import to
+                            provide assert expression information. """)
+    group.addoption('--no-assert',
+                    action="store_true",
+                    default=False,
+                    dest="noassert",
+                    help="DEPRECATED equivalent to --assert=plain")
+    group.addoption('--nomagic', '--no-magic',
+                    action="store_true",
+                    default=False,
+                    help="DEPRECATED equivalent to --assert=plain")
+
+
+class AssertionState:
+    """State for the assertion plugin."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config, mode):
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.trace = config.trace.root.get("assertion")
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    mode = config.getvalue("assertmode")
+    if config.getvalue("noassert") or config.getvalue("nomagic"):
+        mode = "plain"
+    if mode == "rewrite":
+        try:
+            import ast  # noqa
+        except ImportError:
+            mode = "reinterp"
+        else:
+            # Both Jython and CPython 2.6.0 have AST bugs that make the
+            # assertion rewriting hook malfunction.
+            if (sys.platform.startswith('java') or
+                    sys.version_info[:3] == (2, 6, 0)):
+                mode = "reinterp"
+    if mode != "plain":
+        _load_modules(mode)
+        m = monkeypatch()
+        config._cleanup.append(m.undo)
+        m.setattr(py.builtin.builtins, 'AssertionError',
+                  reinterpret.AssertionError)  # noqa
+    hook = None
+    if mode == "rewrite":
+        hook = rewrite.AssertionRewritingHook()  # noqa
+        sys.meta_path.insert(0, hook)
+    warn_about_missing_assertion(mode)
+    config._assertstate = AssertionState(config, mode)
+    config._assertstate.hook = hook
+    config._assertstate.trace("configured with mode set to %r" % (mode,))
+    def undo():
+        hook = config._assertstate.hook
+        if hook is not None and hook in sys.meta_path:
+            sys.meta_path.remove(hook)
+    config.add_cleanup(undo)
+
+
+def pytest_collection(session):
+    # this hook is only called when test modules are collected
+    # so for example not in the master process of pytest-xdist
+    # (which does not collect test modules)
+    hook = session.config._assertstate.hook
+    if hook is not None:
+        hook.set_session(session)
+
+
+def _running_on_ci():
+    """Check if we're currently running on a CI system."""
+    env_vars = ['CI', 'BUILD_NUMBER']
+    return any(var in os.environ for var in env_vars)
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    """Setup the pytest_assertrepr_compare hook
+
+    The newinterpret and rewrite modules will use util._reprcompare if
+    it exists to use custom reporting via the
+    pytest_assertrepr_compare hook.  This sets up this custom
+    comparison for the test.
+    """
+    def callbinrepr(op, left, right):
+        """Call the pytest_assertrepr_compare hook and prepare the result
+
+        This uses the first result from the hook and then ensures the
+        following:
+        * Overly verbose explanations are dropped unless -vv was used or
+          running on a CI.
+        * Embedded newlines are escaped to help util.format_explanation()
+          later.
+        * If the rewrite mode is used embedded %-characters are replaced
+          to protect later % formatting.
+
+        The result can be formatted by util.format_explanation() for
+        pretty printing.
+        """
+        hook_result = item.ihook.pytest_assertrepr_compare(
+            config=item.config, op=op, left=left, right=right)
+        for new_expl in hook_result:
+            if new_expl:
+                if (sum(len(p) for p in new_expl[1:]) > 80*8 and
+                        item.config.option.verbose < 2 and
+                        not _running_on_ci()):
+                    show_max = 10
+                    truncated_lines = len(new_expl) - show_max
+                    new_expl[show_max:] = [py.builtin._totext(
+                        'Detailed information truncated (%d more lines)'
+                        ', use "-vv" to show' % truncated_lines)]
+                new_expl = [line.replace("\n", "\\n") for line in new_expl]
+                res = py.builtin._totext("\n~").join(new_expl)
+                if item.config.getvalue("assertmode") == "rewrite":
+                    res = res.replace("%", "%%")
+                return res
+    util._reprcompare = callbinrepr
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item):
+    util._reprcompare = None
+
+
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session):
+    hook = session.config._assertstate.hook
+    if hook is not None:
+        hook.session = None
+
+
+def _load_modules(mode):
+    """Lazily import assertion related code."""
+    global rewrite, reinterpret
+    from _pytest.assertion import reinterpret  # noqa
+    if mode == "rewrite":
+        from _pytest.assertion import rewrite  # noqa
+
+
+def warn_about_missing_assertion(mode):
+    try:
+        assert False
+    except AssertionError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        if mode == "rewrite":
+            specifically = ("assertions which are not in test modules "
+                            "will be ignored")
+        else:
+            specifically = "failing tests may report as passing"
+
+        sys.stderr.write("WARNING: " + specifically +
+                         " because assert statements are not executed "
+                         "by the underlying Python interpreter "
+                         "(are you using python -O?)\n")
+
+
+# Expose this plugin's implementation for the pytest_assertrepr_compare hook
+pytest_assertrepr_compare = util.assertrepr_compare
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/reinterpret.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/reinterpret.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4262c3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/reinterpret.py
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+"""
+Find intermediate evalutation results in assert statements through builtin AST.
+"""
+import ast
+import sys
+
+import _pytest._code
+import py
+from _pytest.assertion import util
+u = py.builtin._totext
+
+
+class AssertionError(util.BuiltinAssertionError):
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        util.BuiltinAssertionError.__init__(self, *args)
+        if args:
+            # on Python2.6 we get len(args)==2 for: assert 0, (x,y)
+            # on Python2.7 and above we always get len(args) == 1
+            # with args[0] being the (x,y) tuple.
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                toprint = args
+            else:
+                toprint = args[0]
+            try:
+                self.msg = u(toprint)
+            except Exception:
+                self.msg = u(
+                    "<[broken __repr__] %s at %0xd>"
+                    % (toprint.__class__, id(toprint)))
+        else:
+            f = _pytest._code.Frame(sys._getframe(1))
+            try:
+                source = f.code.fullsource
+                if source is not None:
+                    try:
+                        source = source.getstatement(f.lineno, assertion=True)
+                    except IndexError:
+                        source = None
+                    else:
+                        source = str(source.deindent()).strip()
+            except py.error.ENOENT:
+                source = None
+                # this can also occur during reinterpretation, when the
+                # co_filename is set to "<run>".
+            if source:
+                self.msg = reinterpret(source, f, should_fail=True)
+            else:
+                self.msg = "<could not determine information>"
+            if not self.args:
+                self.args = (self.msg,)
+
+if sys.version_info > (3, 0):
+    AssertionError.__module__ = "builtins"
+
+if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+    # See http://bugs.jython.org/issue1497
+    _exprs = ("BoolOp", "BinOp", "UnaryOp", "Lambda", "IfExp", "Dict",
+              "ListComp", "GeneratorExp", "Yield", "Compare", "Call",
+              "Repr", "Num", "Str", "Attribute", "Subscript", "Name",
+              "List", "Tuple")
+    _stmts = ("FunctionDef", "ClassDef", "Return", "Delete", "Assign",
+              "AugAssign", "Print", "For", "While", "If", "With", "Raise",
+              "TryExcept", "TryFinally", "Assert", "Import", "ImportFrom",
+              "Exec", "Global", "Expr", "Pass", "Break", "Continue")
+    _expr_nodes = set(getattr(ast, name) for name in _exprs)
+    _stmt_nodes = set(getattr(ast, name) for name in _stmts)
+    def _is_ast_expr(node):
+        return node.__class__ in _expr_nodes
+    def _is_ast_stmt(node):
+        return node.__class__ in _stmt_nodes
+else:
+    def _is_ast_expr(node):
+        return isinstance(node, ast.expr)
+    def _is_ast_stmt(node):
+        return isinstance(node, ast.stmt)
+
+try:
+    _Starred = ast.Starred
+except AttributeError:
+    # Python 2. Define a dummy class so isinstance() will always be False.
+    class _Starred(object): pass
+
+
+class Failure(Exception):
+    """Error found while interpreting AST."""
+
+    def __init__(self, explanation=""):
+        self.cause = sys.exc_info()
+        self.explanation = explanation
+
+
+def reinterpret(source, frame, should_fail=False):
+    mod = ast.parse(source)
+    visitor = DebugInterpreter(frame)
+    try:
+        visitor.visit(mod)
+    except Failure:
+        failure = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        return getfailure(failure)
+    if should_fail:
+        return ("(assertion failed, but when it was re-run for "
+                "printing intermediate values, it did not fail.  Suggestions: "
+                "compute assert expression before the assert or use --assert=plain)")
+
+def run(offending_line, frame=None):
+    if frame is None:
+        frame = _pytest._code.Frame(sys._getframe(1))
+    return reinterpret(offending_line, frame)
+
+def getfailure(e):
+    explanation = util.format_explanation(e.explanation)
+    value = e.cause[1]
+    if str(value):
+        lines = explanation.split('\n')
+        lines[0] += "  << %s" % (value,)
+        explanation = '\n'.join(lines)
+    text = "%s: %s" % (e.cause[0].__name__, explanation)
+    if text.startswith('AssertionError: assert '):
+        text = text[16:]
+    return text
+
+operator_map = {
+    ast.BitOr : "|",
+    ast.BitXor : "^",
+    ast.BitAnd : "&",
+    ast.LShift : "<<",
+    ast.RShift : ">>",
+    ast.Add : "+",
+    ast.Sub : "-",
+    ast.Mult : "*",
+    ast.Div : "/",
+    ast.FloorDiv : "//",
+    ast.Mod : "%",
+    ast.Eq : "==",
+    ast.NotEq : "!=",
+    ast.Lt : "<",
+    ast.LtE : "<=",
+    ast.Gt : ">",
+    ast.GtE : ">=",
+    ast.Pow : "**",
+    ast.Is : "is",
+    ast.IsNot : "is not",
+    ast.In : "in",
+    ast.NotIn : "not in"
+}
+
+unary_map = {
+    ast.Not : "not %s",
+    ast.Invert : "~%s",
+    ast.USub : "-%s",
+    ast.UAdd : "+%s"
+}
+
+
+class DebugInterpreter(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Interpret AST nodes to gleam useful debugging information. """
+
+    def __init__(self, frame):
+        self.frame = frame
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        # Fallback when we don't have a special implementation.
+        if _is_ast_expr(node):
+            mod = ast.Expression(node)
+            co = self._compile(mod)
+            try:
+                result = self.frame.eval(co)
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure()
+            explanation = self.frame.repr(result)
+            return explanation, result
+        elif _is_ast_stmt(node):
+            mod = ast.Module([node])
+            co = self._compile(mod, "exec")
+            try:
+                self.frame.exec_(co)
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure()
+            return None, None
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("can't handle %s" %(node,))
+
+    def _compile(self, source, mode="eval"):
+        return compile(source, "<assertion interpretation>", mode)
+
+    def visit_Expr(self, expr):
+        return self.visit(expr.value)
+
+    def visit_Module(self, mod):
+        for stmt in mod.body:
+            self.visit(stmt)
+
+    def visit_Name(self, name):
+        explanation, result = self.generic_visit(name)
+        # See if the name is local.
+        source = "%r in locals() is not globals()" % (name.id,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            local = self.frame.eval(co)
+        except Exception:
+            # have to assume it isn't
+            local = None
+        if local is None or not self.frame.is_true(local):
+            return name.id, result
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_Compare(self, comp):
+        left = comp.left
+        left_explanation, left_result = self.visit(left)
+        for op, next_op in zip(comp.ops, comp.comparators):
+            next_explanation, next_result = self.visit(next_op)
+            op_symbol = operator_map[op.__class__]
+            explanation = "%s %s %s" % (left_explanation, op_symbol,
+                                        next_explanation)
+            source = "__exprinfo_left %s __exprinfo_right" % (op_symbol,)
+            co = self._compile(source)
+            try:
+                result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_left=left_result,
+                                         __exprinfo_right=next_result)
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure(explanation)
+            try:
+                if not self.frame.is_true(result):
+                    break
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                raise
+            except:
+                break
+            left_explanation, left_result = next_explanation, next_result
+
+        if util._reprcompare is not None:
+            res = util._reprcompare(op_symbol, left_result, next_result)
+            if res:
+                explanation = res
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_BoolOp(self, boolop):
+        is_or = isinstance(boolop.op, ast.Or)
+        explanations = []
+        for operand in boolop.values:
+            explanation, result = self.visit(operand)
+            explanations.append(explanation)
+            if result == is_or:
+                break
+        name = is_or and " or " or " and "
+        explanation = "(" + name.join(explanations) + ")"
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_UnaryOp(self, unary):
+        pattern = unary_map[unary.op.__class__]
+        operand_explanation, operand_result = self.visit(unary.operand)
+        explanation = pattern % (operand_explanation,)
+        co = self._compile(pattern % ("__exprinfo_expr",))
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=operand_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_BinOp(self, binop):
+        left_explanation, left_result = self.visit(binop.left)
+        right_explanation, right_result = self.visit(binop.right)
+        symbol = operator_map[binop.op.__class__]
+        explanation = "(%s %s %s)" % (left_explanation, symbol,
+                                      right_explanation)
+        source = "__exprinfo_left %s __exprinfo_right" % (symbol,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_left=left_result,
+                                     __exprinfo_right=right_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_Call(self, call):
+        func_explanation, func = self.visit(call.func)
+        arg_explanations = []
+        ns = {"__exprinfo_func" : func}
+        arguments = []
+        for arg in call.args:
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(arg)
+            if isinstance(arg, _Starred):
+                arg_name = "__exprinfo_star"
+                ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+                arguments.append("*%s" % (arg_name,))
+                arg_explanations.append("*%s" % (arg_explanation,))
+            else:
+                arg_name = "__exprinfo_%s" % (len(ns),)
+                ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+                arguments.append(arg_name)
+                arg_explanations.append(arg_explanation)
+        for keyword in call.keywords:
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(keyword.value)
+            if keyword.arg:
+                arg_name = "__exprinfo_%s" % (len(ns),)
+                keyword_source = "%s=%%s" % (keyword.arg)
+                arguments.append(keyword_source % (arg_name,))
+                arg_explanations.append(keyword_source % (arg_explanation,))
+            else:
+                arg_name = "__exprinfo_kwds"
+                arguments.append("**%s" % (arg_name,))
+                arg_explanations.append("**%s" % (arg_explanation,))
+
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+
+        if getattr(call, 'starargs', None):
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(call.starargs)
+            arg_name = "__exprinfo_star"
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+            arguments.append("*%s" % (arg_name,))
+            arg_explanations.append("*%s" % (arg_explanation,))
+
+        if getattr(call, 'kwargs', None):
+            arg_explanation, arg_result = self.visit(call.kwargs)
+            arg_name = "__exprinfo_kwds"
+            ns[arg_name] = arg_result
+            arguments.append("**%s" % (arg_name,))
+            arg_explanations.append("**%s" % (arg_explanation,))
+        args_explained = ", ".join(arg_explanations)
+        explanation = "%s(%s)" % (func_explanation, args_explained)
+        args = ", ".join(arguments)
+        source = "__exprinfo_func(%s)" % (args,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            result = self.frame.eval(co, **ns)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        pattern = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}"
+        rep = self.frame.repr(result)
+        explanation = pattern % (rep, rep, explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def _is_builtin_name(self, name):
+        pattern = "%r not in globals() and %r not in locals()"
+        source = pattern % (name.id, name.id)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            return self.frame.eval(co)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, attr):
+        if not isinstance(attr.ctx, ast.Load):
+            return self.generic_visit(attr)
+        source_explanation, source_result = self.visit(attr.value)
+        explanation = "%s.%s" % (source_explanation, attr.attr)
+        source = "__exprinfo_expr.%s" % (attr.attr,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            try:
+                result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=source_result)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Maybe the attribute name needs to be mangled?
+                if not attr.attr.startswith("__") or attr.attr.endswith("__"):
+                    raise
+                source = "getattr(__exprinfo_expr.__class__, '__name__', '')"
+                co = self._compile(source)
+                class_name = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=source_result)
+                mangled_attr = "_" + class_name +  attr.attr
+                source = "__exprinfo_expr.%s" % (mangled_attr,)
+                co = self._compile(source)
+                result = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=source_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        explanation = "%s\n{%s = %s.%s\n}" % (self.frame.repr(result),
+                                              self.frame.repr(result),
+                                              source_explanation, attr.attr)
+        # Check if the attr is from an instance.
+        source = "%r in getattr(__exprinfo_expr, '__dict__', {})"
+        source = source % (attr.attr,)
+        co = self._compile(source)
+        try:
+            from_instance = self.frame.eval(co, __exprinfo_expr=source_result)
+        except Exception:
+            from_instance = None
+        if from_instance is None or self.frame.is_true(from_instance):
+            rep = self.frame.repr(result)
+            pattern = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}"
+            explanation = pattern % (rep, rep, explanation)
+        return explanation, result
+
+    def visit_Assert(self, assrt):
+        test_explanation, test_result = self.visit(assrt.test)
+        explanation = "assert %s" % (test_explanation,)
+        if not self.frame.is_true(test_result):
+            try:
+                raise util.BuiltinAssertionError
+            except Exception:
+                raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, test_result
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, assign):
+        value_explanation, value_result = self.visit(assign.value)
+        explanation = "... = %s" % (value_explanation,)
+        name = ast.Name("__exprinfo_expr", ast.Load(),
+                        lineno=assign.value.lineno,
+                        col_offset=assign.value.col_offset)
+        new_assign = ast.Assign(assign.targets, name, lineno=assign.lineno,
+                                col_offset=assign.col_offset)
+        mod = ast.Module([new_assign])
+        co = self._compile(mod, "exec")
+        try:
+            self.frame.exec_(co, __exprinfo_expr=value_result)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Failure(explanation)
+        return explanation, value_result
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/rewrite.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/rewrite.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14b8e49db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/rewrite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,885 @@
+"""Rewrite assertion AST to produce nice error messages"""
+
+import ast
+import errno
+import itertools
+import imp
+import marshal
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+import types
+
+import py
+from _pytest.assertion import util
+
+
+# pytest caches rewritten pycs in __pycache__.
+if hasattr(imp, "get_tag"):
+    PYTEST_TAG = imp.get_tag() + "-PYTEST"
+else:
+    if hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info"):
+        impl = "pypy"
+    elif sys.platform == "java":
+        impl = "jython"
+    else:
+        impl = "cpython"
+    ver = sys.version_info
+    PYTEST_TAG = "%s-%s%s-PYTEST" % (impl, ver[0], ver[1])
+    del ver, impl
+
+PYC_EXT = ".py" + (__debug__ and "c" or "o")
+PYC_TAIL = "." + PYTEST_TAG + PYC_EXT
+
+REWRITE_NEWLINES = sys.version_info[:2] != (2, 7) and sys.version_info < (3, 2)
+ASCII_IS_DEFAULT_ENCODING = sys.version_info[0] < 3
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3,5):
+    ast_Call = ast.Call
+else:
+    ast_Call = lambda a,b,c: ast.Call(a, b, c, None, None)
+
+
+class AssertionRewritingHook(object):
+    """PEP302 Import hook which rewrites asserts."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.session = None
+        self.modules = {}
+        self._register_with_pkg_resources()
+
+    def set_session(self, session):
+        self.fnpats = session.config.getini("python_files")
+        self.session = session
+
+    def find_module(self, name, path=None):
+        if self.session is None:
+            return None
+        sess = self.session
+        state = sess.config._assertstate
+        state.trace("find_module called for: %s" % name)
+        names = name.rsplit(".", 1)
+        lastname = names[-1]
+        pth = None
+        if path is not None:
+            # Starting with Python 3.3, path is a _NamespacePath(), which
+            # causes problems if not converted to list.
+            path = list(path)
+            if len(path) == 1:
+                pth = path[0]
+        if pth is None:
+            try:
+                fd, fn, desc = imp.find_module(lastname, path)
+            except ImportError:
+                return None
+            if fd is not None:
+                fd.close()
+            tp = desc[2]
+            if tp == imp.PY_COMPILED:
+                if hasattr(imp, "source_from_cache"):
+                    fn = imp.source_from_cache(fn)
+                else:
+                    fn = fn[:-1]
+            elif tp != imp.PY_SOURCE:
+                # Don't know what this is.
+                return None
+        else:
+            fn = os.path.join(pth, name.rpartition(".")[2] + ".py")
+        fn_pypath = py.path.local(fn)
+        # Is this a test file?
+        if not sess.isinitpath(fn):
+            # We have to be very careful here because imports in this code can
+            # trigger a cycle.
+            self.session = None
+            try:
+                for pat in self.fnpats:
+                    if fn_pypath.fnmatch(pat):
+                        state.trace("matched test file %r" % (fn,))
+                        break
+                else:
+                    return None
+            finally:
+                self.session = sess
+        else:
+            state.trace("matched test file (was specified on cmdline): %r" %
+                        (fn,))
+        # The requested module looks like a test file, so rewrite it. This is
+        # the most magical part of the process: load the source, rewrite the
+        # asserts, and load the rewritten source. We also cache the rewritten
+        # module code in a special pyc. We must be aware of the possibility of
+        # concurrent pytest processes rewriting and loading pycs. To avoid
+        # tricky race conditions, we maintain the following invariant: The
+        # cached pyc is always a complete, valid pyc. Operations on it must be
+        # atomic. POSIX's atomic rename comes in handy.
+        write = not sys.dont_write_bytecode
+        cache_dir = os.path.join(fn_pypath.dirname, "__pycache__")
+        if write:
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(cache_dir)
+            except OSError:
+                e = sys.exc_info()[1].errno
+                if e == errno.EEXIST:
+                    # Either the __pycache__ directory already exists (the
+                    # common case) or it's blocked by a non-dir node. In the
+                    # latter case, we'll ignore it in _write_pyc.
+                    pass
+                elif e in [errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR]:
+                    # One of the path components was not a directory, likely
+                    # because we're in a zip file.
+                    write = False
+                elif e in [errno.EACCES, errno.EROFS, errno.EPERM]:
+                    state.trace("read only directory: %r" % fn_pypath.dirname)
+                    write = False
+                else:
+                    raise
+        cache_name = fn_pypath.basename[:-3] + PYC_TAIL
+        pyc = os.path.join(cache_dir, cache_name)
+        # Notice that even if we're in a read-only directory, I'm going
+        # to check for a cached pyc. This may not be optimal...
+        co = _read_pyc(fn_pypath, pyc, state.trace)
+        if co is None:
+            state.trace("rewriting %r" % (fn,))
+            source_stat, co = _rewrite_test(state, fn_pypath)
+            if co is None:
+                # Probably a SyntaxError in the test.
+                return None
+            if write:
+                _make_rewritten_pyc(state, source_stat, pyc, co)
+        else:
+            state.trace("found cached rewritten pyc for %r" % (fn,))
+        self.modules[name] = co, pyc
+        return self
+
+    def load_module(self, name):
+        # If there is an existing module object named 'fullname' in
+        # sys.modules, the loader must use that existing module. (Otherwise,
+        # the reload() builtin will not work correctly.)
+        if name in sys.modules:
+            return sys.modules[name]
+
+        co, pyc = self.modules.pop(name)
+        # I wish I could just call imp.load_compiled here, but __file__ has to
+        # be set properly. In Python 3.2+, this all would be handled correctly
+        # by load_compiled.
+        mod = sys.modules[name] = imp.new_module(name)
+        try:
+            mod.__file__ = co.co_filename
+            # Normally, this attribute is 3.2+.
+            mod.__cached__ = pyc
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+            py.builtin.exec_(co, mod.__dict__)
+        except:
+            del sys.modules[name]
+            raise
+        return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+
+    def is_package(self, name):
+        try:
+            fd, fn, desc = imp.find_module(name)
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+        if fd is not None:
+            fd.close()
+        tp = desc[2]
+        return tp == imp.PKG_DIRECTORY
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _register_with_pkg_resources(cls):
+        """
+        Ensure package resources can be loaded from this loader. May be called
+        multiple times, as the operation is idempotent.
+        """
+        try:
+            import pkg_resources
+            # access an attribute in case a deferred importer is present
+            pkg_resources.__name__
+        except ImportError:
+            return
+
+        # Since pytest tests are always located in the file system, the
+        #  DefaultProvider is appropriate.
+        pkg_resources.register_loader_type(cls, pkg_resources.DefaultProvider)
+
+    def get_data(self, pathname):
+        """Optional PEP302 get_data API.
+        """
+        with open(pathname, 'rb') as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+
+def _write_pyc(state, co, source_stat, pyc):
+    # Technically, we don't have to have the same pyc format as
+    # (C)Python, since these "pycs" should never be seen by builtin
+    # import. However, there's little reason deviate, and I hope
+    # sometime to be able to use imp.load_compiled to load them. (See
+    # the comment in load_module above.)
+    try:
+        fp = open(pyc, "wb")
+    except IOError:
+        err = sys.exc_info()[1].errno
+        state.trace("error writing pyc file at %s: errno=%s" %(pyc, err))
+        # we ignore any failure to write the cache file
+        # there are many reasons, permission-denied, __pycache__ being a
+        # file etc.
+        return False
+    try:
+        fp.write(imp.get_magic())
+        mtime = int(source_stat.mtime)
+        size = source_stat.size & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        fp.write(struct.pack("<ll", mtime, size))
+        marshal.dump(co, fp)
+    finally:
+        fp.close()
+    return True
+
+RN = "\r\n".encode("utf-8")
+N = "\n".encode("utf-8")
+
+cookie_re = re.compile(r"^[ \t\f]*#.*coding[:=][ \t]*[-\w.]+")
+BOM_UTF8 = '\xef\xbb\xbf'
+
+def _rewrite_test(state, fn):
+    """Try to read and rewrite *fn* and return the code object."""
+    try:
+        stat = fn.stat()
+        source = fn.read("rb")
+    except EnvironmentError:
+        return None, None
+    if ASCII_IS_DEFAULT_ENCODING:
+        # ASCII is the default encoding in Python 2. Without a coding
+        # declaration, Python 2 will complain about any bytes in the file
+        # outside the ASCII range. Sadly, this behavior does not extend to
+        # compile() or ast.parse(), which prefer to interpret the bytes as
+        # latin-1. (At least they properly handle explicit coding cookies.) To
+        # preserve this error behavior, we could force ast.parse() to use ASCII
+        # as the encoding by inserting a coding cookie. Unfortunately, that
+        # messes up line numbers. Thus, we have to check ourselves if anything
+        # is outside the ASCII range in the case no encoding is explicitly
+        # declared. For more context, see issue #269. Yay for Python 3 which
+        # gets this right.
+        end1 = source.find("\n")
+        end2 = source.find("\n", end1 + 1)
+        if (not source.startswith(BOM_UTF8) and
+            cookie_re.match(source[0:end1]) is None and
+            cookie_re.match(source[end1 + 1:end2]) is None):
+            if hasattr(state, "_indecode"):
+                # encodings imported us again, so don't rewrite.
+                return None, None
+            state._indecode = True
+            try:
+                try:
+                    source.decode("ascii")
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    # Let it fail in real import.
+                    return None, None
+            finally:
+                del state._indecode
+    # On Python versions which are not 2.7 and less than or equal to 3.1, the
+    # parser expects *nix newlines.
+    if REWRITE_NEWLINES:
+        source = source.replace(RN, N) + N
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(source)
+    except SyntaxError:
+        # Let this pop up again in the real import.
+        state.trace("failed to parse: %r" % (fn,))
+        return None, None
+    rewrite_asserts(tree)
+    try:
+        co = compile(tree, fn.strpath, "exec")
+    except SyntaxError:
+        # It's possible that this error is from some bug in the
+        # assertion rewriting, but I don't know of a fast way to tell.
+        state.trace("failed to compile: %r" % (fn,))
+        return None, None
+    return stat, co
+
+def _make_rewritten_pyc(state, source_stat, pyc, co):
+    """Try to dump rewritten code to *pyc*."""
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        # Windows grants exclusive access to open files and doesn't have atomic
+        # rename, so just write into the final file.
+        _write_pyc(state, co, source_stat, pyc)
+    else:
+        # When not on windows, assume rename is atomic. Dump the code object
+        # into a file specific to this process and atomically replace it.
+        proc_pyc = pyc + "." + str(os.getpid())
+        if _write_pyc(state, co, source_stat, proc_pyc):
+            os.rename(proc_pyc, pyc)
+
+def _read_pyc(source, pyc, trace=lambda x: None):
+    """Possibly read a pytest pyc containing rewritten code.
+
+    Return rewritten code if successful or None if not.
+    """
+    try:
+        fp = open(pyc, "rb")
+    except IOError:
+        return None
+    with fp:
+        try:
+            mtime = int(source.mtime())
+            size = source.size()
+            data = fp.read(12)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            trace('_read_pyc(%s): EnvironmentError %s' % (source, e))
+            return None
+        # Check for invalid or out of date pyc file.
+        if (len(data) != 12 or data[:4] != imp.get_magic() or
+                struct.unpack("<ll", data[4:]) != (mtime, size)):
+            trace('_read_pyc(%s): invalid or out of date pyc' % source)
+            return None
+        try:
+            co = marshal.load(fp)
+        except Exception as e:
+            trace('_read_pyc(%s): marshal.load error %s' % (source, e))
+            return None
+        if not isinstance(co, types.CodeType):
+            trace('_read_pyc(%s): not a code object' % source)
+            return None
+        return co
+
+
+def rewrite_asserts(mod):
+    """Rewrite the assert statements in mod."""
+    AssertionRewriter().run(mod)
+
+
+def _saferepr(obj):
+    """Get a safe repr of an object for assertion error messages.
+
+    The assertion formatting (util.format_explanation()) requires
+    newlines to be escaped since they are a special character for it.
+    Normally assertion.util.format_explanation() does this but for a
+    custom repr it is possible to contain one of the special escape
+    sequences, especially '\n{' and '\n}' are likely to be present in
+    JSON reprs.
+
+    """
+    repr = py.io.saferepr(obj)
+    if py.builtin._istext(repr):
+        t = py.builtin.text
+    else:
+        t = py.builtin.bytes
+    return repr.replace(t("\n"), t("\\n"))
+
+
+from _pytest.assertion.util import format_explanation as _format_explanation # noqa
+
+def _format_assertmsg(obj):
+    """Format the custom assertion message given.
+
+    For strings this simply replaces newlines with '\n~' so that
+    util.format_explanation() will preserve them instead of escaping
+    newlines.  For other objects py.io.saferepr() is used first.
+
+    """
+    # reprlib appears to have a bug which means that if a string
+    # contains a newline it gets escaped, however if an object has a
+    # .__repr__() which contains newlines it does not get escaped.
+    # However in either case we want to preserve the newline.
+    if py.builtin._istext(obj) or py.builtin._isbytes(obj):
+        s = obj
+        is_repr = False
+    else:
+        s = py.io.saferepr(obj)
+        is_repr = True
+    if py.builtin._istext(s):
+        t = py.builtin.text
+    else:
+        t = py.builtin.bytes
+    s = s.replace(t("\n"), t("\n~")).replace(t("%"), t("%%"))
+    if is_repr:
+        s = s.replace(t("\\n"), t("\n~"))
+    return s
+
+def _should_repr_global_name(obj):
+    return not hasattr(obj, "__name__") and not py.builtin.callable(obj)
+
+def _format_boolop(explanations, is_or):
+    explanation = "(" + (is_or and " or " or " and ").join(explanations) + ")"
+    if py.builtin._istext(explanation):
+        t = py.builtin.text
+    else:
+        t = py.builtin.bytes
+    return explanation.replace(t('%'), t('%%'))
+
+def _call_reprcompare(ops, results, expls, each_obj):
+    for i, res, expl in zip(range(len(ops)), results, expls):
+        try:
+            done = not res
+        except Exception:
+            done = True
+        if done:
+            break
+    if util._reprcompare is not None:
+        custom = util._reprcompare(ops[i], each_obj[i], each_obj[i + 1])
+        if custom is not None:
+            return custom
+    return expl
+
+
+unary_map = {
+    ast.Not: "not %s",
+    ast.Invert: "~%s",
+    ast.USub: "-%s",
+    ast.UAdd: "+%s"
+}
+
+binop_map = {
+    ast.BitOr: "|",
+    ast.BitXor: "^",
+    ast.BitAnd: "&",
+    ast.LShift: "<<",
+    ast.RShift: ">>",
+    ast.Add: "+",
+    ast.Sub: "-",
+    ast.Mult: "*",
+    ast.Div: "/",
+    ast.FloorDiv: "//",
+    ast.Mod: "%%", # escaped for string formatting
+    ast.Eq: "==",
+    ast.NotEq: "!=",
+    ast.Lt: "<",
+    ast.LtE: "<=",
+    ast.Gt: ">",
+    ast.GtE: ">=",
+    ast.Pow: "**",
+    ast.Is: "is",
+    ast.IsNot: "is not",
+    ast.In: "in",
+    ast.NotIn: "not in"
+}
+# Python 3.5+ compatibility
+try:
+    binop_map[ast.MatMult] = "@"
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+
+# Python 3.4+ compatibility
+if hasattr(ast, "NameConstant"):
+    _NameConstant = ast.NameConstant
+else:
+    def _NameConstant(c):
+        return ast.Name(str(c), ast.Load())
+
+
+def set_location(node, lineno, col_offset):
+    """Set node location information recursively."""
+    def _fix(node, lineno, col_offset):
+        if "lineno" in node._attributes:
+            node.lineno = lineno
+        if "col_offset" in node._attributes:
+            node.col_offset = col_offset
+        for child in ast.iter_child_nodes(node):
+            _fix(child, lineno, col_offset)
+    _fix(node, lineno, col_offset)
+    return node
+
+
+class AssertionRewriter(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Assertion rewriting implementation.
+
+    The main entrypoint is to call .run() with an ast.Module instance,
+    this will then find all the assert statements and re-write them to
+    provide intermediate values and a detailed assertion error.  See
+    http://pybites.blogspot.be/2011/07/behind-scenes-of-pytests-new-assertion.html
+    for an overview of how this works.
+
+    The entry point here is .run() which will iterate over all the
+    statements in an ast.Module and for each ast.Assert statement it
+    finds call .visit() with it.  Then .visit_Assert() takes over and
+    is responsible for creating new ast statements to replace the
+    original assert statement: it re-writes the test of an assertion
+    to provide intermediate values and replace it with an if statement
+    which raises an assertion error with a detailed explanation in
+    case the expression is false.
+
+    For this .visit_Assert() uses the visitor pattern to visit all the
+    AST nodes of the ast.Assert.test field, each visit call returning
+    an AST node and the corresponding explanation string.  During this
+    state is kept in several instance attributes:
+
+    :statements: All the AST statements which will replace the assert
+       statement.
+
+    :variables: This is populated by .variable() with each variable
+       used by the statements so that they can all be set to None at
+       the end of the statements.
+
+    :variable_counter: Counter to create new unique variables needed
+       by statements.  Variables are created using .variable() and
+       have the form of "@py_assert0".
+
+    :on_failure: The AST statements which will be executed if the
+       assertion test fails.  This is the code which will construct
+       the failure message and raises the AssertionError.
+
+    :explanation_specifiers: A dict filled by .explanation_param()
+       with %-formatting placeholders and their corresponding
+       expressions to use in the building of an assertion message.
+       This is used by .pop_format_context() to build a message.
+
+    :stack: A stack of the explanation_specifiers dicts maintained by
+       .push_format_context() and .pop_format_context() which allows
+       to build another %-formatted string while already building one.
+
+    This state is reset on every new assert statement visited and used
+    by the other visitors.
+
+    """
+
+    def run(self, mod):
+        """Find all assert statements in *mod* and rewrite them."""
+        if not mod.body:
+            # Nothing to do.
+            return
+        # Insert some special imports at the top of the module but after any
+        # docstrings and __future__ imports.
+        aliases = [ast.alias(py.builtin.builtins.__name__, "@py_builtins"),
+                   ast.alias("_pytest.assertion.rewrite", "@pytest_ar")]
+        expect_docstring = True
+        pos = 0
+        lineno = 0
+        for item in mod.body:
+            if (expect_docstring and isinstance(item, ast.Expr) and
+                    isinstance(item.value, ast.Str)):
+                doc = item.value.s
+                if "PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE" in doc:
+                    # The module has disabled assertion rewriting.
+                    return
+                lineno += len(doc) - 1
+                expect_docstring = False
+            elif (not isinstance(item, ast.ImportFrom) or item.level > 0 or
+                  item.module != "__future__"):
+                lineno = item.lineno
+                break
+            pos += 1
+        imports = [ast.Import([alias], lineno=lineno, col_offset=0)
+                   for alias in aliases]
+        mod.body[pos:pos] = imports
+        # Collect asserts.
+        nodes = [mod]
+        while nodes:
+            node = nodes.pop()
+            for name, field in ast.iter_fields(node):
+                if isinstance(field, list):
+                    new = []
+                    for i, child in enumerate(field):
+                        if isinstance(child, ast.Assert):
+                            # Transform assert.
+                            new.extend(self.visit(child))
+                        else:
+                            new.append(child)
+                            if isinstance(child, ast.AST):
+                                nodes.append(child)
+                    setattr(node, name, new)
+                elif (isinstance(field, ast.AST) and
+                      # Don't recurse into expressions as they can't contain
+                      # asserts.
+                      not isinstance(field, ast.expr)):
+                    nodes.append(field)
+
+    def variable(self):
+        """Get a new variable."""
+        # Use a character invalid in python identifiers to avoid clashing.
+        name = "@py_assert" + str(next(self.variable_counter))
+        self.variables.append(name)
+        return name
+
+    def assign(self, expr):
+        """Give *expr* a name."""
+        name = self.variable()
+        self.statements.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(name, ast.Store())], expr))
+        return ast.Name(name, ast.Load())
+
+    def display(self, expr):
+        """Call py.io.saferepr on the expression."""
+        return self.helper("saferepr", expr)
+
+    def helper(self, name, *args):
+        """Call a helper in this module."""
+        py_name = ast.Name("@pytest_ar", ast.Load())
+        attr = ast.Attribute(py_name, "_" + name, ast.Load())
+        return ast_Call(attr, list(args), [])
+
+    def builtin(self, name):
+        """Return the builtin called *name*."""
+        builtin_name = ast.Name("@py_builtins", ast.Load())
+        return ast.Attribute(builtin_name, name, ast.Load())
+
+    def explanation_param(self, expr):
+        """Return a new named %-formatting placeholder for expr.
+
+        This creates a %-formatting placeholder for expr in the
+        current formatting context, e.g. ``%(py0)s``.  The placeholder
+        and expr are placed in the current format context so that it
+        can be used on the next call to .pop_format_context().
+
+        """
+        specifier = "py" + str(next(self.variable_counter))
+        self.explanation_specifiers[specifier] = expr
+        return "%(" + specifier + ")s"
+
+    def push_format_context(self):
+        """Create a new formatting context.
+
+        The format context is used for when an explanation wants to
+        have a variable value formatted in the assertion message.  In
+        this case the value required can be added using
+        .explanation_param().  Finally .pop_format_context() is used
+        to format a string of %-formatted values as added by
+        .explanation_param().
+
+        """
+        self.explanation_specifiers = {}
+        self.stack.append(self.explanation_specifiers)
+
+    def pop_format_context(self, expl_expr):
+        """Format the %-formatted string with current format context.
+
+        The expl_expr should be an ast.Str instance constructed from
+        the %-placeholders created by .explanation_param().  This will
+        add the required code to format said string to .on_failure and
+        return the ast.Name instance of the formatted string.
+
+        """
+        current = self.stack.pop()
+        if self.stack:
+            self.explanation_specifiers = self.stack[-1]
+        keys = [ast.Str(key) for key in current.keys()]
+        format_dict = ast.Dict(keys, list(current.values()))
+        form = ast.BinOp(expl_expr, ast.Mod(), format_dict)
+        name = "@py_format" + str(next(self.variable_counter))
+        self.on_failure.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(name, ast.Store())], form))
+        return ast.Name(name, ast.Load())
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        """Handle expressions we don't have custom code for."""
+        assert isinstance(node, ast.expr)
+        res = self.assign(node)
+        return res, self.explanation_param(self.display(res))
+
+    def visit_Assert(self, assert_):
+        """Return the AST statements to replace the ast.Assert instance.
+
+        This re-writes the test of an assertion to provide
+        intermediate values and replace it with an if statement which
+        raises an assertion error with a detailed explanation in case
+        the expression is false.
+
+        """
+        self.statements = []
+        self.variables = []
+        self.variable_counter = itertools.count()
+        self.stack = []
+        self.on_failure = []
+        self.push_format_context()
+        # Rewrite assert into a bunch of statements.
+        top_condition, explanation = self.visit(assert_.test)
+        # Create failure message.
+        body = self.on_failure
+        negation = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), top_condition)
+        self.statements.append(ast.If(negation, body, []))
+        if assert_.msg:
+            assertmsg = self.helper('format_assertmsg', assert_.msg)
+            explanation = "\n>assert " + explanation
+        else:
+            assertmsg = ast.Str("")
+            explanation = "assert " + explanation
+        template = ast.BinOp(assertmsg, ast.Add(), ast.Str(explanation))
+        msg = self.pop_format_context(template)
+        fmt = self.helper("format_explanation", msg)
+        err_name = ast.Name("AssertionError", ast.Load())
+        exc = ast_Call(err_name, [fmt], [])
+        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+            raise_ = ast.Raise(exc, None)
+        else:
+            raise_ = ast.Raise(exc, None, None)
+        body.append(raise_)
+        # Clear temporary variables by setting them to None.
+        if self.variables:
+            variables = [ast.Name(name, ast.Store())
+                         for name in self.variables]
+            clear = ast.Assign(variables, _NameConstant(None))
+            self.statements.append(clear)
+        # Fix line numbers.
+        for stmt in self.statements:
+            set_location(stmt, assert_.lineno, assert_.col_offset)
+        return self.statements
+
+    def visit_Name(self, name):
+        # Display the repr of the name if it's a local variable or
+        # _should_repr_global_name() thinks it's acceptable.
+        locs = ast_Call(self.builtin("locals"), [], [])
+        inlocs = ast.Compare(ast.Str(name.id), [ast.In()], [locs])
+        dorepr = self.helper("should_repr_global_name", name)
+        test = ast.BoolOp(ast.Or(), [inlocs, dorepr])
+        expr = ast.IfExp(test, self.display(name), ast.Str(name.id))
+        return name, self.explanation_param(expr)
+
+    def visit_BoolOp(self, boolop):
+        res_var = self.variable()
+        expl_list = self.assign(ast.List([], ast.Load()))
+        app = ast.Attribute(expl_list, "append", ast.Load())
+        is_or = int(isinstance(boolop.op, ast.Or))
+        body = save = self.statements
+        fail_save = self.on_failure
+        levels = len(boolop.values) - 1
+        self.push_format_context()
+        # Process each operand, short-circuting if needed.
+        for i, v in enumerate(boolop.values):
+            if i:
+                fail_inner = []
+                # cond is set in a prior loop iteration below
+                self.on_failure.append(ast.If(cond, fail_inner, [])) # noqa
+                self.on_failure = fail_inner
+            self.push_format_context()
+            res, expl = self.visit(v)
+            body.append(ast.Assign([ast.Name(res_var, ast.Store())], res))
+            expl_format = self.pop_format_context(ast.Str(expl))
+            call = ast_Call(app, [expl_format], [])
+            self.on_failure.append(ast.Expr(call))
+            if i < levels:
+                cond = res
+                if is_or:
+                    cond = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), cond)
+                inner = []
+                self.statements.append(ast.If(cond, inner, []))
+                self.statements = body = inner
+        self.statements = save
+        self.on_failure = fail_save
+        expl_template = self.helper("format_boolop", expl_list, ast.Num(is_or))
+        expl = self.pop_format_context(expl_template)
+        return ast.Name(res_var, ast.Load()), self.explanation_param(expl)
+
+    def visit_UnaryOp(self, unary):
+        pattern = unary_map[unary.op.__class__]
+        operand_res, operand_expl = self.visit(unary.operand)
+        res = self.assign(ast.UnaryOp(unary.op, operand_res))
+        return res, pattern % (operand_expl,)
+
+    def visit_BinOp(self, binop):
+        symbol = binop_map[binop.op.__class__]
+        left_expr, left_expl = self.visit(binop.left)
+        right_expr, right_expl = self.visit(binop.right)
+        explanation = "(%s %s %s)" % (left_expl, symbol, right_expl)
+        res = self.assign(ast.BinOp(left_expr, binop.op, right_expr))
+        return res, explanation
+
+    def visit_Call_35(self, call):
+        """
+        visit `ast.Call` nodes on Python3.5 and after
+        """
+        new_func, func_expl = self.visit(call.func)
+        arg_expls = []
+        new_args = []
+        new_kwargs = []
+        for arg in call.args:
+            res, expl = self.visit(arg)
+            arg_expls.append(expl)
+            new_args.append(res)
+        for keyword in call.keywords:
+            res, expl = self.visit(keyword.value)
+            new_kwargs.append(ast.keyword(keyword.arg, res))
+            if keyword.arg:
+                arg_expls.append(keyword.arg + "=" + expl)
+            else: ## **args have `arg` keywords with an .arg of None
+                arg_expls.append("**" + expl)
+
+        expl = "%s(%s)" % (func_expl, ', '.join(arg_expls))
+        new_call = ast.Call(new_func, new_args, new_kwargs)
+        res = self.assign(new_call)
+        res_expl = self.explanation_param(self.display(res))
+        outer_expl = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}" % (res_expl, res_expl, expl)
+        return res, outer_expl
+
+    def visit_Starred(self, starred):
+        # From Python 3.5, a Starred node can appear in a function call
+        res, expl = self.visit(starred.value)
+        return starred, '*' + expl
+
+    def visit_Call_legacy(self, call):
+        """
+        visit `ast.Call nodes on 3.4 and below`
+        """
+        new_func, func_expl = self.visit(call.func)
+        arg_expls = []
+        new_args = []
+        new_kwargs = []
+        new_star = new_kwarg = None
+        for arg in call.args:
+            res, expl = self.visit(arg)
+            new_args.append(res)
+            arg_expls.append(expl)
+        for keyword in call.keywords:
+            res, expl = self.visit(keyword.value)
+            new_kwargs.append(ast.keyword(keyword.arg, res))
+            arg_expls.append(keyword.arg + "=" + expl)
+        if call.starargs:
+            new_star, expl = self.visit(call.starargs)
+            arg_expls.append("*" + expl)
+        if call.kwargs:
+            new_kwarg, expl = self.visit(call.kwargs)
+            arg_expls.append("**" + expl)
+        expl = "%s(%s)" % (func_expl, ', '.join(arg_expls))
+        new_call = ast.Call(new_func, new_args, new_kwargs,
+                            new_star, new_kwarg)
+        res = self.assign(new_call)
+        res_expl = self.explanation_param(self.display(res))
+        outer_expl = "%s\n{%s = %s\n}" % (res_expl, res_expl, expl)
+        return res, outer_expl
+
+    # ast.Call signature changed on 3.5,
+    # conditionally change  which methods is named
+    # visit_Call depending on Python version
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 5):
+        visit_Call = visit_Call_35
+    else:
+        visit_Call = visit_Call_legacy
+
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, attr):
+        if not isinstance(attr.ctx, ast.Load):
+            return self.generic_visit(attr)
+        value, value_expl = self.visit(attr.value)
+        res = self.assign(ast.Attribute(value, attr.attr, ast.Load()))
+        res_expl = self.explanation_param(self.display(res))
+        pat = "%s\n{%s = %s.%s\n}"
+        expl = pat % (res_expl, res_expl, value_expl, attr.attr)
+        return res, expl
+
+    def visit_Compare(self, comp):
+        self.push_format_context()
+        left_res, left_expl = self.visit(comp.left)
+        res_variables = [self.variable() for i in range(len(comp.ops))]
+        load_names = [ast.Name(v, ast.Load()) for v in res_variables]
+        store_names = [ast.Name(v, ast.Store()) for v in res_variables]
+        it = zip(range(len(comp.ops)), comp.ops, comp.comparators)
+        expls = []
+        syms = []
+        results = [left_res]
+        for i, op, next_operand in it:
+            next_res, next_expl = self.visit(next_operand)
+            results.append(next_res)
+            sym = binop_map[op.__class__]
+            syms.append(ast.Str(sym))
+            expl = "%s %s %s" % (left_expl, sym, next_expl)
+            expls.append(ast.Str(expl))
+            res_expr = ast.Compare(left_res, [op], [next_res])
+            self.statements.append(ast.Assign([store_names[i]], res_expr))
+            left_res, left_expl = next_res, next_expl
+        # Use pytest.assertion.util._reprcompare if that's available.
+        expl_call = self.helper("call_reprcompare",
+                                ast.Tuple(syms, ast.Load()),
+                                ast.Tuple(load_names, ast.Load()),
+                                ast.Tuple(expls, ast.Load()),
+                                ast.Tuple(results, ast.Load()))
+        if len(comp.ops) > 1:
+            res = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), load_names)
+        else:
+            res = load_names[0]
+        return res, self.explanation_param(self.pop_format_context(expl_call))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/util.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2f23efea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/assertion/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+"""Utilities for assertion debugging"""
+import pprint
+
+import _pytest._code
+import py
+try:
+    from collections import Sequence
+except ImportError:
+    Sequence = list
+
+BuiltinAssertionError = py.builtin.builtins.AssertionError
+u = py.builtin._totext
+
+# The _reprcompare attribute on the util module is used by the new assertion
+# interpretation code and assertion rewriter to detect this plugin was
+# loaded and in turn call the hooks defined here as part of the
+# DebugInterpreter.
+_reprcompare = None
+
+
+# the re-encoding is needed for python2 repr
+# with non-ascii characters (see issue 877 and 1379)
+def ecu(s):
+    try:
+        return u(s, 'utf-8', 'replace')
+    except TypeError:
+        return s
+
+
+def format_explanation(explanation):
+    """This formats an explanation
+
+    Normally all embedded newlines are escaped, however there are
+    three exceptions: \n{, \n} and \n~.  The first two are intended
+    cover nested explanations, see function and attribute explanations
+    for examples (.visit_Call(), visit_Attribute()).  The last one is
+    for when one explanation needs to span multiple lines, e.g. when
+    displaying diffs.
+    """
+    explanation = ecu(explanation)
+    explanation = _collapse_false(explanation)
+    lines = _split_explanation(explanation)
+    result = _format_lines(lines)
+    return u('\n').join(result)
+
+
+def _collapse_false(explanation):
+    """Collapse expansions of False
+
+    So this strips out any "assert False\n{where False = ...\n}"
+    blocks.
+    """
+    where = 0
+    while True:
+        start = where = explanation.find("False\n{False = ", where)
+        if where == -1:
+            break
+        level = 0
+        prev_c = explanation[start]
+        for i, c in enumerate(explanation[start:]):
+            if prev_c + c == "\n{":
+                level += 1
+            elif prev_c + c == "\n}":
+                level -= 1
+                if not level:
+                    break
+            prev_c = c
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unbalanced braces: %r" % (explanation,))
+        end = start + i
+        where = end
+        if explanation[end - 1] == '\n':
+            explanation = (explanation[:start] + explanation[start+15:end-1] +
+                           explanation[end+1:])
+            where -= 17
+    return explanation
+
+
+def _split_explanation(explanation):
+    """Return a list of individual lines in the explanation
+
+    This will return a list of lines split on '\n{', '\n}' and '\n~'.
+    Any other newlines will be escaped and appear in the line as the
+    literal '\n' characters.
+    """
+    raw_lines = (explanation or u('')).split('\n')
+    lines = [raw_lines[0]]
+    for l in raw_lines[1:]:
+        if l and l[0] in ['{', '}', '~', '>']:
+            lines.append(l)
+        else:
+            lines[-1] += '\\n' + l
+    return lines
+
+
+def _format_lines(lines):
+    """Format the individual lines
+
+    This will replace the '{', '}' and '~' characters of our mini
+    formatting language with the proper 'where ...', 'and ...' and ' +
+    ...' text, taking care of indentation along the way.
+
+    Return a list of formatted lines.
+    """
+    result = lines[:1]
+    stack = [0]
+    stackcnt = [0]
+    for line in lines[1:]:
+        if line.startswith('{'):
+            if stackcnt[-1]:
+                s = u('and   ')
+            else:
+                s = u('where ')
+            stack.append(len(result))
+            stackcnt[-1] += 1
+            stackcnt.append(0)
+            result.append(u(' +') + u('  ')*(len(stack)-1) + s + line[1:])
+        elif line.startswith('}'):
+            stack.pop()
+            stackcnt.pop()
+            result[stack[-1]] += line[1:]
+        else:
+            assert line[0] in ['~', '>']
+            stack[-1] += 1
+            indent = len(stack) if line.startswith('~') else len(stack) - 1
+            result.append(u('  ')*indent + line[1:])
+    assert len(stack) == 1
+    return result
+
+
+# Provide basestring in python3
+try:
+    basestring = basestring
+except NameError:
+    basestring = str
+
+
+def assertrepr_compare(config, op, left, right):
+    """Return specialised explanations for some operators/operands"""
+    width = 80 - 15 - len(op) - 2  # 15 chars indentation, 1 space around op
+    left_repr = py.io.saferepr(left, maxsize=int(width/2))
+    right_repr = py.io.saferepr(right, maxsize=width-len(left_repr))
+
+    summary = u('%s %s %s') % (ecu(left_repr), op, ecu(right_repr))
+
+    issequence = lambda x: (isinstance(x, (list, tuple, Sequence)) and
+                            not isinstance(x, basestring))
+    istext = lambda x: isinstance(x, basestring)
+    isdict = lambda x: isinstance(x, dict)
+    isset = lambda x: isinstance(x, (set, frozenset))
+
+    def isiterable(obj):
+        try:
+            iter(obj)
+            return not istext(obj)
+        except TypeError:
+            return False
+
+    verbose = config.getoption('verbose')
+    explanation = None
+    try:
+        if op == '==':
+            if istext(left) and istext(right):
+                explanation = _diff_text(left, right, verbose)
+            else:
+                if issequence(left) and issequence(right):
+                    explanation = _compare_eq_sequence(left, right, verbose)
+                elif isset(left) and isset(right):
+                    explanation = _compare_eq_set(left, right, verbose)
+                elif isdict(left) and isdict(right):
+                    explanation = _compare_eq_dict(left, right, verbose)
+                if isiterable(left) and isiterable(right):
+                    expl = _compare_eq_iterable(left, right, verbose)
+                    if explanation is not None:
+                        explanation.extend(expl)
+                    else:
+                        explanation = expl
+        elif op == 'not in':
+            if istext(left) and istext(right):
+                explanation = _notin_text(left, right, verbose)
+    except Exception:
+        explanation = [
+            u('(pytest_assertion plugin: representation of details failed.  '
+              'Probably an object has a faulty __repr__.)'),
+            u(_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo())]
+
+    if not explanation:
+        return None
+
+    return [summary] + explanation
+
+
+def _diff_text(left, right, verbose=False):
+    """Return the explanation for the diff between text or bytes
+
+    Unless --verbose is used this will skip leading and trailing
+    characters which are identical to keep the diff minimal.
+
+    If the input are bytes they will be safely converted to text.
+    """
+    from difflib import ndiff
+    explanation = []
+    if isinstance(left, py.builtin.bytes):
+        left = u(repr(left)[1:-1]).replace(r'\n', '\n')
+    if isinstance(right, py.builtin.bytes):
+        right = u(repr(right)[1:-1]).replace(r'\n', '\n')
+    if not verbose:
+        i = 0  # just in case left or right has zero length
+        for i in range(min(len(left), len(right))):
+            if left[i] != right[i]:
+                break
+        if i > 42:
+            i -= 10                 # Provide some context
+            explanation = [u('Skipping %s identical leading '
+                             'characters in diff, use -v to show') % i]
+            left = left[i:]
+            right = right[i:]
+        if len(left) == len(right):
+            for i in range(len(left)):
+                if left[-i] != right[-i]:
+                    break
+            if i > 42:
+                i -= 10     # Provide some context
+                explanation += [u('Skipping %s identical trailing '
+                                  'characters in diff, use -v to show') % i]
+                left = left[:-i]
+                right = right[:-i]
+    explanation += [line.strip('\n')
+                    for line in ndiff(left.splitlines(),
+                                      right.splitlines())]
+    return explanation
+
+
+def _compare_eq_iterable(left, right, verbose=False):
+    if not verbose:
+        return [u('Use -v to get the full diff')]
+    # dynamic import to speedup pytest
+    import difflib
+
+    try:
+        left_formatting = pprint.pformat(left).splitlines()
+        right_formatting = pprint.pformat(right).splitlines()
+        explanation = [u('Full diff:')]
+    except Exception:
+        # hack: PrettyPrinter.pformat() in python 2 fails when formatting items that can't be sorted(), ie, calling
+        # sorted() on a list would raise. See issue #718.
+        # As a workaround, the full diff is generated by using the repr() string of each item of each container.
+        left_formatting = sorted(repr(x) for x in left)
+        right_formatting = sorted(repr(x) for x in right)
+        explanation = [u('Full diff (fallback to calling repr on each item):')]
+    explanation.extend(line.strip() for line in difflib.ndiff(left_formatting, right_formatting))
+    return explanation
+
+
+def _compare_eq_sequence(left, right, verbose=False):
+    explanation = []
+    for i in range(min(len(left), len(right))):
+        if left[i] != right[i]:
+            explanation += [u('At index %s diff: %r != %r')
+                            % (i, left[i], right[i])]
+            break
+    if len(left) > len(right):
+        explanation += [u('Left contains more items, first extra item: %s')
+                        % py.io.saferepr(left[len(right)],)]
+    elif len(left) < len(right):
+        explanation += [
+            u('Right contains more items, first extra item: %s') %
+            py.io.saferepr(right[len(left)],)]
+    return explanation
+
+
+def _compare_eq_set(left, right, verbose=False):
+    explanation = []
+    diff_left = left - right
+    diff_right = right - left
+    if diff_left:
+        explanation.append(u('Extra items in the left set:'))
+        for item in diff_left:
+            explanation.append(py.io.saferepr(item))
+    if diff_right:
+        explanation.append(u('Extra items in the right set:'))
+        for item in diff_right:
+            explanation.append(py.io.saferepr(item))
+    return explanation
+
+
+def _compare_eq_dict(left, right, verbose=False):
+    explanation = []
+    common = set(left).intersection(set(right))
+    same = dict((k, left[k]) for k in common if left[k] == right[k])
+    if same and not verbose:
+        explanation += [u('Omitting %s identical items, use -v to show') %
+                        len(same)]
+    elif same:
+        explanation += [u('Common items:')]
+        explanation += pprint.pformat(same).splitlines()
+    diff = set(k for k in common if left[k] != right[k])
+    if diff:
+        explanation += [u('Differing items:')]
+        for k in diff:
+            explanation += [py.io.saferepr({k: left[k]}) + ' != ' +
+                            py.io.saferepr({k: right[k]})]
+    extra_left = set(left) - set(right)
+    if extra_left:
+        explanation.append(u('Left contains more items:'))
+        explanation.extend(pprint.pformat(
+            dict((k, left[k]) for k in extra_left)).splitlines())
+    extra_right = set(right) - set(left)
+    if extra_right:
+        explanation.append(u('Right contains more items:'))
+        explanation.extend(pprint.pformat(
+            dict((k, right[k]) for k in extra_right)).splitlines())
+    return explanation
+
+
+def _notin_text(term, text, verbose=False):
+    index = text.find(term)
+    head = text[:index]
+    tail = text[index+len(term):]
+    correct_text = head + tail
+    diff = _diff_text(correct_text, text, verbose)
+    newdiff = [u('%s is contained here:') % py.io.saferepr(term, maxsize=42)]
+    for line in diff:
+        if line.startswith(u('Skipping')):
+            continue
+        if line.startswith(u('- ')):
+            continue
+        if line.startswith(u('+ ')):
+            newdiff.append(u('  ') + line[2:])
+        else:
+            newdiff.append(line)
+    return newdiff
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/cacheprovider.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/cacheprovider.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0657001f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/cacheprovider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+"""
+merged implementation of the cache provider
+
+the name cache was not choosen to ensure pluggy automatically
+ignores the external pytest-cache
+"""
+
+import py
+import pytest
+import json
+from os.path import sep as _sep, altsep as _altsep
+
+
+class Cache(object):
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = config
+        self._cachedir = config.rootdir.join(".cache")
+        self.trace = config.trace.root.get("cache")
+        if config.getvalue("cacheclear"):
+            self.trace("clearing cachedir")
+            if self._cachedir.check():
+                self._cachedir.remove()
+            self._cachedir.mkdir()
+
+    def makedir(self, name):
+        """ return a directory path object with the given name.  If the
+        directory does not yet exist, it will be created.  You can use it
+        to manage files likes e. g. store/retrieve database
+        dumps across test sessions.
+
+        :param name: must be a string not containing a ``/`` separator.
+             Make sure the name contains your plugin or application
+             identifiers to prevent clashes with other cache users.
+        """
+        if _sep in name or _altsep is not None and _altsep in name:
+            raise ValueError("name is not allowed to contain path separators")
+        return self._cachedir.ensure_dir("d", name)
+
+    def _getvaluepath(self, key):
+        return self._cachedir.join('v', *key.split('/'))
+
+    def get(self, key, default):
+        """ return cached value for the given key.  If no value
+        was yet cached or the value cannot be read, the specified
+        default is returned.
+
+        :param key: must be a ``/`` separated value. Usually the first
+             name is the name of your plugin or your application.
+        :param default: must be provided in case of a cache-miss or
+             invalid cache values.
+
+        """
+        path = self._getvaluepath(key)
+        if path.check():
+            try:
+                with path.open("r") as f:
+                    return json.load(f)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.trace("cache-invalid at %s" % (path,))
+        return default
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        """ save value for the given key.
+
+        :param key: must be a ``/`` separated value. Usually the first
+             name is the name of your plugin or your application.
+        :param value: must be of any combination of basic
+               python types, including nested types
+               like e. g. lists of dictionaries.
+        """
+        path = self._getvaluepath(key)
+        try:
+            path.dirpath().ensure_dir()
+        except (py.error.EEXIST, py.error.EACCES):
+            self.config.warn(
+                code='I9', message='could not create cache path %s' % (path,)
+            )
+            return
+        try:
+            f = path.open('w')
+        except py.error.ENOTDIR:
+            self.config.warn(
+                code='I9', message='cache could not write path %s' % (path,))
+        else:
+            with f:
+                self.trace("cache-write %s: %r" % (key, value,))
+                json.dump(value, f, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
+
+
+class LFPlugin:
+    """ Plugin which implements the --lf (run last-failing) option """
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = config
+        active_keys = 'lf', 'failedfirst'
+        self.active = any(config.getvalue(key) for key in active_keys)
+        if self.active:
+            self.lastfailed = config.cache.get("cache/lastfailed", {})
+        else:
+            self.lastfailed = {}
+
+    def pytest_report_header(self):
+        if self.active:
+            if not self.lastfailed:
+                mode = "run all (no recorded failures)"
+            else:
+                mode = "rerun last %d failures%s" % (
+                    len(self.lastfailed),
+                    " first" if self.config.getvalue("failedfirst") else "")
+            return "run-last-failure: %s" % mode
+
+    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report):
+        if report.failed and "xfail" not in report.keywords:
+            self.lastfailed[report.nodeid] = True
+        elif not report.failed:
+            if report.when == "call":
+                self.lastfailed.pop(report.nodeid, None)
+
+    def pytest_collectreport(self, report):
+        passed = report.outcome in ('passed', 'skipped')
+        if passed:
+            if report.nodeid in self.lastfailed:
+                self.lastfailed.pop(report.nodeid)
+                self.lastfailed.update(
+                    (item.nodeid, True)
+                    for item in report.result)
+        else:
+            self.lastfailed[report.nodeid] = True
+
+    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, session, config, items):
+        if self.active and self.lastfailed:
+            previously_failed = []
+            previously_passed = []
+            for item in items:
+                if item.nodeid in self.lastfailed:
+                    previously_failed.append(item)
+                else:
+                    previously_passed.append(item)
+            if not previously_failed and previously_passed:
+                # running a subset of all tests with recorded failures outside
+                # of the set of tests currently executing
+                pass
+            elif self.config.getvalue("failedfirst"):
+                items[:] = previously_failed + previously_passed
+            else:
+                items[:] = previously_failed
+                config.hook.pytest_deselected(items=previously_passed)
+
+    def pytest_sessionfinish(self, session):
+        config = self.config
+        if config.getvalue("cacheshow") or hasattr(config, "slaveinput"):
+            return
+        prev_failed = config.cache.get("cache/lastfailed", None) is not None
+        if (session.testscollected and prev_failed) or self.lastfailed:
+            config.cache.set("cache/lastfailed", self.lastfailed)
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("general")
+    group.addoption(
+        '--lf', '--last-failed', action='store_true', dest="lf",
+        help="rerun only the tests that failed "
+             "at the last run (or all if none failed)")
+    group.addoption(
+        '--ff', '--failed-first', action='store_true', dest="failedfirst",
+        help="run all tests but run the last failures first.  "
+             "This may re-order tests and thus lead to "
+             "repeated fixture setup/teardown")
+    group.addoption(
+        '--cache-show', action='store_true', dest="cacheshow",
+        help="show cache contents, don't perform collection or tests")
+    group.addoption(
+        '--cache-clear', action='store_true', dest="cacheclear",
+        help="remove all cache contents at start of test run.")
+
+
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    if config.option.cacheshow:
+        from _pytest.main import wrap_session
+        return wrap_session(config, cacheshow)
+
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    config.cache = Cache(config)
+    config.pluginmanager.register(LFPlugin(config), "lfplugin")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def cache(request):
+    """
+    Return a cache object that can persist state between testing sessions.
+
+    cache.get(key, default)
+    cache.set(key, value)
+
+    Keys must be a ``/`` separated value, where the first part is usually the
+    name of your plugin or application to avoid clashes with other cache users.
+
+    Values can be any object handled by the json stdlib module.
+    """
+    return request.config.cache
+
+
+def pytest_report_header(config):
+    if config.option.verbose:
+        relpath = py.path.local().bestrelpath(config.cache._cachedir)
+        return "cachedir: %s" % relpath
+
+
+def cacheshow(config, session):
+    from pprint import pprint
+    tw = py.io.TerminalWriter()
+    tw.line("cachedir: " + str(config.cache._cachedir))
+    if not config.cache._cachedir.check():
+        tw.line("cache is empty")
+        return 0
+    dummy = object()
+    basedir = config.cache._cachedir
+    vdir = basedir.join("v")
+    tw.sep("-", "cache values")
+    for valpath in vdir.visit(lambda x: x.isfile()):
+        key = valpath.relto(vdir).replace(valpath.sep, "/")
+        val = config.cache.get(key, dummy)
+        if val is dummy:
+            tw.line("%s contains unreadable content, "
+                  "will be ignored" % key)
+        else:
+            tw.line("%s contains:" % key)
+            stream = py.io.TextIO()
+            pprint(val, stream=stream)
+            for line in stream.getvalue().splitlines():
+                tw.line("  " + line)
+
+    ddir = basedir.join("d")
+    if ddir.isdir() and ddir.listdir():
+        tw.sep("-", "cache directories")
+        for p in basedir.join("d").visit():
+            #if p.check(dir=1):
+            #    print("%s/" % p.relto(basedir))
+            if p.isfile():
+                key = p.relto(basedir)
+                tw.line("%s is a file of length %d" % (
+                        key, p.size()))
+    return 0
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/capture.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/capture.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3895a714a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/capture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+"""
+per-test stdout/stderr capturing mechanism.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+import sys
+import os
+from tempfile import TemporaryFile
+
+import py
+import pytest
+
+from py.io import TextIO
+unicode = py.builtin.text
+
+patchsysdict = {0: 'stdin', 1: 'stdout', 2: 'stderr'}
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("general")
+    group._addoption(
+        '--capture', action="store",
+        default="fd" if hasattr(os, "dup") else "sys",
+        metavar="method", choices=['fd', 'sys', 'no'],
+        help="per-test capturing method: one of fd|sys|no.")
+    group._addoption(
+        '-s', action="store_const", const="no", dest="capture",
+        help="shortcut for --capture=no.")
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_load_initial_conftests(early_config, parser, args):
+    _readline_workaround()
+    ns = early_config.known_args_namespace
+    pluginmanager = early_config.pluginmanager
+    capman = CaptureManager(ns.capture)
+    pluginmanager.register(capman, "capturemanager")
+
+    # make sure that capturemanager is properly reset at final shutdown
+    early_config.add_cleanup(capman.reset_capturings)
+
+    # make sure logging does not raise exceptions at the end
+    def silence_logging_at_shutdown():
+        if "logging" in sys.modules:
+            sys.modules["logging"].raiseExceptions = False
+    early_config.add_cleanup(silence_logging_at_shutdown)
+
+    # finally trigger conftest loading but while capturing (issue93)
+    capman.init_capturings()
+    outcome = yield
+    out, err = capman.suspendcapture()
+    if outcome.excinfo is not None:
+        sys.stdout.write(out)
+        sys.stderr.write(err)
+
+
+class CaptureManager:
+    def __init__(self, method):
+        self._method = method
+
+    def _getcapture(self, method):
+        if method == "fd":
+            return MultiCapture(out=True, err=True, Capture=FDCapture)
+        elif method == "sys":
+            return MultiCapture(out=True, err=True, Capture=SysCapture)
+        elif method == "no":
+            return MultiCapture(out=False, err=False, in_=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown capturing method: %r" % method)
+
+    def init_capturings(self):
+        assert not hasattr(self, "_capturing")
+        self._capturing = self._getcapture(self._method)
+        self._capturing.start_capturing()
+
+    def reset_capturings(self):
+        cap = self.__dict__.pop("_capturing", None)
+        if cap is not None:
+            cap.pop_outerr_to_orig()
+            cap.stop_capturing()
+
+    def resumecapture(self):
+        self._capturing.resume_capturing()
+
+    def suspendcapture(self, in_=False):
+        self.deactivate_funcargs()
+        cap = getattr(self, "_capturing", None)
+        if cap is not None:
+            try:
+                outerr = cap.readouterr()
+            finally:
+                cap.suspend_capturing(in_=in_)
+            return outerr
+
+    def activate_funcargs(self, pyfuncitem):
+        capfuncarg = pyfuncitem.__dict__.pop("_capfuncarg", None)
+        if capfuncarg is not None:
+            capfuncarg._start()
+            self._capfuncarg = capfuncarg
+
+    def deactivate_funcargs(self):
+        capfuncarg = self.__dict__.pop("_capfuncarg", None)
+        if capfuncarg is not None:
+            capfuncarg.close()
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+    def pytest_make_collect_report(self, collector):
+        if isinstance(collector, pytest.File):
+            self.resumecapture()
+            outcome = yield
+            out, err = self.suspendcapture()
+            rep = outcome.get_result()
+            if out:
+                rep.sections.append(("Captured stdout", out))
+            if err:
+                rep.sections.append(("Captured stderr", err))
+        else:
+            yield
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+    def pytest_runtest_setup(self, item):
+        self.resumecapture()
+        yield
+        self.suspendcapture_item(item, "setup")
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+    def pytest_runtest_call(self, item):
+        self.resumecapture()
+        self.activate_funcargs(item)
+        yield
+        #self.deactivate_funcargs() called from suspendcapture()
+        self.suspendcapture_item(item, "call")
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+    def pytest_runtest_teardown(self, item):
+        self.resumecapture()
+        yield
+        self.suspendcapture_item(item, "teardown")
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+    def pytest_keyboard_interrupt(self, excinfo):
+        self.reset_capturings()
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+    def pytest_internalerror(self, excinfo):
+        self.reset_capturings()
+
+    def suspendcapture_item(self, item, when):
+        out, err = self.suspendcapture()
+        item.add_report_section(when, "stdout", out)
+        item.add_report_section(when, "stderr", err)
+
+error_capsysfderror = "cannot use capsys and capfd at the same time"
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def capsys(request):
+    """enables capturing of writes to sys.stdout/sys.stderr and makes
+    captured output available via ``capsys.readouterr()`` method calls
+    which return a ``(out, err)`` tuple.
+    """
+    if "capfd" in request._funcargs:
+        raise request.raiseerror(error_capsysfderror)
+    request.node._capfuncarg = c = CaptureFixture(SysCapture)
+    return c
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def capfd(request):
+    """enables capturing of writes to file descriptors 1 and 2 and makes
+    captured output available via ``capfd.readouterr()`` method calls
+    which return a ``(out, err)`` tuple.
+    """
+    if "capsys" in request._funcargs:
+        request.raiseerror(error_capsysfderror)
+    if not hasattr(os, 'dup'):
+        pytest.skip("capfd funcarg needs os.dup")
+    request.node._capfuncarg = c = CaptureFixture(FDCapture)
+    return c
+
+
+class CaptureFixture:
+    def __init__(self, captureclass):
+        self.captureclass = captureclass
+
+    def _start(self):
+        self._capture = MultiCapture(out=True, err=True, in_=False,
+                                       Capture=self.captureclass)
+        self._capture.start_capturing()
+
+    def close(self):
+        cap = self.__dict__.pop("_capture", None)
+        if cap is not None:
+            self._outerr = cap.pop_outerr_to_orig()
+            cap.stop_capturing()
+
+    def readouterr(self):
+        try:
+            return self._capture.readouterr()
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._outerr
+
+
+def safe_text_dupfile(f, mode, default_encoding="UTF8"):
+    """ return a open text file object that's a duplicate of f on the
+        FD-level if possible.
+    """
+    encoding = getattr(f, "encoding", None)
+    try:
+        fd = f.fileno()
+    except Exception:
+        if "b" not in getattr(f, "mode", "") and hasattr(f, "encoding"):
+            # we seem to have a text stream, let's just use it
+            return f
+    else:
+        newfd = os.dup(fd)
+        if "b" not in mode:
+            mode += "b"
+        f = os.fdopen(newfd, mode, 0)  # no buffering
+    return EncodedFile(f, encoding or default_encoding)
+
+
+class EncodedFile(object):
+    errors = "strict"  # possibly needed by py3 code (issue555)
+    def __init__(self, buffer, encoding):
+        self.buffer = buffer
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+    def write(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, unicode):
+            obj = obj.encode(self.encoding, "replace")
+        self.buffer.write(obj)
+
+    def writelines(self, linelist):
+        data = ''.join(linelist)
+        self.write(data)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(object.__getattribute__(self, "buffer"), name)
+
+
+class MultiCapture(object):
+    out = err = in_ = None
+
+    def __init__(self, out=True, err=True, in_=True, Capture=None):
+        if in_:
+            self.in_ = Capture(0)
+        if out:
+            self.out = Capture(1)
+        if err:
+            self.err = Capture(2)
+
+    def start_capturing(self):
+        if self.in_:
+            self.in_.start()
+        if self.out:
+            self.out.start()
+        if self.err:
+            self.err.start()
+
+    def pop_outerr_to_orig(self):
+        """ pop current snapshot out/err capture and flush to orig streams. """
+        out, err = self.readouterr()
+        if out:
+            self.out.writeorg(out)
+        if err:
+            self.err.writeorg(err)
+        return out, err
+
+    def suspend_capturing(self, in_=False):
+        if self.out:
+            self.out.suspend()
+        if self.err:
+            self.err.suspend()
+        if in_ and self.in_:
+            self.in_.suspend()
+            self._in_suspended = True
+
+    def resume_capturing(self):
+        if self.out:
+            self.out.resume()
+        if self.err:
+            self.err.resume()
+        if hasattr(self, "_in_suspended"):
+            self.in_.resume()
+            del self._in_suspended
+
+    def stop_capturing(self):
+        """ stop capturing and reset capturing streams """
+        if hasattr(self, '_reset'):
+            raise ValueError("was already stopped")
+        self._reset = True
+        if self.out:
+            self.out.done()
+        if self.err:
+            self.err.done()
+        if self.in_:
+            self.in_.done()
+
+    def readouterr(self):
+        """ return snapshot unicode value of stdout/stderr capturings. """
+        return (self.out.snap() if self.out is not None else "",
+                self.err.snap() if self.err is not None else "")
+
+class NoCapture:
+    __init__ = start = done = suspend = resume = lambda *args: None
+
+class FDCapture:
+    """ Capture IO to/from a given os-level filedescriptor. """
+
+    def __init__(self, targetfd, tmpfile=None):
+        self.targetfd = targetfd
+        try:
+            self.targetfd_save = os.dup(self.targetfd)
+        except OSError:
+            self.start = lambda: None
+            self.done = lambda: None
+        else:
+            if targetfd == 0:
+                assert not tmpfile, "cannot set tmpfile with stdin"
+                tmpfile = open(os.devnull, "r")
+                self.syscapture = SysCapture(targetfd)
+            else:
+                if tmpfile is None:
+                    f = TemporaryFile()
+                    with f:
+                        tmpfile = safe_text_dupfile(f, mode="wb+")
+                if targetfd in patchsysdict:
+                    self.syscapture = SysCapture(targetfd, tmpfile)
+                else:
+                    self.syscapture = NoCapture()
+            self.tmpfile = tmpfile
+            self.tmpfile_fd = tmpfile.fileno()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<FDCapture %s oldfd=%s>" % (self.targetfd, self.targetfd_save)
+
+    def start(self):
+        """ Start capturing on targetfd using memorized tmpfile. """
+        try:
+            os.fstat(self.targetfd_save)
+        except (AttributeError, OSError):
+            raise ValueError("saved filedescriptor not valid anymore")
+        os.dup2(self.tmpfile_fd, self.targetfd)
+        self.syscapture.start()
+
+    def snap(self):
+        f = self.tmpfile
+        f.seek(0)
+        res = f.read()
+        if res:
+            enc = getattr(f, "encoding", None)
+            if enc and isinstance(res, bytes):
+                res = py.builtin._totext(res, enc, "replace")
+            f.truncate(0)
+            f.seek(0)
+            return res
+        return ''
+
+    def done(self):
+        """ stop capturing, restore streams, return original capture file,
+        seeked to position zero. """
+        targetfd_save = self.__dict__.pop("targetfd_save")
+        os.dup2(targetfd_save, self.targetfd)
+        os.close(targetfd_save)
+        self.syscapture.done()
+        self.tmpfile.close()
+
+    def suspend(self):
+        self.syscapture.suspend()
+        os.dup2(self.targetfd_save, self.targetfd)
+
+    def resume(self):
+        self.syscapture.resume()
+        os.dup2(self.tmpfile_fd, self.targetfd)
+
+    def writeorg(self, data):
+        """ write to original file descriptor. """
+        if py.builtin._istext(data):
+            data = data.encode("utf8") # XXX use encoding of original stream
+        os.write(self.targetfd_save, data)
+
+
+class SysCapture:
+    def __init__(self, fd, tmpfile=None):
+        name = patchsysdict[fd]
+        self._old = getattr(sys, name)
+        self.name = name
+        if tmpfile is None:
+            if name == "stdin":
+                tmpfile = DontReadFromInput()
+            else:
+                tmpfile = TextIO()
+        self.tmpfile = tmpfile
+
+    def start(self):
+        setattr(sys, self.name, self.tmpfile)
+
+    def snap(self):
+        f = self.tmpfile
+        res = f.getvalue()
+        f.truncate(0)
+        f.seek(0)
+        return res
+
+    def done(self):
+        setattr(sys, self.name, self._old)
+        del self._old
+        self.tmpfile.close()
+
+    def suspend(self):
+        setattr(sys, self.name, self._old)
+
+    def resume(self):
+        setattr(sys, self.name, self.tmpfile)
+
+    def writeorg(self, data):
+        self._old.write(data)
+        self._old.flush()
+
+
+class DontReadFromInput:
+    """Temporary stub class.  Ideally when stdin is accessed, the
+    capturing should be turned off, with possibly all data captured
+    so far sent to the screen.  This should be configurable, though,
+    because in automated test runs it is better to crash than
+    hang indefinitely.
+    """
+
+    encoding = None
+
+    def read(self, *args):
+        raise IOError("reading from stdin while output is captured")
+    readline = read
+    readlines = read
+    __iter__ = read
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        raise ValueError("redirected Stdin is pseudofile, has no fileno()")
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+
+def _readline_workaround():
+    """
+    Ensure readline is imported so that it attaches to the correct stdio
+    handles on Windows.
+
+    Pdb uses readline support where available--when not running from the Python
+    prompt, the readline module is not imported until running the pdb REPL.  If
+    running py.test with the --pdb option this means the readline module is not
+    imported until after I/O capture has been started.
+
+    This is a problem for pyreadline, which is often used to implement readline
+    support on Windows, as it does not attach to the correct handles for stdout
+    and/or stdin if they have been redirected by the FDCapture mechanism.  This
+    workaround ensures that readline is imported before I/O capture is setup so
+    that it can attach to the actual stdin/out for the console.
+
+    See https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/pull/1281
+    """
+
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('win32'):
+        return
+    try:
+        import readline  # noqa
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/config.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a308df2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1192 @@
+""" command line options, ini-file and conftest.py processing. """
+import argparse
+import shlex
+import traceback
+import types
+import warnings
+
+import py
+# DON't import pytest here because it causes import cycle troubles
+import sys, os
+import _pytest._code
+import _pytest.hookspec  # the extension point definitions
+from _pytest._pluggy import PluginManager, HookimplMarker, HookspecMarker
+
+hookimpl = HookimplMarker("pytest")
+hookspec = HookspecMarker("pytest")
+
+# pytest startup
+#
+
+
+class ConftestImportFailure(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, path, excinfo):
+        Exception.__init__(self, path, excinfo)
+        self.path = path
+        self.excinfo = excinfo
+
+
+def main(args=None, plugins=None):
+    """ return exit code, after performing an in-process test run.
+
+    :arg args: list of command line arguments.
+
+    :arg plugins: list of plugin objects to be auto-registered during
+                  initialization.
+    """
+    try:
+        try:
+            config = _prepareconfig(args, plugins)
+        except ConftestImportFailure as e:
+            tw = py.io.TerminalWriter(sys.stderr)
+            for line in traceback.format_exception(*e.excinfo):
+                tw.line(line.rstrip(), red=True)
+            tw.line("ERROR: could not load %s\n" % (e.path), red=True)
+            return 4
+        else:
+            try:
+                config.pluginmanager.check_pending()
+                return config.hook.pytest_cmdline_main(config=config)
+            finally:
+                config._ensure_unconfigure()
+    except UsageError as e:
+        for msg in e.args:
+            sys.stderr.write("ERROR: %s\n" %(msg,))
+        return 4
+
+class cmdline:  # compatibility namespace
+    main = staticmethod(main)
+
+class UsageError(Exception):
+    """ error in pytest usage or invocation"""
+
+_preinit = []
+
+default_plugins = (
+     "mark main terminal runner python pdb unittest capture skipping "
+     "tmpdir monkeypatch recwarn pastebin helpconfig nose assertion genscript "
+     "junitxml resultlog doctest cacheprovider").split()
+
+builtin_plugins = set(default_plugins)
+builtin_plugins.add("pytester")
+
+
+def _preloadplugins():
+    assert not _preinit
+    _preinit.append(get_config())
+
+def get_config():
+    if _preinit:
+        return _preinit.pop(0)
+    # subsequent calls to main will create a fresh instance
+    pluginmanager = PytestPluginManager()
+    config = Config(pluginmanager)
+    for spec in default_plugins:
+        pluginmanager.import_plugin(spec)
+    return config
+
+def get_plugin_manager():
+    """
+    Obtain a new instance of the
+    :py:class:`_pytest.config.PytestPluginManager`, with default plugins
+    already loaded.
+
+    This function can be used by integration with other tools, like hooking
+    into pytest to run tests into an IDE.
+    """
+    return get_config().pluginmanager
+
+def _prepareconfig(args=None, plugins=None):
+    if args is None:
+        args = sys.argv[1:]
+    elif isinstance(args, py.path.local):
+        args = [str(args)]
+    elif not isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
+        if not isinstance(args, str):
+            raise ValueError("not a string or argument list: %r" % (args,))
+        args = shlex.split(args, posix=sys.platform != "win32")
+    config = get_config()
+    pluginmanager = config.pluginmanager
+    try:
+        if plugins:
+            for plugin in plugins:
+                if isinstance(plugin, py.builtin._basestring):
+                    pluginmanager.consider_pluginarg(plugin)
+                else:
+                    pluginmanager.register(plugin)
+        return pluginmanager.hook.pytest_cmdline_parse(
+                pluginmanager=pluginmanager, args=args)
+    except BaseException:
+        config._ensure_unconfigure()
+        raise
+
+
+class PytestPluginManager(PluginManager):
+    """
+    Overwrites :py:class:`pluggy.PluginManager` to add pytest-specific
+    functionality:
+
+    * loading plugins from the command line, ``PYTEST_PLUGIN`` env variable and
+      ``pytest_plugins`` global variables found in plugins being loaded;
+    * ``conftest.py`` loading during start-up;
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(PytestPluginManager, self).__init__("pytest", implprefix="pytest_")
+        self._conftest_plugins = set()
+
+        # state related to local conftest plugins
+        self._path2confmods = {}
+        self._conftestpath2mod = {}
+        self._confcutdir = None
+        self._noconftest = False
+
+        self.add_hookspecs(_pytest.hookspec)
+        self.register(self)
+        if os.environ.get('PYTEST_DEBUG'):
+            err = sys.stderr
+            encoding = getattr(err, 'encoding', 'utf8')
+            try:
+                err = py.io.dupfile(err, encoding=encoding)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            self.trace.root.setwriter(err.write)
+            self.enable_tracing()
+
+    def addhooks(self, module_or_class):
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 2.8
+
+        Use :py:meth:`pluggy.PluginManager.add_hookspecs` instead.
+        """
+        warning = dict(code="I2",
+                       fslocation=_pytest._code.getfslineno(sys._getframe(1)),
+                       nodeid=None,
+                       message="use pluginmanager.add_hookspecs instead of "
+                               "deprecated addhooks() method.")
+        self._warn(warning)
+        return self.add_hookspecs(module_or_class)
+
+    def parse_hookimpl_opts(self, plugin, name):
+        # pytest hooks are always prefixed with pytest_
+        # so we avoid accessing possibly non-readable attributes
+        # (see issue #1073)
+        if not name.startswith("pytest_"):
+            return
+        # ignore some historic special names which can not be hooks anyway
+        if name == "pytest_plugins" or name.startswith("pytest_funcarg__"):
+            return
+
+        method = getattr(plugin, name)
+        opts = super(PytestPluginManager, self).parse_hookimpl_opts(plugin, name)
+        if opts is not None:
+            for name in ("tryfirst", "trylast", "optionalhook", "hookwrapper"):
+                opts.setdefault(name, hasattr(method, name))
+        return opts
+
+    def parse_hookspec_opts(self, module_or_class, name):
+        opts = super(PytestPluginManager, self).parse_hookspec_opts(
+                                                module_or_class, name)
+        if opts is None:
+            method = getattr(module_or_class, name)
+            if name.startswith("pytest_"):
+                opts = {"firstresult": hasattr(method, "firstresult"),
+                        "historic": hasattr(method, "historic")}
+        return opts
+
+    def _verify_hook(self, hook, hookmethod):
+        super(PytestPluginManager, self)._verify_hook(hook, hookmethod)
+        if "__multicall__" in hookmethod.argnames:
+            fslineno = _pytest._code.getfslineno(hookmethod.function)
+            warning = dict(code="I1",
+                           fslocation=fslineno,
+                           nodeid=None,
+                           message="%r hook uses deprecated __multicall__ "
+                                   "argument" % (hook.name))
+            self._warn(warning)
+
+    def register(self, plugin, name=None):
+        ret = super(PytestPluginManager, self).register(plugin, name)
+        if ret:
+            self.hook.pytest_plugin_registered.call_historic(
+                      kwargs=dict(plugin=plugin, manager=self))
+        return ret
+
+    def getplugin(self, name):
+        # support deprecated naming because plugins (xdist e.g.) use it
+        return self.get_plugin(name)
+
+    def hasplugin(self, name):
+        """Return True if the plugin with the given name is registered."""
+        return bool(self.get_plugin(name))
+
+    def pytest_configure(self, config):
+        # XXX now that the pluginmanager exposes hookimpl(tryfirst...)
+        # we should remove tryfirst/trylast as markers
+        config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+            "tryfirst: mark a hook implementation function such that the "
+            "plugin machinery will try to call it first/as early as possible.")
+        config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+            "trylast: mark a hook implementation function such that the "
+            "plugin machinery will try to call it last/as late as possible.")
+
+    def _warn(self, message):
+        kwargs = message if isinstance(message, dict) else {
+            'code': 'I1',
+            'message': message,
+            'fslocation': None,
+            'nodeid': None,
+        }
+        self.hook.pytest_logwarning.call_historic(kwargs=kwargs)
+
+    #
+    # internal API for local conftest plugin handling
+    #
+    def _set_initial_conftests(self, namespace):
+        """ load initial conftest files given a preparsed "namespace".
+            As conftest files may add their own command line options
+            which have arguments ('--my-opt somepath') we might get some
+            false positives.  All builtin and 3rd party plugins will have
+            been loaded, however, so common options will not confuse our logic
+            here.
+        """
+        current = py.path.local()
+        self._confcutdir = current.join(namespace.confcutdir, abs=True) \
+                                if namespace.confcutdir else None
+        self._noconftest = namespace.noconftest
+        testpaths = namespace.file_or_dir
+        foundanchor = False
+        for path in testpaths:
+            path = str(path)
+            # remove node-id syntax
+            i = path.find("::")
+            if i != -1:
+                path = path[:i]
+            anchor = current.join(path, abs=1)
+            if exists(anchor): # we found some file object
+                self._try_load_conftest(anchor)
+                foundanchor = True
+        if not foundanchor:
+            self._try_load_conftest(current)
+
+    def _try_load_conftest(self, anchor):
+        self._getconftestmodules(anchor)
+        # let's also consider test* subdirs
+        if anchor.check(dir=1):
+            for x in anchor.listdir("test*"):
+                if x.check(dir=1):
+                    self._getconftestmodules(x)
+
+    def _getconftestmodules(self, path):
+        if self._noconftest:
+            return []
+        try:
+            return self._path2confmods[path]
+        except KeyError:
+            if path.isfile():
+                clist = self._getconftestmodules(path.dirpath())
+            else:
+                # XXX these days we may rather want to use config.rootdir
+                # and allow users to opt into looking into the rootdir parent
+                # directories instead of requiring to specify confcutdir
+                clist = []
+                for parent in path.parts():
+                    if self._confcutdir and self._confcutdir.relto(parent):
+                        continue
+                    conftestpath = parent.join("conftest.py")
+                    if conftestpath.isfile():
+                        mod = self._importconftest(conftestpath)
+                        clist.append(mod)
+
+            self._path2confmods[path] = clist
+            return clist
+
+    def _rget_with_confmod(self, name, path):
+        modules = self._getconftestmodules(path)
+        for mod in reversed(modules):
+            try:
+                return mod, getattr(mod, name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                continue
+        raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def _importconftest(self, conftestpath):
+        try:
+            return self._conftestpath2mod[conftestpath]
+        except KeyError:
+            pkgpath = conftestpath.pypkgpath()
+            if pkgpath is None:
+                _ensure_removed_sysmodule(conftestpath.purebasename)
+            try:
+                mod = conftestpath.pyimport()
+            except Exception:
+                raise ConftestImportFailure(conftestpath, sys.exc_info())
+
+            self._conftest_plugins.add(mod)
+            self._conftestpath2mod[conftestpath] = mod
+            dirpath = conftestpath.dirpath()
+            if dirpath in self._path2confmods:
+                for path, mods in self._path2confmods.items():
+                    if path and path.relto(dirpath) or path == dirpath:
+                        assert mod not in mods
+                        mods.append(mod)
+            self.trace("loaded conftestmodule %r" %(mod))
+            self.consider_conftest(mod)
+            return mod
+
+    #
+    # API for bootstrapping plugin loading
+    #
+    #
+
+    def consider_preparse(self, args):
+        for opt1,opt2 in zip(args, args[1:]):
+            if opt1 == "-p":
+                self.consider_pluginarg(opt2)
+
+    def consider_pluginarg(self, arg):
+        if arg.startswith("no:"):
+            name = arg[3:]
+            self.set_blocked(name)
+            if not name.startswith("pytest_"):
+                self.set_blocked("pytest_" + name)
+        else:
+            self.import_plugin(arg)
+
+    def consider_conftest(self, conftestmodule):
+        if self.register(conftestmodule, name=conftestmodule.__file__):
+            self.consider_module(conftestmodule)
+
+    def consider_env(self):
+        self._import_plugin_specs(os.environ.get("PYTEST_PLUGINS"))
+
+    def consider_module(self, mod):
+        self._import_plugin_specs(getattr(mod, "pytest_plugins", None))
+
+    def _import_plugin_specs(self, spec):
+        if spec:
+            if isinstance(spec, str):
+                spec = spec.split(",")
+            for import_spec in spec:
+                self.import_plugin(import_spec)
+
+    def import_plugin(self, modname):
+        # most often modname refers to builtin modules, e.g. "pytester",
+        # "terminal" or "capture".  Those plugins are registered under their
+        # basename for historic purposes but must be imported with the
+        # _pytest prefix.
+        assert isinstance(modname, str)
+        if self.get_plugin(modname) is not None:
+            return
+        if modname in builtin_plugins:
+            importspec = "_pytest." + modname
+        else:
+            importspec = modname
+        try:
+            __import__(importspec)
+        except ImportError as e:
+            new_exc = ImportError('Error importing plugin "%s": %s' % (modname, e))
+            # copy over name and path attributes
+            for attr in ('name', 'path'):
+                if hasattr(e, attr):
+                    setattr(new_exc, attr, getattr(e, attr))
+            raise new_exc
+        except Exception as e:
+            import pytest
+            if not hasattr(pytest, 'skip') or not isinstance(e, pytest.skip.Exception):
+                raise
+            self._warn("skipped plugin %r: %s" %((modname, e.msg)))
+        else:
+            mod = sys.modules[importspec]
+            self.register(mod, modname)
+            self.consider_module(mod)
+
+
+class Parser:
+    """ Parser for command line arguments and ini-file values.
+
+    :ivar extra_info: dict of generic param -> value to display in case
+        there's an error processing the command line arguments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, usage=None, processopt=None):
+        self._anonymous = OptionGroup("custom options", parser=self)
+        self._groups = []
+        self._processopt = processopt
+        self._usage = usage
+        self._inidict = {}
+        self._ininames = []
+        self.extra_info = {}
+
+    def processoption(self, option):
+        if self._processopt:
+            if option.dest:
+                self._processopt(option)
+
+    def getgroup(self, name, description="", after=None):
+        """ get (or create) a named option Group.
+
+        :name: name of the option group.
+        :description: long description for --help output.
+        :after: name of other group, used for ordering --help output.
+
+        The returned group object has an ``addoption`` method with the same
+        signature as :py:func:`parser.addoption
+        <_pytest.config.Parser.addoption>` but will be shown in the
+        respective group in the output of ``pytest. --help``.
+        """
+        for group in self._groups:
+            if group.name == name:
+                return group
+        group = OptionGroup(name, description, parser=self)
+        i = 0
+        for i, grp in enumerate(self._groups):
+            if grp.name == after:
+                break
+        self._groups.insert(i+1, group)
+        return group
+
+    def addoption(self, *opts, **attrs):
+        """ register a command line option.
+
+        :opts: option names, can be short or long options.
+        :attrs: same attributes which the ``add_option()`` function of the
+           `argparse library
+           <http://docs.python.org/2/library/argparse.html>`_
+           accepts.
+
+        After command line parsing options are available on the pytest config
+        object via ``config.option.NAME`` where ``NAME`` is usually set
+        by passing a ``dest`` attribute, for example
+        ``addoption("--long", dest="NAME", ...)``.
+        """
+        self._anonymous.addoption(*opts, **attrs)
+
+    def parse(self, args, namespace=None):
+        from _pytest._argcomplete import try_argcomplete
+        self.optparser = self._getparser()
+        try_argcomplete(self.optparser)
+        return self.optparser.parse_args([str(x) for x in args], namespace=namespace)
+
+    def _getparser(self):
+        from _pytest._argcomplete import filescompleter
+        optparser = MyOptionParser(self, self.extra_info)
+        groups = self._groups + [self._anonymous]
+        for group in groups:
+            if group.options:
+                desc = group.description or group.name
+                arggroup = optparser.add_argument_group(desc)
+                for option in group.options:
+                    n = option.names()
+                    a = option.attrs()
+                    arggroup.add_argument(*n, **a)
+        # bash like autocompletion for dirs (appending '/')
+        optparser.add_argument(FILE_OR_DIR, nargs='*').completer=filescompleter
+        return optparser
+
+    def parse_setoption(self, args, option, namespace=None):
+        parsedoption = self.parse(args, namespace=namespace)
+        for name, value in parsedoption.__dict__.items():
+            setattr(option, name, value)
+        return getattr(parsedoption, FILE_OR_DIR)
+
+    def parse_known_args(self, args, namespace=None):
+        """parses and returns a namespace object with known arguments at this
+        point.
+        """
+        return self.parse_known_and_unknown_args(args, namespace=namespace)[0]
+
+    def parse_known_and_unknown_args(self, args, namespace=None):
+        """parses and returns a namespace object with known arguments, and
+        the remaining arguments unknown at this point.
+        """
+        optparser = self._getparser()
+        args = [str(x) for x in args]
+        return optparser.parse_known_args(args, namespace=namespace)
+
+    def addini(self, name, help, type=None, default=None):
+        """ register an ini-file option.
+
+        :name: name of the ini-variable
+        :type: type of the variable, can be ``pathlist``, ``args``, ``linelist``
+               or ``bool``.
+        :default: default value if no ini-file option exists but is queried.
+
+        The value of ini-variables can be retrieved via a call to
+        :py:func:`config.getini(name) <_pytest.config.Config.getini>`.
+        """
+        assert type in (None, "pathlist", "args", "linelist", "bool")
+        self._inidict[name] = (help, type, default)
+        self._ininames.append(name)
+
+
+class ArgumentError(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised if an Argument instance is created with invalid or
+    inconsistent arguments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, msg, option):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.option_id = str(option)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.option_id:
+            return "option %s: %s" % (self.option_id, self.msg)
+        else:
+            return self.msg
+
+
+class Argument:
+    """class that mimics the necessary behaviour of optparse.Option """
+    _typ_map = {
+        'int': int,
+        'string': str,
+        }
+    # enable after some grace period for plugin writers
+    TYPE_WARN = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *names, **attrs):
+        """store parms in private vars for use in add_argument"""
+        self._attrs = attrs
+        self._short_opts = []
+        self._long_opts = []
+        self.dest = attrs.get('dest')
+        if self.TYPE_WARN:
+            try:
+                help = attrs['help']
+                if '%default' in help:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        'pytest now uses argparse. "%default" should be'
+                        ' changed to "%(default)s" ',
+                        FutureWarning,
+                        stacklevel=3)
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        try:
+            typ = attrs['type']
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            # this might raise a keyerror as well, don't want to catch that
+            if isinstance(typ, py.builtin._basestring):
+                if typ == 'choice':
+                    if self.TYPE_WARN:
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            'type argument to addoption() is a string %r.'
+                            ' For parsearg this is optional and when supplied '
+                            ' should be a type.'
+                            ' (options: %s)' % (typ, names),
+                            FutureWarning,
+                            stacklevel=3)
+                    # argparse expects a type here take it from
+                    # the type of the first element
+                    attrs['type'] = type(attrs['choices'][0])
+                else:
+                    if self.TYPE_WARN:
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            'type argument to addoption() is a string %r.'
+                            ' For parsearg this should be a type.'
+                            ' (options: %s)' % (typ, names),
+                            FutureWarning,
+                            stacklevel=3)
+                    attrs['type'] = Argument._typ_map[typ]
+                # used in test_parseopt -> test_parse_defaultgetter
+                self.type = attrs['type']
+            else:
+                self.type = typ
+        try:
+            # attribute existence is tested in Config._processopt
+            self.default = attrs['default']
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self._set_opt_strings(names)
+        if not self.dest:
+            if self._long_opts:
+                self.dest = self._long_opts[0][2:].replace('-', '_')
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.dest = self._short_opts[0][1:]
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ArgumentError(
+                        'need a long or short option', self)
+
+    def names(self):
+        return self._short_opts + self._long_opts
+
+    def attrs(self):
+        # update any attributes set by processopt
+        attrs = 'default dest help'.split()
+        if self.dest:
+            attrs.append(self.dest)
+        for attr in attrs:
+            try:
+                self._attrs[attr] = getattr(self, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+        if self._attrs.get('help'):
+            a = self._attrs['help']
+            a = a.replace('%default', '%(default)s')
+            #a = a.replace('%prog', '%(prog)s')
+            self._attrs['help'] = a
+        return self._attrs
+
+    def _set_opt_strings(self, opts):
+        """directly from optparse
+
+        might not be necessary as this is passed to argparse later on"""
+        for opt in opts:
+            if len(opt) < 2:
+                raise ArgumentError(
+                    "invalid option string %r: "
+                    "must be at least two characters long" % opt, self)
+            elif len(opt) == 2:
+                if not (opt[0] == "-" and opt[1] != "-"):
+                    raise ArgumentError(
+                        "invalid short option string %r: "
+                        "must be of the form -x, (x any non-dash char)" % opt,
+                        self)
+                self._short_opts.append(opt)
+            else:
+                if not (opt[0:2] == "--" and opt[2] != "-"):
+                    raise ArgumentError(
+                        "invalid long option string %r: "
+                        "must start with --, followed by non-dash" % opt,
+                        self)
+                self._long_opts.append(opt)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        retval = 'Argument('
+        if self._short_opts:
+            retval += '_short_opts: ' + repr(self._short_opts) + ', '
+        if self._long_opts:
+            retval += '_long_opts: ' + repr(self._long_opts) + ', '
+        retval += 'dest: ' + repr(self.dest) + ', '
+        if hasattr(self, 'type'):
+            retval += 'type: ' + repr(self.type) + ', '
+        if hasattr(self, 'default'):
+            retval += 'default: ' + repr(self.default) + ', '
+        if retval[-2:] == ', ':  # always long enough to test ("Argument(" )
+            retval = retval[:-2]
+        retval += ')'
+        return retval
+
+
+class OptionGroup:
+    def __init__(self, name, description="", parser=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.description = description
+        self.options = []
+        self.parser = parser
+
+    def addoption(self, *optnames, **attrs):
+        """ add an option to this group.
+
+        if a shortened version of a long option is specified it will
+        be suppressed in the help. addoption('--twowords', '--two-words')
+        results in help showing '--two-words' only, but --twowords gets
+        accepted **and** the automatic destination is in args.twowords
+        """
+        option = Argument(*optnames, **attrs)
+        self._addoption_instance(option, shortupper=False)
+
+    def _addoption(self, *optnames, **attrs):
+        option = Argument(*optnames, **attrs)
+        self._addoption_instance(option, shortupper=True)
+
+    def _addoption_instance(self, option, shortupper=False):
+        if not shortupper:
+            for opt in option._short_opts:
+                if opt[0] == '-' and opt[1].islower():
+                    raise ValueError("lowercase shortoptions reserved")
+        if self.parser:
+            self.parser.processoption(option)
+        self.options.append(option)
+
+
+class MyOptionParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    def __init__(self, parser, extra_info=None):
+        if not extra_info:
+            extra_info = {}
+        self._parser = parser
+        argparse.ArgumentParser.__init__(self, usage=parser._usage,
+            add_help=False, formatter_class=DropShorterLongHelpFormatter)
+        # extra_info is a dict of (param -> value) to display if there's
+        # an usage error to provide more contextual information to the user
+        self.extra_info = extra_info
+
+    def parse_args(self, args=None, namespace=None):
+        """allow splitting of positional arguments"""
+        args, argv = self.parse_known_args(args, namespace)
+        if argv:
+            for arg in argv:
+                if arg and arg[0] == '-':
+                    lines = ['unrecognized arguments: %s' % (' '.join(argv))]
+                    for k, v in sorted(self.extra_info.items()):
+                        lines.append('  %s: %s' % (k, v))
+                    self.error('\n'.join(lines))
+            getattr(args, FILE_OR_DIR).extend(argv)
+        return args
+
+
+class DropShorterLongHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
+    """shorten help for long options that differ only in extra hyphens
+
+    - collapse **long** options that are the same except for extra hyphens
+    - special action attribute map_long_option allows surpressing additional
+      long options
+    - shortcut if there are only two options and one of them is a short one
+    - cache result on action object as this is called at least 2 times
+    """
+    def _format_action_invocation(self, action):
+        orgstr = argparse.HelpFormatter._format_action_invocation(self, action)
+        if orgstr and orgstr[0] != '-': # only optional arguments
+            return orgstr
+        res = getattr(action, '_formatted_action_invocation', None)
+        if res:
+            return res
+        options = orgstr.split(', ')
+        if len(options) == 2 and (len(options[0]) == 2 or len(options[1]) == 2):
+            # a shortcut for '-h, --help' or '--abc', '-a'
+            action._formatted_action_invocation = orgstr
+            return orgstr
+        return_list = []
+        option_map =  getattr(action, 'map_long_option', {})
+        if option_map is None:
+            option_map = {}
+        short_long = {}
+        for option in options:
+            if len(option) == 2 or option[2] == ' ':
+                continue
+            if not option.startswith('--'):
+                raise ArgumentError('long optional argument without "--": [%s]'
+                                    % (option), self)
+            xxoption = option[2:]
+            if xxoption.split()[0] not in option_map:
+                shortened = xxoption.replace('-', '')
+                if shortened not in short_long or \
+                   len(short_long[shortened]) < len(xxoption):
+                    short_long[shortened] = xxoption
+        # now short_long has been filled out to the longest with dashes
+        # **and** we keep the right option ordering from add_argument
+        for option in options: #
+            if len(option) == 2 or option[2] == ' ':
+                return_list.append(option)
+            if option[2:] == short_long.get(option.replace('-', '')):
+                return_list.append(option.replace(' ', '='))
+        action._formatted_action_invocation = ', '.join(return_list)
+        return action._formatted_action_invocation
+
+
+
+def _ensure_removed_sysmodule(modname):
+    try:
+        del sys.modules[modname]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+
+class CmdOptions(object):
+    """ holds cmdline options as attributes."""
+    def __init__(self, values=()):
+        self.__dict__.update(values)
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<CmdOptions %r>" %(self.__dict__,)
+    def copy(self):
+        return CmdOptions(self.__dict__)
+
+class Notset:
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<NOTSET>"
+
+notset = Notset()
+FILE_OR_DIR = 'file_or_dir'
+
+class Config(object):
+    """ access to configuration values, pluginmanager and plugin hooks.  """
+
+    def __init__(self, pluginmanager):
+        #: access to command line option as attributes.
+        #: (deprecated), use :py:func:`getoption() <_pytest.config.Config.getoption>` instead
+        self.option = CmdOptions()
+        _a = FILE_OR_DIR
+        self._parser = Parser(
+            usage="%%(prog)s [options] [%s] [%s] [...]" % (_a, _a),
+            processopt=self._processopt,
+        )
+        #: a pluginmanager instance
+        self.pluginmanager = pluginmanager
+        self.trace = self.pluginmanager.trace.root.get("config")
+        self.hook = self.pluginmanager.hook
+        self._inicache = {}
+        self._opt2dest = {}
+        self._cleanup = []
+        self._warn = self.pluginmanager._warn
+        self.pluginmanager.register(self, "pytestconfig")
+        self._configured = False
+        def do_setns(dic):
+            import pytest
+            setns(pytest, dic)
+        self.hook.pytest_namespace.call_historic(do_setns, {})
+        self.hook.pytest_addoption.call_historic(kwargs=dict(parser=self._parser))
+
+    def add_cleanup(self, func):
+        """ Add a function to be called when the config object gets out of
+        use (usually coninciding with pytest_unconfigure)."""
+        self._cleanup.append(func)
+
+    def _do_configure(self):
+        assert not self._configured
+        self._configured = True
+        self.hook.pytest_configure.call_historic(kwargs=dict(config=self))
+
+    def _ensure_unconfigure(self):
+        if self._configured:
+            self._configured = False
+            self.hook.pytest_unconfigure(config=self)
+            self.hook.pytest_configure._call_history = []
+        while self._cleanup:
+            fin = self._cleanup.pop()
+            fin()
+
+    def warn(self, code, message, fslocation=None):
+        """ generate a warning for this test session. """
+        self.hook.pytest_logwarning.call_historic(kwargs=dict(
+            code=code, message=message,
+            fslocation=fslocation, nodeid=None))
+
+    def get_terminal_writer(self):
+        return self.pluginmanager.get_plugin("terminalreporter")._tw
+
+    def pytest_cmdline_parse(self, pluginmanager, args):
+        # REF1 assert self == pluginmanager.config, (self, pluginmanager.config)
+        self.parse(args)
+        return self
+
+    def notify_exception(self, excinfo, option=None):
+        if option and option.fulltrace:
+            style = "long"
+        else:
+            style = "native"
+        excrepr = excinfo.getrepr(funcargs=True,
+            showlocals=getattr(option, 'showlocals', False),
+            style=style,
+        )
+        res = self.hook.pytest_internalerror(excrepr=excrepr,
+                                             excinfo=excinfo)
+        if not py.builtin.any(res):
+            for line in str(excrepr).split("\n"):
+                sys.stderr.write("INTERNALERROR> %s\n" %line)
+                sys.stderr.flush()
+
+    def cwd_relative_nodeid(self, nodeid):
+        # nodeid's are relative to the rootpath, compute relative to cwd
+        if self.invocation_dir != self.rootdir:
+            fullpath = self.rootdir.join(nodeid)
+            nodeid = self.invocation_dir.bestrelpath(fullpath)
+        return nodeid
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromdictargs(cls, option_dict, args):
+        """ constructor useable for subprocesses. """
+        config = get_config()
+        config.option.__dict__.update(option_dict)
+        config.parse(args, addopts=False)
+        for x in config.option.plugins:
+            config.pluginmanager.consider_pluginarg(x)
+        return config
+
+    def _processopt(self, opt):
+        for name in opt._short_opts + opt._long_opts:
+            self._opt2dest[name] = opt.dest
+
+        if hasattr(opt, 'default') and opt.dest:
+            if not hasattr(self.option, opt.dest):
+                setattr(self.option, opt.dest, opt.default)
+
+    @hookimpl(trylast=True)
+    def pytest_load_initial_conftests(self, early_config):
+        self.pluginmanager._set_initial_conftests(early_config.known_args_namespace)
+
+    def _initini(self, args):
+        ns, unknown_args = self._parser.parse_known_and_unknown_args(args, namespace=self.option.copy())
+        r = determine_setup(ns.inifilename, ns.file_or_dir + unknown_args)
+        self.rootdir, self.inifile, self.inicfg = r
+        self._parser.extra_info['rootdir'] = self.rootdir
+        self._parser.extra_info['inifile'] = self.inifile
+        self.invocation_dir = py.path.local()
+        self._parser.addini('addopts', 'extra command line options', 'args')
+        self._parser.addini('minversion', 'minimally required pytest version')
+
+    def _preparse(self, args, addopts=True):
+        self._initini(args)
+        if addopts:
+            args[:] = shlex.split(os.environ.get('PYTEST_ADDOPTS', '')) + args
+            args[:] = self.getini("addopts") + args
+        self._checkversion()
+        self.pluginmanager.consider_preparse(args)
+        try:
+            self.pluginmanager.load_setuptools_entrypoints("pytest11")
+        except ImportError as e:
+            self.warn("I2", "could not load setuptools entry import: %s" % (e,))
+        self.pluginmanager.consider_env()
+        self.known_args_namespace = ns = self._parser.parse_known_args(args, namespace=self.option.copy())
+        if self.known_args_namespace.confcutdir is None and self.inifile:
+            confcutdir = py.path.local(self.inifile).dirname
+            self.known_args_namespace.confcutdir = confcutdir
+        try:
+            self.hook.pytest_load_initial_conftests(early_config=self,
+                    args=args, parser=self._parser)
+        except ConftestImportFailure:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            if ns.help or ns.version:
+                # we don't want to prevent --help/--version to work
+                # so just let is pass and print a warning at the end
+                self._warn("could not load initial conftests (%s)\n" % e.path)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def _checkversion(self):
+        import pytest
+        minver = self.inicfg.get('minversion', None)
+        if minver:
+            ver = minver.split(".")
+            myver = pytest.__version__.split(".")
+            if myver < ver:
+                raise pytest.UsageError(
+                    "%s:%d: requires pytest-%s, actual pytest-%s'" %(
+                    self.inicfg.config.path, self.inicfg.lineof('minversion'),
+                    minver, pytest.__version__))
+
+    def parse(self, args, addopts=True):
+        # parse given cmdline arguments into this config object.
+        assert not hasattr(self, 'args'), (
+                "can only parse cmdline args at most once per Config object")
+        self._origargs = args
+        self.hook.pytest_addhooks.call_historic(
+                                  kwargs=dict(pluginmanager=self.pluginmanager))
+        self._preparse(args, addopts=addopts)
+        # XXX deprecated hook:
+        self.hook.pytest_cmdline_preparse(config=self, args=args)
+        args = self._parser.parse_setoption(args, self.option, namespace=self.option)
+        if not args:
+            cwd = os.getcwd()
+            if cwd == self.rootdir:
+                args = self.getini('testpaths')
+            if not args:
+                args = [cwd]
+        self.args = args
+
+    def addinivalue_line(self, name, line):
+        """ add a line to an ini-file option. The option must have been
+        declared but might not yet be set in which case the line becomes the
+        the first line in its value. """
+        x = self.getini(name)
+        assert isinstance(x, list)
+        x.append(line) # modifies the cached list inline
+
+    def getini(self, name):
+        """ return configuration value from an :ref:`ini file <inifiles>`. If the
+        specified name hasn't been registered through a prior
+        :py:func:`parser.addini <pytest.config.Parser.addini>`
+        call (usually from a plugin), a ValueError is raised. """
+        try:
+            return self._inicache[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            self._inicache[name] = val = self._getini(name)
+            return val
+
+    def _getini(self, name):
+        try:
+            description, type, default = self._parser._inidict[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError("unknown configuration value: %r" %(name,))
+        try:
+            value = self.inicfg[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is not None:
+                return default
+            if type is None:
+                return ''
+            return []
+        if type == "pathlist":
+            dp = py.path.local(self.inicfg.config.path).dirpath()
+            l = []
+            for relpath in shlex.split(value):
+                l.append(dp.join(relpath, abs=True))
+            return l
+        elif type == "args":
+            return shlex.split(value)
+        elif type == "linelist":
+            return [t for t in map(lambda x: x.strip(), value.split("\n")) if t]
+        elif type == "bool":
+            return bool(_strtobool(value.strip()))
+        else:
+            assert type is None
+            return value
+
+    def _getconftest_pathlist(self, name, path):
+        try:
+            mod, relroots = self.pluginmanager._rget_with_confmod(name, path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+        modpath = py.path.local(mod.__file__).dirpath()
+        l = []
+        for relroot in relroots:
+            if not isinstance(relroot, py.path.local):
+                relroot = relroot.replace("/", py.path.local.sep)
+                relroot = modpath.join(relroot, abs=True)
+            l.append(relroot)
+        return l
+
+    def getoption(self, name, default=notset, skip=False):
+        """ return command line option value.
+
+        :arg name: name of the option.  You may also specify
+            the literal ``--OPT`` option instead of the "dest" option name.
+        :arg default: default value if no option of that name exists.
+        :arg skip: if True raise pytest.skip if option does not exists
+            or has a None value.
+        """
+        name = self._opt2dest.get(name, name)
+        try:
+            val = getattr(self.option, name)
+            if val is None and skip:
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+            return val
+        except AttributeError:
+            if default is not notset:
+                return default
+            if skip:
+                import pytest
+                pytest.skip("no %r option found" %(name,))
+            raise ValueError("no option named %r" % (name,))
+
+    def getvalue(self, name, path=None):
+        """ (deprecated, use getoption()) """
+        return self.getoption(name)
+
+    def getvalueorskip(self, name, path=None):
+        """ (deprecated, use getoption(skip=True)) """
+        return self.getoption(name, skip=True)
+
+def exists(path, ignore=EnvironmentError):
+    try:
+        return path.check()
+    except ignore:
+        return False
+
+def getcfg(args, inibasenames):
+    args = [x for x in args if not str(x).startswith("-")]
+    if not args:
+        args = [py.path.local()]
+    for arg in args:
+        arg = py.path.local(arg)
+        for base in arg.parts(reverse=True):
+            for inibasename in inibasenames:
+                p = base.join(inibasename)
+                if exists(p):
+                    iniconfig = py.iniconfig.IniConfig(p)
+                    if 'pytest' in iniconfig.sections:
+                        return base, p, iniconfig['pytest']
+                    elif inibasename == "pytest.ini":
+                        # allowed to be empty
+                        return base, p, {}
+    return None, None, None
+
+
+def get_common_ancestor(args):
+    # args are what we get after early command line parsing (usually
+    # strings, but can be py.path.local objects as well)
+    common_ancestor = None
+    for arg in args:
+        if str(arg)[0] == "-":
+            continue
+        p = py.path.local(arg)
+        if common_ancestor is None:
+            common_ancestor = p
+        else:
+            if p.relto(common_ancestor) or p == common_ancestor:
+                continue
+            elif common_ancestor.relto(p):
+                common_ancestor = p
+            else:
+                shared = p.common(common_ancestor)
+                if shared is not None:
+                    common_ancestor = shared
+    if common_ancestor is None:
+        common_ancestor = py.path.local()
+    elif not common_ancestor.isdir():
+        common_ancestor = common_ancestor.dirpath()
+    return common_ancestor
+
+
+def determine_setup(inifile, args):
+    if inifile:
+        iniconfig = py.iniconfig.IniConfig(inifile)
+        try:
+            inicfg = iniconfig["pytest"]
+        except KeyError:
+            inicfg = None
+        rootdir = get_common_ancestor(args)
+    else:
+        ancestor = get_common_ancestor(args)
+        rootdir, inifile, inicfg = getcfg(
+            [ancestor], ["pytest.ini", "tox.ini", "setup.cfg"])
+        if rootdir is None:
+            for rootdir in ancestor.parts(reverse=True):
+                if rootdir.join("setup.py").exists():
+                    break
+            else:
+                rootdir = ancestor
+    return rootdir, inifile, inicfg or {}
+
+
+def setns(obj, dic):
+    import pytest
+    for name, value in dic.items():
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            mod = getattr(obj, name, None)
+            if mod is None:
+                modname = "pytest.%s" % name
+                mod = types.ModuleType(modname)
+                sys.modules[modname] = mod
+                mod.__all__ = []
+                setattr(obj, name, mod)
+            obj.__all__.append(name)
+            setns(mod, value)
+        else:
+            setattr(obj, name, value)
+            obj.__all__.append(name)
+            #if obj != pytest:
+            #    pytest.__all__.append(name)
+            setattr(pytest, name, value)
+
+
+def create_terminal_writer(config, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Create a TerminalWriter instance configured according to the options
+    in the config object. Every code which requires a TerminalWriter object
+    and has access to a config object should use this function.
+    """
+    tw = py.io.TerminalWriter(*args, **kwargs)
+    if config.option.color == 'yes':
+        tw.hasmarkup = True
+    if config.option.color == 'no':
+        tw.hasmarkup = False
+    return tw
+
+
+def _strtobool(val):
+    """Convert a string representation of truth to true (1) or false (0).
+
+    True values are 'y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', and '1'; false values
+    are 'n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', and '0'.  Raises ValueError if
+    'val' is anything else.
+
+    .. note:: copied from distutils.util
+    """
+    val = val.lower()
+    if val in ('y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'):
+        return 1
+    elif val in ('n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', '0'):
+        return 0
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("invalid truth value %r" % (val,))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/doctest.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/doctest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a57f7a494
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/doctest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+""" discover and run doctests in modules and test files."""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import traceback
+
+import pytest
+from _pytest._code.code import TerminalRepr, ReprFileLocation, ExceptionInfo
+from _pytest.python import FixtureRequest
+
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    parser.addini('doctest_optionflags', 'option flags for doctests',
+        type="args", default=["ELLIPSIS"])
+    group = parser.getgroup("collect")
+    group.addoption("--doctest-modules",
+        action="store_true", default=False,
+        help="run doctests in all .py modules",
+        dest="doctestmodules")
+    group.addoption("--doctest-glob",
+        action="append", default=[], metavar="pat",
+        help="doctests file matching pattern, default: test*.txt",
+        dest="doctestglob")
+    group.addoption("--doctest-ignore-import-errors",
+        action="store_true", default=False,
+        help="ignore doctest ImportErrors",
+        dest="doctest_ignore_import_errors")
+
+
+def pytest_collect_file(path, parent):
+    config = parent.config
+    if path.ext == ".py":
+        if config.option.doctestmodules:
+            return DoctestModule(path, parent)
+    elif _is_doctest(config, path, parent):
+        return DoctestTextfile(path, parent)
+
+
+def _is_doctest(config, path, parent):
+    if path.ext in ('.txt', '.rst') and parent.session.isinitpath(path):
+        return True
+    globs = config.getoption("doctestglob") or ['test*.txt']
+    for glob in globs:
+        if path.check(fnmatch=glob):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class ReprFailDoctest(TerminalRepr):
+
+    def __init__(self, reprlocation, lines):
+        self.reprlocation = reprlocation
+        self.lines = lines
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        for line in self.lines:
+            tw.line(line)
+        self.reprlocation.toterminal(tw)
+
+
+class DoctestItem(pytest.Item):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, parent, runner=None, dtest=None):
+        super(DoctestItem, self).__init__(name, parent)
+        self.runner = runner
+        self.dtest = dtest
+        self.obj = None
+        self.fixture_request = None
+
+    def setup(self):
+        if self.dtest is not None:
+            self.fixture_request = _setup_fixtures(self)
+            globs = dict(getfixture=self.fixture_request.getfuncargvalue)
+            self.dtest.globs.update(globs)
+
+    def runtest(self):
+        _check_all_skipped(self.dtest)
+        self.runner.run(self.dtest)
+
+    def repr_failure(self, excinfo):
+        import doctest
+        if excinfo.errisinstance((doctest.DocTestFailure,
+                                  doctest.UnexpectedException)):
+            doctestfailure = excinfo.value
+            example = doctestfailure.example
+            test = doctestfailure.test
+            filename = test.filename
+            if test.lineno is None:
+                lineno = None
+            else:
+                lineno = test.lineno + example.lineno + 1
+            message = excinfo.type.__name__
+            reprlocation = ReprFileLocation(filename, lineno, message)
+            checker = _get_checker()
+            REPORT_UDIFF = doctest.REPORT_UDIFF
+            if lineno is not None:
+                lines = doctestfailure.test.docstring.splitlines(False)
+                # add line numbers to the left of the error message
+                lines = ["%03d %s" % (i + test.lineno + 1, x)
+                         for (i, x) in enumerate(lines)]
+                # trim docstring error lines to 10
+                lines = lines[example.lineno - 9:example.lineno + 1]
+            else:
+                lines = ['EXAMPLE LOCATION UNKNOWN, not showing all tests of that example']
+                indent = '>>>'
+                for line in example.source.splitlines():
+                    lines.append('??? %s %s' % (indent, line))
+                    indent = '...'
+            if excinfo.errisinstance(doctest.DocTestFailure):
+                lines += checker.output_difference(example,
+                        doctestfailure.got, REPORT_UDIFF).split("\n")
+            else:
+                inner_excinfo = ExceptionInfo(excinfo.value.exc_info)
+                lines += ["UNEXPECTED EXCEPTION: %s" %
+                            repr(inner_excinfo.value)]
+                lines += traceback.format_exception(*excinfo.value.exc_info)
+            return ReprFailDoctest(reprlocation, lines)
+        else:
+            return super(DoctestItem, self).repr_failure(excinfo)
+
+    def reportinfo(self):
+        return self.fspath, None, "[doctest] %s" % self.name
+
+
+def _get_flag_lookup():
+    import doctest
+    return dict(DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1=doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1,
+                DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE=doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE,
+                NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE=doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE,
+                ELLIPSIS=doctest.ELLIPSIS,
+                IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL=doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL,
+                COMPARISON_FLAGS=doctest.COMPARISON_FLAGS,
+                ALLOW_UNICODE=_get_allow_unicode_flag(),
+                ALLOW_BYTES=_get_allow_bytes_flag(),
+                )
+
+
+def get_optionflags(parent):
+    optionflags_str = parent.config.getini("doctest_optionflags")
+    flag_lookup_table = _get_flag_lookup()
+    flag_acc = 0
+    for flag in optionflags_str:
+        flag_acc |= flag_lookup_table[flag]
+    return flag_acc
+
+
+class DoctestTextfile(DoctestItem, pytest.Module):
+
+    def runtest(self):
+        import doctest
+        fixture_request = _setup_fixtures(self)
+
+        # inspired by doctest.testfile; ideally we would use it directly,
+        # but it doesn't support passing a custom checker
+        text = self.fspath.read()
+        filename = str(self.fspath)
+        name = self.fspath.basename
+        globs = dict(getfixture=fixture_request.getfuncargvalue)
+        if '__name__' not in globs:
+            globs['__name__'] = '__main__'
+
+        optionflags = get_optionflags(self)
+        runner = doctest.DebugRunner(verbose=0, optionflags=optionflags,
+                                     checker=_get_checker())
+
+        parser = doctest.DocTestParser()
+        test = parser.get_doctest(text, globs, name, filename, 0)
+        _check_all_skipped(test)
+        runner.run(test)
+
+
+def _check_all_skipped(test):
+    """raises pytest.skip() if all examples in the given DocTest have the SKIP
+    option set.
+    """
+    import doctest
+    all_skipped = all(x.options.get(doctest.SKIP, False) for x in test.examples)
+    if all_skipped:
+        pytest.skip('all tests skipped by +SKIP option')
+
+
+class DoctestModule(pytest.Module):
+    def collect(self):
+        import doctest
+        if self.fspath.basename == "conftest.py":
+            module = self.config.pluginmanager._importconftest(self.fspath)
+        else:
+            try:
+                module = self.fspath.pyimport()
+            except ImportError:
+                if self.config.getvalue('doctest_ignore_import_errors'):
+                    pytest.skip('unable to import module %r' % self.fspath)
+                else:
+                    raise
+        # uses internal doctest module parsing mechanism
+        finder = doctest.DocTestFinder()
+        optionflags = get_optionflags(self)
+        runner = doctest.DebugRunner(verbose=0, optionflags=optionflags,
+                                     checker=_get_checker())
+        for test in finder.find(module, module.__name__):
+            if test.examples:  # skip empty doctests
+                yield DoctestItem(test.name, self, runner, test)
+
+
+def _setup_fixtures(doctest_item):
+    """
+    Used by DoctestTextfile and DoctestItem to setup fixture information.
+    """
+    def func():
+        pass
+
+    doctest_item.funcargs = {}
+    fm = doctest_item.session._fixturemanager
+    doctest_item._fixtureinfo = fm.getfixtureinfo(node=doctest_item, func=func,
+                                                  cls=None, funcargs=False)
+    fixture_request = FixtureRequest(doctest_item)
+    fixture_request._fillfixtures()
+    return fixture_request
+
+
+def _get_checker():
+    """
+    Returns a doctest.OutputChecker subclass that takes in account the
+    ALLOW_UNICODE option to ignore u'' prefixes in strings and ALLOW_BYTES
+    to strip b'' prefixes.
+    Useful when the same doctest should run in Python 2 and Python 3.
+
+    An inner class is used to avoid importing "doctest" at the module
+    level.
+    """
+    if hasattr(_get_checker, 'LiteralsOutputChecker'):
+        return _get_checker.LiteralsOutputChecker()
+
+    import doctest
+    import re
+
+    class LiteralsOutputChecker(doctest.OutputChecker):
+        """
+        Copied from doctest_nose_plugin.py from the nltk project:
+            https://github.com/nltk/nltk
+
+        Further extended to also support byte literals.
+        """
+
+        _unicode_literal_re = re.compile(r"(\W|^)[uU]([rR]?[\'\"])", re.UNICODE)
+        _bytes_literal_re = re.compile(r"(\W|^)[bB]([rR]?[\'\"])", re.UNICODE)
+
+        def check_output(self, want, got, optionflags):
+            res = doctest.OutputChecker.check_output(self, want, got,
+                                                     optionflags)
+            if res:
+                return True
+
+            allow_unicode = optionflags & _get_allow_unicode_flag()
+            allow_bytes = optionflags & _get_allow_bytes_flag()
+            if not allow_unicode and not allow_bytes:
+                return False
+
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                def remove_prefixes(regex, txt):
+                    return re.sub(regex, r'\1\2', txt)
+
+                if allow_unicode:
+                    want = remove_prefixes(self._unicode_literal_re, want)
+                    got = remove_prefixes(self._unicode_literal_re, got)
+                if allow_bytes:
+                    want = remove_prefixes(self._bytes_literal_re, want)
+                    got = remove_prefixes(self._bytes_literal_re, got)
+                res = doctest.OutputChecker.check_output(self, want, got,
+                                                         optionflags)
+                return res
+
+    _get_checker.LiteralsOutputChecker = LiteralsOutputChecker
+    return _get_checker.LiteralsOutputChecker()
+
+
+def _get_allow_unicode_flag():
+    """
+    Registers and returns the ALLOW_UNICODE flag.
+    """
+    import doctest
+    return doctest.register_optionflag('ALLOW_UNICODE')
+
+
+def _get_allow_bytes_flag():
+    """
+    Registers and returns the ALLOW_BYTES flag.
+    """
+    import doctest
+    return doctest.register_optionflag('ALLOW_BYTES')
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/genscript.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/genscript.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d2962d8fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/genscript.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+""" (deprecated) generate a single-file self-contained version of pytest """
+import os
+import sys
+import pkgutil
+
+import py
+import _pytest
+
+
+
+def find_toplevel(name):
+    for syspath in sys.path:
+        base = py.path.local(syspath)
+        lib = base/name
+        if lib.check(dir=1):
+            return lib
+        mod = base.join("%s.py" % name)
+        if mod.check(file=1):
+            return mod
+    raise LookupError(name)
+
+def pkgname(toplevel, rootpath, path):
+    parts = path.parts()[len(rootpath.parts()):]
+    return '.'.join([toplevel] + [x.purebasename for x in parts])
+
+def pkg_to_mapping(name):
+    toplevel = find_toplevel(name)
+    name2src = {}
+    if toplevel.check(file=1): # module
+        name2src[toplevel.purebasename] = toplevel.read()
+    else: # package
+        for pyfile in toplevel.visit('*.py'):
+            pkg = pkgname(name, toplevel, pyfile)
+            name2src[pkg] = pyfile.read()
+        # with wheels py source code might be not be installed
+        # and the resulting genscript is useless, just bail out.
+        assert name2src, "no source code found for %r at %r" %(name, toplevel)
+    return name2src
+
+def compress_mapping(mapping):
+    import base64, pickle, zlib
+    data = pickle.dumps(mapping, 2)
+    data = zlib.compress(data, 9)
+    data = base64.encodestring(data)
+    data = data.decode('ascii')
+    return data
+
+
+def compress_packages(names):
+    mapping = {}
+    for name in names:
+        mapping.update(pkg_to_mapping(name))
+    return compress_mapping(mapping)
+
+def generate_script(entry, packages):
+    data = compress_packages(packages)
+    tmpl = py.path.local(__file__).dirpath().join('standalonetemplate.py')
+    exe = tmpl.read()
+    exe = exe.replace('@SOURCES@', data)
+    exe = exe.replace('@ENTRY@', entry)
+    return exe
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("debugconfig")
+    group.addoption("--genscript", action="store", default=None,
+        dest="genscript", metavar="path",
+        help="create standalone pytest script at given target path.")
+
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    import _pytest.config
+    genscript = config.getvalue("genscript")
+    if genscript:
+        tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config)
+        tw.line("WARNING: usage of genscript is deprecated.",
+                red=True)
+        deps =  ['py', '_pytest', 'pytest']  # pluggy is vendored
+        if sys.version_info < (2,7):
+            deps.append("argparse")
+            tw.line("generated script will run on python2.6-python3.3++")
+        else:
+            tw.line("WARNING: generated script will not run on python2.6 "
+                    "due to 'argparse' dependency. Use python2.6 "
+                    "to generate a python2.6 compatible script", red=True)
+        script = generate_script(
+            'import pytest; raise SystemExit(pytest.cmdline.main())',
+            deps,
+        )
+        genscript = py.path.local(genscript)
+        genscript.write(script)
+        tw.line("generated pytest standalone script: %s" % genscript,
+                bold=True)
+        return 0
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    return {'freeze_includes': freeze_includes}
+
+
+def freeze_includes():
+    """
+    Returns a list of module names used by py.test that should be
+    included by cx_freeze.
+    """
+    result = list(_iter_all_modules(py))
+    result += list(_iter_all_modules(_pytest))
+    return result
+
+
+def _iter_all_modules(package, prefix=''):
+    """
+    Iterates over the names of all modules that can be found in the given
+    package, recursively.
+
+    Example:
+        _iter_all_modules(_pytest) ->
+            ['_pytest.assertion.newinterpret',
+             '_pytest.capture',
+             '_pytest.core',
+             ...
+            ]
+    """
+    if type(package) is not str:
+        path, prefix = package.__path__[0], package.__name__ + '.'
+    else:
+        path = package
+    for _, name, is_package in pkgutil.iter_modules([path]):
+        if is_package:
+            for m in _iter_all_modules(os.path.join(path, name), prefix=name + '.'):
+                yield prefix + m
+        else:
+            yield prefix + name
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/helpconfig.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/helpconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1df0c56ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/helpconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+""" version info, help messages, tracing configuration.  """
+import py
+import pytest
+import os, sys
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup('debugconfig')
+    group.addoption('--version', action="store_true",
+            help="display pytest lib version and import information.")
+    group._addoption("-h", "--help", action="store_true", dest="help",
+            help="show help message and configuration info")
+    group._addoption('-p', action="append", dest="plugins", default = [],
+               metavar="name",
+               help="early-load given plugin (multi-allowed). "
+                    "To avoid loading of plugins, use the `no:` prefix, e.g. "
+                    "`no:doctest`.")
+    group.addoption('--traceconfig', '--trace-config',
+               action="store_true", default=False,
+               help="trace considerations of conftest.py files."),
+    group.addoption('--debug',
+               action="store_true", dest="debug", default=False,
+               help="store internal tracing debug information in 'pytestdebug.log'.")
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_cmdline_parse():
+    outcome = yield
+    config = outcome.get_result()
+    if config.option.debug:
+        path = os.path.abspath("pytestdebug.log")
+        debugfile = open(path, 'w')
+        debugfile.write("versions pytest-%s, py-%s, "
+                "python-%s\ncwd=%s\nargs=%s\n\n" %(
+            pytest.__version__, py.__version__,
+            ".".join(map(str, sys.version_info)),
+            os.getcwd(), config._origargs))
+        config.trace.root.setwriter(debugfile.write)
+        undo_tracing = config.pluginmanager.enable_tracing()
+        sys.stderr.write("writing pytestdebug information to %s\n" % path)
+        def unset_tracing():
+            debugfile.close()
+            sys.stderr.write("wrote pytestdebug information to %s\n" %
+                             debugfile.name)
+            config.trace.root.setwriter(None)
+            undo_tracing()
+        config.add_cleanup(unset_tracing)
+
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    if config.option.version:
+        p = py.path.local(pytest.__file__)
+        sys.stderr.write("This is pytest version %s, imported from %s\n" %
+            (pytest.__version__, p))
+        plugininfo = getpluginversioninfo(config)
+        if plugininfo:
+            for line in plugininfo:
+                sys.stderr.write(line + "\n")
+        return 0
+    elif config.option.help:
+        config._do_configure()
+        showhelp(config)
+        config._ensure_unconfigure()
+        return 0
+
+def showhelp(config):
+    reporter = config.pluginmanager.get_plugin('terminalreporter')
+    tw = reporter._tw
+    tw.write(config._parser.optparser.format_help())
+    tw.line()
+    tw.line()
+    #tw.sep( "=", "config file settings")
+    tw.line("[pytest] ini-options in the next "
+            "pytest.ini|tox.ini|setup.cfg file:")
+    tw.line()
+
+    for name in config._parser._ininames:
+        help, type, default = config._parser._inidict[name]
+        if type is None:
+            type = "string"
+        spec = "%s (%s)" % (name, type)
+        line = "  %-24s %s" %(spec, help)
+        tw.line(line[:tw.fullwidth])
+
+    tw.line()
+    tw.line("environment variables:")
+    vars = [
+        ("PYTEST_ADDOPTS", "extra command line options"),
+        ("PYTEST_PLUGINS", "comma-separated plugins to load during startup"),
+        ("PYTEST_DEBUG", "set to enable debug tracing of pytest's internals")
+    ]
+    for name, help in vars:
+        tw.line("  %-24s %s" % (name, help))
+    tw.line()
+    tw.line()
+
+    tw.line("to see available markers type: py.test --markers")
+    tw.line("to see available fixtures type: py.test --fixtures")
+    tw.line("(shown according to specified file_or_dir or current dir "
+            "if not specified)")
+
+    for warningreport in reporter.stats.get('warnings', []):
+        tw.line("warning : " + warningreport.message, red=True)
+    return
+
+
+conftest_options = [
+    ('pytest_plugins', 'list of plugin names to load'),
+]
+
+def getpluginversioninfo(config):
+    lines = []
+    plugininfo = config.pluginmanager.list_plugin_distinfo()
+    if plugininfo:
+        lines.append("setuptools registered plugins:")
+        for plugin, dist in plugininfo:
+            loc = getattr(plugin, '__file__', repr(plugin))
+            content = "%s-%s at %s" % (dist.project_name, dist.version, loc)
+            lines.append("  " + content)
+    return lines
+
+def pytest_report_header(config):
+    lines = []
+    if config.option.debug or config.option.traceconfig:
+        lines.append("using: pytest-%s pylib-%s" %
+            (pytest.__version__,py.__version__))
+
+        verinfo = getpluginversioninfo(config)
+        if verinfo:
+            lines.extend(verinfo)
+
+    if config.option.traceconfig:
+        lines.append("active plugins:")
+        items = config.pluginmanager.list_name_plugin()
+        for name, plugin in items:
+            if hasattr(plugin, '__file__'):
+                r = plugin.__file__
+            else:
+                r = repr(plugin)
+            lines.append("    %-20s: %s" %(name, r))
+    return lines
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/hookspec.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/hookspec.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60e9b47d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/hookspec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+""" hook specifications for pytest plugins, invoked from main.py and builtin plugins.  """
+
+from _pytest._pluggy import HookspecMarker
+
+hookspec = HookspecMarker("pytest")
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Initialization hooks called for every plugin
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@hookspec(historic=True)
+def pytest_addhooks(pluginmanager):
+    """called at plugin registration time to allow adding new hooks via a call to
+    pluginmanager.add_hookspecs(module_or_class, prefix)."""
+
+
+@hookspec(historic=True)
+def pytest_namespace():
+    """return dict of name->object to be made globally available in
+    the pytest namespace.  This hook is called at plugin registration
+    time.
+    """
+
+@hookspec(historic=True)
+def pytest_plugin_registered(plugin, manager):
+    """ a new pytest plugin got registered. """
+
+
+@hookspec(historic=True)
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    """register argparse-style options and ini-style config values,
+    called once at the beginning of a test run.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        This function should be implemented only in plugins or ``conftest.py``
+        files situated at the tests root directory due to how py.test
+        :ref:`discovers plugins during startup <pluginorder>`.
+
+    :arg parser: To add command line options, call
+        :py:func:`parser.addoption(...) <_pytest.config.Parser.addoption>`.
+        To add ini-file values call :py:func:`parser.addini(...)
+        <_pytest.config.Parser.addini>`.
+
+    Options can later be accessed through the
+    :py:class:`config <_pytest.config.Config>` object, respectively:
+
+    - :py:func:`config.getoption(name) <_pytest.config.Config.getoption>` to
+      retrieve the value of a command line option.
+
+    - :py:func:`config.getini(name) <_pytest.config.Config.getini>` to retrieve
+      a value read from an ini-style file.
+
+    The config object is passed around on many internal objects via the ``.config``
+    attribute or can be retrieved as the ``pytestconfig`` fixture or accessed
+    via (deprecated) ``pytest.config``.
+    """
+
+@hookspec(historic=True)
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    """ called after command line options have been parsed
+    and all plugins and initial conftest files been loaded.
+    This hook is called for every plugin.
+    """
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Bootstrapping hooks called for plugins registered early enough:
+# internal and 3rd party plugins as well as directly
+# discoverable conftest.py local plugins.
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_cmdline_parse(pluginmanager, args):
+    """return initialized config object, parsing the specified args. """
+
+def pytest_cmdline_preparse(config, args):
+    """(deprecated) modify command line arguments before option parsing. """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    """ called for performing the main command line action. The default
+    implementation will invoke the configure hooks and runtest_mainloop. """
+
+def pytest_load_initial_conftests(early_config, parser, args):
+    """ implements the loading of initial conftest files ahead
+    of command line option parsing. """
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# collection hooks
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_collection(session):
+    """ perform the collection protocol for the given session. """
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items):
+    """ called after collection has been performed, may filter or re-order
+    the items in-place."""
+
+def pytest_collection_finish(session):
+    """ called after collection has been performed and modified. """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_ignore_collect(path, config):
+    """ return True to prevent considering this path for collection.
+    This hook is consulted for all files and directories prior to calling
+    more specific hooks.
+    """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_collect_directory(path, parent):
+    """ called before traversing a directory for collection files. """
+
+def pytest_collect_file(path, parent):
+    """ return collection Node or None for the given path. Any new node
+    needs to have the specified ``parent`` as a parent."""
+
+# logging hooks for collection
+def pytest_collectstart(collector):
+    """ collector starts collecting. """
+
+def pytest_itemcollected(item):
+    """ we just collected a test item. """
+
+def pytest_collectreport(report):
+    """ collector finished collecting. """
+
+def pytest_deselected(items):
+    """ called for test items deselected by keyword. """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_make_collect_report(collector):
+    """ perform ``collector.collect()`` and return a CollectReport. """
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Python test function related hooks
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(path, parent):
+    """ return a Module collector or None for the given path.
+    This hook will be called for each matching test module path.
+    The pytest_collect_file hook needs to be used if you want to
+    create test modules for files that do not match as a test module.
+    """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+    """ return custom item/collector for a python object in a module, or None.  """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem):
+    """ call underlying test function. """
+
+def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
+    """ generate (multiple) parametrized calls to a test function."""
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# generic runtest related hooks
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_runtestloop(session):
+    """ called for performing the main runtest loop
+    (after collection finished). """
+
+def pytest_itemstart(item, node):
+    """ (deprecated, use pytest_runtest_logstart). """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_runtest_protocol(item, nextitem):
+    """ implements the runtest_setup/call/teardown protocol for
+    the given test item, including capturing exceptions and calling
+    reporting hooks.
+
+    :arg item: test item for which the runtest protocol is performed.
+
+    :arg nextitem: the scheduled-to-be-next test item (or None if this
+                   is the end my friend).  This argument is passed on to
+                   :py:func:`pytest_runtest_teardown`.
+
+    :return boolean: True if no further hook implementations should be invoked.
+    """
+
+def pytest_runtest_logstart(nodeid, location):
+    """ signal the start of running a single test item. """
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    """ called before ``pytest_runtest_call(item)``. """
+
+def pytest_runtest_call(item):
+    """ called to execute the test ``item``. """
+
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item, nextitem):
+    """ called after ``pytest_runtest_call``.
+
+    :arg nextitem: the scheduled-to-be-next test item (None if no further
+                   test item is scheduled).  This argument can be used to
+                   perform exact teardowns, i.e. calling just enough finalizers
+                   so that nextitem only needs to call setup-functions.
+    """
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
+    """ return a :py:class:`_pytest.runner.TestReport` object
+    for the given :py:class:`pytest.Item` and
+    :py:class:`_pytest.runner.CallInfo`.
+    """
+
+def pytest_runtest_logreport(report):
+    """ process a test setup/call/teardown report relating to
+    the respective phase of executing a test. """
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test session related hooks
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def pytest_sessionstart(session):
+    """ before session.main() is called. """
+
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session, exitstatus):
+    """ whole test run finishes. """
+
+def pytest_unconfigure(config):
+    """ called before test process is exited.  """
+
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# hooks for customising the assert methods
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def pytest_assertrepr_compare(config, op, left, right):
+    """return explanation for comparisons in failing assert expressions.
+
+    Return None for no custom explanation, otherwise return a list
+    of strings.  The strings will be joined by newlines but any newlines
+    *in* a string will be escaped.  Note that all but the first line will
+    be indented sligthly, the intention is for the first line to be a summary.
+    """
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# hooks for influencing reporting (invoked from _pytest_terminal)
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def pytest_report_header(config, startdir):
+    """ return a string to be displayed as header info for terminal reporting."""
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report):
+    """ return result-category, shortletter and verbose word for reporting."""
+
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter):
+    """ add additional section in terminal summary reporting.  """
+
+
+@hookspec(historic=True)
+def pytest_logwarning(message, code, nodeid, fslocation):
+    """ process a warning specified by a message, a code string,
+    a nodeid and fslocation (both of which may be None
+    if the warning is not tied to a partilar node/location)."""
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# doctest hooks
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@hookspec(firstresult=True)
+def pytest_doctest_prepare_content(content):
+    """ return processed content for a given doctest"""
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# error handling and internal debugging hooks
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def pytest_internalerror(excrepr, excinfo):
+    """ called for internal errors. """
+
+def pytest_keyboard_interrupt(excinfo):
+    """ called for keyboard interrupt. """
+
+def pytest_exception_interact(node, call, report):
+    """called when an exception was raised which can potentially be
+    interactively handled.
+
+    This hook is only called if an exception was raised
+    that is not an internal exception like ``skip.Exception``.
+    """
+
+def pytest_enter_pdb(config):
+    """ called upon pdb.set_trace(), can be used by plugins to take special
+    action just before the python debugger enters in interactive mode.
+
+    :arg config: pytest config object
+    :type config: _pytest.config.Config
+    """
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/junitxml.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/junitxml.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4de1343e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/junitxml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+"""
+    report test results in JUnit-XML format,
+    for use with Jenkins and build integration servers.
+
+
+Based on initial code from Ross Lawley.
+"""
+# Output conforms to https://github.com/jenkinsci/xunit-plugin/blob/master/
+# src/main/resources/org/jenkinsci/plugins/xunit/types/model/xsd/junit-10.xsd
+
+import py
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+import pytest
+
+# Python 2.X and 3.X compatibility
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    from codecs import open
+else:
+    unichr = chr
+    unicode = str
+    long = int
+
+
+class Junit(py.xml.Namespace):
+    pass
+
+# We need to get the subset of the invalid unicode ranges according to
+# XML 1.0 which are valid in this python build.  Hence we calculate
+# this dynamically instead of hardcoding it.  The spec range of valid
+# chars is: Char ::= #x9 | #xA | #xD | [#x20-#xD7FF] | [#xE000-#xFFFD]
+#                    | [#x10000-#x10FFFF]
+_legal_chars = (0x09, 0x0A, 0x0d)
+_legal_ranges = (
+    (0x20, 0x7E), (0x80, 0xD7FF), (0xE000, 0xFFFD), (0x10000, 0x10FFFF),
+)
+_legal_xml_re = [
+    unicode("%s-%s") % (unichr(low), unichr(high))
+    for (low, high) in _legal_ranges if low < sys.maxunicode
+]
+_legal_xml_re = [unichr(x) for x in _legal_chars] + _legal_xml_re
+illegal_xml_re = re.compile(unicode('[^%s]') % unicode('').join(_legal_xml_re))
+del _legal_chars
+del _legal_ranges
+del _legal_xml_re
+
+_py_ext_re = re.compile(r"\.py$")
+
+
+def bin_xml_escape(arg):
+    def repl(matchobj):
+        i = ord(matchobj.group())
+        if i <= 0xFF:
+            return unicode('#x%02X') % i
+        else:
+            return unicode('#x%04X') % i
+
+    return py.xml.raw(illegal_xml_re.sub(repl, py.xml.escape(arg)))
+
+
+class _NodeReporter(object):
+    def __init__(self, nodeid, xml):
+
+        self.id = nodeid
+        self.xml = xml
+        self.add_stats = self.xml.add_stats
+        self.duration = 0
+        self.properties = []
+        self.nodes = []
+        self.testcase = None
+        self.attrs = {}
+
+    def append(self, node):
+        self.xml.add_stats(type(node).__name__)
+        self.nodes.append(node)
+
+    def add_property(self, name, value):
+        self.properties.append((str(name), bin_xml_escape(value)))
+
+    def make_properties_node(self):
+        """Return a Junit node containing custom properties, if any.
+        """
+        if self.properties:
+            return Junit.properties([
+                Junit.property(name=name, value=value)
+                for name, value in self.properties
+            ])
+        return ''
+
+    def record_testreport(self, testreport):
+        assert not self.testcase
+        names = mangle_test_address(testreport.nodeid)
+        classnames = names[:-1]
+        if self.xml.prefix:
+            classnames.insert(0, self.xml.prefix)
+        attrs = {
+            "classname": ".".join(classnames),
+            "name": bin_xml_escape(names[-1]),
+            "file": testreport.location[0],
+        }
+        if testreport.location[1] is not None:
+            attrs["line"] = testreport.location[1]
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def to_xml(self):
+        testcase = Junit.testcase(time=self.duration, **self.attrs)
+        testcase.append(self.make_properties_node())
+        for node in self.nodes:
+            testcase.append(node)
+        return testcase
+
+    def _add_simple(self, kind, message, data=None):
+        data = bin_xml_escape(data)
+        node = kind(data, message=message)
+        self.append(node)
+
+    def _write_captured_output(self, report):
+        for capname in ('out', 'err'):
+            allcontent = ""
+            for name, content in report.get_sections("Captured std%s" %
+                                                     capname):
+                allcontent += content
+            if allcontent:
+                tag = getattr(Junit, 'system-' + capname)
+                self.append(tag(bin_xml_escape(allcontent)))
+
+    def append_pass(self, report):
+        self.add_stats('passed')
+        self._write_captured_output(report)
+
+    def append_failure(self, report):
+        # msg = str(report.longrepr.reprtraceback.extraline)
+        if hasattr(report, "wasxfail"):
+            self._add_simple(
+                Junit.skipped,
+                "xfail-marked test passes unexpectedly")
+        else:
+            if hasattr(report.longrepr, "reprcrash"):
+                message = report.longrepr.reprcrash.message
+            elif isinstance(report.longrepr, (unicode, str)):
+                message = report.longrepr
+            else:
+                message = str(report.longrepr)
+            message = bin_xml_escape(message)
+            fail = Junit.failure(message=message)
+            fail.append(bin_xml_escape(report.longrepr))
+            self.append(fail)
+        self._write_captured_output(report)
+
+    def append_collect_error(self, report):
+        # msg = str(report.longrepr.reprtraceback.extraline)
+        self.append(Junit.error(bin_xml_escape(report.longrepr),
+                                message="collection failure"))
+
+    def append_collect_skipped(self, report):
+        self._add_simple(
+            Junit.skipped, "collection skipped", report.longrepr)
+
+    def append_error(self, report):
+        self._add_simple(
+            Junit.error, "test setup failure", report.longrepr)
+        self._write_captured_output(report)
+
+    def append_skipped(self, report):
+        if hasattr(report, "wasxfail"):
+            self._add_simple(
+                Junit.skipped, "expected test failure", report.wasxfail
+            )
+        else:
+            filename, lineno, skipreason = report.longrepr
+            if skipreason.startswith("Skipped: "):
+                skipreason = bin_xml_escape(skipreason[9:])
+            self.append(
+                Junit.skipped("%s:%s: %s" % (filename, lineno, skipreason),
+                              type="pytest.skip",
+                              message=skipreason))
+        self._write_captured_output(report)
+
+    def finalize(self):
+        data = self.to_xml().unicode(indent=0)
+        self.__dict__.clear()
+        self.to_xml = lambda: py.xml.raw(data)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def record_xml_property(request):
+    """Fixture that adds extra xml properties to the tag for the calling test.
+    The fixture is callable with (name, value), with value being automatically
+    xml-encoded.
+    """
+    request.node.warn(
+        code='C3',
+        message='record_xml_property is an experimental feature',
+    )
+    xml = getattr(request.config, "_xml", None)
+    if xml is not None:
+        node_reporter = xml.node_reporter(request.node.nodeid)
+        return node_reporter.add_property
+    else:
+        def add_property_noop(name, value):
+            pass
+
+        return add_property_noop
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("terminal reporting")
+    group.addoption(
+        '--junitxml', '--junit-xml',
+        action="store",
+        dest="xmlpath",
+        metavar="path",
+        default=None,
+        help="create junit-xml style report file at given path.")
+    group.addoption(
+        '--junitprefix', '--junit-prefix',
+        action="store",
+        metavar="str",
+        default=None,
+        help="prepend prefix to classnames in junit-xml output")
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    xmlpath = config.option.xmlpath
+    # prevent opening xmllog on slave nodes (xdist)
+    if xmlpath and not hasattr(config, 'slaveinput'):
+        config._xml = LogXML(xmlpath, config.option.junitprefix)
+        config.pluginmanager.register(config._xml)
+
+
+def pytest_unconfigure(config):
+    xml = getattr(config, '_xml', None)
+    if xml:
+        del config._xml
+        config.pluginmanager.unregister(xml)
+
+
+def mangle_test_address(address):
+    path, possible_open_bracket, params = address.partition('[')
+    names = path.split("::")
+    try:
+        names.remove('()')
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    # convert file path to dotted path
+    names[0] = names[0].replace("/", '.')
+    names[0] = _py_ext_re.sub("", names[0])
+    # put any params back
+    names[-1] += possible_open_bracket + params
+    return names
+
+
+class LogXML(object):
+    def __init__(self, logfile, prefix):
+        logfile = os.path.expanduser(os.path.expandvars(logfile))
+        self.logfile = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(logfile))
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.stats = dict.fromkeys([
+            'error',
+            'passed',
+            'failure',
+            'skipped',
+        ], 0)
+        self.node_reporters = {}  # nodeid -> _NodeReporter
+        self.node_reporters_ordered = []
+
+    def finalize(self, report):
+        nodeid = getattr(report, 'nodeid', report)
+        # local hack to handle xdist report order
+        slavenode = getattr(report, 'node', None)
+        reporter = self.node_reporters.pop((nodeid, slavenode))
+        if reporter is not None:
+            reporter.finalize()
+
+    def node_reporter(self, report):
+        nodeid = getattr(report, 'nodeid', report)
+        # local hack to handle xdist report order
+        slavenode = getattr(report, 'node', None)
+
+        key = nodeid, slavenode
+
+        if key in self.node_reporters:
+            # TODO: breasks for --dist=each
+            return self.node_reporters[key]
+        reporter = _NodeReporter(nodeid, self)
+        self.node_reporters[key] = reporter
+        self.node_reporters_ordered.append(reporter)
+        return reporter
+
+    def add_stats(self, key):
+        if key in self.stats:
+            self.stats[key] += 1
+
+    def _opentestcase(self, report):
+        reporter = self.node_reporter(report)
+        reporter.record_testreport(report)
+        return reporter
+
+    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report):
+        """handle a setup/call/teardown report, generating the appropriate
+        xml tags as necessary.
+
+        note: due to plugins like xdist, this hook may be called in interlaced
+        order with reports from other nodes. for example:
+
+        usual call order:
+            -> setup node1
+            -> call node1
+            -> teardown node1
+            -> setup node2
+            -> call node2
+            -> teardown node2
+
+        possible call order in xdist:
+            -> setup node1
+            -> call node1
+            -> setup node2
+            -> call node2
+            -> teardown node2
+            -> teardown node1
+        """
+        if report.passed:
+            if report.when == "call":  # ignore setup/teardown
+                reporter = self._opentestcase(report)
+                reporter.append_pass(report)
+        elif report.failed:
+            reporter = self._opentestcase(report)
+            if report.when == "call":
+                reporter.append_failure(report)
+            else:
+                reporter.append_error(report)
+        elif report.skipped:
+            reporter = self._opentestcase(report)
+            reporter.append_skipped(report)
+        self.update_testcase_duration(report)
+        if report.when == "teardown":
+            self.finalize(report)
+
+    def update_testcase_duration(self, report):
+        """accumulates total duration for nodeid from given report and updates
+        the Junit.testcase with the new total if already created.
+        """
+        reporter = self.node_reporter(report)
+        reporter.duration += getattr(report, 'duration', 0.0)
+
+    def pytest_collectreport(self, report):
+        if not report.passed:
+            reporter = self._opentestcase(report)
+            if report.failed:
+                reporter.append_collect_error(report)
+            else:
+                reporter.append_collect_skipped(report)
+
+    def pytest_internalerror(self, excrepr):
+        reporter = self.node_reporter('internal')
+        reporter.attrs.update(classname="pytest", name='internal')
+        reporter._add_simple(Junit.error, 'internal error', excrepr)
+
+    def pytest_sessionstart(self):
+        self.suite_start_time = time.time()
+
+    def pytest_sessionfinish(self):
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(self.logfile))
+        if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            os.makedirs(dirname)
+        logfile = open(self.logfile, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
+        suite_stop_time = time.time()
+        suite_time_delta = suite_stop_time - self.suite_start_time
+
+        numtests = self.stats['passed'] + self.stats['failure'] + self.stats['skipped']
+
+        logfile.write('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>')
+        logfile.write(Junit.testsuite(
+            [x.to_xml() for x in self.node_reporters_ordered],
+            name="pytest",
+            errors=self.stats['error'],
+            failures=self.stats['failure'],
+            skips=self.stats['skipped'],
+            tests=numtests,
+            time="%.3f" % suite_time_delta, ).unicode(indent=0))
+        logfile.close()
+
+    def pytest_terminal_summary(self, terminalreporter):
+        terminalreporter.write_sep("-",
+                                   "generated xml file: %s" % (self.logfile))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/main.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8654d7af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,744 @@
+""" core implementation of testing process: init, session, runtest loop. """
+import imp
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+import _pytest
+import _pytest._code
+import py
+import pytest
+try:
+    from collections import MutableMapping as MappingMixin
+except ImportError:
+    from UserDict import DictMixin as MappingMixin
+
+from _pytest.runner import collect_one_node
+
+tracebackcutdir = py.path.local(_pytest.__file__).dirpath()
+
+# exitcodes for the command line
+EXIT_OK = 0
+EXIT_TESTSFAILED = 1
+EXIT_INTERRUPTED = 2
+EXIT_INTERNALERROR = 3
+EXIT_USAGEERROR = 4
+EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED = 5
+
+name_re = re.compile("^[a-zA-Z_]\w*$")
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    parser.addini("norecursedirs", "directory patterns to avoid for recursion",
+        type="args", default=['.*', 'CVS', '_darcs', '{arch}', '*.egg'])
+    parser.addini("testpaths", "directories to search for tests when no files or directories are given in the command line.",
+        type="args", default=[])
+    #parser.addini("dirpatterns",
+    #    "patterns specifying possible locations of test files",
+    #    type="linelist", default=["**/test_*.txt",
+    #            "**/test_*.py", "**/*_test.py"]
+    #)
+    group = parser.getgroup("general", "running and selection options")
+    group._addoption('-x', '--exitfirst', action="store_true", default=False,
+               dest="exitfirst",
+               help="exit instantly on first error or failed test."),
+    group._addoption('--maxfail', metavar="num",
+               action="store", type=int, dest="maxfail", default=0,
+               help="exit after first num failures or errors.")
+    group._addoption('--strict', action="store_true",
+               help="run pytest in strict mode, warnings become errors.")
+    group._addoption("-c", metavar="file", type=str, dest="inifilename",
+               help="load configuration from `file` instead of trying to locate one of the implicit configuration files.")
+
+    group = parser.getgroup("collect", "collection")
+    group.addoption('--collectonly', '--collect-only', action="store_true",
+        help="only collect tests, don't execute them."),
+    group.addoption('--pyargs', action="store_true",
+        help="try to interpret all arguments as python packages.")
+    group.addoption("--ignore", action="append", metavar="path",
+        help="ignore path during collection (multi-allowed).")
+    # when changing this to --conf-cut-dir, config.py Conftest.setinitial
+    # needs upgrading as well
+    group.addoption('--confcutdir', dest="confcutdir", default=None,
+        metavar="dir",
+        help="only load conftest.py's relative to specified dir.")
+    group.addoption('--noconftest', action="store_true",
+        dest="noconftest", default=False,
+        help="Don't load any conftest.py files.")
+
+    group = parser.getgroup("debugconfig",
+        "test session debugging and configuration")
+    group.addoption('--basetemp', dest="basetemp", default=None, metavar="dir",
+               help="base temporary directory for this test run.")
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    collect = dict(Item=Item, Collector=Collector, File=File, Session=Session)
+    return dict(collect=collect)
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    pytest.config = config # compatibiltiy
+    if config.option.exitfirst:
+        config.option.maxfail = 1
+
+def wrap_session(config, doit):
+    """Skeleton command line program"""
+    session = Session(config)
+    session.exitstatus = EXIT_OK
+    initstate = 0
+    try:
+        try:
+            config._do_configure()
+            initstate = 1
+            config.hook.pytest_sessionstart(session=session)
+            initstate = 2
+            session.exitstatus = doit(config, session) or 0
+        except pytest.UsageError:
+            raise
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo()
+            config.hook.pytest_keyboard_interrupt(excinfo=excinfo)
+            session.exitstatus = EXIT_INTERRUPTED
+        except:
+            excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo()
+            config.notify_exception(excinfo, config.option)
+            session.exitstatus = EXIT_INTERNALERROR
+            if excinfo.errisinstance(SystemExit):
+                sys.stderr.write("mainloop: caught Spurious SystemExit!\n")
+
+    finally:
+        excinfo = None  # Explicitly break reference cycle.
+        session.startdir.chdir()
+        if initstate >= 2:
+            config.hook.pytest_sessionfinish(
+                session=session,
+                exitstatus=session.exitstatus)
+        config._ensure_unconfigure()
+    return session.exitstatus
+
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    return wrap_session(config, _main)
+
+def _main(config, session):
+    """ default command line protocol for initialization, session,
+    running tests and reporting. """
+    config.hook.pytest_collection(session=session)
+    config.hook.pytest_runtestloop(session=session)
+
+    if session.testsfailed:
+        return EXIT_TESTSFAILED
+    elif session.testscollected == 0:
+        return EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED
+
+def pytest_collection(session):
+    return session.perform_collect()
+
+def pytest_runtestloop(session):
+    if session.config.option.collectonly:
+        return True
+
+    def getnextitem(i):
+        # this is a function to avoid python2
+        # keeping sys.exc_info set when calling into a test
+        # python2 keeps sys.exc_info till the frame is left
+        try:
+            return session.items[i+1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return None
+
+    for i, item in enumerate(session.items):
+        nextitem = getnextitem(i)
+        item.config.hook.pytest_runtest_protocol(item=item, nextitem=nextitem)
+        if session.shouldstop:
+            raise session.Interrupted(session.shouldstop)
+    return True
+
+def pytest_ignore_collect(path, config):
+    p = path.dirpath()
+    ignore_paths = config._getconftest_pathlist("collect_ignore", path=p)
+    ignore_paths = ignore_paths or []
+    excludeopt = config.getoption("ignore")
+    if excludeopt:
+        ignore_paths.extend([py.path.local(x) for x in excludeopt])
+    return path in ignore_paths
+
+class FSHookProxy:
+    def __init__(self, fspath, pm, remove_mods):
+        self.fspath = fspath
+        self.pm = pm
+        self.remove_mods = remove_mods
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        x = self.pm.subset_hook_caller(name, remove_plugins=self.remove_mods)
+        self.__dict__[name] = x
+        return x
+
+def compatproperty(name):
+    def fget(self):
+        # deprecated - use pytest.name
+        return getattr(pytest, name)
+
+    return property(fget)
+
+class NodeKeywords(MappingMixin):
+    def __init__(self, node):
+        self.node = node
+        self.parent = node.parent
+        self._markers = {node.name: True}
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._markers[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if self.parent is None:
+                raise
+            return self.parent.keywords[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._markers[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise ValueError("cannot delete key in keywords dict")
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        seen = set(self._markers)
+        if self.parent is not None:
+            seen.update(self.parent.keywords)
+        return iter(seen)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.__iter__())
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<NodeKeywords for node %s>" % (self.node, )
+
+
+class Node(object):
+    """ base class for Collector and Item the test collection tree.
+    Collector subclasses have children, Items are terminal nodes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, parent=None, config=None, session=None):
+        #: a unique name within the scope of the parent node
+        self.name = name
+
+        #: the parent collector node.
+        self.parent = parent
+
+        #: the pytest config object
+        self.config = config or parent.config
+
+        #: the session this node is part of
+        self.session = session or parent.session
+
+        #: filesystem path where this node was collected from (can be None)
+        self.fspath = getattr(parent, 'fspath', None)
+
+        #: keywords/markers collected from all scopes
+        self.keywords = NodeKeywords(self)
+
+        #: allow adding of extra keywords to use for matching
+        self.extra_keyword_matches = set()
+
+        # used for storing artificial fixturedefs for direct parametrization
+        self._name2pseudofixturedef = {}
+
+    @property
+    def ihook(self):
+        """ fspath sensitive hook proxy used to call pytest hooks"""
+        return self.session.gethookproxy(self.fspath)
+
+    Module = compatproperty("Module")
+    Class = compatproperty("Class")
+    Instance = compatproperty("Instance")
+    Function = compatproperty("Function")
+    File = compatproperty("File")
+    Item = compatproperty("Item")
+
+    def _getcustomclass(self, name):
+        cls = getattr(self, name)
+        if cls != getattr(pytest, name):
+            py.log._apiwarn("2.0", "use of node.%s is deprecated, "
+                "use pytest_pycollect_makeitem(...) to create custom "
+                "collection nodes" % name)
+        return cls
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s %r>" %(self.__class__.__name__,
+                           getattr(self, 'name', None))
+
+    def warn(self, code, message):
+        """ generate a warning with the given code and message for this
+        item. """
+        assert isinstance(code, str)
+        fslocation = getattr(self, "location", None)
+        if fslocation is None:
+            fslocation = getattr(self, "fspath", None)
+        else:
+            fslocation = "%s:%s" % fslocation[:2]
+
+        self.ihook.pytest_logwarning.call_historic(kwargs=dict(
+            code=code, message=message,
+            nodeid=self.nodeid, fslocation=fslocation))
+
+    # methods for ordering nodes
+    @property
+    def nodeid(self):
+        """ a ::-separated string denoting its collection tree address. """
+        try:
+            return self._nodeid
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._nodeid = x = self._makeid()
+            return x
+
+    def _makeid(self):
+        return self.parent.nodeid + "::" + self.name
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.nodeid)
+
+    def setup(self):
+        pass
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _memoizedcall(self, attrname, function):
+        exattrname = "_ex_" + attrname
+        failure = getattr(self, exattrname, None)
+        if failure is not None:
+            py.builtin._reraise(failure[0], failure[1], failure[2])
+        if hasattr(self, attrname):
+            return getattr(self, attrname)
+        try:
+            res = function()
+        except py.builtin._sysex:
+            raise
+        except:
+            failure = sys.exc_info()
+            setattr(self, exattrname, failure)
+            raise
+        setattr(self, attrname, res)
+        return res
+
+    def listchain(self):
+        """ return list of all parent collectors up to self,
+            starting from root of collection tree. """
+        chain = []
+        item = self
+        while item is not None:
+            chain.append(item)
+            item = item.parent
+        chain.reverse()
+        return chain
+
+    def add_marker(self, marker):
+        """ dynamically add a marker object to the node.
+
+        ``marker`` can be a string or pytest.mark.* instance.
+        """
+        from _pytest.mark import MarkDecorator
+        if isinstance(marker, py.builtin._basestring):
+            marker = MarkDecorator(marker)
+        elif not isinstance(marker, MarkDecorator):
+            raise ValueError("is not a string or pytest.mark.* Marker")
+        self.keywords[marker.name] = marker
+
+    def get_marker(self, name):
+        """ get a marker object from this node or None if
+        the node doesn't have a marker with that name. """
+        val = self.keywords.get(name, None)
+        if val is not None:
+            from _pytest.mark import MarkInfo, MarkDecorator
+            if isinstance(val, (MarkDecorator, MarkInfo)):
+                return val
+
+    def listextrakeywords(self):
+        """ Return a set of all extra keywords in self and any parents."""
+        extra_keywords = set()
+        item = self
+        for item in self.listchain():
+            extra_keywords.update(item.extra_keyword_matches)
+        return extra_keywords
+
+    def listnames(self):
+        return [x.name for x in self.listchain()]
+
+    def addfinalizer(self, fin):
+        """ register a function to be called when this node is finalized.
+
+        This method can only be called when this node is active
+        in a setup chain, for example during self.setup().
+        """
+        self.session._setupstate.addfinalizer(fin, self)
+
+    def getparent(self, cls):
+        """ get the next parent node (including ourself)
+        which is an instance of the given class"""
+        current = self
+        while current and not isinstance(current, cls):
+            current = current.parent
+        return current
+
+    def _prunetraceback(self, excinfo):
+        pass
+
+    def _repr_failure_py(self, excinfo, style=None):
+        fm = self.session._fixturemanager
+        if excinfo.errisinstance(fm.FixtureLookupError):
+            return excinfo.value.formatrepr()
+        tbfilter = True
+        if self.config.option.fulltrace:
+            style="long"
+        else:
+            self._prunetraceback(excinfo)
+            tbfilter = False  # prunetraceback already does it
+            if style == "auto":
+                style = "long"
+        # XXX should excinfo.getrepr record all data and toterminal() process it?
+        if style is None:
+            if self.config.option.tbstyle == "short":
+                style = "short"
+            else:
+                style = "long"
+
+        return excinfo.getrepr(funcargs=True,
+                               showlocals=self.config.option.showlocals,
+                               style=style, tbfilter=tbfilter)
+
+    repr_failure = _repr_failure_py
+
+class Collector(Node):
+    """ Collector instances create children through collect()
+        and thus iteratively build a tree.
+    """
+
+    class CollectError(Exception):
+        """ an error during collection, contains a custom message. """
+
+    def collect(self):
+        """ returns a list of children (items and collectors)
+            for this collection node.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("abstract")
+
+    def repr_failure(self, excinfo):
+        """ represent a collection failure. """
+        if excinfo.errisinstance(self.CollectError):
+            exc = excinfo.value
+            return str(exc.args[0])
+        return self._repr_failure_py(excinfo, style="short")
+
+    def _memocollect(self):
+        """ internal helper method to cache results of calling collect(). """
+        return self._memoizedcall('_collected', lambda: list(self.collect()))
+
+    def _prunetraceback(self, excinfo):
+        if hasattr(self, 'fspath'):
+            traceback = excinfo.traceback
+            ntraceback = traceback.cut(path=self.fspath)
+            if ntraceback == traceback:
+                ntraceback = ntraceback.cut(excludepath=tracebackcutdir)
+            excinfo.traceback = ntraceback.filter()
+
+class FSCollector(Collector):
+    def __init__(self, fspath, parent=None, config=None, session=None):
+        fspath = py.path.local(fspath) # xxx only for test_resultlog.py?
+        name = fspath.basename
+        if parent is not None:
+            rel = fspath.relto(parent.fspath)
+            if rel:
+                name = rel
+            name = name.replace(os.sep, "/")
+        super(FSCollector, self).__init__(name, parent, config, session)
+        self.fspath = fspath
+
+    def _makeid(self):
+        relpath = self.fspath.relto(self.config.rootdir)
+        if os.sep != "/":
+            relpath = relpath.replace(os.sep, "/")
+        return relpath
+
+class File(FSCollector):
+    """ base class for collecting tests from a file. """
+
+class Item(Node):
+    """ a basic test invocation item. Note that for a single function
+    there might be multiple test invocation items.
+    """
+    nextitem = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name, parent=None, config=None, session=None):
+        super(Item, self).__init__(name, parent, config, session)
+        self._report_sections = []
+
+    def add_report_section(self, when, key, content):
+        if content:
+            self._report_sections.append((when, key, content))
+
+    def reportinfo(self):
+        return self.fspath, None, ""
+
+    @property
+    def location(self):
+        try:
+            return self._location
+        except AttributeError:
+            location = self.reportinfo()
+            # bestrelpath is a quite slow function
+            cache = self.config.__dict__.setdefault("_bestrelpathcache", {})
+            try:
+                fspath = cache[location[0]]
+            except KeyError:
+                fspath = self.session.fspath.bestrelpath(location[0])
+                cache[location[0]] = fspath
+            location = (fspath, location[1], str(location[2]))
+            self._location = location
+            return location
+
+class NoMatch(Exception):
+    """ raised if matching cannot locate a matching names. """
+
+class Interrupted(KeyboardInterrupt):
+    """ signals an interrupted test run. """
+    __module__ = 'builtins' # for py3
+
+class Session(FSCollector):
+    Interrupted = Interrupted
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        FSCollector.__init__(self, config.rootdir, parent=None,
+                             config=config, session=self)
+        self._fs2hookproxy = {}
+        self.testsfailed = 0
+        self.testscollected = 0
+        self.shouldstop = False
+        self.trace = config.trace.root.get("collection")
+        self._norecursepatterns = config.getini("norecursedirs")
+        self.startdir = py.path.local()
+        self.config.pluginmanager.register(self, name="session")
+
+    def _makeid(self):
+        return ""
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+    def pytest_collectstart(self):
+        if self.shouldstop:
+            raise self.Interrupted(self.shouldstop)
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report):
+        if report.failed and not hasattr(report, 'wasxfail'):
+            self.testsfailed += 1
+            maxfail = self.config.getvalue("maxfail")
+            if maxfail and self.testsfailed >= maxfail:
+                self.shouldstop = "stopping after %d failures" % (
+                    self.testsfailed)
+    pytest_collectreport = pytest_runtest_logreport
+
+    def isinitpath(self, path):
+        return path in self._initialpaths
+
+    def gethookproxy(self, fspath):
+        try:
+            return self._fs2hookproxy[fspath]
+        except KeyError:
+            # check if we have the common case of running
+            # hooks with all conftest.py filesall conftest.py
+            pm = self.config.pluginmanager
+            my_conftestmodules = pm._getconftestmodules(fspath)
+            remove_mods = pm._conftest_plugins.difference(my_conftestmodules)
+            if remove_mods:
+                # one or more conftests are not in use at this fspath
+                proxy = FSHookProxy(fspath, pm, remove_mods)
+            else:
+                # all plugis are active for this fspath
+                proxy = self.config.hook
+
+            self._fs2hookproxy[fspath] = proxy
+            return proxy
+
+    def perform_collect(self, args=None, genitems=True):
+        hook = self.config.hook
+        try:
+            items = self._perform_collect(args, genitems)
+            hook.pytest_collection_modifyitems(session=self,
+                config=self.config, items=items)
+        finally:
+            hook.pytest_collection_finish(session=self)
+        self.testscollected = len(items)
+        return items
+
+    def _perform_collect(self, args, genitems):
+        if args is None:
+            args = self.config.args
+        self.trace("perform_collect", self, args)
+        self.trace.root.indent += 1
+        self._notfound = []
+        self._initialpaths = set()
+        self._initialparts = []
+        self.items = items = []
+        for arg in args:
+            parts = self._parsearg(arg)
+            self._initialparts.append(parts)
+            self._initialpaths.add(parts[0])
+        rep = collect_one_node(self)
+        self.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=rep)
+        self.trace.root.indent -= 1
+        if self._notfound:
+            errors = []
+            for arg, exc in self._notfound:
+                line = "(no name %r in any of %r)" % (arg, exc.args[0])
+                errors.append("not found: %s\n%s" % (arg, line))
+                #XXX: test this
+            raise pytest.UsageError(*errors)
+        if not genitems:
+            return rep.result
+        else:
+            if rep.passed:
+                for node in rep.result:
+                    self.items.extend(self.genitems(node))
+            return items
+
+    def collect(self):
+        for parts in self._initialparts:
+            arg = "::".join(map(str, parts))
+            self.trace("processing argument", arg)
+            self.trace.root.indent += 1
+            try:
+                for x in self._collect(arg):
+                    yield x
+            except NoMatch:
+                # we are inside a make_report hook so
+                # we cannot directly pass through the exception
+                self._notfound.append((arg, sys.exc_info()[1]))
+
+            self.trace.root.indent -= 1
+
+    def _collect(self, arg):
+        names = self._parsearg(arg)
+        path = names.pop(0)
+        if path.check(dir=1):
+            assert not names, "invalid arg %r" %(arg,)
+            for path in path.visit(fil=lambda x: x.check(file=1),
+                                   rec=self._recurse, bf=True, sort=True):
+                for x in self._collectfile(path):
+                    yield x
+        else:
+            assert path.check(file=1)
+            for x in self.matchnodes(self._collectfile(path), names):
+                yield x
+
+    def _collectfile(self, path):
+        ihook = self.gethookproxy(path)
+        if not self.isinitpath(path):
+            if ihook.pytest_ignore_collect(path=path, config=self.config):
+                return ()
+        return ihook.pytest_collect_file(path=path, parent=self)
+
+    def _recurse(self, path):
+        ihook = self.gethookproxy(path.dirpath())
+        if ihook.pytest_ignore_collect(path=path, config=self.config):
+            return
+        for pat in self._norecursepatterns:
+            if path.check(fnmatch=pat):
+                return False
+        ihook = self.gethookproxy(path)
+        ihook.pytest_collect_directory(path=path, parent=self)
+        return True
+
+    def _tryconvertpyarg(self, x):
+        mod = None
+        path = [os.path.abspath('.')] + sys.path
+        for name in x.split('.'):
+            # ignore anything that's not a proper name here
+            # else something like --pyargs will mess up '.'
+            # since imp.find_module will actually sometimes work for it
+            # but it's supposed to be considered a filesystem path
+            # not a package
+            if name_re.match(name) is None:
+                return x
+            try:
+                fd, mod, type_ = imp.find_module(name, path)
+            except ImportError:
+                return x
+            else:
+                if fd is not None:
+                    fd.close()
+
+            if type_[2] != imp.PKG_DIRECTORY:
+                path = [os.path.dirname(mod)]
+            else:
+                path = [mod]
+        return mod
+
+    def _parsearg(self, arg):
+        """ return (fspath, names) tuple after checking the file exists. """
+        arg = str(arg)
+        if self.config.option.pyargs:
+            arg = self._tryconvertpyarg(arg)
+        parts = str(arg).split("::")
+        relpath = parts[0].replace("/", os.sep)
+        path = self.config.invocation_dir.join(relpath, abs=True)
+        if not path.check():
+            if self.config.option.pyargs:
+                msg = "file or package not found: "
+            else:
+                msg = "file not found: "
+            raise pytest.UsageError(msg + arg)
+        parts[0] = path
+        return parts
+
+    def matchnodes(self, matching, names):
+        self.trace("matchnodes", matching, names)
+        self.trace.root.indent += 1
+        nodes = self._matchnodes(matching, names)
+        num = len(nodes)
+        self.trace("matchnodes finished -> ", num, "nodes")
+        self.trace.root.indent -= 1
+        if num == 0:
+            raise NoMatch(matching, names[:1])
+        return nodes
+
+    def _matchnodes(self, matching, names):
+        if not matching or not names:
+            return matching
+        name = names[0]
+        assert name
+        nextnames = names[1:]
+        resultnodes = []
+        for node in matching:
+            if isinstance(node, pytest.Item):
+                if not names:
+                    resultnodes.append(node)
+                continue
+            assert isinstance(node, pytest.Collector)
+            rep = collect_one_node(node)
+            if rep.passed:
+                has_matched = False
+                for x in rep.result:
+                    # TODO: remove parametrized workaround once collection structure contains parametrization
+                    if x.name == name or x.name.split("[")[0] == name:
+                        resultnodes.extend(self.matchnodes([x], nextnames))
+                        has_matched = True
+                # XXX accept IDs that don't have "()" for class instances
+                if not has_matched and len(rep.result) == 1 and x.name == "()":
+                    nextnames.insert(0, name)
+                    resultnodes.extend(self.matchnodes([x], nextnames))
+            node.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=rep)
+        return resultnodes
+
+    def genitems(self, node):
+        self.trace("genitems", node)
+        if isinstance(node, pytest.Item):
+            node.ihook.pytest_itemcollected(item=node)
+            yield node
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(node, pytest.Collector)
+            rep = collect_one_node(node)
+            if rep.passed:
+                for subnode in rep.result:
+                    for x in self.genitems(subnode):
+                        yield x
+            node.ihook.pytest_collectreport(report=rep)
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/mark.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/mark.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8b60def3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/mark.py
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+""" generic mechanism for marking and selecting python functions. """
+import inspect
+
+
+class MarkerError(Exception):
+
+    """Error in use of a pytest marker/attribute."""
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    return {'mark': MarkGenerator()}
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("general")
+    group._addoption(
+        '-k',
+        action="store", dest="keyword", default='', metavar="EXPRESSION",
+        help="only run tests which match the given substring expression. "
+             "An expression is a python evaluatable expression "
+             "where all names are substring-matched against test names "
+             "and their parent classes. Example: -k 'test_method or test "
+             "other' matches all test functions and classes whose name "
+             "contains 'test_method' or 'test_other'. "
+             "Additionally keywords are matched to classes and functions "
+             "containing extra names in their 'extra_keyword_matches' set, "
+             "as well as functions which have names assigned directly to them."
+    )
+
+    group._addoption(
+        "-m",
+        action="store", dest="markexpr", default="", metavar="MARKEXPR",
+        help="only run tests matching given mark expression.  "
+             "example: -m 'mark1 and not mark2'."
+    )
+
+    group.addoption(
+        "--markers", action="store_true",
+        help="show markers (builtin, plugin and per-project ones)."
+    )
+
+    parser.addini("markers", "markers for test functions", 'linelist')
+
+
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    import _pytest.config
+    if config.option.markers:
+        config._do_configure()
+        tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config)
+        for line in config.getini("markers"):
+            name, rest = line.split(":", 1)
+            tw.write("@pytest.mark.%s:" % name, bold=True)
+            tw.line(rest)
+            tw.line()
+        config._ensure_unconfigure()
+        return 0
+pytest_cmdline_main.tryfirst = True
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(items, config):
+    keywordexpr = config.option.keyword.lstrip()
+    matchexpr = config.option.markexpr
+    if not keywordexpr and not matchexpr:
+        return
+    # pytest used to allow "-" for negating
+    # but today we just allow "-" at the beginning, use "not" instead
+    # we probably remove "-" alltogether soon
+    if keywordexpr.startswith("-"):
+        keywordexpr = "not " + keywordexpr[1:]
+    selectuntil = False
+    if keywordexpr[-1:] == ":":
+        selectuntil = True
+        keywordexpr = keywordexpr[:-1]
+
+    remaining = []
+    deselected = []
+    for colitem in items:
+        if keywordexpr and not matchkeyword(colitem, keywordexpr):
+            deselected.append(colitem)
+        else:
+            if selectuntil:
+                keywordexpr = None
+            if matchexpr:
+                if not matchmark(colitem, matchexpr):
+                    deselected.append(colitem)
+                    continue
+            remaining.append(colitem)
+
+    if deselected:
+        config.hook.pytest_deselected(items=deselected)
+        items[:] = remaining
+
+
+class MarkMapping:
+    """Provides a local mapping for markers where item access
+    resolves to True if the marker is present. """
+    def __init__(self, keywords):
+        mymarks = set()
+        for key, value in keywords.items():
+            if isinstance(value, MarkInfo) or isinstance(value, MarkDecorator):
+                mymarks.add(key)
+        self._mymarks = mymarks
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return name in self._mymarks
+
+
+class KeywordMapping:
+    """Provides a local mapping for keywords.
+    Given a list of names, map any substring of one of these names to True.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, names):
+        self._names = names
+
+    def __getitem__(self, subname):
+        for name in self._names:
+            if subname in name:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+def matchmark(colitem, markexpr):
+    """Tries to match on any marker names, attached to the given colitem."""
+    return eval(markexpr, {}, MarkMapping(colitem.keywords))
+
+
+def matchkeyword(colitem, keywordexpr):
+    """Tries to match given keyword expression to given collector item.
+
+    Will match on the name of colitem, including the names of its parents.
+    Only matches names of items which are either a :class:`Class` or a
+    :class:`Function`.
+    Additionally, matches on names in the 'extra_keyword_matches' set of
+    any item, as well as names directly assigned to test functions.
+    """
+    mapped_names = set()
+
+    # Add the names of the current item and any parent items
+    import pytest
+    for item in colitem.listchain():
+        if not isinstance(item, pytest.Instance):
+            mapped_names.add(item.name)
+
+    # Add the names added as extra keywords to current or parent items
+    for name in colitem.listextrakeywords():
+        mapped_names.add(name)
+
+    # Add the names attached to the current function through direct assignment
+    if hasattr(colitem, 'function'):
+        for name in colitem.function.__dict__:
+            mapped_names.add(name)
+
+    mapping = KeywordMapping(mapped_names)
+    if " " not in keywordexpr:
+        # special case to allow for simple "-k pass" and "-k 1.3"
+        return mapping[keywordexpr]
+    elif keywordexpr.startswith("not ") and " " not in keywordexpr[4:]:
+        return not mapping[keywordexpr[4:]]
+    return eval(keywordexpr, {}, mapping)
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    import pytest
+    if config.option.strict:
+        pytest.mark._config = config
+
+
+class MarkGenerator:
+    """ Factory for :class:`MarkDecorator` objects - exposed as
+    a ``pytest.mark`` singleton instance.  Example::
+
+         import pytest
+         @pytest.mark.slowtest
+         def test_function():
+            pass
+
+    will set a 'slowtest' :class:`MarkInfo` object
+    on the ``test_function`` object. """
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name[0] == "_":
+            raise AttributeError("Marker name must NOT start with underscore")
+        if hasattr(self, '_config'):
+            self._check(name)
+        return MarkDecorator(name)
+
+    def _check(self, name):
+        try:
+            if name in self._markers:
+                return
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        self._markers = l = set()
+        for line in self._config.getini("markers"):
+            beginning = line.split(":", 1)
+            x = beginning[0].split("(", 1)[0]
+            l.add(x)
+        if name not in self._markers:
+            raise AttributeError("%r not a registered marker" % (name,))
+
+def istestfunc(func):
+    return hasattr(func, "__call__") and \
+        getattr(func, "__name__", "<lambda>") != "<lambda>"
+
+class MarkDecorator:
+    """ A decorator for test functions and test classes.  When applied
+    it will create :class:`MarkInfo` objects which may be
+    :ref:`retrieved by hooks as item keywords <excontrolskip>`.
+    MarkDecorator instances are often created like this::
+
+        mark1 = pytest.mark.NAME              # simple MarkDecorator
+        mark2 = pytest.mark.NAME(name1=value) # parametrized MarkDecorator
+
+    and can then be applied as decorators to test functions::
+
+        @mark2
+        def test_function():
+            pass
+
+    When a MarkDecorator instance is called it does the following:
+      1. If called with a single class as its only positional argument and no
+         additional keyword arguments, it attaches itself to the class so it
+         gets applied automatically to all test cases found in that class.
+      2. If called with a single function as its only positional argument and
+         no additional keyword arguments, it attaches a MarkInfo object to the
+         function, containing all the arguments already stored internally in
+         the MarkDecorator.
+      3. When called in any other case, it performs a 'fake construction' call,
+         i.e. it returns a new MarkDecorator instance with the original
+         MarkDecorator's content updated with the arguments passed to this
+         call.
+
+    Note: The rules above prevent MarkDecorator objects from storing only a
+    single function or class reference as their positional argument with no
+    additional keyword or positional arguments.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, args=None, kwargs=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.args = args or ()
+        self.kwargs = kwargs or {}
+
+    @property
+    def markname(self):
+        return self.name # for backward-compat (2.4.1 had this attr)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        name = d.pop('name')
+        return "<MarkDecorator %r %r>" % (name, d)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ if passed a single callable argument: decorate it with mark info.
+            otherwise add *args/**kwargs in-place to mark information. """
+        if args and not kwargs:
+            func = args[0]
+            is_class = inspect.isclass(func)
+            if len(args) == 1 and (istestfunc(func) or is_class):
+                if is_class:
+                    if hasattr(func, 'pytestmark'):
+                        mark_list = func.pytestmark
+                        if not isinstance(mark_list, list):
+                            mark_list = [mark_list]
+                        # always work on a copy to avoid updating pytestmark
+                        # from a superclass by accident
+                        mark_list = mark_list + [self]
+                        func.pytestmark = mark_list
+                    else:
+                        func.pytestmark = [self]
+                else:
+                    holder = getattr(func, self.name, None)
+                    if holder is None:
+                        holder = MarkInfo(
+                            self.name, self.args, self.kwargs
+                        )
+                        setattr(func, self.name, holder)
+                    else:
+                        holder.add(self.args, self.kwargs)
+                return func
+        kw = self.kwargs.copy()
+        kw.update(kwargs)
+        args = self.args + args
+        return self.__class__(self.name, args=args, kwargs=kw)
+
+
+class MarkInfo:
+    """ Marking object created by :class:`MarkDecorator` instances. """
+    def __init__(self, name, args, kwargs):
+        #: name of attribute
+        self.name = name
+        #: positional argument list, empty if none specified
+        self.args = args
+        #: keyword argument dictionary, empty if nothing specified
+        self.kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+        self._arglist = [(args, kwargs.copy())]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<MarkInfo %r args=%r kwargs=%r>" % (
+            self.name, self.args, self.kwargs
+        )
+
+    def add(self, args, kwargs):
+        """ add a MarkInfo with the given args and kwargs. """
+        self._arglist.append((args, kwargs))
+        self.args += args
+        self.kwargs.update(kwargs)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """ yield MarkInfo objects each relating to a marking-call. """
+        for args, kwargs in self._arglist:
+            yield MarkInfo(self.name, args, kwargs)
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/monkeypatch.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/monkeypatch.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4c169d37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/monkeypatch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+""" monkeypatching and mocking functionality.  """
+
+import os, sys
+import re
+
+from py.builtin import _basestring
+
+RE_IMPORT_ERROR_NAME = re.compile("^No module named (.*)$")
+
+
+def pytest_funcarg__monkeypatch(request):
+    """The returned ``monkeypatch`` funcarg provides these
+    helper methods to modify objects, dictionaries or os.environ::
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(obj, name, value, raising=True)
+        monkeypatch.delattr(obj, name, raising=True)
+        monkeypatch.setitem(mapping, name, value)
+        monkeypatch.delitem(obj, name, raising=True)
+        monkeypatch.setenv(name, value, prepend=False)
+        monkeypatch.delenv(name, value, raising=True)
+        monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(path)
+        monkeypatch.chdir(path)
+
+    All modifications will be undone after the requesting
+    test function has finished. The ``raising``
+    parameter determines if a KeyError or AttributeError
+    will be raised if the set/deletion operation has no target.
+    """
+    mpatch = monkeypatch()
+    request.addfinalizer(mpatch.undo)
+    return mpatch
+
+
+def resolve(name):
+    # simplified from zope.dottedname
+    parts = name.split('.')
+
+    used = parts.pop(0)
+    found = __import__(used)
+    for part in parts:
+        used += '.' + part
+        try:
+            found = getattr(found, part)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            continue
+        # we use explicit un-nesting of the handling block in order
+        # to avoid nested exceptions on python 3
+        try:
+            __import__(used)
+        except ImportError as ex:
+            # str is used for py2 vs py3
+            expected = str(ex).split()[-1]
+            if expected == used:
+                raise
+            else:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    'import error in %s: %s' % (used, ex)
+                )
+        found = annotated_getattr(found, part, used)
+    return found
+
+
+def annotated_getattr(obj, name, ann):
+    try:
+        obj = getattr(obj, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise AttributeError(
+                '%r object at %s has no attribute %r' % (
+                    type(obj).__name__, ann, name
+                )
+        )
+    return obj
+
+
+def derive_importpath(import_path, raising):
+    if not isinstance(import_path, _basestring) or "." not in import_path:
+        raise TypeError("must be absolute import path string, not %r" %
+                        (import_path,))
+    module, attr = import_path.rsplit('.', 1)
+    target = resolve(module)
+    if raising:
+        annotated_getattr(target, attr, ann=module)
+    return attr, target
+
+
+class Notset:
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<notset>"
+
+
+notset = Notset()
+
+
+class monkeypatch:
+    """ Object keeping a record of setattr/item/env/syspath changes. """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._setattr = []
+        self._setitem = []
+        self._cwd = None
+        self._savesyspath = None
+
+    def setattr(self, target, name, value=notset, raising=True):
+        """ Set attribute value on target, memorizing the old value.
+        By default raise AttributeError if the attribute did not exist.
+
+        For convenience you can specify a string as ``target`` which
+        will be interpreted as a dotted import path, with the last part
+        being the attribute name.  Example:
+        ``monkeypatch.setattr("os.getcwd", lambda x: "/")``
+        would set the ``getcwd`` function of the ``os`` module.
+
+        The ``raising`` value determines if the setattr should fail
+        if the attribute is not already present (defaults to True
+        which means it will raise).
+        """
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        import inspect
+
+        if value is notset:
+            if not isinstance(target, _basestring):
+                raise TypeError("use setattr(target, name, value) or "
+                                "setattr(target, value) with target being a dotted "
+                                "import string")
+            value = name
+            name, target = derive_importpath(target, raising)
+
+        oldval = getattr(target, name, notset)
+        if raising and oldval is notset:
+            raise AttributeError("%r has no attribute %r" % (target, name))
+
+        # avoid class descriptors like staticmethod/classmethod
+        if inspect.isclass(target):
+            oldval = target.__dict__.get(name, notset)
+        self._setattr.append((target, name, oldval))
+        setattr(target, name, value)
+
+    def delattr(self, target, name=notset, raising=True):
+        """ Delete attribute ``name`` from ``target``, by default raise
+        AttributeError it the attribute did not previously exist.
+
+        If no ``name`` is specified and ``target`` is a string
+        it will be interpreted as a dotted import path with the
+        last part being the attribute name.
+
+        If ``raising`` is set to False, no exception will be raised if the
+        attribute is missing.
+        """
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        if name is notset:
+            if not isinstance(target, _basestring):
+                raise TypeError("use delattr(target, name) or "
+                                "delattr(target) with target being a dotted "
+                                "import string")
+            name, target = derive_importpath(target, raising)
+
+        if not hasattr(target, name):
+            if raising:
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+        else:
+            self._setattr.append((target, name, getattr(target, name, notset)))
+            delattr(target, name)
+
+    def setitem(self, dic, name, value):
+        """ Set dictionary entry ``name`` to value. """
+        self._setitem.append((dic, name, dic.get(name, notset)))
+        dic[name] = value
+
+    def delitem(self, dic, name, raising=True):
+        """ Delete ``name`` from dict. Raise KeyError if it doesn't exist.
+
+        If ``raising`` is set to False, no exception will be raised if the
+        key is missing.
+        """
+        if name not in dic:
+            if raising:
+                raise KeyError(name)
+        else:
+            self._setitem.append((dic, name, dic.get(name, notset)))
+            del dic[name]
+
+    def setenv(self, name, value, prepend=None):
+        """ Set environment variable ``name`` to ``value``.  If ``prepend``
+        is a character, read the current environment variable value
+        and prepend the ``value`` adjoined with the ``prepend`` character."""
+        value = str(value)
+        if prepend and name in os.environ:
+            value = value + prepend + os.environ[name]
+        self.setitem(os.environ, name, value)
+
+    def delenv(self, name, raising=True):
+        """ Delete ``name`` from the environment. Raise KeyError it does not
+        exist.
+
+        If ``raising`` is set to False, no exception will be raised if the
+        environment variable is missing.
+        """
+        self.delitem(os.environ, name, raising=raising)
+
+    def syspath_prepend(self, path):
+        """ Prepend ``path`` to ``sys.path`` list of import locations. """
+        if self._savesyspath is None:
+            self._savesyspath = sys.path[:]
+        sys.path.insert(0, str(path))
+
+    def chdir(self, path):
+        """ Change the current working directory to the specified path.
+        Path can be a string or a py.path.local object.
+        """
+        if self._cwd is None:
+            self._cwd = os.getcwd()
+        if hasattr(path, "chdir"):
+            path.chdir()
+        else:
+            os.chdir(path)
+
+    def undo(self):
+        """ Undo previous changes.  This call consumes the
+        undo stack. Calling it a second time has no effect unless
+        you do more monkeypatching after the undo call.
+        
+        There is generally no need to call `undo()`, since it is
+        called automatically during tear-down.
+        
+        Note that the same `monkeypatch` fixture is used across a
+        single test function invocation. If `monkeypatch` is used both by
+        the test function itself and one of the test fixtures,
+        calling `undo()` will undo all of the changes made in
+        both functions.
+        """
+        for obj, name, value in reversed(self._setattr):
+            if value is not notset:
+                setattr(obj, name, value)
+            else:
+                delattr(obj, name)
+        self._setattr[:] = []
+        for dictionary, name, value in reversed(self._setitem):
+            if value is notset:
+                try:
+                    del dictionary[name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass  # was already deleted, so we have the desired state
+            else:
+                dictionary[name] = value
+        self._setitem[:] = []
+        if self._savesyspath is not None:
+            sys.path[:] = self._savesyspath
+            self._savesyspath = None
+
+        if self._cwd is not None:
+            os.chdir(self._cwd)
+            self._cwd = None
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/nose.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/nose.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..038746868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/nose.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+""" run test suites written for nose. """
+
+import sys
+
+import py
+import pytest
+from _pytest import unittest
+
+
+def get_skip_exceptions():
+    skip_classes = set()
+    for module_name in ('unittest', 'unittest2', 'nose'):
+        mod = sys.modules.get(module_name)
+        if hasattr(mod, 'SkipTest'):
+            skip_classes.add(mod.SkipTest)
+    return tuple(skip_classes)
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
+    if call.excinfo and call.excinfo.errisinstance(get_skip_exceptions()):
+        # let's substitute the excinfo with a pytest.skip one
+        call2 = call.__class__(lambda:
+                    pytest.skip(str(call.excinfo.value)), call.when)
+        call.excinfo = call2.excinfo
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(trylast=True)
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    if is_potential_nosetest(item):
+        if isinstance(item.parent, pytest.Generator):
+            gen = item.parent
+            if not hasattr(gen, '_nosegensetup'):
+                call_optional(gen.obj, 'setup')
+                if isinstance(gen.parent, pytest.Instance):
+                    call_optional(gen.parent.obj, 'setup')
+                gen._nosegensetup = True
+        if not call_optional(item.obj, 'setup'):
+            # call module level setup if there is no object level one
+            call_optional(item.parent.obj, 'setup')
+        #XXX this implies we only call teardown when setup worked
+        item.session._setupstate.addfinalizer((lambda: teardown_nose(item)), item)
+
+def teardown_nose(item):
+    if is_potential_nosetest(item):
+        if not call_optional(item.obj, 'teardown'):
+            call_optional(item.parent.obj, 'teardown')
+        #if hasattr(item.parent, '_nosegensetup'):
+        #    #call_optional(item._nosegensetup, 'teardown')
+        #    del item.parent._nosegensetup
+
+
+def pytest_make_collect_report(collector):
+    if isinstance(collector, pytest.Generator):
+        call_optional(collector.obj, 'setup')
+
+
+def is_potential_nosetest(item):
+    # extra check needed since we do not do nose style setup/teardown
+    # on direct unittest style classes
+    return isinstance(item, pytest.Function) and \
+        not isinstance(item, unittest.TestCaseFunction)
+
+
+def call_optional(obj, name):
+    method = getattr(obj, name, None)
+    isfixture = hasattr(method, "_pytestfixturefunction")
+    if method is not None and not isfixture and py.builtin.callable(method):
+        # If there's any problems allow the exception to raise rather than
+        # silently ignoring them
+        method()
+        return True
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/pastebin.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/pastebin.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ec62d022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/pastebin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+""" submit failure or test session information to a pastebin service. """
+import pytest
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("terminal reporting")
+    group._addoption('--pastebin', metavar="mode",
+        action='store', dest="pastebin", default=None,
+        choices=['failed', 'all'],
+        help="send failed|all info to bpaste.net pastebin service.")
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(trylast=True)
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    import py
+    if config.option.pastebin == "all":
+        tr = config.pluginmanager.getplugin('terminalreporter')
+        # if no terminal reporter plugin is present, nothing we can do here;
+        # this can happen when this function executes in a slave node
+        # when using pytest-xdist, for example
+        if tr is not None:
+            # pastebin file will be utf-8 encoded binary file
+            config._pastebinfile = tempfile.TemporaryFile('w+b')
+            oldwrite = tr._tw.write
+            def tee_write(s, **kwargs):
+                oldwrite(s, **kwargs)
+                if py.builtin._istext(s):
+                    s = s.encode('utf-8')
+                config._pastebinfile.write(s)
+            tr._tw.write = tee_write
+
+def pytest_unconfigure(config):
+    if hasattr(config, '_pastebinfile'):
+        # get terminal contents and delete file
+        config._pastebinfile.seek(0)
+        sessionlog = config._pastebinfile.read()
+        config._pastebinfile.close()
+        del config._pastebinfile
+        # undo our patching in the terminal reporter
+        tr = config.pluginmanager.getplugin('terminalreporter')
+        del tr._tw.__dict__['write']
+        # write summary
+        tr.write_sep("=", "Sending information to Paste Service")
+        pastebinurl = create_new_paste(sessionlog)
+        tr.write_line("pastebin session-log: %s\n" % pastebinurl)
+
+def create_new_paste(contents):
+    """
+    Creates a new paste using bpaste.net service.
+
+    :contents: paste contents as utf-8 encoded bytes
+    :returns: url to the pasted contents
+    """
+    import re
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+        from urllib import urlopen, urlencode
+    else:
+        from urllib.request import urlopen
+        from urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+    params = {
+        'code': contents,
+        'lexer': 'python3' if sys.version_info[0] == 3 else 'python',
+        'expiry': '1week',
+    }
+    url = 'https://bpaste.net'
+    response = urlopen(url, data=urlencode(params).encode('ascii')).read()
+    m = re.search(r'href="/raw/(\w+)"', response.decode('utf-8'))
+    if m:
+        return '%s/show/%s' % (url, m.group(1))
+    else:
+        return 'bad response: ' + response
+
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter):
+    import _pytest.config
+    if terminalreporter.config.option.pastebin != "failed":
+        return
+    tr = terminalreporter
+    if 'failed' in tr.stats:
+        terminalreporter.write_sep("=", "Sending information to Paste Service")
+        for rep in terminalreporter.stats.get('failed'):
+            try:
+                msg = rep.longrepr.reprtraceback.reprentries[-1].reprfileloc
+            except AttributeError:
+                msg = tr._getfailureheadline(rep)
+            tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(terminalreporter.config, stringio=True)
+            rep.toterminal(tw)
+            s = tw.stringio.getvalue()
+            assert len(s)
+            pastebinurl = create_new_paste(s)
+            tr.write_line("%s --> %s" %(msg, pastebinurl))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/pdb.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/pdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84c920d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/pdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+""" interactive debugging with PDB, the Python Debugger. """
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import pdb
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("general")
+    group._addoption('--pdb',
+               action="store_true", dest="usepdb", default=False,
+               help="start the interactive Python debugger on errors.")
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    return {'set_trace': pytestPDB().set_trace}
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    if config.getvalue("usepdb"):
+        config.pluginmanager.register(PdbInvoke(), 'pdbinvoke')
+
+    old = (pdb.set_trace, pytestPDB._pluginmanager)
+    def fin():
+        pdb.set_trace, pytestPDB._pluginmanager = old
+        pytestPDB._config = None
+    pdb.set_trace = pytest.set_trace
+    pytestPDB._pluginmanager = config.pluginmanager
+    pytestPDB._config = config
+    config._cleanup.append(fin)
+
+class pytestPDB:
+    """ Pseudo PDB that defers to the real pdb. """
+    _pluginmanager = None
+    _config = None
+
+    def set_trace(self):
+        """ invoke PDB set_trace debugging, dropping any IO capturing. """
+        import _pytest.config
+        frame = sys._getframe().f_back
+        if self._pluginmanager is not None:
+            capman = self._pluginmanager.getplugin("capturemanager")
+            if capman:
+                capman.suspendcapture(in_=True)
+            tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(self._config)
+            tw.line()
+            tw.sep(">", "PDB set_trace (IO-capturing turned off)")
+            self._pluginmanager.hook.pytest_enter_pdb(config=self._config)
+        pdb.Pdb().set_trace(frame)
+
+
+class PdbInvoke:
+    def pytest_exception_interact(self, node, call, report):
+        capman = node.config.pluginmanager.getplugin("capturemanager")
+        if capman:
+            out, err = capman.suspendcapture(in_=True)
+            sys.stdout.write(out)
+            sys.stdout.write(err)
+        _enter_pdb(node, call.excinfo, report)
+
+    def pytest_internalerror(self, excrepr, excinfo):
+        for line in str(excrepr).split("\n"):
+            sys.stderr.write("INTERNALERROR> %s\n" %line)
+            sys.stderr.flush()
+        tb = _postmortem_traceback(excinfo)
+        post_mortem(tb)
+
+
+def _enter_pdb(node, excinfo, rep):
+    # XXX we re-use the TerminalReporter's terminalwriter
+    # because this seems to avoid some encoding related troubles
+    # for not completely clear reasons.
+    tw = node.config.pluginmanager.getplugin("terminalreporter")._tw
+    tw.line()
+    tw.sep(">", "traceback")
+    rep.toterminal(tw)
+    tw.sep(">", "entering PDB")
+    tb = _postmortem_traceback(excinfo)
+    post_mortem(tb)
+    rep._pdbshown = True
+    return rep
+
+
+def _postmortem_traceback(excinfo):
+    # A doctest.UnexpectedException is not useful for post_mortem.
+    # Use the underlying exception instead:
+    from doctest import UnexpectedException
+    if isinstance(excinfo.value, UnexpectedException):
+        return excinfo.value.exc_info[2]
+    else:
+        return excinfo._excinfo[2]
+
+
+def _find_last_non_hidden_frame(stack):
+    i = max(0, len(stack) - 1)
+    while i and stack[i][0].f_locals.get("__tracebackhide__", False):
+        i -= 1
+    return i
+
+
+def post_mortem(t):
+    class Pdb(pdb.Pdb):
+        def get_stack(self, f, t):
+            stack, i = pdb.Pdb.get_stack(self, f, t)
+            if f is None:
+                i = _find_last_non_hidden_frame(stack)
+            return stack, i
+    p = Pdb()
+    p.reset()
+    p.interaction(None, t)
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/pytester.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/pytester.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..faed7f581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/pytester.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+""" (disabled by default) support for testing pytest and pytest plugins. """
+import codecs
+import gc
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+import traceback
+from fnmatch import fnmatch
+
+from py.builtin import print_
+
+from _pytest._code import Source
+import py
+import pytest
+from _pytest.main import Session, EXIT_OK
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    # group = parser.getgroup("pytester", "pytester (self-tests) options")
+    parser.addoption('--lsof',
+           action="store_true", dest="lsof", default=False,
+           help=("run FD checks if lsof is available"))
+
+    parser.addoption('--runpytest', default="inprocess", dest="runpytest",
+           choices=("inprocess", "subprocess", ),
+           help=("run pytest sub runs in tests using an 'inprocess' "
+                 "or 'subprocess' (python -m main) method"))
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    # This might be called multiple times. Only take the first.
+    global _pytest_fullpath
+    try:
+        _pytest_fullpath
+    except NameError:
+        _pytest_fullpath = os.path.abspath(pytest.__file__.rstrip("oc"))
+        _pytest_fullpath = _pytest_fullpath.replace("$py.class", ".py")
+
+    if config.getvalue("lsof"):
+        checker = LsofFdLeakChecker()
+        if checker.matching_platform():
+            config.pluginmanager.register(checker)
+
+
+class LsofFdLeakChecker(object):
+    def get_open_files(self):
+        out = self._exec_lsof()
+        open_files = self._parse_lsof_output(out)
+        return open_files
+
+    def _exec_lsof(self):
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        return py.process.cmdexec("lsof -Ffn0 -p %d" % pid)
+
+    def _parse_lsof_output(self, out):
+        def isopen(line):
+            return line.startswith('f') and ("deleted" not in line and
+                'mem' not in line and "txt" not in line and 'cwd' not in line)
+
+        open_files = []
+
+        for line in out.split("\n"):
+            if isopen(line):
+                fields = line.split('\0')
+                fd = fields[0][1:]
+                filename = fields[1][1:]
+                if filename.startswith('/'):
+                    open_files.append((fd, filename))
+
+        return open_files
+
+    def matching_platform(self):
+        try:
+            py.process.cmdexec("lsof -v")
+        except (py.process.cmdexec.Error, UnicodeDecodeError):
+            # cmdexec may raise UnicodeDecodeError on Windows systems
+            # with locale other than english:
+            # https://bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/issues/66
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True, tryfirst=True)
+    def pytest_runtest_item(self, item):
+        lines1 = self.get_open_files()
+        yield
+        if hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info"):
+            gc.collect()
+        lines2 = self.get_open_files()
+
+        new_fds = set([t[0] for t in lines2]) - set([t[0] for t in lines1])
+        leaked_files = [t for t in lines2 if t[0] in new_fds]
+        if leaked_files:
+            error = []
+            error.append("***** %s FD leakage detected" % len(leaked_files))
+            error.extend([str(f) for f in leaked_files])
+            error.append("*** Before:")
+            error.extend([str(f) for f in lines1])
+            error.append("*** After:")
+            error.extend([str(f) for f in lines2])
+            error.append(error[0])
+            error.append("*** function %s:%s: %s " % item.location)
+            pytest.fail("\n".join(error), pytrace=False)
+
+
+# XXX copied from execnet's conftest.py - needs to be merged
+winpymap = {
+    'python2.7': r'C:\Python27\python.exe',
+    'python2.6': r'C:\Python26\python.exe',
+    'python3.1': r'C:\Python31\python.exe',
+    'python3.2': r'C:\Python32\python.exe',
+    'python3.3': r'C:\Python33\python.exe',
+    'python3.4': r'C:\Python34\python.exe',
+    'python3.5': r'C:\Python35\python.exe',
+}
+
+def getexecutable(name, cache={}):
+    try:
+        return cache[name]
+    except KeyError:
+        executable = py.path.local.sysfind(name)
+        if executable:
+            if name == "jython":
+                import subprocess
+                popen = subprocess.Popen([str(executable), "--version"],
+                    universal_newlines=True, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+                out, err = popen.communicate()
+                if not err or "2.5" not in err:
+                    executable = None
+                if "2.5.2" in err:
+                    executable = None # http://bugs.jython.org/issue1790
+        cache[name] = executable
+        return executable
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=['python2.6', 'python2.7', 'python3.3', "python3.4",
+                        'pypy', 'pypy3'])
+def anypython(request):
+    name = request.param
+    executable = getexecutable(name)
+    if executable is None:
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            executable = winpymap.get(name, None)
+            if executable:
+                executable = py.path.local(executable)
+                if executable.check():
+                    return executable
+        pytest.skip("no suitable %s found" % (name,))
+    return executable
+
+# used at least by pytest-xdist plugin
+@pytest.fixture
+def _pytest(request):
+    """ Return a helper which offers a gethookrecorder(hook)
+    method which returns a HookRecorder instance which helps
+    to make assertions about called hooks.
+    """
+    return PytestArg(request)
+
+class PytestArg:
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self.request = request
+
+    def gethookrecorder(self, hook):
+        hookrecorder = HookRecorder(hook._pm)
+        self.request.addfinalizer(hookrecorder.finish_recording)
+        return hookrecorder
+
+
+def get_public_names(l):
+    """Only return names from iterator l without a leading underscore."""
+    return [x for x in l if x[0] != "_"]
+
+
+class ParsedCall:
+    def __init__(self, name, kwargs):
+        self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+        self._name = name
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        del d['_name']
+        return "<ParsedCall %r(**%r)>" %(self._name, d)
+
+
+class HookRecorder:
+    """Record all hooks called in a plugin manager.
+
+    This wraps all the hook calls in the plugin manager, recording
+    each call before propagating the normal calls.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pluginmanager):
+        self._pluginmanager = pluginmanager
+        self.calls = []
+
+        def before(hook_name, hook_impls, kwargs):
+            self.calls.append(ParsedCall(hook_name, kwargs))
+
+        def after(outcome, hook_name, hook_impls, kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        self._undo_wrapping = pluginmanager.add_hookcall_monitoring(before, after)
+
+    def finish_recording(self):
+        self._undo_wrapping()
+
+    def getcalls(self, names):
+        if isinstance(names, str):
+            names = names.split()
+        return [call for call in self.calls if call._name in names]
+
+    def assert_contains(self, entries):
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        i = 0
+        entries = list(entries)
+        backlocals = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
+        while entries:
+            name, check = entries.pop(0)
+            for ind, call in enumerate(self.calls[i:]):
+                if call._name == name:
+                    print_("NAMEMATCH", name, call)
+                    if eval(check, backlocals, call.__dict__):
+                        print_("CHECKERMATCH", repr(check), "->", call)
+                    else:
+                        print_("NOCHECKERMATCH", repr(check), "-", call)
+                        continue
+                    i += ind + 1
+                    break
+                print_("NONAMEMATCH", name, "with", call)
+            else:
+                pytest.fail("could not find %r check %r" % (name, check))
+
+    def popcall(self, name):
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        for i, call in enumerate(self.calls):
+            if call._name == name:
+                del self.calls[i]
+                return call
+        lines = ["could not find call %r, in:" % (name,)]
+        lines.extend(["  %s" % str(x) for x in self.calls])
+        pytest.fail("\n".join(lines))
+
+    def getcall(self, name):
+        l = self.getcalls(name)
+        assert len(l) == 1, (name, l)
+        return l[0]
+
+    # functionality for test reports
+
+    def getreports(self,
+                   names="pytest_runtest_logreport pytest_collectreport"):
+        return [x.report for x in self.getcalls(names)]
+
+    def matchreport(self, inamepart="",
+        names="pytest_runtest_logreport pytest_collectreport", when=None):
+        """ return a testreport whose dotted import path matches """
+        l = []
+        for rep in self.getreports(names=names):
+            try:
+                if not when and rep.when != "call" and rep.passed:
+                    # setup/teardown passing reports - let's ignore those
+                    continue
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            if when and getattr(rep, 'when', None) != when:
+                continue
+            if not inamepart or inamepart in rep.nodeid.split("::"):
+                l.append(rep)
+        if not l:
+            raise ValueError("could not find test report matching %r: "
+                             "no test reports at all!" % (inamepart,))
+        if len(l) > 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "found 2 or more testreports matching %r: %s" %(inamepart, l))
+        return l[0]
+
+    def getfailures(self,
+                    names='pytest_runtest_logreport pytest_collectreport'):
+        return [rep for rep in self.getreports(names) if rep.failed]
+
+    def getfailedcollections(self):
+        return self.getfailures('pytest_collectreport')
+
+    def listoutcomes(self):
+        passed = []
+        skipped = []
+        failed = []
+        for rep in self.getreports(
+            "pytest_collectreport pytest_runtest_logreport"):
+            if rep.passed:
+                if getattr(rep, "when", None) == "call":
+                    passed.append(rep)
+            elif rep.skipped:
+                skipped.append(rep)
+            elif rep.failed:
+                failed.append(rep)
+        return passed, skipped, failed
+
+    def countoutcomes(self):
+        return [len(x) for x in self.listoutcomes()]
+
+    def assertoutcome(self, passed=0, skipped=0, failed=0):
+        realpassed, realskipped, realfailed = self.listoutcomes()
+        assert passed == len(realpassed)
+        assert skipped == len(realskipped)
+        assert failed == len(realfailed)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.calls[:] = []
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def linecomp(request):
+    return LineComp()
+
+
+def pytest_funcarg__LineMatcher(request):
+    return LineMatcher
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def testdir(request, tmpdir_factory):
+    return Testdir(request, tmpdir_factory)
+
+
+rex_outcome = re.compile("(\d+) ([\w-]+)")
+class RunResult:
+    """The result of running a command.
+
+    Attributes:
+
+    :ret: The return value.
+    :outlines: List of lines captured from stdout.
+    :errlines: List of lines captures from stderr.
+    :stdout: :py:class:`LineMatcher` of stdout, use ``stdout.str()`` to
+       reconstruct stdout or the commonly used
+       ``stdout.fnmatch_lines()`` method.
+    :stderrr: :py:class:`LineMatcher` of stderr.
+    :duration: Duration in seconds.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, ret, outlines, errlines, duration):
+        self.ret = ret
+        self.outlines = outlines
+        self.errlines = errlines
+        self.stdout = LineMatcher(outlines)
+        self.stderr = LineMatcher(errlines)
+        self.duration = duration
+
+    def parseoutcomes(self):
+        """ Return a dictionary of outcomestring->num from parsing
+        the terminal output that the test process produced."""
+        for line in reversed(self.outlines):
+            if 'seconds' in line:
+                outcomes = rex_outcome.findall(line)
+                if outcomes:
+                    d = {}
+                    for num, cat in outcomes:
+                        d[cat] = int(num)
+                    return d
+
+    def assert_outcomes(self, passed=0, skipped=0, failed=0):
+        """ assert that the specified outcomes appear with the respective
+        numbers (0 means it didn't occur) in the text output from a test run."""
+        d = self.parseoutcomes()
+        assert passed == d.get("passed", 0)
+        assert skipped == d.get("skipped", 0)
+        assert failed == d.get("failed", 0)
+
+
+
+class Testdir:
+    """Temporary test directory with tools to test/run py.test itself.
+
+    This is based on the ``tmpdir`` fixture but provides a number of
+    methods which aid with testing py.test itself.  Unless
+    :py:meth:`chdir` is used all methods will use :py:attr:`tmpdir` as
+    current working directory.
+
+    Attributes:
+
+    :tmpdir: The :py:class:`py.path.local` instance of the temporary
+       directory.
+
+    :plugins: A list of plugins to use with :py:meth:`parseconfig` and
+       :py:meth:`runpytest`.  Initially this is an empty list but
+       plugins can be added to the list.  The type of items to add to
+       the list depend on the method which uses them so refer to them
+       for details.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request, tmpdir_factory):
+        self.request = request
+        # XXX remove duplication with tmpdir plugin
+        basetmp = tmpdir_factory.ensuretemp("testdir")
+        name = request.function.__name__
+        for i in range(100):
+            try:
+                tmpdir = basetmp.mkdir(name + str(i))
+            except py.error.EEXIST:
+                continue
+            break
+        self.tmpdir = tmpdir
+        self.plugins = []
+        self._savesyspath = (list(sys.path), list(sys.meta_path))
+        self._savemodulekeys = set(sys.modules)
+        self.chdir() # always chdir
+        self.request.addfinalizer(self.finalize)
+        method = self.request.config.getoption("--runpytest")
+        if method == "inprocess":
+            self._runpytest_method = self.runpytest_inprocess
+        elif method == "subprocess":
+            self._runpytest_method = self.runpytest_subprocess
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Testdir %r>" % (self.tmpdir,)
+
+    def finalize(self):
+        """Clean up global state artifacts.
+
+        Some methods modify the global interpreter state and this
+        tries to clean this up.  It does not remove the temporary
+        directory however so it can be looked at after the test run
+        has finished.
+
+        """
+        sys.path[:], sys.meta_path[:] = self._savesyspath
+        if hasattr(self, '_olddir'):
+            self._olddir.chdir()
+        self.delete_loaded_modules()
+
+    def delete_loaded_modules(self):
+        """Delete modules that have been loaded during a test.
+
+        This allows the interpreter to catch module changes in case
+        the module is re-imported.
+        """
+        for name in set(sys.modules).difference(self._savemodulekeys):
+            # it seems zope.interfaces is keeping some state
+            # (used by twisted related tests)
+            if name != "zope.interface":
+                del sys.modules[name]
+
+    def make_hook_recorder(self, pluginmanager):
+        """Create a new :py:class:`HookRecorder` for a PluginManager."""
+        assert not hasattr(pluginmanager, "reprec")
+        pluginmanager.reprec = reprec = HookRecorder(pluginmanager)
+        self.request.addfinalizer(reprec.finish_recording)
+        return reprec
+
+    def chdir(self):
+        """Cd into the temporary directory.
+
+        This is done automatically upon instantiation.
+
+        """
+        old = self.tmpdir.chdir()
+        if not hasattr(self, '_olddir'):
+            self._olddir = old
+
+    def _makefile(self, ext, args, kwargs):
+        items = list(kwargs.items())
+        if args:
+            source = py.builtin._totext("\n").join(
+                map(py.builtin._totext, args)) + py.builtin._totext("\n")
+            basename = self.request.function.__name__
+            items.insert(0, (basename, source))
+        ret = None
+        for name, value in items:
+            p = self.tmpdir.join(name).new(ext=ext)
+            source = Source(value)
+            def my_totext(s, encoding="utf-8"):
+                if py.builtin._isbytes(s):
+                    s = py.builtin._totext(s, encoding=encoding)
+                return s
+            source_unicode = "\n".join([my_totext(line) for line in source.lines])
+            source = py.builtin._totext(source_unicode)
+            content = source.strip().encode("utf-8") # + "\n"
+            #content = content.rstrip() + "\n"
+            p.write(content, "wb")
+            if ret is None:
+                ret = p
+        return ret
+
+    def makefile(self, ext, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new file in the testdir.
+
+        ext: The extension the file should use, including the dot.
+           E.g. ".py".
+
+        args: All args will be treated as strings and joined using
+           newlines.  The result will be written as contents to the
+           file.  The name of the file will be based on the test
+           function requesting this fixture.
+           E.g. "testdir.makefile('.txt', 'line1', 'line2')"
+
+        kwargs: Each keyword is the name of a file, while the value of
+           it will be written as contents of the file.
+           E.g. "testdir.makefile('.ini', pytest='[pytest]\naddopts=-rs\n')"
+
+        """
+        return self._makefile(ext, args, kwargs)
+
+    def makeconftest(self, source):
+        """Write a contest.py file with 'source' as contents."""
+        return self.makepyfile(conftest=source)
+
+    def makeini(self, source):
+        """Write a tox.ini file with 'source' as contents."""
+        return self.makefile('.ini', tox=source)
+
+    def getinicfg(self, source):
+        """Return the pytest section from the tox.ini config file."""
+        p = self.makeini(source)
+        return py.iniconfig.IniConfig(p)['pytest']
+
+    def makepyfile(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Shortcut for .makefile() with a .py extension."""
+        return self._makefile('.py', args, kwargs)
+
+    def maketxtfile(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Shortcut for .makefile() with a .txt extension."""
+        return self._makefile('.txt', args, kwargs)
+
+    def syspathinsert(self, path=None):
+        """Prepend a directory to sys.path, defaults to :py:attr:`tmpdir`.
+
+        This is undone automatically after the test.
+        """
+        if path is None:
+            path = self.tmpdir
+        sys.path.insert(0, str(path))
+        # a call to syspathinsert() usually means that the caller
+        # wants to import some dynamically created files.
+        # with python3 we thus invalidate import caches.
+        self._possibly_invalidate_import_caches()
+
+    def _possibly_invalidate_import_caches(self):
+        # invalidate caches if we can (py33 and above)
+        try:
+            import importlib
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if hasattr(importlib, "invalidate_caches"):
+                importlib.invalidate_caches()
+
+    def mkdir(self, name):
+        """Create a new (sub)directory."""
+        return self.tmpdir.mkdir(name)
+
+    def mkpydir(self, name):
+        """Create a new python package.
+
+        This creates a (sub)direcotry with an empty ``__init__.py``
+        file so that is recognised as a python package.
+
+        """
+        p = self.mkdir(name)
+        p.ensure("__init__.py")
+        return p
+
+    Session = Session
+    def getnode(self, config, arg):
+        """Return the collection node of a file.
+
+        :param config: :py:class:`_pytest.config.Config` instance, see
+           :py:meth:`parseconfig` and :py:meth:`parseconfigure` to
+           create the configuration.
+
+        :param arg: A :py:class:`py.path.local` instance of the file.
+
+        """
+        session = Session(config)
+        assert '::' not in str(arg)
+        p = py.path.local(arg)
+        config.hook.pytest_sessionstart(session=session)
+        res = session.perform_collect([str(p)], genitems=False)[0]
+        config.hook.pytest_sessionfinish(session=session, exitstatus=EXIT_OK)
+        return res
+
+    def getpathnode(self, path):
+        """Return the collection node of a file.
+
+        This is like :py:meth:`getnode` but uses
+        :py:meth:`parseconfigure` to create the (configured) py.test
+        Config instance.
+
+        :param path: A :py:class:`py.path.local` instance of the file.
+
+        """
+        config = self.parseconfigure(path)
+        session = Session(config)
+        x = session.fspath.bestrelpath(path)
+        config.hook.pytest_sessionstart(session=session)
+        res = session.perform_collect([x], genitems=False)[0]
+        config.hook.pytest_sessionfinish(session=session, exitstatus=EXIT_OK)
+        return res
+
+    def genitems(self, colitems):
+        """Generate all test items from a collection node.
+
+        This recurses into the collection node and returns a list of
+        all the test items contained within.
+
+        """
+        session = colitems[0].session
+        result = []
+        for colitem in colitems:
+            result.extend(session.genitems(colitem))
+        return result
+
+    def runitem(self, source):
+        """Run the "test_func" Item.
+
+        The calling test instance (the class which contains the test
+        method) must provide a ``.getrunner()`` method which should
+        return a runner which can run the test protocol for a single
+        item, like e.g. :py:func:`_pytest.runner.runtestprotocol`.
+
+        """
+        # used from runner functional tests
+        item = self.getitem(source)
+        # the test class where we are called from wants to provide the runner
+        testclassinstance = self.request.instance
+        runner = testclassinstance.getrunner()
+        return runner(item)
+
+    def inline_runsource(self, source, *cmdlineargs):
+        """Run a test module in process using ``pytest.main()``.
+
+        This run writes "source" into a temporary file and runs
+        ``pytest.main()`` on it, returning a :py:class:`HookRecorder`
+        instance for the result.
+
+        :param source: The source code of the test module.
+
+        :param cmdlineargs: Any extra command line arguments to use.
+
+        :return: :py:class:`HookRecorder` instance of the result.
+
+        """
+        p = self.makepyfile(source)
+        l = list(cmdlineargs) + [p]
+        return self.inline_run(*l)
+
+    def inline_genitems(self, *args):
+        """Run ``pytest.main(['--collectonly'])`` in-process.
+
+        Retuns a tuple of the collected items and a
+        :py:class:`HookRecorder` instance.
+
+        This runs the :py:func:`pytest.main` function to run all of
+        py.test inside the test process itself like
+        :py:meth:`inline_run`.  However the return value is a tuple of
+        the collection items and a :py:class:`HookRecorder` instance.
+
+        """
+        rec = self.inline_run("--collect-only", *args)
+        items = [x.item for x in rec.getcalls("pytest_itemcollected")]
+        return items, rec
+
+    def inline_run(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Run ``pytest.main()`` in-process, returning a HookRecorder.
+
+        This runs the :py:func:`pytest.main` function to run all of
+        py.test inside the test process itself.  This means it can
+        return a :py:class:`HookRecorder` instance which gives more
+        detailed results from then run then can be done by matching
+        stdout/stderr from :py:meth:`runpytest`.
+
+        :param args: Any command line arguments to pass to
+           :py:func:`pytest.main`.
+
+        :param plugin: (keyword-only) Extra plugin instances the
+           ``pytest.main()`` instance should use.
+
+        :return: A :py:class:`HookRecorder` instance.
+
+        """
+        rec = []
+        class Collect:
+            def pytest_configure(x, config):
+                rec.append(self.make_hook_recorder(config.pluginmanager))
+
+        plugins = kwargs.get("plugins") or []
+        plugins.append(Collect())
+        ret = pytest.main(list(args), plugins=plugins)
+        self.delete_loaded_modules()
+        if len(rec) == 1:
+            reprec = rec.pop()
+        else:
+            class reprec:
+                pass
+        reprec.ret = ret
+
+        # typically we reraise keyboard interrupts from the child run
+        # because it's our user requesting interruption of the testing
+        if ret == 2 and not kwargs.get("no_reraise_ctrlc"):
+            calls = reprec.getcalls("pytest_keyboard_interrupt")
+            if calls and calls[-1].excinfo.type == KeyboardInterrupt:
+                raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+        return reprec
+
+    def runpytest_inprocess(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ Return result of running pytest in-process, providing a similar
+        interface to what self.runpytest() provides. """
+        if kwargs.get("syspathinsert"):
+            self.syspathinsert()
+        now = time.time()
+        capture = py.io.StdCapture()
+        try:
+            try:
+                reprec = self.inline_run(*args, **kwargs)
+            except SystemExit as e:
+                class reprec:
+                    ret = e.args[0]
+            except Exception:
+                traceback.print_exc()
+                class reprec:
+                    ret = 3
+        finally:
+            out, err = capture.reset()
+            sys.stdout.write(out)
+            sys.stderr.write(err)
+
+        res = RunResult(reprec.ret,
+                        out.split("\n"), err.split("\n"),
+                        time.time()-now)
+        res.reprec = reprec
+        return res
+
+    def runpytest(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ Run pytest inline or in a subprocess, depending on the command line
+        option "--runpytest" and return a :py:class:`RunResult`.
+
+        """
+        args = self._ensure_basetemp(args)
+        return self._runpytest_method(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _ensure_basetemp(self, args):
+        args = [str(x) for x in args]
+        for x in args:
+            if str(x).startswith('--basetemp'):
+                #print ("basedtemp exists: %s" %(args,))
+                break
+        else:
+            args.append("--basetemp=%s" % self.tmpdir.dirpath('basetemp'))
+            #print ("added basetemp: %s" %(args,))
+        return args
+
+    def parseconfig(self, *args):
+        """Return a new py.test Config instance from given commandline args.
+
+        This invokes the py.test bootstrapping code in _pytest.config
+        to create a new :py:class:`_pytest.core.PluginManager` and
+        call the pytest_cmdline_parse hook to create new
+        :py:class:`_pytest.config.Config` instance.
+
+        If :py:attr:`plugins` has been populated they should be plugin
+        modules which will be registered with the PluginManager.
+
+        """
+        args = self._ensure_basetemp(args)
+
+        import _pytest.config
+        config = _pytest.config._prepareconfig(args, self.plugins)
+        # we don't know what the test will do with this half-setup config
+        # object and thus we make sure it gets unconfigured properly in any
+        # case (otherwise capturing could still be active, for example)
+        self.request.addfinalizer(config._ensure_unconfigure)
+        return config
+
+    def parseconfigure(self, *args):
+        """Return a new py.test configured Config instance.
+
+        This returns a new :py:class:`_pytest.config.Config` instance
+        like :py:meth:`parseconfig`, but also calls the
+        pytest_configure hook.
+
+        """
+        config = self.parseconfig(*args)
+        config._do_configure()
+        self.request.addfinalizer(config._ensure_unconfigure)
+        return config
+
+    def getitem(self,  source, funcname="test_func"):
+        """Return the test item for a test function.
+
+        This writes the source to a python file and runs py.test's
+        collection on the resulting module, returning the test item
+        for the requested function name.
+
+        :param source: The module source.
+
+        :param funcname: The name of the test function for which the
+           Item must be returned.
+
+        """
+        items = self.getitems(source)
+        for item in items:
+            if item.name == funcname:
+                return item
+        assert 0, "%r item not found in module:\n%s\nitems: %s" %(
+                  funcname, source, items)
+
+    def getitems(self,  source):
+        """Return all test items collected from the module.
+
+        This writes the source to a python file and runs py.test's
+        collection on the resulting module, returning all test items
+        contained within.
+
+        """
+        modcol = self.getmodulecol(source)
+        return self.genitems([modcol])
+
+    def getmodulecol(self,  source, configargs=(), withinit=False):
+        """Return the module collection node for ``source``.
+
+        This writes ``source`` to a file using :py:meth:`makepyfile`
+        and then runs the py.test collection on it, returning the
+        collection node for the test module.
+
+        :param source: The source code of the module to collect.
+
+        :param configargs: Any extra arguments to pass to
+           :py:meth:`parseconfigure`.
+
+        :param withinit: Whether to also write a ``__init__.py`` file
+           to the temporarly directory to ensure it is a package.
+
+        """
+        kw = {self.request.function.__name__: Source(source).strip()}
+        path = self.makepyfile(**kw)
+        if withinit:
+            self.makepyfile(__init__ = "#")
+        self.config = config = self.parseconfigure(path, *configargs)
+        node = self.getnode(config, path)
+        return node
+
+    def collect_by_name(self, modcol, name):
+        """Return the collection node for name from the module collection.
+
+        This will search a module collection node for a collection
+        node matching the given name.
+
+        :param modcol: A module collection node, see
+           :py:meth:`getmodulecol`.
+
+        :param name: The name of the node to return.
+
+        """
+        for colitem in modcol._memocollect():
+            if colitem.name == name:
+                return colitem
+
+    def popen(self, cmdargs, stdout, stderr, **kw):
+        """Invoke subprocess.Popen.
+
+        This calls subprocess.Popen making sure the current working
+        directory is the PYTHONPATH.
+
+        You probably want to use :py:meth:`run` instead.
+
+        """
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env['PYTHONPATH'] = os.pathsep.join(filter(None, [
+            str(os.getcwd()), env.get('PYTHONPATH', '')]))
+        kw['env'] = env
+        return subprocess.Popen(cmdargs,
+                                stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr, **kw)
+
+    def run(self, *cmdargs):
+        """Run a command with arguments.
+
+        Run a process using subprocess.Popen saving the stdout and
+        stderr.
+
+        Returns a :py:class:`RunResult`.
+
+        """
+        return self._run(*cmdargs)
+
+    def _run(self, *cmdargs):
+        cmdargs = [str(x) for x in cmdargs]
+        p1 = self.tmpdir.join("stdout")
+        p2 = self.tmpdir.join("stderr")
+        print_("running:", ' '.join(cmdargs))
+        print_("     in:", str(py.path.local()))
+        f1 = codecs.open(str(p1), "w", encoding="utf8")
+        f2 = codecs.open(str(p2), "w", encoding="utf8")
+        try:
+            now = time.time()
+            popen = self.popen(cmdargs, stdout=f1, stderr=f2,
+                close_fds=(sys.platform != "win32"))
+            ret = popen.wait()
+        finally:
+            f1.close()
+            f2.close()
+        f1 = codecs.open(str(p1), "r", encoding="utf8")
+        f2 = codecs.open(str(p2), "r", encoding="utf8")
+        try:
+            out = f1.read().splitlines()
+            err = f2.read().splitlines()
+        finally:
+            f1.close()
+            f2.close()
+        self._dump_lines(out, sys.stdout)
+        self._dump_lines(err, sys.stderr)
+        return RunResult(ret, out, err, time.time()-now)
+
+    def _dump_lines(self, lines, fp):
+        try:
+            for line in lines:
+                py.builtin.print_(line, file=fp)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            print("couldn't print to %s because of encoding" % (fp,))
+
+    def _getpytestargs(self):
+        # we cannot use "(sys.executable,script)"
+        # because on windows the script is e.g. a py.test.exe
+        return (sys.executable, _pytest_fullpath,) # noqa
+
+    def runpython(self, script):
+        """Run a python script using sys.executable as interpreter.
+
+        Returns a :py:class:`RunResult`.
+        """
+        return self.run(sys.executable, script)
+
+    def runpython_c(self, command):
+        """Run python -c "command", return a :py:class:`RunResult`."""
+        return self.run(sys.executable, "-c", command)
+
+    def runpytest_subprocess(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Run py.test as a subprocess with given arguments.
+
+        Any plugins added to the :py:attr:`plugins` list will added
+        using the ``-p`` command line option.  Addtionally
+        ``--basetemp`` is used put any temporary files and directories
+        in a numbered directory prefixed with "runpytest-" so they do
+        not conflict with the normal numberd pytest location for
+        temporary files and directories.
+
+        Returns a :py:class:`RunResult`.
+
+        """
+        p = py.path.local.make_numbered_dir(prefix="runpytest-",
+            keep=None, rootdir=self.tmpdir)
+        args = ('--basetemp=%s' % p, ) + args
+        #for x in args:
+        #    if '--confcutdir' in str(x):
+        #        break
+        #else:
+        #    pass
+        #    args = ('--confcutdir=.',) + args
+        plugins = [x for x in self.plugins if isinstance(x, str)]
+        if plugins:
+            args = ('-p', plugins[0]) + args
+        args = self._getpytestargs() + args
+        return self.run(*args)
+
+    def spawn_pytest(self, string, expect_timeout=10.0):
+        """Run py.test using pexpect.
+
+        This makes sure to use the right py.test and sets up the
+        temporary directory locations.
+
+        The pexpect child is returned.
+
+        """
+        basetemp = self.tmpdir.mkdir("pexpect")
+        invoke = " ".join(map(str, self._getpytestargs()))
+        cmd = "%s --basetemp=%s %s" % (invoke, basetemp, string)
+        return self.spawn(cmd, expect_timeout=expect_timeout)
+
+    def spawn(self, cmd, expect_timeout=10.0):
+        """Run a command using pexpect.
+
+        The pexpect child is returned.
+        """
+        pexpect = pytest.importorskip("pexpect", "3.0")
+        if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info') and '64' in platform.machine():
+            pytest.skip("pypy-64 bit not supported")
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            pytest.xfail("pexpect does not work reliably on darwin?!")
+        if sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"):
+            pytest.xfail("pexpect does not work reliably on freebsd")
+        logfile = self.tmpdir.join("spawn.out").open("wb")
+        child = pexpect.spawn(cmd, logfile=logfile)
+        self.request.addfinalizer(logfile.close)
+        child.timeout = expect_timeout
+        return child
+
+def getdecoded(out):
+        try:
+            return out.decode("utf-8")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return "INTERNAL not-utf8-decodeable, truncated string:\n%s" % (
+                    py.io.saferepr(out),)
+
+
+class LineComp:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.stringio = py.io.TextIO()
+
+    def assert_contains_lines(self, lines2):
+        """ assert that lines2 are contained (linearly) in lines1.
+            return a list of extralines found.
+        """
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        val = self.stringio.getvalue()
+        self.stringio.truncate(0)
+        self.stringio.seek(0)
+        lines1 = val.split("\n")
+        return LineMatcher(lines1).fnmatch_lines(lines2)
+
+
+class LineMatcher:
+    """Flexible matching of text.
+
+    This is a convenience class to test large texts like the output of
+    commands.
+
+    The constructor takes a list of lines without their trailing
+    newlines, i.e. ``text.splitlines()``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,  lines):
+        self.lines = lines
+
+    def str(self):
+        """Return the entire original text."""
+        return "\n".join(self.lines)
+
+    def _getlines(self, lines2):
+        if isinstance(lines2, str):
+            lines2 = Source(lines2)
+        if isinstance(lines2, Source):
+            lines2 = lines2.strip().lines
+        return lines2
+
+    def fnmatch_lines_random(self, lines2):
+        """Check lines exist in the output.
+
+        The argument is a list of lines which have to occur in the
+        output, in any order.  Each line can contain glob whildcards.
+
+        """
+        lines2 = self._getlines(lines2)
+        for line in lines2:
+            for x in self.lines:
+                if line == x or fnmatch(x, line):
+                    print_("matched: ", repr(line))
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("line %r not found in output" % line)
+
+    def get_lines_after(self, fnline):
+        """Return all lines following the given line in the text.
+
+        The given line can contain glob wildcards.
+        """
+        for i, line in enumerate(self.lines):
+            if fnline == line or fnmatch(line, fnline):
+                return self.lines[i+1:]
+        raise ValueError("line %r not found in output" % fnline)
+
+    def fnmatch_lines(self, lines2):
+        """Search the text for matching lines.
+
+        The argument is a list of lines which have to match and can
+        use glob wildcards.  If they do not match an pytest.fail() is
+        called.  The matches and non-matches are also printed on
+        stdout.
+
+        """
+        def show(arg1, arg2):
+            py.builtin.print_(arg1, arg2, file=sys.stderr)
+        lines2 = self._getlines(lines2)
+        lines1 = self.lines[:]
+        nextline = None
+        extralines = []
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        for line in lines2:
+            nomatchprinted = False
+            while lines1:
+                nextline = lines1.pop(0)
+                if line == nextline:
+                    show("exact match:", repr(line))
+                    break
+                elif fnmatch(nextline, line):
+                    show("fnmatch:", repr(line))
+                    show("   with:", repr(nextline))
+                    break
+                else:
+                    if not nomatchprinted:
+                        show("nomatch:", repr(line))
+                        nomatchprinted = True
+                    show("    and:", repr(nextline))
+                extralines.append(nextline)
+            else:
+                pytest.fail("remains unmatched: %r, see stderr" % (line,))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/python.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21d78aea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2300 @@
+""" Python test discovery, setup and run of test functions. """
+import fnmatch
+import functools
+import inspect
+import re
+import types
+import sys
+
+import py
+import pytest
+from _pytest._code.code import TerminalRepr
+from _pytest.mark import MarkDecorator, MarkerError
+
+try:
+    import enum
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Only available in Python 3.4+ or as a backport
+    enum = None
+
+import _pytest
+import _pytest._pluggy as pluggy
+
+cutdir2 = py.path.local(_pytest.__file__).dirpath()
+cutdir1 = py.path.local(pluggy.__file__.rstrip("oc"))
+
+
+NoneType = type(None)
+NOTSET = object()
+isfunction = inspect.isfunction
+isclass = inspect.isclass
+callable = py.builtin.callable
+# used to work around a python2 exception info leak
+exc_clear = getattr(sys, 'exc_clear', lambda: None)
+# The type of re.compile objects is not exposed in Python.
+REGEX_TYPE = type(re.compile(''))
+
+_PY3 = sys.version_info > (3, 0)
+_PY2 = not _PY3
+
+
+if hasattr(inspect, 'signature'):
+    def _format_args(func):
+        return str(inspect.signature(func))
+else:
+    def _format_args(func):
+        return inspect.formatargspec(*inspect.getargspec(func))
+
+if  sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
+    def isclass(object):
+        """ Return true if the object is a class. Overrides inspect.isclass for
+        python 2.6 because it will return True for objects which always return
+        something on __getattr__ calls (see #1035).
+        Backport of https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/35bf8f7a8edc
+        """
+        return isinstance(object, (type, types.ClassType))
+
+def _has_positional_arg(func):
+    return func.__code__.co_argcount
+
+
+def filter_traceback(entry):
+    # entry.path might sometimes return a str object when the entry
+    # points to dynamically generated code
+    # see https://bitbucket.org/pytest-dev/py/issues/71
+    raw_filename = entry.frame.code.raw.co_filename
+    is_generated = '<' in raw_filename and '>' in raw_filename
+    if is_generated:
+        return False
+    # entry.path might point to an inexisting file, in which case it will
+    # alsso return a str object. see #1133
+    p = py.path.local(entry.path)
+    return p != cutdir1 and not p.relto(cutdir2)
+
+
+def get_real_func(obj):
+    """ gets the real function object of the (possibly) wrapped object by
+    functools.wraps or functools.partial.
+    """
+    while hasattr(obj, "__wrapped__"):
+        obj = obj.__wrapped__
+    if isinstance(obj, functools.partial):
+        obj = obj.func
+    return obj
+
+def getfslineno(obj):
+    # xxx let decorators etc specify a sane ordering
+    obj = get_real_func(obj)
+    if hasattr(obj, 'place_as'):
+        obj = obj.place_as
+    fslineno = _pytest._code.getfslineno(obj)
+    assert isinstance(fslineno[1], int), obj
+    return fslineno
+
+def getimfunc(func):
+    try:
+        return func.__func__
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            return func.im_func
+        except AttributeError:
+            return func
+
+def safe_getattr(object, name, default):
+    """ Like getattr but return default upon any Exception.
+
+    Attribute access can potentially fail for 'evil' Python objects.
+    See issue214
+    """
+    try:
+        return getattr(object, name, default)
+    except Exception:
+        return default
+
+
+class FixtureFunctionMarker:
+    def __init__(self, scope, params,
+                 autouse=False, yieldctx=False, ids=None):
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.params = params
+        self.autouse = autouse
+        self.yieldctx = yieldctx
+        self.ids = ids
+
+    def __call__(self, function):
+        if isclass(function):
+            raise ValueError(
+                    "class fixtures not supported (may be in the future)")
+        function._pytestfixturefunction = self
+        return function
+
+
+def fixture(scope="function", params=None, autouse=False, ids=None):
+    """ (return a) decorator to mark a fixture factory function.
+
+    This decorator can be used (with or or without parameters) to define
+    a fixture function.  The name of the fixture function can later be
+    referenced to cause its invocation ahead of running tests: test
+    modules or classes can use the pytest.mark.usefixtures(fixturename)
+    marker.  Test functions can directly use fixture names as input
+    arguments in which case the fixture instance returned from the fixture
+    function will be injected.
+
+    :arg scope: the scope for which this fixture is shared, one of
+                "function" (default), "class", "module", "session".
+
+    :arg params: an optional list of parameters which will cause multiple
+                invocations of the fixture function and all of the tests
+                using it.
+
+    :arg autouse: if True, the fixture func is activated for all tests that
+                can see it.  If False (the default) then an explicit
+                reference is needed to activate the fixture.
+
+    :arg ids: list of string ids each corresponding to the params
+       so that they are part of the test id. If no ids are provided
+       they will be generated automatically from the params.
+
+    """
+    if callable(scope) and params is None and autouse == False:
+        # direct decoration
+        return FixtureFunctionMarker(
+                "function", params, autouse)(scope)
+    if params is not None and not isinstance(params, (list, tuple)):
+        params = list(params)
+    return FixtureFunctionMarker(scope, params, autouse, ids=ids)
+
+def yield_fixture(scope="function", params=None, autouse=False, ids=None):
+    """ (return a) decorator to mark a yield-fixture factory function
+    (EXPERIMENTAL).
+
+    This takes the same arguments as :py:func:`pytest.fixture` but
+    expects a fixture function to use a ``yield`` instead of a ``return``
+    statement to provide a fixture.  See
+    http://pytest.org/en/latest/yieldfixture.html for more info.
+    """
+    if callable(scope) and params is None and autouse == False:
+        # direct decoration
+        return FixtureFunctionMarker(
+                "function", params, autouse, yieldctx=True)(scope)
+    else:
+        return FixtureFunctionMarker(scope, params, autouse,
+                                     yieldctx=True, ids=ids)
+
+defaultfuncargprefixmarker = fixture()
+
+def pyobj_property(name):
+    def get(self):
+        node = self.getparent(getattr(pytest, name))
+        if node is not None:
+            return node.obj
+    doc = "python %s object this node was collected from (can be None)." % (
+          name.lower(),)
+    return property(get, None, None, doc)
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("general")
+    group.addoption('--fixtures', '--funcargs',
+               action="store_true", dest="showfixtures", default=False,
+               help="show available fixtures, sorted by plugin appearance")
+    parser.addini("usefixtures", type="args", default=[],
+        help="list of default fixtures to be used with this project")
+    parser.addini("python_files", type="args",
+        default=['test_*.py', '*_test.py'],
+        help="glob-style file patterns for Python test module discovery")
+    parser.addini("python_classes", type="args", default=["Test",],
+        help="prefixes or glob names for Python test class discovery")
+    parser.addini("python_functions", type="args", default=["test",],
+        help="prefixes or glob names for Python test function and "
+             "method discovery")
+
+    group.addoption("--import-mode", default="prepend",
+        choices=["prepend", "append"], dest="importmode",
+        help="prepend/append to sys.path when importing test modules, "
+             "default is to prepend.")
+
+
+def pytest_cmdline_main(config):
+    if config.option.showfixtures:
+        showfixtures(config)
+        return 0
+
+
+def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
+    # those alternative spellings are common - raise a specific error to alert
+    # the user
+    alt_spellings = ['parameterize', 'parametrise', 'parameterise']
+    for attr in alt_spellings:
+        if hasattr(metafunc.function, attr):
+            msg = "{0} has '{1}', spelling should be 'parametrize'"
+            raise MarkerError(msg.format(metafunc.function.__name__, attr))
+    try:
+        markers = metafunc.function.parametrize
+    except AttributeError:
+        return
+    for marker in markers:
+        metafunc.parametrize(*marker.args, **marker.kwargs)
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+        "parametrize(argnames, argvalues): call a test function multiple "
+        "times passing in different arguments in turn. argvalues generally "
+        "needs to be a list of values if argnames specifies only one name "
+        "or a list of tuples of values if argnames specifies multiple names. "
+        "Example: @parametrize('arg1', [1,2]) would lead to two calls of the "
+        "decorated test function, one with arg1=1 and another with arg1=2."
+        "see http://pytest.org/latest/parametrize.html for more info and "
+        "examples."
+    )
+    config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+        "usefixtures(fixturename1, fixturename2, ...): mark tests as needing "
+        "all of the specified fixtures. see http://pytest.org/latest/fixture.html#usefixtures "
+    )
+
+def pytest_sessionstart(session):
+    session._fixturemanager = FixtureManager(session)
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(trylast=True)
+def pytest_namespace():
+    raises.Exception = pytest.fail.Exception
+    return {
+        'fixture': fixture,
+        'yield_fixture': yield_fixture,
+        'raises' : raises,
+        'collect': {
+        'Module': Module, 'Class': Class, 'Instance': Instance,
+        'Function': Function, 'Generator': Generator,
+        '_fillfuncargs': fillfixtures}
+    }
+
+@fixture(scope="session")
+def pytestconfig(request):
+    """ the pytest config object with access to command line opts."""
+    return request.config
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(trylast=True)
+def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem):
+    testfunction = pyfuncitem.obj
+    if pyfuncitem._isyieldedfunction():
+        testfunction(*pyfuncitem._args)
+    else:
+        funcargs = pyfuncitem.funcargs
+        testargs = {}
+        for arg in pyfuncitem._fixtureinfo.argnames:
+            testargs[arg] = funcargs[arg]
+        testfunction(**testargs)
+    return True
+
+def pytest_collect_file(path, parent):
+    ext = path.ext
+    if ext == ".py":
+        if not parent.session.isinitpath(path):
+            for pat in parent.config.getini('python_files'):
+                if path.fnmatch(pat):
+                    break
+            else:
+               return
+        ihook = parent.session.gethookproxy(path)
+        return ihook.pytest_pycollect_makemodule(path=path, parent=parent)
+
+def pytest_pycollect_makemodule(path, parent):
+    return Module(path, parent)
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+    outcome = yield
+    res = outcome.get_result()
+    if res is not None:
+        raise StopIteration
+    # nothing was collected elsewhere, let's do it here
+    if isclass(obj):
+        if collector.istestclass(obj, name):
+            Class = collector._getcustomclass("Class")
+            outcome.force_result(Class(name, parent=collector))
+    elif collector.istestfunction(obj, name):
+        # mock seems to store unbound methods (issue473), normalize it
+        obj = getattr(obj, "__func__", obj)
+        # We need to try and unwrap the function if it's a functools.partial
+        # or a funtools.wrapped.
+        # We musn't if it's been wrapped with mock.patch (python 2 only)
+        if not (isfunction(obj) or isfunction(get_real_func(obj))):
+            collector.warn(code="C2", message=
+                "cannot collect %r because it is not a function."
+                % name, )
+        elif getattr(obj, "__test__", True):
+            if is_generator(obj):
+                res = Generator(name, parent=collector)
+            else:
+                res = list(collector._genfunctions(name, obj))
+            outcome.force_result(res)
+
+def is_generator(func):
+    try:
+        return _pytest._code.getrawcode(func).co_flags & 32 # generator function
+    except AttributeError: # builtin functions have no bytecode
+        # assume them to not be generators
+        return False
+
+class PyobjContext(object):
+    module = pyobj_property("Module")
+    cls = pyobj_property("Class")
+    instance = pyobj_property("Instance")
+
+class PyobjMixin(PyobjContext):
+    def obj():
+        def fget(self):
+            try:
+                return self._obj
+            except AttributeError:
+                self._obj = obj = self._getobj()
+                return obj
+        def fset(self, value):
+            self._obj = value
+        return property(fget, fset, None, "underlying python object")
+    obj = obj()
+
+    def _getobj(self):
+        return getattr(self.parent.obj, self.name)
+
+    def getmodpath(self, stopatmodule=True, includemodule=False):
+        """ return python path relative to the containing module. """
+        chain = self.listchain()
+        chain.reverse()
+        parts = []
+        for node in chain:
+            if isinstance(node, Instance):
+                continue
+            name = node.name
+            if isinstance(node, Module):
+                assert name.endswith(".py")
+                name = name[:-3]
+                if stopatmodule:
+                    if includemodule:
+                        parts.append(name)
+                    break
+            parts.append(name)
+        parts.reverse()
+        s = ".".join(parts)
+        return s.replace(".[", "[")
+
+    def _getfslineno(self):
+        return getfslineno(self.obj)
+
+    def reportinfo(self):
+        # XXX caching?
+        obj = self.obj
+        compat_co_firstlineno = getattr(obj, 'compat_co_firstlineno', None)
+        if isinstance(compat_co_firstlineno, int):
+            # nose compatibility
+            fspath = sys.modules[obj.__module__].__file__
+            if fspath.endswith(".pyc"):
+                fspath = fspath[:-1]
+            lineno = compat_co_firstlineno
+        else:
+            fspath, lineno = getfslineno(obj)
+        modpath = self.getmodpath()
+        assert isinstance(lineno, int)
+        return fspath, lineno, modpath
+
+class PyCollector(PyobjMixin, pytest.Collector):
+
+    def funcnamefilter(self, name):
+        return self._matches_prefix_or_glob_option('python_functions', name)
+
+    def isnosetest(self, obj):
+        """ Look for the __test__ attribute, which is applied by the
+        @nose.tools.istest decorator
+        """
+        # We explicitly check for "is True" here to not mistakenly treat
+        # classes with a custom __getattr__ returning something truthy (like a
+        # function) as test classes.
+        return safe_getattr(obj, '__test__', False) is True
+
+    def classnamefilter(self, name):
+        return self._matches_prefix_or_glob_option('python_classes', name)
+
+    def istestfunction(self, obj, name):
+        return (
+            (self.funcnamefilter(name) or self.isnosetest(obj)) and
+            safe_getattr(obj, "__call__", False) and getfixturemarker(obj) is None
+        )
+
+    def istestclass(self, obj, name):
+        return self.classnamefilter(name) or self.isnosetest(obj)
+
+    def _matches_prefix_or_glob_option(self, option_name, name):
+        """
+        checks if the given name matches the prefix or glob-pattern defined
+        in ini configuration.
+        """
+        for option in self.config.getini(option_name):
+            if name.startswith(option):
+                return True
+            # check that name looks like a glob-string before calling fnmatch
+            # because this is called for every name in each collected module,
+            # and fnmatch is somewhat expensive to call
+            elif ('*' in option or '?' in option or '[' in option) and \
+                    fnmatch.fnmatch(name, option):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def collect(self):
+        if not getattr(self.obj, "__test__", True):
+            return []
+
+        # NB. we avoid random getattrs and peek in the __dict__ instead
+        # (XXX originally introduced from a PyPy need, still true?)
+        dicts = [getattr(self.obj, '__dict__', {})]
+        for basecls in inspect.getmro(self.obj.__class__):
+            dicts.append(basecls.__dict__)
+        seen = {}
+        l = []
+        for dic in dicts:
+            for name, obj in list(dic.items()):
+                if name in seen:
+                    continue
+                seen[name] = True
+                res = self.makeitem(name, obj)
+                if res is None:
+                    continue
+                if not isinstance(res, list):
+                    res = [res]
+                l.extend(res)
+        l.sort(key=lambda item: item.reportinfo()[:2])
+        return l
+
+    def makeitem(self, name, obj):
+        #assert self.ihook.fspath == self.fspath, self
+        return self.ihook.pytest_pycollect_makeitem(
+            collector=self, name=name, obj=obj)
+
+    def _genfunctions(self, name, funcobj):
+        module = self.getparent(Module).obj
+        clscol = self.getparent(Class)
+        cls = clscol and clscol.obj or None
+        transfer_markers(funcobj, cls, module)
+        fm = self.session._fixturemanager
+        fixtureinfo = fm.getfixtureinfo(self, funcobj, cls)
+        metafunc = Metafunc(funcobj, fixtureinfo, self.config,
+                            cls=cls, module=module)
+        methods = []
+        if hasattr(module, "pytest_generate_tests"):
+            methods.append(module.pytest_generate_tests)
+        if hasattr(cls, "pytest_generate_tests"):
+            methods.append(cls().pytest_generate_tests)
+        if methods:
+            self.ihook.pytest_generate_tests.call_extra(methods,
+                                                        dict(metafunc=metafunc))
+        else:
+            self.ihook.pytest_generate_tests(metafunc=metafunc)
+
+        Function = self._getcustomclass("Function")
+        if not metafunc._calls:
+            yield Function(name, parent=self, fixtureinfo=fixtureinfo)
+        else:
+            # add funcargs() as fixturedefs to fixtureinfo.arg2fixturedefs
+            add_funcarg_pseudo_fixture_def(self, metafunc, fm)
+
+            for callspec in metafunc._calls:
+                subname = "%s[%s]" %(name, callspec.id)
+                yield Function(name=subname, parent=self,
+                               callspec=callspec, callobj=funcobj,
+                               fixtureinfo=fixtureinfo,
+                               keywords={callspec.id:True})
+
+def add_funcarg_pseudo_fixture_def(collector, metafunc, fixturemanager):
+    # this function will transform all collected calls to a functions
+    # if they use direct funcargs (i.e. direct parametrization)
+    # because we want later test execution to be able to rely on
+    # an existing FixtureDef structure for all arguments.
+    # XXX we can probably avoid this algorithm  if we modify CallSpec2
+    # to directly care for creating the fixturedefs within its methods.
+    if not metafunc._calls[0].funcargs:
+        return # this function call does not have direct parametrization
+    # collect funcargs of all callspecs into a list of values
+    arg2params = {}
+    arg2scope = {}
+    for callspec in metafunc._calls:
+        for argname, argvalue in callspec.funcargs.items():
+            assert argname not in callspec.params
+            callspec.params[argname] = argvalue
+            arg2params_list = arg2params.setdefault(argname, [])
+            callspec.indices[argname] = len(arg2params_list)
+            arg2params_list.append(argvalue)
+            if argname not in arg2scope:
+                scopenum = callspec._arg2scopenum.get(argname,
+                                                      scopenum_function)
+                arg2scope[argname] = scopes[scopenum]
+        callspec.funcargs.clear()
+
+    # register artificial FixtureDef's so that later at test execution
+    # time we can rely on a proper FixtureDef to exist for fixture setup.
+    arg2fixturedefs = metafunc._arg2fixturedefs
+    for argname, valuelist in arg2params.items():
+        # if we have a scope that is higher than function we need
+        # to make sure we only ever create an according fixturedef on
+        # a per-scope basis. We thus store and cache the fixturedef on the
+        # node related to the scope.
+        scope = arg2scope[argname]
+        node = None
+        if scope != "function":
+            node = get_scope_node(collector, scope)
+            if node is None:
+                assert scope == "class" and isinstance(collector, Module)
+                # use module-level collector for class-scope (for now)
+                node = collector
+        if node and argname in node._name2pseudofixturedef:
+            arg2fixturedefs[argname] = [node._name2pseudofixturedef[argname]]
+        else:
+            fixturedef =  FixtureDef(fixturemanager, '', argname,
+                           get_direct_param_fixture_func,
+                           arg2scope[argname],
+                           valuelist, False, False)
+            arg2fixturedefs[argname] = [fixturedef]
+            if node is not None:
+                node._name2pseudofixturedef[argname] = fixturedef
+
+
+def get_direct_param_fixture_func(request):
+    return request.param
+
+class FuncFixtureInfo:
+    def __init__(self, argnames, names_closure, name2fixturedefs):
+        self.argnames = argnames
+        self.names_closure = names_closure
+        self.name2fixturedefs = name2fixturedefs
+
+
+def _marked(func, mark):
+    """ Returns True if :func: is already marked with :mark:, False otherwise.
+    This can happen if marker is applied to class and the test file is
+    invoked more than once.
+    """
+    try:
+        func_mark = getattr(func, mark.name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        return False
+    return mark.args == func_mark.args and mark.kwargs == func_mark.kwargs
+
+
+def transfer_markers(funcobj, cls, mod):
+    # XXX this should rather be code in the mark plugin or the mark
+    # plugin should merge with the python plugin.
+    for holder in (cls, mod):
+        try:
+            pytestmark = holder.pytestmark
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(pytestmark, list):
+            for mark in pytestmark:
+                if not _marked(funcobj, mark):
+                    mark(funcobj)
+        else:
+            if not _marked(funcobj, pytestmark):
+                pytestmark(funcobj)
+
+class Module(pytest.File, PyCollector):
+    """ Collector for test classes and functions. """
+    def _getobj(self):
+        return self._memoizedcall('_obj', self._importtestmodule)
+
+    def collect(self):
+        self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self)
+        return super(Module, self).collect()
+
+    def _importtestmodule(self):
+        # we assume we are only called once per module
+        importmode = self.config.getoption("--import-mode")
+        try:
+            mod = self.fspath.pyimport(ensuresyspath=importmode)
+        except SyntaxError:
+            raise self.CollectError(
+                _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo().getrepr(style="short"))
+        except self.fspath.ImportMismatchError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            raise self.CollectError(
+                "import file mismatch:\n"
+                "imported module %r has this __file__ attribute:\n"
+                "  %s\n"
+                "which is not the same as the test file we want to collect:\n"
+                "  %s\n"
+                "HINT: remove __pycache__ / .pyc files and/or use a "
+                "unique basename for your test file modules"
+                 % e.args
+            )
+        #print "imported test module", mod
+        self.config.pluginmanager.consider_module(mod)
+        return mod
+
+    def setup(self):
+        setup_module = xunitsetup(self.obj, "setUpModule")
+        if setup_module is None:
+            setup_module = xunitsetup(self.obj, "setup_module")
+        if setup_module is not None:
+            #XXX: nose compat hack, move to nose plugin
+            # if it takes a positional arg, its probably a pytest style one
+            # so we pass the current module object
+            if _has_positional_arg(setup_module):
+                setup_module(self.obj)
+            else:
+                setup_module()
+        fin = getattr(self.obj, 'tearDownModule', None)
+        if fin is None:
+            fin = getattr(self.obj, 'teardown_module', None)
+        if fin is not None:
+            #XXX: nose compat hack, move to nose plugin
+            # if it takes a positional arg, it's probably a pytest style one
+            # so we pass the current module object
+            if _has_positional_arg(fin):
+                finalizer = lambda: fin(self.obj)
+            else:
+                finalizer = fin
+            self.addfinalizer(finalizer)
+
+
+class Class(PyCollector):
+    """ Collector for test methods. """
+    def collect(self):
+        if hasinit(self.obj):
+            self.warn("C1", "cannot collect test class %r because it has a "
+                "__init__ constructor" % self.obj.__name__)
+            return []
+        return [self._getcustomclass("Instance")(name="()", parent=self)]
+
+    def setup(self):
+        setup_class = xunitsetup(self.obj, 'setup_class')
+        if setup_class is not None:
+            setup_class = getattr(setup_class, 'im_func', setup_class)
+            setup_class = getattr(setup_class, '__func__', setup_class)
+            setup_class(self.obj)
+
+        fin_class = getattr(self.obj, 'teardown_class', None)
+        if fin_class is not None:
+            fin_class = getattr(fin_class, 'im_func', fin_class)
+            fin_class = getattr(fin_class, '__func__', fin_class)
+            self.addfinalizer(lambda: fin_class(self.obj))
+
+class Instance(PyCollector):
+    def _getobj(self):
+        obj = self.parent.obj()
+        return obj
+
+    def collect(self):
+        self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self)
+        return super(Instance, self).collect()
+
+    def newinstance(self):
+        self.obj = self._getobj()
+        return self.obj
+
+class FunctionMixin(PyobjMixin):
+    """ mixin for the code common to Function and Generator.
+    """
+
+    def setup(self):
+        """ perform setup for this test function. """
+        if hasattr(self, '_preservedparent'):
+            obj = self._preservedparent
+        elif isinstance(self.parent, Instance):
+            obj = self.parent.newinstance()
+            self.obj = self._getobj()
+        else:
+            obj = self.parent.obj
+        if inspect.ismethod(self.obj):
+            setup_name = 'setup_method'
+            teardown_name = 'teardown_method'
+        else:
+            setup_name = 'setup_function'
+            teardown_name = 'teardown_function'
+        setup_func_or_method = xunitsetup(obj, setup_name)
+        if setup_func_or_method is not None:
+            setup_func_or_method(self.obj)
+        fin = getattr(obj, teardown_name, None)
+        if fin is not None:
+            self.addfinalizer(lambda: fin(self.obj))
+
+    def _prunetraceback(self, excinfo):
+        if hasattr(self, '_obj') and not self.config.option.fulltrace:
+            code = _pytest._code.Code(get_real_func(self.obj))
+            path, firstlineno = code.path, code.firstlineno
+            traceback = excinfo.traceback
+            ntraceback = traceback.cut(path=path, firstlineno=firstlineno)
+            if ntraceback == traceback:
+                ntraceback = ntraceback.cut(path=path)
+                if ntraceback == traceback:
+                    #ntraceback = ntraceback.cut(excludepath=cutdir2)
+                    ntraceback = ntraceback.filter(filter_traceback)
+                    if not ntraceback:
+                        ntraceback = traceback
+
+            excinfo.traceback = ntraceback.filter()
+            # issue364: mark all but first and last frames to
+            # only show a single-line message for each frame
+            if self.config.option.tbstyle == "auto":
+                if len(excinfo.traceback) > 2:
+                    for entry in excinfo.traceback[1:-1]:
+                        entry.set_repr_style('short')
+
+    def _repr_failure_py(self, excinfo, style="long"):
+        if excinfo.errisinstance(pytest.fail.Exception):
+            if not excinfo.value.pytrace:
+                return py._builtin._totext(excinfo.value)
+        return super(FunctionMixin, self)._repr_failure_py(excinfo,
+            style=style)
+
+    def repr_failure(self, excinfo, outerr=None):
+        assert outerr is None, "XXX outerr usage is deprecated"
+        style = self.config.option.tbstyle
+        if style == "auto":
+            style = "long"
+        return self._repr_failure_py(excinfo, style=style)
+
+
+class Generator(FunctionMixin, PyCollector):
+    def collect(self):
+        # test generators are seen as collectors but they also
+        # invoke setup/teardown on popular request
+        # (induced by the common "test_*" naming shared with normal tests)
+        self.session._setupstate.prepare(self)
+        # see FunctionMixin.setup and test_setupstate_is_preserved_134
+        self._preservedparent = self.parent.obj
+        l = []
+        seen = {}
+        for i, x in enumerate(self.obj()):
+            name, call, args = self.getcallargs(x)
+            if not callable(call):
+                raise TypeError("%r yielded non callable test %r" %(self.obj, call,))
+            if name is None:
+                name = "[%d]" % i
+            else:
+                name = "['%s']" % name
+            if name in seen:
+                raise ValueError("%r generated tests with non-unique name %r" %(self, name))
+            seen[name] = True
+            l.append(self.Function(name, self, args=args, callobj=call))
+        return l
+
+    def getcallargs(self, obj):
+        if not isinstance(obj, (tuple, list)):
+            obj = (obj,)
+        # explict naming
+        if isinstance(obj[0], py.builtin._basestring):
+            name = obj[0]
+            obj = obj[1:]
+        else:
+            name = None
+        call, args = obj[0], obj[1:]
+        return name, call, args
+
+
+def hasinit(obj):
+    init = getattr(obj, '__init__', None)
+    if init:
+        if init != object.__init__:
+            return True
+
+
+
+def fillfixtures(function):
+    """ fill missing funcargs for a test function. """
+    try:
+        request = function._request
+    except AttributeError:
+        # XXX this special code path is only expected to execute
+        # with the oejskit plugin.  It uses classes with funcargs
+        # and we thus have to work a bit to allow this.
+        fm = function.session._fixturemanager
+        fi = fm.getfixtureinfo(function.parent, function.obj, None)
+        function._fixtureinfo = fi
+        request = function._request = FixtureRequest(function)
+        request._fillfixtures()
+        # prune out funcargs for jstests
+        newfuncargs = {}
+        for name in fi.argnames:
+            newfuncargs[name] = function.funcargs[name]
+        function.funcargs = newfuncargs
+    else:
+        request._fillfixtures()
+
+
+_notexists = object()
+
+class CallSpec2(object):
+    def __init__(self, metafunc):
+        self.metafunc = metafunc
+        self.funcargs = {}
+        self._idlist = []
+        self.params = {}
+        self._globalid = _notexists
+        self._globalid_args = set()
+        self._globalparam = _notexists
+        self._arg2scopenum = {}  # used for sorting parametrized resources
+        self.keywords = {}
+        self.indices = {}
+
+    def copy(self, metafunc):
+        cs = CallSpec2(self.metafunc)
+        cs.funcargs.update(self.funcargs)
+        cs.params.update(self.params)
+        cs.keywords.update(self.keywords)
+        cs.indices.update(self.indices)
+        cs._arg2scopenum.update(self._arg2scopenum)
+        cs._idlist = list(self._idlist)
+        cs._globalid = self._globalid
+        cs._globalid_args = self._globalid_args
+        cs._globalparam = self._globalparam
+        return cs
+
+    def _checkargnotcontained(self, arg):
+        if arg in self.params or arg in self.funcargs:
+            raise ValueError("duplicate %r" %(arg,))
+
+    def getparam(self, name):
+        try:
+            return self.params[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if self._globalparam is _notexists:
+                raise ValueError(name)
+            return self._globalparam
+
+    @property
+    def id(self):
+        return "-".join(map(str, filter(None, self._idlist)))
+
+    def setmulti(self, valtypes, argnames, valset, id, keywords, scopenum,
+                 param_index):
+        for arg,val in zip(argnames, valset):
+            self._checkargnotcontained(arg)
+            valtype_for_arg = valtypes[arg]
+            getattr(self, valtype_for_arg)[arg] = val
+            self.indices[arg] = param_index
+            self._arg2scopenum[arg] = scopenum
+        self._idlist.append(id)
+        self.keywords.update(keywords)
+
+    def setall(self, funcargs, id, param):
+        for x in funcargs:
+            self._checkargnotcontained(x)
+        self.funcargs.update(funcargs)
+        if id is not _notexists:
+            self._idlist.append(id)
+        if param is not _notexists:
+            assert self._globalparam is _notexists
+            self._globalparam = param
+        for arg in funcargs:
+            self._arg2scopenum[arg] = scopenum_function
+
+
+class FuncargnamesCompatAttr:
+    """ helper class so that Metafunc, Function and FixtureRequest
+    don't need to each define the "funcargnames" compatibility attribute.
+    """
+    @property
+    def funcargnames(self):
+        """ alias attribute for ``fixturenames`` for pre-2.3 compatibility"""
+        return self.fixturenames
+
+class Metafunc(FuncargnamesCompatAttr):
+    """
+    Metafunc objects are passed to the ``pytest_generate_tests`` hook.
+    They help to inspect a test function and to generate tests according to
+    test configuration or values specified in the class or module where a
+    test function is defined.
+
+    :ivar fixturenames: set of fixture names required by the test function
+
+    :ivar function: underlying python test function
+
+    :ivar cls: class object where the test function is defined in or ``None``.
+
+    :ivar module: the module object where the test function is defined in.
+
+    :ivar config: access to the :class:`_pytest.config.Config` object for the
+        test session.
+
+    :ivar funcargnames:
+        .. deprecated:: 2.3
+            Use ``fixturenames`` instead.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, function, fixtureinfo, config, cls=None, module=None):
+        self.config = config
+        self.module = module
+        self.function = function
+        self.fixturenames = fixtureinfo.names_closure
+        self._arg2fixturedefs = fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs
+        self.cls = cls
+        self._calls = []
+        self._ids = py.builtin.set()
+
+    def parametrize(self, argnames, argvalues, indirect=False, ids=None,
+        scope=None):
+        """ Add new invocations to the underlying test function using the list
+        of argvalues for the given argnames.  Parametrization is performed
+        during the collection phase.  If you need to setup expensive resources
+        see about setting indirect to do it rather at test setup time.
+
+        :arg argnames: a comma-separated string denoting one or more argument
+                       names, or a list/tuple of argument strings.
+
+        :arg argvalues: The list of argvalues determines how often a
+            test is invoked with different argument values.  If only one
+            argname was specified argvalues is a list of values.  If N
+            argnames were specified, argvalues must be a list of N-tuples,
+            where each tuple-element specifies a value for its respective
+            argname.
+
+        :arg indirect: The list of argnames or boolean. A list of arguments'
+            names (subset of argnames). If True the list contains all names from
+            the argnames. Each argvalue corresponding to an argname in this list will
+            be passed as request.param to its respective argname fixture
+            function so that it can perform more expensive setups during the
+            setup phase of a test rather than at collection time.
+
+        :arg ids: list of string ids, or a callable.
+            If strings, each is corresponding to the argvalues so that they are
+            part of the test id.
+            If callable, it should take one argument (a single argvalue) and return
+            a string or return None. If None, the automatically generated id for that
+            argument will be used.
+            If no ids are provided they will be generated automatically from
+            the argvalues.
+
+        :arg scope: if specified it denotes the scope of the parameters.
+            The scope is used for grouping tests by parameter instances.
+            It will also override any fixture-function defined scope, allowing
+            to set a dynamic scope using test context or configuration.
+        """
+
+        # individual parametrized argument sets can be wrapped in a series
+        # of markers in which case we unwrap the values and apply the mark
+        # at Function init
+        newkeywords = {}
+        unwrapped_argvalues = []
+        for i, argval in enumerate(argvalues):
+            while isinstance(argval, MarkDecorator):
+                newmark = MarkDecorator(argval.markname,
+                                        argval.args[:-1], argval.kwargs)
+                newmarks = newkeywords.setdefault(i, {})
+                newmarks[newmark.markname] = newmark
+                argval = argval.args[-1]
+            unwrapped_argvalues.append(argval)
+        argvalues = unwrapped_argvalues
+
+        if not isinstance(argnames, (tuple, list)):
+            argnames = [x.strip() for x in argnames.split(",") if x.strip()]
+            if len(argnames) == 1:
+                argvalues = [(val,) for val in argvalues]
+        if not argvalues:
+            argvalues = [(_notexists,) * len(argnames)]
+            # we passed a empty list to parameterize, skip that test
+            #
+            fs, lineno = getfslineno(self.function)
+            newmark = pytest.mark.skip(
+                reason="got empty parameter set %r, function %s at %s:%d" % (
+                    argnames, self.function.__name__, fs, lineno))
+            newmarks = newkeywords.setdefault(0, {})
+            newmarks[newmark.markname] = newmark
+
+
+        if scope is None:
+            scope = "function"
+        scopenum = scopes.index(scope)
+        valtypes = {}
+        for arg in argnames:
+            if arg not in self.fixturenames:
+                raise ValueError("%r uses no fixture %r" %(self.function, arg))
+
+        if indirect is True:
+            valtypes = dict.fromkeys(argnames, "params")
+        elif indirect is False:
+            valtypes = dict.fromkeys(argnames, "funcargs")
+        elif isinstance(indirect, (tuple, list)):
+            valtypes = dict.fromkeys(argnames, "funcargs")
+            for arg in indirect:
+                if arg not in argnames:
+                    raise ValueError("indirect given to %r: fixture %r doesn't exist" %(
+                                     self.function, arg))
+                valtypes[arg] = "params"
+        idfn = None
+        if callable(ids):
+            idfn = ids
+            ids = None
+        if ids and len(ids) != len(argvalues):
+            raise ValueError('%d tests specified with %d ids' %(
+                             len(argvalues), len(ids)))
+        if not ids:
+            ids = idmaker(argnames, argvalues, idfn)
+        newcalls = []
+        for callspec in self._calls or [CallSpec2(self)]:
+            for param_index, valset in enumerate(argvalues):
+                assert len(valset) == len(argnames)
+                newcallspec = callspec.copy(self)
+                newcallspec.setmulti(valtypes, argnames, valset, ids[param_index],
+                                     newkeywords.get(param_index, {}), scopenum,
+                                     param_index)
+                newcalls.append(newcallspec)
+        self._calls = newcalls
+
+    def addcall(self, funcargs=None, id=_notexists, param=_notexists):
+        """ (deprecated, use parametrize) Add a new call to the underlying
+        test function during the collection phase of a test run.  Note that
+        request.addcall() is called during the test collection phase prior and
+        independently to actual test execution.  You should only use addcall()
+        if you need to specify multiple arguments of a test function.
+
+        :arg funcargs: argument keyword dictionary used when invoking
+            the test function.
+
+        :arg id: used for reporting and identification purposes.  If you
+            don't supply an `id` an automatic unique id will be generated.
+
+        :arg param: a parameter which will be exposed to a later fixture function
+            invocation through the ``request.param`` attribute.
+        """
+        assert funcargs is None or isinstance(funcargs, dict)
+        if funcargs is not None:
+            for name in funcargs:
+                if name not in self.fixturenames:
+                    pytest.fail("funcarg %r not used in this function." % name)
+        else:
+            funcargs = {}
+        if id is None:
+            raise ValueError("id=None not allowed")
+        if id is _notexists:
+            id = len(self._calls)
+        id = str(id)
+        if id in self._ids:
+            raise ValueError("duplicate id %r" % id)
+        self._ids.add(id)
+
+        cs = CallSpec2(self)
+        cs.setall(funcargs, id, param)
+        self._calls.append(cs)
+
+
+if _PY3:
+    import codecs
+
+    def _escape_bytes(val):
+        """
+        If val is pure ascii, returns it as a str(), otherwise escapes
+        into a sequence of escaped bytes:
+        b'\xc3\xb4\xc5\xd6' -> u'\\xc3\\xb4\\xc5\\xd6'
+
+        note:
+           the obvious "v.decode('unicode-escape')" will return
+           valid utf-8 unicode if it finds them in the string, but we
+           want to return escaped bytes for any byte, even if they match
+           a utf-8 string.
+        """
+        if val:
+            # source: http://goo.gl/bGsnwC
+            encoded_bytes, _ = codecs.escape_encode(val)
+            return encoded_bytes.decode('ascii')
+        else:
+            # empty bytes crashes codecs.escape_encode (#1087)
+            return ''
+else:
+    def _escape_bytes(val):
+        """
+        In py2 bytes and str are the same type, so return it unchanged if it
+        is a full ascii string, otherwise escape it into its binary form.
+        """
+        try:
+            return val.decode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return val.encode('string-escape')
+
+
+def _idval(val, argname, idx, idfn):
+    if idfn:
+        try:
+            s = idfn(val)
+            if s:
+                return s
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    if isinstance(val, bytes):
+        return _escape_bytes(val)
+    elif isinstance(val, (float, int, str, bool, NoneType)):
+        return str(val)
+    elif isinstance(val, REGEX_TYPE):
+        return _escape_bytes(val.pattern) if isinstance(val.pattern, bytes) else val.pattern
+    elif enum is not None and isinstance(val, enum.Enum):
+        return str(val)
+    elif isclass(val) and hasattr(val, '__name__'):
+        return val.__name__
+    elif _PY2 and isinstance(val, unicode):
+        # special case for python 2: if a unicode string is
+        # convertible to ascii, return it as an str() object instead
+        try:
+            return str(val)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            # fallthrough
+            pass
+    return str(argname)+str(idx)
+
+def _idvalset(idx, valset, argnames, idfn):
+    this_id = [_idval(val, argname, idx, idfn)
+               for val, argname in zip(valset, argnames)]
+    return "-".join(this_id)
+
+def idmaker(argnames, argvalues, idfn=None):
+    ids = [_idvalset(valindex, valset, argnames, idfn)
+           for valindex, valset in enumerate(argvalues)]
+    if len(set(ids)) < len(ids):
+        # user may have provided a bad idfn which means the ids are not unique
+        ids = [str(i) + testid for i, testid in enumerate(ids)]
+    return ids
+
+def showfixtures(config):
+    from _pytest.main import wrap_session
+    return wrap_session(config, _showfixtures_main)
+
+def _showfixtures_main(config, session):
+    import _pytest.config
+    session.perform_collect()
+    curdir = py.path.local()
+    tw = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config)
+    verbose = config.getvalue("verbose")
+
+    fm = session._fixturemanager
+
+    available = []
+    for argname, fixturedefs in fm._arg2fixturedefs.items():
+        assert fixturedefs is not None
+        if not fixturedefs:
+            continue
+        for fixturedef in fixturedefs:
+            loc = getlocation(fixturedef.func, curdir)
+            available.append((len(fixturedef.baseid),
+                              fixturedef.func.__module__,
+                              curdir.bestrelpath(loc),
+                              fixturedef.argname, fixturedef))
+
+    available.sort()
+    currentmodule = None
+    for baseid, module, bestrel, argname, fixturedef in available:
+        if currentmodule != module:
+            if not module.startswith("_pytest."):
+                tw.line()
+                tw.sep("-", "fixtures defined from %s" %(module,))
+                currentmodule = module
+        if verbose <= 0 and argname[0] == "_":
+            continue
+        if verbose > 0:
+            funcargspec = "%s -- %s" %(argname, bestrel,)
+        else:
+            funcargspec = argname
+        tw.line(funcargspec, green=True)
+        loc = getlocation(fixturedef.func, curdir)
+        doc = fixturedef.func.__doc__ or ""
+        if doc:
+            for line in doc.strip().split("\n"):
+                tw.line("    " + line.strip())
+        else:
+            tw.line("    %s: no docstring available" %(loc,),
+                red=True)
+
+def getlocation(function, curdir):
+    import inspect
+    fn = py.path.local(inspect.getfile(function))
+    lineno = py.builtin._getcode(function).co_firstlineno
+    if fn.relto(curdir):
+        fn = fn.relto(curdir)
+    return "%s:%d" %(fn, lineno+1)
+
+# builtin pytest.raises helper
+
+def raises(expected_exception, *args, **kwargs):
+    """ assert that a code block/function call raises ``expected_exception``
+    and raise a failure exception otherwise.
+
+    This helper produces a ``ExceptionInfo()`` object (see below).
+
+    If using Python 2.5 or above, you may use this function as a
+    context manager::
+
+        >>> with raises(ZeroDivisionError):
+        ...    1/0
+
+    .. note::
+
+       When using ``pytest.raises`` as a context manager, it's worthwhile to
+       note that normal context manager rules apply and that the exception
+       raised *must* be the final line in the scope of the context manager.
+       Lines of code after that, within the scope of the context manager will
+       not be executed. For example::
+
+           >>> with raises(OSError) as exc_info:
+                   assert 1 == 1  # this will execute as expected
+                   raise OSError(errno.EEXISTS, 'directory exists')
+                   assert exc_info.value.errno == errno.EEXISTS  # this will not execute
+
+       Instead, the following approach must be taken (note the difference in
+       scope)::
+
+           >>> with raises(OSError) as exc_info:
+                   assert 1 == 1  # this will execute as expected
+                   raise OSError(errno.EEXISTS, 'directory exists')
+
+               assert exc_info.value.errno == errno.EEXISTS  # this will now execute
+
+    Or you can specify a callable by passing a to-be-called lambda::
+
+        >>> raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 1/0)
+        <ExceptionInfo ...>
+
+    or you can specify an arbitrary callable with arguments::
+
+        >>> def f(x): return 1/x
+        ...
+        >>> raises(ZeroDivisionError, f, 0)
+        <ExceptionInfo ...>
+        >>> raises(ZeroDivisionError, f, x=0)
+        <ExceptionInfo ...>
+
+    A third possibility is to use a string to be executed::
+
+        >>> raises(ZeroDivisionError, "f(0)")
+        <ExceptionInfo ...>
+
+    .. autoclass:: _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo
+        :members:
+
+    .. note::
+        Similar to caught exception objects in Python, explicitly clearing
+        local references to returned ``ExceptionInfo`` objects can
+        help the Python interpreter speed up its garbage collection.
+
+        Clearing those references breaks a reference cycle
+        (``ExceptionInfo`` --> caught exception --> frame stack raising
+        the exception --> current frame stack --> local variables -->
+        ``ExceptionInfo``) which makes Python keep all objects referenced
+        from that cycle (including all local variables in the current
+        frame) alive until the next cyclic garbage collection run. See the
+        official Python ``try`` statement documentation for more detailed
+        information.
+
+    """
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    if expected_exception is AssertionError:
+        # we want to catch a AssertionError
+        # replace our subclass with the builtin one
+        # see https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/176
+        from _pytest.assertion.util import BuiltinAssertionError \
+            as expected_exception
+    msg = ("exceptions must be old-style classes or"
+           " derived from BaseException, not %s")
+    if isinstance(expected_exception, tuple):
+        for exc in expected_exception:
+            if not isclass(exc):
+                raise TypeError(msg % type(exc))
+    elif not isclass(expected_exception):
+        raise TypeError(msg % type(expected_exception))
+
+    if not args:
+        return RaisesContext(expected_exception)
+    elif isinstance(args[0], str):
+        code, = args
+        assert isinstance(code, str)
+        frame = sys._getframe(1)
+        loc = frame.f_locals.copy()
+        loc.update(kwargs)
+        #print "raises frame scope: %r" % frame.f_locals
+        try:
+            code = _pytest._code.Source(code).compile()
+            py.builtin.exec_(code, frame.f_globals, loc)
+            # XXX didn'T mean f_globals == f_locals something special?
+            #     this is destroyed here ...
+        except expected_exception:
+            return _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo()
+    else:
+        func = args[0]
+        try:
+            func(*args[1:], **kwargs)
+        except expected_exception:
+            return _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo()
+    pytest.fail("DID NOT RAISE {0}".format(expected_exception))
+
+class RaisesContext(object):
+    def __init__(self, expected_exception):
+        self.expected_exception = expected_exception
+        self.excinfo = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.excinfo = object.__new__(_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo)
+        return self.excinfo
+
+    def __exit__(self, *tp):
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        if tp[0] is None:
+            pytest.fail("DID NOT RAISE")
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
+            # py26: on __exit__() exc_value often does not contain the
+            # exception value.
+            # http://bugs.python.org/issue7853
+            if not isinstance(tp[1], BaseException):
+                exc_type, value, traceback = tp
+                tp = exc_type, exc_type(value), traceback
+        self.excinfo.__init__(tp)
+        return issubclass(self.excinfo.type, self.expected_exception)
+
+#
+#  the basic pytest Function item
+#
+
+class Function(FunctionMixin, pytest.Item, FuncargnamesCompatAttr):
+    """ a Function Item is responsible for setting up and executing a
+    Python test function.
+    """
+    _genid = None
+    def __init__(self, name, parent, args=None, config=None,
+                 callspec=None, callobj=NOTSET, keywords=None, session=None,
+                 fixtureinfo=None):
+        super(Function, self).__init__(name, parent, config=config,
+                                       session=session)
+        self._args = args
+        if callobj is not NOTSET:
+            self.obj = callobj
+
+        self.keywords.update(self.obj.__dict__)
+        if callspec:
+            self.callspec = callspec
+            self.keywords.update(callspec.keywords)
+        if keywords:
+            self.keywords.update(keywords)
+
+        if fixtureinfo is None:
+            fixtureinfo = self.session._fixturemanager.getfixtureinfo(
+                self.parent, self.obj, self.cls,
+                funcargs=not self._isyieldedfunction())
+        self._fixtureinfo = fixtureinfo
+        self.fixturenames = fixtureinfo.names_closure
+        self._initrequest()
+
+    def _initrequest(self):
+        self.funcargs = {}
+        if self._isyieldedfunction():
+            assert not hasattr(self, "callspec"), (
+                "yielded functions (deprecated) cannot have funcargs")
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self, "callspec"):
+                callspec = self.callspec
+                assert not callspec.funcargs
+                self._genid = callspec.id
+                if hasattr(callspec, "param"):
+                    self.param = callspec.param
+        self._request = FixtureRequest(self)
+
+    @property
+    def function(self):
+        "underlying python 'function' object"
+        return getattr(self.obj, 'im_func', self.obj)
+
+    def _getobj(self):
+        name = self.name
+        i = name.find("[") # parametrization
+        if i != -1:
+            name = name[:i]
+        return getattr(self.parent.obj, name)
+
+    @property
+    def _pyfuncitem(self):
+        "(compatonly) for code expecting pytest-2.2 style request objects"
+        return self
+
+    def _isyieldedfunction(self):
+        return getattr(self, "_args", None) is not None
+
+    def runtest(self):
+        """ execute the underlying test function. """
+        self.ihook.pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem=self)
+
+    def setup(self):
+        super(Function, self).setup()
+        fillfixtures(self)
+
+
+scope2props = dict(session=())
+scope2props["module"] = ("fspath", "module")
+scope2props["class"] = scope2props["module"] + ("cls",)
+scope2props["instance"] = scope2props["class"] + ("instance", )
+scope2props["function"] = scope2props["instance"] + ("function", "keywords")
+
+def scopeproperty(name=None, doc=None):
+    def decoratescope(func):
+        scopename = name or func.__name__
+        def provide(self):
+            if func.__name__ in scope2props[self.scope]:
+                return func(self)
+            raise AttributeError("%s not available in %s-scoped context" % (
+                scopename, self.scope))
+        return property(provide, None, None, func.__doc__)
+    return decoratescope
+
+
+class FixtureRequest(FuncargnamesCompatAttr):
+    """ A request for a fixture from a test or fixture function.
+
+    A request object gives access to the requesting test context
+    and has an optional ``param`` attribute in case
+    the fixture is parametrized indirectly.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pyfuncitem):
+        self._pyfuncitem = pyfuncitem
+        #: fixture for which this request is being performed
+        self.fixturename = None
+        #: Scope string, one of "function", "class", "module", "session"
+        self.scope = "function"
+        self._funcargs  = {}
+        self._fixturedefs = {}
+        fixtureinfo = pyfuncitem._fixtureinfo
+        self._arg2fixturedefs = fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs.copy()
+        self._arg2index = {}
+        self.fixturenames = fixtureinfo.names_closure
+        self._fixturemanager = pyfuncitem.session._fixturemanager
+
+    @property
+    def node(self):
+        """ underlying collection node (depends on current request scope)"""
+        return self._getscopeitem(self.scope)
+
+
+    def _getnextfixturedef(self, argname):
+        fixturedefs = self._arg2fixturedefs.get(argname, None)
+        if fixturedefs is None:
+            # we arrive here because of a  a dynamic call to
+            # getfuncargvalue(argname) usage which was naturally
+            # not known at parsing/collection time
+            fixturedefs = self._fixturemanager.getfixturedefs(
+                            argname, self._pyfuncitem.parent.nodeid)
+            self._arg2fixturedefs[argname] = fixturedefs
+        # fixturedefs list is immutable so we maintain a decreasing index
+        index = self._arg2index.get(argname, 0) - 1
+        if fixturedefs is None or (-index > len(fixturedefs)):
+            raise FixtureLookupError(argname, self)
+        self._arg2index[argname] = index
+        return fixturedefs[index]
+
+    @property
+    def config(self):
+        """ the pytest config object associated with this request. """
+        return self._pyfuncitem.config
+
+
+    @scopeproperty()
+    def function(self):
+        """ test function object if the request has a per-function scope. """
+        return self._pyfuncitem.obj
+
+    @scopeproperty("class")
+    def cls(self):
+        """ class (can be None) where the test function was collected. """
+        clscol = self._pyfuncitem.getparent(pytest.Class)
+        if clscol:
+            return clscol.obj
+
+    @property
+    def instance(self):
+        """ instance (can be None) on which test function was collected. """
+        # unittest support hack, see _pytest.unittest.TestCaseFunction
+        try:
+            return self._pyfuncitem._testcase
+        except AttributeError:
+            function = getattr(self, "function", None)
+            if function is not None:
+                return py.builtin._getimself(function)
+
+    @scopeproperty()
+    def module(self):
+        """ python module object where the test function was collected. """
+        return self._pyfuncitem.getparent(pytest.Module).obj
+
+    @scopeproperty()
+    def fspath(self):
+        """ the file system path of the test module which collected this test. """
+        return self._pyfuncitem.fspath
+
+    @property
+    def keywords(self):
+        """ keywords/markers dictionary for the underlying node. """
+        return self.node.keywords
+
+    @property
+    def session(self):
+        """ pytest session object. """
+        return self._pyfuncitem.session
+
+    def addfinalizer(self, finalizer):
+        """ add finalizer/teardown function to be called after the
+        last test within the requesting test context finished
+        execution. """
+        # XXX usually this method is shadowed by fixturedef specific ones
+        self._addfinalizer(finalizer, scope=self.scope)
+
+    def _addfinalizer(self, finalizer, scope):
+        colitem = self._getscopeitem(scope)
+        self._pyfuncitem.session._setupstate.addfinalizer(
+            finalizer=finalizer, colitem=colitem)
+
+    def applymarker(self, marker):
+        """ Apply a marker to a single test function invocation.
+        This method is useful if you don't want to have a keyword/marker
+        on all function invocations.
+
+        :arg marker: a :py:class:`_pytest.mark.MarkDecorator` object
+            created by a call to ``pytest.mark.NAME(...)``.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.node.keywords[marker.markname] = marker
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise ValueError(marker)
+
+    def raiseerror(self, msg):
+        """ raise a FixtureLookupError with the given message. """
+        raise self._fixturemanager.FixtureLookupError(None, self, msg)
+
+    def _fillfixtures(self):
+        item = self._pyfuncitem
+        fixturenames = getattr(item, "fixturenames", self.fixturenames)
+        for argname in fixturenames:
+            if argname not in item.funcargs:
+                item.funcargs[argname] = self.getfuncargvalue(argname)
+
+    def cached_setup(self, setup, teardown=None, scope="module", extrakey=None):
+        """ (deprecated) Return a testing resource managed by ``setup`` &
+        ``teardown`` calls.  ``scope`` and ``extrakey`` determine when the
+        ``teardown`` function will be called so that subsequent calls to
+        ``setup`` would recreate the resource.  With pytest-2.3 you often
+        do not need ``cached_setup()`` as you can directly declare a scope
+        on a fixture function and register a finalizer through
+        ``request.addfinalizer()``.
+
+        :arg teardown: function receiving a previously setup resource.
+        :arg setup: a no-argument function creating a resource.
+        :arg scope: a string value out of ``function``, ``class``, ``module``
+            or ``session`` indicating the caching lifecycle of the resource.
+        :arg extrakey: added to internal caching key of (funcargname, scope).
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self.config, '_setupcache'):
+            self.config._setupcache = {} # XXX weakref?
+        cachekey = (self.fixturename, self._getscopeitem(scope), extrakey)
+        cache = self.config._setupcache
+        try:
+            val = cache[cachekey]
+        except KeyError:
+            self._check_scope(self.fixturename, self.scope, scope)
+            val = setup()
+            cache[cachekey] = val
+            if teardown is not None:
+                def finalizer():
+                    del cache[cachekey]
+                    teardown(val)
+                self._addfinalizer(finalizer, scope=scope)
+        return val
+
+    def getfuncargvalue(self, argname):
+        """ Dynamically retrieve a named fixture function argument.
+
+        As of pytest-2.3, it is easier and usually better to access other
+        fixture values by stating it as an input argument in the fixture
+        function.  If you only can decide about using another fixture at test
+        setup time, you may use this function to retrieve it inside a fixture
+        function body.
+        """
+        return self._get_active_fixturedef(argname).cached_result[0]
+
+    def _get_active_fixturedef(self, argname):
+        try:
+            return self._fixturedefs[argname]
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                fixturedef = self._getnextfixturedef(argname)
+            except FixtureLookupError:
+                if argname == "request":
+                    class PseudoFixtureDef:
+                        cached_result = (self, [0], None)
+                        scope = "function"
+                    return PseudoFixtureDef
+                raise
+        # remove indent to prevent the python3 exception
+        # from leaking into the call
+        result = self._getfuncargvalue(fixturedef)
+        self._funcargs[argname] = result
+        self._fixturedefs[argname] = fixturedef
+        return fixturedef
+
+    def _get_fixturestack(self):
+        current = self
+        l = []
+        while 1:
+            fixturedef = getattr(current, "_fixturedef", None)
+            if fixturedef is None:
+                l.reverse()
+                return l
+            l.append(fixturedef)
+            current = current._parent_request
+
+    def _getfuncargvalue(self, fixturedef):
+        # prepare a subrequest object before calling fixture function
+        # (latter managed by fixturedef)
+        argname = fixturedef.argname
+        funcitem = self._pyfuncitem
+        scope = fixturedef.scope
+        try:
+            param = funcitem.callspec.getparam(argname)
+        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+            param = NOTSET
+            param_index = 0
+        else:
+            # indices might not be set if old-style metafunc.addcall() was used
+            param_index = funcitem.callspec.indices.get(argname, 0)
+            # if a parametrize invocation set a scope it will override
+            # the static scope defined with the fixture function
+            paramscopenum = funcitem.callspec._arg2scopenum.get(argname)
+            if paramscopenum is not None:
+                scope = scopes[paramscopenum]
+
+        subrequest = SubRequest(self, scope, param, param_index, fixturedef)
+
+        # check if a higher-level scoped fixture accesses a lower level one
+        subrequest._check_scope(argname, self.scope, scope)
+
+        # clear sys.exc_info before invoking the fixture (python bug?)
+        # if its not explicitly cleared it will leak into the call
+        exc_clear()
+        try:
+            # call the fixture function
+            val = fixturedef.execute(request=subrequest)
+        finally:
+            # if fixture function failed it might have registered finalizers
+            self.session._setupstate.addfinalizer(fixturedef.finish,
+                                                  subrequest.node)
+        return val
+
+    def _check_scope(self, argname, invoking_scope, requested_scope):
+        if argname == "request":
+            return
+        if scopemismatch(invoking_scope, requested_scope):
+            # try to report something helpful
+            lines = self._factorytraceback()
+            pytest.fail("ScopeMismatch: You tried to access the %r scoped "
+                "fixture %r with a %r scoped request object, "
+                "involved factories\n%s" %(
+                (requested_scope, argname, invoking_scope, "\n".join(lines))),
+                pytrace=False)
+
+    def _factorytraceback(self):
+        lines = []
+        for fixturedef in self._get_fixturestack():
+            factory = fixturedef.func
+            fs, lineno = getfslineno(factory)
+            p = self._pyfuncitem.session.fspath.bestrelpath(fs)
+            args = _format_args(factory)
+            lines.append("%s:%d:  def %s%s" %(
+                p, lineno, factory.__name__, args))
+        return lines
+
+    def _getscopeitem(self, scope):
+        if scope == "function":
+            # this might also be a non-function Item despite its attribute name
+            return self._pyfuncitem
+        node = get_scope_node(self._pyfuncitem, scope)
+        if node is None and scope == "class":
+            # fallback to function item itself
+            node = self._pyfuncitem
+        assert node
+        return node
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<FixtureRequest for %r>" %(self.node)
+
+
+class SubRequest(FixtureRequest):
+    """ a sub request for handling getting a fixture from a
+    test function/fixture. """
+    def __init__(self, request, scope, param, param_index, fixturedef):
+        self._parent_request = request
+        self.fixturename = fixturedef.argname
+        if param is not NOTSET:
+            self.param = param
+        self.param_index = param_index
+        self.scope = scope
+        self._fixturedef = fixturedef
+        self.addfinalizer = fixturedef.addfinalizer
+        self._pyfuncitem = request._pyfuncitem
+        self._funcargs  = request._funcargs
+        self._fixturedefs = request._fixturedefs
+        self._arg2fixturedefs = request._arg2fixturedefs
+        self._arg2index = request._arg2index
+        self.fixturenames = request.fixturenames
+        self._fixturemanager = request._fixturemanager
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<SubRequest %r for %r>" % (self.fixturename, self._pyfuncitem)
+
+
+class ScopeMismatchError(Exception):
+    """ A fixture function tries to use a different fixture function which
+    which has a lower scope (e.g. a Session one calls a function one)
+    """
+
+scopes = "session module class function".split()
+scopenum_function = scopes.index("function")
+def scopemismatch(currentscope, newscope):
+    return scopes.index(newscope) > scopes.index(currentscope)
+
+
+class FixtureLookupError(LookupError):
+    """ could not return a requested Fixture (missing or invalid). """
+    def __init__(self, argname, request, msg=None):
+        self.argname = argname
+        self.request = request
+        self.fixturestack = request._get_fixturestack()
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def formatrepr(self):
+        tblines = []
+        addline = tblines.append
+        stack = [self.request._pyfuncitem.obj]
+        stack.extend(map(lambda x: x.func, self.fixturestack))
+        msg = self.msg
+        if msg is not None:
+            # the last fixture raise an error, let's present
+            # it at the requesting side
+            stack = stack[:-1]
+        for function in stack:
+            fspath, lineno = getfslineno(function)
+            try:
+                lines, _ = inspect.getsourcelines(get_real_func(function))
+            except (IOError, IndexError):
+                error_msg = "file %s, line %s: source code not available"
+                addline(error_msg % (fspath, lineno+1))
+            else:
+                addline("file %s, line %s" % (fspath, lineno+1))
+                for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+                    line = line.rstrip()
+                    addline("  " + line)
+                    if line.lstrip().startswith('def'):
+                        break
+
+        if msg is None:
+            fm = self.request._fixturemanager
+            available = []
+            for name, fixturedef in fm._arg2fixturedefs.items():
+                parentid = self.request._pyfuncitem.parent.nodeid
+                faclist = list(fm._matchfactories(fixturedef, parentid))
+                if faclist:
+                    available.append(name)
+            msg = "fixture %r not found" % (self.argname,)
+            msg += "\n available fixtures: %s" %(", ".join(available),)
+            msg += "\n use 'py.test --fixtures [testpath]' for help on them."
+
+        return FixtureLookupErrorRepr(fspath, lineno, tblines, msg, self.argname)
+
+class FixtureLookupErrorRepr(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, filename, firstlineno, tblines, errorstring, argname):
+        self.tblines = tblines
+        self.errorstring = errorstring
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.firstlineno = firstlineno
+        self.argname = argname
+
+    def toterminal(self, tw):
+        #tw.line("FixtureLookupError: %s" %(self.argname), red=True)
+        for tbline in self.tblines:
+            tw.line(tbline.rstrip())
+        for line in self.errorstring.split("\n"):
+            tw.line("        " + line.strip(), red=True)
+        tw.line()
+        tw.line("%s:%d" % (self.filename, self.firstlineno+1))
+
+class FixtureManager:
+    """
+    pytest fixtures definitions and information is stored and managed
+    from this class.
+
+    During collection fm.parsefactories() is called multiple times to parse
+    fixture function definitions into FixtureDef objects and internal
+    data structures.
+
+    During collection of test functions, metafunc-mechanics instantiate
+    a FuncFixtureInfo object which is cached per node/func-name.
+    This FuncFixtureInfo object is later retrieved by Function nodes
+    which themselves offer a fixturenames attribute.
+
+    The FuncFixtureInfo object holds information about fixtures and FixtureDefs
+    relevant for a particular function.  An initial list of fixtures is
+    assembled like this:
+
+    - ini-defined usefixtures
+    - autouse-marked fixtures along the collection chain up from the function
+    - usefixtures markers at module/class/function level
+    - test function funcargs
+
+    Subsequently the funcfixtureinfo.fixturenames attribute is computed
+    as the closure of the fixtures needed to setup the initial fixtures,
+    i. e. fixtures needed by fixture functions themselves are appended
+    to the fixturenames list.
+
+    Upon the test-setup phases all fixturenames are instantiated, retrieved
+    by a lookup of their FuncFixtureInfo.
+    """
+
+    _argprefix = "pytest_funcarg__"
+    FixtureLookupError = FixtureLookupError
+    FixtureLookupErrorRepr = FixtureLookupErrorRepr
+
+    def __init__(self, session):
+        self.session = session
+        self.config = session.config
+        self._arg2fixturedefs = {}
+        self._holderobjseen = set()
+        self._arg2finish = {}
+        self._nodeid_and_autousenames = [("", self.config.getini("usefixtures"))]
+        session.config.pluginmanager.register(self, "funcmanage")
+
+
+    def getfixtureinfo(self, node, func, cls, funcargs=True):
+        if funcargs and not hasattr(node, "nofuncargs"):
+            if cls is not None:
+                startindex = 1
+            else:
+                startindex = None
+            argnames = getfuncargnames(func, startindex)
+        else:
+            argnames = ()
+        usefixtures = getattr(func, "usefixtures", None)
+        initialnames = argnames
+        if usefixtures is not None:
+            initialnames = usefixtures.args + initialnames
+        fm = node.session._fixturemanager
+        names_closure, arg2fixturedefs = fm.getfixtureclosure(initialnames,
+                                                              node)
+        return FuncFixtureInfo(argnames, names_closure, arg2fixturedefs)
+
+    def pytest_plugin_registered(self, plugin):
+        nodeid = None
+        try:
+            p = py.path.local(plugin.__file__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            # construct the base nodeid which is later used to check
+            # what fixtures are visible for particular tests (as denoted
+            # by their test id)
+            if p.basename.startswith("conftest.py"):
+                nodeid = p.dirpath().relto(self.config.rootdir)
+                if p.sep != "/":
+                    nodeid = nodeid.replace(p.sep, "/")
+        self.parsefactories(plugin, nodeid)
+
+    def _getautousenames(self, nodeid):
+        """ return a tuple of fixture names to be used. """
+        autousenames = []
+        for baseid, basenames in self._nodeid_and_autousenames:
+            if nodeid.startswith(baseid):
+                if baseid:
+                    i = len(baseid)
+                    nextchar = nodeid[i:i+1]
+                    if nextchar and nextchar not in ":/":
+                        continue
+                autousenames.extend(basenames)
+        # make sure autousenames are sorted by scope, scopenum 0 is session
+        autousenames.sort(
+            key=lambda x: self._arg2fixturedefs[x][-1].scopenum)
+        return autousenames
+
+    def getfixtureclosure(self, fixturenames, parentnode):
+        # collect the closure of all fixtures , starting with the given
+        # fixturenames as the initial set.  As we have to visit all
+        # factory definitions anyway, we also return a arg2fixturedefs
+        # mapping so that the caller can reuse it and does not have
+        # to re-discover fixturedefs again for each fixturename
+        # (discovering matching fixtures for a given name/node is expensive)
+
+        parentid = parentnode.nodeid
+        fixturenames_closure = self._getautousenames(parentid)
+        def merge(otherlist):
+            for arg in otherlist:
+                if arg not in fixturenames_closure:
+                    fixturenames_closure.append(arg)
+        merge(fixturenames)
+        arg2fixturedefs = {}
+        lastlen = -1
+        while lastlen != len(fixturenames_closure):
+            lastlen = len(fixturenames_closure)
+            for argname in fixturenames_closure:
+                if argname in arg2fixturedefs:
+                    continue
+                fixturedefs = self.getfixturedefs(argname, parentid)
+                if fixturedefs:
+                    arg2fixturedefs[argname] = fixturedefs
+                    merge(fixturedefs[-1].argnames)
+        return fixturenames_closure, arg2fixturedefs
+
+    def pytest_generate_tests(self, metafunc):
+        for argname in metafunc.fixturenames:
+            faclist = metafunc._arg2fixturedefs.get(argname)
+            if faclist:
+                fixturedef = faclist[-1]
+                if fixturedef.params is not None:
+                    func_params = getattr(getattr(metafunc.function, 'parametrize', None), 'args', [[None]])
+                    # skip directly parametrized arguments
+                    argnames = func_params[0]
+                    if not isinstance(argnames, (tuple, list)):
+                        argnames = [x.strip() for x in argnames.split(",") if x.strip()]
+                    if argname not in func_params and argname not in argnames:
+                        metafunc.parametrize(argname, fixturedef.params,
+                                             indirect=True, scope=fixturedef.scope,
+                                             ids=fixturedef.ids)
+            else:
+                continue # will raise FixtureLookupError at setup time
+
+    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self, items):
+        # separate parametrized setups
+        items[:] = reorder_items(items)
+
+    def parsefactories(self, node_or_obj, nodeid=NOTSET, unittest=False):
+        if nodeid is not NOTSET:
+            holderobj = node_or_obj
+        else:
+            holderobj = node_or_obj.obj
+            nodeid = node_or_obj.nodeid
+        if holderobj in self._holderobjseen:
+            return
+        self._holderobjseen.add(holderobj)
+        autousenames = []
+        for name in dir(holderobj):
+            obj = getattr(holderobj, name, None)
+            # fixture functions have a pytest_funcarg__ prefix (pre-2.3 style)
+            # or are "@pytest.fixture" marked
+            marker = getfixturemarker(obj)
+            if marker is None:
+                if not name.startswith(self._argprefix):
+                    continue
+                if not callable(obj):
+                    continue
+                marker = defaultfuncargprefixmarker
+                name = name[len(self._argprefix):]
+            elif not isinstance(marker, FixtureFunctionMarker):
+                # magic globals  with __getattr__ might have got us a wrong
+                # fixture attribute
+                continue
+            else:
+                assert not name.startswith(self._argprefix)
+            fixturedef = FixtureDef(self, nodeid, name, obj,
+                                    marker.scope, marker.params,
+                                    yieldctx=marker.yieldctx,
+                                    unittest=unittest, ids=marker.ids)
+            faclist = self._arg2fixturedefs.setdefault(name, [])
+            if fixturedef.has_location:
+                faclist.append(fixturedef)
+            else:
+                # fixturedefs with no location are at the front
+                # so this inserts the current fixturedef after the
+                # existing fixturedefs from external plugins but
+                # before the fixturedefs provided in conftests.
+                i = len([f for f in faclist if not f.has_location])
+                faclist.insert(i, fixturedef)
+            if marker.autouse:
+                autousenames.append(name)
+        if autousenames:
+            self._nodeid_and_autousenames.append((nodeid or '', autousenames))
+
+    def getfixturedefs(self, argname, nodeid):
+        try:
+            fixturedefs = self._arg2fixturedefs[argname]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return tuple(self._matchfactories(fixturedefs, nodeid))
+
+    def _matchfactories(self, fixturedefs, nodeid):
+        for fixturedef in fixturedefs:
+            if nodeid.startswith(fixturedef.baseid):
+                yield fixturedef
+
+
+def fail_fixturefunc(fixturefunc, msg):
+    fs, lineno = getfslineno(fixturefunc)
+    location = "%s:%s" % (fs, lineno+1)
+    source = _pytest._code.Source(fixturefunc)
+    pytest.fail(msg + ":\n\n" + str(source.indent()) + "\n" + location,
+                pytrace=False)
+
+def call_fixture_func(fixturefunc, request, kwargs, yieldctx):
+    if yieldctx:
+        if not is_generator(fixturefunc):
+            fail_fixturefunc(fixturefunc,
+                msg="yield_fixture requires yield statement in function")
+        iter = fixturefunc(**kwargs)
+        next = getattr(iter, "__next__", None)
+        if next is None:
+            next = getattr(iter, "next")
+        res = next()
+        def teardown():
+            try:
+                next()
+            except StopIteration:
+                pass
+            else:
+                fail_fixturefunc(fixturefunc,
+                    "yield_fixture function has more than one 'yield'")
+        request.addfinalizer(teardown)
+    else:
+        if is_generator(fixturefunc):
+            fail_fixturefunc(fixturefunc,
+                msg="pytest.fixture functions cannot use ``yield``. "
+                    "Instead write and return an inner function/generator "
+                    "and let the consumer call and iterate over it.")
+        res = fixturefunc(**kwargs)
+    return res
+
+class FixtureDef:
+    """ A container for a factory definition. """
+    def __init__(self, fixturemanager, baseid, argname, func, scope, params,
+                 yieldctx, unittest=False, ids=None):
+        self._fixturemanager = fixturemanager
+        self.baseid = baseid or ''
+        self.has_location = baseid is not None
+        self.func = func
+        self.argname = argname
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.scopenum = scopes.index(scope or "function")
+        self.params = params
+        startindex = unittest and 1 or None
+        self.argnames = getfuncargnames(func, startindex=startindex)
+        self.yieldctx = yieldctx
+        self.unittest = unittest
+        self.ids = ids
+        self._finalizer = []
+
+    def addfinalizer(self, finalizer):
+        self._finalizer.append(finalizer)
+
+    def finish(self):
+        try:
+            while self._finalizer:
+                func = self._finalizer.pop()
+                func()
+        finally:
+            # even if finalization fails, we invalidate
+            # the cached fixture value
+            if hasattr(self, "cached_result"):
+                del self.cached_result
+
+    def execute(self, request):
+        # get required arguments and register our own finish()
+        # with their finalization
+        kwargs = {}
+        for argname in self.argnames:
+            fixturedef = request._get_active_fixturedef(argname)
+            result, arg_cache_key, exc = fixturedef.cached_result
+            request._check_scope(argname, request.scope, fixturedef.scope)
+            kwargs[argname] = result
+            if argname != "request":
+                fixturedef.addfinalizer(self.finish)
+
+        my_cache_key = request.param_index
+        cached_result = getattr(self, "cached_result", None)
+        if cached_result is not None:
+            result, cache_key, err = cached_result
+            if my_cache_key == cache_key:
+                if err is not None:
+                    py.builtin._reraise(*err)
+                else:
+                    return result
+            # we have a previous but differently parametrized fixture instance
+            # so we need to tear it down before creating a new one
+            self.finish()
+            assert not hasattr(self, "cached_result")
+
+        fixturefunc = self.func
+
+        if self.unittest:
+            if request.instance is not None:
+                # bind the unbound method to the TestCase instance
+                fixturefunc = self.func.__get__(request.instance)
+        else:
+            # the fixture function needs to be bound to the actual
+            # request.instance so that code working with "self" behaves
+            # as expected.
+            if request.instance is not None:
+                fixturefunc = getimfunc(self.func)
+                if fixturefunc != self.func:
+                    fixturefunc = fixturefunc.__get__(request.instance)
+
+        try:
+            result = call_fixture_func(fixturefunc, request, kwargs,
+                                       self.yieldctx)
+        except Exception:
+            self.cached_result = (None, my_cache_key, sys.exc_info())
+            raise
+        self.cached_result = (result, my_cache_key, None)
+        return result
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ("<FixtureDef name=%r scope=%r baseid=%r >" %
+                (self.argname, self.scope, self.baseid))
+
+def num_mock_patch_args(function):
+    """ return number of arguments used up by mock arguments (if any) """
+    patchings = getattr(function, "patchings", None)
+    if not patchings:
+        return 0
+    mock = sys.modules.get("mock", sys.modules.get("unittest.mock", None))
+    if mock is not None:
+        return len([p for p in patchings
+                        if not p.attribute_name and p.new is mock.DEFAULT])
+    return len(patchings)
+
+
+def getfuncargnames(function, startindex=None):
+    # XXX merge with main.py's varnames
+    #assert not isclass(function)
+    realfunction = function
+    while hasattr(realfunction, "__wrapped__"):
+        realfunction = realfunction.__wrapped__
+    if startindex is None:
+        startindex = inspect.ismethod(function) and 1 or 0
+    if realfunction != function:
+        startindex += num_mock_patch_args(function)
+        function = realfunction
+    if isinstance(function, functools.partial):
+        argnames = inspect.getargs(_pytest._code.getrawcode(function.func))[0]
+        partial = function
+        argnames = argnames[len(partial.args):]
+        if partial.keywords:
+            for kw in partial.keywords:
+                argnames.remove(kw)
+    else:
+        argnames = inspect.getargs(_pytest._code.getrawcode(function))[0]
+    defaults = getattr(function, 'func_defaults',
+                       getattr(function, '__defaults__', None)) or ()
+    numdefaults = len(defaults)
+    if numdefaults:
+        return tuple(argnames[startindex:-numdefaults])
+    return tuple(argnames[startindex:])
+
+# algorithm for sorting on a per-parametrized resource setup basis
+# it is called for scopenum==0 (session) first and performs sorting
+# down to the lower scopes such as to minimize number of "high scope"
+# setups and teardowns
+
+def reorder_items(items):
+    argkeys_cache = {}
+    for scopenum in range(0, scopenum_function):
+        argkeys_cache[scopenum] = d = {}
+        for item in items:
+            keys = set(get_parametrized_fixture_keys(item, scopenum))
+            if keys:
+                d[item] = keys
+    return reorder_items_atscope(items, set(), argkeys_cache, 0)
+
+def reorder_items_atscope(items, ignore, argkeys_cache, scopenum):
+    if scopenum >= scopenum_function or len(items) < 3:
+        return items
+    items_done = []
+    while 1:
+        items_before, items_same, items_other, newignore = \
+                slice_items(items, ignore, argkeys_cache[scopenum])
+        items_before = reorder_items_atscope(
+                            items_before, ignore, argkeys_cache,scopenum+1)
+        if items_same is None:
+            # nothing to reorder in this scope
+            assert items_other is None
+            return items_done + items_before
+        items_done.extend(items_before)
+        items = items_same + items_other
+        ignore = newignore
+
+
+def slice_items(items, ignore, scoped_argkeys_cache):
+    # we pick the first item which uses a fixture instance in the
+    # requested scope and which we haven't seen yet.  We slice the input
+    # items list into a list of items_nomatch, items_same and
+    # items_other
+    if scoped_argkeys_cache:  # do we need to do work at all?
+        it = iter(items)
+        # first find a slicing key
+        for i, item in enumerate(it):
+            argkeys = scoped_argkeys_cache.get(item)
+            if argkeys is not None:
+                argkeys = argkeys.difference(ignore)
+                if argkeys:  # found a slicing key
+                    slicing_argkey = argkeys.pop()
+                    items_before = items[:i]
+                    items_same = [item]
+                    items_other = []
+                    # now slice the remainder of the list
+                    for item in it:
+                        argkeys = scoped_argkeys_cache.get(item)
+                        if argkeys and slicing_argkey in argkeys and \
+                            slicing_argkey not in ignore:
+                            items_same.append(item)
+                        else:
+                            items_other.append(item)
+                    newignore = ignore.copy()
+                    newignore.add(slicing_argkey)
+                    return (items_before, items_same, items_other, newignore)
+    return items, None, None, None
+
+def get_parametrized_fixture_keys(item, scopenum):
+    """ return list of keys for all parametrized arguments which match
+    the specified scope. """
+    assert scopenum < scopenum_function  # function
+    try:
+        cs = item.callspec
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        # cs.indictes.items() is random order of argnames but
+        # then again different functions (items) can change order of
+        # arguments so it doesn't matter much probably
+        for argname, param_index in cs.indices.items():
+            if cs._arg2scopenum[argname] != scopenum:
+                continue
+            if scopenum == 0:    # session
+                key = (argname, param_index)
+            elif scopenum == 1:  # module
+                key = (argname, param_index, item.fspath)
+            elif scopenum == 2:  # class
+                key = (argname, param_index, item.fspath, item.cls)
+            yield key
+
+
+def xunitsetup(obj, name):
+    meth = getattr(obj, name, None)
+    if getfixturemarker(meth) is None:
+        return meth
+
+def getfixturemarker(obj):
+    """ return fixturemarker or None if it doesn't exist or raised
+    exceptions."""
+    try:
+        return getattr(obj, "_pytestfixturefunction", None)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        raise
+    except Exception:
+        # some objects raise errors like request (from flask import request)
+        # we don't expect them to be fixture functions
+        return None
+
+scopename2class = {
+    'class': Class,
+    'module': Module,
+    'function': pytest.Item,
+}
+def get_scope_node(node, scope):
+    cls = scopename2class.get(scope)
+    if cls is None:
+        if scope == "session":
+            return node.session
+        raise ValueError("unknown scope")
+    return node.getparent(cls)
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/recwarn.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/recwarn.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a89474c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/recwarn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+""" recording warnings during test function execution. """
+
+import inspect
+
+import _pytest._code
+import py
+import sys
+import warnings
+import pytest
+
+
+@pytest.yield_fixture
+def recwarn(request):
+    """Return a WarningsRecorder instance that provides these methods:
+
+    * ``pop(category=None)``: return last warning matching the category.
+    * ``clear()``: clear list of warnings
+
+    See http://docs.python.org/library/warnings.html for information
+    on warning categories.
+    """
+    wrec = WarningsRecorder()
+    with wrec:
+        warnings.simplefilter('default')
+        yield wrec
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    return {'deprecated_call': deprecated_call,
+            'warns': warns}
+
+
+def deprecated_call(func=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    """ assert that calling ``func(*args, **kwargs)`` triggers a
+    ``DeprecationWarning`` or ``PendingDeprecationWarning``.
+
+    This function can be used as a context manager::
+
+        >>> with deprecated_call():
+        ...    myobject.deprecated_method()
+
+    Note: we cannot use WarningsRecorder here because it is still subject
+    to the mechanism that prevents warnings of the same type from being
+    triggered twice for the same module. See #1190.
+    """
+    if not func:
+        return WarningsChecker(expected_warning=DeprecationWarning)
+
+    categories = []
+
+    def warn_explicit(message, category, *args, **kwargs):
+        categories.append(category)
+        old_warn_explicit(message, category, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def warn(message, category=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(message, Warning):
+            categories.append(message.__class__)
+        else:
+            categories.append(category)
+        old_warn(message, category, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    old_warn = warnings.warn
+    old_warn_explicit = warnings.warn_explicit
+    warnings.warn_explicit = warn_explicit
+    warnings.warn = warn
+    try:
+        ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    finally:
+        warnings.warn_explicit = old_warn_explicit
+        warnings.warn = old_warn
+    deprecation_categories = (DeprecationWarning, PendingDeprecationWarning)
+    if not any(issubclass(c, deprecation_categories) for c in categories):
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        raise AssertionError("%r did not produce DeprecationWarning" % (func,))
+    return ret
+
+
+def warns(expected_warning, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Assert that code raises a particular class of warning.
+
+    Specifically, the input @expected_warning can be a warning class or
+    tuple of warning classes, and the code must return that warning
+    (if a single class) or one of those warnings (if a tuple).
+
+    This helper produces a list of ``warnings.WarningMessage`` objects,
+    one for each warning raised.
+
+    This function can be used as a context manager, or any of the other ways
+    ``pytest.raises`` can be used::
+
+        >>> with warns(RuntimeWarning):
+        ...    warnings.warn("my warning", RuntimeWarning)
+    """
+    wcheck = WarningsChecker(expected_warning)
+    if not args:
+        return wcheck
+    elif isinstance(args[0], str):
+        code, = args
+        assert isinstance(code, str)
+        frame = sys._getframe(1)
+        loc = frame.f_locals.copy()
+        loc.update(kwargs)
+
+        with wcheck:
+            code = _pytest._code.Source(code).compile()
+            py.builtin.exec_(code, frame.f_globals, loc)
+    else:
+        func = args[0]
+        with wcheck:
+            return func(*args[1:], **kwargs)
+
+
+class RecordedWarning(object):
+    def __init__(self, message, category, filename, lineno, file, line):
+        self.message = message
+        self.category = category
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.file = file
+        self.line = line
+
+
+class WarningsRecorder(object):
+    """A context manager to record raised warnings.
+
+    Adapted from `warnings.catch_warnings`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, module=None):
+        self._module = sys.modules['warnings'] if module is None else module
+        self._entered = False
+        self._list = []
+
+    @property
+    def list(self):
+        """The list of recorded warnings."""
+        return self._list
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        """Get a recorded warning by index."""
+        return self._list[i]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate through the recorded warnings."""
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """The number of recorded warnings."""
+        return len(self._list)
+
+    def pop(self, cls=Warning):
+        """Pop the first recorded warning, raise exception if not exists."""
+        for i, w in enumerate(self._list):
+            if issubclass(w.category, cls):
+                return self._list.pop(i)
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        raise AssertionError("%r not found in warning list" % cls)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear the list of recorded warnings."""
+        self._list[:] = []
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._entered:
+            __tracebackhide__ = True
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot enter %r twice" % self)
+        self._entered = True
+        self._filters = self._module.filters
+        self._module.filters = self._filters[:]
+        self._showwarning = self._module.showwarning
+
+        def showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno,
+                        file=None, line=None):
+            self._list.append(RecordedWarning(
+                message, category, filename, lineno, file, line))
+
+            # still perform old showwarning functionality
+            self._showwarning(
+                message, category, filename, lineno, file=file, line=line)
+
+        self._module.showwarning = showwarning
+
+        # allow the same warning to be raised more than once
+
+        self._module.simplefilter('always')
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        if not self._entered:
+            __tracebackhide__ = True
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot exit %r without entering first" % self)
+        self._module.filters = self._filters
+        self._module.showwarning = self._showwarning
+
+
+class WarningsChecker(WarningsRecorder):
+    def __init__(self, expected_warning=None, module=None):
+        super(WarningsChecker, self).__init__(module=module)
+
+        msg = ("exceptions must be old-style classes or "
+               "derived from Warning, not %s")
+        if isinstance(expected_warning, tuple):
+            for exc in expected_warning:
+                if not inspect.isclass(exc):
+                    raise TypeError(msg % type(exc))
+        elif inspect.isclass(expected_warning):
+            expected_warning = (expected_warning,)
+        elif expected_warning is not None:
+            raise TypeError(msg % type(expected_warning))
+
+        self.expected_warning = expected_warning
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        super(WarningsChecker, self).__exit__(*exc_info)
+
+        # only check if we're not currently handling an exception
+        if all(a is None for a in exc_info):
+            if self.expected_warning is not None:
+                if not any(r.category in self.expected_warning for r in self):
+                    __tracebackhide__ = True
+                    pytest.fail("DID NOT WARN")
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/resultlog.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/resultlog.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3670f0214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/resultlog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+""" log machine-parseable test session result information in a plain
+text file.
+"""
+
+import py
+import os
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("terminal reporting", "resultlog plugin options")
+    group.addoption('--resultlog', '--result-log', action="store",
+        metavar="path", default=None,
+        help="path for machine-readable result log.")
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    resultlog = config.option.resultlog
+    # prevent opening resultlog on slave nodes (xdist)
+    if resultlog and not hasattr(config, 'slaveinput'):
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(resultlog))
+        if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            os.makedirs(dirname)
+        logfile = open(resultlog, 'w', 1) # line buffered
+        config._resultlog = ResultLog(config, logfile)
+        config.pluginmanager.register(config._resultlog)
+
+def pytest_unconfigure(config):
+    resultlog = getattr(config, '_resultlog', None)
+    if resultlog:
+        resultlog.logfile.close()
+        del config._resultlog
+        config.pluginmanager.unregister(resultlog)
+
+def generic_path(item):
+    chain = item.listchain()
+    gpath = [chain[0].name]
+    fspath = chain[0].fspath
+    fspart = False
+    for node in chain[1:]:
+        newfspath = node.fspath
+        if newfspath == fspath:
+            if fspart:
+                gpath.append(':')
+                fspart = False
+            else:
+                gpath.append('.')
+        else:
+            gpath.append('/')
+            fspart = True
+        name = node.name
+        if name[0] in '([':
+            gpath.pop()
+        gpath.append(name)
+        fspath = newfspath
+    return ''.join(gpath)
+
+class ResultLog(object):
+    def __init__(self, config, logfile):
+        self.config = config
+        self.logfile = logfile # preferably line buffered
+
+    def write_log_entry(self, testpath, lettercode, longrepr):
+        py.builtin.print_("%s %s" % (lettercode, testpath), file=self.logfile)
+        for line in longrepr.splitlines():
+            py.builtin.print_(" %s" % line, file=self.logfile)
+
+    def log_outcome(self, report, lettercode, longrepr):
+        testpath = getattr(report, 'nodeid', None)
+        if testpath is None:
+            testpath = report.fspath
+        self.write_log_entry(testpath, lettercode, longrepr)
+
+    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report):
+        if report.when != "call" and report.passed:
+            return
+        res = self.config.hook.pytest_report_teststatus(report=report)
+        code = res[1]
+        if code == 'x':
+            longrepr = str(report.longrepr)
+        elif code == 'X':
+            longrepr = ''
+        elif report.passed:
+            longrepr = ""
+        elif report.failed:
+            longrepr = str(report.longrepr)
+        elif report.skipped:
+            longrepr = str(report.longrepr[2])
+        self.log_outcome(report, code, longrepr)
+
+    def pytest_collectreport(self, report):
+        if not report.passed:
+            if report.failed:
+                code = "F"
+                longrepr = str(report.longrepr)
+            else:
+                assert report.skipped
+                code = "S"
+                longrepr = "%s:%d: %s" % report.longrepr
+            self.log_outcome(report, code, longrepr)
+
+    def pytest_internalerror(self, excrepr):
+        reprcrash = getattr(excrepr, 'reprcrash', None)
+        path = getattr(reprcrash, "path", None)
+        if path is None:
+            path = "cwd:%s" % py.path.local()
+        self.write_log_entry(path, '!', str(excrepr))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/runner.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cde94c8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+""" basic collect and runtest protocol implementations """
+import bdb
+import sys
+from time import time
+
+import py
+import pytest
+from _pytest._code.code import TerminalRepr, ExceptionInfo
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    return {
+        'fail'         : fail,
+        'skip'         : skip,
+        'importorskip' : importorskip,
+        'exit'         : exit,
+    }
+
+#
+# pytest plugin hooks
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("terminal reporting", "reporting", after="general")
+    group.addoption('--durations',
+         action="store", type=int, default=None, metavar="N",
+         help="show N slowest setup/test durations (N=0 for all)."),
+
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter):
+    durations = terminalreporter.config.option.durations
+    if durations is None:
+        return
+    tr = terminalreporter
+    dlist = []
+    for replist in tr.stats.values():
+        for rep in replist:
+            if hasattr(rep, 'duration'):
+                dlist.append(rep)
+    if not dlist:
+        return
+    dlist.sort(key=lambda x: x.duration)
+    dlist.reverse()
+    if not durations:
+        tr.write_sep("=", "slowest test durations")
+    else:
+        tr.write_sep("=", "slowest %s test durations" % durations)
+        dlist = dlist[:durations]
+
+    for rep in dlist:
+        nodeid = rep.nodeid.replace("::()::", "::")
+        tr.write_line("%02.2fs %-8s %s" %
+            (rep.duration, rep.when, nodeid))
+
+def pytest_sessionstart(session):
+    session._setupstate = SetupState()
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session):
+    session._setupstate.teardown_all()
+
+class NodeInfo:
+    def __init__(self, location):
+        self.location = location
+
+def pytest_runtest_protocol(item, nextitem):
+    item.ihook.pytest_runtest_logstart(
+        nodeid=item.nodeid, location=item.location,
+    )
+    runtestprotocol(item, nextitem=nextitem)
+    return True
+
+def runtestprotocol(item, log=True, nextitem=None):
+    hasrequest = hasattr(item, "_request")
+    if hasrequest and not item._request:
+        item._initrequest()
+    rep = call_and_report(item, "setup", log)
+    reports = [rep]
+    if rep.passed:
+        reports.append(call_and_report(item, "call", log))
+    reports.append(call_and_report(item, "teardown", log,
+        nextitem=nextitem))
+    # after all teardown hooks have been called
+    # want funcargs and request info to go away
+    if hasrequest:
+        item._request = False
+        item.funcargs = None
+    return reports
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    item.session._setupstate.prepare(item)
+
+def pytest_runtest_call(item):
+    try:
+        item.runtest()
+    except Exception:
+        # Store trace info to allow postmortem debugging
+        type, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+        tb = tb.tb_next  # Skip *this* frame
+        sys.last_type = type
+        sys.last_value = value
+        sys.last_traceback = tb
+        del tb  # Get rid of it in this namespace
+        raise
+
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item, nextitem):
+    item.session._setupstate.teardown_exact(item, nextitem)
+
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report):
+    if report.when in ("setup", "teardown"):
+        if report.failed:
+            #      category, shortletter, verbose-word
+            return "error", "E", "ERROR"
+        elif report.skipped:
+            return "skipped", "s", "SKIPPED"
+        else:
+            return "", "", ""
+
+
+#
+# Implementation
+
+def call_and_report(item, when, log=True, **kwds):
+    call = call_runtest_hook(item, when, **kwds)
+    hook = item.ihook
+    report = hook.pytest_runtest_makereport(item=item, call=call)
+    if log:
+        hook.pytest_runtest_logreport(report=report)
+    if check_interactive_exception(call, report):
+        hook.pytest_exception_interact(node=item, call=call, report=report)
+    return report
+
+def check_interactive_exception(call, report):
+    return call.excinfo and not (
+                hasattr(report, "wasxfail") or
+                call.excinfo.errisinstance(skip.Exception) or
+                call.excinfo.errisinstance(bdb.BdbQuit))
+
+def call_runtest_hook(item, when, **kwds):
+    hookname = "pytest_runtest_" + when
+    ihook = getattr(item.ihook, hookname)
+    return CallInfo(lambda: ihook(item=item, **kwds), when=when)
+
+class CallInfo:
+    """ Result/Exception info a function invocation. """
+    #: None or ExceptionInfo object.
+    excinfo = None
+    def __init__(self, func, when):
+        #: context of invocation: one of "setup", "call",
+        #: "teardown", "memocollect"
+        self.when = when
+        self.start = time()
+        try:
+            self.result = func()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            self.stop = time()
+            raise
+        except:
+            self.excinfo = ExceptionInfo()
+        self.stop = time()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.excinfo:
+            status = "exception: %s" % str(self.excinfo.value)
+        else:
+            status = "result: %r" % (self.result,)
+        return "<CallInfo when=%r %s>" % (self.when, status)
+
+def getslaveinfoline(node):
+    try:
+        return node._slaveinfocache
+    except AttributeError:
+        d = node.slaveinfo
+        ver = "%s.%s.%s" % d['version_info'][:3]
+        node._slaveinfocache = s = "[%s] %s -- Python %s %s" % (
+            d['id'], d['sysplatform'], ver, d['executable'])
+        return s
+
+class BaseReport(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        self.__dict__.update(kw)
+
+    def toterminal(self, out):
+        if hasattr(self, 'node'):
+            out.line(getslaveinfoline(self.node))
+
+        longrepr = self.longrepr
+        if longrepr is None:
+            return
+
+        if hasattr(longrepr, 'toterminal'):
+            longrepr.toterminal(out)
+        else:
+            try:
+                out.line(longrepr)
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                out.line("<unprintable longrepr>")
+
+    def get_sections(self, prefix):
+        for name, content in self.sections:
+            if name.startswith(prefix):
+                yield prefix, content
+
+    passed = property(lambda x: x.outcome == "passed")
+    failed = property(lambda x: x.outcome == "failed")
+    skipped = property(lambda x: x.outcome == "skipped")
+
+    @property
+    def fspath(self):
+        return self.nodeid.split("::")[0]
+
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
+    when = call.when
+    duration = call.stop-call.start
+    keywords = dict([(x,1) for x in item.keywords])
+    excinfo = call.excinfo
+    sections = []
+    if not call.excinfo:
+        outcome = "passed"
+        longrepr = None
+    else:
+        if not isinstance(excinfo, ExceptionInfo):
+            outcome = "failed"
+            longrepr = excinfo
+        elif excinfo.errisinstance(pytest.skip.Exception):
+            outcome = "skipped"
+            r = excinfo._getreprcrash()
+            longrepr = (str(r.path), r.lineno, r.message)
+        else:
+            outcome = "failed"
+            if call.when == "call":
+                longrepr = item.repr_failure(excinfo)
+            else: # exception in setup or teardown
+                longrepr = item._repr_failure_py(excinfo,
+                                            style=item.config.option.tbstyle)
+    for rwhen, key, content in item._report_sections:
+        sections.append(("Captured %s %s" %(key, rwhen), content))
+    return TestReport(item.nodeid, item.location,
+                      keywords, outcome, longrepr, when,
+                      sections, duration)
+
+class TestReport(BaseReport):
+    """ Basic test report object (also used for setup and teardown calls if
+    they fail).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, nodeid, location, keywords, outcome,
+                 longrepr, when, sections=(), duration=0, **extra):
+        #: normalized collection node id
+        self.nodeid = nodeid
+
+        #: a (filesystempath, lineno, domaininfo) tuple indicating the
+        #: actual location of a test item - it might be different from the
+        #: collected one e.g. if a method is inherited from a different module.
+        self.location = location
+
+        #: a name -> value dictionary containing all keywords and
+        #: markers associated with a test invocation.
+        self.keywords = keywords
+
+        #: test outcome, always one of "passed", "failed", "skipped".
+        self.outcome = outcome
+
+        #: None or a failure representation.
+        self.longrepr = longrepr
+
+        #: one of 'setup', 'call', 'teardown' to indicate runtest phase.
+        self.when = when
+
+        #: list of (secname, data) extra information which needs to
+        #: marshallable
+        self.sections = list(sections)
+
+        #: time it took to run just the test
+        self.duration = duration
+
+        self.__dict__.update(extra)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<TestReport %r when=%r outcome=%r>" % (
+            self.nodeid, self.when, self.outcome)
+
+class TeardownErrorReport(BaseReport):
+    outcome = "failed"
+    when = "teardown"
+    def __init__(self, longrepr, **extra):
+        self.longrepr = longrepr
+        self.sections = []
+        self.__dict__.update(extra)
+
+def pytest_make_collect_report(collector):
+    call = CallInfo(collector._memocollect, "memocollect")
+    longrepr = None
+    if not call.excinfo:
+        outcome = "passed"
+    else:
+        from _pytest import nose
+        skip_exceptions = (Skipped,) + nose.get_skip_exceptions()
+        if call.excinfo.errisinstance(skip_exceptions):
+            outcome = "skipped"
+            r = collector._repr_failure_py(call.excinfo, "line").reprcrash
+            longrepr = (str(r.path), r.lineno, r.message)
+        else:
+            outcome = "failed"
+            errorinfo = collector.repr_failure(call.excinfo)
+            if not hasattr(errorinfo, "toterminal"):
+                errorinfo = CollectErrorRepr(errorinfo)
+            longrepr = errorinfo
+    rep = CollectReport(collector.nodeid, outcome, longrepr,
+        getattr(call, 'result', None))
+    rep.call = call  # see collect_one_node
+    return rep
+
+
+class CollectReport(BaseReport):
+    def __init__(self, nodeid, outcome, longrepr, result,
+                 sections=(), **extra):
+        self.nodeid = nodeid
+        self.outcome = outcome
+        self.longrepr = longrepr
+        self.result = result or []
+        self.sections = list(sections)
+        self.__dict__.update(extra)
+
+    @property
+    def location(self):
+        return (self.fspath, None, self.fspath)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<CollectReport %r lenresult=%s outcome=%r>" % (
+                self.nodeid, len(self.result), self.outcome)
+
+class CollectErrorRepr(TerminalRepr):
+    def __init__(self, msg):
+        self.longrepr = msg
+    def toterminal(self, out):
+        out.line(self.longrepr, red=True)
+
+class SetupState(object):
+    """ shared state for setting up/tearing down test items or collectors. """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.stack = []
+        self._finalizers = {}
+
+    def addfinalizer(self, finalizer, colitem):
+        """ attach a finalizer to the given colitem.
+        if colitem is None, this will add a finalizer that
+        is called at the end of teardown_all().
+        """
+        assert colitem and not isinstance(colitem, tuple)
+        assert py.builtin.callable(finalizer)
+        #assert colitem in self.stack  # some unit tests don't setup stack :/
+        self._finalizers.setdefault(colitem, []).append(finalizer)
+
+    def _pop_and_teardown(self):
+        colitem = self.stack.pop()
+        self._teardown_with_finalization(colitem)
+
+    def _callfinalizers(self, colitem):
+        finalizers = self._finalizers.pop(colitem, None)
+        exc = None
+        while finalizers:
+            fin = finalizers.pop()
+            try:
+                fin()
+            except Exception:
+                # XXX Only first exception will be seen by user,
+                #     ideally all should be reported.
+                if exc is None:
+                    exc = sys.exc_info()
+        if exc:
+            py.builtin._reraise(*exc)
+
+    def _teardown_with_finalization(self, colitem):
+        self._callfinalizers(colitem)
+        if hasattr(colitem, "teardown"):
+            colitem.teardown()
+        for colitem in self._finalizers:
+            assert colitem is None or colitem in self.stack \
+             or isinstance(colitem, tuple)
+
+    def teardown_all(self):
+        while self.stack:
+            self._pop_and_teardown()
+        for key in list(self._finalizers):
+            self._teardown_with_finalization(key)
+        assert not self._finalizers
+
+    def teardown_exact(self, item, nextitem):
+        needed_collectors = nextitem and nextitem.listchain() or []
+        self._teardown_towards(needed_collectors)
+
+    def _teardown_towards(self, needed_collectors):
+        while self.stack:
+            if self.stack == needed_collectors[:len(self.stack)]:
+                break
+            self._pop_and_teardown()
+
+    def prepare(self, colitem):
+        """ setup objects along the collector chain to the test-method
+            and teardown previously setup objects."""
+        needed_collectors = colitem.listchain()
+        self._teardown_towards(needed_collectors)
+
+        # check if the last collection node has raised an error
+        for col in self.stack:
+            if hasattr(col, '_prepare_exc'):
+                py.builtin._reraise(*col._prepare_exc)
+        for col in needed_collectors[len(self.stack):]:
+            self.stack.append(col)
+            try:
+                col.setup()
+            except Exception:
+                col._prepare_exc = sys.exc_info()
+                raise
+
+def collect_one_node(collector):
+    ihook = collector.ihook
+    ihook.pytest_collectstart(collector=collector)
+    rep = ihook.pytest_make_collect_report(collector=collector)
+    call = rep.__dict__.pop("call", None)
+    if call and check_interactive_exception(call, rep):
+        ihook.pytest_exception_interact(node=collector, call=call, report=rep)
+    return rep
+
+
+# =============================================================
+# Test OutcomeExceptions and helpers for creating them.
+
+
+class OutcomeException(Exception):
+    """ OutcomeException and its subclass instances indicate and
+        contain info about test and collection outcomes.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, msg=None, pytrace=True):
+        Exception.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.pytrace = pytrace
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.msg:
+            val = self.msg
+            if isinstance(val, bytes):
+                val = py._builtin._totext(val, errors='replace')
+            return val
+        return "<%s instance>" %(self.__class__.__name__,)
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+class Skipped(OutcomeException):
+    # XXX hackish: on 3k we fake to live in the builtins
+    # in order to have Skipped exception printing shorter/nicer
+    __module__ = 'builtins'
+
+class Failed(OutcomeException):
+    """ raised from an explicit call to pytest.fail() """
+    __module__ = 'builtins'
+
+class Exit(KeyboardInterrupt):
+    """ raised for immediate program exits (no tracebacks/summaries)"""
+    def __init__(self, msg="unknown reason"):
+        self.msg = msg
+        KeyboardInterrupt.__init__(self, msg)
+
+# exposed helper methods
+
+def exit(msg):
+    """ exit testing process as if KeyboardInterrupt was triggered. """
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    raise Exit(msg)
+
+exit.Exception = Exit
+
+def skip(msg=""):
+    """ skip an executing test with the given message.  Note: it's usually
+    better to use the pytest.mark.skipif marker to declare a test to be
+    skipped under certain conditions like mismatching platforms or
+    dependencies.  See the pytest_skipping plugin for details.
+    """
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    raise Skipped(msg=msg)
+skip.Exception = Skipped
+
+def fail(msg="", pytrace=True):
+    """ explicitly fail an currently-executing test with the given Message.
+
+    :arg pytrace: if false the msg represents the full failure information
+                  and no python traceback will be reported.
+    """
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    raise Failed(msg=msg, pytrace=pytrace)
+fail.Exception = Failed
+
+
+def importorskip(modname, minversion=None):
+    """ return imported module if it has at least "minversion" as its
+    __version__ attribute.  If no minversion is specified the a skip
+    is only triggered if the module can not be imported.
+    """
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    compile(modname, '', 'eval') # to catch syntaxerrors
+    try:
+        __import__(modname)
+    except ImportError:
+        skip("could not import %r" %(modname,))
+    mod = sys.modules[modname]
+    if minversion is None:
+        return mod
+    verattr = getattr(mod, '__version__', None)
+    if minversion is not None:
+        try:
+            from pkg_resources import parse_version as pv
+        except ImportError:
+            skip("we have a required version for %r but can not import "
+                 "no pkg_resources to parse version strings." %(modname,))
+        if verattr is None or pv(verattr) < pv(minversion):
+            skip("module %r has __version__ %r, required is: %r" %(
+                 modname, verattr, minversion))
+    return mod
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/skipping.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/skipping.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18e038d2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/skipping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+""" support for skip/xfail functions and markers. """
+import os
+import sys
+import traceback
+
+import py
+import pytest
+from _pytest.mark import MarkInfo, MarkDecorator
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("general")
+    group.addoption('--runxfail',
+           action="store_true", dest="runxfail", default=False,
+           help="run tests even if they are marked xfail")
+
+    parser.addini("xfail_strict", "default for the strict parameter of xfail "
+                                  "markers when not given explicitly (default: "
+                                  "False)",
+                                  default=False,
+                                  type="bool")
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    if config.option.runxfail:
+        old = pytest.xfail
+        config._cleanup.append(lambda: setattr(pytest, "xfail", old))
+        def nop(*args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+        nop.Exception = XFailed
+        setattr(pytest, "xfail", nop)
+
+    config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+        "skip(reason=None): skip the given test function with an optional reason. "
+        "Example: skip(reason=\"no way of currently testing this\") skips the "
+        "test."
+    )
+    config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+        "skipif(condition): skip the given test function if eval(condition) "
+        "results in a True value.  Evaluation happens within the "
+        "module global context. Example: skipif('sys.platform == \"win32\"') "
+        "skips the test if we are on the win32 platform. see "
+        "http://pytest.org/latest/skipping.html"
+    )
+    config.addinivalue_line("markers",
+        "xfail(condition, reason=None, run=True, raises=None, strict=False): "
+        "mark the the test function as an expected failure if eval(condition) "
+        "has a True value. Optionally specify a reason for better reporting "
+        "and run=False if you don't even want to execute the test function. "
+        "If only specific exception(s) are expected, you can list them in "
+        "raises, and if the test fails in other ways, it will be reported as "
+        "a true failure. See http://pytest.org/latest/skipping.html"
+    )
+
+
+def pytest_namespace():
+    return dict(xfail=xfail)
+
+
+class XFailed(pytest.fail.Exception):
+    """ raised from an explicit call to pytest.xfail() """
+
+
+def xfail(reason=""):
+    """ xfail an executing test or setup functions with the given reason."""
+    __tracebackhide__ = True
+    raise XFailed(reason)
+xfail.Exception = XFailed
+
+
+class MarkEvaluator:
+    def __init__(self, item, name):
+        self.item = item
+        self.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def holder(self):
+        return self.item.keywords.get(self.name)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.holder)
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def wasvalid(self):
+        return not hasattr(self, 'exc')
+
+    def invalidraise(self, exc):
+        raises = self.get('raises')
+        if not raises:
+            return
+        return not isinstance(exc, raises)
+
+    def istrue(self):
+        try:
+            return self._istrue()
+        except Exception:
+            self.exc = sys.exc_info()
+            if isinstance(self.exc[1], SyntaxError):
+                msg = [" " * (self.exc[1].offset + 4) + "^",]
+                msg.append("SyntaxError: invalid syntax")
+            else:
+                msg = traceback.format_exception_only(*self.exc[:2])
+            pytest.fail("Error evaluating %r expression\n"
+                        "    %s\n"
+                        "%s"
+                        %(self.name, self.expr, "\n".join(msg)),
+                        pytrace=False)
+
+    def _getglobals(self):
+        d = {'os': os, 'sys': sys, 'config': self.item.config}
+        func = self.item.obj
+        try:
+            d.update(func.__globals__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            d.update(func.func_globals)
+        return d
+
+    def _istrue(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'result'):
+            return self.result
+        if self.holder:
+            d = self._getglobals()
+            if self.holder.args or 'condition' in self.holder.kwargs:
+                self.result = False
+                # "holder" might be a MarkInfo or a MarkDecorator; only
+                # MarkInfo keeps track of all parameters it received in an
+                # _arglist attribute
+                if hasattr(self.holder, '_arglist'):
+                    arglist = self.holder._arglist
+                else:
+                    arglist = [(self.holder.args, self.holder.kwargs)]
+                for args, kwargs in arglist:
+                    if 'condition' in kwargs:
+                        args = (kwargs['condition'],)
+                    for expr in args:
+                        self.expr = expr
+                        if isinstance(expr, py.builtin._basestring):
+                            result = cached_eval(self.item.config, expr, d)
+                        else:
+                            if "reason" not in kwargs:
+                                # XXX better be checked at collection time
+                                msg = "you need to specify reason=STRING " \
+                                      "when using booleans as conditions."
+                                pytest.fail(msg)
+                            result = bool(expr)
+                        if result:
+                            self.result = True
+                            self.reason = kwargs.get('reason', None)
+                            self.expr = expr
+                            return self.result
+            else:
+                self.result = True
+        return getattr(self, 'result', False)
+
+    def get(self, attr, default=None):
+        return self.holder.kwargs.get(attr, default)
+
+    def getexplanation(self):
+        expl = getattr(self, 'reason', None) or self.get('reason', None)
+        if not expl:
+            if not hasattr(self, 'expr'):
+                return ""
+            else:
+                return "condition: " + str(self.expr)
+        return expl
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    # Check if skip or skipif are specified as pytest marks
+
+    skipif_info = item.keywords.get('skipif')
+    if isinstance(skipif_info, (MarkInfo, MarkDecorator)):
+        eval_skipif = MarkEvaluator(item, 'skipif')
+        if eval_skipif.istrue():
+            item._evalskip = eval_skipif
+            pytest.skip(eval_skipif.getexplanation())
+
+    skip_info = item.keywords.get('skip')
+    if isinstance(skip_info, (MarkInfo, MarkDecorator)):
+        item._evalskip = True
+        if 'reason' in skip_info.kwargs:
+            pytest.skip(skip_info.kwargs['reason'])
+        elif skip_info.args:
+            pytest.skip(skip_info.args[0])
+        else:
+            pytest.skip("unconditional skip")
+
+    item._evalxfail = MarkEvaluator(item, 'xfail')
+    check_xfail_no_run(item)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.hookwrapper
+def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem):
+    check_xfail_no_run(pyfuncitem)
+    outcome = yield
+    passed = outcome.excinfo is None
+    if passed:
+        check_strict_xfail(pyfuncitem)
+
+
+def check_xfail_no_run(item):
+    """check xfail(run=False)"""
+    if not item.config.option.runxfail:
+        evalxfail = item._evalxfail
+        if evalxfail.istrue():
+            if not evalxfail.get('run', True):
+                pytest.xfail("[NOTRUN] " + evalxfail.getexplanation())
+
+
+def check_strict_xfail(pyfuncitem):
+    """check xfail(strict=True) for the given PASSING test"""
+    evalxfail = pyfuncitem._evalxfail
+    if evalxfail.istrue():
+        strict_default = pyfuncitem.config.getini('xfail_strict')
+        is_strict_xfail = evalxfail.get('strict', strict_default)
+        if is_strict_xfail:
+            del pyfuncitem._evalxfail
+            explanation = evalxfail.getexplanation()
+            pytest.fail('[XPASS(strict)] ' + explanation, pytrace=False)
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
+    outcome = yield
+    rep = outcome.get_result()
+    evalxfail = getattr(item, '_evalxfail', None)
+    evalskip = getattr(item, '_evalskip', None)
+    # unitttest special case, see setting of _unexpectedsuccess
+    if hasattr(item, '_unexpectedsuccess') and rep.when == "call":
+        # we need to translate into how pytest encodes xpass
+        rep.wasxfail = "reason: " + repr(item._unexpectedsuccess)
+        rep.outcome = "failed"
+    elif item.config.option.runxfail:
+        pass   # don't interefere
+    elif call.excinfo and call.excinfo.errisinstance(pytest.xfail.Exception):
+        rep.wasxfail = "reason: " + call.excinfo.value.msg
+        rep.outcome = "skipped"
+    elif evalxfail and not rep.skipped and evalxfail.wasvalid() and \
+        evalxfail.istrue():
+        if call.excinfo:
+            if evalxfail.invalidraise(call.excinfo.value):
+                rep.outcome = "failed"
+            else:
+                rep.outcome = "skipped"
+                rep.wasxfail = evalxfail.getexplanation()
+        elif call.when == "call":
+            rep.outcome = "failed"  # xpass outcome
+            rep.wasxfail = evalxfail.getexplanation()
+    elif evalskip is not None and rep.skipped and type(rep.longrepr) is tuple:
+        # skipped by mark.skipif; change the location of the failure
+        # to point to the item definition, otherwise it will display
+        # the location of where the skip exception was raised within pytest
+        filename, line, reason = rep.longrepr
+        filename, line = item.location[:2]
+        rep.longrepr = filename, line, reason
+
+# called by terminalreporter progress reporting
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report):
+    if hasattr(report, "wasxfail"):
+        if report.skipped:
+            return "xfailed", "x", "xfail"
+        elif report.failed:
+            return "xpassed", "X", ("XPASS", {'yellow': True})
+
+# called by the terminalreporter instance/plugin
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter):
+    tr = terminalreporter
+    if not tr.reportchars:
+        #for name in "xfailed skipped failed xpassed":
+        #    if not tr.stats.get(name, 0):
+        #        tr.write_line("HINT: use '-r' option to see extra "
+        #              "summary info about tests")
+        #        break
+        return
+
+    lines = []
+    for char in tr.reportchars:
+        if char == "x":
+            show_xfailed(terminalreporter, lines)
+        elif char == "X":
+            show_xpassed(terminalreporter, lines)
+        elif char in "fF":
+            show_simple(terminalreporter, lines, 'failed', "FAIL %s")
+        elif char in "sS":
+            show_skipped(terminalreporter, lines)
+        elif char == "E":
+            show_simple(terminalreporter, lines, 'error', "ERROR %s")
+        elif char == 'p':
+            show_simple(terminalreporter, lines, 'passed', "PASSED %s")
+
+    if lines:
+        tr._tw.sep("=", "short test summary info")
+        for line in lines:
+            tr._tw.line(line)
+
+def show_simple(terminalreporter, lines, stat, format):
+    failed = terminalreporter.stats.get(stat)
+    if failed:
+        for rep in failed:
+            pos = terminalreporter.config.cwd_relative_nodeid(rep.nodeid)
+            lines.append(format %(pos,))
+
+def show_xfailed(terminalreporter, lines):
+    xfailed = terminalreporter.stats.get("xfailed")
+    if xfailed:
+        for rep in xfailed:
+            pos = terminalreporter.config.cwd_relative_nodeid(rep.nodeid)
+            reason = rep.wasxfail
+            lines.append("XFAIL %s" % (pos,))
+            if reason:
+                lines.append("  " + str(reason))
+
+def show_xpassed(terminalreporter, lines):
+    xpassed = terminalreporter.stats.get("xpassed")
+    if xpassed:
+        for rep in xpassed:
+            pos = terminalreporter.config.cwd_relative_nodeid(rep.nodeid)
+            reason = rep.wasxfail
+            lines.append("XPASS %s %s" %(pos, reason))
+
+def cached_eval(config, expr, d):
+    if not hasattr(config, '_evalcache'):
+        config._evalcache = {}
+    try:
+        return config._evalcache[expr]
+    except KeyError:
+        import _pytest._code
+        exprcode = _pytest._code.compile(expr, mode="eval")
+        config._evalcache[expr] = x = eval(exprcode, d)
+        return x
+
+
+def folded_skips(skipped):
+    d = {}
+    for event in skipped:
+        key = event.longrepr
+        assert len(key) == 3, (event, key)
+        d.setdefault(key, []).append(event)
+    l = []
+    for key, events in d.items():
+        l.append((len(events),) + key)
+    return l
+
+def show_skipped(terminalreporter, lines):
+    tr = terminalreporter
+    skipped = tr.stats.get('skipped', [])
+    if skipped:
+        #if not tr.hasopt('skipped'):
+        #    tr.write_line(
+        #        "%d skipped tests, specify -rs for more info" %
+        #        len(skipped))
+        #    return
+        fskips = folded_skips(skipped)
+        if fskips:
+            #tr.write_sep("_", "skipped test summary")
+            for num, fspath, lineno, reason in fskips:
+                if reason.startswith("Skipped: "):
+                    reason = reason[9:]
+                lines.append("SKIP [%d] %s:%d: %s" %
+                    (num, fspath, lineno, reason))
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/standalonetemplate.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/standalonetemplate.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..484d5d1b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/standalonetemplate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+
+# Hi There!
+# You may be wondering what this giant blob of binary data here is, you might
+# even be worried that we're up to something nefarious (good for you for being
+# paranoid!). This is a base64 encoding of a zip file, this zip file contains
+# a fully functional basic pytest script.
+#
+# Pytest is a thing that tests packages, pytest itself is a package that some-
+# one might want to install, especially if they're looking to run tests inside
+# some package they want to install. Pytest has a lot of code to collect and
+# execute tests, and other such sort of "tribal knowledge" that has been en-
+# coded in its code base. Because of this we basically include a basic copy
+# of pytest inside this blob. We do this  because it let's you as a maintainer
+# or application developer who wants people who don't deal with python much to
+# easily run tests without installing the complete pytest package.
+#
+# If you're wondering how this is created: you can create it yourself if you
+# have a complete pytest installation by using this command on the command-
+# line: ``py.test --genscript=runtests.py``.
+
+sources = """
+@SOURCES@"""
+
+import sys
+import base64
+import zlib
+
+class DictImporter(object):
+    def __init__(self, sources):
+        self.sources = sources
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname == "argparse" and sys.version_info >= (2,7):
+            # we were generated with <python2.7 (which pulls in argparse)
+            # but we are running now on a stdlib which has it, so use that.
+            return None
+        if fullname in self.sources:
+            return self
+        if fullname + '.__init__' in self.sources:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        # print "load_module:",  fullname
+        from types import ModuleType
+        try:
+            s = self.sources[fullname]
+            is_pkg = False
+        except KeyError:
+            s = self.sources[fullname + '.__init__']
+            is_pkg = True
+
+        co = compile(s, fullname, 'exec')
+        module = sys.modules.setdefault(fullname, ModuleType(fullname))
+        module.__file__ = "%s/%s" % (__file__, fullname)
+        module.__loader__ = self
+        if is_pkg:
+            module.__path__ = [fullname]
+
+        do_exec(co, module.__dict__) # noqa
+        return sys.modules[fullname]
+
+    def get_source(self, name):
+        res = self.sources.get(name)
+        if res is None:
+            res = self.sources.get(name + '.__init__')
+        return res
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    try:
+        import pkg_resources  # noqa
+    except ImportError:
+        sys.stderr.write("ERROR: setuptools not installed\n")
+        sys.exit(2)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+        exec("def do_exec(co, loc): exec(co, loc)\n")
+        import pickle
+        sources = sources.encode("ascii") # ensure bytes
+        sources = pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(base64.decodebytes(sources)))
+    else:
+        import cPickle as pickle
+        exec("def do_exec(co, loc): exec co in loc\n")
+        sources = pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(base64.decodestring(sources)))
+
+    importer = DictImporter(sources)
+    sys.meta_path.insert(0, importer)
+    entry = "@ENTRY@"
+    do_exec(entry, locals()) # noqa
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/terminal.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/terminal.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..825f553ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/terminal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+""" terminal reporting of the full testing process.
+
+This is a good source for looking at the various reporting hooks.
+"""
+from _pytest.main import EXIT_OK, EXIT_TESTSFAILED, EXIT_INTERRUPTED, \
+    EXIT_USAGEERROR, EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED
+import pytest
+import py
+import sys
+import time
+import platform
+
+import _pytest._pluggy as pluggy
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("terminal reporting", "reporting", after="general")
+    group._addoption('-v', '--verbose', action="count",
+               dest="verbose", default=0, help="increase verbosity."),
+    group._addoption('-q', '--quiet', action="count",
+               dest="quiet", default=0, help="decrease verbosity."),
+    group._addoption('-r',
+         action="store", dest="reportchars", default=None, metavar="chars",
+         help="show extra test summary info as specified by chars (f)ailed, "
+              "(E)error, (s)skipped, (x)failed, (X)passed (w)pytest-warnings "
+              "(p)passed, (P)passed with output, (a)all except pP.")
+    group._addoption('-l', '--showlocals',
+         action="store_true", dest="showlocals", default=False,
+         help="show locals in tracebacks (disabled by default).")
+    group._addoption('--report',
+         action="store", dest="report", default=None, metavar="opts",
+         help="(deprecated, use -r)")
+    group._addoption('--tb', metavar="style",
+               action="store", dest="tbstyle", default='auto',
+               choices=['auto', 'long', 'short', 'no', 'line', 'native'],
+               help="traceback print mode (auto/long/short/line/native/no).")
+    group._addoption('--fulltrace', '--full-trace',
+               action="store_true", default=False,
+               help="don't cut any tracebacks (default is to cut).")
+    group._addoption('--color', metavar="color",
+               action="store", dest="color", default='auto',
+               choices=['yes', 'no', 'auto'],
+               help="color terminal output (yes/no/auto).")
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    config.option.verbose -= config.option.quiet
+    reporter = TerminalReporter(config, sys.stdout)
+    config.pluginmanager.register(reporter, 'terminalreporter')
+    if config.option.debug or config.option.traceconfig:
+        def mywriter(tags, args):
+            msg = " ".join(map(str, args))
+            reporter.write_line("[traceconfig] " + msg)
+        config.trace.root.setprocessor("pytest:config", mywriter)
+
+def getreportopt(config):
+    reportopts = ""
+    optvalue = config.option.report
+    if optvalue:
+        py.builtin.print_("DEPRECATED: use -r instead of --report option.",
+            file=sys.stderr)
+        if optvalue:
+            for setting in optvalue.split(","):
+                setting = setting.strip()
+                if setting == "skipped":
+                    reportopts += "s"
+                elif setting == "xfailed":
+                    reportopts += "x"
+    reportchars = config.option.reportchars
+    if reportchars:
+        for char in reportchars:
+            if char not in reportopts and char != 'a':
+                reportopts += char
+            elif char == 'a':
+                reportopts = 'fEsxXw'
+    return reportopts
+
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report):
+    if report.passed:
+        letter = "."
+    elif report.skipped:
+        letter = "s"
+    elif report.failed:
+        letter = "F"
+        if report.when != "call":
+            letter = "f"
+    return report.outcome, letter, report.outcome.upper()
+
+class WarningReport:
+    def __init__(self, code, message, nodeid=None, fslocation=None):
+        self.code = code
+        self.message = message
+        self.nodeid = nodeid
+        self.fslocation = fslocation
+
+
+class TerminalReporter:
+    def __init__(self, config, file=None):
+        import _pytest.config
+        self.config = config
+        self.verbosity = self.config.option.verbose
+        self.showheader = self.verbosity >= 0
+        self.showfspath = self.verbosity >= 0
+        self.showlongtestinfo = self.verbosity > 0
+        self._numcollected = 0
+
+        self.stats = {}
+        self.startdir = py.path.local()
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+        self._tw = self.writer = _pytest.config.create_terminal_writer(config,
+                                                                       file)
+        self.currentfspath = None
+        self.reportchars = getreportopt(config)
+        self.hasmarkup = self._tw.hasmarkup
+        self.isatty = file.isatty()
+
+    def hasopt(self, char):
+        char = {'xfailed': 'x', 'skipped': 's'}.get(char, char)
+        return char in self.reportchars
+
+    def write_fspath_result(self, nodeid, res):
+        fspath = self.config.rootdir.join(nodeid.split("::")[0])
+        if fspath != self.currentfspath:
+            self.currentfspath = fspath
+            fspath = self.startdir.bestrelpath(fspath)
+            self._tw.line()
+            self._tw.write(fspath + " ")
+        self._tw.write(res)
+
+    def write_ensure_prefix(self, prefix, extra="", **kwargs):
+        if self.currentfspath != prefix:
+            self._tw.line()
+            self.currentfspath = prefix
+            self._tw.write(prefix)
+        if extra:
+            self._tw.write(extra, **kwargs)
+            self.currentfspath = -2
+
+    def ensure_newline(self):
+        if self.currentfspath:
+            self._tw.line()
+            self.currentfspath = None
+
+    def write(self, content, **markup):
+        self._tw.write(content, **markup)
+
+    def write_line(self, line, **markup):
+        if not py.builtin._istext(line):
+            line = py.builtin.text(line, errors="replace")
+        self.ensure_newline()
+        self._tw.line(line, **markup)
+
+    def rewrite(self, line, **markup):
+        line = str(line)
+        self._tw.write("\r" + line, **markup)
+
+    def write_sep(self, sep, title=None, **markup):
+        self.ensure_newline()
+        self._tw.sep(sep, title, **markup)
+
+    def section(self, title, sep="=", **kw):
+        self._tw.sep(sep, title, **kw)
+
+    def line(self, msg, **kw):
+        self._tw.line(msg, **kw)
+
+    def pytest_internalerror(self, excrepr):
+        for line in py.builtin.text(excrepr).split("\n"):
+            self.write_line("INTERNALERROR> " + line)
+        return 1
+
+    def pytest_logwarning(self, code, fslocation, message, nodeid):
+        warnings = self.stats.setdefault("warnings", [])
+        if isinstance(fslocation, tuple):
+            fslocation = "%s:%d" % fslocation
+        warning = WarningReport(code=code, fslocation=fslocation,
+                                message=message, nodeid=nodeid)
+        warnings.append(warning)
+
+    def pytest_plugin_registered(self, plugin):
+        if self.config.option.traceconfig:
+            msg = "PLUGIN registered: %s" % (plugin,)
+            # XXX this event may happen during setup/teardown time
+            #     which unfortunately captures our output here
+            #     which garbles our output if we use self.write_line
+            self.write_line(msg)
+
+    def pytest_deselected(self, items):
+        self.stats.setdefault('deselected', []).extend(items)
+
+    def pytest_runtest_logstart(self, nodeid, location):
+        # ensure that the path is printed before the
+        # 1st test of a module starts running
+        if self.showlongtestinfo:
+            line = self._locationline(nodeid, *location)
+            self.write_ensure_prefix(line, "")
+        elif self.showfspath:
+            fsid = nodeid.split("::")[0]
+            self.write_fspath_result(fsid, "")
+
+    def pytest_runtest_logreport(self, report):
+        rep = report
+        res = self.config.hook.pytest_report_teststatus(report=rep)
+        cat, letter, word = res
+        self.stats.setdefault(cat, []).append(rep)
+        self._tests_ran = True
+        if not letter and not word:
+            # probably passed setup/teardown
+            return
+        if self.verbosity <= 0:
+            if not hasattr(rep, 'node') and self.showfspath:
+                self.write_fspath_result(rep.nodeid, letter)
+            else:
+                self._tw.write(letter)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(word, tuple):
+                word, markup = word
+            else:
+                if rep.passed:
+                    markup = {'green':True}
+                elif rep.failed:
+                    markup = {'red':True}
+                elif rep.skipped:
+                    markup = {'yellow':True}
+            line = self._locationline(rep.nodeid, *rep.location)
+            if not hasattr(rep, 'node'):
+                self.write_ensure_prefix(line, word, **markup)
+                #self._tw.write(word, **markup)
+            else:
+                self.ensure_newline()
+                if hasattr(rep, 'node'):
+                    self._tw.write("[%s] " % rep.node.gateway.id)
+                self._tw.write(word, **markup)
+                self._tw.write(" " + line)
+                self.currentfspath = -2
+
+    def pytest_collection(self):
+        if not self.isatty and self.config.option.verbose >= 1:
+            self.write("collecting ... ", bold=True)
+
+    def pytest_collectreport(self, report):
+        if report.failed:
+            self.stats.setdefault("error", []).append(report)
+        elif report.skipped:
+            self.stats.setdefault("skipped", []).append(report)
+        items = [x for x in report.result if isinstance(x, pytest.Item)]
+        self._numcollected += len(items)
+        if self.isatty:
+            #self.write_fspath_result(report.nodeid, 'E')
+            self.report_collect()
+
+    def report_collect(self, final=False):
+        if self.config.option.verbose < 0:
+            return
+
+        errors = len(self.stats.get('error', []))
+        skipped = len(self.stats.get('skipped', []))
+        if final:
+            line = "collected "
+        else:
+            line = "collecting "
+        line += str(self._numcollected) + " items"
+        if errors:
+            line += " / %d errors" % errors
+        if skipped:
+            line += " / %d skipped" % skipped
+        if self.isatty:
+            if final:
+                line += " \n"
+            self.rewrite(line, bold=True)
+        else:
+            self.write_line(line)
+
+    def pytest_collection_modifyitems(self):
+        self.report_collect(True)
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(trylast=True)
+    def pytest_sessionstart(self, session):
+        self._sessionstarttime = time.time()
+        if not self.showheader:
+            return
+        self.write_sep("=", "test session starts", bold=True)
+        verinfo = platform.python_version()
+        msg = "platform %s -- Python %s" % (sys.platform, verinfo)
+        if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+            verinfo = ".".join(map(str, sys.pypy_version_info[:3]))
+            msg += "[pypy-%s-%s]" % (verinfo, sys.pypy_version_info[3])
+        msg += ", pytest-%s, py-%s, pluggy-%s" % (
+               pytest.__version__, py.__version__, pluggy.__version__)
+        if self.verbosity > 0 or self.config.option.debug or \
+           getattr(self.config.option, 'pastebin', None):
+            msg += " -- " + str(sys.executable)
+        self.write_line(msg)
+        lines = self.config.hook.pytest_report_header(
+            config=self.config, startdir=self.startdir)
+        lines.reverse()
+        for line in flatten(lines):
+            self.write_line(line)
+
+    def pytest_report_header(self, config):
+        inifile = ""
+        if config.inifile:
+            inifile = config.rootdir.bestrelpath(config.inifile)
+        lines = ["rootdir: %s, inifile: %s" %(config.rootdir, inifile)]
+
+        plugininfo = config.pluginmanager.list_plugin_distinfo()
+        if plugininfo:
+
+            lines.append(
+                "plugins: %s" % ", ".join(_plugin_nameversions(plugininfo)))
+        return lines
+
+    def pytest_collection_finish(self, session):
+        if self.config.option.collectonly:
+            self._printcollecteditems(session.items)
+            if self.stats.get('failed'):
+                self._tw.sep("!", "collection failures")
+                for rep in self.stats.get('failed'):
+                    rep.toterminal(self._tw)
+                return 1
+            return 0
+        if not self.showheader:
+            return
+        #for i, testarg in enumerate(self.config.args):
+        #    self.write_line("test path %d: %s" %(i+1, testarg))
+
+    def _printcollecteditems(self, items):
+        # to print out items and their parent collectors
+        # we take care to leave out Instances aka ()
+        # because later versions are going to get rid of them anyway
+        if self.config.option.verbose < 0:
+            if self.config.option.verbose < -1:
+                counts = {}
+                for item in items:
+                    name = item.nodeid.split('::', 1)[0]
+                    counts[name] = counts.get(name, 0) + 1
+                for name, count in sorted(counts.items()):
+                    self._tw.line("%s: %d" % (name, count))
+            else:
+                for item in items:
+                    nodeid = item.nodeid
+                    nodeid = nodeid.replace("::()::", "::")
+                    self._tw.line(nodeid)
+            return
+        stack = []
+        indent = ""
+        for item in items:
+            needed_collectors = item.listchain()[1:] # strip root node
+            while stack:
+                if stack == needed_collectors[:len(stack)]:
+                    break
+                stack.pop()
+            for col in needed_collectors[len(stack):]:
+                stack.append(col)
+                #if col.name == "()":
+                #    continue
+                indent = (len(stack) - 1) * "  "
+                self._tw.line("%s%s" % (indent, col))
+
+    @pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+    def pytest_sessionfinish(self, exitstatus):
+        outcome = yield
+        outcome.get_result()
+        self._tw.line("")
+        summary_exit_codes = (
+            EXIT_OK, EXIT_TESTSFAILED, EXIT_INTERRUPTED, EXIT_USAGEERROR,
+            EXIT_NOTESTSCOLLECTED)
+        if exitstatus in summary_exit_codes:
+            self.config.hook.pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter=self)
+            self.summary_errors()
+            self.summary_failures()
+            self.summary_warnings()
+            self.summary_passes()
+        if exitstatus == EXIT_INTERRUPTED:
+            self._report_keyboardinterrupt()
+            del self._keyboardinterrupt_memo
+        self.summary_deselected()
+        self.summary_stats()
+
+    def pytest_keyboard_interrupt(self, excinfo):
+        self._keyboardinterrupt_memo = excinfo.getrepr(funcargs=True)
+
+    def pytest_unconfigure(self):
+        if hasattr(self, '_keyboardinterrupt_memo'):
+            self._report_keyboardinterrupt()
+
+    def _report_keyboardinterrupt(self):
+        excrepr = self._keyboardinterrupt_memo
+        msg = excrepr.reprcrash.message
+        self.write_sep("!", msg)
+        if "KeyboardInterrupt" in msg:
+            if self.config.option.fulltrace:
+                excrepr.toterminal(self._tw)
+            else:
+                self._tw.line("to show a full traceback on KeyboardInterrupt use --fulltrace", yellow=True)
+                excrepr.reprcrash.toterminal(self._tw)
+
+    def _locationline(self, nodeid, fspath, lineno, domain):
+        def mkrel(nodeid):
+            line = self.config.cwd_relative_nodeid(nodeid)
+            if domain and line.endswith(domain):
+                line = line[:-len(domain)]
+                l = domain.split("[")
+                l[0] = l[0].replace('.', '::')  # don't replace '.' in params
+                line += "[".join(l)
+            return line
+        # collect_fspath comes from testid which has a "/"-normalized path
+
+        if fspath:
+            res = mkrel(nodeid).replace("::()", "")  # parens-normalization
+            if nodeid.split("::")[0] != fspath.replace("\\", "/"):
+                res += " <- " + self.startdir.bestrelpath(fspath)
+        else:
+            res = "[location]"
+        return res + " "
+
+    def _getfailureheadline(self, rep):
+        if hasattr(rep, 'location'):
+            fspath, lineno, domain = rep.location
+            return domain
+        else:
+            return "test session" # XXX?
+
+    def _getcrashline(self, rep):
+        try:
+            return str(rep.longrepr.reprcrash)
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                return str(rep.longrepr)[:50]
+            except AttributeError:
+                return ""
+
+    #
+    # summaries for sessionfinish
+    #
+    def getreports(self, name):
+        l = []
+        for x in self.stats.get(name, []):
+            if not hasattr(x, '_pdbshown'):
+                l.append(x)
+        return l
+
+    def summary_warnings(self):
+        if self.hasopt("w"):
+            warnings = self.stats.get("warnings")
+            if not warnings:
+                return
+            self.write_sep("=", "pytest-warning summary")
+            for w in warnings:
+                self._tw.line("W%s %s %s" % (w.code,
+                              w.fslocation, w.message))
+
+    def summary_passes(self):
+        if self.config.option.tbstyle != "no":
+            if self.hasopt("P"):
+                reports = self.getreports('passed')
+                if not reports:
+                    return
+                self.write_sep("=", "PASSES")
+                for rep in reports:
+                    msg = self._getfailureheadline(rep)
+                    self.write_sep("_", msg)
+                    self._outrep_summary(rep)
+
+    def summary_failures(self):
+        if self.config.option.tbstyle != "no":
+            reports = self.getreports('failed')
+            if not reports:
+                return
+            self.write_sep("=", "FAILURES")
+            for rep in reports:
+                if self.config.option.tbstyle == "line":
+                    line = self._getcrashline(rep)
+                    self.write_line(line)
+                else:
+                    msg = self._getfailureheadline(rep)
+                    markup = {'red': True, 'bold': True}
+                    self.write_sep("_", msg, **markup)
+                    self._outrep_summary(rep)
+
+    def summary_errors(self):
+        if self.config.option.tbstyle != "no":
+            reports = self.getreports('error')
+            if not reports:
+                return
+            self.write_sep("=", "ERRORS")
+            for rep in self.stats['error']:
+                msg = self._getfailureheadline(rep)
+                if not hasattr(rep, 'when'):
+                    # collect
+                    msg = "ERROR collecting " + msg
+                elif rep.when == "setup":
+                    msg = "ERROR at setup of " + msg
+                elif rep.when == "teardown":
+                    msg = "ERROR at teardown of " + msg
+                self.write_sep("_", msg)
+                self._outrep_summary(rep)
+
+    def _outrep_summary(self, rep):
+        rep.toterminal(self._tw)
+        for secname, content in rep.sections:
+            self._tw.sep("-", secname)
+            if content[-1:] == "\n":
+                content = content[:-1]
+            self._tw.line(content)
+
+    def summary_stats(self):
+        session_duration = time.time() - self._sessionstarttime
+        (line, color) = build_summary_stats_line(self.stats)
+        msg = "%s in %.2f seconds" % (line, session_duration)
+        markup = {color: True, 'bold': True}
+
+        if self.verbosity >= 0:
+            self.write_sep("=", msg, **markup)
+        if self.verbosity == -1:
+            self.write_line(msg, **markup)
+
+    def summary_deselected(self):
+        if 'deselected' in self.stats:
+            l = []
+            k = self.config.option.keyword
+            if k:
+                l.append("-k%s" % k)
+            m = self.config.option.markexpr
+            if m:
+                l.append("-m %r" % m)
+            if l:
+                self.write_sep("=", "%d tests deselected by %r" % (
+                    len(self.stats['deselected']), " ".join(l)), bold=True)
+
+def repr_pythonversion(v=None):
+    if v is None:
+        v = sys.version_info
+    try:
+        return "%s.%s.%s-%s-%s" % v
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return str(v)
+
+def flatten(l):
+    for x in l:
+        if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
+            for y in flatten(x):
+                yield y
+        else:
+            yield x
+
+def build_summary_stats_line(stats):
+    keys = ("failed passed skipped deselected "
+           "xfailed xpassed warnings error").split()
+    key_translation = {'warnings': 'pytest-warnings'}
+    unknown_key_seen = False
+    for key in stats.keys():
+        if key not in keys:
+            if key: # setup/teardown reports have an empty key, ignore them
+                keys.append(key)
+                unknown_key_seen = True
+    parts = []
+    for key in keys:
+        val = stats.get(key, None)
+        if val:
+            key_name = key_translation.get(key, key)
+            parts.append("%d %s" % (len(val), key_name))
+
+    if parts:
+        line = ", ".join(parts)
+    else:
+        line = "no tests ran"
+
+    if 'failed' in stats or 'error' in stats:
+        color = 'red'
+    elif 'warnings' in stats or unknown_key_seen:
+        color = 'yellow'
+    elif 'passed' in stats:
+        color = 'green'
+    else:
+        color = 'yellow'
+
+    return (line, color)
+
+
+def _plugin_nameversions(plugininfo):
+    l = []
+    for plugin, dist in plugininfo:
+        # gets us name and version!
+        name = '{dist.project_name}-{dist.version}'.format(dist=dist)
+        # questionable convenience, but it keeps things short
+        if name.startswith("pytest-"):
+            name = name[7:]
+        # we decided to print python package names
+        # they can have more than one plugin
+        if name not in l:
+            l.append(name)
+    return l
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/tmpdir.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/tmpdir.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebc48dbe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/tmpdir.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+""" support for providing temporary directories to test functions.  """
+import re
+
+import pytest
+import py
+from _pytest.monkeypatch import monkeypatch
+
+
+class TempdirFactory:
+    """Factory for temporary directories under the common base temp directory.
+
+    The base directory can be configured using the ``--basetemp`` option.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = config
+        self.trace = config.trace.get("tmpdir")
+
+    def ensuretemp(self, string, dir=1):
+        """ (deprecated) return temporary directory path with
+            the given string as the trailing part.  It is usually
+            better to use the 'tmpdir' function argument which
+            provides an empty unique-per-test-invocation directory
+            and is guaranteed to be empty.
+        """
+        #py.log._apiwarn(">1.1", "use tmpdir function argument")
+        return self.getbasetemp().ensure(string, dir=dir)
+
+    def mktemp(self, basename, numbered=True):
+        """Create a subdirectory of the base temporary directory and return it.
+        If ``numbered``, ensure the directory is unique by adding a number
+        prefix greater than any existing one.
+        """
+        basetemp = self.getbasetemp()
+        if not numbered:
+            p = basetemp.mkdir(basename)
+        else:
+            p = py.path.local.make_numbered_dir(prefix=basename,
+                keep=0, rootdir=basetemp, lock_timeout=None)
+        self.trace("mktemp", p)
+        return p
+
+    def getbasetemp(self):
+        """ return base temporary directory. """
+        try:
+            return self._basetemp
+        except AttributeError:
+            basetemp = self.config.option.basetemp
+            if basetemp:
+                basetemp = py.path.local(basetemp)
+                if basetemp.check():
+                    basetemp.remove()
+                basetemp.mkdir()
+            else:
+                temproot = py.path.local.get_temproot()
+                user = get_user()
+                if user:
+                    # use a sub-directory in the temproot to speed-up
+                    # make_numbered_dir() call
+                    rootdir = temproot.join('pytest-of-%s' % user)
+                else:
+                    rootdir = temproot
+                rootdir.ensure(dir=1)
+                basetemp = py.path.local.make_numbered_dir(prefix='pytest-',
+                                                           rootdir=rootdir)
+            self._basetemp = t = basetemp.realpath()
+            self.trace("new basetemp", t)
+            return t
+
+    def finish(self):
+        self.trace("finish")
+
+
+def get_user():
+    """Return the current user name, or None if getuser() does not work
+    in the current environment (see #1010).
+    """
+    import getpass
+    try:
+        return getpass.getuser()
+    except (ImportError, KeyError):
+        return None
+
+# backward compatibility
+TempdirHandler = TempdirFactory
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    """Create a TempdirFactory and attach it to the config object.
+
+    This is to comply with existing plugins which expect the handler to be
+    available at pytest_configure time, but ideally should be moved entirely
+    to the tmpdir_factory session fixture.
+    """
+    mp = monkeypatch()
+    t = TempdirFactory(config)
+    config._cleanup.extend([mp.undo, t.finish])
+    mp.setattr(config, '_tmpdirhandler', t, raising=False)
+    mp.setattr(pytest, 'ensuretemp', t.ensuretemp, raising=False)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
+def tmpdir_factory(request):
+    """Return a TempdirFactory instance for the test session.
+    """
+    return request.config._tmpdirhandler
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def tmpdir(request, tmpdir_factory):
+    """return a temporary directory path object
+    which is unique to each test function invocation,
+    created as a sub directory of the base temporary
+    directory.  The returned object is a `py.path.local`_
+    path object.
+    """
+    name = request.node.name
+    name = re.sub("[\W]", "_", name)
+    MAXVAL = 30
+    if len(name) > MAXVAL:
+        name = name[:MAXVAL]
+    x = tmpdir_factory.mktemp(name, numbered=True)
+    return x
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/unittest.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/unittest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8120e94fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/unittest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+""" discovery and running of std-library "unittest" style tests. """
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import traceback
+
+import pytest
+# for transfering markers
+import _pytest._code
+from _pytest.python import transfer_markers
+from _pytest.skipping import MarkEvaluator
+
+
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+    # has unittest been imported and is obj a subclass of its TestCase?
+    try:
+        if not issubclass(obj, sys.modules["unittest"].TestCase):
+            return
+    except Exception:
+        return
+    # yes, so let's collect it
+    return UnitTestCase(name, parent=collector)
+
+
+class UnitTestCase(pytest.Class):
+    # marker for fixturemanger.getfixtureinfo()
+    # to declare that our children do not support funcargs
+    nofuncargs = True
+                                              
+    def setup(self):
+        cls = self.obj
+        if getattr(cls, '__unittest_skip__', False):
+            return  # skipped
+        setup = getattr(cls, 'setUpClass', None)
+        if setup is not None:
+            setup()
+        teardown = getattr(cls, 'tearDownClass', None)
+        if teardown is not None:
+            self.addfinalizer(teardown)
+        super(UnitTestCase, self).setup()
+
+    def collect(self):
+        from unittest import TestLoader
+        cls = self.obj
+        if not getattr(cls, "__test__", True):
+            return
+        self.session._fixturemanager.parsefactories(self, unittest=True)
+        loader = TestLoader()
+        module = self.getparent(pytest.Module).obj
+        foundsomething = False
+        for name in loader.getTestCaseNames(self.obj):
+            x = getattr(self.obj, name)
+            funcobj = getattr(x, 'im_func', x)
+            transfer_markers(funcobj, cls, module)
+            yield TestCaseFunction(name, parent=self)
+            foundsomething = True
+
+        if not foundsomething:
+            runtest = getattr(self.obj, 'runTest', None)
+            if runtest is not None:
+                ut = sys.modules.get("twisted.trial.unittest", None)
+                if ut is None or runtest != ut.TestCase.runTest:
+                    yield TestCaseFunction('runTest', parent=self)
+
+
+
+class TestCaseFunction(pytest.Function):
+    _excinfo = None
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self._testcase = self.parent.obj(self.name)
+        self._fix_unittest_skip_decorator()
+        self._obj = getattr(self._testcase, self.name)
+        if hasattr(self._testcase, 'setup_method'):
+            self._testcase.setup_method(self._obj)
+        if hasattr(self, "_request"):
+            self._request._fillfixtures()
+
+    def _fix_unittest_skip_decorator(self):
+        """
+        The @unittest.skip decorator calls functools.wraps(self._testcase)
+        The call to functools.wraps() fails unless self._testcase
+        has a __name__ attribute. This is usually automatically supplied
+        if the test is a function or method, but we need to add manually
+        here.
+
+        See issue #1169
+        """
+        if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+            setattr(self._testcase, "__name__", self.name)
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        if hasattr(self._testcase, 'teardown_method'):
+            self._testcase.teardown_method(self._obj)
+
+    def startTest(self, testcase):
+        pass
+
+    def _addexcinfo(self, rawexcinfo):
+        # unwrap potential exception info (see twisted trial support below)
+        rawexcinfo = getattr(rawexcinfo, '_rawexcinfo', rawexcinfo)
+        try:
+            excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo(rawexcinfo)
+        except TypeError:
+            try:
+                try:
+                    l = traceback.format_exception(*rawexcinfo)
+                    l.insert(0, "NOTE: Incompatible Exception Representation, "
+                        "displaying natively:\n\n")
+                    pytest.fail("".join(l), pytrace=False)
+                except (pytest.fail.Exception, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                    raise
+                except:
+                    pytest.fail("ERROR: Unknown Incompatible Exception "
+                        "representation:\n%r" %(rawexcinfo,), pytrace=False)
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                raise
+            except pytest.fail.Exception:
+                excinfo = _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo()
+        self.__dict__.setdefault('_excinfo', []).append(excinfo)
+
+    def addError(self, testcase, rawexcinfo):
+        self._addexcinfo(rawexcinfo)
+    def addFailure(self, testcase, rawexcinfo):
+        self._addexcinfo(rawexcinfo)
+
+    def addSkip(self, testcase, reason):
+        try:
+            pytest.skip(reason)
+        except pytest.skip.Exception:
+            self._evalskip = MarkEvaluator(self, 'SkipTest')
+            self._evalskip.result = True
+            self._addexcinfo(sys.exc_info())
+
+    def addExpectedFailure(self, testcase, rawexcinfo, reason=""):
+        try:
+            pytest.xfail(str(reason))
+        except pytest.xfail.Exception:
+            self._addexcinfo(sys.exc_info())
+
+    def addUnexpectedSuccess(self, testcase, reason=""):
+        self._unexpectedsuccess = reason
+
+    def addSuccess(self, testcase):
+        pass
+
+    def stopTest(self, testcase):
+        pass
+
+    def runtest(self):
+        self._testcase(result=self)
+
+    def _prunetraceback(self, excinfo):
+        pytest.Function._prunetraceback(self, excinfo)
+        traceback = excinfo.traceback.filter(
+            lambda x:not x.frame.f_globals.get('__unittest'))
+        if traceback:
+            excinfo.traceback = traceback
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
+    if isinstance(item, TestCaseFunction):
+        if item._excinfo:
+            call.excinfo = item._excinfo.pop(0)
+            try:
+                del call.result
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+# twisted trial support
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_protocol(item):
+    if isinstance(item, TestCaseFunction) and \
+       'twisted.trial.unittest' in sys.modules:
+        ut = sys.modules['twisted.python.failure']
+        Failure__init__ = ut.Failure.__init__
+        check_testcase_implements_trial_reporter()
+        def excstore(self, exc_value=None, exc_type=None, exc_tb=None,
+            captureVars=None):
+            if exc_value is None:
+                self._rawexcinfo = sys.exc_info()
+            else:
+                if exc_type is None:
+                    exc_type = type(exc_value)
+                self._rawexcinfo = (exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
+            try:
+                Failure__init__(self, exc_value, exc_type, exc_tb,
+                    captureVars=captureVars)
+            except TypeError:
+                Failure__init__(self, exc_value, exc_type, exc_tb)
+        ut.Failure.__init__ = excstore
+        yield
+        ut.Failure.__init__ = Failure__init__
+    else:
+        yield
+
+
+def check_testcase_implements_trial_reporter(done=[]):
+    if done:
+        return
+    from zope.interface import classImplements
+    from twisted.trial.itrial import IReporter
+    classImplements(TestCaseFunction, IReporter)
+    done.append(1)
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/README.md b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eab7c714f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+This directory vendors the `pluggy` module.
+
+For a more detailed discussion for the reasons to vendoring this 
+package, please see [this issue](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/944).
+
+To update the current version, execute:
+
+```
+$ pip install -U pluggy==<version> --no-compile --target=_pytest/vendored_packages
+```
+
+And commit the modified files. The `pluggy-<version>.dist-info` directory 
+created by `pip` should be ignored.
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/__init__.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa3bbf812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Plugin registration and hook calling for Python
+===============================================
+
+This is the plugin manager as used by pytest but stripped
+of pytest specific details.
+
+During the 0.x series this plugin does not have much documentation
+except extensive docstrings in the pluggy.py module.
+
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/METADATA b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec81f0a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: pluggy
+Version: 0.3.1
+Summary: plugin and hook calling mechanisms for python
+Home-page: UNKNOWN
+Author: Holger Krekel
+Author-email: holger at merlinux.eu
+License: MIT license
+Platform: unix
+Platform: linux
+Platform: osx
+Platform: win32
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Testing
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+
+Plugin registration and hook calling for Python
+===============================================
+
+This is the plugin manager as used by pytest but stripped
+of pytest specific details.
+
+During the 0.x series this plugin does not have much documentation
+except extensive docstrings in the pluggy.py module.
+
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/RECORD b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9626673c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+pluggy.py,sha256=v_RfWzyW6DPU1cJu_EFoL_OHq3t13qloVdR6UaMCXQA,29862
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=xKSCRhai-v9MckvMuWqNz16c1tbsmOggoMSwTgcpYHE,7
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/pbr.json,sha256=xX3s6__wOcAyF-AZJX1sdZyW6PUXT-FkfBlM69EEUCg,47
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/RECORD,,
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/metadata.json,sha256=nLKltOT78dMV-00uXD6Aeemp4xNsz2q59j6ORSDeLjw,1027
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=1b85Ho2u4iK30M099k7axMzcDDhLcIMb-A82JUJZnSo,1334
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=AvR0WeTpDaxT645bl5FQxUK6NPsTls2ttpcGJg3j1Xg,110
+pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst,sha256=P5Akh1EdIBR6CeqtV2P8ZwpGSpZiTKPw0NyS7jEiD-g,306
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dff69d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.24.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/metadata.json b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..426a3a7ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"license": "MIT license", "name": "pluggy", "metadata_version": "2.0", "generator": "bdist_wheel (0.24.0)", "summary": "plugin and hook calling mechanisms for python", "platform": "unix", "version": "0.3.1", "extensions": {"python.details": {"document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}, "contacts": [{"role": "author", "email": "holger at merlinux.eu", "name": "Holger Krekel"}]}}, "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 4 - Beta", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Operating System :: POSIX", "Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows", "Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X", "Topic :: Software Development :: Testing", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries", "Topic :: Utilities", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/pbr.json b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/pbr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6b798640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/pbr.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"is_release": false, "git_version": "7d4c9cd"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11bdb5c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy-0.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pluggy
diff --git a/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy.py b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f848b23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/_pytest/vendored_packages/pluggy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,777 @@
+"""
+PluginManager, basic initialization and tracing.
+
+pluggy is the cristallized core of plugin management as used
+by some 150 plugins for pytest.
+
+Pluggy uses semantic versioning. Breaking changes are only foreseen for
+Major releases (incremented X in "X.Y.Z").  If you want to use pluggy in
+your project you should thus use a dependency restriction like
+"pluggy>=0.1.0,<1.0" to avoid surprises.
+
+pluggy is concerned with hook specification, hook implementations and hook
+calling.  For any given hook specification a hook call invokes up to N implementations.
+A hook implementation can influence its position and type of execution:
+if attributed "tryfirst" or "trylast" it will be tried to execute
+first or last.  However, if attributed "hookwrapper" an implementation
+can wrap all calls to non-hookwrapper implementations.  A hookwrapper
+can thus execute some code ahead and after the execution of other hooks.
+
+Hook specification is done by way of a regular python function where
+both the function name and the names of all its arguments are significant.
+Each hook implementation function is verified against the original specification
+function, including the names of all its arguments.  To allow for hook specifications
+to evolve over the livetime of a project, hook implementations can
+accept less arguments.  One can thus add new arguments and semantics to
+a hook specification by adding another argument typically without breaking
+existing hook implementations.
+
+The chosen approach is meant to let a hook designer think carefuly about
+which objects are needed by an extension writer.  By contrast, subclass-based
+extension mechanisms often expose a lot more state and behaviour than needed,
+thus restricting future developments.
+
+Pluggy currently consists of functionality for:
+
+- a way to register new hook specifications.  Without a hook
+  specification no hook calling can be performed.
+
+- a registry of plugins which contain hook implementation functions.  It
+  is possible to register plugins for which a hook specification is not yet
+  known and validate all hooks when the system is in a more referentially
+  consistent state.  Setting an "optionalhook" attribution to a hook
+  implementation will avoid PluginValidationError's if a specification
+  is missing.  This allows to have optional integration between plugins.
+
+- a "hook" relay object from which you can launch 1:N calls to
+  registered hook implementation functions
+
+- a mechanism for ordering hook implementation functions
+
+- mechanisms for two different type of 1:N calls: "firstresult" for when
+  the call should stop when the first implementation returns a non-None result.
+  And the other (default) way of guaranteeing that all hook implementations
+  will be called and their non-None result collected.
+
+- mechanisms for "historic" extension points such that all newly
+  registered functions will receive all hook calls that happened
+  before their registration.
+
+- a mechanism for discovering plugin objects which are based on
+  setuptools based entry points.
+
+- a simple tracing mechanism, including tracing of plugin calls and
+  their arguments.
+
+"""
+import sys
+import inspect
+
+__version__ = '0.3.1'
+__all__ = ["PluginManager", "PluginValidationError",
+           "HookspecMarker", "HookimplMarker"]
+
+_py3 = sys.version_info > (3, 0)
+
+
+class HookspecMarker:
+    """ Decorator helper class for marking functions as hook specifications.
+
+    You can instantiate it with a project_name to get a decorator.
+    Calling PluginManager.add_hookspecs later will discover all marked functions
+    if the PluginManager uses the same project_name.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, project_name):
+        self.project_name = project_name
+
+    def __call__(self, function=None, firstresult=False, historic=False):
+        """ if passed a function, directly sets attributes on the function
+        which will make it discoverable to add_hookspecs().  If passed no
+        function, returns a decorator which can be applied to a function
+        later using the attributes supplied.
+
+        If firstresult is True the 1:N hook call (N being the number of registered
+        hook implementation functions) will stop at I<=N when the I'th function
+        returns a non-None result.
+
+        If historic is True calls to a hook will be memorized and replayed
+        on later registered plugins.
+
+        """
+        def setattr_hookspec_opts(func):
+            if historic and firstresult:
+                raise ValueError("cannot have a historic firstresult hook")
+            setattr(func, self.project_name + "_spec",
+                   dict(firstresult=firstresult, historic=historic))
+            return func
+
+        if function is not None:
+            return setattr_hookspec_opts(function)
+        else:
+            return setattr_hookspec_opts
+
+
+class HookimplMarker:
+    """ Decorator helper class for marking functions as hook implementations.
+
+    You can instantiate with a project_name to get a decorator.
+    Calling PluginManager.register later will discover all marked functions
+    if the PluginManager uses the same project_name.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, project_name):
+        self.project_name = project_name
+
+    def __call__(self, function=None, hookwrapper=False, optionalhook=False,
+                 tryfirst=False, trylast=False):
+
+        """ if passed a function, directly sets attributes on the function
+        which will make it discoverable to register().  If passed no function,
+        returns a decorator which can be applied to a function later using
+        the attributes supplied.
+
+        If optionalhook is True a missing matching hook specification will not result
+        in an error (by default it is an error if no matching spec is found).
+
+        If tryfirst is True this hook implementation will run as early as possible
+        in the chain of N hook implementations for a specfication.
+
+        If trylast is True this hook implementation will run as late as possible
+        in the chain of N hook implementations.
+
+        If hookwrapper is True the hook implementations needs to execute exactly
+        one "yield".  The code before the yield is run early before any non-hookwrapper
+        function is run.  The code after the yield is run after all non-hookwrapper
+        function have run.  The yield receives an ``_CallOutcome`` object representing
+        the exception or result outcome of the inner calls (including other hookwrapper
+        calls).
+
+        """
+        def setattr_hookimpl_opts(func):
+            setattr(func, self.project_name + "_impl",
+                   dict(hookwrapper=hookwrapper, optionalhook=optionalhook,
+                        tryfirst=tryfirst, trylast=trylast))
+            return func
+
+        if function is None:
+            return setattr_hookimpl_opts
+        else:
+            return setattr_hookimpl_opts(function)
+
+
+def normalize_hookimpl_opts(opts):
+    opts.setdefault("tryfirst", False)
+    opts.setdefault("trylast", False)
+    opts.setdefault("hookwrapper", False)
+    opts.setdefault("optionalhook", False)
+
+
+class _TagTracer:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._tag2proc = {}
+        self.writer = None
+        self.indent = 0
+
+    def get(self, name):
+        return _TagTracerSub(self, (name,))
+
+    def format_message(self, tags, args):
+        if isinstance(args[-1], dict):
+            extra = args[-1]
+            args = args[:-1]
+        else:
+            extra = {}
+
+        content = " ".join(map(str, args))
+        indent = "  " * self.indent
+
+        lines = [
+            "%s%s [%s]\n" % (indent, content, ":".join(tags))
+        ]
+
+        for name, value in extra.items():
+            lines.append("%s    %s: %s\n" % (indent, name, value))
+        return lines
+
+    def processmessage(self, tags, args):
+        if self.writer is not None and args:
+            lines = self.format_message(tags, args)
+            self.writer(''.join(lines))
+        try:
+            self._tag2proc[tags](tags, args)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def setwriter(self, writer):
+        self.writer = writer
+
+    def setprocessor(self, tags, processor):
+        if isinstance(tags, str):
+            tags = tuple(tags.split(":"))
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(tags, tuple)
+        self._tag2proc[tags] = processor
+
+
+class _TagTracerSub:
+    def __init__(self, root, tags):
+        self.root = root
+        self.tags = tags
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        self.root.processmessage(self.tags, args)
+
+    def setmyprocessor(self, processor):
+        self.root.setprocessor(self.tags, processor)
+
+    def get(self, name):
+        return self.__class__(self.root, self.tags + (name,))
+
+
+def _raise_wrapfail(wrap_controller, msg):
+    co = wrap_controller.gi_code
+    raise RuntimeError("wrap_controller at %r %s:%d %s" %
+                   (co.co_name, co.co_filename, co.co_firstlineno, msg))
+
+
+def _wrapped_call(wrap_controller, func):
+    """ Wrap calling to a function with a generator which needs to yield
+    exactly once.  The yield point will trigger calling the wrapped function
+    and return its _CallOutcome to the yield point.  The generator then needs
+    to finish (raise StopIteration) in order for the wrapped call to complete.
+    """
+    try:
+        next(wrap_controller)   # first yield
+    except StopIteration:
+        _raise_wrapfail(wrap_controller, "did not yield")
+    call_outcome = _CallOutcome(func)
+    try:
+        wrap_controller.send(call_outcome)
+        _raise_wrapfail(wrap_controller, "has second yield")
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+    return call_outcome.get_result()
+
+
+class _CallOutcome:
+    """ Outcome of a function call, either an exception or a proper result.
+    Calling the ``get_result`` method will return the result or reraise
+    the exception raised when the function was called. """
+    excinfo = None
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        try:
+            self.result = func()
+        except BaseException:
+            self.excinfo = sys.exc_info()
+
+    def force_result(self, result):
+        self.result = result
+        self.excinfo = None
+
+    def get_result(self):
+        if self.excinfo is None:
+            return self.result
+        else:
+            ex = self.excinfo
+            if _py3:
+                raise ex[1].with_traceback(ex[2])
+            _reraise(*ex)  # noqa
+
+if not _py3:
+    exec("""
+def _reraise(cls, val, tb):
+    raise cls, val, tb
+""")
+
+
+class _TracedHookExecution:
+    def __init__(self, pluginmanager, before, after):
+        self.pluginmanager = pluginmanager
+        self.before = before
+        self.after = after
+        self.oldcall = pluginmanager._inner_hookexec
+        assert not isinstance(self.oldcall, _TracedHookExecution)
+        self.pluginmanager._inner_hookexec = self
+
+    def __call__(self, hook, hook_impls, kwargs):
+        self.before(hook.name, hook_impls, kwargs)
+        outcome = _CallOutcome(lambda: self.oldcall(hook, hook_impls, kwargs))
+        self.after(outcome, hook.name, hook_impls, kwargs)
+        return outcome.get_result()
+
+    def undo(self):
+        self.pluginmanager._inner_hookexec = self.oldcall
+
+
+class PluginManager(object):
+    """ Core Pluginmanager class which manages registration
+    of plugin objects and 1:N hook calling.
+
+    You can register new hooks by calling ``addhooks(module_or_class)``.
+    You can register plugin objects (which contain hooks) by calling
+    ``register(plugin)``.  The Pluginmanager is initialized with a
+    prefix that is searched for in the names of the dict of registered
+    plugin objects.  An optional excludefunc allows to blacklist names which
+    are not considered as hooks despite a matching prefix.
+
+    For debugging purposes you can call ``enable_tracing()``
+    which will subsequently send debug information to the trace helper.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, project_name, implprefix=None):
+        """ if implprefix is given implementation functions
+        will be recognized if their name matches the implprefix. """
+        self.project_name = project_name
+        self._name2plugin = {}
+        self._plugin2hookcallers = {}
+        self._plugin_distinfo = []
+        self.trace = _TagTracer().get("pluginmanage")
+        self.hook = _HookRelay(self.trace.root.get("hook"))
+        self._implprefix = implprefix
+        self._inner_hookexec = lambda hook, methods, kwargs: \
+            _MultiCall(methods, kwargs, hook.spec_opts).execute()
+
+    def _hookexec(self, hook, methods, kwargs):
+        # called from all hookcaller instances.
+        # enable_tracing will set its own wrapping function at self._inner_hookexec
+        return self._inner_hookexec(hook, methods, kwargs)
+
+    def register(self, plugin, name=None):
+        """ Register a plugin and return its canonical name or None if the name
+        is blocked from registering.  Raise a ValueError if the plugin is already
+        registered. """
+        plugin_name = name or self.get_canonical_name(plugin)
+
+        if plugin_name in self._name2plugin or plugin in self._plugin2hookcallers:
+            if self._name2plugin.get(plugin_name, -1) is None:
+                return  # blocked plugin, return None to indicate no registration
+            raise ValueError("Plugin already registered: %s=%s\n%s" %
+                            (plugin_name, plugin, self._name2plugin))
+
+        # XXX if an error happens we should make sure no state has been
+        # changed at point of return
+        self._name2plugin[plugin_name] = plugin
+
+        # register matching hook implementations of the plugin
+        self._plugin2hookcallers[plugin] = hookcallers = []
+        for name in dir(plugin):
+            hookimpl_opts = self.parse_hookimpl_opts(plugin, name)
+            if hookimpl_opts is not None:
+                normalize_hookimpl_opts(hookimpl_opts)
+                method = getattr(plugin, name)
+                hookimpl = HookImpl(plugin, plugin_name, method, hookimpl_opts)
+                hook = getattr(self.hook, name, None)
+                if hook is None:
+                    hook = _HookCaller(name, self._hookexec)
+                    setattr(self.hook, name, hook)
+                elif hook.has_spec():
+                    self._verify_hook(hook, hookimpl)
+                    hook._maybe_apply_history(hookimpl)
+                hook._add_hookimpl(hookimpl)
+                hookcallers.append(hook)
+        return plugin_name
+
+    def parse_hookimpl_opts(self, plugin, name):
+        method = getattr(plugin, name)
+        res = getattr(method, self.project_name + "_impl", None)
+        if res is not None and not isinstance(res, dict):
+            # false positive
+            res = None
+        elif res is None and self._implprefix and name.startswith(self._implprefix):
+            res = {}
+        return res
+
+    def unregister(self, plugin=None, name=None):
+        """ unregister a plugin object and all its contained hook implementations
+        from internal data structures. """
+        if name is None:
+            assert plugin is not None, "one of name or plugin needs to be specified"
+            name = self.get_name(plugin)
+
+        if plugin is None:
+            plugin = self.get_plugin(name)
+
+        # if self._name2plugin[name] == None registration was blocked: ignore
+        if self._name2plugin.get(name):
+            del self._name2plugin[name]
+
+        for hookcaller in self._plugin2hookcallers.pop(plugin, []):
+            hookcaller._remove_plugin(plugin)
+
+        return plugin
+
+    def set_blocked(self, name):
+        """ block registrations of the given name, unregister if already registered. """
+        self.unregister(name=name)
+        self._name2plugin[name] = None
+
+    def is_blocked(self, name):
+        """ return True if the name blogs registering plugins of that name. """
+        return name in self._name2plugin and self._name2plugin[name] is None
+
+    def add_hookspecs(self, module_or_class):
+        """ add new hook specifications defined in the given module_or_class.
+        Functions are recognized if they have been decorated accordingly. """
+        names = []
+        for name in dir(module_or_class):
+            spec_opts = self.parse_hookspec_opts(module_or_class, name)
+            if spec_opts is not None:
+                hc = getattr(self.hook, name, None)
+                if hc is None:
+                    hc = _HookCaller(name, self._hookexec, module_or_class, spec_opts)
+                    setattr(self.hook, name, hc)
+                else:
+                    # plugins registered this hook without knowing the spec
+                    hc.set_specification(module_or_class, spec_opts)
+                    for hookfunction in (hc._wrappers + hc._nonwrappers):
+                        self._verify_hook(hc, hookfunction)
+                names.append(name)
+
+        if not names:
+            raise ValueError("did not find any %r hooks in %r" %
+                             (self.project_name, module_or_class))
+
+    def parse_hookspec_opts(self, module_or_class, name):
+        method = getattr(module_or_class, name)
+        return getattr(method, self.project_name + "_spec", None)
+
+    def get_plugins(self):
+        """ return the set of registered plugins. """
+        return set(self._plugin2hookcallers)
+
+    def is_registered(self, plugin):
+        """ Return True if the plugin is already registered. """
+        return plugin in self._plugin2hookcallers
+
+    def get_canonical_name(self, plugin):
+        """ Return canonical name for a plugin object. Note that a plugin
+        may be registered under a different name which was specified
+        by the caller of register(plugin, name). To obtain the name
+        of an registered plugin use ``get_name(plugin)`` instead."""
+        return getattr(plugin, "__name__", None) or str(id(plugin))
+
+    def get_plugin(self, name):
+        """ Return a plugin or None for the given name. """
+        return self._name2plugin.get(name)
+
+    def get_name(self, plugin):
+        """ Return name for registered plugin or None if not registered. """
+        for name, val in self._name2plugin.items():
+            if plugin == val:
+                return name
+
+    def _verify_hook(self, hook, hookimpl):
+        if hook.is_historic() and hookimpl.hookwrapper:
+            raise PluginValidationError(
+                "Plugin %r\nhook %r\nhistoric incompatible to hookwrapper" %
+                (hookimpl.plugin_name, hook.name))
+
+        for arg in hookimpl.argnames:
+            if arg not in hook.argnames:
+                raise PluginValidationError(
+                    "Plugin %r\nhook %r\nargument %r not available\n"
+                    "plugin definition: %s\n"
+                    "available hookargs: %s" %
+                    (hookimpl.plugin_name, hook.name, arg,
+                    _formatdef(hookimpl.function), ", ".join(hook.argnames)))
+
+    def check_pending(self):
+        """ Verify that all hooks which have not been verified against
+        a hook specification are optional, otherwise raise PluginValidationError"""
+        for name in self.hook.__dict__:
+            if name[0] != "_":
+                hook = getattr(self.hook, name)
+                if not hook.has_spec():
+                    for hookimpl in (hook._wrappers + hook._nonwrappers):
+                        if not hookimpl.optionalhook:
+                            raise PluginValidationError(
+                                "unknown hook %r in plugin %r" %
+                                (name, hookimpl.plugin))
+
+    def load_setuptools_entrypoints(self, entrypoint_name):
+        """ Load modules from querying the specified setuptools entrypoint name.
+        Return the number of loaded plugins. """
+        from pkg_resources import iter_entry_points, DistributionNotFound
+        for ep in iter_entry_points(entrypoint_name):
+            # is the plugin registered or blocked?
+            if self.get_plugin(ep.name) or self.is_blocked(ep.name):
+                continue
+            try:
+                plugin = ep.load()
+            except DistributionNotFound:
+                continue
+            self.register(plugin, name=ep.name)
+            self._plugin_distinfo.append((plugin, ep.dist))
+        return len(self._plugin_distinfo)
+
+    def list_plugin_distinfo(self):
+        """ return list of distinfo/plugin tuples for all setuptools registered
+        plugins. """
+        return list(self._plugin_distinfo)
+
+    def list_name_plugin(self):
+        """ return list of name/plugin pairs. """
+        return list(self._name2plugin.items())
+
+    def get_hookcallers(self, plugin):
+        """ get all hook callers for the specified plugin. """
+        return self._plugin2hookcallers.get(plugin)
+
+    def add_hookcall_monitoring(self, before, after):
+        """ add before/after tracing functions for all hooks
+        and return an undo function which, when called,
+        will remove the added tracers.
+
+        ``before(hook_name, hook_impls, kwargs)`` will be called ahead
+        of all hook calls and receive a hookcaller instance, a list
+        of HookImpl instances and the keyword arguments for the hook call.
+
+        ``after(outcome, hook_name, hook_impls, kwargs)`` receives the
+        same arguments as ``before`` but also a :py:class:`_CallOutcome`` object
+        which represents the result of the overall hook call.
+        """
+        return _TracedHookExecution(self, before, after).undo
+
+    def enable_tracing(self):
+        """ enable tracing of hook calls and return an undo function. """
+        hooktrace = self.hook._trace
+
+        def before(hook_name, methods, kwargs):
+            hooktrace.root.indent += 1
+            hooktrace(hook_name, kwargs)
+
+        def after(outcome, hook_name, methods, kwargs):
+            if outcome.excinfo is None:
+                hooktrace("finish", hook_name, "-->", outcome.result)
+            hooktrace.root.indent -= 1
+
+        return self.add_hookcall_monitoring(before, after)
+
+    def subset_hook_caller(self, name, remove_plugins):
+        """ Return a new _HookCaller instance for the named method
+        which manages calls to all registered plugins except the
+        ones from remove_plugins. """
+        orig = getattr(self.hook, name)
+        plugins_to_remove = [plug for plug in remove_plugins if hasattr(plug, name)]
+        if plugins_to_remove:
+            hc = _HookCaller(orig.name, orig._hookexec, orig._specmodule_or_class,
+                             orig.spec_opts)
+            for hookimpl in (orig._wrappers + orig._nonwrappers):
+                plugin = hookimpl.plugin
+                if plugin not in plugins_to_remove:
+                    hc._add_hookimpl(hookimpl)
+                    # we also keep track of this hook caller so it
+                    # gets properly removed on plugin unregistration
+                    self._plugin2hookcallers.setdefault(plugin, []).append(hc)
+            return hc
+        return orig
+
+
+class _MultiCall:
+    """ execute a call into multiple python functions/methods. """
+
+    # XXX note that the __multicall__ argument is supported only
+    # for pytest compatibility reasons.  It was never officially
+    # supported there and is explicitly deprecated since 2.8
+    # so we can remove it soon, allowing to avoid the below recursion
+    # in execute() and simplify/speed up the execute loop.
+
+    def __init__(self, hook_impls, kwargs, specopts={}):
+        self.hook_impls = hook_impls
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.kwargs["__multicall__"] = self
+        self.specopts = specopts
+
+    def execute(self):
+        all_kwargs = self.kwargs
+        self.results = results = []
+        firstresult = self.specopts.get("firstresult")
+
+        while self.hook_impls:
+            hook_impl = self.hook_impls.pop()
+            args = [all_kwargs[argname] for argname in hook_impl.argnames]
+            if hook_impl.hookwrapper:
+                return _wrapped_call(hook_impl.function(*args), self.execute)
+            res = hook_impl.function(*args)
+            if res is not None:
+                if firstresult:
+                    return res
+                results.append(res)
+
+        if not firstresult:
+            return results
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        status = "%d meths" % (len(self.hook_impls),)
+        if hasattr(self, "results"):
+            status = ("%d results, " % len(self.results)) + status
+        return "<_MultiCall %s, kwargs=%r>" % (status, self.kwargs)
+
+
+def varnames(func, startindex=None):
+    """ return argument name tuple for a function, method, class or callable.
+
+    In case of a class, its "__init__" method is considered.
+    For methods the "self" parameter is not included unless you are passing
+    an unbound method with Python3 (which has no supports for unbound methods)
+    """
+    cache = getattr(func, "__dict__", {})
+    try:
+        return cache["_varnames"]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    if inspect.isclass(func):
+        try:
+            func = func.__init__
+        except AttributeError:
+            return ()
+        startindex = 1
+    else:
+        if not inspect.isfunction(func) and not inspect.ismethod(func):
+            func = getattr(func, '__call__', func)
+        if startindex is None:
+            startindex = int(inspect.ismethod(func))
+
+    try:
+        rawcode = func.__code__
+    except AttributeError:
+        return ()
+    try:
+        x = rawcode.co_varnames[startindex:rawcode.co_argcount]
+    except AttributeError:
+        x = ()
+    else:
+        defaults = func.__defaults__
+        if defaults:
+            x = x[:-len(defaults)]
+    try:
+        cache["_varnames"] = x
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    return x
+
+
+class _HookRelay:
+    """ hook holder object for performing 1:N hook calls where N is the number
+    of registered plugins.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, trace):
+        self._trace = trace
+
+
+class _HookCaller(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, hook_execute, specmodule_or_class=None, spec_opts=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self._wrappers = []
+        self._nonwrappers = []
+        self._hookexec = hook_execute
+        if specmodule_or_class is not None:
+            assert spec_opts is not None
+            self.set_specification(specmodule_or_class, spec_opts)
+
+    def has_spec(self):
+        return hasattr(self, "_specmodule_or_class")
+
+    def set_specification(self, specmodule_or_class, spec_opts):
+        assert not self.has_spec()
+        self._specmodule_or_class = specmodule_or_class
+        specfunc = getattr(specmodule_or_class, self.name)
+        argnames = varnames(specfunc, startindex=inspect.isclass(specmodule_or_class))
+        assert "self" not in argnames  # sanity check
+        self.argnames = ["__multicall__"] + list(argnames)
+        self.spec_opts = spec_opts
+        if spec_opts.get("historic"):
+            self._call_history = []
+
+    def is_historic(self):
+        return hasattr(self, "_call_history")
+
+    def _remove_plugin(self, plugin):
+        def remove(wrappers):
+            for i, method in enumerate(wrappers):
+                if method.plugin == plugin:
+                    del wrappers[i]
+                    return True
+        if remove(self._wrappers) is None:
+            if remove(self._nonwrappers) is None:
+                raise ValueError("plugin %r not found" % (plugin,))
+
+    def _add_hookimpl(self, hookimpl):
+        if hookimpl.hookwrapper:
+            methods = self._wrappers
+        else:
+            methods = self._nonwrappers
+
+        if hookimpl.trylast:
+            methods.insert(0, hookimpl)
+        elif hookimpl.tryfirst:
+            methods.append(hookimpl)
+        else:
+            # find last non-tryfirst method
+            i = len(methods) - 1
+            while i >= 0 and methods[i].tryfirst:
+                i -= 1
+            methods.insert(i + 1, hookimpl)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<_HookCaller %r>" % (self.name,)
+
+    def __call__(self, **kwargs):
+        assert not self.is_historic()
+        return self._hookexec(self, self._nonwrappers + self._wrappers, kwargs)
+
+    def call_historic(self, proc=None, kwargs=None):
+        self._call_history.append((kwargs or {}, proc))
+        # historizing hooks don't return results
+        self._hookexec(self, self._nonwrappers + self._wrappers, kwargs)
+
+    def call_extra(self, methods, kwargs):
+        """ Call the hook with some additional temporarily participating
+        methods using the specified kwargs as call parameters. """
+        old = list(self._nonwrappers), list(self._wrappers)
+        for method in methods:
+            opts = dict(hookwrapper=False, trylast=False, tryfirst=False)
+            hookimpl = HookImpl(None, "<temp>", method, opts)
+            self._add_hookimpl(hookimpl)
+        try:
+            return self(**kwargs)
+        finally:
+            self._nonwrappers, self._wrappers = old
+
+    def _maybe_apply_history(self, method):
+        if self.is_historic():
+            for kwargs, proc in self._call_history:
+                res = self._hookexec(self, [method], kwargs)
+                if res and proc is not None:
+                    proc(res[0])
+
+
+class HookImpl:
+    def __init__(self, plugin, plugin_name, function, hook_impl_opts):
+        self.function = function
+        self.argnames = varnames(self.function)
+        self.plugin = plugin
+        self.opts = hook_impl_opts
+        self.plugin_name = plugin_name
+        self.__dict__.update(hook_impl_opts)
+
+
+class PluginValidationError(Exception):
+    """ plugin failed validation. """
+
+
+if hasattr(inspect, 'signature'):
+    def _formatdef(func):
+        return "%s%s" % (
+            func.__name__,
+            str(inspect.signature(func))
+        )
+else:
+    def _formatdef(func):
+        return "%s%s" % (
+            func.__name__,
+            inspect.formatargspec(*inspect.getargspec(func))
+        )
diff --git a/python/pytest/pytest.py b/python/pytest/pytest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e376e417e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/pytest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# PYTHON_ARGCOMPLETE_OK
+"""
+pytest: unit and functional testing with Python.
+"""
+__all__ = [
+    'main',
+    'UsageError',
+    'cmdline',
+    'hookspec',
+    'hookimpl',
+    '__version__',
+]
+
+if __name__ == '__main__': # if run as a script or by 'python -m pytest'
+    # we trigger the below "else" condition by the following import
+    import pytest
+    raise SystemExit(pytest.main())
+
+# else we are imported
+
+from _pytest.config import (
+    main, UsageError, _preloadplugins, cmdline,
+    hookspec, hookimpl
+)
+from _pytest import __version__
+
+_preloadplugins() # to populate pytest.* namespace so help(pytest) works
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/setup.cfg b/python/pytest/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bec4469e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[build_sphinx]
+source-dir = doc/en/
+build-dir = doc/build
+all_files = 1
+
+[upload_sphinx]
+upload-dir = doc/en/build/html
+
+[bdist_wheel]
+universal = 1
+
+[devpi:upload]
+formats = sdist.tgz,bdist_wheel
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/pytest/setup.py b/python/pytest/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cdcdfb99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytest/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import os, sys
+import setuptools
+import pkg_resources
+from setuptools import setup, Command
+
+classifiers = ['Development Status :: 6 - Mature',
+               'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+               'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+               'Operating System :: POSIX',
+               'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows',
+               'Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X',
+               'Topic :: Software Development :: Testing',
+               'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+               'Topic :: Utilities'] + [
+              ('Programming Language :: Python :: %s' % x) for x in
+                  '2 2.6 2.7 3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5'.split()]
+
+with open('README.rst') as fd:
+    long_description = fd.read()
+
+def get_version():
+    p = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(
+                     os.path.abspath(__file__)), "_pytest", "__init__.py")
+    with open(p) as f:
+        for line in f.readlines():
+            if "__version__" in line:
+                return line.strip().split("=")[-1].strip(" '")
+    raise ValueError("could not read version")
+
+
+def has_environment_marker_support():
+    """
+    Tests that setuptools has support for PEP-426 environment marker support.
+
+    The first known release to support it is 0.7 (and the earliest on PyPI seems to be 0.7.2
+    so we're using that), see: http://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/history.html#id142
+
+    References:
+
+    * https://wheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html#defining-conditional-dependencies
+    * https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0426/#environment-markers
+    """
+    try:
+        return pkg_resources.parse_version(setuptools.__version__) >= pkg_resources.parse_version('0.7.2')
+    except Exception as exc:
+        sys.stderr.write("Could not test setuptool's version: %s\n" % exc)
+        return False
+
+
+def main():
+    install_requires = ['py>=1.4.29']  # pluggy is vendored in _pytest.vendored_packages
+    extras_require = {}
+    if has_environment_marker_support():
+        extras_require[':python_version=="2.6" or python_version=="3.0" or python_version=="3.1"'] = ['argparse']
+        extras_require[':sys_platform=="win32"'] = ['colorama']
+    else:
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7) or (3,) <= sys.version_info < (3, 2):
+            install_requires.append('argparse')
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            install_requires.append('colorama')
+
+    setup(
+        name='pytest',
+        description='pytest: simple powerful testing with Python',
+        long_description=long_description,
+        version=get_version(),
+        url='http://pytest.org',
+        license='MIT license',
+        platforms=['unix', 'linux', 'osx', 'cygwin', 'win32'],
+        author='Holger Krekel, Bruno Oliveira, Ronny Pfannschmidt, Floris Bruynooghe, Brianna Laugher, Florian Bruhin and others',
+        author_email='holger at merlinux.eu',
+        entry_points=make_entry_points(),
+        classifiers=classifiers,
+        cmdclass={'test': PyTest},
+        # the following should be enabled for release
+        install_requires=install_requires,
+        extras_require=extras_require,
+        packages=['_pytest', '_pytest.assertion', '_pytest._code', '_pytest.vendored_packages'],
+        py_modules=['pytest'],
+        zip_safe=False,
+    )
+
+
+def cmdline_entrypoints(versioninfo, platform, basename):
+    target = 'pytest:main'
+    if platform.startswith('java'):
+        points = {'py.test-jython': target}
+    else:
+        if basename.startswith('pypy'):
+            points = {'py.test-%s' % basename: target}
+        else: # cpython
+            points = {'py.test-%s.%s' % versioninfo[:2] : target}
+        points['py.test'] = target
+    return points
+
+
+def make_entry_points():
+    basename = os.path.basename(sys.executable)
+    points = cmdline_entrypoints(sys.version_info, sys.platform, basename)
+    keys = list(points.keys())
+    keys.sort()
+    l = ['%s = %s' % (x, points[x]) for x in keys]
+    return {'console_scripts': l}
+
+
+class PyTest(Command):
+    user_options = []
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        pass
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+    def run(self):
+        import subprocess
+        PPATH = [x for x in os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '').split(':') if x]
+        PPATH.insert(0, os.getcwd())
+        os.environ['PYTHONPATH'] = ':'.join(PPATH)
+        errno = subprocess.call([sys.executable, 'pytest.py', '--ignore=doc'])
+        raise SystemExit(errno)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/pytoml/PKG-INFO b/python/pytoml/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..844436f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0

+Name: pytoml

+Version: 0.1.10

+Summary: A parser for TOML-0.4.0

+Home-page: https://github.com/avakar/pytoml

+Author: Martin Vejnár

+Author-email: avakar@ratatanek.cz

+License: MIT

+Description: UNKNOWN

+Platform: UNKNOWN

diff --git a/python/pytoml/pytoml/__init__.py b/python/pytoml/pytoml/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..222a1967f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/pytoml/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .core import TomlError

+from .parser import load, loads

+from .writer import dump, dumps

diff --git a/python/pytoml/pytoml/core.py b/python/pytoml/pytoml/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fcada48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/pytoml/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+class TomlError(RuntimeError):

+    def __init__(self, message, line, col, filename):

+        RuntimeError.__init__(self, message, line, col, filename)

+        self.message = message

+        self.line = line

+        self.col = col

+        self.filename = filename

+

+    def __str__(self):

+        return '{}({}, {}): {}'.format(self.filename, self.line, self.col, self.message)

+

+    def __repr__(self):

+        return 'TomlError({!r}, {!r}, {!r}, {!r})'.format(self.message, self.line, self.col, self.filename)

diff --git a/python/pytoml/pytoml/parser.py b/python/pytoml/pytoml/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4c4ac187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/pytoml/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+import string, re, sys, datetime

+from .core import TomlError

+

+if sys.version_info[0] == 2:

+    _chr = unichr

+else:

+    _chr = chr

+

+def load(fin, translate=lambda t, x, v: v):

+    return loads(fin.read(), translate=translate, filename=fin.name)

+

+def loads(s, filename='<string>', translate=lambda t, x, v: v):

+    if isinstance(s, bytes):

+        s = s.decode('utf-8')

+

+    s = s.replace('\r\n', '\n')

+

+    root = {}

+    tables = {}

+    scope = root

+

+    src = _Source(s, filename=filename)

+    ast = _p_toml(src)

+

+    def error(msg):

+        raise TomlError(msg, pos[0], pos[1], filename)

+

+    def process_value(v):

+        kind, text, value, pos = v

+        if kind == 'str' and value.startswith('\n'):

+            value = value[1:]

+        if kind == 'array':

+            if value and any(k != value[0][0] for k, t, v, p in value[1:]):

+                error('array-type-mismatch')

+            value = [process_value(item) for item in value]

+        elif kind == 'table':

+            value = dict([(k, process_value(value[k])) for k in value])

+        return translate(kind, text, value)

+

+    for kind, value, pos in ast:

+        if kind == 'kv':

+            k, v = value

+            if k in scope:

+                error('duplicate_keys. Key "{0}" was used more than once.'.format(k))

+            scope[k] = process_value(v)

+        else:

+            is_table_array = (kind == 'table_array')

+            cur = tables

+            for name in value[:-1]:

+                if isinstance(cur.get(name), list):

+                    d, cur = cur[name][-1]

+                else:

+                    d, cur = cur.setdefault(name, (None, {}))

+

+            scope = {}

+            name = value[-1]

+            if name not in cur:

+                if is_table_array:

+                    cur[name] = [(scope, {})]

+                else:

+                    cur[name] = (scope, {})

+            elif isinstance(cur[name], list):

+                if not is_table_array:

+                    error('table_type_mismatch')

+                cur[name].append((scope, {}))

+            else:

+                if is_table_array:

+                    error('table_type_mismatch')

+                old_scope, next_table = cur[name]

+                if old_scope is not None:

+                    error('duplicate_tables')

+                cur[name] = (scope, next_table)

+

+    def merge_tables(scope, tables):

+        if scope is None:

+            scope = {}

+        for k in tables:

+            if k in scope:

+                error('key_table_conflict')

+            v = tables[k]

+            if isinstance(v, list):

+                scope[k] = [merge_tables(sc, tbl) for sc, tbl in v]

+            else:

+                scope[k] = merge_tables(v[0], v[1])

+        return scope

+

+    return merge_tables(root, tables)

+

+class _Source:

+    def __init__(self, s, filename=None):

+        self.s = s

+        self._pos = (1, 1)

+        self._last = None

+        self._filename = filename

+        self.backtrack_stack = []

+

+    def last(self):

+        return self._last

+

+    def pos(self):

+        return self._pos

+

+    def fail(self):

+        return self._expect(None)

+

+    def consume_dot(self):

+        if self.s:

+            self._last = self.s[0]

+            self.s = self[1:]

+            self._advance(self._last)

+            return self._last

+        return None

+

+    def expect_dot(self):

+        return self._expect(self.consume_dot())

+

+    def consume_eof(self):

+        if not self.s:

+            self._last = ''

+            return True

+        return False

+

+    def expect_eof(self):

+        return self._expect(self.consume_eof())

+

+    def consume(self, s):

+        if self.s.startswith(s):

+            self.s = self.s[len(s):]

+            self._last = s

+            self._advance(s)

+            return True

+        return False

+

+    def expect(self, s):

+        return self._expect(self.consume(s))

+

+    def consume_re(self, re):

+        m = re.match(self.s)

+        if m:

+            self.s = self.s[len(m.group(0)):]

+            self._last = m

+            self._advance(m.group(0))

+            return m

+        return None

+

+    def expect_re(self, re):

+        return self._expect(self.consume_re(re))

+

+    def __enter__(self):

+        self.backtrack_stack.append((self.s, self._pos))

+

+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):

+        if type is None:

+            self.backtrack_stack.pop()

+        else:

+            self.s, self._pos = self.backtrack_stack.pop()

+        return type == TomlError

+

+    def commit(self):

+        self.backtrack_stack[-1] = (self.s, self._pos)

+

+    def _expect(self, r):

+        if not r:

+            raise TomlError('msg', self._pos[0], self._pos[1], self._filename)

+        return r

+

+    def _advance(self, s):

+        suffix_pos = s.rfind('\n')

+        if suffix_pos == -1:

+            self._pos = (self._pos[0], self._pos[1] + len(s))

+        else:

+            self._pos = (self._pos[0] + s.count('\n'), len(s) - suffix_pos)

+

+_ews_re = re.compile(r'(?:[ \t]|#[^\n]*\n|#[^\n]*\Z|\n)*')

+def _p_ews(s):

+    s.expect_re(_ews_re)

+

+_ws_re = re.compile(r'[ \t]*')

+def _p_ws(s):

+    s.expect_re(_ws_re)

+

+_escapes = { 'b': '\b', 'n': '\n', 'r': '\r', 't': '\t', '"': '"', '\'': '\'',

+    '\\': '\\', '/': '/', 'f': '\f' }

+

+_basicstr_re = re.compile(r'[^"\\\000-\037]*')

+_short_uni_re = re.compile(r'u([0-9a-fA-F]{4})')

+_long_uni_re = re.compile(r'U([0-9a-fA-F]{8})')

+_escapes_re = re.compile('[bnrt"\'\\\\/f]')

+_newline_esc_re = re.compile('\n[ \t\n]*')

+def _p_basicstr_content(s, content=_basicstr_re):

+    res = []

+    while True:

+        res.append(s.expect_re(content).group(0))

+        if not s.consume('\\'):

+            break

+        if s.consume_re(_newline_esc_re):

+            pass

+        elif s.consume_re(_short_uni_re) or s.consume_re(_long_uni_re):

+            res.append(_chr(int(s.last().group(1), 16)))

+        else:

+            s.expect_re(_escapes_re)

+            res.append(_escapes[s.last().group(0)])

+    return ''.join(res)

+

+_key_re = re.compile(r'[0-9a-zA-Z-_]+')

+def _p_key(s):

+    with s:

+        s.expect('"')

+        r = _p_basicstr_content(s, _basicstr_re)

+        s.expect('"')

+        return r

+    return s.expect_re(_key_re).group(0)

+

+_float_re = re.compile(r'[+-]?(?:0|[1-9](?:_?\d)*)(?:\.\d(?:_?\d)*)?(?:[eE][+-]?(?:\d(?:_?\d)*))?')

+_datetime_re = re.compile(r'(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})T(\d{2}):(\d{2}):(\d{2})(\.\d+)?(?:Z|([+-]\d{2}):(\d{2}))')

+

+_basicstr_ml_re = re.compile(r'(?:(?:|"|"")[^"\\\000-\011\013-\037])*')

+_litstr_re = re.compile(r"[^'\000-\037]*")

+_litstr_ml_re = re.compile(r"(?:(?:|'|'')(?:[^'\000-\011\013-\037]))*")

+def _p_value(s):

+    pos = s.pos()

+

+    if s.consume('true'):

+        return 'bool', s.last(), True, pos

+    if s.consume('false'):

+        return 'bool', s.last(), False, pos

+

+    if s.consume('"'):

+        if s.consume('""'):

+            r = _p_basicstr_content(s, _basicstr_ml_re)

+            s.expect('"""')

+        else:

+            r = _p_basicstr_content(s, _basicstr_re)

+            s.expect('"')

+        return 'str', r, r, pos

+

+    if s.consume('\''):

+        if s.consume('\'\''):

+            r = s.expect_re(_litstr_ml_re).group(0)

+            s.expect('\'\'\'')

+        else:

+            r = s.expect_re(_litstr_re).group(0)

+            s.expect('\'')

+        return 'str', r, r, pos

+

+    if s.consume_re(_datetime_re):

+        m = s.last()

+        s0 = m.group(0)

+        r = map(int, m.groups()[:6])

+        if m.group(7):

+            micro = float(m.group(7))

+        else:

+            micro = 0

+

+        if m.group(8):

+            g = int(m.group(8), 10) * 60 + int(m.group(9), 10)

+            tz = _TimeZone(datetime.timedelta(0, g * 60))

+        else:

+            tz = _TimeZone(datetime.timedelta(0, 0))

+

+        y, m, d, H, M, S = r

+        dt = datetime.datetime(y, m, d, H, M, S, int(micro * 1000000), tz)

+        return 'datetime', s0, dt, pos

+

+    if s.consume_re(_float_re):

+        m = s.last().group(0)

+        r = m.replace('_','')

+        if '.' in m or 'e' in m or 'E' in m:

+            return 'float', m, float(r), pos

+        else:

+            return 'int', m, int(r, 10), pos

+

+    if s.consume('['):

+        items = []

+        with s:

+            while True:

+                _p_ews(s)

+                items.append(_p_value(s))

+                s.commit()

+                _p_ews(s)

+                s.expect(',')

+                s.commit()

+        _p_ews(s)

+        s.expect(']')

+        return 'array', None, items, pos

+

+    if s.consume('{'):

+        _p_ws(s)

+        items = {}

+        if not s.consume('}'):

+            k = _p_key(s)

+            _p_ws(s)

+            s.expect('=')

+            _p_ws(s)

+            items[k] = _p_value(s)

+            _p_ws(s)

+            while s.consume(','):

+                _p_ws(s)

+                k = _p_key(s)

+                _p_ws(s)

+                s.expect('=')

+                _p_ws(s)

+                items[k] = _p_value(s)

+                _p_ws(s)

+            s.expect('}')

+        return 'table', None, items, pos

+

+    s.fail()

+

+def _p_stmt(s):

+    pos = s.pos()

+    if s.consume(   '['):

+        is_array = s.consume('[')

+        _p_ws(s)

+        keys = [_p_key(s)]

+        _p_ws(s)

+        while s.consume('.'):

+            _p_ws(s)

+            keys.append(_p_key(s))

+            _p_ws(s)

+        s.expect(']')

+        if is_array:

+            s.expect(']')

+        return 'table_array' if is_array else 'table', keys, pos

+

+    key = _p_key(s)

+    _p_ws(s)

+    s.expect('=')

+    _p_ws(s)

+    value = _p_value(s)

+    return 'kv', (key, value), pos

+

+_stmtsep_re = re.compile(r'(?:[ \t]*(?:#[^\n]*)?\n)+[ \t]*')

+def _p_toml(s):

+    stmts = []

+    _p_ews(s)

+    with s:

+        stmts.append(_p_stmt(s))

+        while True:

+            s.commit()

+            s.expect_re(_stmtsep_re)

+            stmts.append(_p_stmt(s))

+    _p_ews(s)

+    s.expect_eof()

+    return stmts

+

+class _TimeZone(datetime.tzinfo):

+    def __init__(self, offset):

+        self._offset = offset

+

+    def utcoffset(self, dt):

+        return self._offset

+

+    def dst(self, dt):

+        return None

+

+    def tzname(self, dt):

+        m = self._offset.total_seconds() // 60

+        if m < 0:

+            res = '-'

+            m = -m

+        else:

+            res = '+'

+        h = m // 60

+        m = m - h * 60

+        return '{}{:.02}{:.02}'.format(res, h, m)

diff --git a/python/pytoml/pytoml/writer.py b/python/pytoml/pytoml/writer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c9f7c69d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/pytoml/writer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

+import io, datetime, sys

+

+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:

+    long = int

+    unicode = str

+

+

+def dumps(obj, sort_keys=False):

+    fout = io.StringIO()

+    dump(fout, obj, sort_keys=sort_keys)

+    return fout.getvalue()

+

+

+_escapes = {'\n': 'n', '\r': 'r', '\\': '\\', '\t': 't', '\b': 'b', '\f': 'f', '"': '"'}

+

+

+def _escape_string(s):

+    res = []

+    start = 0

+

+    def flush():

+        if start != i:

+            res.append(s[start:i])

+        return i + 1

+

+    i = 0

+    while i < len(s):

+        c = s[i]

+        if c in '"\\\n\r\t\b\f':

+            start = flush()

+            res.append('\\' + _escapes[c])

+        elif ord(c) < 0x20:

+            start = flush()

+            res.append('\\u%04x' % ord(c))

+        i += 1

+

+    flush()

+    return '"' + ''.join(res) + '"'

+

+

+def _escape_id(s):

+    if any(not c.isalnum() and c not in '-_' for c in s):

+        return _escape_string(s)

+    return s

+

+

+def _format_list(v):

+    return '[{0}]'.format(', '.join(_format_value(obj) for obj in v))

+

+# Formula from:

+#   https://docs.python.org/2/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.total_seconds

+# Once support for py26 is dropped, this can be replaced by td.total_seconds()

+def _total_seconds(td):

+    return ((td.microseconds

+             + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10**6) / 10.0**6)

+

+def _format_value(v):

+    if isinstance(v, bool):

+        return 'true' if v else 'false'

+    if isinstance(v, int) or isinstance(v, long):

+        return unicode(v)

+    if isinstance(v, float):

+        return '{0:.17f}'.format(v)

+    elif isinstance(v, unicode) or isinstance(v, bytes):

+        return _escape_string(v)

+    elif isinstance(v, datetime.datetime):

+        offs = v.utcoffset()

+        offs = _total_seconds(offs) // 60 if offs is not None else 0

+

+        if offs == 0:

+            suffix = 'Z'

+        else:

+            if offs > 0:

+                suffix = '+'

+            else:

+                suffix = '-'

+                offs = -offs

+            suffix = '{0}{1:.02}{2:.02}'.format(suffix, offs // 60, offs % 60)

+

+        if v.microsecond:

+            return v.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f') + suffix

+        else:

+            return v.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S') + suffix

+    elif isinstance(v, list):

+        return _format_list(v)

+    else:

+        raise RuntimeError(v)

+

+

+def dump(fout, obj, sort_keys=False):

+    tables = [((), obj, False)]

+

+    while tables:

+        if sort_keys:

+            tables.sort(key=lambda tup: tup[0], reverse=True)

+        name, table, is_array = tables.pop()

+        if name:

+            section_name = '.'.join(_escape_id(c) for c in name)

+            if is_array:

+                fout.write('[[{0}]]\n'.format(section_name))

+            else:

+                fout.write('[{0}]\n'.format(section_name))

+

+        table_keys = sorted(table.keys()) if sort_keys else table.keys()

+        for k in table_keys:

+            v = table[k]

+            if isinstance(v, dict):

+                tables.append((name + (k,), v, False))

+            elif isinstance(v, list) and v and all(isinstance(o, dict) for o in v):

+                tables.extend((name + (k,), d, True) for d in reversed(v))

+            elif v is None:

+                # based on mojombo's comment: https://github.com/toml-lang/toml/issues/146#issuecomment-25019344

+                fout.write(

+                    '#{} = null  # To use: uncomment and replace null with value\n'.format(_escape_id(k)))

+            else:

+                fout.write('{0} = {1}\n'.format(_escape_id(k), _format_value(v)))

+

+        if tables:

+            fout.write('\n')

diff --git a/python/pytoml/setup.cfg b/python/pytoml/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b14b0bc3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[egg_info]

+tag_build = 

+tag_date = 0

+tag_svn_revision = 0

+

diff --git a/python/pytoml/setup.py b/python/pytoml/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98c08a540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python

+# coding: utf-8

+

+from setuptools import setup

+

+setup(

+    name='pytoml',

+    version='0.1.10',

+

+    description='A parser for TOML-0.4.0',

+    author='Martin Vejnár',

+    author_email='avakar@ratatanek.cz',

+    url='https://github.com/avakar/pytoml',

+    license='MIT',

+

+    packages=['pytoml'],

+    )

diff --git a/python/pytoml/test/test.py b/python/pytoml/test/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53fcd229d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pytoml/test/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import os, json, sys, io, traceback, argparse

+import pytoml as toml

+

+# Formula from:

+#   https://docs.python.org/2/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.total_seconds

+# Once support for py26 is dropped, this can be replaced by td.total_seconds()

+def _total_seconds(td):

+    return ((td.microseconds

+             + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10**6) / 10.0**6)

+

+def _testbench_literal(type, text, value):

+    if type == 'table':

+        return value

+    if type == 'array':

+        return { 'type': 'array', 'value': value }

+    if type == 'datetime':

+        offs = _total_seconds(value.tzinfo.utcoffset(value)) // 60

+        offs = 'Z' if offs == 0 else '{}{}:{}'.format('-' if offs < 0 else '-', abs(offs) // 60, abs(offs) % 60)

+        v = '{0:04}-{1:02}-{2:02}T{3:02}:{4:02}:{5:02}{6}'.format(value.year, value.month, value.day, value.hour, value.minute, value.second, offs)

+        return { 'type': 'datetime', 'value': v }

+    if type == 'bool':

+        return { 'type': 'bool', 'value': 'true' if value else 'false' }

+    if type == 'float':

+        return { 'type': 'float', 'value': value }

+    if type == 'str':

+        return { 'type': 'string', 'value': value }

+    if type == 'int':

+        return { 'type': 'integer', 'value': str(value) }

+

+def adjust_bench(v):

+    if isinstance(v, dict):

+        if v.get('type') == 'float':

+            v['value'] = float(v['value'])

+            return v

+        return dict([(k, adjust_bench(v[k])) for k in v])

+    if isinstance(v, list):

+        return [adjust_bench(v) for v in v]

+    return v

+

+def _main():

+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()

+    ap.add_argument('-d', '--dir', action='append')

+    ap.add_argument('testcase', nargs='*')

+    args = ap.parse_args()

+

+    if not args.dir:

+        args.dir = [os.path.join(os.path.split(__file__)[0], 'toml-test/tests')]

+

+    succeeded = []

+    failed = []

+

+    for path in args.dir:

+        if not os.path.isdir(path):

+            print('error: not a dir: {0}'.format(path))

+            return 2

+        for top, dirnames, fnames in os.walk(path):

+            for fname in fnames:

+                if not fname.endswith('.toml'):

+                    continue

+

+                if args.testcase and not any(arg in fname for arg in args.testcase):

+                    continue

+

+                parse_error = None

+                try:

+                    with open(os.path.join(top, fname), 'rb') as fin:

+                        parsed = toml.load(fin)

+                except toml.TomlError:

+                    parsed = None

+                    parse_error = sys.exc_info()

+                else:

+                    dumped = toml.dumps(parsed)

+                    parsed2 = toml.loads(dumped)

+                    if parsed != parsed2:

+                        failed.append((fname, None))

+                        continue

+

+                    with open(os.path.join(top, fname), 'rb') as fin:

+                        parsed = toml.load(fin, translate=_testbench_literal)

+

+                try:

+                    with io.open(os.path.join(top, fname[:-5] + '.json'), 'rt', encoding='utf-8') as fin:

+                        bench = json.load(fin)

+                except IOError:

+                    bench = None

+

+                if parsed != adjust_bench(bench):

+                    failed.append((fname, parsed, bench, parse_error))

+                else:

+                    succeeded.append(fname)

+

+    for f, parsed, bench, e in failed:

+        print('failed: {}\n{}\n{}'.format(f, json.dumps(parsed, indent=4), json.dumps(bench, indent=4)))

+        if e:

+            traceback.print_exception(*e)

+    print('succeeded: {0}'.format(len(succeeded)))

+    return 1 if failed or not succeeded else 0

+

+if __name__ == '__main__':

+    sys.exit(_main())

diff --git a/python/pyyaml/CHANGES b/python/pyyaml/CHANGES
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..938dc4690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/CHANGES
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+
+For a complete Mercurial changelog, see
+'https://bitbucket.org/xi/pyyaml/commits'.
+
+3.11 (2014-03-26)
+-----------------
+
+* Source and binary distributions are rebuilt against the latest
+  versions of Cython and LibYAML.
+
+3.10 (2011-05-30)
+-----------------
+
+* Do not try to build LibYAML bindings on platforms other than CPython
+  (Thank to olt(at)bogosoft(dot)com).
+* Clear cyclic references in the parser and the emitter
+  (Thank to kristjan(at)ccpgames(dot)com).
+* Dropped support for Python 2.3 and 2.4.
+
+3.09 (2009-08-31)
+-----------------
+
+* Fixed an obscure scanner error not reported when there is
+  no line break at the end of the stream (Thank to Ingy).
+* Fixed use of uninitialized memory when emitting anchors with
+  LibYAML bindings (Thank to cegner(at)yahoo-inc(dot)com).
+* Fixed emitting incorrect BOM characters for UTF-16 (Thank to
+  Valentin Nechayev)
+* Fixed the emitter for folded scalars not respecting the preferred
+  line width (Thank to Ingy).
+* Fixed a subtle ordering issue with emitting '%TAG' directives
+  (Thank to Andrey Somov).
+* Fixed performance regression with LibYAML bindings.
+
+
+3.08 (2008-12-31)
+-----------------
+
+* Python 3 support (Thank to Erick Tryzelaar).
+* Use Cython instead of Pyrex to build LibYAML bindings.
+* Refactored support for unicode and byte input/output streams.
+
+
+3.07 (2008-12-29)
+-----------------
+
+* The emitter learned to use an optional indentation indicator
+  for block scalar; thus scalars with leading whitespaces
+  could now be represented in a literal or folded style.
+* The test suite is now included in the source distribution.
+  To run the tests, type 'python setup.py test'.
+* Refactored the test suite: dropped unittest in favor of
+  a custom test appliance.
+* Fixed the path resolver in CDumper.
+* Forced an explicit document end indicator when there is
+  a possibility of parsing ambiguity.
+* More setup.py improvements: the package should be usable
+  when any combination of setuptools, Pyrex and LibYAML
+  is installed.
+* Windows binary packages are built against LibYAML-0.1.2.
+* Minor typos and corrections (Thank to Ingy dot Net
+  and Andrey Somov).
+
+
+3.06 (2008-10-03)
+-----------------
+
+* setup.py checks whether LibYAML is installed and if so, builds
+  and installs LibYAML bindings.  To force or disable installation
+  of LibYAML bindings, use '--with-libyaml' or '--without-libyaml'
+  respectively.
+* The source distribution includes compiled Pyrex sources so
+  building LibYAML bindings no longer requires Pyrex installed.
+* 'yaml.load()' raises an exception if the input stream contains
+  more than one YAML document.
+* Fixed exceptions produced by LibYAML bindings.
+* Fixed a dot '.' character being recognized as !!float.
+* Fixed Python 2.3 compatibility issue in constructing !!timestamp values.
+* Windows binary packages are built against the LibYAML stable branch.
+* Added attributes 'yaml.__version__' and  'yaml.__with_libyaml__'.
+
+
+3.05 (2007-05-13)
+-----------------
+
+* Windows binary packages were built with LibYAML trunk.
+* Fixed a bug that prevent processing a live stream of YAML documents in
+  timely manner (Thanks edward(at)sweetbytes(dot)net).
+* Fixed a bug when the path in add_path_resolver contains boolean values
+  (Thanks jstroud(at)mbi(dot)ucla(dot)edu).
+* Fixed loss of microsecond precision in timestamps
+  (Thanks edemaine(at)mit(dot)edu).
+* Fixed loading an empty YAML stream.
+* Allowed immutable subclasses of YAMLObject.
+* Made the encoding of the unicode->str conversion explicit so that
+  the conversion does not depend on the default Python encoding.
+* Forced emitting float values in a YAML compatible form.
+
+
+3.04 (2006-08-20)
+-----------------
+
+* Include experimental LibYAML bindings.
+* Fully support recursive structures.
+* Sort dictionary keys.  Mapping node values are now represented
+  as lists of pairs instead of dictionaries.  No longer check
+  for duplicate mapping keys as it didn't work correctly anyway.
+* Fix invalid output of single-quoted scalars in cases when a single
+  quote is not escaped when preceeded by whitespaces or line breaks.
+* To make porting easier, rewrite Parser not using generators.
+* Fix handling of unexpected block mapping values.
+* Fix a bug in Representer.represent_object: copy_reg.dispatch_table
+  was not correctly handled.
+* Fix a bug when a block scalar is incorrectly emitted in the simple
+  key context.
+* Hold references to the objects being represented.
+* Make Representer not try to guess !!pairs when a list is represented.
+* Fix timestamp constructing and representing.
+* Fix the 'N' plain scalar being incorrectly recognized as !!bool.
+
+
+3.03 (2006-06-19)
+-----------------
+
+* Fix Python 2.5 compatibility issues.
+* Fix numerous bugs in the float handling.
+* Fix scanning some ill-formed documents.
+* Other minor fixes.
+
+
+3.02 (2006-05-15)
+-----------------
+
+* Fix win32 installer.  Apparently bdist_wininst does not work well
+  under Linux.
+* Fix a bug in add_path_resolver.
+* Add the yaml-highlight example.  Try to run on a color terminal:
+  `python yaml_hl.py <any_document.yaml`.
+
+
+3.01 (2006-05-07)
+-----------------
+
+* Initial release.  The version number reflects the codename
+  of the project (PyYAML 3000) and differenciates it from
+  the abandoned PyYaml module. 
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/LICENSE b/python/pyyaml/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..050ced23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (c) 2006 Kirill Simonov
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/PKG-INFO b/python/pyyaml/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e74f9f73c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: PyYAML
+Version: 3.11
+Summary: YAML parser and emitter for Python
+Home-page: http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAML
+Author: Kirill Simonov
+Author-email: xi@resolvent.net
+License: MIT
+Download-URL: http://pyyaml.org/download/pyyaml/PyYAML-3.11.tar.gz
+Description: YAML is a data serialization format designed for human readability
+        and interaction with scripting languages.  PyYAML is a YAML parser
+        and emitter for Python.
+        
+        PyYAML features a complete YAML 1.1 parser, Unicode support, pickle
+        support, capable extension API, and sensible error messages.  PyYAML
+        supports standard YAML tags and provides Python-specific tags that
+        allow to represent an arbitrary Python object.
+        
+        PyYAML is applicable for a broad range of tasks from complex
+        configuration files to object serialization and persistance.
+Platform: Any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/README b/python/pyyaml/README
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1edf1387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/README
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+PyYAML - The next generation YAML parser and emitter for Python.
+
+To install, type 'python setup.py install'.
+
+By default, the setup.py script checks whether LibYAML is installed
+and if so, builds and installs LibYAML bindings.  To skip the check
+and force installation of LibYAML bindings, use the option '--with-libyaml':
+'python setup.py --with-libyaml install'.  To disable the check and
+skip building and installing LibYAML bindings, use '--without-libyaml':
+'python setup.py --without-libyaml install'.
+
+When LibYAML bindings are installed, you may use fast LibYAML-based
+parser and emitter as follows:
+
+    >>> yaml.load(stream, Loader=yaml.CLoader)
+    >>> yaml.dump(data, Dumper=yaml.CDumper)
+
+PyYAML includes a comprehensive test suite.  To run the tests,
+type 'python setup.py test'.
+
+For more information, check the PyYAML homepage:
+'http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAML'.
+
+For PyYAML tutorial and reference, see:
+'http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation'.
+
+Post your questions and opinions to the YAML-Core mailing list:
+'http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/yaml-core'.
+
+Submit bug reports and feature requests to the PyYAML bug tracker:
+'http://pyyaml.org/newticket?component=pyyaml'.
+
+PyYAML is written by Kirill Simonov <xi@resolvent.net>.  It is released
+under the MIT license. See the file LICENSE for more details.
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/examples/pygments-lexer/example.yaml b/python/pyyaml/examples/pygments-lexer/example.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c0ed9d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/examples/pygments-lexer/example.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+
+#
+# Examples from the Preview section of the YAML specification
+# (http://yaml.org/spec/1.2/#Preview)
+#
+
+# Sequence of scalars
+---
+- Mark McGwire
+- Sammy Sosa
+- Ken Griffey
+
+# Mapping scalars to scalars
+---
+hr:  65    # Home runs
+avg: 0.278 # Batting average
+rbi: 147   # Runs Batted In
+
+# Mapping scalars to sequences
+---
+american:
+  - Boston Red Sox
+  - Detroit Tigers
+  - New York Yankees
+national:
+  - New York Mets
+  - Chicago Cubs
+  - Atlanta Braves
+
+# Sequence of mappings
+---
+-
+  name: Mark McGwire
+  hr:   65
+  avg:  0.278
+-
+  name: Sammy Sosa
+  hr:   63
+  avg:  0.288
+
+# Sequence of sequences
+---
+- [name        , hr, avg  ]
+- [Mark McGwire, 65, 0.278]
+- [Sammy Sosa  , 63, 0.288]
+
+# Mapping of mappings
+---
+Mark McGwire: {hr: 65, avg: 0.278}
+Sammy Sosa: {
+    hr: 63,
+    avg: 0.288
+  }
+
+# Two documents in a stream
+--- # Ranking of 1998 home runs
+- Mark McGwire
+- Sammy Sosa
+- Ken Griffey
+--- # Team ranking
+- Chicago Cubs
+- St Louis Cardinals
+
+# Documents with the end indicator
+---
+time: 20:03:20
+player: Sammy Sosa
+action: strike (miss)
+...
+---
+time: 20:03:47
+player: Sammy Sosa
+action: grand slam
+...
+
+# Comments
+---
+hr: # 1998 hr ranking
+  - Mark McGwire
+  - Sammy Sosa
+rbi:
+  # 1998 rbi ranking
+  - Sammy Sosa
+  - Ken Griffey
+
+# Anchors and aliases
+---
+hr:
+  - Mark McGwire
+  # Following node labeled SS
+  - &SS Sammy Sosa
+rbi:
+  - *SS # Subsequent occurrence
+  - Ken Griffey
+
+# Mapping between sequences
+---
+? - Detroit Tigers
+  - Chicago cubs
+:
+  - 2001-07-23
+? [ New York Yankees,
+    Atlanta Braves ]
+: [ 2001-07-02, 2001-08-12,
+    2001-08-14 ]
+
+# Inline nested mapping
+---
+# products purchased
+- item    : Super Hoop
+  quantity: 1
+- item    : Basketball
+  quantity: 4
+- item    : Big Shoes
+  quantity: 1
+
+# Literal scalars
+--- | # ASCII art
+  \//||\/||
+  // ||  ||__
+
+# Folded scalars
+--- >
+  Mark McGwire's
+  year was crippled
+  by a knee injury.
+
+# Preserved indented block in a folded scalar
+---
+>
+ Sammy Sosa completed another
+ fine season with great stats.
+
+   63 Home Runs
+   0.288 Batting Average
+
+ What a year!
+
+# Indentation determines scope
+---
+name: Mark McGwire
+accomplishment: >
+  Mark set a major league
+  home run record in 1998.
+stats: |
+  65 Home Runs
+  0.278 Batting Average
+
+# Quoted scalars
+---
+unicode: "Sosa did fine.\u263A"
+control: "\b1998\t1999\t2000\n"
+hex esc: "\x0d\x0a is \r\n"
+single: '"Howdy!" he cried.'
+quoted: ' # not a ''comment''.'
+tie-fighter: '|\-*-/|'
+
+# Multi-line flow scalars
+---
+plain:
+  This unquoted scalar
+  spans many lines.
+quoted: "So does this
+  quoted scalar.\n"
+
+# Integers
+---
+canonical: 12345
+decimal: +12_345
+sexagesimal: 3:25:45
+octal: 014
+hexadecimal: 0xC
+
+# Floating point
+---
+canonical: 1.23015e+3
+exponential: 12.3015e+02
+sexagesimal: 20:30.15
+fixed: 1_230.15
+negative infinity: -.inf
+not a number: .NaN
+
+# Miscellaneous
+---
+null: ~
+true: boolean
+false: boolean
+string: '12345'
+
+# Timestamps
+---
+canonical: 2001-12-15T02:59:43.1Z
+iso8601: 2001-12-14t21:59:43.10-05:00
+spaced: 2001-12-14 21:59:43.10 -5
+date: 2002-12-14
+
+# Various explicit tags
+---
+not-date: !!str 2002-04-28
+picture: !!binary |
+ R0lGODlhDAAMAIQAAP//9/X
+ 17unp5WZmZgAAAOfn515eXv
+ Pz7Y6OjuDg4J+fn5OTk6enp
+ 56enmleECcgggoBADs=
+application specific tag: !something |
+ The semantics of the tag
+ above may be different for
+ different documents.
+
+# Global tags
+%TAG ! tag:clarkevans.com,2002:
+--- !shape
+  # Use the ! handle for presenting
+  # tag:clarkevans.com,2002:circle
+- !circle
+  center: &ORIGIN {x: 73, y: 129}
+  radius: 7
+- !line
+  start: *ORIGIN
+  finish: { x: 89, y: 102 }
+- !label
+  start: *ORIGIN
+  color: 0xFFEEBB
+  text: Pretty vector drawing.
+
+# Unordered sets
+--- !!set
+# sets are represented as a
+# mapping where each key is
+# associated with the empty string
+? Mark McGwire
+? Sammy Sosa
+? Ken Griff
+
+# Ordered mappings
+--- !!omap
+# ordered maps are represented as
+# a sequence of mappings, with
+# each mapping having one key
+- Mark McGwire: 65
+- Sammy Sosa: 63
+- Ken Griffy: 58
+
+# Full length example
+--- !<tag:clarkevans.com,2002:invoice>
+invoice: 34843
+date   : 2001-01-23
+bill-to: &id001
+    given  : Chris
+    family : Dumars
+    address:
+        lines: |
+            458 Walkman Dr.
+            Suite #292
+        city    : Royal Oak
+        state   : MI
+        postal  : 48046
+ship-to: *id001
+product:
+    - sku         : BL394D
+      quantity    : 4
+      description : Basketball
+      price       : 450.00
+    - sku         : BL4438H
+      quantity    : 1
+      description : Super Hoop
+      price       : 2392.00
+tax  : 251.42
+total: 4443.52
+comments:
+    Late afternoon is best.
+    Backup contact is Nancy
+    Billsmer @ 338-4338.
+
+# Another full-length example
+---
+Time: 2001-11-23 15:01:42 -5
+User: ed
+Warning:
+  This is an error message
+  for the log file
+---
+Time: 2001-11-23 15:02:31 -5
+User: ed
+Warning:
+  A slightly different error
+  message.
+---
+Date: 2001-11-23 15:03:17 -5
+User: ed
+Fatal:
+  Unknown variable "bar"
+Stack:
+  - file: TopClass.py
+    line: 23
+    code: |
+      x = MoreObject("345\n")
+  - file: MoreClass.py
+    line: 58
+    code: |-
+      foo = bar
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/examples/pygments-lexer/yaml.py b/python/pyyaml/examples/pygments-lexer/yaml.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ce9dac9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/examples/pygments-lexer/yaml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+
+"""
+yaml.py
+
+Lexer for YAML, a human-friendly data serialization language
+(http://yaml.org/).
+
+Written by Kirill Simonov <xi@resolvent.net>.
+
+License: Whatever suitable for inclusion into the Pygments package.
+"""
+
+from pygments.lexer import  \
+        ExtendedRegexLexer, LexerContext, include, bygroups
+from pygments.token import  \
+        Text, Comment, Punctuation, Name, Literal
+
+__all__ = ['YAMLLexer']
+
+
+class YAMLLexerContext(LexerContext):
+    """Indentation context for the YAML lexer."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        super(YAMLLexerContext, self).__init__(*args, **kwds)
+        self.indent_stack = []
+        self.indent = -1
+        self.next_indent = 0
+        self.block_scalar_indent = None
+
+
+def something(TokenClass):
+    """Do not produce empty tokens."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        if not text:
+            return
+        yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+        context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def reset_indent(TokenClass):
+    """Reset the indentation levels."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        context.indent_stack = []
+        context.indent = -1
+        context.next_indent = 0
+        context.block_scalar_indent = None
+        yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+        context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def save_indent(TokenClass, start=False):
+    """Save a possible indentation level."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        extra = ''
+        if start:
+            context.next_indent = len(text)
+            if context.next_indent < context.indent:
+                while context.next_indent < context.indent:
+                    context.indent = context.indent_stack.pop()
+                if context.next_indent > context.indent:
+                    extra = text[context.indent:]
+                    text = text[:context.indent]
+        else:
+            context.next_indent += len(text)
+        if text:
+            yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+        if extra:
+            yield match.start()+len(text), TokenClass.Error, extra
+        context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def set_indent(TokenClass, implicit=False):
+    """Set the previously saved indentation level."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        if context.indent < context.next_indent:
+            context.indent_stack.append(context.indent)
+            context.indent = context.next_indent
+        if not implicit:
+            context.next_indent += len(text)
+        yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+        context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def set_block_scalar_indent(TokenClass):
+    """Set an explicit indentation level for a block scalar."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        context.block_scalar_indent = None
+        if not text:
+            return
+        increment = match.group(1)
+        if increment:
+            current_indent = max(context.indent, 0)
+            increment = int(increment)
+            context.block_scalar_indent = current_indent + increment
+        if text:
+            yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+            context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def parse_block_scalar_empty_line(IndentTokenClass, ContentTokenClass):
+    """Process an empty line in a block scalar."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        if (context.block_scalar_indent is None or
+                len(text) <= context.block_scalar_indent):
+            if text:
+                yield match.start(), IndentTokenClass, text
+        else:
+            indentation = text[:context.block_scalar_indent]
+            content = text[context.block_scalar_indent:]
+            yield match.start(), IndentTokenClass, indentation
+            yield (match.start()+context.block_scalar_indent,
+                    ContentTokenClass, content)
+        context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def parse_block_scalar_indent(TokenClass):
+    """Process indentation spaces in a block scalar."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        if context.block_scalar_indent is None:
+            if len(text) <= max(context.indent, 0):
+                context.stack.pop()
+                context.stack.pop()
+                return
+            context.block_scalar_indent = len(text)
+        else:
+            if len(text) < context.block_scalar_indent:
+                context.stack.pop()
+                context.stack.pop()
+                return
+        if text:
+            yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+            context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+def parse_plain_scalar_indent(TokenClass):
+    """Process indentation spaces in a plain scalar."""
+    def callback(lexer, match, context):
+        text = match.group()
+        if len(text) <= context.indent:
+            context.stack.pop()
+            context.stack.pop()
+            return
+        if text:
+            yield match.start(), TokenClass, text
+            context.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+
+class YAMLLexer(ExtendedRegexLexer):
+    """Lexer for the YAML language."""
+
+    name = 'YAML'
+    aliases = ['yaml']
+    filenames = ['*.yaml', '*.yml']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-yaml']
+
+    tokens = {
+
+        # the root rules
+        'root': [
+            # ignored whitespaces
+            (r'[ ]+(?=#|$)', Text.Blank),
+            # line breaks
+            (r'\n+', Text.Break),
+            # a comment
+            (r'#[^\n]*', Comment.Single),
+            # the '%YAML' directive
+            (r'^%YAML(?=[ ]|$)', reset_indent(Name.Directive),
+                'yaml-directive'),
+            # the %TAG directive
+            (r'^%TAG(?=[ ]|$)', reset_indent(Name.Directive),
+                'tag-directive'),
+            # document start and document end indicators
+            (r'^(?:---|\.\.\.)(?=[ ]|$)',
+                reset_indent(Punctuation.Document), 'block-line'),
+            # indentation spaces
+            (r'[ ]*(?![ \t\n\r\f\v]|$)',
+                save_indent(Text.Indent, start=True),
+                ('block-line', 'indentation')),
+        ],
+
+        # trailing whitespaces after directives or a block scalar indicator
+        'ignored-line': [
+            # ignored whitespaces
+            (r'[ ]+(?=#|$)', Text.Blank),
+            # a comment
+            (r'#[^\n]*', Comment.Single),
+            # line break
+            (r'\n', Text.Break, '#pop:2'),
+        ],
+
+        # the %YAML directive
+        'yaml-directive': [
+            # the version number
+            (r'([ ]+)([0-9]+\.[0-9]+)',
+                bygroups(Text.Blank, Literal.Version), 'ignored-line'),
+        ],
+
+        # the %YAG directive
+        'tag-directive': [
+            # a tag handle and the corresponding prefix
+            (r'([ ]+)(!|![0-9A-Za-z_-]*!)'
+                r'([ ]+)(!|!?[0-9A-Za-z;/?:@&=+$,_.!~*\'()\[\]%-]+)',
+                bygroups(Text.Blank, Name.Type, Text.Blank, Name.Type),
+                'ignored-line'),
+        ],
+
+        # block scalar indicators and indentation spaces
+        'indentation': [
+            # trailing whitespaces are ignored
+            (r'[ ]*$', something(Text.Blank), '#pop:2'),
+            # whitespaces preceeding block collection indicators
+            (r'[ ]+(?=[?:-](?:[ ]|$))', save_indent(Text.Indent)),
+            # block collection indicators
+            (r'[?:-](?=[ ]|$)', set_indent(Punctuation.Indicator)),
+            # the beginning a block line
+            (r'[ ]*', save_indent(Text.Indent), '#pop'),
+        ],
+
+        # an indented line in the block context
+        'block-line': [
+            # the line end
+            (r'[ ]*(?=#|$)', something(Text.Blank), '#pop'),
+            # whitespaces separating tokens
+            (r'[ ]+', Text.Blank),
+            # tags, anchors and aliases,
+            include('descriptors'),
+            # block collections and scalars
+            include('block-nodes'),
+            # flow collections and quoted scalars
+            include('flow-nodes'),
+            # a plain scalar
+            (r'(?=[^ \t\n\r\f\v?:,\[\]{}#&*!|>\'"%@`-]|[?:-][^ \t\n\r\f\v])',
+                something(Literal.Scalar.Plain),
+                'plain-scalar-in-block-context'),
+        ],
+
+        # tags, anchors, aliases
+        'descriptors' : [
+            # a full-form tag
+            (r'!<[0-9A-Za-z;/?:@&=+$,_.!~*\'()\[\]%-]+>', Name.Type),
+            # a tag in the form '!', '!suffix' or '!handle!suffix'
+            (r'!(?:[0-9A-Za-z_-]+)?'
+                r'(?:![0-9A-Za-z;/?:@&=+$,_.!~*\'()\[\]%-]+)?', Name.Type),
+            # an anchor
+            (r'&[0-9A-Za-z_-]+', Name.Anchor),
+            # an alias
+            (r'\*[0-9A-Za-z_-]+', Name.Alias),
+        ],
+
+        # block collections and scalars
+        'block-nodes': [
+            # implicit key
+            (r':(?=[ ]|$)', set_indent(Punctuation.Indicator, implicit=True)),
+            # literal and folded scalars
+            (r'[|>]', Punctuation.Indicator,
+                ('block-scalar-content', 'block-scalar-header')),
+        ],
+
+        # flow collections and quoted scalars
+        'flow-nodes': [
+            # a flow sequence
+            (r'\[', Punctuation.Indicator, 'flow-sequence'),
+            # a flow mapping
+            (r'\{', Punctuation.Indicator, 'flow-mapping'),
+            # a single-quoted scalar
+            (r'\'', Literal.Scalar.Flow.Quote, 'single-quoted-scalar'),
+            # a double-quoted scalar
+            (r'\"', Literal.Scalar.Flow.Quote, 'double-quoted-scalar'),
+        ],
+
+        # the content of a flow collection
+        'flow-collection': [
+            # whitespaces
+            (r'[ ]+', Text.Blank),
+            # line breaks
+            (r'\n+', Text.Break),
+            # a comment
+            (r'#[^\n]*', Comment.Single),
+            # simple indicators
+            (r'[?:,]', Punctuation.Indicator),
+            # tags, anchors and aliases
+            include('descriptors'),
+            # nested collections and quoted scalars
+            include('flow-nodes'),
+            # a plain scalar
+            (r'(?=[^ \t\n\r\f\v?:,\[\]{}#&*!|>\'"%@`])',
+                something(Literal.Scalar.Plain),
+                'plain-scalar-in-flow-context'),
+        ],
+
+        # a flow sequence indicated by '[' and ']'
+        'flow-sequence': [
+            # include flow collection rules
+            include('flow-collection'),
+            # the closing indicator
+            (r'\]', Punctuation.Indicator, '#pop'),
+        ],
+
+        # a flow mapping indicated by '{' and '}'
+        'flow-mapping': [
+            # include flow collection rules
+            include('flow-collection'),
+            # the closing indicator
+            (r'\}', Punctuation.Indicator, '#pop'),
+        ],
+
+        # block scalar lines
+        'block-scalar-content': [
+            # line break
+            (r'\n', Text.Break),
+            # empty line
+            (r'^[ ]+$',
+                parse_block_scalar_empty_line(Text.Indent,
+                    Literal.Scalar.Block)),
+            # indentation spaces (we may leave the state here)
+            (r'^[ ]*', parse_block_scalar_indent(Text.Indent)),
+            # line content
+            (r'[^\n\r\f\v]+', Literal.Scalar.Block),
+        ],
+
+        # the content of a literal or folded scalar
+        'block-scalar-header': [
+            # indentation indicator followed by chomping flag
+            (r'([1-9])?[+-]?(?=[ ]|$)',
+                set_block_scalar_indent(Punctuation.Indicator),
+                'ignored-line'),
+            # chomping flag followed by indentation indicator
+            (r'[+-]?([1-9])?(?=[ ]|$)',
+                set_block_scalar_indent(Punctuation.Indicator),
+                'ignored-line'),
+        ],
+
+        # ignored and regular whitespaces in quoted scalars
+        'quoted-scalar-whitespaces': [
+            # leading and trailing whitespaces are ignored
+            (r'^[ ]+|[ ]+$', Text.Blank),
+            # line breaks are ignored
+            (r'\n+', Text.Break),
+            # other whitespaces are a part of the value
+            (r'[ ]+', Literal.Scalar.Flow),
+        ],
+
+        # single-quoted scalars
+        'single-quoted-scalar': [
+            # include whitespace and line break rules
+            include('quoted-scalar-whitespaces'),
+            # escaping of the quote character
+            (r'\'\'', Literal.Scalar.Flow.Escape),
+            # regular non-whitespace characters
+            (r'[^ \t\n\r\f\v\']+', Literal.Scalar.Flow),
+            # the closing quote
+            (r'\'', Literal.Scalar.Flow.Quote, '#pop'),
+        ],
+
+        # double-quoted scalars
+        'double-quoted-scalar': [
+            # include whitespace and line break rules
+            include('quoted-scalar-whitespaces'),
+            # escaping of special characters
+            (r'\\[0abt\tn\nvfre "\\N_LP]', Literal.Scalar.Flow.Escape),
+            # escape codes
+            (r'\\(?:x[0-9A-Fa-f]{2}|u[0-9A-Fa-f]{4}|U[0-9A-Fa-f]{8})',
+                Literal.Scalar.Flow.Escape),
+            # regular non-whitespace characters
+            (r'[^ \t\n\r\f\v\"\\]+', Literal.Scalar.Flow),
+            # the closing quote
+            (r'"', Literal.Scalar.Flow.Quote, '#pop'),
+        ],
+
+        # the beginning of a new line while scanning a plain scalar
+        'plain-scalar-in-block-context-new-line': [
+            # empty lines
+            (r'^[ ]+$', Text.Blank),
+            # line breaks
+            (r'\n+', Text.Break),
+            # document start and document end indicators
+            (r'^(?=---|\.\.\.)', something(Punctuation.Document), '#pop:3'),
+            # indentation spaces (we may leave the block line state here)
+            (r'^[ ]*', parse_plain_scalar_indent(Text.Indent), '#pop'),
+        ],
+
+        # a plain scalar in the block context
+        'plain-scalar-in-block-context': [
+            # the scalar ends with the ':' indicator
+            (r'[ ]*(?=:[ ]|:$)', something(Text.Blank), '#pop'),
+            # the scalar ends with whitespaces followed by a comment
+            (r'[ ]+(?=#)', Text.Blank, '#pop'),
+            # trailing whitespaces are ignored
+            (r'[ ]+$', Text.Blank),
+            # line breaks are ignored
+            (r'\n+', Text.Break, 'plain-scalar-in-block-context-new-line'),
+            # other whitespaces are a part of the value
+            (r'[ ]+', Literal.Scalar.Plain),
+            # regular non-whitespace characters
+            (r'(?::(?![ \t\n\r\f\v])|[^ \t\n\r\f\v:])+',
+                Literal.Scalar.Plain),
+        ],
+
+        # a plain scalar is the flow context
+        'plain-scalar-in-flow-context': [
+            # the scalar ends with an indicator character
+            (r'[ ]*(?=[,:?\[\]{}])', something(Text.Blank), '#pop'),
+            # the scalar ends with a comment
+            (r'[ ]+(?=#)', Text.Blank, '#pop'),
+            # leading and trailing whitespaces are ignored
+            (r'^[ ]+|[ ]+$', Text.Blank),
+            # line breaks are ignored
+            (r'\n+', Text.Break),
+            # other whitespaces are a part of the value
+            (r'[ ]+', Literal.Scalar.Plain),
+            # regular non-whitespace characters
+            (r'[^ \t\n\r\f\v,:?\[\]{}]+', Literal.Scalar.Plain),
+        ],
+
+    }
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text=None, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = YAMLLexerContext(text, 0)
+        return super(YAMLLexer, self).get_tokens_unprocessed(text, context)
+
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/examples/yaml-highlight/yaml_hl.cfg b/python/pyyaml/examples/yaml-highlight/yaml_hl.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69bb84776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/examples/yaml-highlight/yaml_hl.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+%YAML 1.1
+---
+
+ascii:
+
+    header: "\e[0;1;30;40m"
+
+    footer: "\e[0m"
+
+    tokens:
+        stream-start:
+        stream-end:
+        directive:              { start: "\e[35m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        document-start:         { start: "\e[35m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        document-end:           { start: "\e[35m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        block-sequence-start:
+        block-mapping-start:
+        block-end:
+        flow-sequence-start:    { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        flow-mapping-start:     { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        flow-sequence-end:      { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        flow-mapping-end:       { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        key:                    { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        value:                  { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        block-entry:            { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        flow-entry:             { start: "\e[33m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        alias:                  { start: "\e[32m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        anchor:                 { start: "\e[32m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        tag:                    { start: "\e[32m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+        scalar:                 { start: "\e[36m", end: "\e[0;1;30;40m" }
+
+    replaces:
+        - "\r\n":   "\n"
+        - "\r":     "\n"
+        - "\n":     "\n"
+        - "\x85":   "\n"
+        - "\u2028": "\n"
+        - "\u2029": "\n"
+
+html: &html
+
+    tokens:
+        stream-start:
+        stream-end:
+        directive:              { start: <code class="directive_token">, end: </code> }
+        document-start:         { start: <code class="document_start_token">, end: </code> }
+        document-end:           { start: <code class="document_end_token">, end: </code> }
+        block-sequence-start:
+        block-mapping-start:
+        block-end:
+        flow-sequence-start:    { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        flow-mapping-start:     { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        flow-sequence-end:      { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        flow-mapping-end:       { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        key:                    { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        value:                  { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        block-entry:            { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        flow-entry:             { start: <code class="delimiter_token">, end: </code> }
+        alias:                  { start: <code class="anchor_token">, end: </code> }
+        anchor:                 { start: <code class="anchor_token">, end: </code> }
+        tag:                    { start: <code class="tag_token">, end: </code> }
+        scalar:                 { start: <code class="scalar_token">, end: </code> }
+
+    events:
+        stream-start:   { start: <pre class="yaml_stream"> }
+        stream-end:     { end: </pre> }
+        document-start: { start: <span class="document"> }
+        document-end:   { end: </span> }
+        sequence-start: { start: <span class="sequence"> }
+        sequence-end:   { end: </span> }
+        mapping-start:  { start: <span class="mapping"> }
+        mapping-end:    { end: </span> }
+        scalar:         { start: <span class="scalar">, end: </span> }
+
+    replaces:
+        - "\r\n":   "\n"
+        - "\r":     "\n"
+        - "\n":     "\n"
+        - "\x85":   "\n"
+        - "\u2028": "\n"
+        - "\u2029": "\n"
+        - "&":      "&amp;"
+        - "<":      "&lt;"
+        - ">":      "&gt;"
+
+html-page:
+
+    header: |
+        <html>
+        <head>
+        <title>A YAML stream</title>
+        <style type="text/css">
+            .document { background: #FFF }
+            .sequence { background: #EEF }
+            .mapping { background: #EFE }
+            .scalar { background: #FEE }
+            .directive_token { color: #C0C }
+            .document_start_token { color: #C0C; font-weight: bold }
+            .document_end_token { color: #C0C; font-weight: bold }
+            .delimiter_token { color: #600; font-weight: bold }
+            .anchor_token { color: #090 }
+            .tag_token { color: #090 }
+            .scalar_token { color: #000 }
+            .yaml_stream { color: #999 }
+        </style>
+        <body>
+
+    footer: |
+        </body>
+        </html>
+
+    <<: *html
+
+
+# vim: ft=yaml
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/examples/yaml-highlight/yaml_hl.py b/python/pyyaml/examples/yaml-highlight/yaml_hl.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d6f7bf4eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/examples/yaml-highlight/yaml_hl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+
+import yaml, codecs, sys, os.path, optparse
+
+class Style:
+
+    def __init__(self, header=None, footer=None,
+            tokens=None, events=None, replaces=None):
+        self.header = header
+        self.footer = footer
+        self.replaces = replaces
+        self.substitutions = {}
+        for domain, Class in [(tokens, 'Token'), (events, 'Event')]:
+            if not domain:
+                continue
+            for key in domain:
+                name = ''.join([part.capitalize() for part in key.split('-')])
+                cls = getattr(yaml, '%s%s' % (name, Class))
+                value = domain[key]
+                if not value:
+                    continue
+                start = value.get('start')
+                end = value.get('end')
+                if start:
+                    self.substitutions[cls, -1] = start
+                if end:
+                    self.substitutions[cls, +1] = end
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(**state)
+
+yaml.add_path_resolver(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:__main__.Style',
+        [None], dict)
+yaml.add_path_resolver(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs',
+        [None, u'replaces'], list)
+
+class YAMLHighlight:
+
+    def __init__(self, options):
+        config = yaml.load(file(options.config, 'rb').read())
+        self.style = config[options.style]
+        if options.input:
+            self.input = file(options.input, 'rb')
+        else:
+            self.input = sys.stdin
+        if options.output:
+            self.output = file(options.output, 'wb')
+        else:
+            self.output = sys.stdout
+
+    def highlight(self):
+        input = self.input.read()
+        if input.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE):
+            input = unicode(input, 'utf-16-le')
+        elif input.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+            input = unicode(input, 'utf-16-be')
+        else:
+            input = unicode(input, 'utf-8')
+        substitutions = self.style.substitutions
+        tokens = yaml.scan(input)
+        events = yaml.parse(input)
+        markers = []
+        number = 0
+        for token in tokens:
+            number += 1
+            if token.start_mark.index != token.end_mark.index:
+                cls = token.__class__
+                if (cls, -1) in substitutions:
+                    markers.append([token.start_mark.index, +2, number, substitutions[cls, -1]])
+                if (cls, +1) in substitutions:
+                    markers.append([token.end_mark.index, -2, number, substitutions[cls, +1]])
+        number = 0
+        for event in events:
+            number += 1
+            cls = event.__class__
+            if (cls, -1) in substitutions:
+                markers.append([event.start_mark.index, +1, number, substitutions[cls, -1]])
+            if (cls, +1) in substitutions:
+                markers.append([event.end_mark.index, -1, number, substitutions[cls, +1]])
+        markers.sort()
+        markers.reverse()
+        chunks = []
+        position = len(input)
+        for index, weight1, weight2, substitution in markers:
+            if index < position:
+                chunk = input[index:position]
+                for substring, replacement in self.style.replaces:
+                    chunk = chunk.replace(substring, replacement)
+                chunks.append(chunk)
+                position = index
+            chunks.append(substitution)
+        chunks.reverse()
+        result = u''.join(chunks)
+        if self.style.header:
+            self.output.write(self.style.header)
+        self.output.write(result.encode('utf-8'))
+        if self.style.footer:
+            self.output.write(self.style.footer)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    parser = optparse.OptionParser()
+    parser.add_option('-s', '--style', dest='style', default='ascii',
+            help="specify the highlighting style", metavar='STYLE')
+    parser.add_option('-c', '--config', dest='config',
+            default=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]), 'yaml_hl.cfg'),
+            help="set an alternative configuration file", metavar='CONFIG')
+    parser.add_option('-i', '--input', dest='input', default=None,
+            help="set the input file (default: stdin)", metavar='FILE')
+    parser.add_option('-o', '--output', dest='output', default=None,
+            help="set the output file (default: stdout)", metavar='FILE')
+    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
+    hl = YAMLHighlight(options)
+    hl.highlight()
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.c b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4a5bc524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.c
@@ -0,0 +1,22190 @@
+/* Generated by Cython 0.20.1 on Wed Mar 26 13:55:16 2014 */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+#ifdef PYLONG_BITS_IN_DIGIT
+#define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+#else
+#include "pyconfig.h"
+#ifdef PYLONG_BITS_IN_DIGIT
+#define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 1
+#else
+#define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+#include "Python.h"
+#ifndef Py_PYTHON_H
+    #error Python headers needed to compile C extensions, please install development version of Python.
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02040000
+    #error Cython requires Python 2.4+.
+#else
+#define CYTHON_ABI "0_20_1"
+#include <stddef.h> /* For offsetof */
+#ifndef offsetof
+#define offsetof(type, member) ( (size_t) & ((type*)0) -> member )
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #ifndef __stdcall
+    #define __stdcall
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __cdecl
+    #define __cdecl
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __fastcall
+    #define __fastcall
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_IMPORT
+  #define DL_IMPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_EXPORT
+  #define DL_EXPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#ifndef PY_LONG_LONG
+  #define PY_LONG_LONG LONG_LONG
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_HUGE_VAL
+  #define Py_HUGE_VAL HUGE_VAL
+#endif
+#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
+#define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 1
+#define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+#else
+#define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+#define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 1
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+#define Py_OptimizeFlag 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+  typedef int Py_ssize_t;
+  #define PY_SSIZE_T_MAX INT_MAX
+  #define PY_SSIZE_T_MIN INT_MIN
+  #define PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T ""
+  #define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T ""
+  #define PyInt_FromSsize_t(z) PyInt_FromLong(z)
+  #define PyInt_AsSsize_t(o)   __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(o)
+  #define PyNumber_Index(o)    ((PyNumber_Check(o) && !PyFloat_Check(o)) ? PyNumber_Int(o) : \
+                                (PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, \
+                                              "expected index value, got %.200s", Py_TYPE(o)->tp_name), \
+                                 (PyObject*)0))
+  #define __Pyx_PyIndex_Check(o) (PyNumber_Check(o) && !PyFloat_Check(o) && \
+                                  !PyComplex_Check(o))
+  #define PyIndex_Check __Pyx_PyIndex_Check
+  #define PyErr_WarnEx(category, message, stacklevel) PyErr_Warn(category, message)
+  #define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "i"
+#else
+  #define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "n"
+  #define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "z"
+  #define __Pyx_PyIndex_Check PyIndex_Check
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
+  #define Py_REFCNT(ob) (((PyObject*)(ob))->ob_refcnt)
+  #define Py_TYPE(ob)   (((PyObject*)(ob))->ob_type)
+  #define Py_SIZE(ob)   (((PyVarObject*)(ob))->ob_size)
+  #define PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size) \
+          PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) size,
+  #define PyType_Modified(t)
+  typedef struct {
+     void *buf;
+     PyObject *obj;
+     Py_ssize_t len;
+     Py_ssize_t itemsize;
+     int readonly;
+     int ndim;
+     char *format;
+     Py_ssize_t *shape;
+     Py_ssize_t *strides;
+     Py_ssize_t *suboffsets;
+     void *internal;
+  } Py_buffer;
+  #define PyBUF_SIMPLE 0
+  #define PyBUF_WRITABLE 0x0001
+  #define PyBUF_FORMAT 0x0004
+  #define PyBUF_ND 0x0008
+  #define PyBUF_STRIDES (0x0010 | PyBUF_ND)
+  #define PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS (0x0020 | PyBUF_STRIDES)
+  #define PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS (0x0040 | PyBUF_STRIDES)
+  #define PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS (0x0080 | PyBUF_STRIDES)
+  #define PyBUF_INDIRECT (0x0100 | PyBUF_STRIDES)
+  #define PyBUF_RECORDS (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT | PyBUF_WRITABLE)
+  #define PyBUF_FULL (PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT | PyBUF_WRITABLE)
+  typedef int (*getbufferproc)(PyObject *, Py_buffer *, int);
+  typedef void (*releasebufferproc)(PyObject *, Py_buffer *);
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "__builtin__"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos) \
+          PyCode_New(a+k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyClass_Type
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "builtins"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos) \
+          PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyType_Type
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
+  #define PyUnicode_FromString(s) PyUnicode_Decode(s, strlen(s), "UTF-8", "strict")
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0
+#endif
+#if (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000) || (PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3)
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000 && !defined(Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT)
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030400a1 && !defined(Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE)
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x03030000 && defined(PyUnicode_KIND)
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 1
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)) ? \
+                                              0 : _PyUnicode_Ready((PyObject *)(op)))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         PyUnicode_KIND(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         PyUnicode_DATA(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 0
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) ((Py_UCS4)(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         (sizeof(Py_UNICODE))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         ((void*)PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   ((void)(k), (Py_UCS4)(((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i]))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None) || unlikely((b) == Py_None)) ? \
+      PyNumber_Add(a, b) : __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyString_FormatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FormatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : PyUnicode_Format(a, b))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyUnicode_Format(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyString_Format(a, b)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBaseString_Type            PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyStringObject               PyUnicodeObject
+  #define PyString_Type                PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyString_Check               PyUnicode_Check
+  #define PyString_CheckExact          PyUnicode_CheckExact
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
+  #define PyBytesObject                PyStringObject
+  #define PyBytes_Type                 PyString_Type
+  #define PyBytes_Check                PyString_Check
+  #define PyBytes_CheckExact           PyString_CheckExact
+  #define PyBytes_FromString           PyString_FromString
+  #define PyBytes_FromStringAndSize    PyString_FromStringAndSize
+  #define PyBytes_FromFormat           PyString_FromFormat
+  #define PyBytes_DecodeEscape         PyString_DecodeEscape
+  #define PyBytes_AsString             PyString_AsString
+  #define PyBytes_AsStringAndSize      PyString_AsStringAndSize
+  #define PyBytes_Size                 PyString_Size
+  #define PyBytes_AS_STRING            PyString_AS_STRING
+  #define PyBytes_GET_SIZE             PyString_GET_SIZE
+  #define PyBytes_Repr                 PyString_Repr
+  #define PyBytes_Concat               PyString_Concat
+  #define PyBytes_ConcatAndDel         PyString_ConcatAndDel
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) PyUnicode_Check(obj)
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) (PyString_CheckExact(obj) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj) || \
+                                         PyString_Check(obj) || PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) (PyString_CheckExact(obj) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj))
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
+  #define PySet_Check(obj)             PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PySet_Type)
+  #define PyFrozenSet_Check(obj)       PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PyFrozenSet_Type)
+#endif
+#ifndef PySet_CheckExact
+  #define PySet_CheckExact(obj)        (Py_TYPE(obj) == &PySet_Type)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type)
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyIntObject                  PyLongObject
+  #define PyInt_Type                   PyLong_Type
+  #define PyInt_Check(op)              PyLong_Check(op)
+  #define PyInt_CheckExact(op)         PyLong_CheckExact(op)
+  #define PyInt_FromString             PyLong_FromString
+  #define PyInt_FromUnicode            PyLong_FromUnicode
+  #define PyInt_FromLong               PyLong_FromLong
+  #define PyInt_FromSize_t             PyLong_FromSize_t
+  #define PyInt_FromSsize_t            PyLong_FromSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsLong                 PyLong_AsLong
+  #define PyInt_AS_LONG                PyLong_AS_LONG
+  #define PyInt_AsSsize_t              PyLong_AsSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongMask     PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLongMask PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask
+  #define PyNumber_Int                 PyNumber_Long
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBoolObject                 PyLongObject
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030200A4
+  typedef long Py_hash_t;
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromLong
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsLong
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromSsize_t
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsSsize_t
+#endif
+#if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3) || (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03010300)
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_GetSlice(obj, a, b) PySequence_GetSlice(obj, a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SetSlice(obj, a, b, value) PySequence_SetSlice(obj, a, b, value)
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_DelSlice(obj, a, b) PySequence_DelSlice(obj, a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_GetSlice(obj, a, b) (unlikely(!(obj)) ? \
+        (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "null argument to internal routine"), (PyObject*)0) : \
+        (likely((obj)->ob_type->tp_as_mapping) ? (PySequence_GetSlice(obj, a, b)) : \
+            (PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%.200s' object is unsliceable", (obj)->ob_type->tp_name), (PyObject*)0)))
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SetSlice(obj, a, b, value) (unlikely(!(obj)) ? \
+        (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "null argument to internal routine"), -1) : \
+        (likely((obj)->ob_type->tp_as_mapping) ? (PySequence_SetSlice(obj, a, b, value)) : \
+            (PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%.200s' object doesn't support slice assignment", (obj)->ob_type->tp_name), -1)))
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_DelSlice(obj, a, b) (unlikely(!(obj)) ? \
+        (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "null argument to internal routine"), -1) : \
+        (likely((obj)->ob_type->tp_as_mapping) ? (PySequence_DelSlice(obj, a, b)) : \
+            (PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%.200s' object doesn't support slice deletion", (obj)->ob_type->tp_name), -1)))
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) ((self) ? PyMethod_New(func, self) : PyInstanceMethod_New(func))
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+  #define __Pyx_GetAttrString(o,n)   PyObject_GetAttrString((o),((char *)(n)))
+  #define __Pyx_SetAttrString(o,n,a) PyObject_SetAttrString((o),((char *)(n)),(a))
+  #define __Pyx_DelAttrString(o,n)   PyObject_DelAttrString((o),((char *)(n)))
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_GetAttrString(o,n)   PyObject_GetAttrString((o),(n))
+  #define __Pyx_SetAttrString(o,n,a) PyObject_SetAttrString((o),(n),(a))
+  #define __Pyx_DelAttrString(o,n)   PyObject_DelAttrString((o),(n))
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+  #define __Pyx_NAMESTR(n) ((char *)(n))
+  #define __Pyx_DOCSTR(n)  ((char *)(n))
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_NAMESTR(n) (n)
+  #define __Pyx_DOCSTR(n)  (n)
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE inline
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT restrict
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifdef NAN
+#define __PYX_NAN() ((float) NAN)
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE float __PYX_NAN() {
+  /* Initialize NaN. The sign is irrelevant, an exponent with all bits 1 and
+   a nonzero mantissa means NaN. If the first bit in the mantissa is 1, it is
+   a quiet NaN. */
+  float value;
+  memset(&value, 0xFF, sizeof(value));
+  return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_TrueDivide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(x,y)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_Divide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __PYX_EXTERN_C
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern "C"
+  #else
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#endif
+#include <math.h>
+#define __PYX_HAVE___yaml
+#define __PYX_HAVE_API___yaml
+#include "_yaml.h"
+#ifdef _OPENMP
+#include <omp.h>
+#endif /* _OPENMP */
+
+#ifdef PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS
+#define CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED
+# if defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4))
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+#   else
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED
+#   endif
+# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER))
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+# else
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+typedef struct {PyObject **p; char *s; const Py_ssize_t n; const char* encoding;
+                const char is_unicode; const char is_str; const char intern; } __Pyx_StringTabEntry; /*proto*/
+
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING ""
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromString __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#define __Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(v, type, is_signed)  (    \
+    (sizeof(type) < sizeof(Py_ssize_t))  ||             \
+    (sizeof(type) > sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&               \
+          likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||            \
+                 v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)  &&         \
+          (!is_signed || likely(v > (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN ||       \
+                                v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN)))  ||  \
+    (sizeof(type) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&              \
+          (is_signed || likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||        \
+                               v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)))  )
+static CYTHON_INLINE char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t* length);
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(s) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, strlen((const char*)s))
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(s, l) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, l)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString        PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(char*);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsSString(s)    ((signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromUString(s)  __Pyx_PyObject_FromString((char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromUString(s)   __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString((char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromUString(s)   __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString((char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyStr_FromUString(s)     __Pyx_PyStr_FromString((char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUString(s) __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString((char*)s)
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(const Py_UNICODE *u)
+{
+    const Py_UNICODE *u_end = u;
+    while (*u_end++) ;
+    return u_end - u - 1;
+}
+#else
+#define __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen Py_UNICODE_strlen
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u)       PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u, __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(u))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicodeAndLength PyUnicode_FromUnicode
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsUnicode            PyUnicode_AsUnicode
+#define __Pyx_Owned_Py_None(b) (Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None)
+#define __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(b) ((b) ? (Py_INCREF(Py_True), Py_True) : (Py_INCREF(Py_False), Py_False))
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(PyObject* x);
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#else
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x)
+#endif
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(x) ((float) __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+static int __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys = NULL;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_u = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_b = NULL;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (sys == NULL) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) (const char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    if (default_encoding == NULL) goto bad;
+    if (strcmp(PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding), "ascii") == 0) {
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 0;
+    } else {
+        const char* default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(default_encoding);
+        char ascii_chars[128];
+        int c;
+        for (c = 0; c < 128; c++) {
+            ascii_chars[c] = c;
+        }
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 1;
+        ascii_chars_u = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(ascii_chars, 128, NULL);
+        if (ascii_chars_u == NULL) goto bad;
+        ascii_chars_b = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(ascii_chars_u, default_encoding_c, NULL);
+        if (ascii_chars_b == NULL || strncmp(ascii_chars, PyBytes_AS_STRING(ascii_chars_b), 128) != 0) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                PyExc_ValueError,
+                "This module compiled with c_string_encoding=ascii, but default encoding '%.200s' is not a superset of ascii.",
+                default_encoding_c);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(sys);
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(sys);
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(c_str, size, NULL)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_Decode(c_str, size, __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, NULL)
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+static char* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys = NULL;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (sys == NULL) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) (const char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    if (default_encoding == NULL) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(default_encoding);
+    __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING = (char*) malloc(strlen(default_encoding_c));
+    strcpy(__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, default_encoding_c);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(sys);
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+  /* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
+  #if __GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95))
+    #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+    #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+  #else /* __GNUC__ > 2 ... */
+    #define likely(x)   (x)
+    #define unlikely(x) (x)
+  #endif /* __GNUC__ > 2 ... */
+#else /* __GNUC__ */
+  #define likely(x)   (x)
+  #define unlikely(x) (x)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ */
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_m;
+static PyObject *__pyx_d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_b;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes;
+static int __pyx_lineno;
+static int __pyx_clineno = 0;
+static const char * __pyx_cfilenm= __FILE__;
+static const char *__pyx_filename;
+
+
+static const char *__pyx_f[] = {
+  "_yaml.pyx",
+};
+
+/*--- Type declarations ---*/
+struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark;
+struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser;
+struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter;
+
+/* "_yaml.pyx":64
+ * MappingNode = yaml.nodes.MappingNode
+ * 
+ * cdef class Mark:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cdef readonly object name
+ *     cdef readonly int index
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *name;
+  int index;
+  int line;
+  int column;
+  PyObject *buffer;
+  PyObject *pointer;
+};
+
+
+/* "_yaml.pyx":247
+ * #        self.style = style
+ * 
+ * cdef class CParser:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     cdef yaml_parser_t parser
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_vtab;
+  yaml_parser_t parser;
+  yaml_event_t parsed_event;
+  PyObject *stream;
+  PyObject *stream_name;
+  PyObject *current_token;
+  PyObject *current_event;
+  PyObject *anchors;
+  PyObject *stream_cache;
+  int stream_cache_len;
+  int stream_cache_pos;
+  int unicode_source;
+};
+
+
+/* "_yaml.pyx":935
+ *     return 1
+ * 
+ * cdef class CEmitter:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     cdef yaml_emitter_t emitter
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_vtab;
+  yaml_emitter_t emitter;
+  PyObject *stream;
+  int document_start_implicit;
+  int document_end_implicit;
+  PyObject *use_version;
+  PyObject *use_tags;
+  PyObject *serialized_nodes;
+  PyObject *anchors;
+  int last_alias_id;
+  int closed;
+  int dump_unicode;
+  PyObject *use_encoding;
+};
+
+
+
+/* "_yaml.pyx":247
+ * #        self.style = style
+ * 
+ * cdef class CParser:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     cdef yaml_parser_t parser
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CParser {
+  PyObject *(*_parser_error)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *);
+  PyObject *(*_scan)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *);
+  PyObject *(*_token_to_object)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, yaml_token_t *);
+  PyObject *(*_parse)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *);
+  PyObject *(*_event_to_object)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, yaml_event_t *);
+  PyObject *(*_compose_document)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *);
+  PyObject *(*_compose_node)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
+  PyObject *(*_compose_scalar_node)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *);
+  PyObject *(*_compose_sequence_node)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *);
+  PyObject *(*_compose_mapping_node)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *);
+  int (*_parse_next_event)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CParser;
+
+
+/* "_yaml.pyx":935
+ *     return 1
+ * 
+ * cdef class CEmitter:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     cdef yaml_emitter_t emitter
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CEmitter {
+  PyObject *(*_emitter_error)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *);
+  int (*_object_to_event)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *, PyObject *, yaml_event_t *);
+  int (*_anchor_node)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *, PyObject *);
+  int (*_serialize_node)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CEmitter;
+#ifndef CYTHON_REFNANNY
+  #define CYTHON_REFNANNY 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_REFNANNY
+  typedef struct {
+    void (*INCREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void (*DECREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void (*GOTREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void (*GIVEREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void* (*SetupContext)(const char*, int, const char*);
+    void (*FinishContext)(void**);
+  } __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct;
+  static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNanny = NULL;
+  static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNannyImportAPI(const char *modname); /*proto*/
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations void *__pyx_refnanny = NULL;
+#ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil) \
+          if (acquire_gil) { \
+              PyGILState_STATE __pyx_gilstate_save = PyGILState_Ensure(); \
+              __pyx_refnanny = __Pyx_RefNanny->SetupContext((name), __LINE__, __FILE__); \
+              PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save); \
+          } else { \
+              __pyx_refnanny = __Pyx_RefNanny->SetupContext((name), __LINE__, __FILE__); \
+          }
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil) \
+          __pyx_refnanny = __Pyx_RefNanny->SetupContext((name), __LINE__, __FILE__)
+#endif
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext() \
+          __Pyx_RefNanny->FinishContext(&__pyx_refnanny)
+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->INCREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->DECREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->GOTREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r) __Pyx_RefNanny->GIVEREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_INCREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_DECREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GOTREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r) do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GIVEREF(r);}} while(0)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil)
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext()
+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r) Py_INCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r) Py_DECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r) Py_XINCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r) Py_XDECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r)
+#endif /* CYTHON_REFNANNY */
+#define __Pyx_XDECREF_SET(r, v) do {                            \
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;                         \
+        r = v; __Pyx_XDECREF(tmp);                              \
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_DECREF_SET(r, v) do {                             \
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;                         \
+        r = v; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);                               \
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_CLEAR(r)    do { PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);} while(0)
+#define __Pyx_XCLEAR(r)   do { if((r) != NULL) {PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);}} while(0)
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (likely(tp->tp_getattro))
+        return tp->tp_getattro(obj, attr_name);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(tp->tp_getattr))
+        return tp->tp_getattr(obj, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name));
+#endif
+    return PyObject_GetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+}
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o,n) PyObject_GetAttr(o,n)
+#endif
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name); /*proto*/
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found); /*proto*/
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(PyObject *kwds, PyObject **argnames[], \
+    PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], Py_ssize_t num_pos_args, \
+    const char* function_name); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSave(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
+static void __Pyx_ExceptionReset(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw); /*proto*/
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw)
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb); /*proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetch(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb); /*proto*/
+
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings(PyObject *kwdict, const char* function_name, int kw_allowed); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PySequence_Contains(PyObject* item, PyObject* seq, int eq) {
+    int result = PySequence_Contains(seq, item);
+    return unlikely(result < 0) ? result : (result == (eq == Py_EQ));
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname);
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyList_Append(PyObject* list, PyObject* x) {
+    PyListObject* L = (PyListObject*) list;
+    Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(list);
+    if (likely(L->allocated > len) & likely(len > (L->allocated >> 1))) {
+        Py_INCREF(x);
+        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, len, x);
+        Py_SIZE(list) = len+1;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return PyList_Append(list, x);
+}
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyList_Append(L,x) PyList_Append(L,x)
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_DelAttrStr(o,n) __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(o,n,NULL)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name, PyObject* value) {
+    PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (likely(tp->tp_setattro))
+        return tp->tp_setattro(obj, attr_name, value);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(tp->tp_setattr))
+        return tp->tp_setattr(obj, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name), value);
+#endif
+    return PyObject_SetAttr(obj, attr_name, value);
+}
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_DelAttrStr(o,n)   PyObject_DelAttr(o,n)
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(o,n,v) PyObject_SetAttr(o,n,v)
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals); /*proto*/
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyString_Equals __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyString_Equals __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals
+#endif
+
+#define __Pyx_GetItemInt(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck) \
+    (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ? \
+    __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck) : \
+    (is_list ? (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL) : \
+               __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i))))
+#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_List(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck) \
+    (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ? \
+    __Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck) : \
+    (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL))
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              int wraparound, int boundscheck);
+#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck) \
+    (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ? \
+    __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck) : \
+    (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "tuple index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL))
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              int wraparound, int boundscheck);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                     int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IterFinish(void); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(PyObject *retval, Py_ssize_t expected); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(int value);
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level); /*proto*/
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value);
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *);
+
+static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void);
+
+typedef struct {
+    int code_line;
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+} __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry;
+struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache {
+    int count;
+    int max_count;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries;
+};
+static struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache __pyx_code_cache = {0,0,NULL};
+static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line);
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line);
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object);
+
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename); /*proto*/
+
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t); /*proto*/
+
+
+/* Module declarations from '_yaml' */
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5_yaml_Mark = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5_yaml_CParser = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_5_yaml_CEmitter = 0;
+static int __pyx_f_5_yaml_input_handler(void *, char *, int, int *); /*proto*/
+static int __pyx_f_5_yaml_output_handler(void *, char *, int); /*proto*/
+#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "_yaml"
+int __pyx_module_is_main__yaml = 0;
+
+/* Implementation of '_yaml' */
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_MemoryError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_AttributeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_TypeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_ValueError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_get_version_string(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_2get_version(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static int __pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark___init__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_name, int __pyx_v_index, int __pyx_v_line, int __pyx_v_column, PyObject *__pyx_v_buffer, PyObject *__pyx_v_pointer); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_2get_snippet(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_4__str__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_4name___get__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_5index___get__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_4line___get__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_6column___get__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_6buffer___get__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_4Mark_7pointer___get__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_Mark *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static int __pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser___init__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_stream); /* proto */
+static void __pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_4dispose(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_6raw_scan(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_8get_token(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_10peek_token(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_12check_token(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_choices); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_14raw_parse(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_16get_event(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_18peek_event(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_20check_event(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_choices); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_22check_node(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_24get_node(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_7CParser_26get_single_node(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static int __pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter___init__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_stream, PyObject *__pyx_v_canonical, PyObject *__pyx_v_indent, PyObject *__pyx_v_width, PyObject *__pyx_v_allow_unicode, PyObject *__pyx_v_line_break, PyObject *__pyx_v_encoding, PyObject *__pyx_v_explicit_start, PyObject *__pyx_v_explicit_end, PyObject *__pyx_v_version, PyObject *__pyx_v_tags); /* proto */
+static void __pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter_4dispose(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter_6emit(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_event_object); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter_8open(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter_10close(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_5_yaml_8CEmitter_12serialize(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_node); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_5_yaml_Mark(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_5_yaml_CParser(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_5_yaml_CEmitter(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k); /*proto*/
+static char __pyx_k__3[] = "?";
+static char __pyx_k__6[] = "";
+static char __pyx_k__7[] = "'";
+static char __pyx_k__8[] = "\"";
+static char __pyx_k__9[] = "|";
+static char __pyx_k_TAG[] = "TAG";
+static char __pyx_k__10[] = ">";
+static char __pyx_k__17[] = "\r";
+static char __pyx_k__18[] = "\n";
+static char __pyx_k__19[] = "\r\n";
+static char __pyx_k_tag[] = "tag";
+static char __pyx_k_YAML[] = "YAML";
+static char __pyx_k_file[] = "<file>";
+static char __pyx_k_line[] = "line";
+static char __pyx_k_main[] = "__main__";
+static char __pyx_k_name[] = "name";
+static char __pyx_k_read[] = "read";
+static char __pyx_k_tags[] = "tags";
+static char __pyx_k_test[] = "__test__";
+static char __pyx_k_yaml[] = "yaml";
+static char __pyx_k_class[] = "__class__";
+static char __pyx_k_error[] = "error";
+static char __pyx_k_index[] = "index";
+static char __pyx_k_major[] = "major";
+static char __pyx_k_minor[] = "minor";
+static char __pyx_k_nodes[] = "nodes";
+static char __pyx_k_patch[] = "patch";
+static char __pyx_k_style[] = "style";
+static char __pyx_k_utf_8[] = "utf-8";
+static char __pyx_k_value[] = "value";
+static char __pyx_k_width[] = "width";
+static char __pyx_k_write[] = "write";
+static char __pyx_k_anchor[] = "anchor";
+static char __pyx_k_buffer[] = "buffer";
+static char __pyx_k_column[] = "column";
+static char __pyx_k_events[] = "events";
+static char __pyx_k_id_03d[] = "id%03d";
+static char __pyx_k_import[] = "__import__";
+static char __pyx_k_indent[] = "indent";
+static char __pyx_k_parser[] = "parser";
+static char __pyx_k_reader[] = "reader";
+static char __pyx_k_stream[] = "stream";
+static char __pyx_k_strict[] = "strict";
+static char __pyx_k_tokens[] = "tokens";
+static char __pyx_k_yaml_2[] = "_yaml";
+static char __pyx_k_emitter[] = "emitter";
+static char __pyx_k_pointer[] = "pointer";
+static char __pyx_k_resolve[] = "resolve";
+static char __pyx_k_scanner[] = "scanner";
+static char __pyx_k_version[] = "version";
+static char __pyx_k_KeyToken[] = "KeyToken";
+static char __pyx_k_TagToken[] = "TagToken";
+static char __pyx_k_composer[] = "composer";
+static char __pyx_k_encoding[] = "encoding";
+static char __pyx_k_end_mark[] = "end_mark";
+static char __pyx_k_explicit[] = "explicit";
+static char __pyx_k_implicit[] = "implicit";
+static char __pyx_k_TypeError[] = "TypeError";
+static char __pyx_k_YAMLError[] = "YAMLError";
+static char __pyx_k_canonical[] = "canonical";
+static char __pyx_k_utf_16_be[] = "utf-16-be";
+static char __pyx_k_utf_16_le[] = "utf-16-le";
+static char __pyx_k_AliasEvent[] = "AliasEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_AliasToken[] = "AliasToken";
+static char __pyx_k_ScalarNode[] = "ScalarNode";
+static char __pyx_k_ValueError[] = "ValueError";
+static char __pyx_k_ValueToken[] = "ValueToken";
+static char __pyx_k_flow_style[] = "flow_style";
+static char __pyx_k_line_break[] = "line_break";
+static char __pyx_k_pyx_vtable[] = "__pyx_vtable__";
+static char __pyx_k_serializer[] = "serializer";
+static char __pyx_k_start_mark[] = "start_mark";
+static char __pyx_k_AnchorToken[] = "AnchorToken";
+static char __pyx_k_MappingNode[] = "MappingNode";
+static char __pyx_k_MemoryError[] = "MemoryError";
+static char __pyx_k_ParserError[] = "ParserError";
+static char __pyx_k_ReaderError[] = "ReaderError";
+static char __pyx_k_ScalarEvent[] = "ScalarEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_ScalarToken[] = "ScalarToken";
+static char __pyx_k_byte_string[] = "<byte string>";
+static char __pyx_k_constructor[] = "constructor";
+static char __pyx_k_get_version[] = "get_version";
+static char __pyx_k_representer[] = "representer";
+static char __pyx_k_EmitterError[] = "EmitterError";
+static char __pyx_k_ScannerError[] = "ScannerError";
+static char __pyx_k_SequenceNode[] = "SequenceNode";
+static char __pyx_k_explicit_end[] = "explicit_end";
+static char __pyx_k_BlockEndToken[] = "BlockEndToken";
+static char __pyx_k_ComposerError[] = "ComposerError";
+static char __pyx_k_allow_unicode[] = "allow_unicode";
+static char __pyx_k_too_many_tags[] = "too many tags";
+static char __pyx_k_AttributeError[] = "AttributeError";
+static char __pyx_k_DirectiveToken[] = "DirectiveToken";
+static char __pyx_k_FlowEntryToken[] = "FlowEntryToken";
+static char __pyx_k_StreamEndEvent[] = "StreamEndEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_StreamEndToken[] = "StreamEndToken";
+static char __pyx_k_explicit_start[] = "explicit_start";
+static char __pyx_k_unicode_string[] = "<unicode string>";
+static char __pyx_k_BlockEntryToken[] = "BlockEntryToken";
+static char __pyx_k_MappingEndEvent[] = "MappingEndEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_SerializerError[] = "SerializerError";
+static char __pyx_k_ascend_resolver[] = "ascend_resolver";
+static char __pyx_k_invalid_event_s[] = "invalid event %s";
+static char __pyx_k_no_parser_error[] = "no parser error";
+static char __pyx_k_ConstructorError[] = "ConstructorError";
+static char __pyx_k_DocumentEndEvent[] = "DocumentEndEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_DocumentEndToken[] = "DocumentEndToken";
+static char __pyx_k_RepresenterError[] = "RepresenterError";
+static char __pyx_k_SequenceEndEvent[] = "SequenceEndEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_StreamStartEvent[] = "StreamStartEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_StreamStartToken[] = "StreamStartToken";
+static char __pyx_k_descend_resolver[] = "descend_resolver";
+static char __pyx_k_no_emitter_error[] = "no emitter error";
+static char __pyx_k_second_occurence[] = "second occurence";
+static char __pyx_k_MappingStartEvent[] = "MappingStartEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_DocumentStartEvent[] = "DocumentStartEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_DocumentStartToken[] = "DocumentStartToken";
+static char __pyx_k_SequenceStartEvent[] = "SequenceStartEvent";
+static char __pyx_k_get_version_string[] = "get_version_string";
+static char __pyx_k_unknown_event_type[] = "unknown event type";
+static char __pyx_k_unknown_token_type[] = "unknown token type";
+static char __pyx_k_FlowMappingEndToken[] = "FlowMappingEndToken";
+static char __pyx_k_FlowSequenceEndToken[] = "FlowSequenceEndToken";
+static char __pyx_k_in_s_line_d_column_d[] = "  in \"%s\", line %d, column %d";
+static char __pyx_k_serializer_is_closed[] = "serializer is closed";
+static char __pyx_k_tag_must_be_a_string[] = "tag must be a string";
+static char __pyx_k_FlowMappingStartToken[] = "FlowMappingStartToken";
+static char __pyx_k_found_undefined_alias[] = "found undefined alias";
+static char __pyx_k_BlockMappingStartToken[] = "BlockMappingStartToken";
+static char __pyx_k_FlowSequenceStartToken[] = "FlowSequenceStartToken";
+static char __pyx_k_value_must_be_a_string[] = "value must be a string";
+static char __pyx_k_BlockSequenceStartToken[] = "BlockSequenceStartToken";
+static char __pyx_k_anchor_must_be_a_string[] = "anchor must be a string";
+static char __pyx_k_serializer_is_not_opened[] = "serializer is not opened";
+static char __pyx_k_a_string_value_is_expected[] = "a string value is expected";
+static char __pyx_k_but_found_another_document[] = "but found another document";
+static char __pyx_k_tag_handle_must_be_a_string[] = "tag handle must be a string";
+static char __pyx_k_tag_prefix_must_be_a_string[] = "tag prefix must be a string";
+static char __pyx_k_serializer_is_already_opened[] = "serializer is already opened";
+static char __pyx_k_root_src_pyyaml_ext__yaml_pyx[] = "/root/src/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pyx";
+static char __pyx_k_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ[] = "a string or stream input is required";
+static char __pyx_k_expected_a_single_document_in_th[] = "expected a single document in the stream";
+static char __pyx_k_found_duplicate_anchor_first_occ[] = "found duplicate anchor; first occurence";
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_AliasEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_AliasToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_AnchorToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_AttributeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BlockEndToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BlockEntryToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BlockMappingStartToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BlockSequenceStartToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ComposerError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ConstructorError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_DirectiveToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_DocumentEndEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_DocumentEndToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_DocumentStartEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_DocumentStartToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_EmitterError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_FlowEntryToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_FlowMappingEndToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_FlowMappingStartToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_FlowSequenceEndToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_FlowSequenceStartToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_KeyToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_MappingEndEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_MappingNode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_MappingStartEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_MemoryError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ParserError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ReaderError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_RepresenterError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ScalarEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ScalarNode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ScalarToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ScannerError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_SequenceEndEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_SequenceNode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_SequenceStartEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_SerializerError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_StreamEndEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_StreamEndToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_StreamStartEvent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_StreamStartToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_TAG;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_TagToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_TypeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ValueError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ValueToken;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_YAML;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_YAMLError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__10;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__10;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__17;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__18;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__19;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__3;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__3;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__6;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__7;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__7;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__8;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__8;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__9;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__9;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_a_string_value_is_expected;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_a_string_value_is_expected;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_allow_unicode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_anchor;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_anchor_must_be_a_string;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_anchor_must_be_a_string;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ascend_resolver;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_buffer;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_but_found_another_document;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_but_found_another_document;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_byte_string;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_byte_string;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_canonical;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_class;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_column;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_composer;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_constructor;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_descend_resolver;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_emitter;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_encoding;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_encoding;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_end_mark;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_events;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_expected_a_single_document_in_th;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_expected_a_single_document_in_th;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_explicit;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_explicit_end;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_explicit_start;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_file;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_file;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_flow_style;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_found_duplicate_anchor_first_occ;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_found_duplicate_anchor_first_occ;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_found_undefined_alias;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_found_undefined_alias;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_version;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_version_string;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_id_03d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_implicit;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_import;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_in_s_line_d_column_d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_indent;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_index;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_invalid_event_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_invalid_event_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_line;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_line_break;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_main;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_major;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_minor;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_name;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_no_emitter_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_no_emitter_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_no_parser_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_no_parser_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_nodes;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_parser;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_patch;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pointer;
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+  int __pyx_r;
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+  int __pyx_t_1;
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+            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_9); __pyx_t_9 = 0;
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+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag handle must be a string")
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+            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_9); __pyx_t_9 = 0;
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+ *                             raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")
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+            __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_9, 0, 0, 0);
+            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_9); __pyx_t_9 = 0;
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+ */
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+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")
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+      __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+        __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
+        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1105; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+ *                 raise MemoryError
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+ */
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+    if (__pyx_t_4) {
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+    }
+    goto __pyx_L3;
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+        __Pyx_DECREF_SET(__pyx_v_anchor_object, __pyx_t_5);
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+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+      __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_9); __pyx_t_9 = 0;
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+      __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_4;
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+    if (!__pyx_t_2) {
+      __pyx_t_3 = (__Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(__pyx_v_style_object, __pyx_kp_u__9, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1153; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_3;
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+      __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_2;
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+      __pyx_t_2 = (__Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(__pyx_v_style_object, __pyx_kp_u__10, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1155; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
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+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+          __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_5, 0, 0, 0);
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
+          {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1170; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        /* "_yaml.pyx":1178
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+          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+          __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_5, 0, 0, 0);
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
+          {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1181; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+ *             if event_object.implicit:
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+    /* "_yaml.pyx":1184
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+ *             sequence_style = YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_STYLE
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+    __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1184; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_v_implicit = 1;
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+ *             if event_object.flow_style:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 sequence_style = YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_STYLE
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+    __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1187; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+ *                     implicit, sequence_style) == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 raise MemoryError
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+ *                 if PyUnicode_CheckExact(anchor_object):
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+    __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_t_3 != 0);
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+        /* "_yaml.pyx":1197
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+        __Pyx_DECREF_SET(__pyx_v_anchor_object, __pyx_t_5);
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+        /* "_yaml.pyx":1199
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+          __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_5, 0, 0, 0);
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+          __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_5, 0, 0, 0);
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
+          {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1202; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+ *             tag = NULL             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ */
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+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
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+          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+          __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_5, 0, 0, 0);
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
+          {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1213; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        }
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+ *             if event_object.implicit:
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+ *             if event_object.implicit:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *             mapping_style = YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_STYLE
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+    __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+    __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1216; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+ *             if event_object.flow_style:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+    __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
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+      /* "_yaml.pyx":1220
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+ *                     implicit, mapping_style) == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
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+  0, /*tp_print*/
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+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
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+  0, /*tp_compare*/
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+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_5_yaml_CParser, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_5_yaml_CParser, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_5_yaml_CParser, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  __pyx_pw_5_yaml_7CParser_1__init__, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_5_yaml_CParser, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_5_yaml_CEmitter __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CEmitter;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_5_yaml_CEmitter(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *p;
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (likely((t->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT) == 0)) {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  } else {
+    o = (PyObject *) PyBaseObject_Type.tp_new(t, __pyx_empty_tuple, 0);
+  }
+  if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *)o);
+  p->__pyx_vtab = __pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CEmitter;
+  p->stream = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->use_version = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->use_tags = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->serialized_nodes = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->anchors = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->use_encoding = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_5_yaml_CEmitter(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *p = (struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *)o;
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  if (unlikely(Py_TYPE(o)->tp_finalize) && !_PyGC_FINALIZED(o)) {
+    if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return;
+  }
+  #endif
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  {
+    PyObject *etype, *eval, *etb;
+    PyErr_Fetch(&etype, &eval, &etb);
+    ++Py_REFCNT(o);
+    __pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_3__dealloc__(o);
+    --Py_REFCNT(o);
+    PyErr_Restore(etype, eval, etb);
+  }
+  Py_CLEAR(p->stream);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->use_version);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->use_tags);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->serialized_nodes);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->anchors);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->use_encoding);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_5_yaml_CEmitter(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *p = (struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *)o;
+  if (p->stream) {
+    e = (*v)(p->stream, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->use_version) {
+    e = (*v)(p->use_version, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->use_tags) {
+    e = (*v)(p->use_tags, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->serialized_nodes) {
+    e = (*v)(p->serialized_nodes, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->anchors) {
+    e = (*v)(p->anchors, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->use_encoding) {
+    e = (*v)(p->use_encoding, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_5_yaml_CEmitter(PyObject *o) {
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *p = (struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *)o;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->stream);
+  p->stream = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->use_version);
+  p->use_version = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->use_tags);
+  p->use_tags = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->serialized_nodes);
+  p->serialized_nodes = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->anchors);
+  p->anchors = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->use_encoding);
+  p->use_encoding = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_5_yaml_CEmitter[] = {
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("dispose"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_5dispose, METH_NOARGS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("emit"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_7emit, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("open"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_9open, METH_NOARGS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("close"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_11close, METH_NOARGS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("serialize"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_13serialize, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_5_yaml_CEmitter = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_yaml.CEmitter"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_5_yaml_CEmitter, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_5_yaml_CEmitter, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_5_yaml_CEmitter, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_5_yaml_CEmitter, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  __pyx_pw_5_yaml_8CEmitter_1__init__, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_5_yaml_CEmitter, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+static struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef = {
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03020000
+    { PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL) NULL, 0, NULL },
+  #else
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+  #endif
+    __Pyx_NAMESTR("_yaml"),
+    0, /* m_doc */
+    -1, /* m_size */
+    __pyx_methods /* m_methods */,
+    NULL, /* m_reload */
+    NULL, /* m_traverse */
+    NULL, /* m_clear */
+    NULL /* m_free */
+};
+#endif
+
+static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
+  {&__pyx_n_s_AliasEvent, __pyx_k_AliasEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_AliasEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_AliasToken, __pyx_k_AliasToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_AliasToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_AnchorToken, __pyx_k_AnchorToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_AnchorToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_AttributeError, __pyx_k_AttributeError, sizeof(__pyx_k_AttributeError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_BlockEndToken, __pyx_k_BlockEndToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_BlockEndToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_BlockEntryToken, __pyx_k_BlockEntryToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_BlockEntryToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_BlockMappingStartToken, __pyx_k_BlockMappingStartToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_BlockMappingStartToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_BlockSequenceStartToken, __pyx_k_BlockSequenceStartToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_BlockSequenceStartToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ComposerError, __pyx_k_ComposerError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ComposerError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ConstructorError, __pyx_k_ConstructorError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ConstructorError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_DirectiveToken, __pyx_k_DirectiveToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_DirectiveToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_DocumentEndEvent, __pyx_k_DocumentEndEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_DocumentEndEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_DocumentEndToken, __pyx_k_DocumentEndToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_DocumentEndToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_DocumentStartEvent, __pyx_k_DocumentStartEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_DocumentStartEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_DocumentStartToken, __pyx_k_DocumentStartToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_DocumentStartToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_EmitterError, __pyx_k_EmitterError, sizeof(__pyx_k_EmitterError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_FlowEntryToken, __pyx_k_FlowEntryToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_FlowEntryToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_FlowMappingEndToken, __pyx_k_FlowMappingEndToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_FlowMappingEndToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_FlowMappingStartToken, __pyx_k_FlowMappingStartToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_FlowMappingStartToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_FlowSequenceEndToken, __pyx_k_FlowSequenceEndToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_FlowSequenceEndToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_FlowSequenceStartToken, __pyx_k_FlowSequenceStartToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_FlowSequenceStartToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_KeyToken, __pyx_k_KeyToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_KeyToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_MappingEndEvent, __pyx_k_MappingEndEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_MappingEndEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_MappingNode, __pyx_k_MappingNode, sizeof(__pyx_k_MappingNode), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_MappingStartEvent, __pyx_k_MappingStartEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_MappingStartEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_MemoryError, __pyx_k_MemoryError, sizeof(__pyx_k_MemoryError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ParserError, __pyx_k_ParserError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ParserError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ReaderError, __pyx_k_ReaderError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ReaderError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_RepresenterError, __pyx_k_RepresenterError, sizeof(__pyx_k_RepresenterError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ScalarEvent, __pyx_k_ScalarEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_ScalarEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ScalarNode, __pyx_k_ScalarNode, sizeof(__pyx_k_ScalarNode), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ScalarToken, __pyx_k_ScalarToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_ScalarToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ScannerError, __pyx_k_ScannerError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ScannerError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_SequenceEndEvent, __pyx_k_SequenceEndEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_SequenceEndEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_SequenceNode, __pyx_k_SequenceNode, sizeof(__pyx_k_SequenceNode), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_SequenceStartEvent, __pyx_k_SequenceStartEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_SequenceStartEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_SerializerError, __pyx_k_SerializerError, sizeof(__pyx_k_SerializerError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_StreamEndEvent, __pyx_k_StreamEndEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_StreamEndEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_StreamEndToken, __pyx_k_StreamEndToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_StreamEndToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_StreamStartEvent, __pyx_k_StreamStartEvent, sizeof(__pyx_k_StreamStartEvent), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_StreamStartToken, __pyx_k_StreamStartToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_StreamStartToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_TAG, __pyx_k_TAG, sizeof(__pyx_k_TAG), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_TagToken, __pyx_k_TagToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_TagToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_TypeError, __pyx_k_TypeError, sizeof(__pyx_k_TypeError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ValueError, __pyx_k_ValueError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ValueError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ValueToken, __pyx_k_ValueToken, sizeof(__pyx_k_ValueToken), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_YAML, __pyx_k_YAML, sizeof(__pyx_k_YAML), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_YAMLError, __pyx_k_YAMLError, sizeof(__pyx_k_YAMLError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__10, __pyx_k__10, sizeof(__pyx_k__10), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__10, __pyx_k__10, sizeof(__pyx_k__10), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__17, __pyx_k__17, sizeof(__pyx_k__17), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__18, __pyx_k__18, sizeof(__pyx_k__18), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__19, __pyx_k__19, sizeof(__pyx_k__19), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__3, __pyx_k__3, sizeof(__pyx_k__3), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__3, __pyx_k__3, sizeof(__pyx_k__3), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__6, __pyx_k__6, sizeof(__pyx_k__6), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__7, __pyx_k__7, sizeof(__pyx_k__7), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__7, __pyx_k__7, sizeof(__pyx_k__7), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__8, __pyx_k__8, sizeof(__pyx_k__8), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__8, __pyx_k__8, sizeof(__pyx_k__8), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s__9, __pyx_k__9, sizeof(__pyx_k__9), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__9, __pyx_k__9, sizeof(__pyx_k__9), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ, __pyx_k_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ, sizeof(__pyx_k_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ, __pyx_k_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ, sizeof(__pyx_k_a_string_or_stream_input_is_requ), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_a_string_value_is_expected, __pyx_k_a_string_value_is_expected, sizeof(__pyx_k_a_string_value_is_expected), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_a_string_value_is_expected, __pyx_k_a_string_value_is_expected, sizeof(__pyx_k_a_string_value_is_expected), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_allow_unicode, __pyx_k_allow_unicode, sizeof(__pyx_k_allow_unicode), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_anchor, __pyx_k_anchor, sizeof(__pyx_k_anchor), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_anchor_must_be_a_string, __pyx_k_anchor_must_be_a_string, sizeof(__pyx_k_anchor_must_be_a_string), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_anchor_must_be_a_string, __pyx_k_anchor_must_be_a_string, sizeof(__pyx_k_anchor_must_be_a_string), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ascend_resolver, __pyx_k_ascend_resolver, sizeof(__pyx_k_ascend_resolver), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_buffer, __pyx_k_buffer, sizeof(__pyx_k_buffer), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_but_found_another_document, __pyx_k_but_found_another_document, sizeof(__pyx_k_but_found_another_document), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_but_found_another_document, __pyx_k_but_found_another_document, sizeof(__pyx_k_but_found_another_document), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_byte_string, __pyx_k_byte_string, sizeof(__pyx_k_byte_string), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_byte_string, __pyx_k_byte_string, sizeof(__pyx_k_byte_string), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_canonical, __pyx_k_canonical, sizeof(__pyx_k_canonical), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_class, __pyx_k_class, sizeof(__pyx_k_class), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_column, __pyx_k_column, sizeof(__pyx_k_column), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_composer, __pyx_k_composer, sizeof(__pyx_k_composer), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_constructor, __pyx_k_constructor, sizeof(__pyx_k_constructor), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_descend_resolver, __pyx_k_descend_resolver, sizeof(__pyx_k_descend_resolver), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_emitter, __pyx_k_emitter, sizeof(__pyx_k_emitter), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_encoding, __pyx_k_encoding, sizeof(__pyx_k_encoding), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_encoding, __pyx_k_encoding, sizeof(__pyx_k_encoding), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_end_mark, __pyx_k_end_mark, sizeof(__pyx_k_end_mark), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_error, __pyx_k_error, sizeof(__pyx_k_error), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_events, __pyx_k_events, sizeof(__pyx_k_events), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_expected_a_single_document_in_th, __pyx_k_expected_a_single_document_in_th, sizeof(__pyx_k_expected_a_single_document_in_th), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_expected_a_single_document_in_th, __pyx_k_expected_a_single_document_in_th, sizeof(__pyx_k_expected_a_single_document_in_th), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_explicit, __pyx_k_explicit, sizeof(__pyx_k_explicit), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_explicit_end, __pyx_k_explicit_end, sizeof(__pyx_k_explicit_end), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_explicit_start, __pyx_k_explicit_start, sizeof(__pyx_k_explicit_start), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_file, __pyx_k_file, sizeof(__pyx_k_file), 0, 0, 1, 0},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s_flow_style, __pyx_k_flow_style, sizeof(__pyx_k_flow_style), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  __pyx_tuple__25 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_tag_handle_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__25)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1073; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__25);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__25);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1080
+ *                     if not PyString_CheckExact(prefix):
+ *                         if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                             raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                         else:
+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__26 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_tag_prefix_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__26)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1080; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__26);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__26);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1082
+ *                             raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")
+ *                         else:
+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     tag_directives_end.prefix = PyString_AS_STRING(prefix)
+ *                     tag_directives_end = tag_directives_end+1
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__27 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_tag_prefix_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__27)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1082; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__27);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__27);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1103
+ *             if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+ *                 if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                     raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 else:
+ *                     raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__28 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__28)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1103; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__28);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__28);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1105
+ *                     raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+ *                 else:
+ *                     raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+ *             if yaml_alias_event_initialize(event, anchor) == 0:
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__29 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__29)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1105; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__29);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__29);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1117
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__30 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__30)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1117; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__30);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__30);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1119
+ *                         raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+ *             tag = NULL
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__31 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__31)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__31);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__31);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1128
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__32 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_tag_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__32)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1128; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__32);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__32);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1130
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+ *             value_object = event_object.value
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__33 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_tag_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__33)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1130; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__33);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__33);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1137
+ *             if not PyString_CheckExact(value_object):
+ *                 if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                     raise TypeError("value must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 else:
+ *                     raise TypeError(u"value must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__34 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_value_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__34)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1137; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__34);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__34);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1139
+ *                     raise TypeError("value must be a string")
+ *                 else:
+ *                     raise TypeError(u"value must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             value = PyString_AS_STRING(value_object)
+ *             length = PyString_GET_SIZE(value_object)
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__35 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_value_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__35)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1139; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__35);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__35);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1168
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__36 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__36)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1168; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__36);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__36);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1170
+ *                         raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+ *             tag = NULL
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__37 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__37)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1170; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__37);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__37);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1179
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__38 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_tag_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__38)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1179; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__38);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__38);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1181
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+ *             implicit = 0
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__39 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_tag_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__39)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1181; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__39);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__39);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1200
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__40 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__40)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1200; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__40);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__40);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1202
+ *                         raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+ *             tag = NULL
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__41 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_anchor_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__41)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1202; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__41);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__41);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1211
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__42 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_tag_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__42)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1211; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__42);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__42);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1213
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *             implicit = 0
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__43);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__43);
+
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+ *         elif self.closed == 1:
+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is closed")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__44 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_serializer_is_closed); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__44)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1263; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__44);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__44);
+
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+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is closed")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__45);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__45);
+
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+ *         else:
+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is already opened")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is already opened")
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__46);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__46);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1270
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is already opened")
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is already opened")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *     def close(self):
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__47);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__47);
+
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+ *         if self.closed == -1:
+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is not opened")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__48 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_serializer_is_not_opened); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__48)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1276; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__48);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__48);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1278
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is not opened")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *             yaml_stream_end_event_initialize(&event)
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__49);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__49);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1295
+ *         if self.closed == -1:
+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is not opened")
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__50);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__50);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1297
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is not opened")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__51);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__51);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1300
+ *         elif self.closed == 1:
+ *             if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is closed")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__52 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_serializer_is_closed); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__52)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1300; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__52);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__52);
+
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+ *                 raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+ *             else:
+ *                 raise SerializerError(u"serializer is closed")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *         version_directive = NULL
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__53 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_serializer_is_closed); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__53)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1302; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__53);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__53);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1314
+ *             if len(self.use_tags) > 128:
+ *                 if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                     raise ValueError("too many tags")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 else:
+ *                     raise ValueError(u"too many tags")
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__54);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__54);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1316
+ *                     raise ValueError("too many tags")
+ *                 else:
+ *                     raise ValueError(u"too many tags")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__55);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__55);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1326
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(handle):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag handle must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag handle must be a string")
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__56);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__56);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1328
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag handle must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag handle must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *                 if PyUnicode_CheckExact(prefix):
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__57 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_u_tag_handle_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__57)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1328; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__57);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__57);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1335
+ *                 if not PyString_CheckExact(prefix):
+ *                     if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")
+ */
+  __pyx_tuple__58 = PyTuple_Pack(1, __pyx_kp_s_tag_prefix_must_be_a_string); if (unlikely(!__pyx_tuple__58)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1335; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__58);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__58);
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1337
+ *                         raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")
+ *                     else:
+ *                         raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *                 tag_directives_end = tag_directives_end+1
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__59);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__59);
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__61);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__61);
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__64);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__64);
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+ *                         raise TypeError("value must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *                         raise TypeError(u"value must be a string")
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__66);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__66);
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+ *                         raise TypeError("value must be a string")
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+ *                         raise TypeError(u"value must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__67);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__67);
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+ *                     if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+ *                         if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                             raise TypeError("tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__68);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__68);
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+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1465
+ *                             raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
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+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                     tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
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+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_tuple__69);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_tuple__69);
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+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1495
+ *                     if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+ *                         if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+ *                             raise TypeError("tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
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+  /* "_yaml.pyx":1497
+ *                             raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+ *                         else:
+ *                             raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ *     value = yaml_get_version_string()
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+  return 0;
+  __pyx_L1_error:;
+  return -1;
+}
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+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+PyMODINIT_FUNC init_yaml(void); /*proto*/
+PyMODINIT_FUNC init_yaml(void)
+#else
+PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__yaml(void); /*proto*/
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+{
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+  PyObject *__pyx_t_2 = NULL;
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+  #endif
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+  if (__pyx_Generator_init() < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 2; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  #if defined(__PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS) && __PYX_FORCE_INIT_THREADS
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD /* Python build with threading support? */
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+  __pyx_m = PyModule_Create(&__pyx_moduledef);
+  #endif
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+  }
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+  {
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+    if (!PyDict_GetItemString(modules, "_yaml")) {
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+  }
+  #endif
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+  /*--- Constants init code ---*/
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+  /*--- Variable export code ---*/
+  /*--- Function export code ---*/
+  /*--- Type init code ---*/
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+  __pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CParser = &__pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser;
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+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._token_to_object = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, yaml_token_t *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__token_to_object;
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+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._event_to_object = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, yaml_event_t *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__event_to_object;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._compose_document = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__compose_document;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._compose_node = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__compose_node;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._compose_scalar_node = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__compose_scalar_node;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._compose_sequence_node = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__compose_sequence_node;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._compose_mapping_node = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__compose_mapping_node;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CParser._parse_next_event = (int (*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CParser *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_7CParser__parse_next_event;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_5_yaml_CParser) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 247; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_type_5_yaml_CParser.tp_print = 0;
+  if (__Pyx_SetVtable(__pyx_type_5_yaml_CParser.tp_dict, __pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CParser) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 247; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (__Pyx_SetAttrString(__pyx_m, "CParser", (PyObject *)&__pyx_type_5_yaml_CParser) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 247; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_5_yaml_CParser = &__pyx_type_5_yaml_CParser;
+  __pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CEmitter = &__pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CEmitter;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CEmitter._emitter_error = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_8CEmitter__emitter_error;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CEmitter._object_to_event = (int (*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *, PyObject *, yaml_event_t *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_8CEmitter__object_to_event;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CEmitter._anchor_node = (int (*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_8CEmitter__anchor_node;
+  __pyx_vtable_5_yaml_CEmitter._serialize_node = (int (*)(struct __pyx_obj_5_yaml_CEmitter *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_5_yaml_8CEmitter__serialize_node;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_5_yaml_CEmitter) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 935; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_type_5_yaml_CEmitter.tp_print = 0;
+  if (__Pyx_SetVtable(__pyx_type_5_yaml_CEmitter.tp_dict, __pyx_vtabptr_5_yaml_CEmitter) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 935; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (__Pyx_SetAttrString(__pyx_m, "CEmitter", (PyObject *)&__pyx_type_5_yaml_CEmitter) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 935; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_5_yaml_CEmitter = &__pyx_type_5_yaml_CEmitter;
+  /*--- Type import code ---*/
+  /*--- Variable import code ---*/
+  /*--- Function import code ---*/
+  /*--- Execution code ---*/
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":2
+ * 
+ * import yaml             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
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+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
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+  /* "_yaml.pyx":60
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+ * 
+ * ScalarNode = yaml.nodes.ScalarNode             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_n_s_yaml); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 60; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_n_s_nodes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 60; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_ScalarNode, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 60; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":61
+ * 
+ * ScalarNode = yaml.nodes.ScalarNode
+ * SequenceNode = yaml.nodes.SequenceNode             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * MappingNode = yaml.nodes.MappingNode
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+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_n_s_yaml); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 61; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_n_s_nodes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 61; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s_SequenceNode); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 61; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_SequenceNode, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 61; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":62
+ * ScalarNode = yaml.nodes.ScalarNode
+ * SequenceNode = yaml.nodes.SequenceNode
+ * MappingNode = yaml.nodes.MappingNode             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * cdef class Mark:
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_n_s_yaml); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 62; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_n_s_nodes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 62; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s_MappingNode); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 62; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_MappingNode, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 62; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "_yaml.pyx":2
+ * 
+ * import yaml             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * def get_version_string():
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 2; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_test, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 2; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  goto __pyx_L0;
+  __pyx_L1_error:;
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  if (__pyx_m) {
+    __Pyx_AddTraceback("init _yaml", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename);
+    Py_DECREF(__pyx_m); __pyx_m = 0;
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+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "init _yaml");
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+  __pyx_L0:;
+  __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  return;
+  #else
+  return __pyx_m;
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+}
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+/* Runtime support code */
+#if CYTHON_REFNANNY
+static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNannyImportAPI(const char *modname) {
+    PyObject *m = NULL, *p = NULL;
+    void *r = NULL;
+    m = PyImport_ImportModule((char *)modname);
+    if (!m) goto end;
+    p = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, (char *)"RefNannyAPI");
+    if (!p) goto end;
+    r = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(p);
+end:
+    Py_XDECREF(p);
+    Py_XDECREF(m);
+    return (__Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *)r;
+}
+#endif /* CYTHON_REFNANNY */
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject* result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_b, name);
+    if (unlikely(!result)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_NameError,
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            "name '%U' is not defined", name);
+#else
+            "name '%.200s' is not defined", PyString_AS_STRING(name));
+#endif
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(
+    const char* func_name,
+    int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min,
+    Py_ssize_t num_max,
+    Py_ssize_t num_found)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t num_expected;
+    const char *more_or_less;
+    if (num_found < num_min) {
+        num_expected = num_min;
+        more_or_less = "at least";
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+        num_expected = num_max;
+        more_or_less = "at most";
+    }
+    if (exact) {
+        more_or_less = "exactly";
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+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "%.200s() takes %.8s %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d positional argument%.1s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)",
+                 func_name, more_or_less, num_expected,
+                 (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s", num_found);
+}
+
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
+    const char* func_name,
+    PyObject* kw_name)
+{
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name);
+        #else
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%s'", func_name,
+        PyString_AsString(kw_name));
+        #endif
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(
+    PyObject *kwds,
+    PyObject **argnames[],
+    PyObject *kwds2,
+    PyObject *values[],
+    Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,
+    const char* function_name)
+{
+    PyObject *key = 0, *value = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+    PyObject*** name;
+    PyObject*** first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args;
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+        name = first_kw_arg;
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+        if (*name) {
+            values[name-argnames] = value;
+            continue;
+        }
+        name = first_kw_arg;
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (likely(PyString_CheckExact(key)) || likely(PyString_Check(key))) {
+            while (*name) {
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+                        && _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                    break;
+                }
+                name++;
+            }
+            if (*name) continue;
+            else {
+                PyObject*** argname = argnames;
+                while (argname != first_kw_arg) {
+                    if ((**argname == key) || (
+                            (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PyString_GET_SIZE(**argname) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key))
+                             && _PyString_Eq(**argname, key))) {
+                        goto arg_passed_twice;
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+                    argname++;
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+            }
+        } else
+        #endif
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+                    (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key)) ? 1 :
+                #endif
+                    PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key);
+                if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad;
+                if (cmp == 0) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                    break;
+                }
+                name++;
+            }
+            if (*name) continue;
+            else {
+                PyObject*** argname = argnames;
+                while (argname != first_kw_arg) {
+                    int cmp = (**argname == key) ? 0 :
+                    #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                        (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**argname) != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key)) ? 1 :
+                    #endif
+                        PyUnicode_Compare(**argname, key);
+                    if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad;
+                    if (cmp == 0) goto arg_passed_twice;
+                    argname++;
+                }
+            }
+        } else
+            goto invalid_keyword_type;
+        if (kwds2) {
+            if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad;
+        } else {
+            goto invalid_keyword;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+arg_passed_twice:
+    __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword_type:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%.200s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        "%.200s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%.200s'",
+        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
+    #else
+        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
+        function_name, key);
+    #endif
+bad:
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSave(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    *type = tstate->exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    Py_XINCREF(*type);
+    Py_XINCREF(*value);
+    Py_XINCREF(*tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_GetExcInfo(type, value, tb);
+#endif
+}
+static void __Pyx_ExceptionReset(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = tb;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb);
+#endif
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+#else
+    PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#endif
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred()))
+#endif
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (local_tb) {
+        if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(local_tb);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_type);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_value);
+    *type = local_type;
+    *value = local_value;
+    *tb = local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    *type = 0;
+    *value = 0;
+    *tb = 0;
+    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    ternaryfunc call = func->ob_type->tp_call;
+    if (unlikely(!call))
+        return PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+    if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")))
+        return NULL;
+#endif
+    result = (*call)(func, arg, kw);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+#endif
+    if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_SystemError,
+            "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    tmp_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = type;
+    tstate->curexc_value = value;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb);
+#endif
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetch(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    *type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    *value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+#else
+    PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb);
+#endif
+}
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb,
+                        CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *cause) {
+    Py_XINCREF(type);
+    if (!value || value == Py_None)
+        value = NULL;
+    else
+        Py_INCREF(value);
+    if (!tb || tb == Py_None)
+        tb = NULL;
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+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        if (!PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+            goto raise_error;
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+    }
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+    if (PyClass_Check(type)) {
+    #else
+    if (PyType_Check(type)) {
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+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        if (!value) {
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+        PyErr_NormalizeException(&type, &value, &tb);
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+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+        if (PyInstance_Check(type)) {
+            type = (PyObject*) ((PyInstanceObject*)type)->in_class;
+            Py_INCREF(type);
+        } else {
+            type = 0;
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: exception must be an old-style class or instance");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        #else
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(type);
+        Py_INCREF(type);
+        if (!PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)type, (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_BaseException)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        #endif
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb);
+    return;
+raise_error:
+    Py_XDECREF(value);
+    Py_XDECREF(type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    return;
+}
+#else /* Python 3+ */
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) {
+    PyObject* owned_instance = NULL;
+    if (tb == Py_None) {
+        tb = 0;
+    } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (value == Py_None)
+        value = 0;
+    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+    } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
+        PyObject *instance_class = NULL;
+        if (value && PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+            instance_class = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+            if (instance_class != type) {
+                if (PyObject_IsSubclass(instance_class, type)) {
+                    type = instance_class;
+                } else {
+                    instance_class = NULL;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!instance_class) {
+            PyObject *args;
+            if (!value)
+                args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            else if (PyTuple_Check(value)) {
+                Py_INCREF(value);
+                args = value;
+            } else
+                args = PyTuple_Pack(1, value);
+            if (!args)
+                goto bad;
+            owned_instance = PyObject_Call(type, args, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            if (!owned_instance)
+                goto bad;
+            value = owned_instance;
+            if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                             "calling %R should have returned an instance of "
+                             "BaseException, not %R",
+                             type, Py_TYPE(value));
+                goto bad;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000
+    if (cause) {
+#else
+    if (cause && cause != Py_None) {
+#endif
+        PyObject *fixed_cause;
+        if (cause == Py_None) {
+            fixed_cause = NULL;
+        } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL);
+            if (fixed_cause == NULL)
+                goto bad;
+        } else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = cause;
+            Py_INCREF(fixed_cause);
+        } else {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "exception causes must derive from "
+                            "BaseException");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause);
+    }
+    PyErr_SetObject(type, value);
+    if (tb) {
+        PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+        PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+        if (tb != tmp_tb) {
+            Py_INCREF(tb);
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+        }
+    }
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_instance);
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *result;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    result = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_d, name);
+    if (result) {
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+    } else {
+#else
+    result = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_d, name);
+    if (!result) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+#endif
+        result = __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_CheckKeywordStrings(
+    PyObject *kwdict,
+    const char* function_name,
+    int kw_allowed)
+{
+    PyObject* key = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+#if CPYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    if (!kw_allowed && PyDict_Next(kwdict, &pos, &key, 0))
+        goto invalid_keyword;
+    return 1;
+#else
+    while (PyDict_Next(kwdict, &pos, &key, 0)) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (unlikely(!PyString_CheckExact(key)) && unlikely(!PyString_Check(key)))
+        #endif
+            if (unlikely(!PyUnicode_Check(key)))
+                goto invalid_keyword_type;
+    }
+    if ((!kw_allowed) && unlikely(key))
+        goto invalid_keyword;
+    return 1;
+invalid_keyword_type:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%.200s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
+    return 0;
+#endif
+invalid_keyword:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        "%.200s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%.200s'",
+        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
+    #else
+        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
+        function_name, key);
+    #endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_UnboundLocalError, "local variable '%s' referenced before assignment", varname);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n)))
+#else
+    if (likely(PyString_Check(n)))
+#endif
+        return __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o, n);
+#endif
+    return PyObject_GetAttr(o, n);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *o, PyObject *n, PyObject *d) {
+    PyObject *r = __Pyx_GetAttr(o, n);
+    if (unlikely(!r)) {
+        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
+            goto bad;
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        r = d;
+        Py_INCREF(d);
+    }
+    return r;
+bad:
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals);
+#else
+    if (s1 == s2) {
+        return (equals == Py_EQ);
+    } else if (PyBytes_CheckExact(s1) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        const char *ps1, *ps2;
+        Py_ssize_t length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s1);
+        if (length != PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s2))
+            return (equals == Py_NE);
+        ps1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s1);
+        ps2 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s2);
+        if (ps1[0] != ps2[0]) {
+            return (equals == Py_NE);
+        } else if (length == 1) {
+            return (equals == Py_EQ);
+        } else {
+            int result = memcmp(ps1, ps2, (size_t)length);
+            return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0);
+        }
+    } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        return (equals == Py_NE);
+    } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s1)) {
+        return (equals == Py_NE);
+    } else {
+        int result;
+        PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals);
+        if (!py_result)
+            return -1;
+        result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result);
+        Py_DECREF(py_result);
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals);
+#else
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    PyObject* owned_ref = NULL;
+#endif
+    int s1_is_unicode, s2_is_unicode;
+    if (s1 == s2) {
+        goto return_eq;
+    }
+    s1_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s1);
+    s2_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s2);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if ((s1_is_unicode & (!s2_is_unicode)) && PyString_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        owned_ref = PyUnicode_FromObject(s2);
+        if (unlikely(!owned_ref))
+            return -1;
+        s2 = owned_ref;
+        s2_is_unicode = 1;
+    } else if ((s2_is_unicode & (!s1_is_unicode)) && PyString_CheckExact(s1)) {
+        owned_ref = PyUnicode_FromObject(s1);
+        if (unlikely(!owned_ref))
+            return -1;
+        s1 = owned_ref;
+        s1_is_unicode = 1;
+    } else if (((!s2_is_unicode) & (!s1_is_unicode))) {
+        return __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(s1, s2, equals);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (s1_is_unicode & s2_is_unicode) {
+        Py_ssize_t length;
+        int kind;
+        void *data1, *data2;
+        #if CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+        if (unlikely(PyUnicode_READY(s1) < 0) || unlikely(PyUnicode_READY(s2) < 0))
+            return -1;
+        #endif
+        length = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1);
+        if (length != __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2)) {
+            goto return_ne;
+        }
+        kind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s1);
+        if (kind != __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s2)) {
+            goto return_ne;
+        }
+        data1 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s1);
+        data2 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s2);
+        if (__Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data1, 0) != __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data2, 0)) {
+            goto return_ne;
+        } else if (length == 1) {
+            goto return_eq;
+        } else {
+            int result = memcmp(data1, data2, length * kind);
+            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            Py_XDECREF(owned_ref);
+            #endif
+            return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0);
+        }
+    } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & s2_is_unicode) {
+        goto return_ne;
+    } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & s1_is_unicode) {
+        goto return_ne;
+    } else {
+        int result;
+        PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals);
+        if (!py_result)
+            return -1;
+        result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result);
+        Py_DECREF(py_result);
+        return result;
+    }
+return_eq:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_ref);
+    #endif
+    return (equals == Py_EQ);
+return_ne:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_ref);
+    #endif
+    return (equals == Py_NE);
+#endif
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j) {
+    PyObject *r;
+    if (!j) return NULL;
+    r = PyObject_GetItem(o, j);
+    Py_DECREF(j);
+    return r;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              int wraparound, int boundscheck) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) i += PyList_GET_SIZE(o);
+    if ((!boundscheck) || likely((0 <= i) & (i < PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+        PyObject *r = PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i);
+        Py_INCREF(r);
+        return r;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyInt_FromSsize_t(i));
+#else
+    return PySequence_GetItem(o, i);
+#endif
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              int wraparound, int boundscheck) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) i += PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o);
+    if ((!boundscheck) || likely((0 <= i) & (i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+        PyObject *r = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i);
+        Py_INCREF(r);
+        return r;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyInt_FromSsize_t(i));
+#else
+    return PySequence_GetItem(o, i);
+#endif
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                     int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    if (is_list || PyList_CheckExact(o)) {
+        Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyList_GET_SIZE(o);
+        if ((!boundscheck) || (likely((n >= 0) & (n < PyList_GET_SIZE(o))))) {
+            PyObject *r = PyList_GET_ITEM(o, n);
+            Py_INCREF(r);
+            return r;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (PyTuple_CheckExact(o)) {
+        Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o);
+        if ((!boundscheck) || likely((n >= 0) & (n < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+            PyObject *r = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, n);
+            Py_INCREF(r);
+            return r;
+        }
+    } else {
+        PySequenceMethods *m = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence;
+        if (likely(m && m->sq_item)) {
+            if (wraparound && unlikely(i < 0) && likely(m->sq_length)) {
+                Py_ssize_t l = m->sq_length(o);
+                if (likely(l >= 0)) {
+                    i += l;
+                } else {
+                    if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError))
+                        PyErr_Clear();
+                    else
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+            }
+            return m->sq_item(o, i);
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    if (is_list || PySequence_Check(o)) {
+        return PySequence_GetItem(o, i);
+    }
+#endif
+    return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyInt_FromSsize_t(i));
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "too many values to unpack (expected %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d)", expected);
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "need more than %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d value%.1s to unpack",
+                 index, (index == 1) ? "" : "s");
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IterFinish(void) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    PyObject* exc_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    if (unlikely(exc_type)) {
+        if (likely(exc_type == PyExc_StopIteration) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+            PyObject *exc_value, *exc_tb;
+            exc_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+            exc_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+            tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+            tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+            Py_DECREF(exc_type);
+            Py_XDECREF(exc_value);
+            Py_XDECREF(exc_tb);
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(PyObject *retval, Py_ssize_t expected) {
+    if (unlikely(retval)) {
+        Py_DECREF(retval);
+        __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(expected);
+        return -1;
+    } else {
+        return __Pyx_IterFinish();
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000 && !(PY_MAJOR_VERSION==3&&PY_MINOR_VERSION==0)
+    PyObject *ob = PyCapsule_New(vtable, 0, 0);
+#else
+    PyObject *ob = PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(vtable, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!ob)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, __pyx_n_s_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(ob);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(ob);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(int value) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long) value);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((long long) value);
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(int),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level) {
+    PyObject *empty_list = 0;
+    PyObject *module = 0;
+    PyObject *global_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *empty_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *list;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000
+    PyObject *py_import;
+    py_import = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_b, __pyx_n_s_import);
+    if (!py_import)
+        goto bad;
+    #endif
+    if (from_list)
+        list = from_list;
+    else {
+        empty_list = PyList_New(0);
+        if (!empty_list)
+            goto bad;
+        list = empty_list;
+    }
+    global_dict = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!global_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    empty_dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (!empty_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+    {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        if (level == -1) {
+            if (strchr(__Pyx_MODULE_NAME, '.')) {
+                #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000
+                PyObject *py_level = PyInt_FromLong(1);
+                if (!py_level)
+                    goto bad;
+                module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(py_import,
+                    name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, py_level, NULL);
+                Py_DECREF(py_level);
+                #else
+                module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                    name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, 1);
+                #endif
+                if (!module) {
+                    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ImportError))
+                        goto bad;
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+            }
+            level = 0; /* try absolute import on failure */
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!module) {
+            #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000
+            PyObject *py_level = PyInt_FromLong(level);
+            if (!py_level)
+                goto bad;
+            module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(py_import,
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, py_level, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(py_level);
+            #else
+            module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, level);
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+    #else
+    if (level>0) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Relative import is not supported for Python <=2.4.");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(py_import,
+        name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, NULL);
+    #endif
+bad:
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000
+    Py_XDECREF(py_import);
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_list);
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
+    return module;
+}
+
+#define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func)             \
+    {                                                                     \
+        func_type value = func(x);                                        \
+        if (sizeof(target_type) < sizeof(func_type)) {                    \
+            if (unlikely(value != (func_type) (target_type) value)) {     \
+                func_type zero = 0;                                       \
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,                      \
+                    (is_unsigned && unlikely(value < zero)) ?             \
+                    "can't convert negative value to " #target_type :     \
+                    "value too large to convert to " #target_type);       \
+                return (target_type) -1;                                  \
+            }                                                             \
+        }                                                                 \
+        return (target_type) value;                                       \
+    }
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #include "longintrepr.h"
+ #endif
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *x) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, PyInt_AS_LONG)
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to int");
+                return (int) -1;
+            }
+            return (int) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            if (sizeof(digit) <= sizeof(int)) {
+                switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                    case  0: return 0;
+                    case  1: return (int) ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit[0];
+                }
+            }
+ #endif
+#endif
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to int");
+                return (int) -1;
+            }
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong)
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong)
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            if (sizeof(digit) <= sizeof(int)) {
+                switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                    case  0: return 0;
+                    case  1: return +(int) ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit[0];
+                    case -1: return -(int) ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit[0];
+                }
+            }
+ #endif
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, PyLong_AsLong)
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long long, PyLong_AsLongLong)
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            int val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (int) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        int val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (int) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned long long) value);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((long long) value);
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(long),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #include "longintrepr.h"
+ #endif
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *x) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, PyInt_AS_LONG)
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to long");
+                return (long) -1;
+            }
+            return (long) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            if (sizeof(digit) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                    case  0: return 0;
+                    case  1: return (long) ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit[0];
+                }
+            }
+ #endif
+#endif
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                                "can't convert negative value to long");
+                return (long) -1;
+            }
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong)
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong)
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            if (sizeof(digit) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                    case  0: return 0;
+                    case  1: return +(long) ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit[0];
+                    case -1: return -(long) ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit[0];
+                }
+            }
+ #endif
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, PyLong_AsLong)
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long long, PyLong_AsLongLong)
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            long val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (long) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (long) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void) {
+    char ctversion[4], rtversion[4];
+    PyOS_snprintf(ctversion, 4, "%d.%d", PY_MAJOR_VERSION, PY_MINOR_VERSION);
+    PyOS_snprintf(rtversion, 4, "%s", Py_GetVersion());
+    if (ctversion[0] != rtversion[0] || ctversion[2] != rtversion[2]) {
+        char message[200];
+        PyOS_snprintf(message, sizeof(message),
+                      "compiletime version %s of module '%.100s' "
+                      "does not match runtime version %s",
+                      ctversion, __Pyx_MODULE_NAME, rtversion);
+        #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+        return PyErr_Warn(NULL, message);
+        #else
+        return PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, message, 1);
+        #endif
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line) {
+    int start = 0, mid = 0, end = count - 1;
+    if (end >= 0 && code_line > entries[end].code_line) {
+        return count;
+    }
+    while (start < end) {
+        mid = (start + end) / 2;
+        if (code_line < entries[mid].code_line) {
+            end = mid;
+        } else if (code_line > entries[mid].code_line) {
+             start = mid + 1;
+        } else {
+            return mid;
+        }
+    }
+    if (code_line <= entries[mid].code_line) {
+        return mid;
+    } else {
+        return mid + 1;
+    }
+}
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line) {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int pos;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line) || unlikely(!__pyx_code_cache.entries)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if (unlikely(pos >= __pyx_code_cache.count) || unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line != code_line)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    code_object = __pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_object;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+    return code_object;
+}
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object) {
+    int pos, i;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries = __pyx_code_cache.entries;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Malloc(64*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (likely(entries)) {
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+            __pyx_code_cache.max_count = 64;
+            __pyx_code_cache.count = 1;
+            entries[0].code_line = code_line;
+            entries[0].code_object = code_object;
+            Py_INCREF(code_object);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if ((pos < __pyx_code_cache.count) && unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line == code_line)) {
+        PyCodeObject* tmp = entries[pos].code_object;
+        entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__pyx_code_cache.count == __pyx_code_cache.max_count) {
+        int new_max = __pyx_code_cache.max_count + 64;
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Realloc(
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries, new_max*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+        __pyx_code_cache.max_count = new_max;
+    }
+    for (i=__pyx_code_cache.count; i>pos; i--) {
+        entries[i] = entries[i-1];
+    }
+    entries[pos].code_line = code_line;
+    entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+    __pyx_code_cache.count++;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+}
+
+#include "compile.h"
+#include "frameobject.h"
+#include "traceback.h"
+static PyCodeObject* __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            const char *funcname, int c_line,
+            int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
+    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(filename);
+    #else
+    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(filename);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_srcfile) goto bad;
+    if (c_line) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
+        #endif
+    }
+    if (!py_funcname) goto bad;
+    py_code = __Pyx_PyCode_New(
+        0,            /*int argcount,*/
+        0,            /*int kwonlyargcount,*/
+        0,            /*int nlocals,*/
+        0,            /*int stacksize,*/
+        0,            /*int flags,*/
+        __pyx_empty_bytes, /*PyObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *consts,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *names,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *varnames,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *freevars,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
+        py_srcfile,   /*PyObject *filename,*/
+        py_funcname,  /*PyObject *name,*/
+        py_line,      /*int firstlineno,*/
+        __pyx_empty_bytes  /*PyObject *lnotab*/
+    );
+    Py_DECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_DECREF(py_funcname);
+    return py_code;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyObject *py_globals = 0;
+    PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0;
+    py_code = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? c_line : py_line);
+    if (!py_code) {
+        py_code = __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            funcname, c_line, py_line, filename);
+        if (!py_code) goto bad;
+        __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? c_line : py_line, py_code);
+    }
+    py_globals = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!py_globals) goto bad;
+    py_frame = PyFrame_New(
+        PyThreadState_GET(), /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/
+        py_code,             /*PyCodeObject *code,*/
+        py_globals,          /*PyObject *globals,*/
+        0                    /*PyObject *locals*/
+    );
+    if (!py_frame) goto bad;
+    py_frame->f_lineno = py_line;
+    PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame);
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_code);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_frame);
+}
+
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t) {
+    while (t->p) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (t->is_unicode) {
+            *t->p = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(t->s, t->n - 1, NULL);
+        } else if (t->intern) {
+            *t->p = PyString_InternFromString(t->s);
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #else  /* Python 3+ has unicode identifiers */
+        if (t->is_unicode | t->is_str) {
+            if (t->intern) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_InternFromString(t->s);
+            } else if (t->encoding) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_Decode(t->s, t->n - 1, t->encoding, NULL);
+            } else {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!*t->p)
+            return -1;
+        ++t;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(char* c_str) {
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, strlen(c_str));
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject* o) {
+    Py_ssize_t ignore;
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(o, &ignore);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+    if (
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+            __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii &&
+#endif
+            PyUnicode_Check(o)) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000
+        char* defenc_c;
+        PyObject* defenc = _PyUnicode_AsDefaultEncodedString(o, NULL);
+        if (!defenc) return NULL;
+        defenc_c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(defenc);
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+        {
+            char* end = defenc_c + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+            char* c;
+            for (c = defenc_c; c < end; c++) {
+                if ((unsigned char) (*c) >= 128) {
+                    PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+#endif /*__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII*/
+        *length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+        return defenc_c;
+#else /* PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000 */
+        if (PyUnicode_READY(o) == -1) return NULL;
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+        if (PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(o)) {
+            *length = PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE(o);
+            return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(o);
+        } else {
+            PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+#else /* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII */
+        return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length);
+#endif /* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII */
+#endif /* PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000 */
+    } else
+#endif /* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII  || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT */
+#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+    if (PyByteArray_Check(o)) {
+        *length = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o);
+        return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(o);
+    } else
+#endif
+#endif
+    {
+        char* result;
+        int r = PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(o, &result, length);
+        if (unlikely(r < 0)) {
+            return NULL;
+        } else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) {
+   int is_true = x == Py_True;
+   if (is_true | (x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return is_true;
+   else return PyObject_IsTrue(x);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(PyObject* x) {
+  PyNumberMethods *m;
+  const char *name = NULL;
+  PyObject *res = NULL;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x))
+#else
+  if (PyLong_Check(x))
+#endif
+    return Py_INCREF(x), x;
+  m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = PyNumber_Int(x);
+  }
+  else if (m && m->nb_long) {
+    name = "long";
+    res = PyNumber_Long(x);
+  }
+#else
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = PyNumber_Long(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (res) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (!PyInt_Check(res) && !PyLong_Check(res)) {
+#else
+    if (!PyLong_Check(res)) {
+#endif
+      PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                   "__%.4s__ returned non-%.4s (type %.200s)",
+                   name, name, Py_TYPE(res)->tp_name);
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "an integer is required");
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+ #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #include "longintrepr.h"
+ #endif
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) {
+  Py_ssize_t ival;
+  PyObject *x;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_CheckExact(b)))
+      return PyInt_AS_LONG(b);
+#endif
+  if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(b))) {
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+     #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+       switch (Py_SIZE(b)) {
+       case -1: return -(sdigit)((PyLongObject*)b)->ob_digit[0];
+       case  0: return 0;
+       case  1: return ((PyLongObject*)b)->ob_digit[0];
+       }
+     #endif
+    #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
+    return PyInt_AsSsize_t(b);
+  #else
+    return PyLong_AsSsize_t(b);
+  #endif
+  }
+  x = PyNumber_Index(b);
+  if (!x) return -1;
+  ival = PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return ival;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t ival) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000
+   if (ival <= LONG_MAX)
+       return PyInt_FromLong((long)ival);
+   else {
+       unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *) &ival;
+       int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char*)&one;
+       return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(size_t), little, 0);
+   }
+#else
+   return PyInt_FromSize_t(ival);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.h b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21fd6a991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+#include <yaml.h>
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+
+#define PyUnicode_FromString(s) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8((s), strlen(s), "strict")
+
+#else
+
+#define PyString_CheckExact PyBytes_CheckExact
+#define PyString_AS_STRING  PyBytes_AS_STRING
+#define PyString_GET_SIZE   PyBytes_GET_SIZE
+#define PyString_FromStringAndSize  PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER	/* MS Visual C++ 6.0 */
+#if _MSC_VER == 1200
+
+#define PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(z)	PyInt_FromLong(i)
+
+#endif
+#endif
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pxd b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pxd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f47f459cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pxd
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+
+cdef extern from "_yaml.h":
+
+    void malloc(int l)
+    void memcpy(char *d, char *s, int l)
+    int strlen(char *s)
+    int PyString_CheckExact(object o)
+    int PyUnicode_CheckExact(object o)
+    char *PyString_AS_STRING(object o)
+    int PyString_GET_SIZE(object o)
+    object PyString_FromStringAndSize(char *v, int l)
+    object PyUnicode_FromString(char *u)
+    object PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(char *u, int s, char *e)
+    object PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(object o)
+    int PY_MAJOR_VERSION
+
+    ctypedef enum:
+        SIZEOF_VOID_P
+    ctypedef enum yaml_encoding_t:
+        YAML_ANY_ENCODING
+        YAML_UTF8_ENCODING
+        YAML_UTF16LE_ENCODING
+        YAML_UTF16BE_ENCODING
+    ctypedef enum yaml_break_t:
+        YAML_ANY_BREAK
+        YAML_CR_BREAK
+        YAML_LN_BREAK
+        YAML_CRLN_BREAK
+    ctypedef enum yaml_error_type_t:
+        YAML_NO_ERROR
+        YAML_MEMORY_ERROR
+        YAML_READER_ERROR
+        YAML_SCANNER_ERROR
+        YAML_PARSER_ERROR
+        YAML_WRITER_ERROR
+        YAML_EMITTER_ERROR
+    ctypedef enum yaml_scalar_style_t:
+        YAML_ANY_SCALAR_STYLE
+        YAML_PLAIN_SCALAR_STYLE
+        YAML_SINGLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE
+        YAML_DOUBLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE
+        YAML_LITERAL_SCALAR_STYLE
+        YAML_FOLDED_SCALAR_STYLE
+    ctypedef enum yaml_sequence_style_t:
+        YAML_ANY_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+        YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+        YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+    ctypedef enum yaml_mapping_style_t:
+        YAML_ANY_MAPPING_STYLE
+        YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_STYLE
+        YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_STYLE
+    ctypedef enum yaml_token_type_t:
+        YAML_NO_TOKEN
+        YAML_STREAM_START_TOKEN
+        YAML_STREAM_END_TOKEN
+        YAML_VERSION_DIRECTIVE_TOKEN
+        YAML_TAG_DIRECTIVE_TOKEN
+        YAML_DOCUMENT_START_TOKEN
+        YAML_DOCUMENT_END_TOKEN
+        YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_START_TOKEN
+        YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_START_TOKEN
+        YAML_BLOCK_END_TOKEN
+        YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_START_TOKEN
+        YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_END_TOKEN
+        YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_START_TOKEN
+        YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_END_TOKEN
+        YAML_BLOCK_ENTRY_TOKEN
+        YAML_FLOW_ENTRY_TOKEN
+        YAML_KEY_TOKEN
+        YAML_VALUE_TOKEN
+        YAML_ALIAS_TOKEN
+        YAML_ANCHOR_TOKEN
+        YAML_TAG_TOKEN
+        YAML_SCALAR_TOKEN
+    ctypedef enum yaml_event_type_t:
+        YAML_NO_EVENT
+        YAML_STREAM_START_EVENT
+        YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT
+        YAML_DOCUMENT_START_EVENT
+        YAML_DOCUMENT_END_EVENT
+        YAML_ALIAS_EVENT
+        YAML_SCALAR_EVENT
+        YAML_SEQUENCE_START_EVENT
+        YAML_SEQUENCE_END_EVENT
+        YAML_MAPPING_START_EVENT
+        YAML_MAPPING_END_EVENT
+
+    ctypedef int yaml_read_handler_t(void *data, char *buffer,
+            int size, int *size_read) except 0
+
+    ctypedef int yaml_write_handler_t(void *data, char *buffer,
+            int size) except 0
+
+    ctypedef struct yaml_mark_t:
+        int index
+        int line
+        int column
+    ctypedef struct yaml_version_directive_t:
+        int major
+        int minor
+    ctypedef struct yaml_tag_directive_t:
+        char *handle
+        char *prefix
+
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_stream_start_data_t:
+        yaml_encoding_t encoding
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_alias_data_t:
+        char *value
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_anchor_data_t:
+        char *value
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_tag_data_t:
+        char *handle
+        char *suffix
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_scalar_data_t:
+        char *value
+        int length
+        yaml_scalar_style_t style
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_version_directive_data_t:
+        int major
+        int minor
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_token_tag_directive_data_t:
+        char *handle
+        char *prefix
+    ctypedef union _yaml_token_data_t:
+        _yaml_token_stream_start_data_t stream_start
+        _yaml_token_alias_data_t alias
+        _yaml_token_anchor_data_t anchor
+        _yaml_token_tag_data_t tag
+        _yaml_token_scalar_data_t scalar
+        _yaml_token_version_directive_data_t version_directive
+        _yaml_token_tag_directive_data_t tag_directive
+    ctypedef struct yaml_token_t:
+        yaml_token_type_t type
+        _yaml_token_data_t data
+        yaml_mark_t start_mark
+        yaml_mark_t end_mark
+
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_stream_start_data_t:
+        yaml_encoding_t encoding
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_document_start_data_tag_directives_t:
+        yaml_tag_directive_t *start
+        yaml_tag_directive_t *end
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_document_start_data_t:
+        yaml_version_directive_t *version_directive
+        _yaml_event_document_start_data_tag_directives_t tag_directives
+        int implicit
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_document_end_data_t:
+        int implicit
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_alias_data_t:
+        char *anchor
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_scalar_data_t:
+        char *anchor
+        char *tag
+        char *value
+        int length
+        int plain_implicit
+        int quoted_implicit
+        yaml_scalar_style_t style
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_sequence_start_data_t:
+        char *anchor
+        char *tag
+        int implicit
+        yaml_sequence_style_t style
+    ctypedef struct _yaml_event_mapping_start_data_t:
+        char *anchor
+        char *tag
+        int implicit
+        yaml_mapping_style_t style
+    ctypedef union _yaml_event_data_t:
+        _yaml_event_stream_start_data_t stream_start
+        _yaml_event_document_start_data_t document_start
+        _yaml_event_document_end_data_t document_end
+        _yaml_event_alias_data_t alias
+        _yaml_event_scalar_data_t scalar
+        _yaml_event_sequence_start_data_t sequence_start
+        _yaml_event_mapping_start_data_t mapping_start
+    ctypedef struct yaml_event_t:
+        yaml_event_type_t type
+        _yaml_event_data_t data
+        yaml_mark_t start_mark
+        yaml_mark_t end_mark
+
+    ctypedef struct yaml_parser_t:
+        yaml_error_type_t error
+        char *problem
+        int problem_offset
+        int problem_value
+        yaml_mark_t problem_mark
+        char *context
+        yaml_mark_t context_mark
+
+    ctypedef struct yaml_emitter_t:
+        yaml_error_type_t error
+        char *problem
+
+    char *yaml_get_version_string()
+    void yaml_get_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch)
+
+    void yaml_token_delete(yaml_token_t *token)
+
+    int yaml_stream_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
+            yaml_encoding_t encoding)
+    int yaml_stream_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event)
+    int yaml_document_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
+            yaml_version_directive_t *version_directive,
+            yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directives_start,
+            yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directives_end,
+            int implicit)
+    int yaml_document_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
+            int implicit)
+    int yaml_alias_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event, char *anchor)
+    int yaml_scalar_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
+            char *anchor, char *tag, char *value, int length,
+            int plain_implicit, int quoted_implicit,
+            yaml_scalar_style_t style)
+    int yaml_sequence_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
+            char *anchor, char *tag, int implicit, yaml_sequence_style_t style)
+    int yaml_sequence_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event)
+    int yaml_mapping_start_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event,
+            char *anchor, char *tag, int implicit, yaml_mapping_style_t style)
+    int yaml_mapping_end_event_initialize(yaml_event_t *event)
+    void yaml_event_delete(yaml_event_t *event)
+
+    int yaml_parser_initialize(yaml_parser_t *parser)
+    void yaml_parser_delete(yaml_parser_t *parser)
+    void yaml_parser_set_input_string(yaml_parser_t *parser,
+            char *input, int size)
+    void yaml_parser_set_input(yaml_parser_t *parser,
+            yaml_read_handler_t *handler, void *data)
+    void yaml_parser_set_encoding(yaml_parser_t *parser,
+            yaml_encoding_t encoding)
+    int yaml_parser_scan(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_token_t *token) except *
+    int yaml_parser_parse(yaml_parser_t *parser, yaml_event_t *event) except *
+
+    int yaml_emitter_initialize(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
+    void yaml_emitter_delete(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_output_string(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
+            char *output, int size, int *size_written)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_output(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
+            yaml_write_handler_t *handler, void *data)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_encoding(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
+            yaml_encoding_t encoding)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_canonical(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, int canonical)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_indent(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, int indent)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_width(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, int width)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_unicode(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, int unicode)
+    void yaml_emitter_set_break(yaml_emitter_t *emitter,
+            yaml_break_t line_break)
+    int yaml_emitter_emit(yaml_emitter_t *emitter, yaml_event_t *event) except *
+    int yaml_emitter_flush(yaml_emitter_t *emitter)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pyx b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5158fb4d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/ext/_yaml.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,1527 @@
+
+import yaml
+
+def get_version_string():
+    cdef char *value
+    value = yaml_get_version_string()
+    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+        return value
+    else:
+        return PyUnicode_FromString(value)
+
+def get_version():
+    cdef int major, minor, patch
+    yaml_get_version(&major, &minor, &patch)
+    return (major, minor, patch)
+
+#Mark = yaml.error.Mark
+YAMLError = yaml.error.YAMLError
+ReaderError = yaml.reader.ReaderError
+ScannerError = yaml.scanner.ScannerError
+ParserError = yaml.parser.ParserError
+ComposerError = yaml.composer.ComposerError
+ConstructorError = yaml.constructor.ConstructorError
+EmitterError = yaml.emitter.EmitterError
+SerializerError = yaml.serializer.SerializerError
+RepresenterError = yaml.representer.RepresenterError
+
+StreamStartToken = yaml.tokens.StreamStartToken
+StreamEndToken = yaml.tokens.StreamEndToken
+DirectiveToken = yaml.tokens.DirectiveToken
+DocumentStartToken = yaml.tokens.DocumentStartToken
+DocumentEndToken = yaml.tokens.DocumentEndToken
+BlockSequenceStartToken = yaml.tokens.BlockSequenceStartToken
+BlockMappingStartToken = yaml.tokens.BlockMappingStartToken
+BlockEndToken = yaml.tokens.BlockEndToken
+FlowSequenceStartToken = yaml.tokens.FlowSequenceStartToken
+FlowMappingStartToken = yaml.tokens.FlowMappingStartToken
+FlowSequenceEndToken = yaml.tokens.FlowSequenceEndToken
+FlowMappingEndToken = yaml.tokens.FlowMappingEndToken
+KeyToken = yaml.tokens.KeyToken
+ValueToken = yaml.tokens.ValueToken
+BlockEntryToken = yaml.tokens.BlockEntryToken
+FlowEntryToken = yaml.tokens.FlowEntryToken
+AliasToken = yaml.tokens.AliasToken
+AnchorToken = yaml.tokens.AnchorToken
+TagToken = yaml.tokens.TagToken
+ScalarToken = yaml.tokens.ScalarToken
+
+StreamStartEvent = yaml.events.StreamStartEvent
+StreamEndEvent = yaml.events.StreamEndEvent
+DocumentStartEvent = yaml.events.DocumentStartEvent
+DocumentEndEvent = yaml.events.DocumentEndEvent
+AliasEvent = yaml.events.AliasEvent
+ScalarEvent = yaml.events.ScalarEvent
+SequenceStartEvent = yaml.events.SequenceStartEvent
+SequenceEndEvent = yaml.events.SequenceEndEvent
+MappingStartEvent = yaml.events.MappingStartEvent
+MappingEndEvent = yaml.events.MappingEndEvent
+
+ScalarNode = yaml.nodes.ScalarNode
+SequenceNode = yaml.nodes.SequenceNode
+MappingNode = yaml.nodes.MappingNode
+
+cdef class Mark:
+    cdef readonly object name
+    cdef readonly int index
+    cdef readonly int line
+    cdef readonly int column
+    cdef readonly buffer
+    cdef readonly pointer
+
+    def __init__(self, object name, int index, int line, int column,
+            object buffer, object pointer):
+        self.name = name
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.buffer = buffer
+        self.pointer = pointer
+
+    def get_snippet(self):
+        return None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        where = "  in \"%s\", line %d, column %d"   \
+                % (self.name, self.line+1, self.column+1)
+        return where
+
+#class YAMLError(Exception):
+#    pass
+#
+#class MarkedYAMLError(YAMLError):
+#
+#    def __init__(self, context=None, context_mark=None,
+#            problem=None, problem_mark=None, note=None):
+#        self.context = context
+#        self.context_mark = context_mark
+#        self.problem = problem
+#        self.problem_mark = problem_mark
+#        self.note = note
+#
+#    def __str__(self):
+#        lines = []
+#        if self.context is not None:
+#            lines.append(self.context)
+#        if self.context_mark is not None  \
+#            and (self.problem is None or self.problem_mark is None
+#                    or self.context_mark.name != self.problem_mark.name
+#                    or self.context_mark.line != self.problem_mark.line
+#                    or self.context_mark.column != self.problem_mark.column):
+#            lines.append(str(self.context_mark))
+#        if self.problem is not None:
+#            lines.append(self.problem)
+#        if self.problem_mark is not None:
+#            lines.append(str(self.problem_mark))
+#        if self.note is not None:
+#            lines.append(self.note)
+#        return '\n'.join(lines)
+#
+#class ReaderError(YAMLError):
+#
+#    def __init__(self, name, position, character, encoding, reason):
+#        self.name = name
+#        self.character = character
+#        self.position = position
+#        self.encoding = encoding
+#        self.reason = reason
+#
+#    def __str__(self):
+#        if isinstance(self.character, str):
+#            return "'%s' codec can't decode byte #x%02x: %s\n"  \
+#                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+#                    % (self.encoding, ord(self.character), self.reason,
+#                            self.name, self.position)
+#        else:
+#            return "unacceptable character #x%04x: %s\n"    \
+#                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+#                    % (ord(self.character), self.reason,
+#                            self.name, self.position)
+#
+#class ScannerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+#    pass
+#
+#class ParserError(MarkedYAMLError):
+#    pass
+#
+#class EmitterError(YAMLError):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class Token:
+#    cdef readonly Mark start_mark
+#    cdef readonly Mark end_mark
+#    def __init__(self, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark):
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#
+#cdef class StreamStartToken(Token):
+#    cdef readonly object encoding
+#    def __init__(self, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark, encoding):
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#        self.encoding = encoding
+#
+#cdef class StreamEndToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class DirectiveToken(Token):
+#    cdef readonly object name
+#    cdef readonly object value
+#    def __init__(self, name, value, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark):
+#        self.name = name
+#        self.value = value
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#
+#cdef class DocumentStartToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class DocumentEndToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class BlockSequenceStartToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class BlockMappingStartToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class BlockEndToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class FlowSequenceStartToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class FlowMappingStartToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class FlowSequenceEndToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class FlowMappingEndToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class KeyToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class ValueToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class BlockEntryToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class FlowEntryToken(Token):
+#    pass
+#
+#cdef class AliasToken(Token):
+#    cdef readonly object value
+#    def __init__(self, value, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark):
+#        self.value = value
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#
+#cdef class AnchorToken(Token):
+#    cdef readonly object value
+#    def __init__(self, value, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark):
+#        self.value = value
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#
+#cdef class TagToken(Token):
+#    cdef readonly object value
+#    def __init__(self, value, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark):
+#        self.value = value
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#
+#cdef class ScalarToken(Token):
+#    cdef readonly object value
+#    cdef readonly object plain
+#    cdef readonly object style
+#    def __init__(self, value, plain, Mark start_mark, Mark end_mark, style=None):
+#        self.value = value
+#        self.plain = plain
+#        self.start_mark = start_mark
+#        self.end_mark = end_mark
+#        self.style = style
+
+cdef class CParser:
+
+    cdef yaml_parser_t parser
+    cdef yaml_event_t parsed_event
+
+    cdef object stream
+    cdef object stream_name
+    cdef object current_token
+    cdef object current_event
+    cdef object anchors
+    cdef object stream_cache
+    cdef int stream_cache_len
+    cdef int stream_cache_pos
+    cdef int unicode_source
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        cdef is_readable
+        if yaml_parser_initialize(&self.parser) == 0:
+            raise MemoryError
+        self.parsed_event.type = YAML_NO_EVENT
+        is_readable = 1
+        try:
+            stream.read
+        except AttributeError:
+            is_readable = 0
+        self.unicode_source = 0
+        if is_readable:
+            self.stream = stream
+            try:
+                self.stream_name = stream.name
+            except AttributeError:
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    self.stream_name = '<file>'
+                else:
+                    self.stream_name = u'<file>'
+            self.stream_cache = None
+            self.stream_cache_len = 0
+            self.stream_cache_pos = 0
+            yaml_parser_set_input(&self.parser, input_handler, <void *>self)
+        else:
+            if PyUnicode_CheckExact(stream) != 0:
+                stream = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(stream)
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    self.stream_name = '<unicode string>'
+                else:
+                    self.stream_name = u'<unicode string>'
+                self.unicode_source = 1
+            else:
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    self.stream_name = '<byte string>'
+                else:
+                    self.stream_name = u'<byte string>'
+            if PyString_CheckExact(stream) == 0:
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise TypeError("a string or stream input is required")
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(u"a string or stream input is required")
+            self.stream = stream
+            yaml_parser_set_input_string(&self.parser, PyString_AS_STRING(stream), PyString_GET_SIZE(stream))
+        self.current_token = None
+        self.current_event = None
+        self.anchors = {}
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        yaml_parser_delete(&self.parser)
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        pass
+
+    cdef object _parser_error(self):
+        if self.parser.error == YAML_MEMORY_ERROR:
+            return MemoryError
+        elif self.parser.error == YAML_READER_ERROR:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                return ReaderError(self.stream_name, self.parser.problem_offset,
+                        self.parser.problem_value, '?', self.parser.problem)
+            else:
+                return ReaderError(self.stream_name, self.parser.problem_offset,
+                        self.parser.problem_value, u'?', PyUnicode_FromString(self.parser.problem))
+        elif self.parser.error == YAML_SCANNER_ERROR    \
+                or self.parser.error == YAML_PARSER_ERROR:
+            context_mark = None
+            problem_mark = None
+            if self.parser.context != NULL:
+                context_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                        self.parser.context_mark.index,
+                        self.parser.context_mark.line,
+                        self.parser.context_mark.column, None, None)
+            if self.parser.problem != NULL:
+                problem_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                        self.parser.problem_mark.index,
+                        self.parser.problem_mark.line,
+                        self.parser.problem_mark.column, None, None)
+            context = None
+            if self.parser.context != NULL:
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    context = self.parser.context
+                else:
+                    context = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parser.context)
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                problem = self.parser.problem
+            else:
+                problem = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parser.problem)
+            if self.parser.error == YAML_SCANNER_ERROR:
+                return ScannerError(context, context_mark, problem, problem_mark)
+            else:
+                return ParserError(context, context_mark, problem, problem_mark)
+        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+            raise ValueError("no parser error")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(u"no parser error")
+
+    def raw_scan(self):
+        cdef yaml_token_t token
+        cdef int done
+        cdef int count
+        count = 0
+        done = 0
+        while done == 0:
+            if yaml_parser_scan(&self.parser, &token) == 0:
+                error = self._parser_error()
+                raise error
+            if token.type == YAML_NO_TOKEN:
+                done = 1
+            else:
+                count = count+1
+            yaml_token_delete(&token)
+        return count
+
+    cdef object _scan(self):
+        cdef yaml_token_t token
+        if yaml_parser_scan(&self.parser, &token) == 0:
+            error = self._parser_error()
+            raise error
+        token_object = self._token_to_object(&token)
+        yaml_token_delete(&token)
+        return token_object
+
+    cdef object _token_to_object(self, yaml_token_t *token):
+        start_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                token.start_mark.index,
+                token.start_mark.line,
+                token.start_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        end_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                token.end_mark.index,
+                token.end_mark.line,
+                token.end_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        if token.type == YAML_NO_TOKEN:
+            return None
+        elif token.type == YAML_STREAM_START_TOKEN:
+            encoding = None
+            if token.data.stream_start.encoding == YAML_UTF8_ENCODING:
+                if self.unicode_source == 0:
+                    encoding = u"utf-8"
+            elif token.data.stream_start.encoding == YAML_UTF16LE_ENCODING:
+                encoding = u"utf-16-le"
+            elif token.data.stream_start.encoding == YAML_UTF16BE_ENCODING:
+                encoding = u"utf-16-be"
+            return StreamStartToken(start_mark, end_mark, encoding)
+        elif token.type == YAML_STREAM_END_TOKEN:
+            return StreamEndToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_VERSION_DIRECTIVE_TOKEN:
+            return DirectiveToken(u"YAML",
+                    (token.data.version_directive.major,
+                        token.data.version_directive.minor),
+                    start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_TAG_DIRECTIVE_TOKEN:
+            handle = PyUnicode_FromString(token.data.tag_directive.handle)
+            prefix = PyUnicode_FromString(token.data.tag_directive.prefix)
+            return DirectiveToken(u"TAG", (handle, prefix),
+                    start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_DOCUMENT_START_TOKEN:
+            return DocumentStartToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_DOCUMENT_END_TOKEN:
+            return DocumentEndToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_START_TOKEN:
+            return BlockSequenceStartToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_START_TOKEN:
+            return BlockMappingStartToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_BLOCK_END_TOKEN:
+            return BlockEndToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_START_TOKEN:
+            return FlowSequenceStartToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_END_TOKEN:
+            return FlowSequenceEndToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_START_TOKEN:
+            return FlowMappingStartToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_END_TOKEN:
+            return FlowMappingEndToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_BLOCK_ENTRY_TOKEN:
+            return BlockEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_FLOW_ENTRY_TOKEN:
+            return FlowEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_KEY_TOKEN:
+            return KeyToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_VALUE_TOKEN:
+            return ValueToken(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_ALIAS_TOKEN:
+            value = PyUnicode_FromString(token.data.alias.value)
+            return AliasToken(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_ANCHOR_TOKEN:
+            value = PyUnicode_FromString(token.data.anchor.value)
+            return AnchorToken(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_TAG_TOKEN:
+            handle = PyUnicode_FromString(token.data.tag.handle)
+            suffix = PyUnicode_FromString(token.data.tag.suffix)
+            if not handle:
+                handle = None
+            return TagToken((handle, suffix), start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif token.type == YAML_SCALAR_TOKEN:
+            value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(token.data.scalar.value,
+                    token.data.scalar.length, 'strict')
+            plain = False
+            style = None
+            if token.data.scalar.style == YAML_PLAIN_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                plain = True
+                style = u''
+            elif token.data.scalar.style == YAML_SINGLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'\''
+            elif token.data.scalar.style == YAML_DOUBLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'"'
+            elif token.data.scalar.style == YAML_LITERAL_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'|'
+            elif token.data.scalar.style == YAML_FOLDED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'>'
+            return ScalarToken(value, plain,
+                    start_mark, end_mark, style)
+        else:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise ValueError("unknown token type")
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(u"unknown token type")
+
+    def get_token(self):
+        if self.current_token is not None:
+            value = self.current_token
+            self.current_token = None
+        else:
+            value = self._scan()
+        return value
+
+    def peek_token(self):
+        if self.current_token is None:
+            self.current_token = self._scan()
+        return self.current_token
+
+    def check_token(self, *choices):
+        if self.current_token is None:
+            self.current_token = self._scan()
+        if self.current_token is None:
+            return False
+        if not choices:
+            return True
+        token_class = self.current_token.__class__
+        for choice in choices:
+            if token_class is choice:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def raw_parse(self):
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        cdef int done
+        cdef int count
+        count = 0
+        done = 0
+        while done == 0:
+            if yaml_parser_parse(&self.parser, &event) == 0:
+                error = self._parser_error()
+                raise error
+            if event.type == YAML_NO_EVENT:
+                done = 1
+            else:
+                count = count+1
+            yaml_event_delete(&event)
+        return count
+
+    cdef object _parse(self):
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        if yaml_parser_parse(&self.parser, &event) == 0:
+            error = self._parser_error()
+            raise error
+        event_object = self._event_to_object(&event)
+        yaml_event_delete(&event)
+        return event_object
+
+    cdef object _event_to_object(self, yaml_event_t *event):
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directive
+        start_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                event.start_mark.index,
+                event.start_mark.line,
+                event.start_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        end_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                event.end_mark.index,
+                event.end_mark.line,
+                event.end_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        if event.type == YAML_NO_EVENT:
+            return None
+        elif event.type == YAML_STREAM_START_EVENT:
+            encoding = None
+            if event.data.stream_start.encoding == YAML_UTF8_ENCODING:
+                if self.unicode_source == 0:
+                    encoding = u"utf-8"
+            elif event.data.stream_start.encoding == YAML_UTF16LE_ENCODING:
+                encoding = u"utf-16-le"
+            elif event.data.stream_start.encoding == YAML_UTF16BE_ENCODING:
+                encoding = u"utf-16-be"
+            return StreamStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark, encoding)
+        elif event.type == YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT:
+            return StreamEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif event.type == YAML_DOCUMENT_START_EVENT:
+            explicit = False
+            if event.data.document_start.implicit == 0:
+                explicit = True
+            version = None
+            if event.data.document_start.version_directive != NULL:
+                version = (event.data.document_start.version_directive.major,
+                        event.data.document_start.version_directive.minor)
+            tags = None
+            if event.data.document_start.tag_directives.start != NULL:
+                tags = {}
+                tag_directive = event.data.document_start.tag_directives.start
+                while tag_directive != event.data.document_start.tag_directives.end:
+                    handle = PyUnicode_FromString(tag_directive.handle)
+                    prefix = PyUnicode_FromString(tag_directive.prefix)
+                    tags[handle] = prefix
+                    tag_directive = tag_directive+1
+            return DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit, version, tags)
+        elif event.type == YAML_DOCUMENT_END_EVENT:
+            explicit = False
+            if event.data.document_end.implicit == 0:
+                explicit = True
+            return DocumentEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark, explicit)
+        elif event.type == YAML_ALIAS_EVENT:
+            anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.alias.anchor)
+            return AliasEvent(anchor, start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif event.type == YAML_SCALAR_EVENT:
+            anchor = None
+            if event.data.scalar.anchor != NULL:
+                anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.scalar.anchor)
+            tag = None
+            if event.data.scalar.tag != NULL:
+                tag = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.scalar.tag)
+            value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(event.data.scalar.value,
+                    event.data.scalar.length, 'strict')
+            plain_implicit = False
+            if event.data.scalar.plain_implicit == 1:
+                plain_implicit = True
+            quoted_implicit = False
+            if event.data.scalar.quoted_implicit == 1:
+                quoted_implicit = True
+            style = None
+            if event.data.scalar.style == YAML_PLAIN_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u''
+            elif event.data.scalar.style == YAML_SINGLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'\''
+            elif event.data.scalar.style == YAML_DOUBLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'"'
+            elif event.data.scalar.style == YAML_LITERAL_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'|'
+            elif event.data.scalar.style == YAML_FOLDED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+                style = u'>'
+            return ScalarEvent(anchor, tag,
+                    (plain_implicit, quoted_implicit),
+                    value, start_mark, end_mark, style)
+        elif event.type == YAML_SEQUENCE_START_EVENT:
+            anchor = None
+            if event.data.sequence_start.anchor != NULL:
+                anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.sequence_start.anchor)
+            tag = None
+            if event.data.sequence_start.tag != NULL:
+                tag = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.sequence_start.tag)
+            implicit = False
+            if event.data.sequence_start.implicit == 1:
+                implicit = True
+            flow_style = None
+            if event.data.sequence_start.style == YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_STYLE:
+                flow_style = True
+            elif event.data.sequence_start.style == YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_STYLE:
+                flow_style = False
+            return SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                    start_mark, end_mark, flow_style)
+        elif event.type == YAML_MAPPING_START_EVENT:
+            anchor = None
+            if event.data.mapping_start.anchor != NULL:
+                anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.mapping_start.anchor)
+            tag = None
+            if event.data.mapping_start.tag != NULL:
+                tag = PyUnicode_FromString(event.data.mapping_start.tag)
+            implicit = False
+            if event.data.mapping_start.implicit == 1:
+                implicit = True
+            flow_style = None
+            if event.data.mapping_start.style == YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_STYLE:
+                flow_style = True
+            elif event.data.mapping_start.style == YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_STYLE:
+                flow_style = False
+            return MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                    start_mark, end_mark, flow_style)
+        elif event.type == YAML_SEQUENCE_END_EVENT:
+            return SequenceEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark)
+        elif event.type == YAML_MAPPING_END_EVENT:
+            return MappingEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark)
+        else:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise ValueError("unknown event type")
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(u"unknown event type")
+
+    def get_event(self):
+        if self.current_event is not None:
+            value = self.current_event
+            self.current_event = None
+        else:
+            value = self._parse()
+        return value
+
+    def peek_event(self):
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            self.current_event = self._parse()
+        return self.current_event
+
+    def check_event(self, *choices):
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            self.current_event = self._parse()
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            return False
+        if not choices:
+            return True
+        event_class = self.current_event.__class__
+        for choice in choices:
+            if event_class is choice:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def check_node(self):
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        if self.parsed_event.type == YAML_STREAM_START_EVENT:
+            yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+            self._parse_next_event()
+        if self.parsed_event.type != YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def get_node(self):
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        if self.parsed_event.type != YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT:
+            return self._compose_document()
+
+    def get_single_node(self):
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        document = None
+        if self.parsed_event.type != YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT:
+            document = self._compose_document()
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        if self.parsed_event.type != YAML_STREAM_END_EVENT:
+            mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                    self.parsed_event.start_mark.index,
+                    self.parsed_event.start_mark.line,
+                    self.parsed_event.start_mark.column,
+                    None, None)
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise ComposerError("expected a single document in the stream",
+                        document.start_mark, "but found another document", mark)
+            else:
+                raise ComposerError(u"expected a single document in the stream",
+                        document.start_mark, u"but found another document", mark)
+        return document
+
+    cdef object _compose_document(self):
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        node = self._compose_node(None, None)
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        self.anchors = {}
+        return node
+
+    cdef object _compose_node(self, object parent, object index):
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        if self.parsed_event.type == YAML_ALIAS_EVENT:
+            anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.alias.anchor)
+            if anchor not in self.anchors:
+                mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                        self.parsed_event.start_mark.index,
+                        self.parsed_event.start_mark.line,
+                        self.parsed_event.start_mark.column,
+                        None, None)
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise ComposerError(None, None, "found undefined alias", mark)
+                else:
+                    raise ComposerError(None, None, u"found undefined alias", mark)
+            yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+            return self.anchors[anchor]
+        anchor = None
+        if self.parsed_event.type == YAML_SCALAR_EVENT  \
+                and self.parsed_event.data.scalar.anchor != NULL:
+            anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.scalar.anchor)
+        elif self.parsed_event.type == YAML_SEQUENCE_START_EVENT    \
+                and self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.anchor != NULL:
+            anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.anchor)
+        elif self.parsed_event.type == YAML_MAPPING_START_EVENT    \
+                and self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.anchor != NULL:
+            anchor = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.anchor)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            if anchor in self.anchors:
+                mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                        self.parsed_event.start_mark.index,
+                        self.parsed_event.start_mark.line,
+                        self.parsed_event.start_mark.column,
+                        None, None)
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise ComposerError("found duplicate anchor; first occurence",
+                            self.anchors[anchor].start_mark, "second occurence", mark)
+                else:
+                    raise ComposerError(u"found duplicate anchor; first occurence",
+                            self.anchors[anchor].start_mark, u"second occurence", mark)
+        self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+        if self.parsed_event.type == YAML_SCALAR_EVENT:
+            node = self._compose_scalar_node(anchor)
+        elif self.parsed_event.type == YAML_SEQUENCE_START_EVENT:
+            node = self._compose_sequence_node(anchor)
+        elif self.parsed_event.type == YAML_MAPPING_START_EVENT:
+            node = self._compose_mapping_node(anchor)
+        self.ascend_resolver()
+        return node
+
+    cdef _compose_scalar_node(self, object anchor):
+        start_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.index,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.line,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        end_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.index,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.line,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(self.parsed_event.data.scalar.value,
+                self.parsed_event.data.scalar.length, 'strict')
+        plain_implicit = False
+        if self.parsed_event.data.scalar.plain_implicit == 1:
+            plain_implicit = True
+        quoted_implicit = False
+        if self.parsed_event.data.scalar.quoted_implicit == 1:
+            quoted_implicit = True
+        if self.parsed_event.data.scalar.tag == NULL    \
+                or (self.parsed_event.data.scalar.tag[0] == c'!'
+                        and self.parsed_event.data.scalar.tag[1] == c'\0'):
+            tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, value, (plain_implicit, quoted_implicit))
+        else:
+            tag = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.scalar.tag)
+        style = None
+        if self.parsed_event.data.scalar.style == YAML_PLAIN_SCALAR_STYLE:
+            style = u''
+        elif self.parsed_event.data.scalar.style == YAML_SINGLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+            style = u'\''
+        elif self.parsed_event.data.scalar.style == YAML_DOUBLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+            style = u'"'
+        elif self.parsed_event.data.scalar.style == YAML_LITERAL_SCALAR_STYLE:
+            style = u'|'
+        elif self.parsed_event.data.scalar.style == YAML_FOLDED_SCALAR_STYLE:
+            style = u'>'
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, value, start_mark, end_mark, style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        return node
+
+    cdef _compose_sequence_node(self, object anchor):
+        cdef int index
+        start_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.index,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.line,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        implicit = False
+        if self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.implicit == 1:
+            implicit = True
+        if self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.tag == NULL    \
+                or (self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.tag[0] == c'!'
+                        and self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.tag[1] == c'\0'):
+            tag = self.resolve(SequenceNode, None, implicit)
+        else:
+            tag = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.tag)
+        flow_style = None
+        if self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.style == YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_STYLE:
+            flow_style = True
+        elif self.parsed_event.data.sequence_start.style == YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_STYLE:
+            flow_style = False
+        value = []
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, value, start_mark, None, flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        index = 0
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        while self.parsed_event.type != YAML_SEQUENCE_END_EVENT:
+            value.append(self._compose_node(node, index))
+            index = index+1
+            self._parse_next_event()
+        node.end_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.index,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.line,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        return node
+
+    cdef _compose_mapping_node(self, object anchor):
+        start_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.index,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.line,
+                self.parsed_event.start_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        implicit = False
+        if self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.implicit == 1:
+            implicit = True
+        if self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.tag == NULL    \
+                or (self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.tag[0] == c'!'
+                        and self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.tag[1] == c'\0'):
+            tag = self.resolve(MappingNode, None, implicit)
+        else:
+            tag = PyUnicode_FromString(self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.tag)
+        flow_style = None
+        if self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.style == YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_STYLE:
+            flow_style = True
+        elif self.parsed_event.data.mapping_start.style == YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_STYLE:
+            flow_style = False
+        value = []
+        node = MappingNode(tag, value, start_mark, None, flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        self._parse_next_event()
+        while self.parsed_event.type != YAML_MAPPING_END_EVENT:
+            item_key = self._compose_node(node, None)
+            item_value = self._compose_node(node, item_key)
+            value.append((item_key, item_value))
+            self._parse_next_event()
+        node.end_mark = Mark(self.stream_name,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.index,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.line,
+                self.parsed_event.end_mark.column,
+                None, None)
+        yaml_event_delete(&self.parsed_event)
+        return node
+
+    cdef int _parse_next_event(self) except 0:
+        if self.parsed_event.type == YAML_NO_EVENT:
+            if yaml_parser_parse(&self.parser, &self.parsed_event) == 0:
+                error = self._parser_error()
+                raise error
+        return 1
+
+cdef int input_handler(void *data, char *buffer, int size, int *read) except 0:
+    cdef CParser parser
+    parser = <CParser>data
+    if parser.stream_cache is None:
+        value = parser.stream.read(size)
+        if PyUnicode_CheckExact(value) != 0:
+            value = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(value)
+            parser.unicode_source = 1
+        if PyString_CheckExact(value) == 0:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise TypeError("a string value is expected")
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(u"a string value is expected")
+        parser.stream_cache = value
+        parser.stream_cache_pos = 0
+        parser.stream_cache_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(value)
+    if (parser.stream_cache_len - parser.stream_cache_pos) < size:
+        size = parser.stream_cache_len - parser.stream_cache_pos
+    if size > 0:
+        memcpy(buffer, PyString_AS_STRING(parser.stream_cache)
+                            + parser.stream_cache_pos, size)
+    read[0] = size
+    parser.stream_cache_pos += size
+    if parser.stream_cache_pos == parser.stream_cache_len:
+        parser.stream_cache = None
+    return 1
+
+cdef class CEmitter:
+
+    cdef yaml_emitter_t emitter
+
+    cdef object stream
+
+    cdef int document_start_implicit
+    cdef int document_end_implicit
+    cdef object use_version
+    cdef object use_tags
+
+    cdef object serialized_nodes
+    cdef object anchors
+    cdef int last_alias_id
+    cdef int closed
+    cdef int dump_unicode
+    cdef object use_encoding
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None, encoding=None,
+            explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        if yaml_emitter_initialize(&self.emitter) == 0:
+            raise MemoryError
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.dump_unicode = 0
+        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+            if getattr3(stream, 'encoding', None):
+                self.dump_unicode = 1
+        else:
+            if hasattr(stream, u'encoding'):
+                self.dump_unicode = 1
+        self.use_encoding = encoding
+        yaml_emitter_set_output(&self.emitter, output_handler, <void *>self)    
+        if canonical:
+            yaml_emitter_set_canonical(&self.emitter, 1)
+        if indent is not None:
+            yaml_emitter_set_indent(&self.emitter, indent)
+        if width is not None:
+            yaml_emitter_set_width(&self.emitter, width)
+        if allow_unicode:
+            yaml_emitter_set_unicode(&self.emitter, 1)
+        if line_break is not None:
+            if line_break == '\r':
+                yaml_emitter_set_break(&self.emitter, YAML_CR_BREAK)
+            elif line_break == '\n':
+                yaml_emitter_set_break(&self.emitter, YAML_LN_BREAK)
+            elif line_break == '\r\n':
+                yaml_emitter_set_break(&self.emitter, YAML_CRLN_BREAK)
+        self.document_start_implicit = 1
+        if explicit_start:
+            self.document_start_implicit = 0
+        self.document_end_implicit = 1
+        if explicit_end:
+            self.document_end_implicit = 0
+        self.use_version = version
+        self.use_tags = tags
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_alias_id = 0
+        self.closed = -1
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        yaml_emitter_delete(&self.emitter)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        pass
+
+    cdef object _emitter_error(self):
+        if self.emitter.error == YAML_MEMORY_ERROR:
+            return MemoryError
+        elif self.emitter.error == YAML_EMITTER_ERROR:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                problem = self.emitter.problem
+            else:
+                problem = PyUnicode_FromString(self.emitter.problem)
+            return EmitterError(problem)
+        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+            raise ValueError("no emitter error")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(u"no emitter error")
+
+    cdef int _object_to_event(self, object event_object, yaml_event_t *event) except 0:
+        cdef yaml_encoding_t encoding
+        cdef yaml_version_directive_t version_directive_value
+        cdef yaml_version_directive_t *version_directive
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t tag_directives_value[128]
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directives_start
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directives_end
+        cdef int implicit
+        cdef int plain_implicit
+        cdef int quoted_implicit
+        cdef char *anchor
+        cdef char *tag
+        cdef char *value
+        cdef int length
+        cdef yaml_scalar_style_t scalar_style
+        cdef yaml_sequence_style_t sequence_style
+        cdef yaml_mapping_style_t mapping_style
+        event_class = event_object.__class__
+        if event_class is StreamStartEvent:
+            encoding = YAML_UTF8_ENCODING
+            if event_object.encoding == u'utf-16-le' or event_object.encoding == 'utf-16-le':
+                encoding = YAML_UTF16LE_ENCODING
+            elif event_object.encoding == u'utf-16-be' or event_object.encoding == 'utf-16-be':
+                encoding = YAML_UTF16BE_ENCODING
+            if event_object.encoding is None:
+                self.dump_unicode = 1
+            if self.dump_unicode == 1:
+                encoding = YAML_UTF8_ENCODING
+            yaml_stream_start_event_initialize(event, encoding)
+        elif event_class is StreamEndEvent:
+            yaml_stream_end_event_initialize(event)
+        elif event_class is DocumentStartEvent:
+            version_directive = NULL
+            if event_object.version:
+                version_directive_value.major = event_object.version[0]
+                version_directive_value.minor = event_object.version[1]
+                version_directive = &version_directive_value
+            tag_directives_start = NULL
+            tag_directives_end = NULL
+            if event_object.tags:
+                if len(event_object.tags) > 128:
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise ValueError("too many tags")
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(u"too many tags")
+                tag_directives_start = tag_directives_value
+                tag_directives_end = tag_directives_value
+                cache = []
+                for handle in event_object.tags:
+                    prefix = event_object.tags[handle]
+                    if PyUnicode_CheckExact(handle):
+                        handle = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(handle)
+                        cache.append(handle)
+                    if not PyString_CheckExact(handle):
+                        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                            raise TypeError("tag handle must be a string")
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(u"tag handle must be a string")
+                    tag_directives_end.handle = PyString_AS_STRING(handle)
+                    if PyUnicode_CheckExact(prefix):
+                        prefix = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(prefix)
+                        cache.append(prefix)
+                    if not PyString_CheckExact(prefix):
+                        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                            raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")
+                    tag_directives_end.prefix = PyString_AS_STRING(prefix)
+                    tag_directives_end = tag_directives_end+1
+            implicit = 1
+            if event_object.explicit:
+                implicit = 0
+            if yaml_document_start_event_initialize(event, version_directive,
+                    tag_directives_start, tag_directives_end, implicit) == 0:
+                raise MemoryError
+        elif event_class is DocumentEndEvent:
+            implicit = 1
+            if event_object.explicit:
+                implicit = 0
+            yaml_document_end_event_initialize(event, implicit)
+        elif event_class is AliasEvent:
+            anchor = NULL
+            anchor_object = event_object.anchor
+            if PyUnicode_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                anchor_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(anchor_object)
+            if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+            anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+            if yaml_alias_event_initialize(event, anchor) == 0:
+                raise MemoryError
+        elif event_class is ScalarEvent:
+            anchor = NULL
+            anchor_object = event_object.anchor
+            if anchor_object is not None:
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                    anchor_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(anchor_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+                anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+            tag = NULL
+            tag_object = event_object.tag
+            if tag_object is not None:
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                    tag_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(tag_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+                tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+            value_object = event_object.value
+            if PyUnicode_CheckExact(value_object):
+                value_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(value_object)
+            if not PyString_CheckExact(value_object):
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise TypeError("value must be a string")
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(u"value must be a string")
+            value = PyString_AS_STRING(value_object)
+            length = PyString_GET_SIZE(value_object)
+            plain_implicit = 0
+            quoted_implicit = 0
+            if event_object.implicit is not None:
+                plain_implicit = event_object.implicit[0]
+                quoted_implicit = event_object.implicit[1]
+            style_object = event_object.style
+            scalar_style = YAML_PLAIN_SCALAR_STYLE
+            if style_object == "'" or style_object == u"'":
+                scalar_style = YAML_SINGLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE
+            elif style_object == "\"" or style_object == u"\"":
+                scalar_style = YAML_DOUBLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE
+            elif style_object == "|" or style_object == u"|":
+                scalar_style = YAML_LITERAL_SCALAR_STYLE
+            elif style_object == ">" or style_object == u">":
+                scalar_style = YAML_FOLDED_SCALAR_STYLE
+            if yaml_scalar_event_initialize(event, anchor, tag, value, length,
+                    plain_implicit, quoted_implicit, scalar_style) == 0:
+                raise MemoryError
+        elif event_class is SequenceStartEvent:
+            anchor = NULL
+            anchor_object = event_object.anchor
+            if anchor_object is not None:
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                    anchor_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(anchor_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+                anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+            tag = NULL
+            tag_object = event_object.tag
+            if tag_object is not None:
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                    tag_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(tag_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+                tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+            implicit = 0
+            if event_object.implicit:
+                implicit = 1
+            sequence_style = YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+            if event_object.flow_style:
+                sequence_style = YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+            if yaml_sequence_start_event_initialize(event, anchor, tag,
+                    implicit, sequence_style) == 0:
+                raise MemoryError
+        elif event_class is MappingStartEvent:
+            anchor = NULL
+            anchor_object = event_object.anchor
+            if anchor_object is not None:
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                    anchor_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(anchor_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+                anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+            tag = NULL
+            tag_object = event_object.tag
+            if tag_object is not None:
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                    tag_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(tag_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+                tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+            implicit = 0
+            if event_object.implicit:
+                implicit = 1
+            mapping_style = YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_STYLE
+            if event_object.flow_style:
+                mapping_style = YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_STYLE
+            if yaml_mapping_start_event_initialize(event, anchor, tag,
+                    implicit, mapping_style) == 0:
+                raise MemoryError
+        elif event_class is SequenceEndEvent:
+            yaml_sequence_end_event_initialize(event)
+        elif event_class is MappingEndEvent:
+            yaml_mapping_end_event_initialize(event)
+        else:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise TypeError("invalid event %s" % event_object)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(u"invalid event %s" % event_object)
+        return 1
+
+    def emit(self, event_object):
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        self._object_to_event(event_object, &event)
+        if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+            error = self._emitter_error()
+            raise error
+
+    def open(self):
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        cdef yaml_encoding_t encoding
+        if self.closed == -1:
+            if self.use_encoding == u'utf-16-le' or self.use_encoding == 'utf-16-le':
+                encoding = YAML_UTF16LE_ENCODING
+            elif self.use_encoding == u'utf-16-be' or self.use_encoding == 'utf-16-be':
+                encoding = YAML_UTF16BE_ENCODING
+            else:
+                encoding = YAML_UTF8_ENCODING
+            if self.use_encoding is None:
+                self.dump_unicode = 1
+            if self.dump_unicode == 1:
+                encoding = YAML_UTF8_ENCODING
+            yaml_stream_start_event_initialize(&event, encoding)
+            if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                error = self._emitter_error()
+                raise error
+            self.closed = 0
+        elif self.closed == 1:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+            else:
+                raise SerializerError(u"serializer is closed")
+        else:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise SerializerError("serializer is already opened")
+            else:
+                raise SerializerError(u"serializer is already opened")
+
+    def close(self):
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        if self.closed == -1:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+            else:
+                raise SerializerError(u"serializer is not opened")
+        elif self.closed == 0:
+            yaml_stream_end_event_initialize(&event)
+            if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                error = self._emitter_error()
+                raise error
+            self.closed = 1
+
+    def serialize(self, node):
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        cdef yaml_version_directive_t version_directive_value
+        cdef yaml_version_directive_t *version_directive
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t tag_directives_value[128]
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directives_start
+        cdef yaml_tag_directive_t *tag_directives_end
+        if self.closed == -1:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+            else:
+                raise SerializerError(u"serializer is not opened")
+        elif self.closed == 1:
+            if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+            else:
+                raise SerializerError(u"serializer is closed")
+        cache = []
+        version_directive = NULL
+        if self.use_version:
+            version_directive_value.major = self.use_version[0]
+            version_directive_value.minor = self.use_version[1]
+            version_directive = &version_directive_value
+        tag_directives_start = NULL
+        tag_directives_end = NULL
+        if self.use_tags:
+            if len(self.use_tags) > 128:
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise ValueError("too many tags")
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(u"too many tags")
+            tag_directives_start = tag_directives_value
+            tag_directives_end = tag_directives_value
+            for handle in self.use_tags:
+                prefix = self.use_tags[handle]
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(handle):
+                    handle = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(handle)
+                    cache.append(handle)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(handle):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("tag handle must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"tag handle must be a string")
+                tag_directives_end.handle = PyString_AS_STRING(handle)
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(prefix):
+                    prefix = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(prefix)
+                    cache.append(prefix)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(prefix):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("tag prefix must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"tag prefix must be a string")
+                tag_directives_end.prefix = PyString_AS_STRING(prefix)
+                tag_directives_end = tag_directives_end+1
+        if yaml_document_start_event_initialize(&event, version_directive,
+                tag_directives_start, tag_directives_end,
+                self.document_start_implicit) == 0:
+            raise MemoryError
+        if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+            error = self._emitter_error()
+            raise error
+        self._anchor_node(node)
+        self._serialize_node(node, None, None)
+        yaml_document_end_event_initialize(&event, self.document_end_implicit)
+        if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+            error = self._emitter_error()
+            raise error
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_alias_id = 0
+
+    cdef int _anchor_node(self, object node) except 0:
+        if node in self.anchors:
+            if self.anchors[node] is None:
+                self.last_alias_id = self.last_alias_id+1
+                self.anchors[node] = u"id%03d" % self.last_alias_id
+        else:
+            self.anchors[node] = None
+            node_class = node.__class__
+            if node_class is SequenceNode:
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self._anchor_node(item)
+            elif node_class is MappingNode:
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self._anchor_node(key)
+                    self._anchor_node(value)
+        return 1
+
+    cdef int _serialize_node(self, object node, object parent, object index) except 0:
+        cdef yaml_event_t event
+        cdef int implicit
+        cdef int plain_implicit
+        cdef int quoted_implicit
+        cdef char *anchor
+        cdef char *tag
+        cdef char *value
+        cdef int length
+        cdef int item_index
+        cdef yaml_scalar_style_t scalar_style
+        cdef yaml_sequence_style_t sequence_style
+        cdef yaml_mapping_style_t mapping_style
+        anchor_object = self.anchors[node]
+        anchor = NULL
+        if anchor_object is not None:
+            if PyUnicode_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                anchor_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(anchor_object)
+            if not PyString_CheckExact(anchor_object):
+                if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                    raise TypeError("anchor must be a string")
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(u"anchor must be a string")
+            anchor = PyString_AS_STRING(anchor_object)
+        if node in self.serialized_nodes:
+            if yaml_alias_event_initialize(&event, anchor) == 0:
+                raise MemoryError
+            if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                error = self._emitter_error()
+                raise error
+        else:
+            node_class = node.__class__
+            self.serialized_nodes[node] = True
+            self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+            if node_class is ScalarNode:
+                plain_implicit = 0
+                quoted_implicit = 0
+                tag_object = node.tag
+                if self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (True, False)) == tag_object:
+                    plain_implicit = 1
+                if self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (False, True)) == tag_object:
+                    quoted_implicit = 1
+                tag = NULL
+                if tag_object is not None:
+                    if PyUnicode_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                        tag_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(tag_object)
+                    if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                            raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+                    tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+                value_object = node.value
+                if PyUnicode_CheckExact(value_object):
+                    value_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(value_object)
+                if not PyString_CheckExact(value_object):
+                    if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                        raise TypeError("value must be a string")
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(u"value must be a string")
+                value = PyString_AS_STRING(value_object)
+                length = PyString_GET_SIZE(value_object)
+                style_object = node.style
+                scalar_style = YAML_PLAIN_SCALAR_STYLE
+                if style_object == "'" or style_object == u"'":
+                    scalar_style = YAML_SINGLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE
+                elif style_object == "\"" or style_object == u"\"":
+                    scalar_style = YAML_DOUBLE_QUOTED_SCALAR_STYLE
+                elif style_object == "|" or style_object == u"|":
+                    scalar_style = YAML_LITERAL_SCALAR_STYLE
+                elif style_object == ">" or style_object == u">":
+                    scalar_style = YAML_FOLDED_SCALAR_STYLE
+                if yaml_scalar_event_initialize(&event, anchor, tag, value, length,
+                        plain_implicit, quoted_implicit, scalar_style) == 0:
+                    raise MemoryError
+                if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                    error = self._emitter_error()
+                    raise error
+            elif node_class is SequenceNode:
+                implicit = 0
+                tag_object = node.tag
+                if self.resolve(SequenceNode, node.value, True) == tag_object:
+                    implicit = 1
+                tag = NULL
+                if tag_object is not None:
+                    if PyUnicode_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                        tag_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(tag_object)
+                    if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                            raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+                    tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+                sequence_style = YAML_BLOCK_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+                if node.flow_style:
+                    sequence_style = YAML_FLOW_SEQUENCE_STYLE
+                if yaml_sequence_start_event_initialize(&event, anchor, tag,
+                        implicit, sequence_style) == 0:
+                    raise MemoryError
+                if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                    error = self._emitter_error()
+                    raise error
+                item_index = 0
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self._serialize_node(item, node, item_index)
+                    item_index = item_index+1
+                yaml_sequence_end_event_initialize(&event)
+                if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                    error = self._emitter_error()
+                    raise error
+            elif node_class is MappingNode:
+                implicit = 0
+                tag_object = node.tag
+                if self.resolve(MappingNode, node.value, True) == tag_object:
+                    implicit = 1
+                tag = NULL
+                if tag_object is not None:
+                    if PyUnicode_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                        tag_object = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(tag_object)
+                    if not PyString_CheckExact(tag_object):
+                        if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3:
+                            raise TypeError("tag must be a string")
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(u"tag must be a string")
+                    tag = PyString_AS_STRING(tag_object)
+                mapping_style = YAML_BLOCK_MAPPING_STYLE
+                if node.flow_style:
+                    mapping_style = YAML_FLOW_MAPPING_STYLE
+                if yaml_mapping_start_event_initialize(&event, anchor, tag,
+                        implicit, mapping_style) == 0:
+                    raise MemoryError
+                if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                    error = self._emitter_error()
+                    raise error
+                for item_key, item_value in node.value:
+                    self._serialize_node(item_key, node, None)
+                    self._serialize_node(item_value, node, item_key)
+                yaml_mapping_end_event_initialize(&event)
+                if yaml_emitter_emit(&self.emitter, &event) == 0:
+                    error = self._emitter_error()
+                    raise error
+            self.ascend_resolver()
+        return 1
+
+cdef int output_handler(void *data, char *buffer, int size) except 0:
+    cdef CEmitter emitter
+    emitter = <CEmitter>data
+    if emitter.dump_unicode == 0:
+        value = PyString_FromStringAndSize(buffer, size)
+    else:
+        value = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(buffer, size, 'strict')
+    emitter.stream.write(value)
+    return 1
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/__init__.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76e19e13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+
+from error import *
+
+from tokens import *
+from events import *
+from nodes import *
+
+from loader import *
+from dumper import *
+
+__version__ = '3.11'
+
+try:
+    from cyaml import *
+    __with_libyaml__ = True
+except ImportError:
+    __with_libyaml__ = False
+
+def scan(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Scan a YAML stream and produce scanning tokens.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_token():
+            yield loader.get_token()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def parse(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse a YAML stream and produce parsing events.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_event():
+            yield loader.get_event()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def compose(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding representation tree.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        return loader.get_single_node()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def compose_all(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding representation trees.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_node():
+            yield loader.get_node()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def load(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        return loader.get_single_data()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def load_all(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_data():
+            yield loader.get_data()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def safe_load(stream):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+    Resolve only basic YAML tags.
+    """
+    return load(stream, SafeLoader)
+
+def safe_load_all(stream):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+    Resolve only basic YAML tags.
+    """
+    return load_all(stream, SafeLoader)
+
+def emit(events, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None):
+    """
+    Emit YAML parsing events into a stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        from StringIO import StringIO
+        stream = StringIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+    try:
+        for event in events:
+            dumper.emit(event)
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def serialize_all(nodes, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+        encoding='utf-8', explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+        version=None, tags=None):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of representation trees into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        if encoding is None:
+            from StringIO import StringIO
+        else:
+            from cStringIO import StringIO
+        stream = StringIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+            encoding=encoding, version=version, tags=tags,
+            explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end)
+    try:
+        dumper.open()
+        for node in nodes:
+            dumper.serialize(node)
+        dumper.close()
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def serialize(node, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a representation tree into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return serialize_all([node], stream, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds)
+
+def dump_all(documents, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+        encoding='utf-8', explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+        version=None, tags=None):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of Python objects into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        if encoding is None:
+            from StringIO import StringIO
+        else:
+            from cStringIO import StringIO
+        stream = StringIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, default_style=default_style,
+            default_flow_style=default_flow_style,
+            canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+            encoding=encoding, version=version, tags=tags,
+            explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end)
+    try:
+        dumper.open()
+        for data in documents:
+            dumper.represent(data)
+        dumper.close()
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def dump(data, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all([data], stream, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds)
+
+def safe_dump_all(documents, stream=None, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of Python objects into a YAML stream.
+    Produce only basic YAML tags.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all(documents, stream, Dumper=SafeDumper, **kwds)
+
+def safe_dump(data, stream=None, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object into a YAML stream.
+    Produce only basic YAML tags.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all([data], stream, Dumper=SafeDumper, **kwds)
+
+def add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first=None,
+        Loader=Loader, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add an implicit scalar detector.
+    If an implicit scalar value matches the given regexp,
+    the corresponding tag is assigned to the scalar.
+    first is a sequence of possible initial characters or None.
+    """
+    Loader.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+    Dumper.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+
+def add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind=None, Loader=Loader, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a path based resolver for the given tag.
+    A path is a list of keys that forms a path
+    to a node in the representation tree.
+    Keys can be string values, integers, or None.
+    """
+    Loader.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+    Dumper.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+
+def add_constructor(tag, constructor, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Add a constructor for the given tag.
+    Constructor is a function that accepts a Loader instance
+    and a node object and produces the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    Loader.add_constructor(tag, constructor)
+
+def add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Add a multi-constructor for the given tag prefix.
+    Multi-constructor is called for a node if its tag starts with tag_prefix.
+    Multi-constructor accepts a Loader instance, a tag suffix,
+    and a node object and produces the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    Loader.add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor)
+
+def add_representer(data_type, representer, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a representer for the given type.
+    Representer is a function accepting a Dumper instance
+    and an instance of the given data type
+    and producing the corresponding representation node.
+    """
+    Dumper.add_representer(data_type, representer)
+
+def add_multi_representer(data_type, multi_representer, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a representer for the given type.
+    Multi-representer is a function accepting a Dumper instance
+    and an instance of the given data type or subtype
+    and producing the corresponding representation node.
+    """
+    Dumper.add_multi_representer(data_type, multi_representer)
+
+class YAMLObjectMetaclass(type):
+    """
+    The metaclass for YAMLObject.
+    """
+    def __init__(cls, name, bases, kwds):
+        super(YAMLObjectMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, kwds)
+        if 'yaml_tag' in kwds and kwds['yaml_tag'] is not None:
+            cls.yaml_loader.add_constructor(cls.yaml_tag, cls.from_yaml)
+            cls.yaml_dumper.add_representer(cls, cls.to_yaml)
+
+class YAMLObject(object):
+    """
+    An object that can dump itself to a YAML stream
+    and load itself from a YAML stream.
+    """
+
+    __metaclass__ = YAMLObjectMetaclass
+    __slots__ = ()  # no direct instantiation, so allow immutable subclasses
+
+    yaml_loader = Loader
+    yaml_dumper = Dumper
+
+    yaml_tag = None
+    yaml_flow_style = None
+
+    def from_yaml(cls, loader, node):
+        """
+        Convert a representation node to a Python object.
+        """
+        return loader.construct_yaml_object(node, cls)
+    from_yaml = classmethod(from_yaml)
+
+    def to_yaml(cls, dumper, data):
+        """
+        Convert a Python object to a representation node.
+        """
+        return dumper.represent_yaml_object(cls.yaml_tag, data, cls,
+                flow_style=cls.yaml_flow_style)
+    to_yaml = classmethod(to_yaml)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/composer.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/composer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06e5ac782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/composer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Composer', 'ComposerError']
+
+from error import MarkedYAMLError
+from events import *
+from nodes import *
+
+class ComposerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Composer(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.anchors = {}
+
+    def check_node(self):
+        # Drop the STREAM-START event.
+        if self.check_event(StreamStartEvent):
+            self.get_event()
+
+        # If there are more documents available?
+        return not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent)
+
+    def get_node(self):
+        # Get the root node of the next document.
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            return self.compose_document()
+
+    def get_single_node(self):
+        # Drop the STREAM-START event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        # Compose a document if the stream is not empty.
+        document = None
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            document = self.compose_document()
+
+        # Ensure that the stream contains no more documents.
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            event = self.get_event()
+            raise ComposerError("expected a single document in the stream",
+                    document.start_mark, "but found another document",
+                    event.start_mark)
+
+        # Drop the STREAM-END event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        return document
+
+    def compose_document(self):
+        # Drop the DOCUMENT-START event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        # Compose the root node.
+        node = self.compose_node(None, None)
+
+        # Drop the DOCUMENT-END event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        self.anchors = {}
+        return node
+
+    def compose_node(self, parent, index):
+        if self.check_event(AliasEvent):
+            event = self.get_event()
+            anchor = event.anchor
+            if anchor not in self.anchors:
+                raise ComposerError(None, None, "found undefined alias %r"
+                        % anchor.encode('utf-8'), event.start_mark)
+            return self.anchors[anchor]
+        event = self.peek_event()
+        anchor = event.anchor
+        if anchor is not None:
+            if anchor in self.anchors:
+                raise ComposerError("found duplicate anchor %r; first occurence"
+                        % anchor.encode('utf-8'), self.anchors[anchor].start_mark,
+                        "second occurence", event.start_mark)
+        self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+        if self.check_event(ScalarEvent):
+            node = self.compose_scalar_node(anchor)
+        elif self.check_event(SequenceStartEvent):
+            node = self.compose_sequence_node(anchor)
+        elif self.check_event(MappingStartEvent):
+            node = self.compose_mapping_node(anchor)
+        self.ascend_resolver()
+        return node
+
+    def compose_scalar_node(self, anchor):
+        event = self.get_event()
+        tag = event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == u'!':
+            tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, event.value, event.implicit)
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, event.value,
+                event.start_mark, event.end_mark, style=event.style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        return node
+
+    def compose_sequence_node(self, anchor):
+        start_event = self.get_event()
+        tag = start_event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == u'!':
+            tag = self.resolve(SequenceNode, None, start_event.implicit)
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, [],
+                start_event.start_mark, None,
+                flow_style=start_event.flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        index = 0
+        while not self.check_event(SequenceEndEvent):
+            node.value.append(self.compose_node(node, index))
+            index += 1
+        end_event = self.get_event()
+        node.end_mark = end_event.end_mark
+        return node
+
+    def compose_mapping_node(self, anchor):
+        start_event = self.get_event()
+        tag = start_event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == u'!':
+            tag = self.resolve(MappingNode, None, start_event.implicit)
+        node = MappingNode(tag, [],
+                start_event.start_mark, None,
+                flow_style=start_event.flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        while not self.check_event(MappingEndEvent):
+            #key_event = self.peek_event()
+            item_key = self.compose_node(node, None)
+            #if item_key in node.value:
+            #    raise ComposerError("while composing a mapping", start_event.start_mark,
+            #            "found duplicate key", key_event.start_mark)
+            item_value = self.compose_node(node, item_key)
+            #node.value[item_key] = item_value
+            node.value.append((item_key, item_value))
+        end_event = self.get_event()
+        node.end_mark = end_event.end_mark
+        return node
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/constructor.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/constructor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..635faac3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/constructor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseConstructor', 'SafeConstructor', 'Constructor',
+    'ConstructorError']
+
+from error import *
+from nodes import *
+
+import datetime
+
+import binascii, re, sys, types
+
+class ConstructorError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseConstructor(object):
+
+    yaml_constructors = {}
+    yaml_multi_constructors = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.constructed_objects = {}
+        self.recursive_objects = {}
+        self.state_generators = []
+        self.deep_construct = False
+
+    def check_data(self):
+        # If there are more documents available?
+        return self.check_node()
+
+    def get_data(self):
+        # Construct and return the next document.
+        if self.check_node():
+            return self.construct_document(self.get_node())
+
+    def get_single_data(self):
+        # Ensure that the stream contains a single document and construct it.
+        node = self.get_single_node()
+        if node is not None:
+            return self.construct_document(node)
+        return None
+
+    def construct_document(self, node):
+        data = self.construct_object(node)
+        while self.state_generators:
+            state_generators = self.state_generators
+            self.state_generators = []
+            for generator in state_generators:
+                for dummy in generator:
+                    pass
+        self.constructed_objects = {}
+        self.recursive_objects = {}
+        self.deep_construct = False
+        return data
+
+    def construct_object(self, node, deep=False):
+        if node in self.constructed_objects:
+            return self.constructed_objects[node]
+        if deep:
+            old_deep = self.deep_construct
+            self.deep_construct = True
+        if node in self.recursive_objects:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "found unconstructable recursive node", node.start_mark)
+        self.recursive_objects[node] = None
+        constructor = None
+        tag_suffix = None
+        if node.tag in self.yaml_constructors:
+            constructor = self.yaml_constructors[node.tag]
+        else:
+            for tag_prefix in self.yaml_multi_constructors:
+                if node.tag.startswith(tag_prefix):
+                    tag_suffix = node.tag[len(tag_prefix):]
+                    constructor = self.yaml_multi_constructors[tag_prefix]
+                    break
+            else:
+                if None in self.yaml_multi_constructors:
+                    tag_suffix = node.tag
+                    constructor = self.yaml_multi_constructors[None]
+                elif None in self.yaml_constructors:
+                    constructor = self.yaml_constructors[None]
+                elif isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_scalar
+                elif isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_sequence
+                elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_mapping
+        if tag_suffix is None:
+            data = constructor(self, node)
+        else:
+            data = constructor(self, tag_suffix, node)
+        if isinstance(data, types.GeneratorType):
+            generator = data
+            data = generator.next()
+            if self.deep_construct:
+                for dummy in generator:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                self.state_generators.append(generator)
+        self.constructed_objects[node] = data
+        del self.recursive_objects[node]
+        if deep:
+            self.deep_construct = old_deep
+        return data
+
+    def construct_scalar(self, node):
+        if not isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a scalar node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return node.value
+
+    def construct_sequence(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a sequence node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return [self.construct_object(child, deep=deep)
+                for child in node.value]
+
+    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a mapping node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        mapping = {}
+        for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node, deep=deep)
+            try:
+                hash(key)
+            except TypeError, exc:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping", node.start_mark,
+                        "found unacceptable key (%s)" % exc, key_node.start_mark)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
+            mapping[key] = value
+        return mapping
+
+    def construct_pairs(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a mapping node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        pairs = []
+        for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node, deep=deep)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
+            pairs.append((key, value))
+        return pairs
+
+    def add_constructor(cls, tag, constructor):
+        if not 'yaml_constructors' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_constructors = cls.yaml_constructors.copy()
+        cls.yaml_constructors[tag] = constructor
+    add_constructor = classmethod(add_constructor)
+
+    def add_multi_constructor(cls, tag_prefix, multi_constructor):
+        if not 'yaml_multi_constructors' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_multi_constructors = cls.yaml_multi_constructors.copy()
+        cls.yaml_multi_constructors[tag_prefix] = multi_constructor
+    add_multi_constructor = classmethod(add_multi_constructor)
+
+class SafeConstructor(BaseConstructor):
+
+    def construct_scalar(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+                if key_node.tag == u'tag:yaml.org,2002:value':
+                    return self.construct_scalar(value_node)
+        return BaseConstructor.construct_scalar(self, node)
+
+    def flatten_mapping(self, node):
+        merge = []
+        index = 0
+        while index < len(node.value):
+            key_node, value_node = node.value[index]
+            if key_node.tag == u'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge':
+                del node.value[index]
+                if isinstance(value_node, MappingNode):
+                    self.flatten_mapping(value_node)
+                    merge.extend(value_node.value)
+                elif isinstance(value_node, SequenceNode):
+                    submerge = []
+                    for subnode in value_node.value:
+                        if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping",
+                                    node.start_mark,
+                                    "expected a mapping for merging, but found %s"
+                                    % subnode.id, subnode.start_mark)
+                        self.flatten_mapping(subnode)
+                        submerge.append(subnode.value)
+                    submerge.reverse()
+                    for value in submerge:
+                        merge.extend(value)
+                else:
+                    raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping", node.start_mark,
+                            "expected a mapping or list of mappings for merging, but found %s"
+                            % value_node.id, value_node.start_mark)
+            elif key_node.tag == u'tag:yaml.org,2002:value':
+                key_node.tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+                index += 1
+            else:
+                index += 1
+        if merge:
+            node.value = merge + node.value
+
+    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
+        if isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            self.flatten_mapping(node)
+        return BaseConstructor.construct_mapping(self, node, deep=deep)
+
+    def construct_yaml_null(self, node):
+        self.construct_scalar(node)
+        return None
+
+    bool_values = {
+        u'yes':     True,
+        u'no':      False,
+        u'true':    True,
+        u'false':   False,
+        u'on':      True,
+        u'off':     False,
+    }
+
+    def construct_yaml_bool(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        return self.bool_values[value.lower()]
+
+    def construct_yaml_int(self, node):
+        value = str(self.construct_scalar(node))
+        value = value.replace('_', '')
+        sign = +1
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            sign = -1
+        if value[0] in '+-':
+            value = value[1:]
+        if value == '0':
+            return 0
+        elif value.startswith('0b'):
+            return sign*int(value[2:], 2)
+        elif value.startswith('0x'):
+            return sign*int(value[2:], 16)
+        elif value[0] == '0':
+            return sign*int(value, 8)
+        elif ':' in value:
+            digits = [int(part) for part in value.split(':')]
+            digits.reverse()
+            base = 1
+            value = 0
+            for digit in digits:
+                value += digit*base
+                base *= 60
+            return sign*value
+        else:
+            return sign*int(value)
+
+    inf_value = 1e300
+    while inf_value != inf_value*inf_value:
+        inf_value *= inf_value
+    nan_value = -inf_value/inf_value   # Trying to make a quiet NaN (like C99).
+
+    def construct_yaml_float(self, node):
+        value = str(self.construct_scalar(node))
+        value = value.replace('_', '').lower()
+        sign = +1
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            sign = -1
+        if value[0] in '+-':
+            value = value[1:]
+        if value == '.inf':
+            return sign*self.inf_value
+        elif value == '.nan':
+            return self.nan_value
+        elif ':' in value:
+            digits = [float(part) for part in value.split(':')]
+            digits.reverse()
+            base = 1
+            value = 0.0
+            for digit in digits:
+                value += digit*base
+                base *= 60
+            return sign*value
+        else:
+            return sign*float(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_binary(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        try:
+            return str(value).decode('base64')
+        except (binascii.Error, UnicodeEncodeError), exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to decode base64 data: %s" % exc, node.start_mark) 
+
+    timestamp_regexp = re.compile(
+            ur'''^(?P<year>[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])
+                -(?P<month>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                -(?P<day>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                (?:(?:[Tt]|[ \t]+)
+                (?P<hour>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                :(?P<minute>[0-9][0-9])
+                :(?P<second>[0-9][0-9])
+                (?:\.(?P<fraction>[0-9]*))?
+                (?:[ \t]*(?P<tz>Z|(?P<tz_sign>[-+])(?P<tz_hour>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                (?::(?P<tz_minute>[0-9][0-9]))?))?)?$''', re.X)
+
+    def construct_yaml_timestamp(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        match = self.timestamp_regexp.match(node.value)
+        values = match.groupdict()
+        year = int(values['year'])
+        month = int(values['month'])
+        day = int(values['day'])
+        if not values['hour']:
+            return datetime.date(year, month, day)
+        hour = int(values['hour'])
+        minute = int(values['minute'])
+        second = int(values['second'])
+        fraction = 0
+        if values['fraction']:
+            fraction = values['fraction'][:6]
+            while len(fraction) < 6:
+                fraction += '0'
+            fraction = int(fraction)
+        delta = None
+        if values['tz_sign']:
+            tz_hour = int(values['tz_hour'])
+            tz_minute = int(values['tz_minute'] or 0)
+            delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=tz_hour, minutes=tz_minute)
+            if values['tz_sign'] == '-':
+                delta = -delta
+        data = datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, fraction)
+        if delta:
+            data -= delta
+        return data
+
+    def construct_yaml_omap(self, node):
+        # Note: we do not check for duplicate keys, because it's too
+        # CPU-expensive.
+        omap = []
+        yield omap
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a sequence, but found %s" % node.id, node.start_mark)
+        for subnode in node.value:
+            if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a mapping of length 1, but found %s" % subnode.id,
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            if len(subnode.value) != 1:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a single mapping item, but found %d items" % len(subnode.value),
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            key_node, value_node = subnode.value[0]
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node)
+            omap.append((key, value))
+
+    def construct_yaml_pairs(self, node):
+        # Note: the same code as `construct_yaml_omap`.
+        pairs = []
+        yield pairs
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a sequence, but found %s" % node.id, node.start_mark)
+        for subnode in node.value:
+            if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a mapping of length 1, but found %s" % subnode.id,
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            if len(subnode.value) != 1:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a single mapping item, but found %d items" % len(subnode.value),
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            key_node, value_node = subnode.value[0]
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node)
+            pairs.append((key, value))
+
+    def construct_yaml_set(self, node):
+        data = set()
+        yield data
+        value = self.construct_mapping(node)
+        data.update(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_str(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        try:
+            return value.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            return value
+
+    def construct_yaml_seq(self, node):
+        data = []
+        yield data
+        data.extend(self.construct_sequence(node))
+
+    def construct_yaml_map(self, node):
+        data = {}
+        yield data
+        value = self.construct_mapping(node)
+        data.update(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_object(self, node, cls):
+        data = cls.__new__(cls)
+        yield data
+        if hasattr(data, '__setstate__'):
+            state = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=True)
+            data.__setstate__(state)
+        else:
+            state = self.construct_mapping(node)
+            data.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def construct_undefined(self, node):
+        raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                "could not determine a constructor for the tag %r" % node.tag.encode('utf-8'),
+                node.start_mark)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_null)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_bool)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:int',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_int)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:float',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_float)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:binary',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_binary)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_timestamp)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:omap',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_omap)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_pairs)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:set',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_set)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_str)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_seq)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:map',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_map)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(None,
+        SafeConstructor.construct_undefined)
+
+class Constructor(SafeConstructor):
+
+    def construct_python_str(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node).encode('utf-8')
+
+    def construct_python_unicode(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_python_long(self, node):
+        return long(self.construct_yaml_int(node))
+
+    def construct_python_complex(self, node):
+       return complex(self.construct_scalar(node))
+
+    def construct_python_tuple(self, node):
+        return tuple(self.construct_sequence(node))
+
+    def find_python_module(self, name, mark):
+        if not name:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                    "expected non-empty name appended to the tag", mark)
+        try:
+            __import__(name)
+        except ImportError, exc:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                    "cannot find module %r (%s)" % (name.encode('utf-8'), exc), mark)
+        return sys.modules[name]
+
+    def find_python_name(self, name, mark):
+        if not name:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "expected non-empty name appended to the tag", mark)
+        if u'.' in name:
+            module_name, object_name = name.rsplit('.', 1)
+        else:
+            module_name = '__builtin__'
+            object_name = name
+        try:
+            __import__(module_name)
+        except ImportError, exc:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "cannot find module %r (%s)" % (module_name.encode('utf-8'), exc), mark)
+        module = sys.modules[module_name]
+        if not hasattr(module, object_name):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "cannot find %r in the module %r" % (object_name.encode('utf-8'),
+                        module.__name__), mark)
+        return getattr(module, object_name)
+
+    def construct_python_name(self, suffix, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        if value:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python name", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected the empty value, but found %r" % value.encode('utf-8'),
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return self.find_python_name(suffix, node.start_mark)
+
+    def construct_python_module(self, suffix, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        if value:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected the empty value, but found %r" % value.encode('utf-8'),
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return self.find_python_module(suffix, node.start_mark)
+
+    class classobj: pass
+
+    def make_python_instance(self, suffix, node,
+            args=None, kwds=None, newobj=False):
+        if not args:
+            args = []
+        if not kwds:
+            kwds = {}
+        cls = self.find_python_name(suffix, node.start_mark)
+        if newobj and isinstance(cls, type(self.classobj))  \
+                and not args and not kwds:
+            instance = self.classobj()
+            instance.__class__ = cls
+            return instance
+        elif newobj and isinstance(cls, type):
+            return cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kwds)
+        else:
+            return cls(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def set_python_instance_state(self, instance, state):
+        if hasattr(instance, '__setstate__'):
+            instance.__setstate__(state)
+        else:
+            slotstate = {}
+            if isinstance(state, tuple) and len(state) == 2:
+                state, slotstate = state
+            if hasattr(instance, '__dict__'):
+                instance.__dict__.update(state)
+            elif state:
+                slotstate.update(state)
+            for key, value in slotstate.items():
+                setattr(object, key, value)
+
+    def construct_python_object(self, suffix, node):
+        # Format:
+        #   !!python/object:module.name { ... state ... }
+        instance = self.make_python_instance(suffix, node, newobj=True)
+        yield instance
+        deep = hasattr(instance, '__setstate__')
+        state = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=deep)
+        self.set_python_instance_state(instance, state)
+
+    def construct_python_object_apply(self, suffix, node, newobj=False):
+        # Format:
+        #   !!python/object/apply       # (or !!python/object/new)
+        #   args: [ ... arguments ... ]
+        #   kwds: { ... keywords ... }
+        #   state: ... state ...
+        #   listitems: [ ... listitems ... ]
+        #   dictitems: { ... dictitems ... }
+        # or short format:
+        #   !!python/object/apply [ ... arguments ... ]
+        # The difference between !!python/object/apply and !!python/object/new
+        # is how an object is created, check make_python_instance for details.
+        if isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            args = self.construct_sequence(node, deep=True)
+            kwds = {}
+            state = {}
+            listitems = []
+            dictitems = {}
+        else:
+            value = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=True)
+            args = value.get('args', [])
+            kwds = value.get('kwds', {})
+            state = value.get('state', {})
+            listitems = value.get('listitems', [])
+            dictitems = value.get('dictitems', {})
+        instance = self.make_python_instance(suffix, node, args, kwds, newobj)
+        if state:
+            self.set_python_instance_state(instance, state)
+        if listitems:
+            instance.extend(listitems)
+        if dictitems:
+            for key in dictitems:
+                instance[key] = dictitems[key]
+        return instance
+
+    def construct_python_object_new(self, suffix, node):
+        return self.construct_python_object_apply(suffix, node, newobj=True)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/none',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_null)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/bool',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_bool)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/str',
+    Constructor.construct_python_str)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/unicode',
+    Constructor.construct_python_unicode)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/int',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_int)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/long',
+    Constructor.construct_python_long)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/float',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_float)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/complex',
+    Constructor.construct_python_complex)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/list',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_seq)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/tuple',
+    Constructor.construct_python_tuple)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/dict',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_map)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/name:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_name)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/module:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_module)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_object)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_object_apply)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_object_new)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/cyaml.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/cyaml.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68dcd7519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/cyaml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+
+__all__ = ['CBaseLoader', 'CSafeLoader', 'CLoader',
+        'CBaseDumper', 'CSafeDumper', 'CDumper']
+
+from _yaml import CParser, CEmitter
+
+from constructor import *
+
+from serializer import *
+from representer import *
+
+from resolver import *
+
+class CBaseLoader(CParser, BaseConstructor, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        BaseConstructor.__init__(self)
+        BaseResolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CSafeLoader(CParser, SafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        SafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CLoader(CParser, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CBaseDumper(CEmitter, BaseRepresenter, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CSafeDumper(CEmitter, SafeRepresenter, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        SafeRepresenter.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CDumper(CEmitter, Serializer, Representer, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/dumper.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/dumper.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f811d2c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/dumper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseDumper', 'SafeDumper', 'Dumper']
+
+from emitter import *
+from serializer import *
+from representer import *
+from resolver import *
+
+class BaseDumper(Emitter, Serializer, BaseRepresenter, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class SafeDumper(Emitter, Serializer, SafeRepresenter, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        SafeRepresenter.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class Dumper(Emitter, Serializer, Representer, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/emitter.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/emitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5bcdcccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/emitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1140 @@
+
+# Emitter expects events obeying the following grammar:
+# stream ::= STREAM-START document* STREAM-END
+# document ::= DOCUMENT-START node DOCUMENT-END
+# node ::= SCALAR | sequence | mapping
+# sequence ::= SEQUENCE-START node* SEQUENCE-END
+# mapping ::= MAPPING-START (node node)* MAPPING-END
+
+__all__ = ['Emitter', 'EmitterError']
+
+from error import YAMLError
+from events import *
+
+class EmitterError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class ScalarAnalysis(object):
+    def __init__(self, scalar, empty, multiline,
+            allow_flow_plain, allow_block_plain,
+            allow_single_quoted, allow_double_quoted,
+            allow_block):
+        self.scalar = scalar
+        self.empty = empty
+        self.multiline = multiline
+        self.allow_flow_plain = allow_flow_plain
+        self.allow_block_plain = allow_block_plain
+        self.allow_single_quoted = allow_single_quoted
+        self.allow_double_quoted = allow_double_quoted
+        self.allow_block = allow_block
+
+class Emitter(object):
+
+    DEFAULT_TAG_PREFIXES = {
+        u'!' : u'!',
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:' : u'!!',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None):
+
+        # The stream should have the methods `write` and possibly `flush`.
+        self.stream = stream
+
+        # Encoding can be overriden by STREAM-START.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        # Emitter is a state machine with a stack of states to handle nested
+        # structures.
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = self.expect_stream_start
+
+        # Current event and the event queue.
+        self.events = []
+        self.event = None
+
+        # The current indentation level and the stack of previous indents.
+        self.indents = []
+        self.indent = None
+
+        # Flow level.
+        self.flow_level = 0
+
+        # Contexts.
+        self.root_context = False
+        self.sequence_context = False
+        self.mapping_context = False
+        self.simple_key_context = False
+
+        # Characteristics of the last emitted character:
+        #  - current position.
+        #  - is it a whitespace?
+        #  - is it an indention character
+        #    (indentation space, '-', '?', or ':')?
+        self.line = 0
+        self.column = 0
+        self.whitespace = True
+        self.indention = True
+
+        # Whether the document requires an explicit document indicator
+        self.open_ended = False
+
+        # Formatting details.
+        self.canonical = canonical
+        self.allow_unicode = allow_unicode
+        self.best_indent = 2
+        if indent and 1 < indent < 10:
+            self.best_indent = indent
+        self.best_width = 80
+        if width and width > self.best_indent*2:
+            self.best_width = width
+        self.best_line_break = u'\n'
+        if line_break in [u'\r', u'\n', u'\r\n']:
+            self.best_line_break = line_break
+
+        # Tag prefixes.
+        self.tag_prefixes = None
+
+        # Prepared anchor and tag.
+        self.prepared_anchor = None
+        self.prepared_tag = None
+
+        # Scalar analysis and style.
+        self.analysis = None
+        self.style = None
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Reset the state attributes (to clear self-references)
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = None
+
+    def emit(self, event):
+        self.events.append(event)
+        while not self.need_more_events():
+            self.event = self.events.pop(0)
+            self.state()
+            self.event = None
+
+    # In some cases, we wait for a few next events before emitting.
+
+    def need_more_events(self):
+        if not self.events:
+            return True
+        event = self.events[0]
+        if isinstance(event, DocumentStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(1)
+        elif isinstance(event, SequenceStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(2)
+        elif isinstance(event, MappingStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(3)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def need_events(self, count):
+        level = 0
+        for event in self.events[1:]:
+            if isinstance(event, (DocumentStartEvent, CollectionStartEvent)):
+                level += 1
+            elif isinstance(event, (DocumentEndEvent, CollectionEndEvent)):
+                level -= 1
+            elif isinstance(event, StreamEndEvent):
+                level = -1
+            if level < 0:
+                return False
+        return (len(self.events) < count+1)
+
+    def increase_indent(self, flow=False, indentless=False):
+        self.indents.append(self.indent)
+        if self.indent is None:
+            if flow:
+                self.indent = self.best_indent
+            else:
+                self.indent = 0
+        elif not indentless:
+            self.indent += self.best_indent
+
+    # States.
+
+    # Stream handlers.
+
+    def expect_stream_start(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, StreamStartEvent):
+            if self.event.encoding and not getattr(self.stream, 'encoding', None):
+                self.encoding = self.event.encoding
+            self.write_stream_start()
+            self.state = self.expect_first_document_start
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected StreamStartEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_nothing(self):
+        raise EmitterError("expected nothing, but got %s" % self.event)
+
+    # Document handlers.
+
+    def expect_first_document_start(self):
+        return self.expect_document_start(first=True)
+
+    def expect_document_start(self, first=False):
+        if isinstance(self.event, DocumentStartEvent):
+            if (self.event.version or self.event.tags) and self.open_ended:
+                self.write_indicator(u'...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            if self.event.version:
+                version_text = self.prepare_version(self.event.version)
+                self.write_version_directive(version_text)
+            self.tag_prefixes = self.DEFAULT_TAG_PREFIXES.copy()
+            if self.event.tags:
+                handles = self.event.tags.keys()
+                handles.sort()
+                for handle in handles:
+                    prefix = self.event.tags[handle]
+                    self.tag_prefixes[prefix] = handle
+                    handle_text = self.prepare_tag_handle(handle)
+                    prefix_text = self.prepare_tag_prefix(prefix)
+                    self.write_tag_directive(handle_text, prefix_text)
+            implicit = (first and not self.event.explicit and not self.canonical
+                    and not self.event.version and not self.event.tags
+                    and not self.check_empty_document())
+            if not implicit:
+                self.write_indent()
+                self.write_indicator(u'---', True)
+                if self.canonical:
+                    self.write_indent()
+            self.state = self.expect_document_root
+        elif isinstance(self.event, StreamEndEvent):
+            if self.open_ended:
+                self.write_indicator(u'...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_stream_end()
+            self.state = self.expect_nothing
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected DocumentStartEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_document_end(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, DocumentEndEvent):
+            self.write_indent()
+            if self.event.explicit:
+                self.write_indicator(u'...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.flush_stream()
+            self.state = self.expect_document_start
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected DocumentEndEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_document_root(self):
+        self.states.append(self.expect_document_end)
+        self.expect_node(root=True)
+
+    # Node handlers.
+
+    def expect_node(self, root=False, sequence=False, mapping=False,
+            simple_key=False):
+        self.root_context = root
+        self.sequence_context = sequence
+        self.mapping_context = mapping
+        self.simple_key_context = simple_key
+        if isinstance(self.event, AliasEvent):
+            self.expect_alias()
+        elif isinstance(self.event, (ScalarEvent, CollectionStartEvent)):
+            self.process_anchor(u'&')
+            self.process_tag()
+            if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+                self.expect_scalar()
+            elif isinstance(self.event, SequenceStartEvent):
+                if self.flow_level or self.canonical or self.event.flow_style   \
+                        or self.check_empty_sequence():
+                    self.expect_flow_sequence()
+                else:
+                    self.expect_block_sequence()
+            elif isinstance(self.event, MappingStartEvent):
+                if self.flow_level or self.canonical or self.event.flow_style   \
+                        or self.check_empty_mapping():
+                    self.expect_flow_mapping()
+                else:
+                    self.expect_block_mapping()
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected NodeEvent, but got %s" % self.event)
+
+    def expect_alias(self):
+        if self.event.anchor is None:
+            raise EmitterError("anchor is not specified for alias")
+        self.process_anchor(u'*')
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+
+    def expect_scalar(self):
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.process_scalar()
+        self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+
+    # Flow sequence handlers.
+
+    def expect_flow_sequence(self):
+        self.write_indicator(u'[', True, whitespace=True)
+        self.flow_level += 1
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_flow_sequence_item
+
+    def expect_first_flow_sequence_item(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            self.write_indicator(u']', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.states.append(self.expect_flow_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_sequence_item(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            if self.canonical:
+                self.write_indicator(u',', False)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator(u']', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indicator(u',', False)
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.states.append(self.expect_flow_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    # Flow mapping handlers.
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping(self):
+        self.write_indicator(u'{', True, whitespace=True)
+        self.flow_level += 1
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_flow_mapping_key
+
+    def expect_first_flow_mapping_key(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            self.write_indicator(u'}', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            if not self.canonical and self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator(u'?', True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_key(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            if self.canonical:
+                self.write_indicator(u',', False)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator(u'}', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indicator(u',', False)
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            if not self.canonical and self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator(u'?', True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_simple_value(self):
+        self.write_indicator(u':', False)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+            self.write_indent()
+        self.write_indicator(u':', True)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    # Block sequence handlers.
+
+    def expect_block_sequence(self):
+        indentless = (self.mapping_context and not self.indention)
+        self.increase_indent(flow=False, indentless=indentless)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_block_sequence_item
+
+    def expect_first_block_sequence_item(self):
+        return self.expect_block_sequence_item(first=True)
+
+    def expect_block_sequence_item(self, first=False):
+        if not first and isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator(u'-', True, indention=True)
+            self.states.append(self.expect_block_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    # Block mapping handlers.
+
+    def expect_block_mapping(self):
+        self.increase_indent(flow=False)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_block_mapping_key
+
+    def expect_first_block_mapping_key(self):
+        return self.expect_block_mapping_key(first=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_key(self, first=False):
+        if not first and isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indent()
+            if self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator(u'?', True, indention=True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_simple_value(self):
+        self.write_indicator(u':', False)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_value(self):
+        self.write_indent()
+        self.write_indicator(u':', True, indention=True)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    # Checkers.
+
+    def check_empty_sequence(self):
+        return (isinstance(self.event, SequenceStartEvent) and self.events
+                and isinstance(self.events[0], SequenceEndEvent))
+
+    def check_empty_mapping(self):
+        return (isinstance(self.event, MappingStartEvent) and self.events
+                and isinstance(self.events[0], MappingEndEvent))
+
+    def check_empty_document(self):
+        if not isinstance(self.event, DocumentStartEvent) or not self.events:
+            return False
+        event = self.events[0]
+        return (isinstance(event, ScalarEvent) and event.anchor is None
+                and event.tag is None and event.implicit and event.value == u'')
+
+    def check_simple_key(self):
+        length = 0
+        if isinstance(self.event, NodeEvent) and self.event.anchor is not None:
+            if self.prepared_anchor is None:
+                self.prepared_anchor = self.prepare_anchor(self.event.anchor)
+            length += len(self.prepared_anchor)
+        if isinstance(self.event, (ScalarEvent, CollectionStartEvent))  \
+                and self.event.tag is not None:
+            if self.prepared_tag is None:
+                self.prepared_tag = self.prepare_tag(self.event.tag)
+            length += len(self.prepared_tag)
+        if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+            if self.analysis is None:
+                self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+            length += len(self.analysis.scalar)
+        return (length < 128 and (isinstance(self.event, AliasEvent)
+            or (isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent)
+                    and not self.analysis.empty and not self.analysis.multiline)
+            or self.check_empty_sequence() or self.check_empty_mapping()))
+
+    # Anchor, Tag, and Scalar processors.
+
+    def process_anchor(self, indicator):
+        if self.event.anchor is None:
+            self.prepared_anchor = None
+            return
+        if self.prepared_anchor is None:
+            self.prepared_anchor = self.prepare_anchor(self.event.anchor)
+        if self.prepared_anchor:
+            self.write_indicator(indicator+self.prepared_anchor, True)
+        self.prepared_anchor = None
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        tag = self.event.tag
+        if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+            if self.style is None:
+                self.style = self.choose_scalar_style()
+            if ((not self.canonical or tag is None) and
+                ((self.style == '' and self.event.implicit[0])
+                        or (self.style != '' and self.event.implicit[1]))):
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+                return
+            if self.event.implicit[0] and tag is None:
+                tag = u'!'
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+        else:
+            if (not self.canonical or tag is None) and self.event.implicit:
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+                return
+        if tag is None:
+            raise EmitterError("tag is not specified")
+        if self.prepared_tag is None:
+            self.prepared_tag = self.prepare_tag(tag)
+        if self.prepared_tag:
+            self.write_indicator(self.prepared_tag, True)
+        self.prepared_tag = None
+
+    def choose_scalar_style(self):
+        if self.analysis is None:
+            self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+        if self.event.style == '"' or self.canonical:
+            return '"'
+        if not self.event.style and self.event.implicit[0]:
+            if (not (self.simple_key_context and
+                    (self.analysis.empty or self.analysis.multiline))
+                and (self.flow_level and self.analysis.allow_flow_plain
+                    or (not self.flow_level and self.analysis.allow_block_plain))):
+                return ''
+        if self.event.style and self.event.style in '|>':
+            if (not self.flow_level and not self.simple_key_context
+                    and self.analysis.allow_block):
+                return self.event.style
+        if not self.event.style or self.event.style == '\'':
+            if (self.analysis.allow_single_quoted and
+                    not (self.simple_key_context and self.analysis.multiline)):
+                return '\''
+        return '"'
+
+    def process_scalar(self):
+        if self.analysis is None:
+            self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+        if self.style is None:
+            self.style = self.choose_scalar_style()
+        split = (not self.simple_key_context)
+        #if self.analysis.multiline and split    \
+        #        and (not self.style or self.style in '\'\"'):
+        #    self.write_indent()
+        if self.style == '"':
+            self.write_double_quoted(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        elif self.style == '\'':
+            self.write_single_quoted(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        elif self.style == '>':
+            self.write_folded(self.analysis.scalar)
+        elif self.style == '|':
+            self.write_literal(self.analysis.scalar)
+        else:
+            self.write_plain(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        self.analysis = None
+        self.style = None
+
+    # Analyzers.
+
+    def prepare_version(self, version):
+        major, minor = version
+        if major != 1:
+            raise EmitterError("unsupported YAML version: %d.%d" % (major, minor))
+        return u'%d.%d' % (major, minor)
+
+    def prepare_tag_handle(self, handle):
+        if not handle:
+            raise EmitterError("tag handle must not be empty")
+        if handle[0] != u'!' or handle[-1] != u'!':
+            raise EmitterError("tag handle must start and end with '!': %r"
+                    % (handle.encode('utf-8')))
+        for ch in handle[1:-1]:
+            if not (u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'  \
+                    or ch in u'-_'):
+                raise EmitterError("invalid character %r in the tag handle: %r"
+                        % (ch.encode('utf-8'), handle.encode('utf-8')))
+        return handle
+
+    def prepare_tag_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if not prefix:
+            raise EmitterError("tag prefix must not be empty")
+        chunks = []
+        start = end = 0
+        if prefix[0] == u'!':
+            end = 1
+        while end < len(prefix):
+            ch = prefix[end]
+            if u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'   \
+                    or ch in u'-;/?!:@&=+$,_.~*\'()[]':
+                end += 1
+            else:
+                if start < end:
+                    chunks.append(prefix[start:end])
+                start = end = end+1
+                data = ch.encode('utf-8')
+                for ch in data:
+                    chunks.append(u'%%%02X' % ord(ch))
+        if start < end:
+            chunks.append(prefix[start:end])
+        return u''.join(chunks)
+
+    def prepare_tag(self, tag):
+        if not tag:
+            raise EmitterError("tag must not be empty")
+        if tag == u'!':
+            return tag
+        handle = None
+        suffix = tag
+        prefixes = self.tag_prefixes.keys()
+        prefixes.sort()
+        for prefix in prefixes:
+            if tag.startswith(prefix)   \
+                    and (prefix == u'!' or len(prefix) < len(tag)):
+                handle = self.tag_prefixes[prefix]
+                suffix = tag[len(prefix):]
+        chunks = []
+        start = end = 0
+        while end < len(suffix):
+            ch = suffix[end]
+            if u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'   \
+                    or ch in u'-;/?:@&=+$,_.~*\'()[]'   \
+                    or (ch == u'!' and handle != u'!'):
+                end += 1
+            else:
+                if start < end:
+                    chunks.append(suffix[start:end])
+                start = end = end+1
+                data = ch.encode('utf-8')
+                for ch in data:
+                    chunks.append(u'%%%02X' % ord(ch))
+        if start < end:
+            chunks.append(suffix[start:end])
+        suffix_text = u''.join(chunks)
+        if handle:
+            return u'%s%s' % (handle, suffix_text)
+        else:
+            return u'!<%s>' % suffix_text
+
+    def prepare_anchor(self, anchor):
+        if not anchor:
+            raise EmitterError("anchor must not be empty")
+        for ch in anchor:
+            if not (u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'  \
+                    or ch in u'-_'):
+                raise EmitterError("invalid character %r in the anchor: %r"
+                        % (ch.encode('utf-8'), anchor.encode('utf-8')))
+        return anchor
+
+    def analyze_scalar(self, scalar):
+
+        # Empty scalar is a special case.
+        if not scalar:
+            return ScalarAnalysis(scalar=scalar, empty=True, multiline=False,
+                    allow_flow_plain=False, allow_block_plain=True,
+                    allow_single_quoted=True, allow_double_quoted=True,
+                    allow_block=False)
+
+        # Indicators and special characters.
+        block_indicators = False
+        flow_indicators = False
+        line_breaks = False
+        special_characters = False
+
+        # Important whitespace combinations.
+        leading_space = False
+        leading_break = False
+        trailing_space = False
+        trailing_break = False
+        break_space = False
+        space_break = False
+
+        # Check document indicators.
+        if scalar.startswith(u'---') or scalar.startswith(u'...'):
+            block_indicators = True
+            flow_indicators = True
+
+        # First character or preceded by a whitespace.
+        preceeded_by_whitespace = True
+
+        # Last character or followed by a whitespace.
+        followed_by_whitespace = (len(scalar) == 1 or
+                scalar[1] in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+
+        # The previous character is a space.
+        previous_space = False
+
+        # The previous character is a break.
+        previous_break = False
+
+        index = 0
+        while index < len(scalar):
+            ch = scalar[index]
+
+            # Check for indicators.
+            if index == 0:
+                # Leading indicators are special characters.
+                if ch in u'#,[]{}&*!|>\'\"%@`': 
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+                if ch in u'?:':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    if followed_by_whitespace:
+                        block_indicators = True
+                if ch == u'-' and followed_by_whitespace:
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+            else:
+                # Some indicators cannot appear within a scalar as well.
+                if ch in u',?[]{}':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                if ch == u':':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    if followed_by_whitespace:
+                        block_indicators = True
+                if ch == u'#' and preceeded_by_whitespace:
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+
+            # Check for line breaks, special, and unicode characters.
+            if ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                line_breaks = True
+            if not (ch == u'\n' or u'\x20' <= ch <= u'\x7E'):
+                if (ch == u'\x85' or u'\xA0' <= ch <= u'\uD7FF'
+                        or u'\uE000' <= ch <= u'\uFFFD') and ch != u'\uFEFF':
+                    unicode_characters = True
+                    if not self.allow_unicode:
+                        special_characters = True
+                else:
+                    special_characters = True
+
+            # Detect important whitespace combinations.
+            if ch == u' ':
+                if index == 0:
+                    leading_space = True
+                if index == len(scalar)-1:
+                    trailing_space = True
+                if previous_break:
+                    break_space = True
+                previous_space = True
+                previous_break = False
+            elif ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if index == 0:
+                    leading_break = True
+                if index == len(scalar)-1:
+                    trailing_break = True
+                if previous_space:
+                    space_break = True
+                previous_space = False
+                previous_break = True
+            else:
+                previous_space = False
+                previous_break = False
+
+            # Prepare for the next character.
+            index += 1
+            preceeded_by_whitespace = (ch in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            followed_by_whitespace = (index+1 >= len(scalar) or
+                    scalar[index+1] in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+
+        # Let's decide what styles are allowed.
+        allow_flow_plain = True
+        allow_block_plain = True
+        allow_single_quoted = True
+        allow_double_quoted = True
+        allow_block = True
+
+        # Leading and trailing whitespaces are bad for plain scalars.
+        if (leading_space or leading_break
+                or trailing_space or trailing_break):
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = False
+
+        # We do not permit trailing spaces for block scalars.
+        if trailing_space:
+            allow_block = False
+
+        # Spaces at the beginning of a new line are only acceptable for block
+        # scalars.
+        if break_space:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = allow_single_quoted = False
+
+        # Spaces followed by breaks, as well as special character are only
+        # allowed for double quoted scalars.
+        if space_break or special_characters:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain =  \
+            allow_single_quoted = allow_block = False
+
+        # Although the plain scalar writer supports breaks, we never emit
+        # multiline plain scalars.
+        if line_breaks:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = False
+
+        # Flow indicators are forbidden for flow plain scalars.
+        if flow_indicators:
+            allow_flow_plain = False
+
+        # Block indicators are forbidden for block plain scalars.
+        if block_indicators:
+            allow_block_plain = False
+
+        return ScalarAnalysis(scalar=scalar,
+                empty=False, multiline=line_breaks,
+                allow_flow_plain=allow_flow_plain,
+                allow_block_plain=allow_block_plain,
+                allow_single_quoted=allow_single_quoted,
+                allow_double_quoted=allow_double_quoted,
+                allow_block=allow_block)
+
+    # Writers.
+
+    def flush_stream(self):
+        if hasattr(self.stream, 'flush'):
+            self.stream.flush()
+
+    def write_stream_start(self):
+        # Write BOM if needed.
+        if self.encoding and self.encoding.startswith('utf-16'):
+            self.stream.write(u'\uFEFF'.encode(self.encoding))
+
+    def write_stream_end(self):
+        self.flush_stream()
+
+    def write_indicator(self, indicator, need_whitespace,
+            whitespace=False, indention=False):
+        if self.whitespace or not need_whitespace:
+            data = indicator
+        else:
+            data = u' '+indicator
+        self.whitespace = whitespace
+        self.indention = self.indention and indention
+        self.column += len(data)
+        self.open_ended = False
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_indent(self):
+        indent = self.indent or 0
+        if not self.indention or self.column > indent   \
+                or (self.column == indent and not self.whitespace):
+            self.write_line_break()
+        if self.column < indent:
+            self.whitespace = True
+            data = u' '*(indent-self.column)
+            self.column = indent
+            if self.encoding:
+                data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+            self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_line_break(self, data=None):
+        if data is None:
+            data = self.best_line_break
+        self.whitespace = True
+        self.indention = True
+        self.line += 1
+        self.column = 0
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_version_directive(self, version_text):
+        data = u'%%YAML %s' % version_text
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.write_line_break()
+
+    def write_tag_directive(self, handle_text, prefix_text):
+        data = u'%%TAG %s %s' % (handle_text, prefix_text)
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.write_line_break()
+
+    # Scalar streams.
+
+    def write_single_quoted(self, text, split=True):
+        self.write_indicator(u'\'', True)
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = False
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if spaces:
+                if ch is None or ch != u' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width and split   \
+                            and start != 0 and end != len(text):
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            elif breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if text[start] == u'\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == u'\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in u' \n\x85\u2028\u2029' or ch == u'\'':
+                    if start < end:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                        start = end
+            if ch == u'\'':
+                data = u'\'\''
+                self.column += 2
+                if self.encoding:
+                    data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                self.stream.write(data)
+                start = end + 1
+            if ch is not None:
+                spaces = (ch == u' ')
+                breaks = (ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+        self.write_indicator(u'\'', False)
+
+    ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+        u'\0':      u'0',
+        u'\x07':    u'a',
+        u'\x08':    u'b',
+        u'\x09':    u't',
+        u'\x0A':    u'n',
+        u'\x0B':    u'v',
+        u'\x0C':    u'f',
+        u'\x0D':    u'r',
+        u'\x1B':    u'e',
+        u'\"':      u'\"',
+        u'\\':      u'\\',
+        u'\x85':    u'N',
+        u'\xA0':    u'_',
+        u'\u2028':  u'L',
+        u'\u2029':  u'P',
+    }
+
+    def write_double_quoted(self, text, split=True):
+        self.write_indicator(u'"', True)
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if ch is None or ch in u'"\\\x85\u2028\u2029\uFEFF' \
+                    or not (u'\x20' <= ch <= u'\x7E'
+                        or (self.allow_unicode
+                            and (u'\xA0' <= ch <= u'\uD7FF'
+                                or u'\uE000' <= ch <= u'\uFFFD'))):
+                if start < end:
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+                if ch is not None:
+                    if ch in self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS:
+                        data = u'\\'+self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[ch]
+                    elif ch <= u'\xFF':
+                        data = u'\\x%02X' % ord(ch)
+                    elif ch <= u'\uFFFF':
+                        data = u'\\u%04X' % ord(ch)
+                    else:
+                        data = u'\\U%08X' % ord(ch)
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end+1
+            if 0 < end < len(text)-1 and (ch == u' ' or start >= end)   \
+                    and self.column+(end-start) > self.best_width and split:
+                data = text[start:end]+u'\\'
+                if start < end:
+                    start = end
+                self.column += len(data)
+                if self.encoding:
+                    data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                self.stream.write(data)
+                self.write_indent()
+                self.whitespace = False
+                self.indention = False
+                if text[start] == u' ':
+                    data = u'\\'
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+            end += 1
+        self.write_indicator(u'"', False)
+
+    def determine_block_hints(self, text):
+        hints = u''
+        if text:
+            if text[0] in u' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += unicode(self.best_indent)
+            if text[-1] not in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += u'-'
+            elif len(text) == 1 or text[-2] in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += u'+'
+        return hints
+
+    def write_folded(self, text):
+        hints = self.determine_block_hints(text)
+        self.write_indicator(u'>'+hints, True)
+        if hints[-1:] == u'+':
+            self.open_ended = True
+        self.write_line_break()
+        leading_space = True
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = True
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if not leading_space and ch is not None and ch != u' '  \
+                            and text[start] == u'\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    leading_space = (ch == u' ')
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == u'\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    if ch is not None:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            elif spaces:
+                if ch != u' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in u' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    if ch is None:
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                breaks = (ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+                spaces = (ch == u' ')
+            end += 1
+
+    def write_literal(self, text):
+        hints = self.determine_block_hints(text)
+        self.write_indicator(u'|'+hints, True)
+        if hints[-1:] == u'+':
+            self.open_ended = True
+        self.write_line_break()
+        breaks = True
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == u'\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    if ch is not None:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    if ch is None:
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                breaks = (ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+
+    def write_plain(self, text, split=True):
+        if self.root_context:
+            self.open_ended = True
+        if not text:
+            return
+        if not self.whitespace:
+            data = u' '
+            self.column += len(data)
+            if self.encoding:
+                data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+            self.stream.write(data)
+        self.whitespace = False
+        self.indention = False
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = False
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if spaces:
+                if ch != u' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width and split:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                        self.whitespace = False
+                        self.indention = False
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            elif breaks:
+                if ch not in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if text[start] == u'\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == u'\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    self.write_indent()
+                    self.whitespace = False
+                    self.indention = False
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in u' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                spaces = (ch == u' ')
+                breaks = (ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/error.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/error.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..577686db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Mark', 'YAMLError', 'MarkedYAMLError']
+
+class Mark(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, index, line, column, buffer, pointer):
+        self.name = name
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.buffer = buffer
+        self.pointer = pointer
+
+    def get_snippet(self, indent=4, max_length=75):
+        if self.buffer is None:
+            return None
+        head = ''
+        start = self.pointer
+        while start > 0 and self.buffer[start-1] not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            start -= 1
+            if self.pointer-start > max_length/2-1:
+                head = ' ... '
+                start += 5
+                break
+        tail = ''
+        end = self.pointer
+        while end < len(self.buffer) and self.buffer[end] not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            end += 1
+            if end-self.pointer > max_length/2-1:
+                tail = ' ... '
+                end -= 5
+                break
+        snippet = self.buffer[start:end].encode('utf-8')
+        return ' '*indent + head + snippet + tail + '\n'  \
+                + ' '*(indent+self.pointer-start+len(head)) + '^'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        snippet = self.get_snippet()
+        where = "  in \"%s\", line %d, column %d"   \
+                % (self.name, self.line+1, self.column+1)
+        if snippet is not None:
+            where += ":\n"+snippet
+        return where
+
+class YAMLError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class MarkedYAMLError(YAMLError):
+
+    def __init__(self, context=None, context_mark=None,
+            problem=None, problem_mark=None, note=None):
+        self.context = context
+        self.context_mark = context_mark
+        self.problem = problem
+        self.problem_mark = problem_mark
+        self.note = note
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+        if self.context is not None:
+            lines.append(self.context)
+        if self.context_mark is not None  \
+            and (self.problem is None or self.problem_mark is None
+                    or self.context_mark.name != self.problem_mark.name
+                    or self.context_mark.line != self.problem_mark.line
+                    or self.context_mark.column != self.problem_mark.column):
+            lines.append(str(self.context_mark))
+        if self.problem is not None:
+            lines.append(self.problem)
+        if self.problem_mark is not None:
+            lines.append(str(self.problem_mark))
+        if self.note is not None:
+            lines.append(self.note)
+        return '\n'.join(lines)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/events.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f79ad389c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+
+# Abstract classes.
+
+class Event(object):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attributes = [key for key in ['anchor', 'tag', 'implicit', 'value']
+                if hasattr(self, key)]
+        arguments = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                for key in attributes])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, arguments)
+
+class NodeEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, start_mark=None, end_mark=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class CollectionStartEvent(NodeEvent):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, tag, implicit, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            flow_style=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.implicit = implicit
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.flow_style = flow_style
+
+class CollectionEndEvent(Event):
+    pass
+
+# Implementations.
+
+class StreamStartEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None, encoding=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+class StreamEndEvent(Event):
+    pass
+
+class DocumentStartEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            explicit=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.explicit = explicit
+        self.version = version
+        self.tags = tags
+
+class DocumentEndEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            explicit=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.explicit = explicit
+
+class AliasEvent(NodeEvent):
+    pass
+
+class ScalarEvent(NodeEvent):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, tag, implicit, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, style=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.implicit = implicit
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
+class SequenceStartEvent(CollectionStartEvent):
+    pass
+
+class SequenceEndEvent(CollectionEndEvent):
+    pass
+
+class MappingStartEvent(CollectionStartEvent):
+    pass
+
+class MappingEndEvent(CollectionEndEvent):
+    pass
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/loader.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..293ff467b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseLoader', 'SafeLoader', 'Loader']
+
+from reader import *
+from scanner import *
+from parser import *
+from composer import *
+from constructor import *
+from resolver import *
+
+class BaseLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, BaseConstructor, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        BaseConstructor.__init__(self)
+        BaseResolver.__init__(self)
+
+class SafeLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, SafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        SafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class Loader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/nodes.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4f070c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+
+class Node(object):
+    def __init__(self, tag, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        value = self.value
+        #if isinstance(value, list):
+        #    if len(value) == 0:
+        #        value = '<empty>'
+        #    elif len(value) == 1:
+        #        value = '<1 item>'
+        #    else:
+        #        value = '<%d items>' % len(value)
+        #else:
+        #    if len(value) > 75:
+        #        value = repr(value[:70]+u' ... ')
+        #    else:
+        #        value = repr(value)
+        value = repr(value)
+        return '%s(tag=%r, value=%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, value)
+
+class ScalarNode(Node):
+    id = 'scalar'
+    def __init__(self, tag, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, style=None):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
+class CollectionNode(Node):
+    def __init__(self, tag, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, flow_style=None):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.flow_style = flow_style
+
+class SequenceNode(CollectionNode):
+    id = 'sequence'
+
+class MappingNode(CollectionNode):
+    id = 'mapping'
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/parser.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9e3057f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+
+# The following YAML grammar is LL(1) and is parsed by a recursive descent
+# parser.
+#
+# stream            ::= STREAM-START implicit_document? explicit_document* STREAM-END
+# implicit_document ::= block_node DOCUMENT-END*
+# explicit_document ::= DIRECTIVE* DOCUMENT-START block_node? DOCUMENT-END*
+# block_node_or_indentless_sequence ::=
+#                       ALIAS
+#                       | properties (block_content | indentless_block_sequence)?
+#                       | block_content
+#                       | indentless_block_sequence
+# block_node        ::= ALIAS
+#                       | properties block_content?
+#                       | block_content
+# flow_node         ::= ALIAS
+#                       | properties flow_content?
+#                       | flow_content
+# properties        ::= TAG ANCHOR? | ANCHOR TAG?
+# block_content     ::= block_collection | flow_collection | SCALAR
+# flow_content      ::= flow_collection | SCALAR
+# block_collection  ::= block_sequence | block_mapping
+# flow_collection   ::= flow_sequence | flow_mapping
+# block_sequence    ::= BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)* BLOCK-END
+# indentless_sequence   ::= (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)+
+# block_mapping     ::= BLOCK-MAPPING_START
+#                       ((KEY block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?
+#                       (VALUE block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?)*
+#                       BLOCK-END
+# flow_sequence     ::= FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+#                       (flow_sequence_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+#                       flow_sequence_entry?
+#                       FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+# flow_sequence_entry   ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+# flow_mapping      ::= FLOW-MAPPING-START
+#                       (flow_mapping_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+#                       flow_mapping_entry?
+#                       FLOW-MAPPING-END
+# flow_mapping_entry    ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+#
+# FIRST sets:
+#
+# stream: { STREAM-START }
+# explicit_document: { DIRECTIVE DOCUMENT-START }
+# implicit_document: FIRST(block_node)
+# block_node: { ALIAS TAG ANCHOR SCALAR BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_node: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# block_content: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START SCALAR }
+# flow_content: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START SCALAR }
+# block_collection: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_collection: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# block_sequence: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START }
+# block_mapping: { BLOCK-MAPPING-START }
+# block_node_or_indentless_sequence: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START BLOCK-ENTRY }
+# indentless_sequence: { ENTRY }
+# flow_collection: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_sequence: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START }
+# flow_mapping: { FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_sequence_entry: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START KEY }
+# flow_mapping_entry: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START KEY }
+
+__all__ = ['Parser', 'ParserError']
+
+from error import MarkedYAMLError
+from tokens import *
+from events import *
+from scanner import *
+
+class ParserError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Parser(object):
+    # Since writing a recursive-descendant parser is a straightforward task, we
+    # do not give many comments here.
+
+    DEFAULT_TAGS = {
+        u'!':   u'!',
+        u'!!':  u'tag:yaml.org,2002:',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.current_event = None
+        self.yaml_version = None
+        self.tag_handles = {}
+        self.states = []
+        self.marks = []
+        self.state = self.parse_stream_start
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Reset the state attributes (to clear self-references)
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = None
+
+    def check_event(self, *choices):
+        # Check the type of the next event.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        if self.current_event is not None:
+            if not choices:
+                return True
+            for choice in choices:
+                if isinstance(self.current_event, choice):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def peek_event(self):
+        # Get the next event.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        return self.current_event
+
+    def get_event(self):
+        # Get the next event and proceed further.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        value = self.current_event
+        self.current_event = None
+        return value
+
+    # stream    ::= STREAM-START implicit_document? explicit_document* STREAM-END
+    # implicit_document ::= block_node DOCUMENT-END*
+    # explicit_document ::= DIRECTIVE* DOCUMENT-START block_node? DOCUMENT-END*
+
+    def parse_stream_start(self):
+
+        # Parse the stream start.
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = StreamStartEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark,
+                encoding=token.encoding)
+
+        # Prepare the next state.
+        self.state = self.parse_implicit_document_start
+
+        return event
+
+    def parse_implicit_document_start(self):
+
+        # Parse an implicit document.
+        if not self.check_token(DirectiveToken, DocumentStartToken,
+                StreamEndToken):
+            self.tag_handles = self.DEFAULT_TAGS
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            start_mark = end_mark = token.start_mark
+            event = DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit=False)
+
+            # Prepare the next state.
+            self.states.append(self.parse_document_end)
+            self.state = self.parse_block_node
+
+            return event
+
+        else:
+            return self.parse_document_start()
+
+    def parse_document_start(self):
+
+        # Parse any extra document end indicators.
+        while self.check_token(DocumentEndToken):
+            self.get_token()
+
+        # Parse an explicit document.
+        if not self.check_token(StreamEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            start_mark = token.start_mark
+            version, tags = self.process_directives()
+            if not self.check_token(DocumentStartToken):
+                raise ParserError(None, None,
+                        "expected '<document start>', but found %r"
+                        % self.peek_token().id,
+                        self.peek_token().start_mark)
+            token = self.get_token()
+            end_mark = token.end_mark
+            event = DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit=True, version=version, tags=tags)
+            self.states.append(self.parse_document_end)
+            self.state = self.parse_document_content
+        else:
+            # Parse the end of the stream.
+            token = self.get_token()
+            event = StreamEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+            assert not self.states
+            assert not self.marks
+            self.state = None
+        return event
+
+    def parse_document_end(self):
+
+        # Parse the document end.
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        start_mark = end_mark = token.start_mark
+        explicit = False
+        if self.check_token(DocumentEndToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            end_mark = token.end_mark
+            explicit = True
+        event = DocumentEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                explicit=explicit)
+
+        # Prepare the next state.
+        self.state = self.parse_document_start
+
+        return event
+
+    def parse_document_content(self):
+        if self.check_token(DirectiveToken,
+                DocumentStartToken, DocumentEndToken, StreamEndToken):
+            event = self.process_empty_scalar(self.peek_token().start_mark)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+            return event
+        else:
+            return self.parse_block_node()
+
+    def process_directives(self):
+        self.yaml_version = None
+        self.tag_handles = {}
+        while self.check_token(DirectiveToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if token.name == u'YAML':
+                if self.yaml_version is not None:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "found duplicate YAML directive", token.start_mark)
+                major, minor = token.value
+                if major != 1:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "found incompatible YAML document (version 1.* is required)",
+                            token.start_mark)
+                self.yaml_version = token.value
+            elif token.name == u'TAG':
+                handle, prefix = token.value
+                if handle in self.tag_handles:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "duplicate tag handle %r" % handle.encode('utf-8'),
+                            token.start_mark)
+                self.tag_handles[handle] = prefix
+        if self.tag_handles:
+            value = self.yaml_version, self.tag_handles.copy()
+        else:
+            value = self.yaml_version, None
+        for key in self.DEFAULT_TAGS:
+            if key not in self.tag_handles:
+                self.tag_handles[key] = self.DEFAULT_TAGS[key]
+        return value
+
+    # block_node_or_indentless_sequence ::= ALIAS
+    #               | properties (block_content | indentless_block_sequence)?
+    #               | block_content
+    #               | indentless_block_sequence
+    # block_node    ::= ALIAS
+    #                   | properties block_content?
+    #                   | block_content
+    # flow_node     ::= ALIAS
+    #                   | properties flow_content?
+    #                   | flow_content
+    # properties    ::= TAG ANCHOR? | ANCHOR TAG?
+    # block_content     ::= block_collection | flow_collection | SCALAR
+    # flow_content      ::= flow_collection | SCALAR
+    # block_collection  ::= block_sequence | block_mapping
+    # flow_collection   ::= flow_sequence | flow_mapping
+
+    def parse_block_node(self):
+        return self.parse_node(block=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_node(self):
+        return self.parse_node()
+
+    def parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence(self):
+        return self.parse_node(block=True, indentless_sequence=True)
+
+    def parse_node(self, block=False, indentless_sequence=False):
+        if self.check_token(AliasToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            event = AliasEvent(token.value, token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            anchor = None
+            tag = None
+            start_mark = end_mark = tag_mark = None
+            if self.check_token(AnchorToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                start_mark = token.start_mark
+                end_mark = token.end_mark
+                anchor = token.value
+                if self.check_token(TagToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    tag_mark = token.start_mark
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    tag = token.value
+            elif self.check_token(TagToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                start_mark = tag_mark = token.start_mark
+                end_mark = token.end_mark
+                tag = token.value
+                if self.check_token(AnchorToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    anchor = token.value
+            if tag is not None:
+                handle, suffix = tag
+                if handle is not None:
+                    if handle not in self.tag_handles:
+                        raise ParserError("while parsing a node", start_mark,
+                                "found undefined tag handle %r" % handle.encode('utf-8'),
+                                tag_mark)
+                    tag = self.tag_handles[handle]+suffix
+                else:
+                    tag = suffix
+            #if tag == u'!':
+            #    raise ParserError("while parsing a node", start_mark,
+            #            "found non-specific tag '!'", tag_mark,
+            #            "Please check 'http://pyyaml.org/wiki/YAMLNonSpecificTag' and share your opinion.")
+            if start_mark is None:
+                start_mark = end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+            event = None
+            implicit = (tag is None or tag == u'!')
+            if indentless_sequence and self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+                end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                        start_mark, end_mark)
+                self.state = self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry
+            else:
+                if self.check_token(ScalarToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    if (token.plain and tag is None) or tag == u'!':
+                        implicit = (True, False)
+                    elif tag is None:
+                        implicit = (False, True)
+                    else:
+                        implicit = (False, False)
+                    event = ScalarEvent(anchor, tag, implicit, token.value,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, style=token.style)
+                    self.state = self.states.pop()
+                elif self.check_token(FlowSequenceStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                    event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=True)
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_first_entry
+                elif self.check_token(FlowMappingStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                    event = MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=True)
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_first_key
+                elif block and self.check_token(BlockSequenceStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+                    event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=False)
+                    self.state = self.parse_block_sequence_first_entry
+                elif block and self.check_token(BlockMappingStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+                    event = MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=False)
+                    self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_first_key
+                elif anchor is not None or tag is not None:
+                    # Empty scalars are allowed even if a tag or an anchor is
+                    # specified.
+                    event = ScalarEvent(anchor, tag, (implicit, False), u'',
+                            start_mark, end_mark)
+                    self.state = self.states.pop()
+                else:
+                    if block:
+                        node = 'block'
+                    else:
+                        node = 'flow'
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a %s node" % node, start_mark,
+                            "expected the node content, but found %r" % token.id,
+                            token.start_mark)
+        return event
+
+    # block_sequence ::= BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)* BLOCK-END
+
+    def parse_block_sequence_first_entry(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_block_sequence_entry()
+
+    def parse_block_sequence_entry(self):
+        if self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(BlockEntryToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_block_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_sequence_entry
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        if not self.check_token(BlockEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            raise ParserError("while parsing a block collection", self.marks[-1],
+                    "expected <block end>, but found %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    # indentless_sequence ::= (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)+
+
+    def parse_indentless_sequence_entry(self):
+        if self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(BlockEntryToken,
+                    KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_block_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.start_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        return event
+
+    # block_mapping     ::= BLOCK-MAPPING_START
+    #                       ((KEY block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?
+    #                       (VALUE block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?)*
+    #                       BLOCK-END
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_first_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_block_mapping_key()
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_key(self):
+        if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_mapping_value)
+                return self.parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_value
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        if not self.check_token(BlockEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            raise ParserError("while parsing a block mapping", self.marks[-1],
+                    "expected <block end>, but found %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_mapping_key)
+                return self.parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_key
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_key
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    # flow_sequence     ::= FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+    #                       (flow_sequence_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+    #                       flow_sequence_entry?
+    #                       FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+    # flow_sequence_entry   ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+    #
+    # Note that while production rules for both flow_sequence_entry and
+    # flow_mapping_entry are equal, their interpretations are different.
+    # For `flow_sequence_entry`, the part `KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?`
+    # generate an inline mapping (set syntax).
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_first_entry(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_flow_sequence_entry(first=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry(self, first=False):
+        if not self.check_token(FlowSequenceEndToken):
+            if not first:
+                if self.check_token(FlowEntryToken):
+                    self.get_token()
+                else:
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a flow sequence", self.marks[-1],
+                            "expected ',' or ']', but got %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+            
+            if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+                token = self.peek_token()
+                event = MappingStartEvent(None, None, True,
+                        token.start_mark, token.end_mark,
+                        flow_style=True)
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_key
+                return event
+            elif not self.check_token(FlowSequenceEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        if not self.check_token(ValueToken,
+                FlowEntryToken, FlowSequenceEndToken):
+            self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value)
+            return self.parse_flow_node()
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(FlowEntryToken, FlowSequenceEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end(self):
+        self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        return MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.start_mark)
+
+    # flow_mapping  ::= FLOW-MAPPING-START
+    #                   (flow_mapping_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+    #                   flow_mapping_entry?
+    #                   FLOW-MAPPING-END
+    # flow_mapping_entry    ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_first_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_flow_mapping_key(first=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_key(self, first=False):
+        if not self.check_token(FlowMappingEndToken):
+            if not first:
+                if self.check_token(FlowEntryToken):
+                    self.get_token()
+                else:
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a flow mapping", self.marks[-1],
+                            "expected ',' or '}', but got %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+            if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                if not self.check_token(ValueToken,
+                        FlowEntryToken, FlowMappingEndToken):
+                    self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_value)
+                    return self.parse_flow_node()
+                else:
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_value
+                    return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+            elif not self.check_token(FlowMappingEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_empty_value)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(FlowEntryToken, FlowMappingEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_key)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_empty_value(self):
+        self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+        return self.process_empty_scalar(self.peek_token().start_mark)
+
+    def process_empty_scalar(self, mark):
+        return ScalarEvent(None, None, (True, False), u'', mark, mark)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/reader.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3249e6b9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# This module contains abstractions for the input stream. You don't have to
+# looks further, there are no pretty code.
+#
+# We define two classes here.
+#
+#   Mark(source, line, column)
+# It's just a record and its only use is producing nice error messages.
+# Parser does not use it for any other purposes.
+#
+#   Reader(source, data)
+# Reader determines the encoding of `data` and converts it to unicode.
+# Reader provides the following methods and attributes:
+#   reader.peek(length=1) - return the next `length` characters
+#   reader.forward(length=1) - move the current position to `length` characters.
+#   reader.index - the number of the current character.
+#   reader.line, stream.column - the line and the column of the current character.
+
+__all__ = ['Reader', 'ReaderError']
+
+from error import YAMLError, Mark
+
+import codecs, re
+
+class ReaderError(YAMLError):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, position, character, encoding, reason):
+        self.name = name
+        self.character = character
+        self.position = position
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.reason = reason
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.character, str):
+            return "'%s' codec can't decode byte #x%02x: %s\n"  \
+                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+                    % (self.encoding, ord(self.character), self.reason,
+                            self.name, self.position)
+        else:
+            return "unacceptable character #x%04x: %s\n"    \
+                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+                    % (self.character, self.reason,
+                            self.name, self.position)
+
+class Reader(object):
+    # Reader:
+    # - determines the data encoding and converts it to unicode,
+    # - checks if characters are in allowed range,
+    # - adds '\0' to the end.
+
+    # Reader accepts
+    #  - a `str` object,
+    #  - a `unicode` object,
+    #  - a file-like object with its `read` method returning `str`,
+    #  - a file-like object with its `read` method returning `unicode`.
+
+    # Yeah, it's ugly and slow.
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self.name = None
+        self.stream = None
+        self.stream_pointer = 0
+        self.eof = True
+        self.buffer = u''
+        self.pointer = 0
+        self.raw_buffer = None
+        self.raw_decode = None
+        self.encoding = None
+        self.index = 0
+        self.line = 0
+        self.column = 0
+        if isinstance(stream, unicode):
+            self.name = "<unicode string>"
+            self.check_printable(stream)
+            self.buffer = stream+u'\0'
+        elif isinstance(stream, str):
+            self.name = "<string>"
+            self.raw_buffer = stream
+            self.determine_encoding()
+        else:
+            self.stream = stream
+            self.name = getattr(stream, 'name', "<file>")
+            self.eof = False
+            self.raw_buffer = ''
+            self.determine_encoding()
+
+    def peek(self, index=0):
+        try:
+            return self.buffer[self.pointer+index]
+        except IndexError:
+            self.update(index+1)
+            return self.buffer[self.pointer+index]
+
+    def prefix(self, length=1):
+        if self.pointer+length >= len(self.buffer):
+            self.update(length)
+        return self.buffer[self.pointer:self.pointer+length]
+
+    def forward(self, length=1):
+        if self.pointer+length+1 >= len(self.buffer):
+            self.update(length+1)
+        while length:
+            ch = self.buffer[self.pointer]
+            self.pointer += 1
+            self.index += 1
+            if ch in u'\n\x85\u2028\u2029'  \
+                    or (ch == u'\r' and self.buffer[self.pointer] != u'\n'):
+                self.line += 1
+                self.column = 0
+            elif ch != u'\uFEFF':
+                self.column += 1
+            length -= 1
+
+    def get_mark(self):
+        if self.stream is None:
+            return Mark(self.name, self.index, self.line, self.column,
+                    self.buffer, self.pointer)
+        else:
+            return Mark(self.name, self.index, self.line, self.column,
+                    None, None)
+
+    def determine_encoding(self):
+        while not self.eof and len(self.raw_buffer) < 2:
+            self.update_raw()
+        if not isinstance(self.raw_buffer, unicode):
+            if self.raw_buffer.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE):
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_16_le_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-16-le'
+            elif self.raw_buffer.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_16_be_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-16-be'
+            else:
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_8_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-8'
+        self.update(1)
+
+    NON_PRINTABLE = re.compile(u'[^\x09\x0A\x0D\x20-\x7E\x85\xA0-\uD7FF\uE000-\uFFFD]')
+    def check_printable(self, data):
+        match = self.NON_PRINTABLE.search(data)
+        if match:
+            character = match.group()
+            position = self.index+(len(self.buffer)-self.pointer)+match.start()
+            raise ReaderError(self.name, position, ord(character),
+                    'unicode', "special characters are not allowed")
+
+    def update(self, length):
+        if self.raw_buffer is None:
+            return
+        self.buffer = self.buffer[self.pointer:]
+        self.pointer = 0
+        while len(self.buffer) < length:
+            if not self.eof:
+                self.update_raw()
+            if self.raw_decode is not None:
+                try:
+                    data, converted = self.raw_decode(self.raw_buffer,
+                            'strict', self.eof)
+                except UnicodeDecodeError, exc:
+                    character = exc.object[exc.start]
+                    if self.stream is not None:
+                        position = self.stream_pointer-len(self.raw_buffer)+exc.start
+                    else:
+                        position = exc.start
+                    raise ReaderError(self.name, position, character,
+                            exc.encoding, exc.reason)
+            else:
+                data = self.raw_buffer
+                converted = len(data)
+            self.check_printable(data)
+            self.buffer += data
+            self.raw_buffer = self.raw_buffer[converted:]
+            if self.eof:
+                self.buffer += u'\0'
+                self.raw_buffer = None
+                break
+
+    def update_raw(self, size=1024):
+        data = self.stream.read(size)
+        if data:
+            self.raw_buffer += data
+            self.stream_pointer += len(data)
+        else:
+            self.eof = True
+
+#try:
+#    import psyco
+#    psyco.bind(Reader)
+#except ImportError:
+#    pass
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/representer.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/representer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f4fc70db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/representer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,484 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseRepresenter', 'SafeRepresenter', 'Representer',
+    'RepresenterError']
+
+from error import *
+from nodes import *
+
+import datetime
+
+import sys, copy_reg, types
+
+class RepresenterError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseRepresenter(object):
+
+    yaml_representers = {}
+    yaml_multi_representers = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, default_style=None, default_flow_style=None):
+        self.default_style = default_style
+        self.default_flow_style = default_flow_style
+        self.represented_objects = {}
+        self.object_keeper = []
+        self.alias_key = None
+
+    def represent(self, data):
+        node = self.represent_data(data)
+        self.serialize(node)
+        self.represented_objects = {}
+        self.object_keeper = []
+        self.alias_key = None
+
+    def get_classobj_bases(self, cls):
+        bases = [cls]
+        for base in cls.__bases__:
+            bases.extend(self.get_classobj_bases(base))
+        return bases
+
+    def represent_data(self, data):
+        if self.ignore_aliases(data):
+            self.alias_key = None
+        else:
+            self.alias_key = id(data)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            if self.alias_key in self.represented_objects:
+                node = self.represented_objects[self.alias_key]
+                #if node is None:
+                #    raise RepresenterError("recursive objects are not allowed: %r" % data)
+                return node
+            #self.represented_objects[alias_key] = None
+            self.object_keeper.append(data)
+        data_types = type(data).__mro__
+        if type(data) is types.InstanceType:
+            data_types = self.get_classobj_bases(data.__class__)+list(data_types)
+        if data_types[0] in self.yaml_representers:
+            node = self.yaml_representers[data_types[0]](self, data)
+        else:
+            for data_type in data_types:
+                if data_type in self.yaml_multi_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_multi_representers[data_type](self, data)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if None in self.yaml_multi_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_multi_representers[None](self, data)
+                elif None in self.yaml_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_representers[None](self, data)
+                else:
+                    node = ScalarNode(None, unicode(data))
+        #if alias_key is not None:
+        #    self.represented_objects[alias_key] = node
+        return node
+
+    def add_representer(cls, data_type, representer):
+        if not 'yaml_representers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_representers = cls.yaml_representers.copy()
+        cls.yaml_representers[data_type] = representer
+    add_representer = classmethod(add_representer)
+
+    def add_multi_representer(cls, data_type, representer):
+        if not 'yaml_multi_representers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_multi_representers = cls.yaml_multi_representers.copy()
+        cls.yaml_multi_representers[data_type] = representer
+    add_multi_representer = classmethod(add_multi_representer)
+
+    def represent_scalar(self, tag, value, style=None):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self.default_style
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, value, style=style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        return node
+
+    def represent_sequence(self, tag, sequence, flow_style=None):
+        value = []
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, value, flow_style=flow_style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        best_style = True
+        for item in sequence:
+            node_item = self.represent_data(item)
+            if not (isinstance(node_item, ScalarNode) and not node_item.style):
+                best_style = False
+            value.append(node_item)
+        if flow_style is None:
+            if self.default_flow_style is not None:
+                node.flow_style = self.default_flow_style
+            else:
+                node.flow_style = best_style
+        return node
+
+    def represent_mapping(self, tag, mapping, flow_style=None):
+        value = []
+        node = MappingNode(tag, value, flow_style=flow_style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        best_style = True
+        if hasattr(mapping, 'items'):
+            mapping = mapping.items()
+            mapping.sort()
+        for item_key, item_value in mapping:
+            node_key = self.represent_data(item_key)
+            node_value = self.represent_data(item_value)
+            if not (isinstance(node_key, ScalarNode) and not node_key.style):
+                best_style = False
+            if not (isinstance(node_value, ScalarNode) and not node_value.style):
+                best_style = False
+            value.append((node_key, node_value))
+        if flow_style is None:
+            if self.default_flow_style is not None:
+                node.flow_style = self.default_flow_style
+            else:
+                node.flow_style = best_style
+        return node
+
+    def ignore_aliases(self, data):
+        return False
+
+class SafeRepresenter(BaseRepresenter):
+
+    def ignore_aliases(self, data):
+        if data in [None, ()]:
+            return True
+        if isinstance(data, (str, unicode, bool, int, float)):
+            return True
+
+    def represent_none(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+                u'null')
+
+    def represent_str(self, data):
+        tag = None
+        style = None
+        try:
+            data = unicode(data, 'ascii')
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            try:
+                data = unicode(data, 'utf-8')
+                tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                data = data.encode('base64')
+                tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:binary'
+                style = '|'
+        return self.represent_scalar(tag, data, style=style)
+
+    def represent_unicode(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str', data)
+
+    def represent_bool(self, data):
+        if data:
+            value = u'true'
+        else:
+            value = u'false'
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool', value)
+
+    def represent_int(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:int', unicode(data))
+
+    def represent_long(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:int', unicode(data))
+
+    inf_value = 1e300
+    while repr(inf_value) != repr(inf_value*inf_value):
+        inf_value *= inf_value
+
+    def represent_float(self, data):
+        if data != data or (data == 0.0 and data == 1.0):
+            value = u'.nan'
+        elif data == self.inf_value:
+            value = u'.inf'
+        elif data == -self.inf_value:
+            value = u'-.inf'
+        else:
+            value = unicode(repr(data)).lower()
+            # Note that in some cases `repr(data)` represents a float number
+            # without the decimal parts.  For instance:
+            #   >>> repr(1e17)
+            #   '1e17'
+            # Unfortunately, this is not a valid float representation according
+            # to the definition of the `!!float` tag.  We fix this by adding
+            # '.0' before the 'e' symbol.
+            if u'.' not in value and u'e' in value:
+                value = value.replace(u'e', u'.0e', 1)
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:float', value)
+
+    def represent_list(self, data):
+        #pairs = (len(data) > 0 and isinstance(data, list))
+        #if pairs:
+        #    for item in data:
+        #        if not isinstance(item, tuple) or len(item) != 2:
+        #            pairs = False
+        #            break
+        #if not pairs:
+            return self.represent_sequence(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq', data)
+        #value = []
+        #for item_key, item_value in data:
+        #    value.append(self.represent_mapping(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:map',
+        #        [(item_key, item_value)]))
+        #return SequenceNode(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs', value)
+
+    def represent_dict(self, data):
+        return self.represent_mapping(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:map', data)
+
+    def represent_set(self, data):
+        value = {}
+        for key in data:
+            value[key] = None
+        return self.represent_mapping(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:set', value)
+
+    def represent_date(self, data):
+        value = unicode(data.isoformat())
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp', value)
+
+    def represent_datetime(self, data):
+        value = unicode(data.isoformat(' '))
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp', value)
+
+    def represent_yaml_object(self, tag, data, cls, flow_style=None):
+        if hasattr(data, '__getstate__'):
+            state = data.__getstate__()
+        else:
+            state = data.__dict__.copy()
+        return self.represent_mapping(tag, state, flow_style=flow_style)
+
+    def represent_undefined(self, data):
+        raise RepresenterError("cannot represent an object: %s" % data)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(type(None),
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_none)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(str,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_str)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(unicode,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_unicode)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(bool,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_bool)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(int,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_int)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(long,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_long)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(float,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_float)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(list,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_list)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(tuple,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_list)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(dict,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_dict)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(set,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_set)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(datetime.date,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_date)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(datetime.datetime,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_datetime)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(None,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_undefined)
+
+class Representer(SafeRepresenter):
+
+    def represent_str(self, data):
+        tag = None
+        style = None
+        try:
+            data = unicode(data, 'ascii')
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            try:
+                data = unicode(data, 'utf-8')
+                tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/str'
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                data = data.encode('base64')
+                tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:binary'
+                style = '|'
+        return self.represent_scalar(tag, data, style=style)
+
+    def represent_unicode(self, data):
+        tag = None
+        try:
+            data.encode('ascii')
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/unicode'
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+        return self.represent_scalar(tag, data)
+
+    def represent_long(self, data):
+        tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:int'
+        if int(data) is not data:
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/long'
+        return self.represent_scalar(tag, unicode(data))
+
+    def represent_complex(self, data):
+        if data.imag == 0.0:
+            data = u'%r' % data.real
+        elif data.real == 0.0:
+            data = u'%rj' % data.imag
+        elif data.imag > 0:
+            data = u'%r+%rj' % (data.real, data.imag)
+        else:
+            data = u'%r%rj' % (data.real, data.imag)
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/complex', data)
+
+    def represent_tuple(self, data):
+        return self.represent_sequence(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/tuple', data)
+
+    def represent_name(self, data):
+        name = u'%s.%s' % (data.__module__, data.__name__)
+        return self.represent_scalar(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/name:'+name, u'')
+
+    def represent_module(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(
+                u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/module:'+data.__name__, u'')
+
+    def represent_instance(self, data):
+        # For instances of classic classes, we use __getinitargs__ and
+        # __getstate__ to serialize the data.
+
+        # If data.__getinitargs__ exists, the object must be reconstructed by
+        # calling cls(**args), where args is a tuple returned by
+        # __getinitargs__. Otherwise, the cls.__init__ method should never be
+        # called and the class instance is created by instantiating a trivial
+        # class and assigning to the instance's __class__ variable.
+
+        # If data.__getstate__ exists, it returns the state of the object.
+        # Otherwise, the state of the object is data.__dict__.
+
+        # We produce either a !!python/object or !!python/object/new node.
+        # If data.__getinitargs__ does not exist and state is a dictionary, we
+        # produce a !!python/object node . Otherwise we produce a
+        # !!python/object/new node.
+
+        cls = data.__class__
+        class_name = u'%s.%s' % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
+        args = None
+        state = None
+        if hasattr(data, '__getinitargs__'):
+            args = list(data.__getinitargs__())
+        if hasattr(data, '__getstate__'):
+            state = data.__getstate__()
+        else:
+            state = data.__dict__
+        if args is None and isinstance(state, dict):
+            return self.represent_mapping(
+                    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:'+class_name, state)
+        if isinstance(state, dict) and not state:
+            return self.represent_sequence(
+                    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:'+class_name, args)
+        value = {}
+        if args:
+            value['args'] = args
+        value['state'] = state
+        return self.represent_mapping(
+                u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:'+class_name, value)
+
+    def represent_object(self, data):
+        # We use __reduce__ API to save the data. data.__reduce__ returns
+        # a tuple of length 2-5:
+        #   (function, args, state, listitems, dictitems)
+
+        # For reconstructing, we calls function(*args), then set its state,
+        # listitems, and dictitems if they are not None.
+
+        # A special case is when function.__name__ == '__newobj__'. In this
+        # case we create the object with args[0].__new__(*args).
+
+        # Another special case is when __reduce__ returns a string - we don't
+        # support it.
+
+        # We produce a !!python/object, !!python/object/new or
+        # !!python/object/apply node.
+
+        cls = type(data)
+        if cls in copy_reg.dispatch_table:
+            reduce = copy_reg.dispatch_table[cls](data)
+        elif hasattr(data, '__reduce_ex__'):
+            reduce = data.__reduce_ex__(2)
+        elif hasattr(data, '__reduce__'):
+            reduce = data.__reduce__()
+        else:
+            raise RepresenterError("cannot represent object: %r" % data)
+        reduce = (list(reduce)+[None]*5)[:5]
+        function, args, state, listitems, dictitems = reduce
+        args = list(args)
+        if state is None:
+            state = {}
+        if listitems is not None:
+            listitems = list(listitems)
+        if dictitems is not None:
+            dictitems = dict(dictitems)
+        if function.__name__ == '__newobj__':
+            function = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:'
+            newobj = True
+        else:
+            tag = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:'
+            newobj = False
+        function_name = u'%s.%s' % (function.__module__, function.__name__)
+        if not args and not listitems and not dictitems \
+                and isinstance(state, dict) and newobj:
+            return self.represent_mapping(
+                    u'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:'+function_name, state)
+        if not listitems and not dictitems  \
+                and isinstance(state, dict) and not state:
+            return self.represent_sequence(tag+function_name, args)
+        value = {}
+        if args:
+            value['args'] = args
+        if state or not isinstance(state, dict):
+            value['state'] = state
+        if listitems:
+            value['listitems'] = listitems
+        if dictitems:
+            value['dictitems'] = dictitems
+        return self.represent_mapping(tag+function_name, value)
+
+Representer.add_representer(str,
+        Representer.represent_str)
+
+Representer.add_representer(unicode,
+        Representer.represent_unicode)
+
+Representer.add_representer(long,
+        Representer.represent_long)
+
+Representer.add_representer(complex,
+        Representer.represent_complex)
+
+Representer.add_representer(tuple,
+        Representer.represent_tuple)
+
+Representer.add_representer(type,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.ClassType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.FunctionType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.BuiltinFunctionType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.ModuleType,
+        Representer.represent_module)
+
+Representer.add_multi_representer(types.InstanceType,
+        Representer.represent_instance)
+
+Representer.add_multi_representer(object,
+        Representer.represent_object)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/resolver.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/resolver.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b5ab8759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/resolver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseResolver', 'Resolver']
+
+from error import *
+from nodes import *
+
+import re
+
+class ResolverError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseResolver(object):
+
+    DEFAULT_SCALAR_TAG = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+    DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TAG = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq'
+    DEFAULT_MAPPING_TAG = u'tag:yaml.org,2002:map'
+
+    yaml_implicit_resolvers = {}
+    yaml_path_resolvers = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.resolver_exact_paths = []
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths = []
+
+    def add_implicit_resolver(cls, tag, regexp, first):
+        if not 'yaml_implicit_resolvers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers = cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers.copy()
+        if first is None:
+            first = [None]
+        for ch in first:
+            cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers.setdefault(ch, []).append((tag, regexp))
+    add_implicit_resolver = classmethod(add_implicit_resolver)
+
+    def add_path_resolver(cls, tag, path, kind=None):
+        # Note: `add_path_resolver` is experimental.  The API could be changed.
+        # `new_path` is a pattern that is matched against the path from the
+        # root to the node that is being considered.  `node_path` elements are
+        # tuples `(node_check, index_check)`.  `node_check` is a node class:
+        # `ScalarNode`, `SequenceNode`, `MappingNode` or `None`.  `None`
+        # matches any kind of a node.  `index_check` could be `None`, a boolean
+        # value, a string value, or a number.  `None` and `False` match against
+        # any _value_ of sequence and mapping nodes.  `True` matches against
+        # any _key_ of a mapping node.  A string `index_check` matches against
+        # a mapping value that corresponds to a scalar key which content is
+        # equal to the `index_check` value.  An integer `index_check` matches
+        # against a sequence value with the index equal to `index_check`.
+        if not 'yaml_path_resolvers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_path_resolvers = cls.yaml_path_resolvers.copy()
+        new_path = []
+        for element in path:
+            if isinstance(element, (list, tuple)):
+                if len(element) == 2:
+                    node_check, index_check = element
+                elif len(element) == 1:
+                    node_check = element[0]
+                    index_check = True
+                else:
+                    raise ResolverError("Invalid path element: %s" % element)
+            else:
+                node_check = None
+                index_check = element
+            if node_check is str:
+                node_check = ScalarNode
+            elif node_check is list:
+                node_check = SequenceNode
+            elif node_check is dict:
+                node_check = MappingNode
+            elif node_check not in [ScalarNode, SequenceNode, MappingNode]  \
+                    and not isinstance(node_check, basestring)  \
+                    and node_check is not None:
+                raise ResolverError("Invalid node checker: %s" % node_check)
+            if not isinstance(index_check, (basestring, int))   \
+                    and index_check is not None:
+                raise ResolverError("Invalid index checker: %s" % index_check)
+            new_path.append((node_check, index_check))
+        if kind is str:
+            kind = ScalarNode
+        elif kind is list:
+            kind = SequenceNode
+        elif kind is dict:
+            kind = MappingNode
+        elif kind not in [ScalarNode, SequenceNode, MappingNode]    \
+                and kind is not None:
+            raise ResolverError("Invalid node kind: %s" % kind)
+        cls.yaml_path_resolvers[tuple(new_path), kind] = tag
+    add_path_resolver = classmethod(add_path_resolver)
+
+    def descend_resolver(self, current_node, current_index):
+        if not self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            return
+        exact_paths = {}
+        prefix_paths = []
+        if current_node:
+            depth = len(self.resolver_prefix_paths)
+            for path, kind in self.resolver_prefix_paths[-1]:
+                if self.check_resolver_prefix(depth, path, kind,
+                        current_node, current_index):
+                    if len(path) > depth:
+                        prefix_paths.append((path, kind))
+                    else:
+                        exact_paths[kind] = self.yaml_path_resolvers[path, kind]
+        else:
+            for path, kind in self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+                if not path:
+                    exact_paths[kind] = self.yaml_path_resolvers[path, kind]
+                else:
+                    prefix_paths.append((path, kind))
+        self.resolver_exact_paths.append(exact_paths)
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths.append(prefix_paths)
+
+    def ascend_resolver(self):
+        if not self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            return
+        self.resolver_exact_paths.pop()
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths.pop()
+
+    def check_resolver_prefix(self, depth, path, kind,
+            current_node, current_index):
+        node_check, index_check = path[depth-1]
+        if isinstance(node_check, basestring):
+            if current_node.tag != node_check:
+                return
+        elif node_check is not None:
+            if not isinstance(current_node, node_check):
+                return
+        if index_check is True and current_index is not None:
+            return
+        if (index_check is False or index_check is None)    \
+                and current_index is None:
+            return
+        if isinstance(index_check, basestring):
+            if not (isinstance(current_index, ScalarNode)
+                    and index_check == current_index.value):
+                return
+        elif isinstance(index_check, int) and not isinstance(index_check, bool):
+            if index_check != current_index:
+                return
+        return True
+
+    def resolve(self, kind, value, implicit):
+        if kind is ScalarNode and implicit[0]:
+            if value == u'':
+                resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(u'', [])
+            else:
+                resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(value[0], [])
+            resolvers += self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(None, [])
+            for tag, regexp in resolvers:
+                if regexp.match(value):
+                    return tag
+            implicit = implicit[1]
+        if self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            exact_paths = self.resolver_exact_paths[-1]
+            if kind in exact_paths:
+                return exact_paths[kind]
+            if None in exact_paths:
+                return exact_paths[None]
+        if kind is ScalarNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_SCALAR_TAG
+        elif kind is SequenceNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TAG
+        elif kind is MappingNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_MAPPING_TAG
+
+class Resolver(BaseResolver):
+    pass
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool',
+        re.compile(ur'''^(?:yes|Yes|YES|no|No|NO
+                    |true|True|TRUE|false|False|FALSE
+                    |on|On|ON|off|Off|OFF)$''', re.X),
+        list(u'yYnNtTfFoO'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:float',
+        re.compile(ur'''^(?:[-+]?(?:[0-9][0-9_]*)\.[0-9_]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?
+                    |\.[0-9_]+(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?
+                    |[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(?::[0-5]?[0-9])+\.[0-9_]*
+                    |[-+]?\.(?:inf|Inf|INF)
+                    |\.(?:nan|NaN|NAN))$''', re.X),
+        list(u'-+0123456789.'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:int',
+        re.compile(ur'''^(?:[-+]?0b[0-1_]+
+                    |[-+]?0[0-7_]+
+                    |[-+]?(?:0|[1-9][0-9_]*)
+                    |[-+]?0x[0-9a-fA-F_]+
+                    |[-+]?[1-9][0-9_]*(?::[0-5]?[0-9])+)$''', re.X),
+        list(u'-+0123456789'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge',
+        re.compile(ur'^(?:<<)$'),
+        [u'<'])
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+        re.compile(ur'''^(?: ~
+                    |null|Null|NULL
+                    | )$''', re.X),
+        [u'~', u'n', u'N', u''])
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp',
+        re.compile(ur'''^(?:[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]
+                    |[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9] -[0-9][0-9]? -[0-9][0-9]?
+                     (?:[Tt]|[ \t]+)[0-9][0-9]?
+                     :[0-9][0-9] :[0-9][0-9] (?:\.[0-9]*)?
+                     (?:[ \t]*(?:Z|[-+][0-9][0-9]?(?::[0-9][0-9])?))?)$''', re.X),
+        list(u'0123456789'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:value',
+        re.compile(ur'^(?:=)$'),
+        [u'='])
+
+# The following resolver is only for documentation purposes. It cannot work
+# because plain scalars cannot start with '!', '&', or '*'.
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        u'tag:yaml.org,2002:yaml',
+        re.compile(ur'^(?:!|&|\*)$'),
+        list(u'!&*'))
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/scanner.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/scanner.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5228fad65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/scanner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1457 @@
+
+# Scanner produces tokens of the following types:
+# STREAM-START
+# STREAM-END
+# DIRECTIVE(name, value)
+# DOCUMENT-START
+# DOCUMENT-END
+# BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START
+# BLOCK-MAPPING-START
+# BLOCK-END
+# FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+# FLOW-MAPPING-START
+# FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+# FLOW-MAPPING-END
+# BLOCK-ENTRY
+# FLOW-ENTRY
+# KEY
+# VALUE
+# ALIAS(value)
+# ANCHOR(value)
+# TAG(value)
+# SCALAR(value, plain, style)
+#
+# Read comments in the Scanner code for more details.
+#
+
+__all__ = ['Scanner', 'ScannerError']
+
+from error import MarkedYAMLError
+from tokens import *
+
+class ScannerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class SimpleKey(object):
+    # See below simple keys treatment.
+
+    def __init__(self, token_number, required, index, line, column, mark):
+        self.token_number = token_number
+        self.required = required
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.mark = mark
+
+class Scanner(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the scanner."""
+        # It is assumed that Scanner and Reader will have a common descendant.
+        # Reader do the dirty work of checking for BOM and converting the
+        # input data to Unicode. It also adds NUL to the end.
+        #
+        # Reader supports the following methods
+        #   self.peek(i=0)       # peek the next i-th character
+        #   self.prefix(l=1)     # peek the next l characters
+        #   self.forward(l=1)    # read the next l characters and move the pointer.
+
+        # Had we reached the end of the stream?
+        self.done = False
+
+        # The number of unclosed '{' and '['. `flow_level == 0` means block
+        # context.
+        self.flow_level = 0
+
+        # List of processed tokens that are not yet emitted.
+        self.tokens = []
+
+        # Add the STREAM-START token.
+        self.fetch_stream_start()
+
+        # Number of tokens that were emitted through the `get_token` method.
+        self.tokens_taken = 0
+
+        # The current indentation level.
+        self.indent = -1
+
+        # Past indentation levels.
+        self.indents = []
+
+        # Variables related to simple keys treatment.
+
+        # A simple key is a key that is not denoted by the '?' indicator.
+        # Example of simple keys:
+        #   ---
+        #   block simple key: value
+        #   ? not a simple key:
+        #   : { flow simple key: value }
+        # We emit the KEY token before all keys, so when we find a potential
+        # simple key, we try to locate the corresponding ':' indicator.
+        # Simple keys should be limited to a single line and 1024 characters.
+
+        # Can a simple key start at the current position? A simple key may
+        # start:
+        # - at the beginning of the line, not counting indentation spaces
+        #       (in block context),
+        # - after '{', '[', ',' (in the flow context),
+        # - after '?', ':', '-' (in the block context).
+        # In the block context, this flag also signifies if a block collection
+        # may start at the current position.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Keep track of possible simple keys. This is a dictionary. The key
+        # is `flow_level`; there can be no more that one possible simple key
+        # for each level. The value is a SimpleKey record:
+        #   (token_number, required, index, line, column, mark)
+        # A simple key may start with ALIAS, ANCHOR, TAG, SCALAR(flow),
+        # '[', or '{' tokens.
+        self.possible_simple_keys = {}
+
+    # Public methods.
+
+    def check_token(self, *choices):
+        # Check if the next token is one of the given types.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            if not choices:
+                return True
+            for choice in choices:
+                if isinstance(self.tokens[0], choice):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def peek_token(self):
+        # Return the next token, but do not delete if from the queue.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            return self.tokens[0]
+
+    def get_token(self):
+        # Return the next token.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            self.tokens_taken += 1
+            return self.tokens.pop(0)
+
+    # Private methods.
+
+    def need_more_tokens(self):
+        if self.done:
+            return False
+        if not self.tokens:
+            return True
+        # The current token may be a potential simple key, so we
+        # need to look further.
+        self.stale_possible_simple_keys()
+        if self.next_possible_simple_key() == self.tokens_taken:
+            return True
+
+    def fetch_more_tokens(self):
+
+        # Eat whitespaces and comments until we reach the next token.
+        self.scan_to_next_token()
+
+        # Remove obsolete possible simple keys.
+        self.stale_possible_simple_keys()
+
+        # Compare the current indentation and column. It may add some tokens
+        # and decrease the current indentation level.
+        self.unwind_indent(self.column)
+
+        # Peek the next character.
+        ch = self.peek()
+
+        # Is it the end of stream?
+        if ch == u'\0':
+            return self.fetch_stream_end()
+
+        # Is it a directive?
+        if ch == u'%' and self.check_directive():
+            return self.fetch_directive()
+
+        # Is it the document start?
+        if ch == u'-' and self.check_document_start():
+            return self.fetch_document_start()
+
+        # Is it the document end?
+        if ch == u'.' and self.check_document_end():
+            return self.fetch_document_end()
+
+        # TODO: support for BOM within a stream.
+        #if ch == u'\uFEFF':
+        #    return self.fetch_bom()    <-- issue BOMToken
+
+        # Note: the order of the following checks is NOT significant.
+
+        # Is it the flow sequence start indicator?
+        if ch == u'[':
+            return self.fetch_flow_sequence_start()
+
+        # Is it the flow mapping start indicator?
+        if ch == u'{':
+            return self.fetch_flow_mapping_start()
+
+        # Is it the flow sequence end indicator?
+        if ch == u']':
+            return self.fetch_flow_sequence_end()
+
+        # Is it the flow mapping end indicator?
+        if ch == u'}':
+            return self.fetch_flow_mapping_end()
+
+        # Is it the flow entry indicator?
+        if ch == u',':
+            return self.fetch_flow_entry()
+
+        # Is it the block entry indicator?
+        if ch == u'-' and self.check_block_entry():
+            return self.fetch_block_entry()
+
+        # Is it the key indicator?
+        if ch == u'?' and self.check_key():
+            return self.fetch_key()
+
+        # Is it the value indicator?
+        if ch == u':' and self.check_value():
+            return self.fetch_value()
+
+        # Is it an alias?
+        if ch == u'*':
+            return self.fetch_alias()
+
+        # Is it an anchor?
+        if ch == u'&':
+            return self.fetch_anchor()
+
+        # Is it a tag?
+        if ch == u'!':
+            return self.fetch_tag()
+
+        # Is it a literal scalar?
+        if ch == u'|' and not self.flow_level:
+            return self.fetch_literal()
+
+        # Is it a folded scalar?
+        if ch == u'>' and not self.flow_level:
+            return self.fetch_folded()
+
+        # Is it a single quoted scalar?
+        if ch == u'\'':
+            return self.fetch_single()
+
+        # Is it a double quoted scalar?
+        if ch == u'\"':
+            return self.fetch_double()
+
+        # It must be a plain scalar then.
+        if self.check_plain():
+            return self.fetch_plain()
+
+        # No? It's an error. Let's produce a nice error message.
+        raise ScannerError("while scanning for the next token", None,
+                "found character %r that cannot start any token"
+                % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+
+    # Simple keys treatment.
+
+    def next_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # Return the number of the nearest possible simple key. Actually we
+        # don't need to loop through the whole dictionary. We may replace it
+        # with the following code:
+        #   if not self.possible_simple_keys:
+        #       return None
+        #   return self.possible_simple_keys[
+        #           min(self.possible_simple_keys.keys())].token_number
+        min_token_number = None
+        for level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+            if min_token_number is None or key.token_number < min_token_number:
+                min_token_number = key.token_number
+        return min_token_number
+
+    def stale_possible_simple_keys(self):
+        # Remove entries that are no longer possible simple keys. According to
+        # the YAML specification, simple keys
+        # - should be limited to a single line,
+        # - should be no longer than 1024 characters.
+        # Disabling this procedure will allow simple keys of any length and
+        # height (may cause problems if indentation is broken though).
+        for level in self.possible_simple_keys.keys():
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+            if key.line != self.line  \
+                    or self.index-key.index > 1024:
+                if key.required:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a simple key", key.mark,
+                            "could not found expected ':'", self.get_mark())
+                del self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+
+    def save_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # The next token may start a simple key. We check if it's possible
+        # and save its position. This function is called for
+        #   ALIAS, ANCHOR, TAG, SCALAR(flow), '[', and '{'.
+
+        # Check if a simple key is required at the current position.
+        required = not self.flow_level and self.indent == self.column
+
+        # A simple key is required only if it is the first token in the current
+        # line. Therefore it is always allowed.
+        assert self.allow_simple_key or not required
+
+        # The next token might be a simple key. Let's save it's number and
+        # position.
+        if self.allow_simple_key:
+            self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+            token_number = self.tokens_taken+len(self.tokens)
+            key = SimpleKey(token_number, required,
+                    self.index, self.line, self.column, self.get_mark())
+            self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level] = key
+
+    def remove_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # Remove the saved possible key position at the current flow level.
+        if self.flow_level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            
+            if key.required:
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a simple key", key.mark,
+                        "could not found expected ':'", self.get_mark())
+
+            del self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+
+    # Indentation functions.
+
+    def unwind_indent(self, column):
+
+        ## In flow context, tokens should respect indentation.
+        ## Actually the condition should be `self.indent >= column` according to
+        ## the spec. But this condition will prohibit intuitively correct
+        ## constructions such as
+        ## key : {
+        ## }
+        #if self.flow_level and self.indent > column:
+        #    raise ScannerError(None, None,
+        #            "invalid intendation or unclosed '[' or '{'",
+        #            self.get_mark())
+
+        # In the flow context, indentation is ignored. We make the scanner less
+        # restrictive then specification requires.
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return
+
+        # In block context, we may need to issue the BLOCK-END tokens.
+        while self.indent > column:
+            mark = self.get_mark()
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.tokens.append(BlockEndToken(mark, mark))
+
+    def add_indent(self, column):
+        # Check if we need to increase indentation.
+        if self.indent < column:
+            self.indents.append(self.indent)
+            self.indent = column
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    # Fetchers.
+
+    def fetch_stream_start(self):
+        # We always add STREAM-START as the first token and STREAM-END as the
+        # last token.
+
+        # Read the token.
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        
+        # Add STREAM-START.
+        self.tokens.append(StreamStartToken(mark, mark,
+            encoding=self.encoding))
+        
+
+    def fetch_stream_end(self):
+
+        # Set the current intendation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+        self.possible_simple_keys = {}
+
+        # Read the token.
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        
+        # Add STREAM-END.
+        self.tokens.append(StreamEndToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # The steam is finished.
+        self.done = True
+
+    def fetch_directive(self):
+        
+        # Set the current intendation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add DIRECTIVE.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_directive())
+
+    def fetch_document_start(self):
+        self.fetch_document_indicator(DocumentStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_document_end(self):
+        self.fetch_document_indicator(DocumentEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_document_indicator(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # Set the current intendation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys. Note that there could not be a block collection
+        # after '---'.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Add DOCUMENT-START or DOCUMENT-END.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward(3)
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_sequence_start(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_start(FlowSequenceStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_mapping_start(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_start(FlowMappingStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_collection_start(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # '[' and '{' may start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Increase the flow level.
+        self.flow_level += 1
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '[' and '{'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Add FLOW-SEQUENCE-START or FLOW-MAPPING-START.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_sequence_end(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_end(FlowSequenceEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_mapping_end(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_end(FlowMappingEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_collection_end(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Decrease the flow level.
+        self.flow_level -= 1
+
+        # No simple keys after ']' or '}'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Add FLOW-SEQUENCE-END or FLOW-MAPPING-END.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_entry(self):
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after ','.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add FLOW-ENTRY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(FlowEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_block_entry(self):
+
+        # Block context needs additional checks.
+        if not self.flow_level:
+
+            # Are we allowed to start a new entry?
+            if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                        "sequence entries are not allowed here",
+                        self.get_mark())
+
+            # We may need to add BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START.
+            if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                mark = self.get_mark()
+                self.tokens.append(BlockSequenceStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # It's an error for the block entry to occur in the flow context,
+        # but we let the parser detect this.
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '-'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add BLOCK-ENTRY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(BlockEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_key(self):
+        
+        # Block context needs additional checks.
+        if not self.flow_level:
+
+            # Are we allowed to start a key (not nessesary a simple)?
+            if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                        "mapping keys are not allowed here",
+                        self.get_mark())
+
+            # We may need to add BLOCK-MAPPING-START.
+            if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                mark = self.get_mark()
+                self.tokens.append(BlockMappingStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '?' in the block context.
+        self.allow_simple_key = not self.flow_level
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add KEY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(KeyToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_value(self):
+
+        # Do we determine a simple key?
+        if self.flow_level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+
+            # Add KEY.
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            del self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            self.tokens.insert(key.token_number-self.tokens_taken,
+                    KeyToken(key.mark, key.mark))
+
+            # If this key starts a new block mapping, we need to add
+            # BLOCK-MAPPING-START.
+            if not self.flow_level:
+                if self.add_indent(key.column):
+                    self.tokens.insert(key.token_number-self.tokens_taken,
+                            BlockMappingStartToken(key.mark, key.mark))
+
+            # There cannot be two simple keys one after another.
+            self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # It must be a part of a complex key.
+        else:
+            
+            # Block context needs additional checks.
+            # (Do we really need them? They will be catched by the parser
+            # anyway.)
+            if not self.flow_level:
+
+                # We are allowed to start a complex value if and only if
+                # we can start a simple key.
+                if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                    raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                            "mapping values are not allowed here",
+                            self.get_mark())
+
+            # If this value starts a new block mapping, we need to add
+            # BLOCK-MAPPING-START.  It will be detected as an error later by
+            # the parser.
+            if not self.flow_level:
+                if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                    mark = self.get_mark()
+                    self.tokens.append(BlockMappingStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+            # Simple keys are allowed after ':' in the block context.
+            self.allow_simple_key = not self.flow_level
+
+            # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+            self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add VALUE.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(ValueToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_alias(self):
+
+        # ALIAS could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after ALIAS.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add ALIAS.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_anchor(AliasToken))
+
+    def fetch_anchor(self):
+
+        # ANCHOR could start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after ANCHOR.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add ANCHOR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_anchor(AnchorToken))
+
+    def fetch_tag(self):
+
+        # TAG could start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after TAG.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add TAG.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_tag())
+
+    def fetch_literal(self):
+        self.fetch_block_scalar(style='|')
+
+    def fetch_folded(self):
+        self.fetch_block_scalar(style='>')
+
+    def fetch_block_scalar(self, style):
+
+        # A simple key may follow a block scalar.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_block_scalar(style))
+
+    def fetch_single(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_scalar(style='\'')
+
+    def fetch_double(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_scalar(style='"')
+
+    def fetch_flow_scalar(self, style):
+
+        # A flow scalar could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after flow scalars.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_flow_scalar(style))
+
+    def fetch_plain(self):
+
+        # A plain scalar could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after plain scalars. But note that `scan_plain` will
+        # change this flag if the scan is finished at the beginning of the
+        # line.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR. May change `allow_simple_key`.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_plain())
+
+    # Checkers.
+
+    def check_directive(self):
+
+        # DIRECTIVE:        ^ '%' ...
+        # The '%' indicator is already checked.
+        if self.column == 0:
+            return True
+
+    def check_document_start(self):
+
+        # DOCUMENT-START:   ^ '---' (' '|'\n')
+        if self.column == 0:
+            if self.prefix(3) == u'---'  \
+                    and self.peek(3) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return True
+
+    def check_document_end(self):
+
+        # DOCUMENT-END:     ^ '...' (' '|'\n')
+        if self.column == 0:
+            if self.prefix(3) == u'...'  \
+                    and self.peek(3) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return True
+
+    def check_block_entry(self):
+
+        # BLOCK-ENTRY:      '-' (' '|'\n')
+        return self.peek(1) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_key(self):
+
+        # KEY(flow context):    '?'
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return True
+
+        # KEY(block context):   '?' (' '|'\n')
+        else:
+            return self.peek(1) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_value(self):
+
+        # VALUE(flow context):  ':'
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return True
+
+        # VALUE(block context): ':' (' '|'\n')
+        else:
+            return self.peek(1) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_plain(self):
+
+        # A plain scalar may start with any non-space character except:
+        #   '-', '?', ':', ',', '[', ']', '{', '}',
+        #   '#', '&', '*', '!', '|', '>', '\'', '\"',
+        #   '%', '@', '`'.
+        #
+        # It may also start with
+        #   '-', '?', ':'
+        # if it is followed by a non-space character.
+        #
+        # Note that we limit the last rule to the block context (except the
+        # '-' character) because we want the flow context to be space
+        # independent.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        return ch not in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029-?:,[]{}#&*!|>\'\"%@`'  \
+                or (self.peek(1) not in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+                        and (ch == u'-' or (not self.flow_level and ch in u'?:')))
+
+    # Scanners.
+
+    def scan_to_next_token(self):
+        # We ignore spaces, line breaks and comments.
+        # If we find a line break in the block context, we set the flag
+        # `allow_simple_key` on.
+        # The byte order mark is stripped if it's the first character in the
+        # stream. We do not yet support BOM inside the stream as the
+        # specification requires. Any such mark will be considered as a part
+        # of the document.
+        #
+        # TODO: We need to make tab handling rules more sane. A good rule is
+        #   Tabs cannot precede tokens
+        #   BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START, BLOCK-MAPPING-START, BLOCK-END,
+        #   KEY(block), VALUE(block), BLOCK-ENTRY
+        # So the checking code is
+        #   if <TAB>:
+        #       self.allow_simple_keys = False
+        # We also need to add the check for `allow_simple_keys == True` to
+        # `unwind_indent` before issuing BLOCK-END.
+        # Scanners for block, flow, and plain scalars need to be modified.
+
+        if self.index == 0 and self.peek() == u'\uFEFF':
+            self.forward()
+        found = False
+        while not found:
+            while self.peek() == u' ':
+                self.forward()
+            if self.peek() == u'#':
+                while self.peek() not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    self.forward()
+            if self.scan_line_break():
+                if not self.flow_level:
+                    self.allow_simple_key = True
+            else:
+                found = True
+
+    def scan_directive(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        name = self.scan_directive_name(start_mark)
+        value = None
+        if name == u'YAML':
+            value = self.scan_yaml_directive_value(start_mark)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        elif name == u'TAG':
+            value = self.scan_tag_directive_value(start_mark)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        else:
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            while self.peek() not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        self.scan_directive_ignored_line(start_mark)
+        return DirectiveToken(name, value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_directive_name(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'    \
+                or ch in u'-_':
+            length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if not length:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_yaml_directive_value(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == u' ':
+            self.forward()
+        major = self.scan_yaml_directive_number(start_mark)
+        if self.peek() != '.':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit or '.', but found %r"
+                    % self.peek().encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        self.forward()
+        minor = self.scan_yaml_directive_number(start_mark)
+        if self.peek() not in u'\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit or ' ', but found %r"
+                    % self.peek().encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        return (major, minor)
+
+    def scan_yaml_directive_number(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if not (u'0' <= ch <= u'9'):
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit, but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        length = 0
+        while u'0' <= self.peek(length) <= u'9':
+            length += 1
+        value = int(self.prefix(length))
+        self.forward(length)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_value(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == u' ':
+            self.forward()
+        handle = self.scan_tag_directive_handle(start_mark)
+        while self.peek() == u' ':
+            self.forward()
+        prefix = self.scan_tag_directive_prefix(start_mark)
+        return (handle, prefix)
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_handle(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        value = self.scan_tag_handle('directive', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch != u' ':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_prefix(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        value = self.scan_tag_uri('directive', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_directive_ignored_line(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == u' ':
+            self.forward()
+        if self.peek() == u'#':
+            while self.peek() not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a comment or a line break, but found %r"
+                        % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        self.scan_line_break()
+
+    def scan_anchor(self, TokenClass):
+        # The specification does not restrict characters for anchors and
+        # aliases. This may lead to problems, for instance, the document:
+        #   [ *alias, value ]
+        # can be interpteted in two ways, as
+        #   [ "value" ]
+        # and
+        #   [ *alias , "value" ]
+        # Therefore we restrict aliases to numbers and ASCII letters.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        indicator = self.peek()
+        if indicator == u'*':
+            name = 'alias'
+        else:
+            name = 'anchor'
+        self.forward()
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'    \
+                or ch in u'-_':
+            length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if not length:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning an %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029?:,]}%@`':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning an %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return TokenClass(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_tag(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        ch = self.peek(1)
+        if ch == u'<':
+            handle = None
+            self.forward(2)
+            suffix = self.scan_tag_uri('tag', start_mark)
+            if self.peek() != u'>':
+                raise ScannerError("while parsing a tag", start_mark,
+                        "expected '>', but found %r" % self.peek().encode('utf-8'),
+                        self.get_mark())
+            self.forward()
+        elif ch in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            handle = None
+            suffix = u'!'
+            self.forward()
+        else:
+            length = 1
+            use_handle = False
+            while ch not in u'\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if ch == u'!':
+                    use_handle = True
+                    break
+                length += 1
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+            handle = u'!'
+            if use_handle:
+                handle = self.scan_tag_handle('tag', start_mark)
+            else:
+                handle = u'!'
+                self.forward()
+            suffix = self.scan_tag_uri('tag', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a tag", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        value = (handle, suffix)
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return TagToken(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_block_scalar(self, style):
+        # See the specification for details.
+
+        if style == '>':
+            folded = True
+        else:
+            folded = False
+
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+
+        # Scan the header.
+        self.forward()
+        chomping, increment = self.scan_block_scalar_indicators(start_mark)
+        self.scan_block_scalar_ignored_line(start_mark)
+
+        # Determine the indentation level and go to the first non-empty line.
+        min_indent = self.indent+1
+        if min_indent < 1:
+            min_indent = 1
+        if increment is None:
+            breaks, max_indent, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_indentation()
+            indent = max(min_indent, max_indent)
+        else:
+            indent = min_indent+increment-1
+            breaks, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_breaks(indent)
+        line_break = u''
+
+        # Scan the inner part of the block scalar.
+        while self.column == indent and self.peek() != u'\0':
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+            leading_non_space = self.peek() not in u' \t'
+            length = 0
+            while self.peek(length) not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                length += 1
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            breaks, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_breaks(indent)
+            if self.column == indent and self.peek() != u'\0':
+
+                # Unfortunately, folding rules are ambiguous.
+                #
+                # This is the folding according to the specification:
+                
+                if folded and line_break == u'\n'   \
+                        and leading_non_space and self.peek() not in u' \t':
+                    if not breaks:
+                        chunks.append(u' ')
+                else:
+                    chunks.append(line_break)
+                
+                # This is Clark Evans's interpretation (also in the spec
+                # examples):
+                #
+                #if folded and line_break == u'\n':
+                #    if not breaks:
+                #        if self.peek() not in ' \t':
+                #            chunks.append(u' ')
+                #        else:
+                #            chunks.append(line_break)
+                #else:
+                #    chunks.append(line_break)
+            else:
+                break
+
+        # Chomp the tail.
+        if chomping is not False:
+            chunks.append(line_break)
+        if chomping is True:
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+
+        # We are done.
+        return ScalarToken(u''.join(chunks), False, start_mark, end_mark,
+                style)
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_indicators(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chomping = None
+        increment = None
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in u'+-':
+            if ch == '+':
+                chomping = True
+            else:
+                chomping = False
+            self.forward()
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if ch in u'0123456789':
+                increment = int(ch)
+                if increment == 0:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                            "expected indentation indicator in the range 1-9, but found 0",
+                            self.get_mark())
+                self.forward()
+        elif ch in u'0123456789':
+            increment = int(ch)
+            if increment == 0:
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                        "expected indentation indicator in the range 1-9, but found 0",
+                        self.get_mark())
+            self.forward()
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if ch in u'+-':
+                if ch == '+':
+                    chomping = True
+                else:
+                    chomping = False
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                    "expected chomping or indentation indicators, but found %r"
+                        % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        return chomping, increment
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_ignored_line(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == u' ':
+            self.forward()
+        if self.peek() == u'#':
+            while self.peek() not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in u'\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                    "expected a comment or a line break, but found %r"
+                        % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+        self.scan_line_break()
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_indentation(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        max_indent = 0
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.peek() in u' \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            if self.peek() != u' ':
+                chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+                end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            else:
+                self.forward()
+                if self.column > max_indent:
+                    max_indent = self.column
+        return chunks, max_indent, end_mark
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_breaks(self, indent):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.column < indent and self.peek() == u' ':
+            self.forward()
+        while self.peek() in u'\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            while self.column < indent and self.peek() == u' ':
+                self.forward()
+        return chunks, end_mark
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar(self, style):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # Note that we loose indentation rules for quoted scalars. Quoted
+        # scalars don't need to adhere indentation because " and ' clearly
+        # mark the beginning and the end of them. Therefore we are less
+        # restrictive then the specification requires. We only need to check
+        # that document separators are not included in scalars.
+        if style == '"':
+            double = True
+        else:
+            double = False
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        quote = self.peek()
+        self.forward()
+        chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(double, start_mark))
+        while self.peek() != quote:
+            chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_spaces(double, start_mark))
+            chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(double, start_mark))
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return ScalarToken(u''.join(chunks), False, start_mark, end_mark,
+                style)
+
+    ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+        u'0':   u'\0',
+        u'a':   u'\x07',
+        u'b':   u'\x08',
+        u't':   u'\x09',
+        u'\t':  u'\x09',
+        u'n':   u'\x0A',
+        u'v':   u'\x0B',
+        u'f':   u'\x0C',
+        u'r':   u'\x0D',
+        u'e':   u'\x1B',
+        u' ':   u'\x20',
+        u'\"':  u'\"',
+        u'\\':  u'\\',
+        u'N':   u'\x85',
+        u'_':   u'\xA0',
+        u'L':   u'\u2028',
+        u'P':   u'\u2029',
+    }
+
+    ESCAPE_CODES = {
+        u'x':   2,
+        u'u':   4,
+        u'U':   8,
+    }
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        while True:
+            length = 0
+            while self.peek(length) not in u'\'\"\\\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                length += 1
+            if length:
+                chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+                self.forward(length)
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if not double and ch == u'\'' and self.peek(1) == u'\'':
+                chunks.append(u'\'')
+                self.forward(2)
+            elif (double and ch == u'\'') or (not double and ch in u'\"\\'):
+                chunks.append(ch)
+                self.forward()
+            elif double and ch == u'\\':
+                self.forward()
+                ch = self.peek()
+                if ch in self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS:
+                    chunks.append(self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[ch])
+                    self.forward()
+                elif ch in self.ESCAPE_CODES:
+                    length = self.ESCAPE_CODES[ch]
+                    self.forward()
+                    for k in range(length):
+                        if self.peek(k) not in u'0123456789ABCDEFabcdef':
+                            raise ScannerError("while scanning a double-quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                                    "expected escape sequence of %d hexdecimal numbers, but found %r" %
+                                        (length, self.peek(k).encode('utf-8')), self.get_mark())
+                    code = int(self.prefix(length), 16)
+                    chunks.append(unichr(code))
+                    self.forward(length)
+                elif ch in u'\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    self.scan_line_break()
+                    chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_breaks(double, start_mark))
+                else:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a double-quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                            "found unknown escape character %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'), self.get_mark())
+            else:
+                return chunks
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_spaces(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        while self.peek(length) in u' \t':
+            length += 1
+        whitespaces = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch == u'\0':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                    "found unexpected end of stream", self.get_mark())
+        elif ch in u'\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            breaks = self.scan_flow_scalar_breaks(double, start_mark)
+            if line_break != u'\n':
+                chunks.append(line_break)
+            elif not breaks:
+                chunks.append(u' ')
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+        else:
+            chunks.append(whitespaces)
+        return chunks
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_breaks(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        while True:
+            # Instead of checking indentation, we check for document
+            # separators.
+            prefix = self.prefix(3)
+            if (prefix == u'---' or prefix == u'...')   \
+                    and self.peek(3) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                        "found unexpected document separator", self.get_mark())
+            while self.peek() in u' \t':
+                self.forward()
+            if self.peek() in u'\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+            else:
+                return chunks
+
+    def scan_plain(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # We add an additional restriction for the flow context:
+        #   plain scalars in the flow context cannot contain ',', ':' and '?'.
+        # We also keep track of the `allow_simple_key` flag here.
+        # Indentation rules are loosed for the flow context.
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        end_mark = start_mark
+        indent = self.indent+1
+        # We allow zero indentation for scalars, but then we need to check for
+        # document separators at the beginning of the line.
+        #if indent == 0:
+        #    indent = 1
+        spaces = []
+        while True:
+            length = 0
+            if self.peek() == u'#':
+                break
+            while True:
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+                if ch in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'   \
+                        or (not self.flow_level and ch == u':' and
+                                self.peek(length+1) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029') \
+                        or (self.flow_level and ch in u',:?[]{}'):
+                    break
+                length += 1
+            # It's not clear what we should do with ':' in the flow context.
+            if (self.flow_level and ch == u':'
+                    and self.peek(length+1) not in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029,[]{}'):
+                self.forward(length)
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a plain scalar", start_mark,
+                    "found unexpected ':'", self.get_mark(),
+                    "Please check http://pyyaml.org/wiki/YAMLColonInFlowContext for details.")
+            if length == 0:
+                break
+            self.allow_simple_key = False
+            chunks.extend(spaces)
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            spaces = self.scan_plain_spaces(indent, start_mark)
+            if not spaces or self.peek() == u'#' \
+                    or (not self.flow_level and self.column < indent):
+                break
+        return ScalarToken(u''.join(chunks), True, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_plain_spaces(self, indent, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # The specification is really confusing about tabs in plain scalars.
+        # We just forbid them completely. Do not use tabs in YAML!
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        while self.peek(length) in u' ':
+            length += 1
+        whitespaces = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in u'\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            self.allow_simple_key = True
+            prefix = self.prefix(3)
+            if (prefix == u'---' or prefix == u'...')   \
+                    and self.peek(3) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return
+            breaks = []
+            while self.peek() in u' \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if self.peek() == ' ':
+                    self.forward()
+                else:
+                    breaks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+                    prefix = self.prefix(3)
+                    if (prefix == u'---' or prefix == u'...')   \
+                            and self.peek(3) in u'\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                        return
+            if line_break != u'\n':
+                chunks.append(line_break)
+            elif not breaks:
+                chunks.append(u' ')
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+        elif whitespaces:
+            chunks.append(whitespaces)
+        return chunks
+
+    def scan_tag_handle(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # For some strange reasons, the specification does not allow '_' in
+        # tag handles. I have allowed it anyway.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch != u'!':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected '!', but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        length = 1
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        if ch != u' ':
+            while u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'    \
+                    or ch in u'-_':
+                length += 1
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+            if ch != u'!':
+                self.forward(length)
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                        "expected '!', but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                        self.get_mark())
+            length += 1
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_uri(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # Note: we do not check if URI is well-formed.
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while u'0' <= ch <= u'9' or u'A' <= ch <= u'Z' or u'a' <= ch <= u'z'    \
+                or ch in u'-;/?:@&=+$,_.!~*\'()[]%':
+            if ch == u'%':
+                chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+                self.forward(length)
+                length = 0
+                chunks.append(self.scan_uri_escapes(name, start_mark))
+            else:
+                length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if length:
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            length = 0
+        if not chunks:
+            raise ScannerError("while parsing a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected URI, but found %r" % ch.encode('utf-8'),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        return u''.join(chunks)
+
+    def scan_uri_escapes(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        bytes = []
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.peek() == u'%':
+            self.forward()
+            for k in range(2):
+                if self.peek(k) not in u'0123456789ABCDEFabcdef':
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                            "expected URI escape sequence of 2 hexdecimal numbers, but found %r" %
+                                (self.peek(k).encode('utf-8')), self.get_mark())
+            bytes.append(chr(int(self.prefix(2), 16)))
+            self.forward(2)
+        try:
+            value = unicode(''.join(bytes), 'utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError, exc:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark, str(exc), mark)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_line_break(self):
+        # Transforms:
+        #   '\r\n'      :   '\n'
+        #   '\r'        :   '\n'
+        #   '\n'        :   '\n'
+        #   '\x85'      :   '\n'
+        #   '\u2028'    :   '\u2028'
+        #   '\u2029     :   '\u2029'
+        #   default     :   ''
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in u'\r\n\x85':
+            if self.prefix(2) == u'\r\n':
+                self.forward(2)
+            else:
+                self.forward()
+            return u'\n'
+        elif ch in u'\u2028\u2029':
+            self.forward()
+            return ch
+        return u''
+
+#try:
+#    import psyco
+#    psyco.bind(Scanner)
+#except ImportError:
+#    pass
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/serializer.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0bf1e96dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/serializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Serializer', 'SerializerError']
+
+from error import YAMLError
+from events import *
+from nodes import *
+
+class SerializerError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Serializer(object):
+
+    ANCHOR_TEMPLATE = u'id%03d'
+
+    def __init__(self, encoding=None,
+            explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        self.use_encoding = encoding
+        self.use_explicit_start = explicit_start
+        self.use_explicit_end = explicit_end
+        self.use_version = version
+        self.use_tags = tags
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_anchor_id = 0
+        self.closed = None
+
+    def open(self):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            self.emit(StreamStartEvent(encoding=self.use_encoding))
+            self.closed = False
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+        else:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is already opened")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+        elif not self.closed:
+            self.emit(StreamEndEvent())
+            self.closed = True
+
+    #def __del__(self):
+    #    self.close()
+
+    def serialize(self, node):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+        self.emit(DocumentStartEvent(explicit=self.use_explicit_start,
+            version=self.use_version, tags=self.use_tags))
+        self.anchor_node(node)
+        self.serialize_node(node, None, None)
+        self.emit(DocumentEndEvent(explicit=self.use_explicit_end))
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_anchor_id = 0
+
+    def anchor_node(self, node):
+        if node in self.anchors:
+            if self.anchors[node] is None:
+                self.anchors[node] = self.generate_anchor(node)
+        else:
+            self.anchors[node] = None
+            if isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self.anchor_node(item)
+            elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self.anchor_node(key)
+                    self.anchor_node(value)
+
+    def generate_anchor(self, node):
+        self.last_anchor_id += 1
+        return self.ANCHOR_TEMPLATE % self.last_anchor_id
+
+    def serialize_node(self, node, parent, index):
+        alias = self.anchors[node]
+        if node in self.serialized_nodes:
+            self.emit(AliasEvent(alias))
+        else:
+            self.serialized_nodes[node] = True
+            self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+            if isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+                detected_tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (True, False))
+                default_tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (False, True))
+                implicit = (node.tag == detected_tag), (node.tag == default_tag)
+                self.emit(ScalarEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit, node.value,
+                    style=node.style))
+            elif isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                implicit = (node.tag
+                            == self.resolve(SequenceNode, node.value, True))
+                self.emit(SequenceStartEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit,
+                    flow_style=node.flow_style))
+                index = 0
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self.serialize_node(item, node, index)
+                    index += 1
+                self.emit(SequenceEndEvent())
+            elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                implicit = (node.tag
+                            == self.resolve(MappingNode, node.value, True))
+                self.emit(MappingStartEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit,
+                    flow_style=node.flow_style))
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self.serialize_node(key, node, None)
+                    self.serialize_node(value, node, key)
+                self.emit(MappingEndEvent())
+            self.ascend_resolver()
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/tokens.py b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/tokens.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d0b48a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib/yaml/tokens.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+
+class Token(object):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attributes = [key for key in self.__dict__
+                if not key.endswith('_mark')]
+        attributes.sort()
+        arguments = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                for key in attributes])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, arguments)
+
+#class BOMToken(Token):
+#    id = '<byte order mark>'
+
+class DirectiveToken(Token):
+    id = '<directive>'
+    def __init__(self, name, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class DocumentStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<document start>'
+
+class DocumentEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<document end>'
+
+class StreamStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<stream start>'
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            encoding=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+class StreamEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<stream end>'
+
+class BlockSequenceStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<block sequence start>'
+
+class BlockMappingStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<block mapping start>'
+
+class BlockEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<block end>'
+
+class FlowSequenceStartToken(Token):
+    id = '['
+
+class FlowMappingStartToken(Token):
+    id = '{'
+
+class FlowSequenceEndToken(Token):
+    id = ']'
+
+class FlowMappingEndToken(Token):
+    id = '}'
+
+class KeyToken(Token):
+    id = '?'
+
+class ValueToken(Token):
+    id = ':'
+
+class BlockEntryToken(Token):
+    id = '-'
+
+class FlowEntryToken(Token):
+    id = ','
+
+class AliasToken(Token):
+    id = '<alias>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class AnchorToken(Token):
+    id = '<anchor>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class TagToken(Token):
+    id = '<tag>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class ScalarToken(Token):
+    id = '<scalar>'
+    def __init__(self, value, plain, start_mark, end_mark, style=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.plain = plain
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/__init__.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5e20f94d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+
+from .error import *
+
+from .tokens import *
+from .events import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+from .loader import *
+from .dumper import *
+
+__version__ = '3.11'
+try:
+    from .cyaml import *
+    __with_libyaml__ = True
+except ImportError:
+    __with_libyaml__ = False
+
+import io
+
+def scan(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Scan a YAML stream and produce scanning tokens.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_token():
+            yield loader.get_token()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def parse(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse a YAML stream and produce parsing events.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_event():
+            yield loader.get_event()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def compose(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding representation tree.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        return loader.get_single_node()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def compose_all(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding representation trees.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_node():
+            yield loader.get_node()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def load(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        return loader.get_single_data()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def load_all(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_data():
+            yield loader.get_data()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def safe_load(stream):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+    Resolve only basic YAML tags.
+    """
+    return load(stream, SafeLoader)
+
+def safe_load_all(stream):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+    Resolve only basic YAML tags.
+    """
+    return load_all(stream, SafeLoader)
+
+def emit(events, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None):
+    """
+    Emit YAML parsing events into a stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+    try:
+        for event in events:
+            dumper.emit(event)
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def serialize_all(nodes, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+        encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+        version=None, tags=None):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of representation trees into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        if encoding is None:
+            stream = io.StringIO()
+        else:
+            stream = io.BytesIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+            encoding=encoding, version=version, tags=tags,
+            explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end)
+    try:
+        dumper.open()
+        for node in nodes:
+            dumper.serialize(node)
+        dumper.close()
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def serialize(node, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a representation tree into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return serialize_all([node], stream, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds)
+
+def dump_all(documents, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+        encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+        version=None, tags=None):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of Python objects into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        if encoding is None:
+            stream = io.StringIO()
+        else:
+            stream = io.BytesIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, default_style=default_style,
+            default_flow_style=default_flow_style,
+            canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+            encoding=encoding, version=version, tags=tags,
+            explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end)
+    try:
+        dumper.open()
+        for data in documents:
+            dumper.represent(data)
+        dumper.close()
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def dump(data, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all([data], stream, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds)
+
+def safe_dump_all(documents, stream=None, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of Python objects into a YAML stream.
+    Produce only basic YAML tags.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all(documents, stream, Dumper=SafeDumper, **kwds)
+
+def safe_dump(data, stream=None, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object into a YAML stream.
+    Produce only basic YAML tags.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all([data], stream, Dumper=SafeDumper, **kwds)
+
+def add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first=None,
+        Loader=Loader, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add an implicit scalar detector.
+    If an implicit scalar value matches the given regexp,
+    the corresponding tag is assigned to the scalar.
+    first is a sequence of possible initial characters or None.
+    """
+    Loader.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+    Dumper.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+
+def add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind=None, Loader=Loader, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a path based resolver for the given tag.
+    A path is a list of keys that forms a path
+    to a node in the representation tree.
+    Keys can be string values, integers, or None.
+    """
+    Loader.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+    Dumper.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+
+def add_constructor(tag, constructor, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Add a constructor for the given tag.
+    Constructor is a function that accepts a Loader instance
+    and a node object and produces the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    Loader.add_constructor(tag, constructor)
+
+def add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Add a multi-constructor for the given tag prefix.
+    Multi-constructor is called for a node if its tag starts with tag_prefix.
+    Multi-constructor accepts a Loader instance, a tag suffix,
+    and a node object and produces the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    Loader.add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor)
+
+def add_representer(data_type, representer, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a representer for the given type.
+    Representer is a function accepting a Dumper instance
+    and an instance of the given data type
+    and producing the corresponding representation node.
+    """
+    Dumper.add_representer(data_type, representer)
+
+def add_multi_representer(data_type, multi_representer, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a representer for the given type.
+    Multi-representer is a function accepting a Dumper instance
+    and an instance of the given data type or subtype
+    and producing the corresponding representation node.
+    """
+    Dumper.add_multi_representer(data_type, multi_representer)
+
+class YAMLObjectMetaclass(type):
+    """
+    The metaclass for YAMLObject.
+    """
+    def __init__(cls, name, bases, kwds):
+        super(YAMLObjectMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, kwds)
+        if 'yaml_tag' in kwds and kwds['yaml_tag'] is not None:
+            cls.yaml_loader.add_constructor(cls.yaml_tag, cls.from_yaml)
+            cls.yaml_dumper.add_representer(cls, cls.to_yaml)
+
+class YAMLObject(metaclass=YAMLObjectMetaclass):
+    """
+    An object that can dump itself to a YAML stream
+    and load itself from a YAML stream.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()  # no direct instantiation, so allow immutable subclasses
+
+    yaml_loader = Loader
+    yaml_dumper = Dumper
+
+    yaml_tag = None
+    yaml_flow_style = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_yaml(cls, loader, node):
+        """
+        Convert a representation node to a Python object.
+        """
+        return loader.construct_yaml_object(node, cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_yaml(cls, dumper, data):
+        """
+        Convert a Python object to a representation node.
+        """
+        return dumper.represent_yaml_object(cls.yaml_tag, data, cls,
+                flow_style=cls.yaml_flow_style)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/composer.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/composer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5c6a7acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/composer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Composer', 'ComposerError']
+
+from .error import MarkedYAMLError
+from .events import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+class ComposerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Composer:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.anchors = {}
+
+    def check_node(self):
+        # Drop the STREAM-START event.
+        if self.check_event(StreamStartEvent):
+            self.get_event()
+
+        # If there are more documents available?
+        return not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent)
+
+    def get_node(self):
+        # Get the root node of the next document.
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            return self.compose_document()
+
+    def get_single_node(self):
+        # Drop the STREAM-START event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        # Compose a document if the stream is not empty.
+        document = None
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            document = self.compose_document()
+
+        # Ensure that the stream contains no more documents.
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            event = self.get_event()
+            raise ComposerError("expected a single document in the stream",
+                    document.start_mark, "but found another document",
+                    event.start_mark)
+
+        # Drop the STREAM-END event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        return document
+
+    def compose_document(self):
+        # Drop the DOCUMENT-START event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        # Compose the root node.
+        node = self.compose_node(None, None)
+
+        # Drop the DOCUMENT-END event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        self.anchors = {}
+        return node
+
+    def compose_node(self, parent, index):
+        if self.check_event(AliasEvent):
+            event = self.get_event()
+            anchor = event.anchor
+            if anchor not in self.anchors:
+                raise ComposerError(None, None, "found undefined alias %r"
+                        % anchor, event.start_mark)
+            return self.anchors[anchor]
+        event = self.peek_event()
+        anchor = event.anchor
+        if anchor is not None:
+            if anchor in self.anchors:
+                raise ComposerError("found duplicate anchor %r; first occurence"
+                        % anchor, self.anchors[anchor].start_mark,
+                        "second occurence", event.start_mark)
+        self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+        if self.check_event(ScalarEvent):
+            node = self.compose_scalar_node(anchor)
+        elif self.check_event(SequenceStartEvent):
+            node = self.compose_sequence_node(anchor)
+        elif self.check_event(MappingStartEvent):
+            node = self.compose_mapping_node(anchor)
+        self.ascend_resolver()
+        return node
+
+    def compose_scalar_node(self, anchor):
+        event = self.get_event()
+        tag = event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == '!':
+            tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, event.value, event.implicit)
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, event.value,
+                event.start_mark, event.end_mark, style=event.style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        return node
+
+    def compose_sequence_node(self, anchor):
+        start_event = self.get_event()
+        tag = start_event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == '!':
+            tag = self.resolve(SequenceNode, None, start_event.implicit)
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, [],
+                start_event.start_mark, None,
+                flow_style=start_event.flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        index = 0
+        while not self.check_event(SequenceEndEvent):
+            node.value.append(self.compose_node(node, index))
+            index += 1
+        end_event = self.get_event()
+        node.end_mark = end_event.end_mark
+        return node
+
+    def compose_mapping_node(self, anchor):
+        start_event = self.get_event()
+        tag = start_event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == '!':
+            tag = self.resolve(MappingNode, None, start_event.implicit)
+        node = MappingNode(tag, [],
+                start_event.start_mark, None,
+                flow_style=start_event.flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        while not self.check_event(MappingEndEvent):
+            #key_event = self.peek_event()
+            item_key = self.compose_node(node, None)
+            #if item_key in node.value:
+            #    raise ComposerError("while composing a mapping", start_event.start_mark,
+            #            "found duplicate key", key_event.start_mark)
+            item_value = self.compose_node(node, item_key)
+            #node.value[item_key] = item_value
+            node.value.append((item_key, item_value))
+        end_event = self.get_event()
+        node.end_mark = end_event.end_mark
+        return node
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/constructor.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/constructor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..981543aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/constructor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseConstructor', 'SafeConstructor', 'Constructor',
+    'ConstructorError']
+
+from .error import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+import collections, datetime, base64, binascii, re, sys, types
+
+class ConstructorError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseConstructor:
+
+    yaml_constructors = {}
+    yaml_multi_constructors = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.constructed_objects = {}
+        self.recursive_objects = {}
+        self.state_generators = []
+        self.deep_construct = False
+
+    def check_data(self):
+        # If there are more documents available?
+        return self.check_node()
+
+    def get_data(self):
+        # Construct and return the next document.
+        if self.check_node():
+            return self.construct_document(self.get_node())
+
+    def get_single_data(self):
+        # Ensure that the stream contains a single document and construct it.
+        node = self.get_single_node()
+        if node is not None:
+            return self.construct_document(node)
+        return None
+
+    def construct_document(self, node):
+        data = self.construct_object(node)
+        while self.state_generators:
+            state_generators = self.state_generators
+            self.state_generators = []
+            for generator in state_generators:
+                for dummy in generator:
+                    pass
+        self.constructed_objects = {}
+        self.recursive_objects = {}
+        self.deep_construct = False
+        return data
+
+    def construct_object(self, node, deep=False):
+        if node in self.constructed_objects:
+            return self.constructed_objects[node]
+        if deep:
+            old_deep = self.deep_construct
+            self.deep_construct = True
+        if node in self.recursive_objects:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "found unconstructable recursive node", node.start_mark)
+        self.recursive_objects[node] = None
+        constructor = None
+        tag_suffix = None
+        if node.tag in self.yaml_constructors:
+            constructor = self.yaml_constructors[node.tag]
+        else:
+            for tag_prefix in self.yaml_multi_constructors:
+                if node.tag.startswith(tag_prefix):
+                    tag_suffix = node.tag[len(tag_prefix):]
+                    constructor = self.yaml_multi_constructors[tag_prefix]
+                    break
+            else:
+                if None in self.yaml_multi_constructors:
+                    tag_suffix = node.tag
+                    constructor = self.yaml_multi_constructors[None]
+                elif None in self.yaml_constructors:
+                    constructor = self.yaml_constructors[None]
+                elif isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_scalar
+                elif isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_sequence
+                elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_mapping
+        if tag_suffix is None:
+            data = constructor(self, node)
+        else:
+            data = constructor(self, tag_suffix, node)
+        if isinstance(data, types.GeneratorType):
+            generator = data
+            data = next(generator)
+            if self.deep_construct:
+                for dummy in generator:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                self.state_generators.append(generator)
+        self.constructed_objects[node] = data
+        del self.recursive_objects[node]
+        if deep:
+            self.deep_construct = old_deep
+        return data
+
+    def construct_scalar(self, node):
+        if not isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a scalar node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return node.value
+
+    def construct_sequence(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a sequence node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return [self.construct_object(child, deep=deep)
+                for child in node.value]
+
+    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a mapping node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        mapping = {}
+        for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node, deep=deep)
+            if not isinstance(key, collections.Hashable):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping", node.start_mark,
+                        "found unhashable key", key_node.start_mark)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
+            mapping[key] = value
+        return mapping
+
+    def construct_pairs(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a mapping node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        pairs = []
+        for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node, deep=deep)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
+            pairs.append((key, value))
+        return pairs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_constructor(cls, tag, constructor):
+        if not 'yaml_constructors' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_constructors = cls.yaml_constructors.copy()
+        cls.yaml_constructors[tag] = constructor
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_multi_constructor(cls, tag_prefix, multi_constructor):
+        if not 'yaml_multi_constructors' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_multi_constructors = cls.yaml_multi_constructors.copy()
+        cls.yaml_multi_constructors[tag_prefix] = multi_constructor
+
+class SafeConstructor(BaseConstructor):
+
+    def construct_scalar(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+                if key_node.tag == 'tag:yaml.org,2002:value':
+                    return self.construct_scalar(value_node)
+        return super().construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def flatten_mapping(self, node):
+        merge = []
+        index = 0
+        while index < len(node.value):
+            key_node, value_node = node.value[index]
+            if key_node.tag == 'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge':
+                del node.value[index]
+                if isinstance(value_node, MappingNode):
+                    self.flatten_mapping(value_node)
+                    merge.extend(value_node.value)
+                elif isinstance(value_node, SequenceNode):
+                    submerge = []
+                    for subnode in value_node.value:
+                        if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping",
+                                    node.start_mark,
+                                    "expected a mapping for merging, but found %s"
+                                    % subnode.id, subnode.start_mark)
+                        self.flatten_mapping(subnode)
+                        submerge.append(subnode.value)
+                    submerge.reverse()
+                    for value in submerge:
+                        merge.extend(value)
+                else:
+                    raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping", node.start_mark,
+                            "expected a mapping or list of mappings for merging, but found %s"
+                            % value_node.id, value_node.start_mark)
+            elif key_node.tag == 'tag:yaml.org,2002:value':
+                key_node.tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+                index += 1
+            else:
+                index += 1
+        if merge:
+            node.value = merge + node.value
+
+    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
+        if isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            self.flatten_mapping(node)
+        return super().construct_mapping(node, deep=deep)
+
+    def construct_yaml_null(self, node):
+        self.construct_scalar(node)
+        return None
+
+    bool_values = {
+        'yes':      True,
+        'no':       False,
+        'true':     True,
+        'false':    False,
+        'on':       True,
+        'off':      False,
+    }
+
+    def construct_yaml_bool(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        return self.bool_values[value.lower()]
+
+    def construct_yaml_int(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        value = value.replace('_', '')
+        sign = +1
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            sign = -1
+        if value[0] in '+-':
+            value = value[1:]
+        if value == '0':
+            return 0
+        elif value.startswith('0b'):
+            return sign*int(value[2:], 2)
+        elif value.startswith('0x'):
+            return sign*int(value[2:], 16)
+        elif value[0] == '0':
+            return sign*int(value, 8)
+        elif ':' in value:
+            digits = [int(part) for part in value.split(':')]
+            digits.reverse()
+            base = 1
+            value = 0
+            for digit in digits:
+                value += digit*base
+                base *= 60
+            return sign*value
+        else:
+            return sign*int(value)
+
+    inf_value = 1e300
+    while inf_value != inf_value*inf_value:
+        inf_value *= inf_value
+    nan_value = -inf_value/inf_value   # Trying to make a quiet NaN (like C99).
+
+    def construct_yaml_float(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        value = value.replace('_', '').lower()
+        sign = +1
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            sign = -1
+        if value[0] in '+-':
+            value = value[1:]
+        if value == '.inf':
+            return sign*self.inf_value
+        elif value == '.nan':
+            return self.nan_value
+        elif ':' in value:
+            digits = [float(part) for part in value.split(':')]
+            digits.reverse()
+            base = 1
+            value = 0.0
+            for digit in digits:
+                value += digit*base
+                base *= 60
+            return sign*value
+        else:
+            return sign*float(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_binary(self, node):
+        try:
+            value = self.construct_scalar(node).encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to convert base64 data into ascii: %s" % exc,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        try:
+            if hasattr(base64, 'decodebytes'):
+                return base64.decodebytes(value)
+            else:
+                return base64.decodestring(value)
+        except binascii.Error as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to decode base64 data: %s" % exc, node.start_mark)
+
+    timestamp_regexp = re.compile(
+            r'''^(?P<year>[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])
+                -(?P<month>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                -(?P<day>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                (?:(?:[Tt]|[ \t]+)
+                (?P<hour>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                :(?P<minute>[0-9][0-9])
+                :(?P<second>[0-9][0-9])
+                (?:\.(?P<fraction>[0-9]*))?
+                (?:[ \t]*(?P<tz>Z|(?P<tz_sign>[-+])(?P<tz_hour>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                (?::(?P<tz_minute>[0-9][0-9]))?))?)?$''', re.X)
+
+    def construct_yaml_timestamp(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        match = self.timestamp_regexp.match(node.value)
+        values = match.groupdict()
+        year = int(values['year'])
+        month = int(values['month'])
+        day = int(values['day'])
+        if not values['hour']:
+            return datetime.date(year, month, day)
+        hour = int(values['hour'])
+        minute = int(values['minute'])
+        second = int(values['second'])
+        fraction = 0
+        if values['fraction']:
+            fraction = values['fraction'][:6]
+            while len(fraction) < 6:
+                fraction += '0'
+            fraction = int(fraction)
+        delta = None
+        if values['tz_sign']:
+            tz_hour = int(values['tz_hour'])
+            tz_minute = int(values['tz_minute'] or 0)
+            delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=tz_hour, minutes=tz_minute)
+            if values['tz_sign'] == '-':
+                delta = -delta
+        data = datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, fraction)
+        if delta:
+            data -= delta
+        return data
+
+    def construct_yaml_omap(self, node):
+        # Note: we do not check for duplicate keys, because it's too
+        # CPU-expensive.
+        omap = []
+        yield omap
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a sequence, but found %s" % node.id, node.start_mark)
+        for subnode in node.value:
+            if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a mapping of length 1, but found %s" % subnode.id,
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            if len(subnode.value) != 1:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a single mapping item, but found %d items" % len(subnode.value),
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            key_node, value_node = subnode.value[0]
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node)
+            omap.append((key, value))
+
+    def construct_yaml_pairs(self, node):
+        # Note: the same code as `construct_yaml_omap`.
+        pairs = []
+        yield pairs
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a sequence, but found %s" % node.id, node.start_mark)
+        for subnode in node.value:
+            if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a mapping of length 1, but found %s" % subnode.id,
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            if len(subnode.value) != 1:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a single mapping item, but found %d items" % len(subnode.value),
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            key_node, value_node = subnode.value[0]
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node)
+            pairs.append((key, value))
+
+    def construct_yaml_set(self, node):
+        data = set()
+        yield data
+        value = self.construct_mapping(node)
+        data.update(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_str(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_yaml_seq(self, node):
+        data = []
+        yield data
+        data.extend(self.construct_sequence(node))
+
+    def construct_yaml_map(self, node):
+        data = {}
+        yield data
+        value = self.construct_mapping(node)
+        data.update(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_object(self, node, cls):
+        data = cls.__new__(cls)
+        yield data
+        if hasattr(data, '__setstate__'):
+            state = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=True)
+            data.__setstate__(state)
+        else:
+            state = self.construct_mapping(node)
+            data.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def construct_undefined(self, node):
+        raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                "could not determine a constructor for the tag %r" % node.tag,
+                node.start_mark)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_null)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_bool)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:int',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_int)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:float',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_float)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:binary',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_binary)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_timestamp)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:omap',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_omap)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_pairs)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:set',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_set)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:str',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_str)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_seq)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:map',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_map)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(None,
+        SafeConstructor.construct_undefined)
+
+class Constructor(SafeConstructor):
+
+    def construct_python_str(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_python_unicode(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_python_bytes(self, node):
+        try:
+            value = self.construct_scalar(node).encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to convert base64 data into ascii: %s" % exc,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        try:
+            if hasattr(base64, 'decodebytes'):
+                return base64.decodebytes(value)
+            else:
+                return base64.decodestring(value)
+        except binascii.Error as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to decode base64 data: %s" % exc, node.start_mark)
+
+    def construct_python_long(self, node):
+        return self.construct_yaml_int(node)
+
+    def construct_python_complex(self, node):
+       return complex(self.construct_scalar(node))
+
+    def construct_python_tuple(self, node):
+        return tuple(self.construct_sequence(node))
+
+    def find_python_module(self, name, mark):
+        if not name:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                    "expected non-empty name appended to the tag", mark)
+        try:
+            __import__(name)
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                    "cannot find module %r (%s)" % (name, exc), mark)
+        return sys.modules[name]
+
+    def find_python_name(self, name, mark):
+        if not name:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "expected non-empty name appended to the tag", mark)
+        if '.' in name:
+            module_name, object_name = name.rsplit('.', 1)
+        else:
+            module_name = 'builtins'
+            object_name = name
+        try:
+            __import__(module_name)
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "cannot find module %r (%s)" % (module_name, exc), mark)
+        module = sys.modules[module_name]
+        if not hasattr(module, object_name):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "cannot find %r in the module %r"
+                    % (object_name, module.__name__), mark)
+        return getattr(module, object_name)
+
+    def construct_python_name(self, suffix, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        if value:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python name", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected the empty value, but found %r" % value, node.start_mark)
+        return self.find_python_name(suffix, node.start_mark)
+
+    def construct_python_module(self, suffix, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        if value:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected the empty value, but found %r" % value, node.start_mark)
+        return self.find_python_module(suffix, node.start_mark)
+
+    def make_python_instance(self, suffix, node,
+            args=None, kwds=None, newobj=False):
+        if not args:
+            args = []
+        if not kwds:
+            kwds = {}
+        cls = self.find_python_name(suffix, node.start_mark)
+        if newobj and isinstance(cls, type):
+            return cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kwds)
+        else:
+            return cls(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def set_python_instance_state(self, instance, state):
+        if hasattr(instance, '__setstate__'):
+            instance.__setstate__(state)
+        else:
+            slotstate = {}
+            if isinstance(state, tuple) and len(state) == 2:
+                state, slotstate = state
+            if hasattr(instance, '__dict__'):
+                instance.__dict__.update(state)
+            elif state:
+                slotstate.update(state)
+            for key, value in slotstate.items():
+                setattr(object, key, value)
+
+    def construct_python_object(self, suffix, node):
+        # Format:
+        #   !!python/object:module.name { ... state ... }
+        instance = self.make_python_instance(suffix, node, newobj=True)
+        yield instance
+        deep = hasattr(instance, '__setstate__')
+        state = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=deep)
+        self.set_python_instance_state(instance, state)
+
+    def construct_python_object_apply(self, suffix, node, newobj=False):
+        # Format:
+        #   !!python/object/apply       # (or !!python/object/new)
+        #   args: [ ... arguments ... ]
+        #   kwds: { ... keywords ... }
+        #   state: ... state ...
+        #   listitems: [ ... listitems ... ]
+        #   dictitems: { ... dictitems ... }
+        # or short format:
+        #   !!python/object/apply [ ... arguments ... ]
+        # The difference between !!python/object/apply and !!python/object/new
+        # is how an object is created, check make_python_instance for details.
+        if isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            args = self.construct_sequence(node, deep=True)
+            kwds = {}
+            state = {}
+            listitems = []
+            dictitems = {}
+        else:
+            value = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=True)
+            args = value.get('args', [])
+            kwds = value.get('kwds', {})
+            state = value.get('state', {})
+            listitems = value.get('listitems', [])
+            dictitems = value.get('dictitems', {})
+        instance = self.make_python_instance(suffix, node, args, kwds, newobj)
+        if state:
+            self.set_python_instance_state(instance, state)
+        if listitems:
+            instance.extend(listitems)
+        if dictitems:
+            for key in dictitems:
+                instance[key] = dictitems[key]
+        return instance
+
+    def construct_python_object_new(self, suffix, node):
+        return self.construct_python_object_apply(suffix, node, newobj=True)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/none',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_null)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/bool',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_bool)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/str',
+    Constructor.construct_python_str)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/unicode',
+    Constructor.construct_python_unicode)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/bytes',
+    Constructor.construct_python_bytes)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/int',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_int)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/long',
+    Constructor.construct_python_long)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/float',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_float)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/complex',
+    Constructor.construct_python_complex)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/list',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_seq)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/tuple',
+    Constructor.construct_python_tuple)
+
+Constructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/dict',
+    Constructor.construct_yaml_map)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/name:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_name)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/module:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_module)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_object)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_object_apply)
+
+Constructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:',
+    Constructor.construct_python_object_new)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/cyaml.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/cyaml.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5cb87e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/cyaml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+
+__all__ = ['CBaseLoader', 'CSafeLoader', 'CLoader',
+        'CBaseDumper', 'CSafeDumper', 'CDumper']
+
+from _yaml import CParser, CEmitter
+
+from .constructor import *
+
+from .serializer import *
+from .representer import *
+
+from .resolver import *
+
+class CBaseLoader(CParser, BaseConstructor, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        BaseConstructor.__init__(self)
+        BaseResolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CSafeLoader(CParser, SafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        SafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CLoader(CParser, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CBaseDumper(CEmitter, BaseRepresenter, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CSafeDumper(CEmitter, SafeRepresenter, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        SafeRepresenter.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CDumper(CEmitter, Serializer, Representer, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/dumper.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/dumper.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b6912877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/dumper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseDumper', 'SafeDumper', 'Dumper']
+
+from .emitter import *
+from .serializer import *
+from .representer import *
+from .resolver import *
+
+class BaseDumper(Emitter, Serializer, BaseRepresenter, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class SafeDumper(Emitter, Serializer, SafeRepresenter, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        SafeRepresenter.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class Dumper(Emitter, Serializer, Representer, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=None,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/emitter.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/emitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34cb145a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/emitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+
+# Emitter expects events obeying the following grammar:
+# stream ::= STREAM-START document* STREAM-END
+# document ::= DOCUMENT-START node DOCUMENT-END
+# node ::= SCALAR | sequence | mapping
+# sequence ::= SEQUENCE-START node* SEQUENCE-END
+# mapping ::= MAPPING-START (node node)* MAPPING-END
+
+__all__ = ['Emitter', 'EmitterError']
+
+from .error import YAMLError
+from .events import *
+
+class EmitterError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class ScalarAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self, scalar, empty, multiline,
+            allow_flow_plain, allow_block_plain,
+            allow_single_quoted, allow_double_quoted,
+            allow_block):
+        self.scalar = scalar
+        self.empty = empty
+        self.multiline = multiline
+        self.allow_flow_plain = allow_flow_plain
+        self.allow_block_plain = allow_block_plain
+        self.allow_single_quoted = allow_single_quoted
+        self.allow_double_quoted = allow_double_quoted
+        self.allow_block = allow_block
+
+class Emitter:
+
+    DEFAULT_TAG_PREFIXES = {
+        '!' : '!',
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:' : '!!',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None):
+
+        # The stream should have the methods `write` and possibly `flush`.
+        self.stream = stream
+
+        # Encoding can be overriden by STREAM-START.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        # Emitter is a state machine with a stack of states to handle nested
+        # structures.
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = self.expect_stream_start
+
+        # Current event and the event queue.
+        self.events = []
+        self.event = None
+
+        # The current indentation level and the stack of previous indents.
+        self.indents = []
+        self.indent = None
+
+        # Flow level.
+        self.flow_level = 0
+
+        # Contexts.
+        self.root_context = False
+        self.sequence_context = False
+        self.mapping_context = False
+        self.simple_key_context = False
+
+        # Characteristics of the last emitted character:
+        #  - current position.
+        #  - is it a whitespace?
+        #  - is it an indention character
+        #    (indentation space, '-', '?', or ':')?
+        self.line = 0
+        self.column = 0
+        self.whitespace = True
+        self.indention = True
+
+        # Whether the document requires an explicit document indicator
+        self.open_ended = False
+
+        # Formatting details.
+        self.canonical = canonical
+        self.allow_unicode = allow_unicode
+        self.best_indent = 2
+        if indent and 1 < indent < 10:
+            self.best_indent = indent
+        self.best_width = 80
+        if width and width > self.best_indent*2:
+            self.best_width = width
+        self.best_line_break = '\n'
+        if line_break in ['\r', '\n', '\r\n']:
+            self.best_line_break = line_break
+
+        # Tag prefixes.
+        self.tag_prefixes = None
+
+        # Prepared anchor and tag.
+        self.prepared_anchor = None
+        self.prepared_tag = None
+
+        # Scalar analysis and style.
+        self.analysis = None
+        self.style = None
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Reset the state attributes (to clear self-references)
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = None
+
+    def emit(self, event):
+        self.events.append(event)
+        while not self.need_more_events():
+            self.event = self.events.pop(0)
+            self.state()
+            self.event = None
+
+    # In some cases, we wait for a few next events before emitting.
+
+    def need_more_events(self):
+        if not self.events:
+            return True
+        event = self.events[0]
+        if isinstance(event, DocumentStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(1)
+        elif isinstance(event, SequenceStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(2)
+        elif isinstance(event, MappingStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(3)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def need_events(self, count):
+        level = 0
+        for event in self.events[1:]:
+            if isinstance(event, (DocumentStartEvent, CollectionStartEvent)):
+                level += 1
+            elif isinstance(event, (DocumentEndEvent, CollectionEndEvent)):
+                level -= 1
+            elif isinstance(event, StreamEndEvent):
+                level = -1
+            if level < 0:
+                return False
+        return (len(self.events) < count+1)
+
+    def increase_indent(self, flow=False, indentless=False):
+        self.indents.append(self.indent)
+        if self.indent is None:
+            if flow:
+                self.indent = self.best_indent
+            else:
+                self.indent = 0
+        elif not indentless:
+            self.indent += self.best_indent
+
+    # States.
+
+    # Stream handlers.
+
+    def expect_stream_start(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, StreamStartEvent):
+            if self.event.encoding and not hasattr(self.stream, 'encoding'):
+                self.encoding = self.event.encoding
+            self.write_stream_start()
+            self.state = self.expect_first_document_start
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected StreamStartEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_nothing(self):
+        raise EmitterError("expected nothing, but got %s" % self.event)
+
+    # Document handlers.
+
+    def expect_first_document_start(self):
+        return self.expect_document_start(first=True)
+
+    def expect_document_start(self, first=False):
+        if isinstance(self.event, DocumentStartEvent):
+            if (self.event.version or self.event.tags) and self.open_ended:
+                self.write_indicator('...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            if self.event.version:
+                version_text = self.prepare_version(self.event.version)
+                self.write_version_directive(version_text)
+            self.tag_prefixes = self.DEFAULT_TAG_PREFIXES.copy()
+            if self.event.tags:
+                handles = sorted(self.event.tags.keys())
+                for handle in handles:
+                    prefix = self.event.tags[handle]
+                    self.tag_prefixes[prefix] = handle
+                    handle_text = self.prepare_tag_handle(handle)
+                    prefix_text = self.prepare_tag_prefix(prefix)
+                    self.write_tag_directive(handle_text, prefix_text)
+            implicit = (first and not self.event.explicit and not self.canonical
+                    and not self.event.version and not self.event.tags
+                    and not self.check_empty_document())
+            if not implicit:
+                self.write_indent()
+                self.write_indicator('---', True)
+                if self.canonical:
+                    self.write_indent()
+            self.state = self.expect_document_root
+        elif isinstance(self.event, StreamEndEvent):
+            if self.open_ended:
+                self.write_indicator('...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_stream_end()
+            self.state = self.expect_nothing
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected DocumentStartEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_document_end(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, DocumentEndEvent):
+            self.write_indent()
+            if self.event.explicit:
+                self.write_indicator('...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.flush_stream()
+            self.state = self.expect_document_start
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected DocumentEndEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_document_root(self):
+        self.states.append(self.expect_document_end)
+        self.expect_node(root=True)
+
+    # Node handlers.
+
+    def expect_node(self, root=False, sequence=False, mapping=False,
+            simple_key=False):
+        self.root_context = root
+        self.sequence_context = sequence
+        self.mapping_context = mapping
+        self.simple_key_context = simple_key
+        if isinstance(self.event, AliasEvent):
+            self.expect_alias()
+        elif isinstance(self.event, (ScalarEvent, CollectionStartEvent)):
+            self.process_anchor('&')
+            self.process_tag()
+            if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+                self.expect_scalar()
+            elif isinstance(self.event, SequenceStartEvent):
+                if self.flow_level or self.canonical or self.event.flow_style   \
+                        or self.check_empty_sequence():
+                    self.expect_flow_sequence()
+                else:
+                    self.expect_block_sequence()
+            elif isinstance(self.event, MappingStartEvent):
+                if self.flow_level or self.canonical or self.event.flow_style   \
+                        or self.check_empty_mapping():
+                    self.expect_flow_mapping()
+                else:
+                    self.expect_block_mapping()
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected NodeEvent, but got %s" % self.event)
+
+    def expect_alias(self):
+        if self.event.anchor is None:
+            raise EmitterError("anchor is not specified for alias")
+        self.process_anchor('*')
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+
+    def expect_scalar(self):
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.process_scalar()
+        self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+
+    # Flow sequence handlers.
+
+    def expect_flow_sequence(self):
+        self.write_indicator('[', True, whitespace=True)
+        self.flow_level += 1
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_flow_sequence_item
+
+    def expect_first_flow_sequence_item(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            self.write_indicator(']', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.states.append(self.expect_flow_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_sequence_item(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            if self.canonical:
+                self.write_indicator(',', False)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator(']', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indicator(',', False)
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.states.append(self.expect_flow_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    # Flow mapping handlers.
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping(self):
+        self.write_indicator('{', True, whitespace=True)
+        self.flow_level += 1
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_flow_mapping_key
+
+    def expect_first_flow_mapping_key(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            self.write_indicator('}', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            if not self.canonical and self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator('?', True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_key(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            if self.canonical:
+                self.write_indicator(',', False)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator('}', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indicator(',', False)
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            if not self.canonical and self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator('?', True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_simple_value(self):
+        self.write_indicator(':', False)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+            self.write_indent()
+        self.write_indicator(':', True)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    # Block sequence handlers.
+
+    def expect_block_sequence(self):
+        indentless = (self.mapping_context and not self.indention)
+        self.increase_indent(flow=False, indentless=indentless)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_block_sequence_item
+
+    def expect_first_block_sequence_item(self):
+        return self.expect_block_sequence_item(first=True)
+
+    def expect_block_sequence_item(self, first=False):
+        if not first and isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator('-', True, indention=True)
+            self.states.append(self.expect_block_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    # Block mapping handlers.
+
+    def expect_block_mapping(self):
+        self.increase_indent(flow=False)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_block_mapping_key
+
+    def expect_first_block_mapping_key(self):
+        return self.expect_block_mapping_key(first=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_key(self, first=False):
+        if not first and isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indent()
+            if self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator('?', True, indention=True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_simple_value(self):
+        self.write_indicator(':', False)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_value(self):
+        self.write_indent()
+        self.write_indicator(':', True, indention=True)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    # Checkers.
+
+    def check_empty_sequence(self):
+        return (isinstance(self.event, SequenceStartEvent) and self.events
+                and isinstance(self.events[0], SequenceEndEvent))
+
+    def check_empty_mapping(self):
+        return (isinstance(self.event, MappingStartEvent) and self.events
+                and isinstance(self.events[0], MappingEndEvent))
+
+    def check_empty_document(self):
+        if not isinstance(self.event, DocumentStartEvent) or not self.events:
+            return False
+        event = self.events[0]
+        return (isinstance(event, ScalarEvent) and event.anchor is None
+                and event.tag is None and event.implicit and event.value == '')
+
+    def check_simple_key(self):
+        length = 0
+        if isinstance(self.event, NodeEvent) and self.event.anchor is not None:
+            if self.prepared_anchor is None:
+                self.prepared_anchor = self.prepare_anchor(self.event.anchor)
+            length += len(self.prepared_anchor)
+        if isinstance(self.event, (ScalarEvent, CollectionStartEvent))  \
+                and self.event.tag is not None:
+            if self.prepared_tag is None:
+                self.prepared_tag = self.prepare_tag(self.event.tag)
+            length += len(self.prepared_tag)
+        if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+            if self.analysis is None:
+                self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+            length += len(self.analysis.scalar)
+        return (length < 128 and (isinstance(self.event, AliasEvent)
+            or (isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent)
+                    and not self.analysis.empty and not self.analysis.multiline)
+            or self.check_empty_sequence() or self.check_empty_mapping()))
+
+    # Anchor, Tag, and Scalar processors.
+
+    def process_anchor(self, indicator):
+        if self.event.anchor is None:
+            self.prepared_anchor = None
+            return
+        if self.prepared_anchor is None:
+            self.prepared_anchor = self.prepare_anchor(self.event.anchor)
+        if self.prepared_anchor:
+            self.write_indicator(indicator+self.prepared_anchor, True)
+        self.prepared_anchor = None
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        tag = self.event.tag
+        if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+            if self.style is None:
+                self.style = self.choose_scalar_style()
+            if ((not self.canonical or tag is None) and
+                ((self.style == '' and self.event.implicit[0])
+                        or (self.style != '' and self.event.implicit[1]))):
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+                return
+            if self.event.implicit[0] and tag is None:
+                tag = '!'
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+        else:
+            if (not self.canonical or tag is None) and self.event.implicit:
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+                return
+        if tag is None:
+            raise EmitterError("tag is not specified")
+        if self.prepared_tag is None:
+            self.prepared_tag = self.prepare_tag(tag)
+        if self.prepared_tag:
+            self.write_indicator(self.prepared_tag, True)
+        self.prepared_tag = None
+
+    def choose_scalar_style(self):
+        if self.analysis is None:
+            self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+        if self.event.style == '"' or self.canonical:
+            return '"'
+        if not self.event.style and self.event.implicit[0]:
+            if (not (self.simple_key_context and
+                    (self.analysis.empty or self.analysis.multiline))
+                and (self.flow_level and self.analysis.allow_flow_plain
+                    or (not self.flow_level and self.analysis.allow_block_plain))):
+                return ''
+        if self.event.style and self.event.style in '|>':
+            if (not self.flow_level and not self.simple_key_context
+                    and self.analysis.allow_block):
+                return self.event.style
+        if not self.event.style or self.event.style == '\'':
+            if (self.analysis.allow_single_quoted and
+                    not (self.simple_key_context and self.analysis.multiline)):
+                return '\''
+        return '"'
+
+    def process_scalar(self):
+        if self.analysis is None:
+            self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+        if self.style is None:
+            self.style = self.choose_scalar_style()
+        split = (not self.simple_key_context)
+        #if self.analysis.multiline and split    \
+        #        and (not self.style or self.style in '\'\"'):
+        #    self.write_indent()
+        if self.style == '"':
+            self.write_double_quoted(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        elif self.style == '\'':
+            self.write_single_quoted(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        elif self.style == '>':
+            self.write_folded(self.analysis.scalar)
+        elif self.style == '|':
+            self.write_literal(self.analysis.scalar)
+        else:
+            self.write_plain(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        self.analysis = None
+        self.style = None
+
+    # Analyzers.
+
+    def prepare_version(self, version):
+        major, minor = version
+        if major != 1:
+            raise EmitterError("unsupported YAML version: %d.%d" % (major, minor))
+        return '%d.%d' % (major, minor)
+
+    def prepare_tag_handle(self, handle):
+        if not handle:
+            raise EmitterError("tag handle must not be empty")
+        if handle[0] != '!' or handle[-1] != '!':
+            raise EmitterError("tag handle must start and end with '!': %r" % handle)
+        for ch in handle[1:-1]:
+            if not ('0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'    \
+                    or ch in '-_'):
+                raise EmitterError("invalid character %r in the tag handle: %r"
+                        % (ch, handle))
+        return handle
+
+    def prepare_tag_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if not prefix:
+            raise EmitterError("tag prefix must not be empty")
+        chunks = []
+        start = end = 0
+        if prefix[0] == '!':
+            end = 1
+        while end < len(prefix):
+            ch = prefix[end]
+            if '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z' \
+                    or ch in '-;/?!:@&=+$,_.~*\'()[]':
+                end += 1
+            else:
+                if start < end:
+                    chunks.append(prefix[start:end])
+                start = end = end+1
+                data = ch.encode('utf-8')
+                for ch in data:
+                    chunks.append('%%%02X' % ord(ch))
+        if start < end:
+            chunks.append(prefix[start:end])
+        return ''.join(chunks)
+
+    def prepare_tag(self, tag):
+        if not tag:
+            raise EmitterError("tag must not be empty")
+        if tag == '!':
+            return tag
+        handle = None
+        suffix = tag
+        prefixes = sorted(self.tag_prefixes.keys())
+        for prefix in prefixes:
+            if tag.startswith(prefix)   \
+                    and (prefix == '!' or len(prefix) < len(tag)):
+                handle = self.tag_prefixes[prefix]
+                suffix = tag[len(prefix):]
+        chunks = []
+        start = end = 0
+        while end < len(suffix):
+            ch = suffix[end]
+            if '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z' \
+                    or ch in '-;/?:@&=+$,_.~*\'()[]'   \
+                    or (ch == '!' and handle != '!'):
+                end += 1
+            else:
+                if start < end:
+                    chunks.append(suffix[start:end])
+                start = end = end+1
+                data = ch.encode('utf-8')
+                for ch in data:
+                    chunks.append('%%%02X' % ord(ch))
+        if start < end:
+            chunks.append(suffix[start:end])
+        suffix_text = ''.join(chunks)
+        if handle:
+            return '%s%s' % (handle, suffix_text)
+        else:
+            return '!<%s>' % suffix_text
+
+    def prepare_anchor(self, anchor):
+        if not anchor:
+            raise EmitterError("anchor must not be empty")
+        for ch in anchor:
+            if not ('0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'    \
+                    or ch in '-_'):
+                raise EmitterError("invalid character %r in the anchor: %r"
+                        % (ch, anchor))
+        return anchor
+
+    def analyze_scalar(self, scalar):
+
+        # Empty scalar is a special case.
+        if not scalar:
+            return ScalarAnalysis(scalar=scalar, empty=True, multiline=False,
+                    allow_flow_plain=False, allow_block_plain=True,
+                    allow_single_quoted=True, allow_double_quoted=True,
+                    allow_block=False)
+
+        # Indicators and special characters.
+        block_indicators = False
+        flow_indicators = False
+        line_breaks = False
+        special_characters = False
+
+        # Important whitespace combinations.
+        leading_space = False
+        leading_break = False
+        trailing_space = False
+        trailing_break = False
+        break_space = False
+        space_break = False
+
+        # Check document indicators.
+        if scalar.startswith('---') or scalar.startswith('...'):
+            block_indicators = True
+            flow_indicators = True
+
+        # First character or preceded by a whitespace.
+        preceeded_by_whitespace = True
+
+        # Last character or followed by a whitespace.
+        followed_by_whitespace = (len(scalar) == 1 or
+                scalar[1] in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+
+        # The previous character is a space.
+        previous_space = False
+
+        # The previous character is a break.
+        previous_break = False
+
+        index = 0
+        while index < len(scalar):
+            ch = scalar[index]
+
+            # Check for indicators.
+            if index == 0:
+                # Leading indicators are special characters.
+                if ch in '#,[]{}&*!|>\'\"%@`': 
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+                if ch in '?:':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    if followed_by_whitespace:
+                        block_indicators = True
+                if ch == '-' and followed_by_whitespace:
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+            else:
+                # Some indicators cannot appear within a scalar as well.
+                if ch in ',?[]{}':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                if ch == ':':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    if followed_by_whitespace:
+                        block_indicators = True
+                if ch == '#' and preceeded_by_whitespace:
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+
+            # Check for line breaks, special, and unicode characters.
+            if ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                line_breaks = True
+            if not (ch == '\n' or '\x20' <= ch <= '\x7E'):
+                if (ch == '\x85' or '\xA0' <= ch <= '\uD7FF'
+                        or '\uE000' <= ch <= '\uFFFD') and ch != '\uFEFF':
+                    unicode_characters = True
+                    if not self.allow_unicode:
+                        special_characters = True
+                else:
+                    special_characters = True
+
+            # Detect important whitespace combinations.
+            if ch == ' ':
+                if index == 0:
+                    leading_space = True
+                if index == len(scalar)-1:
+                    trailing_space = True
+                if previous_break:
+                    break_space = True
+                previous_space = True
+                previous_break = False
+            elif ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if index == 0:
+                    leading_break = True
+                if index == len(scalar)-1:
+                    trailing_break = True
+                if previous_space:
+                    space_break = True
+                previous_space = False
+                previous_break = True
+            else:
+                previous_space = False
+                previous_break = False
+
+            # Prepare for the next character.
+            index += 1
+            preceeded_by_whitespace = (ch in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            followed_by_whitespace = (index+1 >= len(scalar) or
+                    scalar[index+1] in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+
+        # Let's decide what styles are allowed.
+        allow_flow_plain = True
+        allow_block_plain = True
+        allow_single_quoted = True
+        allow_double_quoted = True
+        allow_block = True
+
+        # Leading and trailing whitespaces are bad for plain scalars.
+        if (leading_space or leading_break
+                or trailing_space or trailing_break):
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = False
+
+        # We do not permit trailing spaces for block scalars.
+        if trailing_space:
+            allow_block = False
+
+        # Spaces at the beginning of a new line are only acceptable for block
+        # scalars.
+        if break_space:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = allow_single_quoted = False
+
+        # Spaces followed by breaks, as well as special character are only
+        # allowed for double quoted scalars.
+        if space_break or special_characters:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain =  \
+            allow_single_quoted = allow_block = False
+
+        # Although the plain scalar writer supports breaks, we never emit
+        # multiline plain scalars.
+        if line_breaks:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = False
+
+        # Flow indicators are forbidden for flow plain scalars.
+        if flow_indicators:
+            allow_flow_plain = False
+
+        # Block indicators are forbidden for block plain scalars.
+        if block_indicators:
+            allow_block_plain = False
+
+        return ScalarAnalysis(scalar=scalar,
+                empty=False, multiline=line_breaks,
+                allow_flow_plain=allow_flow_plain,
+                allow_block_plain=allow_block_plain,
+                allow_single_quoted=allow_single_quoted,
+                allow_double_quoted=allow_double_quoted,
+                allow_block=allow_block)
+
+    # Writers.
+
+    def flush_stream(self):
+        if hasattr(self.stream, 'flush'):
+            self.stream.flush()
+
+    def write_stream_start(self):
+        # Write BOM if needed.
+        if self.encoding and self.encoding.startswith('utf-16'):
+            self.stream.write('\uFEFF'.encode(self.encoding))
+
+    def write_stream_end(self):
+        self.flush_stream()
+
+    def write_indicator(self, indicator, need_whitespace,
+            whitespace=False, indention=False):
+        if self.whitespace or not need_whitespace:
+            data = indicator
+        else:
+            data = ' '+indicator
+        self.whitespace = whitespace
+        self.indention = self.indention and indention
+        self.column += len(data)
+        self.open_ended = False
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_indent(self):
+        indent = self.indent or 0
+        if not self.indention or self.column > indent   \
+                or (self.column == indent and not self.whitespace):
+            self.write_line_break()
+        if self.column < indent:
+            self.whitespace = True
+            data = ' '*(indent-self.column)
+            self.column = indent
+            if self.encoding:
+                data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+            self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_line_break(self, data=None):
+        if data is None:
+            data = self.best_line_break
+        self.whitespace = True
+        self.indention = True
+        self.line += 1
+        self.column = 0
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_version_directive(self, version_text):
+        data = '%%YAML %s' % version_text
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.write_line_break()
+
+    def write_tag_directive(self, handle_text, prefix_text):
+        data = '%%TAG %s %s' % (handle_text, prefix_text)
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.write_line_break()
+
+    # Scalar streams.
+
+    def write_single_quoted(self, text, split=True):
+        self.write_indicator('\'', True)
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = False
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if spaces:
+                if ch is None or ch != ' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width and split   \
+                            and start != 0 and end != len(text):
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            elif breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if text[start] == '\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029' or ch == '\'':
+                    if start < end:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                        start = end
+            if ch == '\'':
+                data = '\'\''
+                self.column += 2
+                if self.encoding:
+                    data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                self.stream.write(data)
+                start = end + 1
+            if ch is not None:
+                spaces = (ch == ' ')
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+        self.write_indicator('\'', False)
+
+    ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+        '\0':       '0',
+        '\x07':     'a',
+        '\x08':     'b',
+        '\x09':     't',
+        '\x0A':     'n',
+        '\x0B':     'v',
+        '\x0C':     'f',
+        '\x0D':     'r',
+        '\x1B':     'e',
+        '\"':       '\"',
+        '\\':       '\\',
+        '\x85':     'N',
+        '\xA0':     '_',
+        '\u2028':   'L',
+        '\u2029':   'P',
+    }
+
+    def write_double_quoted(self, text, split=True):
+        self.write_indicator('"', True)
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if ch is None or ch in '"\\\x85\u2028\u2029\uFEFF' \
+                    or not ('\x20' <= ch <= '\x7E'
+                        or (self.allow_unicode
+                            and ('\xA0' <= ch <= '\uD7FF'
+                                or '\uE000' <= ch <= '\uFFFD'))):
+                if start < end:
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+                if ch is not None:
+                    if ch in self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS:
+                        data = '\\'+self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[ch]
+                    elif ch <= '\xFF':
+                        data = '\\x%02X' % ord(ch)
+                    elif ch <= '\uFFFF':
+                        data = '\\u%04X' % ord(ch)
+                    else:
+                        data = '\\U%08X' % ord(ch)
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end+1
+            if 0 < end < len(text)-1 and (ch == ' ' or start >= end)    \
+                    and self.column+(end-start) > self.best_width and split:
+                data = text[start:end]+'\\'
+                if start < end:
+                    start = end
+                self.column += len(data)
+                if self.encoding:
+                    data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                self.stream.write(data)
+                self.write_indent()
+                self.whitespace = False
+                self.indention = False
+                if text[start] == ' ':
+                    data = '\\'
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+            end += 1
+        self.write_indicator('"', False)
+
+    def determine_block_hints(self, text):
+        hints = ''
+        if text:
+            if text[0] in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += str(self.best_indent)
+            if text[-1] not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += '-'
+            elif len(text) == 1 or text[-2] in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += '+'
+        return hints
+
+    def write_folded(self, text):
+        hints = self.determine_block_hints(text)
+        self.write_indicator('>'+hints, True)
+        if hints[-1:] == '+':
+            self.open_ended = True
+        self.write_line_break()
+        leading_space = True
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = True
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if not leading_space and ch is not None and ch != ' '   \
+                            and text[start] == '\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    leading_space = (ch == ' ')
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    if ch is not None:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            elif spaces:
+                if ch != ' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    if ch is None:
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+                spaces = (ch == ' ')
+            end += 1
+
+    def write_literal(self, text):
+        hints = self.determine_block_hints(text)
+        self.write_indicator('|'+hints, True)
+        if hints[-1:] == '+':
+            self.open_ended = True
+        self.write_line_break()
+        breaks = True
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    if ch is not None:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    if ch is None:
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+
+    def write_plain(self, text, split=True):
+        if self.root_context:
+            self.open_ended = True
+        if not text:
+            return
+        if not self.whitespace:
+            data = ' '
+            self.column += len(data)
+            if self.encoding:
+                data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+            self.stream.write(data)
+        self.whitespace = False
+        self.indention = False
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = False
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if spaces:
+                if ch != ' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width and split:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                        self.whitespace = False
+                        self.indention = False
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            elif breaks:
+                if ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if text[start] == '\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    self.write_indent()
+                    self.whitespace = False
+                    self.indention = False
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                spaces = (ch == ' ')
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/error.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/error.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b796b4dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Mark', 'YAMLError', 'MarkedYAMLError']
+
+class Mark:
+
+    def __init__(self, name, index, line, column, buffer, pointer):
+        self.name = name
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.buffer = buffer
+        self.pointer = pointer
+
+    def get_snippet(self, indent=4, max_length=75):
+        if self.buffer is None:
+            return None
+        head = ''
+        start = self.pointer
+        while start > 0 and self.buffer[start-1] not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            start -= 1
+            if self.pointer-start > max_length/2-1:
+                head = ' ... '
+                start += 5
+                break
+        tail = ''
+        end = self.pointer
+        while end < len(self.buffer) and self.buffer[end] not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            end += 1
+            if end-self.pointer > max_length/2-1:
+                tail = ' ... '
+                end -= 5
+                break
+        snippet = self.buffer[start:end]
+        return ' '*indent + head + snippet + tail + '\n'  \
+                + ' '*(indent+self.pointer-start+len(head)) + '^'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        snippet = self.get_snippet()
+        where = "  in \"%s\", line %d, column %d"   \
+                % (self.name, self.line+1, self.column+1)
+        if snippet is not None:
+            where += ":\n"+snippet
+        return where
+
+class YAMLError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class MarkedYAMLError(YAMLError):
+
+    def __init__(self, context=None, context_mark=None,
+            problem=None, problem_mark=None, note=None):
+        self.context = context
+        self.context_mark = context_mark
+        self.problem = problem
+        self.problem_mark = problem_mark
+        self.note = note
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+        if self.context is not None:
+            lines.append(self.context)
+        if self.context_mark is not None  \
+            and (self.problem is None or self.problem_mark is None
+                    or self.context_mark.name != self.problem_mark.name
+                    or self.context_mark.line != self.problem_mark.line
+                    or self.context_mark.column != self.problem_mark.column):
+            lines.append(str(self.context_mark))
+        if self.problem is not None:
+            lines.append(self.problem)
+        if self.problem_mark is not None:
+            lines.append(str(self.problem_mark))
+        if self.note is not None:
+            lines.append(self.note)
+        return '\n'.join(lines)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/events.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f79ad389c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+
+# Abstract classes.
+
+class Event(object):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attributes = [key for key in ['anchor', 'tag', 'implicit', 'value']
+                if hasattr(self, key)]
+        arguments = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                for key in attributes])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, arguments)
+
+class NodeEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, start_mark=None, end_mark=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class CollectionStartEvent(NodeEvent):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, tag, implicit, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            flow_style=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.implicit = implicit
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.flow_style = flow_style
+
+class CollectionEndEvent(Event):
+    pass
+
+# Implementations.
+
+class StreamStartEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None, encoding=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+class StreamEndEvent(Event):
+    pass
+
+class DocumentStartEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            explicit=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.explicit = explicit
+        self.version = version
+        self.tags = tags
+
+class DocumentEndEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            explicit=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.explicit = explicit
+
+class AliasEvent(NodeEvent):
+    pass
+
+class ScalarEvent(NodeEvent):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, tag, implicit, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, style=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.implicit = implicit
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
+class SequenceStartEvent(CollectionStartEvent):
+    pass
+
+class SequenceEndEvent(CollectionEndEvent):
+    pass
+
+class MappingStartEvent(CollectionStartEvent):
+    pass
+
+class MappingEndEvent(CollectionEndEvent):
+    pass
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/loader.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08c8f01b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseLoader', 'SafeLoader', 'Loader']
+
+from .reader import *
+from .scanner import *
+from .parser import *
+from .composer import *
+from .constructor import *
+from .resolver import *
+
+class BaseLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, BaseConstructor, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        BaseConstructor.__init__(self)
+        BaseResolver.__init__(self)
+
+class SafeLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, SafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        SafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class Loader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/nodes.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4f070c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+
+class Node(object):
+    def __init__(self, tag, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        value = self.value
+        #if isinstance(value, list):
+        #    if len(value) == 0:
+        #        value = '<empty>'
+        #    elif len(value) == 1:
+        #        value = '<1 item>'
+        #    else:
+        #        value = '<%d items>' % len(value)
+        #else:
+        #    if len(value) > 75:
+        #        value = repr(value[:70]+u' ... ')
+        #    else:
+        #        value = repr(value)
+        value = repr(value)
+        return '%s(tag=%r, value=%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, value)
+
+class ScalarNode(Node):
+    id = 'scalar'
+    def __init__(self, tag, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, style=None):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
+class CollectionNode(Node):
+    def __init__(self, tag, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, flow_style=None):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.flow_style = flow_style
+
+class SequenceNode(CollectionNode):
+    id = 'sequence'
+
+class MappingNode(CollectionNode):
+    id = 'mapping'
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/parser.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13a5995d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+
+# The following YAML grammar is LL(1) and is parsed by a recursive descent
+# parser.
+#
+# stream            ::= STREAM-START implicit_document? explicit_document* STREAM-END
+# implicit_document ::= block_node DOCUMENT-END*
+# explicit_document ::= DIRECTIVE* DOCUMENT-START block_node? DOCUMENT-END*
+# block_node_or_indentless_sequence ::=
+#                       ALIAS
+#                       | properties (block_content | indentless_block_sequence)?
+#                       | block_content
+#                       | indentless_block_sequence
+# block_node        ::= ALIAS
+#                       | properties block_content?
+#                       | block_content
+# flow_node         ::= ALIAS
+#                       | properties flow_content?
+#                       | flow_content
+# properties        ::= TAG ANCHOR? | ANCHOR TAG?
+# block_content     ::= block_collection | flow_collection | SCALAR
+# flow_content      ::= flow_collection | SCALAR
+# block_collection  ::= block_sequence | block_mapping
+# flow_collection   ::= flow_sequence | flow_mapping
+# block_sequence    ::= BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)* BLOCK-END
+# indentless_sequence   ::= (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)+
+# block_mapping     ::= BLOCK-MAPPING_START
+#                       ((KEY block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?
+#                       (VALUE block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?)*
+#                       BLOCK-END
+# flow_sequence     ::= FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+#                       (flow_sequence_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+#                       flow_sequence_entry?
+#                       FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+# flow_sequence_entry   ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+# flow_mapping      ::= FLOW-MAPPING-START
+#                       (flow_mapping_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+#                       flow_mapping_entry?
+#                       FLOW-MAPPING-END
+# flow_mapping_entry    ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+#
+# FIRST sets:
+#
+# stream: { STREAM-START }
+# explicit_document: { DIRECTIVE DOCUMENT-START }
+# implicit_document: FIRST(block_node)
+# block_node: { ALIAS TAG ANCHOR SCALAR BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_node: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# block_content: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START SCALAR }
+# flow_content: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START SCALAR }
+# block_collection: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_collection: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# block_sequence: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START }
+# block_mapping: { BLOCK-MAPPING-START }
+# block_node_or_indentless_sequence: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START BLOCK-ENTRY }
+# indentless_sequence: { ENTRY }
+# flow_collection: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_sequence: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START }
+# flow_mapping: { FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_sequence_entry: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START KEY }
+# flow_mapping_entry: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START KEY }
+
+__all__ = ['Parser', 'ParserError']
+
+from .error import MarkedYAMLError
+from .tokens import *
+from .events import *
+from .scanner import *
+
+class ParserError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Parser:
+    # Since writing a recursive-descendant parser is a straightforward task, we
+    # do not give many comments here.
+
+    DEFAULT_TAGS = {
+        '!':   '!',
+        '!!':  'tag:yaml.org,2002:',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.current_event = None
+        self.yaml_version = None
+        self.tag_handles = {}
+        self.states = []
+        self.marks = []
+        self.state = self.parse_stream_start
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Reset the state attributes (to clear self-references)
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = None
+
+    def check_event(self, *choices):
+        # Check the type of the next event.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        if self.current_event is not None:
+            if not choices:
+                return True
+            for choice in choices:
+                if isinstance(self.current_event, choice):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def peek_event(self):
+        # Get the next event.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        return self.current_event
+
+    def get_event(self):
+        # Get the next event and proceed further.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        value = self.current_event
+        self.current_event = None
+        return value
+
+    # stream    ::= STREAM-START implicit_document? explicit_document* STREAM-END
+    # implicit_document ::= block_node DOCUMENT-END*
+    # explicit_document ::= DIRECTIVE* DOCUMENT-START block_node? DOCUMENT-END*
+
+    def parse_stream_start(self):
+
+        # Parse the stream start.
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = StreamStartEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark,
+                encoding=token.encoding)
+
+        # Prepare the next state.
+        self.state = self.parse_implicit_document_start
+
+        return event
+
+    def parse_implicit_document_start(self):
+
+        # Parse an implicit document.
+        if not self.check_token(DirectiveToken, DocumentStartToken,
+                StreamEndToken):
+            self.tag_handles = self.DEFAULT_TAGS
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            start_mark = end_mark = token.start_mark
+            event = DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit=False)
+
+            # Prepare the next state.
+            self.states.append(self.parse_document_end)
+            self.state = self.parse_block_node
+
+            return event
+
+        else:
+            return self.parse_document_start()
+
+    def parse_document_start(self):
+
+        # Parse any extra document end indicators.
+        while self.check_token(DocumentEndToken):
+            self.get_token()
+
+        # Parse an explicit document.
+        if not self.check_token(StreamEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            start_mark = token.start_mark
+            version, tags = self.process_directives()
+            if not self.check_token(DocumentStartToken):
+                raise ParserError(None, None,
+                        "expected '<document start>', but found %r"
+                        % self.peek_token().id,
+                        self.peek_token().start_mark)
+            token = self.get_token()
+            end_mark = token.end_mark
+            event = DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit=True, version=version, tags=tags)
+            self.states.append(self.parse_document_end)
+            self.state = self.parse_document_content
+        else:
+            # Parse the end of the stream.
+            token = self.get_token()
+            event = StreamEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+            assert not self.states
+            assert not self.marks
+            self.state = None
+        return event
+
+    def parse_document_end(self):
+
+        # Parse the document end.
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        start_mark = end_mark = token.start_mark
+        explicit = False
+        if self.check_token(DocumentEndToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            end_mark = token.end_mark
+            explicit = True
+        event = DocumentEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                explicit=explicit)
+
+        # Prepare the next state.
+        self.state = self.parse_document_start
+
+        return event
+
+    def parse_document_content(self):
+        if self.check_token(DirectiveToken,
+                DocumentStartToken, DocumentEndToken, StreamEndToken):
+            event = self.process_empty_scalar(self.peek_token().start_mark)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+            return event
+        else:
+            return self.parse_block_node()
+
+    def process_directives(self):
+        self.yaml_version = None
+        self.tag_handles = {}
+        while self.check_token(DirectiveToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if token.name == 'YAML':
+                if self.yaml_version is not None:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "found duplicate YAML directive", token.start_mark)
+                major, minor = token.value
+                if major != 1:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "found incompatible YAML document (version 1.* is required)",
+                            token.start_mark)
+                self.yaml_version = token.value
+            elif token.name == 'TAG':
+                handle, prefix = token.value
+                if handle in self.tag_handles:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "duplicate tag handle %r" % handle,
+                            token.start_mark)
+                self.tag_handles[handle] = prefix
+        if self.tag_handles:
+            value = self.yaml_version, self.tag_handles.copy()
+        else:
+            value = self.yaml_version, None
+        for key in self.DEFAULT_TAGS:
+            if key not in self.tag_handles:
+                self.tag_handles[key] = self.DEFAULT_TAGS[key]
+        return value
+
+    # block_node_or_indentless_sequence ::= ALIAS
+    #               | properties (block_content | indentless_block_sequence)?
+    #               | block_content
+    #               | indentless_block_sequence
+    # block_node    ::= ALIAS
+    #                   | properties block_content?
+    #                   | block_content
+    # flow_node     ::= ALIAS
+    #                   | properties flow_content?
+    #                   | flow_content
+    # properties    ::= TAG ANCHOR? | ANCHOR TAG?
+    # block_content     ::= block_collection | flow_collection | SCALAR
+    # flow_content      ::= flow_collection | SCALAR
+    # block_collection  ::= block_sequence | block_mapping
+    # flow_collection   ::= flow_sequence | flow_mapping
+
+    def parse_block_node(self):
+        return self.parse_node(block=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_node(self):
+        return self.parse_node()
+
+    def parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence(self):
+        return self.parse_node(block=True, indentless_sequence=True)
+
+    def parse_node(self, block=False, indentless_sequence=False):
+        if self.check_token(AliasToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            event = AliasEvent(token.value, token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            anchor = None
+            tag = None
+            start_mark = end_mark = tag_mark = None
+            if self.check_token(AnchorToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                start_mark = token.start_mark
+                end_mark = token.end_mark
+                anchor = token.value
+                if self.check_token(TagToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    tag_mark = token.start_mark
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    tag = token.value
+            elif self.check_token(TagToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                start_mark = tag_mark = token.start_mark
+                end_mark = token.end_mark
+                tag = token.value
+                if self.check_token(AnchorToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    anchor = token.value
+            if tag is not None:
+                handle, suffix = tag
+                if handle is not None:
+                    if handle not in self.tag_handles:
+                        raise ParserError("while parsing a node", start_mark,
+                                "found undefined tag handle %r" % handle,
+                                tag_mark)
+                    tag = self.tag_handles[handle]+suffix
+                else:
+                    tag = suffix
+            #if tag == '!':
+            #    raise ParserError("while parsing a node", start_mark,
+            #            "found non-specific tag '!'", tag_mark,
+            #            "Please check 'http://pyyaml.org/wiki/YAMLNonSpecificTag' and share your opinion.")
+            if start_mark is None:
+                start_mark = end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+            event = None
+            implicit = (tag is None or tag == '!')
+            if indentless_sequence and self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+                end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                        start_mark, end_mark)
+                self.state = self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry
+            else:
+                if self.check_token(ScalarToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    if (token.plain and tag is None) or tag == '!':
+                        implicit = (True, False)
+                    elif tag is None:
+                        implicit = (False, True)
+                    else:
+                        implicit = (False, False)
+                    event = ScalarEvent(anchor, tag, implicit, token.value,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, style=token.style)
+                    self.state = self.states.pop()
+                elif self.check_token(FlowSequenceStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                    event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=True)
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_first_entry
+                elif self.check_token(FlowMappingStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                    event = MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=True)
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_first_key
+                elif block and self.check_token(BlockSequenceStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+                    event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=False)
+                    self.state = self.parse_block_sequence_first_entry
+                elif block and self.check_token(BlockMappingStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+                    event = MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=False)
+                    self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_first_key
+                elif anchor is not None or tag is not None:
+                    # Empty scalars are allowed even if a tag or an anchor is
+                    # specified.
+                    event = ScalarEvent(anchor, tag, (implicit, False), '',
+                            start_mark, end_mark)
+                    self.state = self.states.pop()
+                else:
+                    if block:
+                        node = 'block'
+                    else:
+                        node = 'flow'
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a %s node" % node, start_mark,
+                            "expected the node content, but found %r" % token.id,
+                            token.start_mark)
+        return event
+
+    # block_sequence ::= BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)* BLOCK-END
+
+    def parse_block_sequence_first_entry(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_block_sequence_entry()
+
+    def parse_block_sequence_entry(self):
+        if self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(BlockEntryToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_block_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_sequence_entry
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        if not self.check_token(BlockEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            raise ParserError("while parsing a block collection", self.marks[-1],
+                    "expected <block end>, but found %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    # indentless_sequence ::= (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)+
+
+    def parse_indentless_sequence_entry(self):
+        if self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(BlockEntryToken,
+                    KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_block_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.start_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        return event
+
+    # block_mapping     ::= BLOCK-MAPPING_START
+    #                       ((KEY block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?
+    #                       (VALUE block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?)*
+    #                       BLOCK-END
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_first_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_block_mapping_key()
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_key(self):
+        if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_mapping_value)
+                return self.parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_value
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        if not self.check_token(BlockEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            raise ParserError("while parsing a block mapping", self.marks[-1],
+                    "expected <block end>, but found %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_mapping_key)
+                return self.parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_key
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_key
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    # flow_sequence     ::= FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+    #                       (flow_sequence_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+    #                       flow_sequence_entry?
+    #                       FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+    # flow_sequence_entry   ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+    #
+    # Note that while production rules for both flow_sequence_entry and
+    # flow_mapping_entry are equal, their interpretations are different.
+    # For `flow_sequence_entry`, the part `KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?`
+    # generate an inline mapping (set syntax).
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_first_entry(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_flow_sequence_entry(first=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry(self, first=False):
+        if not self.check_token(FlowSequenceEndToken):
+            if not first:
+                if self.check_token(FlowEntryToken):
+                    self.get_token()
+                else:
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a flow sequence", self.marks[-1],
+                            "expected ',' or ']', but got %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+            
+            if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+                token = self.peek_token()
+                event = MappingStartEvent(None, None, True,
+                        token.start_mark, token.end_mark,
+                        flow_style=True)
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_key
+                return event
+            elif not self.check_token(FlowSequenceEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        if not self.check_token(ValueToken,
+                FlowEntryToken, FlowSequenceEndToken):
+            self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value)
+            return self.parse_flow_node()
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(FlowEntryToken, FlowSequenceEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end(self):
+        self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        return MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.start_mark)
+
+    # flow_mapping  ::= FLOW-MAPPING-START
+    #                   (flow_mapping_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+    #                   flow_mapping_entry?
+    #                   FLOW-MAPPING-END
+    # flow_mapping_entry    ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_first_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_flow_mapping_key(first=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_key(self, first=False):
+        if not self.check_token(FlowMappingEndToken):
+            if not first:
+                if self.check_token(FlowEntryToken):
+                    self.get_token()
+                else:
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a flow mapping", self.marks[-1],
+                            "expected ',' or '}', but got %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+            if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                if not self.check_token(ValueToken,
+                        FlowEntryToken, FlowMappingEndToken):
+                    self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_value)
+                    return self.parse_flow_node()
+                else:
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_value
+                    return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+            elif not self.check_token(FlowMappingEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_empty_value)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(FlowEntryToken, FlowMappingEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_key)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_empty_value(self):
+        self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+        return self.process_empty_scalar(self.peek_token().start_mark)
+
+    def process_empty_scalar(self, mark):
+        return ScalarEvent(None, None, (True, False), '', mark, mark)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/reader.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f70e920f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# This module contains abstractions for the input stream. You don't have to
+# looks further, there are no pretty code.
+#
+# We define two classes here.
+#
+#   Mark(source, line, column)
+# It's just a record and its only use is producing nice error messages.
+# Parser does not use it for any other purposes.
+#
+#   Reader(source, data)
+# Reader determines the encoding of `data` and converts it to unicode.
+# Reader provides the following methods and attributes:
+#   reader.peek(length=1) - return the next `length` characters
+#   reader.forward(length=1) - move the current position to `length` characters.
+#   reader.index - the number of the current character.
+#   reader.line, stream.column - the line and the column of the current character.
+
+__all__ = ['Reader', 'ReaderError']
+
+from .error import YAMLError, Mark
+
+import codecs, re
+
+class ReaderError(YAMLError):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, position, character, encoding, reason):
+        self.name = name
+        self.character = character
+        self.position = position
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.reason = reason
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.character, bytes):
+            return "'%s' codec can't decode byte #x%02x: %s\n"  \
+                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+                    % (self.encoding, ord(self.character), self.reason,
+                            self.name, self.position)
+        else:
+            return "unacceptable character #x%04x: %s\n"    \
+                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+                    % (self.character, self.reason,
+                            self.name, self.position)
+
+class Reader(object):
+    # Reader:
+    # - determines the data encoding and converts it to a unicode string,
+    # - checks if characters are in allowed range,
+    # - adds '\0' to the end.
+
+    # Reader accepts
+    #  - a `bytes` object,
+    #  - a `str` object,
+    #  - a file-like object with its `read` method returning `str`,
+    #  - a file-like object with its `read` method returning `unicode`.
+
+    # Yeah, it's ugly and slow.
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self.name = None
+        self.stream = None
+        self.stream_pointer = 0
+        self.eof = True
+        self.buffer = ''
+        self.pointer = 0
+        self.raw_buffer = None
+        self.raw_decode = None
+        self.encoding = None
+        self.index = 0
+        self.line = 0
+        self.column = 0
+        if isinstance(stream, str):
+            self.name = "<unicode string>"
+            self.check_printable(stream)
+            self.buffer = stream+'\0'
+        elif isinstance(stream, bytes):
+            self.name = "<byte string>"
+            self.raw_buffer = stream
+            self.determine_encoding()
+        else:
+            self.stream = stream
+            self.name = getattr(stream, 'name', "<file>")
+            self.eof = False
+            self.raw_buffer = None
+            self.determine_encoding()
+
+    def peek(self, index=0):
+        try:
+            return self.buffer[self.pointer+index]
+        except IndexError:
+            self.update(index+1)
+            return self.buffer[self.pointer+index]
+
+    def prefix(self, length=1):
+        if self.pointer+length >= len(self.buffer):
+            self.update(length)
+        return self.buffer[self.pointer:self.pointer+length]
+
+    def forward(self, length=1):
+        if self.pointer+length+1 >= len(self.buffer):
+            self.update(length+1)
+        while length:
+            ch = self.buffer[self.pointer]
+            self.pointer += 1
+            self.index += 1
+            if ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029'  \
+                    or (ch == '\r' and self.buffer[self.pointer] != '\n'):
+                self.line += 1
+                self.column = 0
+            elif ch != '\uFEFF':
+                self.column += 1
+            length -= 1
+
+    def get_mark(self):
+        if self.stream is None:
+            return Mark(self.name, self.index, self.line, self.column,
+                    self.buffer, self.pointer)
+        else:
+            return Mark(self.name, self.index, self.line, self.column,
+                    None, None)
+
+    def determine_encoding(self):
+        while not self.eof and (self.raw_buffer is None or len(self.raw_buffer) < 2):
+            self.update_raw()
+        if isinstance(self.raw_buffer, bytes):
+            if self.raw_buffer.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE):
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_16_le_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-16-le'
+            elif self.raw_buffer.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_16_be_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-16-be'
+            else:
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_8_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-8'
+        self.update(1)
+
+    NON_PRINTABLE = re.compile('[^\x09\x0A\x0D\x20-\x7E\x85\xA0-\uD7FF\uE000-\uFFFD]')
+    def check_printable(self, data):
+        match = self.NON_PRINTABLE.search(data)
+        if match:
+            character = match.group()
+            position = self.index+(len(self.buffer)-self.pointer)+match.start()
+            raise ReaderError(self.name, position, ord(character),
+                    'unicode', "special characters are not allowed")
+
+    def update(self, length):
+        if self.raw_buffer is None:
+            return
+        self.buffer = self.buffer[self.pointer:]
+        self.pointer = 0
+        while len(self.buffer) < length:
+            if not self.eof:
+                self.update_raw()
+            if self.raw_decode is not None:
+                try:
+                    data, converted = self.raw_decode(self.raw_buffer,
+                            'strict', self.eof)
+                except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+                    character = self.raw_buffer[exc.start]
+                    if self.stream is not None:
+                        position = self.stream_pointer-len(self.raw_buffer)+exc.start
+                    else:
+                        position = exc.start
+                    raise ReaderError(self.name, position, character,
+                            exc.encoding, exc.reason)
+            else:
+                data = self.raw_buffer
+                converted = len(data)
+            self.check_printable(data)
+            self.buffer += data
+            self.raw_buffer = self.raw_buffer[converted:]
+            if self.eof:
+                self.buffer += '\0'
+                self.raw_buffer = None
+                break
+
+    def update_raw(self, size=4096):
+        data = self.stream.read(size)
+        if self.raw_buffer is None:
+            self.raw_buffer = data
+        else:
+            self.raw_buffer += data
+        self.stream_pointer += len(data)
+        if not data:
+            self.eof = True
+
+#try:
+#    import psyco
+#    psyco.bind(Reader)
+#except ImportError:
+#    pass
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/representer.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/representer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67cd6fd25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/representer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseRepresenter', 'SafeRepresenter', 'Representer',
+    'RepresenterError']
+
+from .error import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+import datetime, sys, copyreg, types, base64
+
+class RepresenterError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseRepresenter:
+
+    yaml_representers = {}
+    yaml_multi_representers = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, default_style=None, default_flow_style=None):
+        self.default_style = default_style
+        self.default_flow_style = default_flow_style
+        self.represented_objects = {}
+        self.object_keeper = []
+        self.alias_key = None
+
+    def represent(self, data):
+        node = self.represent_data(data)
+        self.serialize(node)
+        self.represented_objects = {}
+        self.object_keeper = []
+        self.alias_key = None
+
+    def represent_data(self, data):
+        if self.ignore_aliases(data):
+            self.alias_key = None
+        else:
+            self.alias_key = id(data)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            if self.alias_key in self.represented_objects:
+                node = self.represented_objects[self.alias_key]
+                #if node is None:
+                #    raise RepresenterError("recursive objects are not allowed: %r" % data)
+                return node
+            #self.represented_objects[alias_key] = None
+            self.object_keeper.append(data)
+        data_types = type(data).__mro__
+        if data_types[0] in self.yaml_representers:
+            node = self.yaml_representers[data_types[0]](self, data)
+        else:
+            for data_type in data_types:
+                if data_type in self.yaml_multi_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_multi_representers[data_type](self, data)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if None in self.yaml_multi_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_multi_representers[None](self, data)
+                elif None in self.yaml_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_representers[None](self, data)
+                else:
+                    node = ScalarNode(None, str(data))
+        #if alias_key is not None:
+        #    self.represented_objects[alias_key] = node
+        return node
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_representer(cls, data_type, representer):
+        if not 'yaml_representers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_representers = cls.yaml_representers.copy()
+        cls.yaml_representers[data_type] = representer
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_multi_representer(cls, data_type, representer):
+        if not 'yaml_multi_representers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_multi_representers = cls.yaml_multi_representers.copy()
+        cls.yaml_multi_representers[data_type] = representer
+
+    def represent_scalar(self, tag, value, style=None):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self.default_style
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, value, style=style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        return node
+
+    def represent_sequence(self, tag, sequence, flow_style=None):
+        value = []
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, value, flow_style=flow_style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        best_style = True
+        for item in sequence:
+            node_item = self.represent_data(item)
+            if not (isinstance(node_item, ScalarNode) and not node_item.style):
+                best_style = False
+            value.append(node_item)
+        if flow_style is None:
+            if self.default_flow_style is not None:
+                node.flow_style = self.default_flow_style
+            else:
+                node.flow_style = best_style
+        return node
+
+    def represent_mapping(self, tag, mapping, flow_style=None):
+        value = []
+        node = MappingNode(tag, value, flow_style=flow_style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        best_style = True
+        if hasattr(mapping, 'items'):
+            mapping = list(mapping.items())
+            try:
+                mapping = sorted(mapping)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+        for item_key, item_value in mapping:
+            node_key = self.represent_data(item_key)
+            node_value = self.represent_data(item_value)
+            if not (isinstance(node_key, ScalarNode) and not node_key.style):
+                best_style = False
+            if not (isinstance(node_value, ScalarNode) and not node_value.style):
+                best_style = False
+            value.append((node_key, node_value))
+        if flow_style is None:
+            if self.default_flow_style is not None:
+                node.flow_style = self.default_flow_style
+            else:
+                node.flow_style = best_style
+        return node
+
+    def ignore_aliases(self, data):
+        return False
+
+class SafeRepresenter(BaseRepresenter):
+
+    def ignore_aliases(self, data):
+        if data in [None, ()]:
+            return True
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes, bool, int, float)):
+            return True
+
+    def represent_none(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:null', 'null')
+
+    def represent_str(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:str', data)
+
+    def represent_binary(self, data):
+        if hasattr(base64, 'encodebytes'):
+            data = base64.encodebytes(data).decode('ascii')
+        else:
+            data = base64.encodestring(data).decode('ascii')
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:binary', data, style='|')
+
+    def represent_bool(self, data):
+        if data:
+            value = 'true'
+        else:
+            value = 'false'
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:bool', value)
+
+    def represent_int(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:int', str(data))
+
+    inf_value = 1e300
+    while repr(inf_value) != repr(inf_value*inf_value):
+        inf_value *= inf_value
+
+    def represent_float(self, data):
+        if data != data or (data == 0.0 and data == 1.0):
+            value = '.nan'
+        elif data == self.inf_value:
+            value = '.inf'
+        elif data == -self.inf_value:
+            value = '-.inf'
+        else:
+            value = repr(data).lower()
+            # Note that in some cases `repr(data)` represents a float number
+            # without the decimal parts.  For instance:
+            #   >>> repr(1e17)
+            #   '1e17'
+            # Unfortunately, this is not a valid float representation according
+            # to the definition of the `!!float` tag.  We fix this by adding
+            # '.0' before the 'e' symbol.
+            if '.' not in value and 'e' in value:
+                value = value.replace('e', '.0e', 1)
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:float', value)
+
+    def represent_list(self, data):
+        #pairs = (len(data) > 0 and isinstance(data, list))
+        #if pairs:
+        #    for item in data:
+        #        if not isinstance(item, tuple) or len(item) != 2:
+        #            pairs = False
+        #            break
+        #if not pairs:
+            return self.represent_sequence('tag:yaml.org,2002:seq', data)
+        #value = []
+        #for item_key, item_value in data:
+        #    value.append(self.represent_mapping(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:map',
+        #        [(item_key, item_value)]))
+        #return SequenceNode(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs', value)
+
+    def represent_dict(self, data):
+        return self.represent_mapping('tag:yaml.org,2002:map', data)
+
+    def represent_set(self, data):
+        value = {}
+        for key in data:
+            value[key] = None
+        return self.represent_mapping('tag:yaml.org,2002:set', value)
+
+    def represent_date(self, data):
+        value = data.isoformat()
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp', value)
+
+    def represent_datetime(self, data):
+        value = data.isoformat(' ')
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp', value)
+
+    def represent_yaml_object(self, tag, data, cls, flow_style=None):
+        if hasattr(data, '__getstate__'):
+            state = data.__getstate__()
+        else:
+            state = data.__dict__.copy()
+        return self.represent_mapping(tag, state, flow_style=flow_style)
+
+    def represent_undefined(self, data):
+        raise RepresenterError("cannot represent an object: %s" % data)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(type(None),
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_none)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(str,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_str)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(bytes,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_binary)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(bool,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_bool)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(int,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_int)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(float,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_float)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(list,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_list)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(tuple,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_list)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(dict,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_dict)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(set,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_set)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(datetime.date,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_date)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(datetime.datetime,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_datetime)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(None,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_undefined)
+
+class Representer(SafeRepresenter):
+
+    def represent_complex(self, data):
+        if data.imag == 0.0:
+            data = '%r' % data.real
+        elif data.real == 0.0:
+            data = '%rj' % data.imag
+        elif data.imag > 0:
+            data = '%r+%rj' % (data.real, data.imag)
+        else:
+            data = '%r%rj' % (data.real, data.imag)
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:python/complex', data)
+
+    def represent_tuple(self, data):
+        return self.represent_sequence('tag:yaml.org,2002:python/tuple', data)
+
+    def represent_name(self, data):
+        name = '%s.%s' % (data.__module__, data.__name__)
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:python/name:'+name, '')
+
+    def represent_module(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(
+                'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/module:'+data.__name__, '')
+
+    def represent_object(self, data):
+        # We use __reduce__ API to save the data. data.__reduce__ returns
+        # a tuple of length 2-5:
+        #   (function, args, state, listitems, dictitems)
+
+        # For reconstructing, we calls function(*args), then set its state,
+        # listitems, and dictitems if they are not None.
+
+        # A special case is when function.__name__ == '__newobj__'. In this
+        # case we create the object with args[0].__new__(*args).
+
+        # Another special case is when __reduce__ returns a string - we don't
+        # support it.
+
+        # We produce a !!python/object, !!python/object/new or
+        # !!python/object/apply node.
+
+        cls = type(data)
+        if cls in copyreg.dispatch_table:
+            reduce = copyreg.dispatch_table[cls](data)
+        elif hasattr(data, '__reduce_ex__'):
+            reduce = data.__reduce_ex__(2)
+        elif hasattr(data, '__reduce__'):
+            reduce = data.__reduce__()
+        else:
+            raise RepresenterError("cannot represent object: %r" % data)
+        reduce = (list(reduce)+[None]*5)[:5]
+        function, args, state, listitems, dictitems = reduce
+        args = list(args)
+        if state is None:
+            state = {}
+        if listitems is not None:
+            listitems = list(listitems)
+        if dictitems is not None:
+            dictitems = dict(dictitems)
+        if function.__name__ == '__newobj__':
+            function = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+            tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:'
+            newobj = True
+        else:
+            tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:'
+            newobj = False
+        function_name = '%s.%s' % (function.__module__, function.__name__)
+        if not args and not listitems and not dictitems \
+                and isinstance(state, dict) and newobj:
+            return self.represent_mapping(
+                    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:'+function_name, state)
+        if not listitems and not dictitems  \
+                and isinstance(state, dict) and not state:
+            return self.represent_sequence(tag+function_name, args)
+        value = {}
+        if args:
+            value['args'] = args
+        if state or not isinstance(state, dict):
+            value['state'] = state
+        if listitems:
+            value['listitems'] = listitems
+        if dictitems:
+            value['dictitems'] = dictitems
+        return self.represent_mapping(tag+function_name, value)
+
+Representer.add_representer(complex,
+        Representer.represent_complex)
+
+Representer.add_representer(tuple,
+        Representer.represent_tuple)
+
+Representer.add_representer(type,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.FunctionType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.BuiltinFunctionType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.ModuleType,
+        Representer.represent_module)
+
+Representer.add_multi_representer(object,
+        Representer.represent_object)
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/resolver.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/resolver.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0eece2582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/resolver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseResolver', 'Resolver']
+
+from .error import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+import re
+
+class ResolverError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseResolver:
+
+    DEFAULT_SCALAR_TAG = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+    DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TAG = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq'
+    DEFAULT_MAPPING_TAG = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:map'
+
+    yaml_implicit_resolvers = {}
+    yaml_path_resolvers = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.resolver_exact_paths = []
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths = []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_implicit_resolver(cls, tag, regexp, first):
+        if not 'yaml_implicit_resolvers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers = cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers.copy()
+        if first is None:
+            first = [None]
+        for ch in first:
+            cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers.setdefault(ch, []).append((tag, regexp))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_path_resolver(cls, tag, path, kind=None):
+        # Note: `add_path_resolver` is experimental.  The API could be changed.
+        # `new_path` is a pattern that is matched against the path from the
+        # root to the node that is being considered.  `node_path` elements are
+        # tuples `(node_check, index_check)`.  `node_check` is a node class:
+        # `ScalarNode`, `SequenceNode`, `MappingNode` or `None`.  `None`
+        # matches any kind of a node.  `index_check` could be `None`, a boolean
+        # value, a string value, or a number.  `None` and `False` match against
+        # any _value_ of sequence and mapping nodes.  `True` matches against
+        # any _key_ of a mapping node.  A string `index_check` matches against
+        # a mapping value that corresponds to a scalar key which content is
+        # equal to the `index_check` value.  An integer `index_check` matches
+        # against a sequence value with the index equal to `index_check`.
+        if not 'yaml_path_resolvers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_path_resolvers = cls.yaml_path_resolvers.copy()
+        new_path = []
+        for element in path:
+            if isinstance(element, (list, tuple)):
+                if len(element) == 2:
+                    node_check, index_check = element
+                elif len(element) == 1:
+                    node_check = element[0]
+                    index_check = True
+                else:
+                    raise ResolverError("Invalid path element: %s" % element)
+            else:
+                node_check = None
+                index_check = element
+            if node_check is str:
+                node_check = ScalarNode
+            elif node_check is list:
+                node_check = SequenceNode
+            elif node_check is dict:
+                node_check = MappingNode
+            elif node_check not in [ScalarNode, SequenceNode, MappingNode]  \
+                    and not isinstance(node_check, str) \
+                    and node_check is not None:
+                raise ResolverError("Invalid node checker: %s" % node_check)
+            if not isinstance(index_check, (str, int))  \
+                    and index_check is not None:
+                raise ResolverError("Invalid index checker: %s" % index_check)
+            new_path.append((node_check, index_check))
+        if kind is str:
+            kind = ScalarNode
+        elif kind is list:
+            kind = SequenceNode
+        elif kind is dict:
+            kind = MappingNode
+        elif kind not in [ScalarNode, SequenceNode, MappingNode]    \
+                and kind is not None:
+            raise ResolverError("Invalid node kind: %s" % kind)
+        cls.yaml_path_resolvers[tuple(new_path), kind] = tag
+
+    def descend_resolver(self, current_node, current_index):
+        if not self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            return
+        exact_paths = {}
+        prefix_paths = []
+        if current_node:
+            depth = len(self.resolver_prefix_paths)
+            for path, kind in self.resolver_prefix_paths[-1]:
+                if self.check_resolver_prefix(depth, path, kind,
+                        current_node, current_index):
+                    if len(path) > depth:
+                        prefix_paths.append((path, kind))
+                    else:
+                        exact_paths[kind] = self.yaml_path_resolvers[path, kind]
+        else:
+            for path, kind in self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+                if not path:
+                    exact_paths[kind] = self.yaml_path_resolvers[path, kind]
+                else:
+                    prefix_paths.append((path, kind))
+        self.resolver_exact_paths.append(exact_paths)
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths.append(prefix_paths)
+
+    def ascend_resolver(self):
+        if not self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            return
+        self.resolver_exact_paths.pop()
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths.pop()
+
+    def check_resolver_prefix(self, depth, path, kind,
+            current_node, current_index):
+        node_check, index_check = path[depth-1]
+        if isinstance(node_check, str):
+            if current_node.tag != node_check:
+                return
+        elif node_check is not None:
+            if not isinstance(current_node, node_check):
+                return
+        if index_check is True and current_index is not None:
+            return
+        if (index_check is False or index_check is None)    \
+                and current_index is None:
+            return
+        if isinstance(index_check, str):
+            if not (isinstance(current_index, ScalarNode)
+                    and index_check == current_index.value):
+                return
+        elif isinstance(index_check, int) and not isinstance(index_check, bool):
+            if index_check != current_index:
+                return
+        return True
+
+    def resolve(self, kind, value, implicit):
+        if kind is ScalarNode and implicit[0]:
+            if value == '':
+                resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get('', [])
+            else:
+                resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(value[0], [])
+            resolvers += self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(None, [])
+            for tag, regexp in resolvers:
+                if regexp.match(value):
+                    return tag
+            implicit = implicit[1]
+        if self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            exact_paths = self.resolver_exact_paths[-1]
+            if kind in exact_paths:
+                return exact_paths[kind]
+            if None in exact_paths:
+                return exact_paths[None]
+        if kind is ScalarNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_SCALAR_TAG
+        elif kind is SequenceNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TAG
+        elif kind is MappingNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_MAPPING_TAG
+
+class Resolver(BaseResolver):
+    pass
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:yes|Yes|YES|no|No|NO
+                    |true|True|TRUE|false|False|FALSE
+                    |on|On|ON|off|Off|OFF)$''', re.X),
+        list('yYnNtTfFoO'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:float',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:[-+]?(?:[0-9][0-9_]*)\.[0-9_]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?
+                    |\.[0-9_]+(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?
+                    |[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(?::[0-5]?[0-9])+\.[0-9_]*
+                    |[-+]?\.(?:inf|Inf|INF)
+                    |\.(?:nan|NaN|NAN))$''', re.X),
+        list('-+0123456789.'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:int',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:[-+]?0b[0-1_]+
+                    |[-+]?0[0-7_]+
+                    |[-+]?(?:0|[1-9][0-9_]*)
+                    |[-+]?0x[0-9a-fA-F_]+
+                    |[-+]?[1-9][0-9_]*(?::[0-5]?[0-9])+)$''', re.X),
+        list('-+0123456789'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge',
+        re.compile(r'^(?:<<)$'),
+        ['<'])
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?: ~
+                    |null|Null|NULL
+                    | )$''', re.X),
+        ['~', 'n', 'N', ''])
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]
+                    |[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9] -[0-9][0-9]? -[0-9][0-9]?
+                     (?:[Tt]|[ \t]+)[0-9][0-9]?
+                     :[0-9][0-9] :[0-9][0-9] (?:\.[0-9]*)?
+                     (?:[ \t]*(?:Z|[-+][0-9][0-9]?(?::[0-9][0-9])?))?)$''', re.X),
+        list('0123456789'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:value',
+        re.compile(r'^(?:=)$'),
+        ['='])
+
+# The following resolver is only for documentation purposes. It cannot work
+# because plain scalars cannot start with '!', '&', or '*'.
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:yaml',
+        re.compile(r'^(?:!|&|\*)$'),
+        list('!&*'))
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/scanner.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/scanner.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..494d975ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/scanner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1448 @@
+
+# Scanner produces tokens of the following types:
+# STREAM-START
+# STREAM-END
+# DIRECTIVE(name, value)
+# DOCUMENT-START
+# DOCUMENT-END
+# BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START
+# BLOCK-MAPPING-START
+# BLOCK-END
+# FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+# FLOW-MAPPING-START
+# FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+# FLOW-MAPPING-END
+# BLOCK-ENTRY
+# FLOW-ENTRY
+# KEY
+# VALUE
+# ALIAS(value)
+# ANCHOR(value)
+# TAG(value)
+# SCALAR(value, plain, style)
+#
+# Read comments in the Scanner code for more details.
+#
+
+__all__ = ['Scanner', 'ScannerError']
+
+from .error import MarkedYAMLError
+from .tokens import *
+
+class ScannerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class SimpleKey:
+    # See below simple keys treatment.
+
+    def __init__(self, token_number, required, index, line, column, mark):
+        self.token_number = token_number
+        self.required = required
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.mark = mark
+
+class Scanner:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the scanner."""
+        # It is assumed that Scanner and Reader will have a common descendant.
+        # Reader do the dirty work of checking for BOM and converting the
+        # input data to Unicode. It also adds NUL to the end.
+        #
+        # Reader supports the following methods
+        #   self.peek(i=0)       # peek the next i-th character
+        #   self.prefix(l=1)     # peek the next l characters
+        #   self.forward(l=1)    # read the next l characters and move the pointer.
+
+        # Had we reached the end of the stream?
+        self.done = False
+
+        # The number of unclosed '{' and '['. `flow_level == 0` means block
+        # context.
+        self.flow_level = 0
+
+        # List of processed tokens that are not yet emitted.
+        self.tokens = []
+
+        # Add the STREAM-START token.
+        self.fetch_stream_start()
+
+        # Number of tokens that were emitted through the `get_token` method.
+        self.tokens_taken = 0
+
+        # The current indentation level.
+        self.indent = -1
+
+        # Past indentation levels.
+        self.indents = []
+
+        # Variables related to simple keys treatment.
+
+        # A simple key is a key that is not denoted by the '?' indicator.
+        # Example of simple keys:
+        #   ---
+        #   block simple key: value
+        #   ? not a simple key:
+        #   : { flow simple key: value }
+        # We emit the KEY token before all keys, so when we find a potential
+        # simple key, we try to locate the corresponding ':' indicator.
+        # Simple keys should be limited to a single line and 1024 characters.
+
+        # Can a simple key start at the current position? A simple key may
+        # start:
+        # - at the beginning of the line, not counting indentation spaces
+        #       (in block context),
+        # - after '{', '[', ',' (in the flow context),
+        # - after '?', ':', '-' (in the block context).
+        # In the block context, this flag also signifies if a block collection
+        # may start at the current position.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Keep track of possible simple keys. This is a dictionary. The key
+        # is `flow_level`; there can be no more that one possible simple key
+        # for each level. The value is a SimpleKey record:
+        #   (token_number, required, index, line, column, mark)
+        # A simple key may start with ALIAS, ANCHOR, TAG, SCALAR(flow),
+        # '[', or '{' tokens.
+        self.possible_simple_keys = {}
+
+    # Public methods.
+
+    def check_token(self, *choices):
+        # Check if the next token is one of the given types.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            if not choices:
+                return True
+            for choice in choices:
+                if isinstance(self.tokens[0], choice):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def peek_token(self):
+        # Return the next token, but do not delete if from the queue.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            return self.tokens[0]
+
+    def get_token(self):
+        # Return the next token.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            self.tokens_taken += 1
+            return self.tokens.pop(0)
+
+    # Private methods.
+
+    def need_more_tokens(self):
+        if self.done:
+            return False
+        if not self.tokens:
+            return True
+        # The current token may be a potential simple key, so we
+        # need to look further.
+        self.stale_possible_simple_keys()
+        if self.next_possible_simple_key() == self.tokens_taken:
+            return True
+
+    def fetch_more_tokens(self):
+
+        # Eat whitespaces and comments until we reach the next token.
+        self.scan_to_next_token()
+
+        # Remove obsolete possible simple keys.
+        self.stale_possible_simple_keys()
+
+        # Compare the current indentation and column. It may add some tokens
+        # and decrease the current indentation level.
+        self.unwind_indent(self.column)
+
+        # Peek the next character.
+        ch = self.peek()
+
+        # Is it the end of stream?
+        if ch == '\0':
+            return self.fetch_stream_end()
+
+        # Is it a directive?
+        if ch == '%' and self.check_directive():
+            return self.fetch_directive()
+
+        # Is it the document start?
+        if ch == '-' and self.check_document_start():
+            return self.fetch_document_start()
+
+        # Is it the document end?
+        if ch == '.' and self.check_document_end():
+            return self.fetch_document_end()
+
+        # TODO: support for BOM within a stream.
+        #if ch == '\uFEFF':
+        #    return self.fetch_bom()    <-- issue BOMToken
+
+        # Note: the order of the following checks is NOT significant.
+
+        # Is it the flow sequence start indicator?
+        if ch == '[':
+            return self.fetch_flow_sequence_start()
+
+        # Is it the flow mapping start indicator?
+        if ch == '{':
+            return self.fetch_flow_mapping_start()
+
+        # Is it the flow sequence end indicator?
+        if ch == ']':
+            return self.fetch_flow_sequence_end()
+
+        # Is it the flow mapping end indicator?
+        if ch == '}':
+            return self.fetch_flow_mapping_end()
+
+        # Is it the flow entry indicator?
+        if ch == ',':
+            return self.fetch_flow_entry()
+
+        # Is it the block entry indicator?
+        if ch == '-' and self.check_block_entry():
+            return self.fetch_block_entry()
+
+        # Is it the key indicator?
+        if ch == '?' and self.check_key():
+            return self.fetch_key()
+
+        # Is it the value indicator?
+        if ch == ':' and self.check_value():
+            return self.fetch_value()
+
+        # Is it an alias?
+        if ch == '*':
+            return self.fetch_alias()
+
+        # Is it an anchor?
+        if ch == '&':
+            return self.fetch_anchor()
+
+        # Is it a tag?
+        if ch == '!':
+            return self.fetch_tag()
+
+        # Is it a literal scalar?
+        if ch == '|' and not self.flow_level:
+            return self.fetch_literal()
+
+        # Is it a folded scalar?
+        if ch == '>' and not self.flow_level:
+            return self.fetch_folded()
+
+        # Is it a single quoted scalar?
+        if ch == '\'':
+            return self.fetch_single()
+
+        # Is it a double quoted scalar?
+        if ch == '\"':
+            return self.fetch_double()
+
+        # It must be a plain scalar then.
+        if self.check_plain():
+            return self.fetch_plain()
+
+        # No? It's an error. Let's produce a nice error message.
+        raise ScannerError("while scanning for the next token", None,
+                "found character %r that cannot start any token" % ch,
+                self.get_mark())
+
+    # Simple keys treatment.
+
+    def next_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # Return the number of the nearest possible simple key. Actually we
+        # don't need to loop through the whole dictionary. We may replace it
+        # with the following code:
+        #   if not self.possible_simple_keys:
+        #       return None
+        #   return self.possible_simple_keys[
+        #           min(self.possible_simple_keys.keys())].token_number
+        min_token_number = None
+        for level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+            if min_token_number is None or key.token_number < min_token_number:
+                min_token_number = key.token_number
+        return min_token_number
+
+    def stale_possible_simple_keys(self):
+        # Remove entries that are no longer possible simple keys. According to
+        # the YAML specification, simple keys
+        # - should be limited to a single line,
+        # - should be no longer than 1024 characters.
+        # Disabling this procedure will allow simple keys of any length and
+        # height (may cause problems if indentation is broken though).
+        for level in list(self.possible_simple_keys):
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+            if key.line != self.line  \
+                    or self.index-key.index > 1024:
+                if key.required:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a simple key", key.mark,
+                            "could not found expected ':'", self.get_mark())
+                del self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+
+    def save_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # The next token may start a simple key. We check if it's possible
+        # and save its position. This function is called for
+        #   ALIAS, ANCHOR, TAG, SCALAR(flow), '[', and '{'.
+
+        # Check if a simple key is required at the current position.
+        required = not self.flow_level and self.indent == self.column
+
+        # A simple key is required only if it is the first token in the current
+        # line. Therefore it is always allowed.
+        assert self.allow_simple_key or not required
+
+        # The next token might be a simple key. Let's save it's number and
+        # position.
+        if self.allow_simple_key:
+            self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+            token_number = self.tokens_taken+len(self.tokens)
+            key = SimpleKey(token_number, required,
+                    self.index, self.line, self.column, self.get_mark())
+            self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level] = key
+
+    def remove_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # Remove the saved possible key position at the current flow level.
+        if self.flow_level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            
+            if key.required:
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a simple key", key.mark,
+                        "could not found expected ':'", self.get_mark())
+
+            del self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+
+    # Indentation functions.
+
+    def unwind_indent(self, column):
+
+        ## In flow context, tokens should respect indentation.
+        ## Actually the condition should be `self.indent >= column` according to
+        ## the spec. But this condition will prohibit intuitively correct
+        ## constructions such as
+        ## key : {
+        ## }
+        #if self.flow_level and self.indent > column:
+        #    raise ScannerError(None, None,
+        #            "invalid intendation or unclosed '[' or '{'",
+        #            self.get_mark())
+
+        # In the flow context, indentation is ignored. We make the scanner less
+        # restrictive then specification requires.
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return
+
+        # In block context, we may need to issue the BLOCK-END tokens.
+        while self.indent > column:
+            mark = self.get_mark()
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.tokens.append(BlockEndToken(mark, mark))
+
+    def add_indent(self, column):
+        # Check if we need to increase indentation.
+        if self.indent < column:
+            self.indents.append(self.indent)
+            self.indent = column
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    # Fetchers.
+
+    def fetch_stream_start(self):
+        # We always add STREAM-START as the first token and STREAM-END as the
+        # last token.
+
+        # Read the token.
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        
+        # Add STREAM-START.
+        self.tokens.append(StreamStartToken(mark, mark,
+            encoding=self.encoding))
+        
+
+    def fetch_stream_end(self):
+
+        # Set the current intendation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+        self.possible_simple_keys = {}
+
+        # Read the token.
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        
+        # Add STREAM-END.
+        self.tokens.append(StreamEndToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # The steam is finished.
+        self.done = True
+
+    def fetch_directive(self):
+        
+        # Set the current intendation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add DIRECTIVE.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_directive())
+
+    def fetch_document_start(self):
+        self.fetch_document_indicator(DocumentStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_document_end(self):
+        self.fetch_document_indicator(DocumentEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_document_indicator(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # Set the current intendation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys. Note that there could not be a block collection
+        # after '---'.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Add DOCUMENT-START or DOCUMENT-END.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward(3)
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_sequence_start(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_start(FlowSequenceStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_mapping_start(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_start(FlowMappingStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_collection_start(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # '[' and '{' may start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Increase the flow level.
+        self.flow_level += 1
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '[' and '{'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Add FLOW-SEQUENCE-START or FLOW-MAPPING-START.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_sequence_end(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_end(FlowSequenceEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_mapping_end(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_end(FlowMappingEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_collection_end(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Decrease the flow level.
+        self.flow_level -= 1
+
+        # No simple keys after ']' or '}'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Add FLOW-SEQUENCE-END or FLOW-MAPPING-END.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_entry(self):
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after ','.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add FLOW-ENTRY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(FlowEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_block_entry(self):
+
+        # Block context needs additional checks.
+        if not self.flow_level:
+
+            # Are we allowed to start a new entry?
+            if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                        "sequence entries are not allowed here",
+                        self.get_mark())
+
+            # We may need to add BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START.
+            if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                mark = self.get_mark()
+                self.tokens.append(BlockSequenceStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # It's an error for the block entry to occur in the flow context,
+        # but we let the parser detect this.
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '-'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add BLOCK-ENTRY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(BlockEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_key(self):
+        
+        # Block context needs additional checks.
+        if not self.flow_level:
+
+            # Are we allowed to start a key (not nessesary a simple)?
+            if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                        "mapping keys are not allowed here",
+                        self.get_mark())
+
+            # We may need to add BLOCK-MAPPING-START.
+            if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                mark = self.get_mark()
+                self.tokens.append(BlockMappingStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '?' in the block context.
+        self.allow_simple_key = not self.flow_level
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add KEY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(KeyToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_value(self):
+
+        # Do we determine a simple key?
+        if self.flow_level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+
+            # Add KEY.
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            del self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            self.tokens.insert(key.token_number-self.tokens_taken,
+                    KeyToken(key.mark, key.mark))
+
+            # If this key starts a new block mapping, we need to add
+            # BLOCK-MAPPING-START.
+            if not self.flow_level:
+                if self.add_indent(key.column):
+                    self.tokens.insert(key.token_number-self.tokens_taken,
+                            BlockMappingStartToken(key.mark, key.mark))
+
+            # There cannot be two simple keys one after another.
+            self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # It must be a part of a complex key.
+        else:
+            
+            # Block context needs additional checks.
+            # (Do we really need them? They will be catched by the parser
+            # anyway.)
+            if not self.flow_level:
+
+                # We are allowed to start a complex value if and only if
+                # we can start a simple key.
+                if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                    raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                            "mapping values are not allowed here",
+                            self.get_mark())
+
+            # If this value starts a new block mapping, we need to add
+            # BLOCK-MAPPING-START.  It will be detected as an error later by
+            # the parser.
+            if not self.flow_level:
+                if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                    mark = self.get_mark()
+                    self.tokens.append(BlockMappingStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+            # Simple keys are allowed after ':' in the block context.
+            self.allow_simple_key = not self.flow_level
+
+            # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+            self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add VALUE.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(ValueToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_alias(self):
+
+        # ALIAS could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after ALIAS.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add ALIAS.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_anchor(AliasToken))
+
+    def fetch_anchor(self):
+
+        # ANCHOR could start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after ANCHOR.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add ANCHOR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_anchor(AnchorToken))
+
+    def fetch_tag(self):
+
+        # TAG could start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after TAG.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add TAG.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_tag())
+
+    def fetch_literal(self):
+        self.fetch_block_scalar(style='|')
+
+    def fetch_folded(self):
+        self.fetch_block_scalar(style='>')
+
+    def fetch_block_scalar(self, style):
+
+        # A simple key may follow a block scalar.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_block_scalar(style))
+
+    def fetch_single(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_scalar(style='\'')
+
+    def fetch_double(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_scalar(style='"')
+
+    def fetch_flow_scalar(self, style):
+
+        # A flow scalar could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after flow scalars.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_flow_scalar(style))
+
+    def fetch_plain(self):
+
+        # A plain scalar could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after plain scalars. But note that `scan_plain` will
+        # change this flag if the scan is finished at the beginning of the
+        # line.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR. May change `allow_simple_key`.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_plain())
+
+    # Checkers.
+
+    def check_directive(self):
+
+        # DIRECTIVE:        ^ '%' ...
+        # The '%' indicator is already checked.
+        if self.column == 0:
+            return True
+
+    def check_document_start(self):
+
+        # DOCUMENT-START:   ^ '---' (' '|'\n')
+        if self.column == 0:
+            if self.prefix(3) == '---'  \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return True
+
+    def check_document_end(self):
+
+        # DOCUMENT-END:     ^ '...' (' '|'\n')
+        if self.column == 0:
+            if self.prefix(3) == '...'  \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return True
+
+    def check_block_entry(self):
+
+        # BLOCK-ENTRY:      '-' (' '|'\n')
+        return self.peek(1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_key(self):
+
+        # KEY(flow context):    '?'
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return True
+
+        # KEY(block context):   '?' (' '|'\n')
+        else:
+            return self.peek(1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_value(self):
+
+        # VALUE(flow context):  ':'
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return True
+
+        # VALUE(block context): ':' (' '|'\n')
+        else:
+            return self.peek(1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_plain(self):
+
+        # A plain scalar may start with any non-space character except:
+        #   '-', '?', ':', ',', '[', ']', '{', '}',
+        #   '#', '&', '*', '!', '|', '>', '\'', '\"',
+        #   '%', '@', '`'.
+        #
+        # It may also start with
+        #   '-', '?', ':'
+        # if it is followed by a non-space character.
+        #
+        # Note that we limit the last rule to the block context (except the
+        # '-' character) because we want the flow context to be space
+        # independent.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        return ch not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029-?:,[]{}#&*!|>\'\"%@`'  \
+                or (self.peek(1) not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+                        and (ch == '-' or (not self.flow_level and ch in '?:')))
+
+    # Scanners.
+
+    def scan_to_next_token(self):
+        # We ignore spaces, line breaks and comments.
+        # If we find a line break in the block context, we set the flag
+        # `allow_simple_key` on.
+        # The byte order mark is stripped if it's the first character in the
+        # stream. We do not yet support BOM inside the stream as the
+        # specification requires. Any such mark will be considered as a part
+        # of the document.
+        #
+        # TODO: We need to make tab handling rules more sane. A good rule is
+        #   Tabs cannot precede tokens
+        #   BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START, BLOCK-MAPPING-START, BLOCK-END,
+        #   KEY(block), VALUE(block), BLOCK-ENTRY
+        # So the checking code is
+        #   if <TAB>:
+        #       self.allow_simple_keys = False
+        # We also need to add the check for `allow_simple_keys == True` to
+        # `unwind_indent` before issuing BLOCK-END.
+        # Scanners for block, flow, and plain scalars need to be modified.
+
+        if self.index == 0 and self.peek() == '\uFEFF':
+            self.forward()
+        found = False
+        while not found:
+            while self.peek() == ' ':
+                self.forward()
+            if self.peek() == '#':
+                while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    self.forward()
+            if self.scan_line_break():
+                if not self.flow_level:
+                    self.allow_simple_key = True
+            else:
+                found = True
+
+    def scan_directive(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        name = self.scan_directive_name(start_mark)
+        value = None
+        if name == 'YAML':
+            value = self.scan_yaml_directive_value(start_mark)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        elif name == 'TAG':
+            value = self.scan_tag_directive_value(start_mark)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        else:
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        self.scan_directive_ignored_line(start_mark)
+        return DirectiveToken(name, value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_directive_name(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                or ch in '-_':
+            length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if not length:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_yaml_directive_value(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        major = self.scan_yaml_directive_number(start_mark)
+        if self.peek() != '.':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit or '.', but found %r" % self.peek(),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        self.forward()
+        minor = self.scan_yaml_directive_number(start_mark)
+        if self.peek() not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit or ' ', but found %r" % self.peek(),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        return (major, minor)
+
+    def scan_yaml_directive_number(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if not ('0' <= ch <= '9'):
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit, but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        length = 0
+        while '0' <= self.peek(length) <= '9':
+            length += 1
+        value = int(self.prefix(length))
+        self.forward(length)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_value(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        handle = self.scan_tag_directive_handle(start_mark)
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        prefix = self.scan_tag_directive_prefix(start_mark)
+        return (handle, prefix)
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_handle(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        value = self.scan_tag_handle('directive', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch != ' ':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_prefix(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        value = self.scan_tag_uri('directive', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_directive_ignored_line(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        if self.peek() == '#':
+            while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a comment or a line break, but found %r"
+                        % ch, self.get_mark())
+        self.scan_line_break()
+
+    def scan_anchor(self, TokenClass):
+        # The specification does not restrict characters for anchors and
+        # aliases. This may lead to problems, for instance, the document:
+        #   [ *alias, value ]
+        # can be interpteted in two ways, as
+        #   [ "value" ]
+        # and
+        #   [ *alias , "value" ]
+        # Therefore we restrict aliases to numbers and ASCII letters.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        indicator = self.peek()
+        if indicator == '*':
+            name = 'alias'
+        else:
+            name = 'anchor'
+        self.forward()
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                or ch in '-_':
+            length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if not length:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning an %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029?:,]}%@`':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning an %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return TokenClass(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_tag(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        ch = self.peek(1)
+        if ch == '<':
+            handle = None
+            self.forward(2)
+            suffix = self.scan_tag_uri('tag', start_mark)
+            if self.peek() != '>':
+                raise ScannerError("while parsing a tag", start_mark,
+                        "expected '>', but found %r" % self.peek(),
+                        self.get_mark())
+            self.forward()
+        elif ch in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            handle = None
+            suffix = '!'
+            self.forward()
+        else:
+            length = 1
+            use_handle = False
+            while ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if ch == '!':
+                    use_handle = True
+                    break
+                length += 1
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+            handle = '!'
+            if use_handle:
+                handle = self.scan_tag_handle('tag', start_mark)
+            else:
+                handle = '!'
+                self.forward()
+            suffix = self.scan_tag_uri('tag', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a tag", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        value = (handle, suffix)
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return TagToken(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_block_scalar(self, style):
+        # See the specification for details.
+
+        if style == '>':
+            folded = True
+        else:
+            folded = False
+
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+
+        # Scan the header.
+        self.forward()
+        chomping, increment = self.scan_block_scalar_indicators(start_mark)
+        self.scan_block_scalar_ignored_line(start_mark)
+
+        # Determine the indentation level and go to the first non-empty line.
+        min_indent = self.indent+1
+        if min_indent < 1:
+            min_indent = 1
+        if increment is None:
+            breaks, max_indent, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_indentation()
+            indent = max(min_indent, max_indent)
+        else:
+            indent = min_indent+increment-1
+            breaks, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_breaks(indent)
+        line_break = ''
+
+        # Scan the inner part of the block scalar.
+        while self.column == indent and self.peek() != '\0':
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+            leading_non_space = self.peek() not in ' \t'
+            length = 0
+            while self.peek(length) not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                length += 1
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            breaks, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_breaks(indent)
+            if self.column == indent and self.peek() != '\0':
+
+                # Unfortunately, folding rules are ambiguous.
+                #
+                # This is the folding according to the specification:
+                
+                if folded and line_break == '\n'    \
+                        and leading_non_space and self.peek() not in ' \t':
+                    if not breaks:
+                        chunks.append(' ')
+                else:
+                    chunks.append(line_break)
+                
+                # This is Clark Evans's interpretation (also in the spec
+                # examples):
+                #
+                #if folded and line_break == '\n':
+                #    if not breaks:
+                #        if self.peek() not in ' \t':
+                #            chunks.append(' ')
+                #        else:
+                #            chunks.append(line_break)
+                #else:
+                #    chunks.append(line_break)
+            else:
+                break
+
+        # Chomp the tail.
+        if chomping is not False:
+            chunks.append(line_break)
+        if chomping is True:
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+
+        # We are done.
+        return ScalarToken(''.join(chunks), False, start_mark, end_mark,
+                style)
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_indicators(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chomping = None
+        increment = None
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in '+-':
+            if ch == '+':
+                chomping = True
+            else:
+                chomping = False
+            self.forward()
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if ch in '0123456789':
+                increment = int(ch)
+                if increment == 0:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                            "expected indentation indicator in the range 1-9, but found 0",
+                            self.get_mark())
+                self.forward()
+        elif ch in '0123456789':
+            increment = int(ch)
+            if increment == 0:
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                        "expected indentation indicator in the range 1-9, but found 0",
+                        self.get_mark())
+            self.forward()
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if ch in '+-':
+                if ch == '+':
+                    chomping = True
+                else:
+                    chomping = False
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                    "expected chomping or indentation indicators, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return chomping, increment
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_ignored_line(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        if self.peek() == '#':
+            while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                    "expected a comment or a line break, but found %r" % ch,
+                    self.get_mark())
+        self.scan_line_break()
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_indentation(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        max_indent = 0
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.peek() in ' \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            if self.peek() != ' ':
+                chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+                end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            else:
+                self.forward()
+                if self.column > max_indent:
+                    max_indent = self.column
+        return chunks, max_indent, end_mark
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_breaks(self, indent):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.column < indent and self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        while self.peek() in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            while self.column < indent and self.peek() == ' ':
+                self.forward()
+        return chunks, end_mark
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar(self, style):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # Note that we loose indentation rules for quoted scalars. Quoted
+        # scalars don't need to adhere indentation because " and ' clearly
+        # mark the beginning and the end of them. Therefore we are less
+        # restrictive then the specification requires. We only need to check
+        # that document separators are not included in scalars.
+        if style == '"':
+            double = True
+        else:
+            double = False
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        quote = self.peek()
+        self.forward()
+        chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(double, start_mark))
+        while self.peek() != quote:
+            chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_spaces(double, start_mark))
+            chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(double, start_mark))
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return ScalarToken(''.join(chunks), False, start_mark, end_mark,
+                style)
+
+    ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+        '0':    '\0',
+        'a':    '\x07',
+        'b':    '\x08',
+        't':    '\x09',
+        '\t':   '\x09',
+        'n':    '\x0A',
+        'v':    '\x0B',
+        'f':    '\x0C',
+        'r':    '\x0D',
+        'e':    '\x1B',
+        ' ':    '\x20',
+        '\"':   '\"',
+        '\\':   '\\',
+        'N':    '\x85',
+        '_':    '\xA0',
+        'L':    '\u2028',
+        'P':    '\u2029',
+    }
+
+    ESCAPE_CODES = {
+        'x':    2,
+        'u':    4,
+        'U':    8,
+    }
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        while True:
+            length = 0
+            while self.peek(length) not in '\'\"\\\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                length += 1
+            if length:
+                chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+                self.forward(length)
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if not double and ch == '\'' and self.peek(1) == '\'':
+                chunks.append('\'')
+                self.forward(2)
+            elif (double and ch == '\'') or (not double and ch in '\"\\'):
+                chunks.append(ch)
+                self.forward()
+            elif double and ch == '\\':
+                self.forward()
+                ch = self.peek()
+                if ch in self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS:
+                    chunks.append(self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[ch])
+                    self.forward()
+                elif ch in self.ESCAPE_CODES:
+                    length = self.ESCAPE_CODES[ch]
+                    self.forward()
+                    for k in range(length):
+                        if self.peek(k) not in '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef':
+                            raise ScannerError("while scanning a double-quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                                    "expected escape sequence of %d hexdecimal numbers, but found %r" %
+                                        (length, self.peek(k)), self.get_mark())
+                    code = int(self.prefix(length), 16)
+                    chunks.append(chr(code))
+                    self.forward(length)
+                elif ch in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    self.scan_line_break()
+                    chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_breaks(double, start_mark))
+                else:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a double-quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                            "found unknown escape character %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+            else:
+                return chunks
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_spaces(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        while self.peek(length) in ' \t':
+            length += 1
+        whitespaces = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch == '\0':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                    "found unexpected end of stream", self.get_mark())
+        elif ch in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            breaks = self.scan_flow_scalar_breaks(double, start_mark)
+            if line_break != '\n':
+                chunks.append(line_break)
+            elif not breaks:
+                chunks.append(' ')
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+        else:
+            chunks.append(whitespaces)
+        return chunks
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_breaks(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        while True:
+            # Instead of checking indentation, we check for document
+            # separators.
+            prefix = self.prefix(3)
+            if (prefix == '---' or prefix == '...')   \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                        "found unexpected document separator", self.get_mark())
+            while self.peek() in ' \t':
+                self.forward()
+            if self.peek() in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+            else:
+                return chunks
+
+    def scan_plain(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # We add an additional restriction for the flow context:
+        #   plain scalars in the flow context cannot contain ',', ':' and '?'.
+        # We also keep track of the `allow_simple_key` flag here.
+        # Indentation rules are loosed for the flow context.
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        end_mark = start_mark
+        indent = self.indent+1
+        # We allow zero indentation for scalars, but then we need to check for
+        # document separators at the beginning of the line.
+        #if indent == 0:
+        #    indent = 1
+        spaces = []
+        while True:
+            length = 0
+            if self.peek() == '#':
+                break
+            while True:
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+                if ch in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'    \
+                        or (not self.flow_level and ch == ':' and
+                                self.peek(length+1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029') \
+                        or (self.flow_level and ch in ',:?[]{}'):
+                    break
+                length += 1
+            # It's not clear what we should do with ':' in the flow context.
+            if (self.flow_level and ch == ':'
+                    and self.peek(length+1) not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029,[]{}'):
+                self.forward(length)
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a plain scalar", start_mark,
+                    "found unexpected ':'", self.get_mark(),
+                    "Please check http://pyyaml.org/wiki/YAMLColonInFlowContext for details.")
+            if length == 0:
+                break
+            self.allow_simple_key = False
+            chunks.extend(spaces)
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            spaces = self.scan_plain_spaces(indent, start_mark)
+            if not spaces or self.peek() == '#' \
+                    or (not self.flow_level and self.column < indent):
+                break
+        return ScalarToken(''.join(chunks), True, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_plain_spaces(self, indent, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # The specification is really confusing about tabs in plain scalars.
+        # We just forbid them completely. Do not use tabs in YAML!
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        while self.peek(length) in ' ':
+            length += 1
+        whitespaces = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            self.allow_simple_key = True
+            prefix = self.prefix(3)
+            if (prefix == '---' or prefix == '...')   \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return
+            breaks = []
+            while self.peek() in ' \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if self.peek() == ' ':
+                    self.forward()
+                else:
+                    breaks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+                    prefix = self.prefix(3)
+                    if (prefix == '---' or prefix == '...')   \
+                            and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                        return
+            if line_break != '\n':
+                chunks.append(line_break)
+            elif not breaks:
+                chunks.append(' ')
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+        elif whitespaces:
+            chunks.append(whitespaces)
+        return chunks
+
+    def scan_tag_handle(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # For some strange reasons, the specification does not allow '_' in
+        # tag handles. I have allowed it anyway.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch != '!':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected '!', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        length = 1
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        if ch != ' ':
+            while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                    or ch in '-_':
+                length += 1
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+            if ch != '!':
+                self.forward(length)
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                        "expected '!', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+            length += 1
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_uri(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # Note: we do not check if URI is well-formed.
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                or ch in '-;/?:@&=+$,_.!~*\'()[]%':
+            if ch == '%':
+                chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+                self.forward(length)
+                length = 0
+                chunks.append(self.scan_uri_escapes(name, start_mark))
+            else:
+                length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if length:
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            length = 0
+        if not chunks:
+            raise ScannerError("while parsing a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected URI, but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return ''.join(chunks)
+
+    def scan_uri_escapes(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        codes = []
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.peek() == '%':
+            self.forward()
+            for k in range(2):
+                if self.peek(k) not in '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef':
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                            "expected URI escape sequence of 2 hexdecimal numbers, but found %r"
+                            % self.peek(k), self.get_mark())
+            codes.append(int(self.prefix(2), 16))
+            self.forward(2)
+        try:
+            value = bytes(codes).decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark, str(exc), mark)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_line_break(self):
+        # Transforms:
+        #   '\r\n'      :   '\n'
+        #   '\r'        :   '\n'
+        #   '\n'        :   '\n'
+        #   '\x85'      :   '\n'
+        #   '\u2028'    :   '\u2028'
+        #   '\u2029     :   '\u2029'
+        #   default     :   ''
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in '\r\n\x85':
+            if self.prefix(2) == '\r\n':
+                self.forward(2)
+            else:
+                self.forward()
+            return '\n'
+        elif ch in '\u2028\u2029':
+            self.forward()
+            return ch
+        return ''
+
+#try:
+#    import psyco
+#    psyco.bind(Scanner)
+#except ImportError:
+#    pass
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/serializer.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe911e67a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/serializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Serializer', 'SerializerError']
+
+from .error import YAMLError
+from .events import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+class SerializerError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Serializer:
+
+    ANCHOR_TEMPLATE = 'id%03d'
+
+    def __init__(self, encoding=None,
+            explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        self.use_encoding = encoding
+        self.use_explicit_start = explicit_start
+        self.use_explicit_end = explicit_end
+        self.use_version = version
+        self.use_tags = tags
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_anchor_id = 0
+        self.closed = None
+
+    def open(self):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            self.emit(StreamStartEvent(encoding=self.use_encoding))
+            self.closed = False
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+        else:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is already opened")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+        elif not self.closed:
+            self.emit(StreamEndEvent())
+            self.closed = True
+
+    #def __del__(self):
+    #    self.close()
+
+    def serialize(self, node):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+        self.emit(DocumentStartEvent(explicit=self.use_explicit_start,
+            version=self.use_version, tags=self.use_tags))
+        self.anchor_node(node)
+        self.serialize_node(node, None, None)
+        self.emit(DocumentEndEvent(explicit=self.use_explicit_end))
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_anchor_id = 0
+
+    def anchor_node(self, node):
+        if node in self.anchors:
+            if self.anchors[node] is None:
+                self.anchors[node] = self.generate_anchor(node)
+        else:
+            self.anchors[node] = None
+            if isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self.anchor_node(item)
+            elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self.anchor_node(key)
+                    self.anchor_node(value)
+
+    def generate_anchor(self, node):
+        self.last_anchor_id += 1
+        return self.ANCHOR_TEMPLATE % self.last_anchor_id
+
+    def serialize_node(self, node, parent, index):
+        alias = self.anchors[node]
+        if node in self.serialized_nodes:
+            self.emit(AliasEvent(alias))
+        else:
+            self.serialized_nodes[node] = True
+            self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+            if isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+                detected_tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (True, False))
+                default_tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (False, True))
+                implicit = (node.tag == detected_tag), (node.tag == default_tag)
+                self.emit(ScalarEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit, node.value,
+                    style=node.style))
+            elif isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                implicit = (node.tag
+                            == self.resolve(SequenceNode, node.value, True))
+                self.emit(SequenceStartEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit,
+                    flow_style=node.flow_style))
+                index = 0
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self.serialize_node(item, node, index)
+                    index += 1
+                self.emit(SequenceEndEvent())
+            elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                implicit = (node.tag
+                            == self.resolve(MappingNode, node.value, True))
+                self.emit(MappingStartEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit,
+                    flow_style=node.flow_style))
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self.serialize_node(key, node, None)
+                    self.serialize_node(value, node, key)
+                self.emit(MappingEndEvent())
+            self.ascend_resolver()
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/tokens.py b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/tokens.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d0b48a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/lib3/yaml/tokens.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+
+class Token(object):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attributes = [key for key in self.__dict__
+                if not key.endswith('_mark')]
+        attributes.sort()
+        arguments = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                for key in attributes])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, arguments)
+
+#class BOMToken(Token):
+#    id = '<byte order mark>'
+
+class DirectiveToken(Token):
+    id = '<directive>'
+    def __init__(self, name, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class DocumentStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<document start>'
+
+class DocumentEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<document end>'
+
+class StreamStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<stream start>'
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            encoding=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+class StreamEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<stream end>'
+
+class BlockSequenceStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<block sequence start>'
+
+class BlockMappingStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<block mapping start>'
+
+class BlockEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<block end>'
+
+class FlowSequenceStartToken(Token):
+    id = '['
+
+class FlowMappingStartToken(Token):
+    id = '{'
+
+class FlowSequenceEndToken(Token):
+    id = ']'
+
+class FlowMappingEndToken(Token):
+    id = '}'
+
+class KeyToken(Token):
+    id = '?'
+
+class ValueToken(Token):
+    id = ':'
+
+class BlockEntryToken(Token):
+    id = '-'
+
+class FlowEntryToken(Token):
+    id = ','
+
+class AliasToken(Token):
+    id = '<alias>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class AnchorToken(Token):
+    id = '<anchor>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class TagToken(Token):
+    id = '<tag>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class ScalarToken(Token):
+    id = '<scalar>'
+    def __init__(self, value, plain, start_mark, end_mark, style=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.plain = plain
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/setup.cfg b/python/pyyaml/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0239e45e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+
+# The INCLUDE and LIB directories to build the '_yaml' extension.
+# You may also set them using the options '-I' and '-L'.
+[build_ext]
+
+# List of directories to search for 'yaml.h' (separated by ':').
+#include_dirs=/usr/local/include:../../include
+
+# List of directories to search for 'libyaml.a' (separated by ':').
+#library_dirs=/usr/local/lib:../../lib
+
+# An alternative compiler to build the extention.
+#compiler=mingw32
+
+# Additional preprocessor definitions might be required.
+#define=YAML_DECLARE_STATIC
+
+# The following options are used to build PyYAML Windows installer
+# for Python 2.5 on my PC:
+#include_dirs=../../../libyaml/tags/0.1.4/include
+#library_dirs=../../../libyaml/tags/0.1.4/win32/vs2003/output/release/lib
+#define=YAML_DECLARE_STATIC
+
+# The following options are used to build PyYAML Windows installer
+# for Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.0, 3.1 and 3.2 on my PC:
+#include_dirs=../../../libyaml/tags/0.1.4/include
+#library_dirs=../../../libyaml/tags/0.1.4/win32/vs2008/output/release/lib
+#define=YAML_DECLARE_STATIC
+
diff --git a/python/pyyaml/setup.py b/python/pyyaml/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..727c3e06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyyaml/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+
+NAME = 'PyYAML'
+VERSION = '3.11'
+DESCRIPTION = "YAML parser and emitter for Python"
+LONG_DESCRIPTION = """\
+YAML is a data serialization format designed for human readability
+and interaction with scripting languages.  PyYAML is a YAML parser
+and emitter for Python.
+
+PyYAML features a complete YAML 1.1 parser, Unicode support, pickle
+support, capable extension API, and sensible error messages.  PyYAML
+supports standard YAML tags and provides Python-specific tags that
+allow to represent an arbitrary Python object.
+
+PyYAML is applicable for a broad range of tasks from complex
+configuration files to object serialization and persistance."""
+AUTHOR = "Kirill Simonov"
+AUTHOR_EMAIL = 'xi@resolvent.net'
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+PLATFORMS = "Any"
+URL = "http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAML"
+DOWNLOAD_URL = "http://pyyaml.org/download/pyyaml/%s-%s.tar.gz" % (NAME, VERSION)
+CLASSIFIERS = [
+    "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+    "Programming Language :: Python",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 2",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.5",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.0",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
+    "Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup",
+]
+
+
+LIBYAML_CHECK = """
+#include <yaml.h>
+
+int main(void) {
+    yaml_parser_t parser;
+    yaml_emitter_t emitter;
+
+    yaml_parser_initialize(&parser);
+    yaml_parser_delete(&parser);
+
+    yaml_emitter_initialize(&emitter);
+    yaml_emitter_delete(&emitter);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+"""
+
+
+import sys, os.path
+
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.core import setup, Command
+from distutils.core import Distribution as _Distribution
+from distutils.core import Extension as _Extension
+from distutils.dir_util import mkpath
+from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
+from distutils.command.bdist_rpm import bdist_rpm as _bdist_rpm
+from distutils.errors import CompileError, LinkError, DistutilsPlatformError
+
+if 'setuptools.extension' in sys.modules:
+    _Extension = sys.modules['setuptools.extension']._Extension
+    sys.modules['distutils.core'].Extension = _Extension
+    sys.modules['distutils.extension'].Extension = _Extension
+    sys.modules['distutils.command.build_ext'].Extension = _Extension
+
+with_pyrex = None
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    try:
+        from Cython.Distutils.extension import Extension as _Extension
+        from Cython.Distutils import build_ext as _build_ext
+        with_pyrex = 'cython'
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            # Pyrex cannot build _yaml.c at the moment,
+            # but it may get fixed eventually.
+            from Pyrex.Distutils import Extension as _Extension
+            from Pyrex.Distutils import build_ext as _build_ext
+            with_pyrex = 'pyrex'
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+
+class Distribution(_Distribution):
+
+    def __init__(self, attrs=None):
+        _Distribution.__init__(self, attrs)
+        if not self.ext_modules:
+            return
+        for idx in range(len(self.ext_modules)-1, -1, -1):
+            ext = self.ext_modules[idx]
+            if not isinstance(ext, Extension):
+                continue
+            setattr(self, ext.attr_name, None)
+            self.global_options = [
+                    (ext.option_name, None,
+                        "include %s (default if %s is available)"
+                        % (ext.feature_description, ext.feature_name)),
+                    (ext.neg_option_name, None,
+                        "exclude %s" % ext.feature_description),
+            ] + self.global_options
+            self.negative_opt = self.negative_opt.copy()
+            self.negative_opt[ext.neg_option_name] = ext.option_name
+
+    def has_ext_modules(self):
+        if not self.ext_modules:
+            return False
+        for ext in self.ext_modules:
+            with_ext = self.ext_status(ext)
+            if with_ext is None or with_ext:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def ext_status(self, ext):
+        if 'Java' in sys.version or 'IronPython' in sys.version or 'PyPy' in sys.version:
+            return False
+        if isinstance(ext, Extension):
+            with_ext = getattr(self, ext.attr_name)
+            return with_ext
+        else:
+            return True
+
+
+class Extension(_Extension):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, sources, feature_name, feature_description,
+            feature_check, **kwds):
+        if not with_pyrex:
+            for filename in sources[:]:
+                base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                if ext == '.pyx':
+                    sources.remove(filename)
+                    sources.append('%s.c' % base)
+        _Extension.__init__(self, name, sources, **kwds)
+        self.feature_name = feature_name
+        self.feature_description = feature_description
+        self.feature_check = feature_check
+        self.attr_name = 'with_' + feature_name.replace('-', '_')
+        self.option_name = 'with-' + feature_name
+        self.neg_option_name = 'without-' + feature_name
+
+
+class build_ext(_build_ext):
+
+    def run(self):
+        optional = True
+        disabled = True
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            with_ext = self.distribution.ext_status(ext)
+            if with_ext is None:
+                disabled = False
+            elif with_ext:
+                optional = False
+                disabled = False
+                break
+        if disabled:
+            return
+        try:
+            _build_ext.run(self)
+        except DistutilsPlatformError:
+            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            if optional:
+                log.warn(str(exc))
+                log.warn("skipping build_ext")
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def get_source_files(self):
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        filenames = []
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            if with_pyrex == 'pyrex':
+                self.pyrex_sources(ext.sources, ext)
+            elif with_pyrex == 'cython':
+                self.cython_sources(ext.sources, ext)
+            for filename in ext.sources:
+                filenames.append(filename)
+                base = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
+                for ext in ['c', 'h', 'pyx', 'pxd']:
+                    filename = '%s.%s' % (base, ext)
+                    if filename not in filenames and os.path.isfile(filename):
+                        filenames.append(filename)
+        return filenames
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        outputs = []
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+            filename = os.path.join(self.build_lib,
+                                    self.get_ext_filename(fullname))
+            if os.path.isfile(filename):
+                outputs.append(filename)
+        return outputs
+
+    def build_extensions(self):
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            with_ext = self.distribution.ext_status(ext)
+            if with_ext is None:
+                with_ext = self.check_extension_availability(ext)
+            if not with_ext:
+                continue
+            if with_pyrex == 'pyrex':
+                ext.sources = self.pyrex_sources(ext.sources, ext)
+            elif with_pyrex == 'cython':
+                ext.sources = self.cython_sources(ext.sources, ext)
+            self.build_extension(ext)
+
+    def check_extension_availability(self, ext):
+        cache = os.path.join(self.build_temp, 'check_%s.out' % ext.feature_name)
+        if not self.force and os.path.isfile(cache):
+            data = open(cache).read().strip()
+            if data == '1':
+                return True
+            elif data == '0':
+                return False
+        mkpath(self.build_temp)
+        src = os.path.join(self.build_temp, 'check_%s.c' % ext.feature_name)
+        open(src, 'w').write(ext.feature_check)
+        log.info("checking if %s is compilable" % ext.feature_name)
+        try:
+            [obj] = self.compiler.compile([src],
+                    macros=ext.define_macros+[(undef,) for undef in ext.undef_macros],
+                    include_dirs=ext.include_dirs,
+                    extra_postargs=(ext.extra_compile_args or []),
+                    depends=ext.depends)
+        except CompileError:
+            log.warn("")
+            log.warn("%s is not found or a compiler error: forcing --%s"
+                     % (ext.feature_name, ext.neg_option_name))
+            log.warn("(if %s is installed correctly, you may need to"
+                    % ext.feature_name)
+            log.warn(" specify the option --include-dirs or uncomment and")
+            log.warn(" modify the parameter include_dirs in setup.cfg)")
+            open(cache, 'w').write('0\n')
+            return False
+        prog = 'check_%s' % ext.feature_name
+        log.info("checking if %s is linkable" % ext.feature_name)
+        try:
+            self.compiler.link_executable([obj], prog,
+                    output_dir=self.build_temp,
+                    libraries=ext.libraries,
+                    library_dirs=ext.library_dirs,
+                    runtime_library_dirs=ext.runtime_library_dirs,
+                    extra_postargs=(ext.extra_link_args or []))
+        except LinkError:
+            log.warn("")
+            log.warn("%s is not found or a linker error: forcing --%s"
+                     % (ext.feature_name, ext.neg_option_name))
+            log.warn("(if %s is installed correctly, you may need to"
+                    % ext.feature_name)
+            log.warn(" specify the option --library-dirs or uncomment and")
+            log.warn(" modify the parameter library_dirs in setup.cfg)")
+            open(cache, 'w').write('0\n')
+            return False
+        open(cache, 'w').write('1\n')
+        return True
+
+
+class bdist_rpm(_bdist_rpm):
+
+    def _make_spec_file(self):
+        argv0 = sys.argv[0]
+        features = []
+        for ext in self.distribution.ext_modules:
+            if not isinstance(ext, Extension):
+                continue
+            with_ext = getattr(self.distribution, ext.attr_name)
+            if with_ext is None:
+                continue
+            if with_ext:
+                features.append('--'+ext.option_name)
+            else:
+                features.append('--'+ext.neg_option_name)
+        sys.argv[0] = ' '.join([argv0]+features)
+        spec_file = _bdist_rpm._make_spec_file(self)
+        sys.argv[0] = argv0
+        return spec_file
+
+
+class test(Command):
+
+    user_options = []
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        build_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+        build_cmd.run()
+        sys.path.insert(0, build_cmd.build_lib)
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            sys.path.insert(0, 'tests/lib')
+        else:
+            sys.path.insert(0, 'tests/lib3')
+        import test_all
+        test_all.main([])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    setup(
+        name=NAME,
+        version=VERSION,
+        description=DESCRIPTION,
+        long_description=LONG_DESCRIPTION,
+        author=AUTHOR,
+        author_email=AUTHOR_EMAIL,
+        license=LICENSE,
+        platforms=PLATFORMS,
+        url=URL,
+        download_url=DOWNLOAD_URL,
+        classifiers=CLASSIFIERS,
+
+        package_dir={'': {2: 'lib', 3: 'lib3'}[sys.version_info[0]]},
+        packages=['yaml'],
+        ext_modules=[
+            Extension('_yaml', ['ext/_yaml.pyx'],
+                'libyaml', "LibYAML bindings", LIBYAML_CHECK,
+                libraries=['yaml']),
+        ],
+
+        distclass=Distribution,
+
+        cmdclass={
+            'build_ext': build_ext,
+            'bdist_rpm': bdist_rpm,
+            'test': test,
+        },
+    )
+
diff --git a/python/redo/PKG-INFO b/python/redo/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f2f84d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/redo/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: redo
+Version: 1.6
+Summary: Utilities to retry Python callables.
+Home-page: https://github.com/bhearsum/redo
+Author: Ben Hearsum
+Author-email: ben@hearsum.ca
+License: UNKNOWN
+Description: UNKNOWN
+Platform: UNKNOWN
diff --git a/python/redo/README b/python/redo/README
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2247eb55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/redo/README
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Redo - Utilities to retry Python callables
+******************************************
+
+Redo provides various means to add seamless retriability to any Python callable. Redo includes a plain function (redo.retry), a decorator (redo.retriable), and a context manager (redo.retrying) to enable you to integrate it in the best possible way for your project. As a bonus, a standalone interface is also included ("retry"). For details and sample invocations have a look at the docstrings in redo/__init__.py.
diff --git a/python/redo/redo/__init__.py b/python/redo/redo/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a124eeaaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/redo/redo/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+# ***** END LICENSE BLOCK *****
+
+import time
+from functools import wraps
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import logging
+import random
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def retrier(attempts=5, sleeptime=10, max_sleeptime=300, sleepscale=1.5, jitter=1):
+    """
+    A generator function that sleeps between retries, handles exponential
+    backoff and jitter. The action you are retrying is meant to run after
+    retrier yields.
+
+    At each iteration, we sleep for sleeptime + random.randint(-jitter, jitter).
+    Afterwards sleeptime is multiplied by sleepscale for the next iteration.
+
+    Args:
+        attempts (int): maximum number of times to try; defaults to 5
+        sleeptime (float): how many seconds to sleep between tries; defaults to
+                           60s (one minute)
+        max_sleeptime (float): the longest we'll sleep, in seconds; defaults to
+                               300s (five minutes)
+        sleepscale (float): how much to multiply the sleep time by each
+                            iteration; defaults to 1.5
+        jitter (int): random jitter to introduce to sleep time each iteration.
+                      the amount is chosen at random between [-jitter, +jitter]
+                      defaults to 1
+
+    Yields:
+        None, a maximum of `attempts` number of times
+
+    Example:
+        >>> n = 0
+        >>> for _ in retrier(sleeptime=0, jitter=0):
+        ...     if n == 3:
+        ...         # We did the thing!
+        ...         break
+        ...     n += 1
+        >>> n
+        3
+
+        >>> n = 0
+        >>> for _ in retrier(sleeptime=0, jitter=0):
+        ...     if n == 6:
+        ...         # We did the thing!
+        ...         break
+        ...     n += 1
+        ... else:
+        ...     print("max tries hit")
+        max tries hit
+    """
+    jitter = jitter or 0  # py35 barfs on the next line if jitter is None
+    if jitter > sleeptime:
+        # To prevent negative sleep times
+        raise Exception('jitter ({}) must be less than sleep time ({})'.format(jitter, sleeptime))
+
+    sleeptime_real = sleeptime
+    for _ in range(attempts):
+        log.debug("attempt %i/%i", _ + 1, attempts)
+
+        yield sleeptime_real
+
+        if jitter:
+            sleeptime_real = sleeptime + random.randint(-jitter, jitter)
+            # our jitter should scale along with the sleeptime
+            jitter = int(jitter * sleepscale)
+        else:
+            sleeptime_real = sleeptime
+
+        sleeptime *= sleepscale
+
+        if sleeptime_real > max_sleeptime:
+            sleeptime_real = max_sleeptime
+
+        # Don't need to sleep the last time
+        if _ < attempts - 1:
+            log.debug("sleeping for %.2fs (attempt %i/%i)", sleeptime_real, _ + 1, attempts)
+            time.sleep(sleeptime_real)
+
+
+def retry(action, attempts=5, sleeptime=60, max_sleeptime=5 * 60,
+          sleepscale=1.5, jitter=1, retry_exceptions=(Exception,),
+          cleanup=None, args=(), kwargs={}):
+    """
+    Calls an action function until it succeeds, or we give up.
+
+    Args:
+        action (callable): the function to retry
+        attempts (int): maximum number of times to try; defaults to 5
+        sleeptime (float): how many seconds to sleep between tries; defaults to
+                           60s (one minute)
+        max_sleeptime (float): the longest we'll sleep, in seconds; defaults to
+                               300s (five minutes)
+        sleepscale (float): how much to multiply the sleep time by each
+                            iteration; defaults to 1.5
+        jitter (int): random jitter to introduce to sleep time each iteration.
+                      the amount is chosen at random between [-jitter, +jitter]
+                      defaults to 1
+        retry_exceptions (tuple): tuple of exceptions to be caught. If other
+                                  exceptions are raised by action(), then these
+                                  are immediately re-raised to the caller.
+        cleanup (callable): optional; called if one of `retry_exceptions` is
+                            caught. No arguments are passed to the cleanup
+                            function; if your cleanup requires arguments,
+                            consider using functools.partial or a lambda
+                            function.
+        args (tuple): positional arguments to call `action` with
+        kwargs (dict): keyword arguments to call `action` with
+
+    Returns:
+        Whatever action(*args, **kwargs) returns
+
+    Raises:
+        Whatever action(*args, **kwargs) raises. `retry_exceptions` are caught
+        up until the last attempt, in which case they are re-raised.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> count = 0
+        >>> def foo():
+        ...     global count
+        ...     count += 1
+        ...     print(count)
+        ...     if count < 3:
+        ...         raise ValueError("count is too small!")
+        ...     return "success!"
+        >>> retry(foo, sleeptime=0, jitter=0)
+        1
+        2
+        3
+        'success!'
+    """
+    assert callable(action)
+    assert not cleanup or callable(cleanup)
+
+    action_name = getattr(action, '__name__', action)
+    if args or kwargs:
+        log_attempt_format = ("retry: calling %s with args: %s,"
+                              " kwargs: %s, attempt #%%d"
+                              % (action_name, args, kwargs))
+    else:
+        log_attempt_format = ("retry: calling %s, attempt #%%d"
+                              % action_name)
+
+    if max_sleeptime < sleeptime:
+        log.debug("max_sleeptime %d less than sleeptime %d" % (
+            max_sleeptime, sleeptime))
+
+    n = 1
+    for _ in retrier(attempts=attempts, sleeptime=sleeptime,
+                     max_sleeptime=max_sleeptime, sleepscale=sleepscale,
+                     jitter=jitter):
+        try:
+            logfn = log.info if n != 1 else log.debug
+            logfn(log_attempt_format, n)
+            return action(*args, **kwargs)
+        except retry_exceptions:
+            log.debug("retry: Caught exception: ", exc_info=True)
+            if cleanup:
+                cleanup()
+            if n == attempts:
+                log.info("retry: Giving up on %s" % action_name)
+                raise
+            continue
+        finally:
+            n += 1
+
+
+def retriable(*retry_args, **retry_kwargs):
+    """
+    A decorator factory for retry(). Wrap your function in @retriable(...) to
+    give it retry powers!
+
+    Arguments:
+        Same as for `retry`, with the exception of `action`, `args`, and `kwargs`,
+        which are left to the normal function definition.
+
+    Returns:
+        A function decorator
+
+    Example:
+        >>> count = 0
+        >>> @retriable(sleeptime=0, jitter=0)
+        ... def foo():
+        ...     global count
+        ...     count += 1
+        ...     print(count)
+        ...     if count < 3:
+        ...         raise ValueError("count too small")
+        ...     return "success!"
+        >>> foo()
+        1
+        2
+        3
+        'success!'
+    """
+    def _retriable_factory(func):
+        @wraps(func)
+        def _retriable_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            return retry(func, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, *retry_args,
+                         **retry_kwargs)
+        return _retriable_wrapper
+    return _retriable_factory
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def retrying(func, *retry_args, **retry_kwargs):
+    """
+    A context manager for wrapping functions with retry functionality.
+
+    Arguments:
+        func (callable): the function to wrap
+        other arguments as per `retry`
+
+    Returns:
+        A context manager that returns retriable(func) on __enter__
+
+    Example:
+        >>> count = 0
+        >>> def foo():
+        ...     global count
+        ...     count += 1
+        ...     print(count)
+        ...     if count < 3:
+        ...         raise ValueError("count too small")
+        ...     return "success!"
+        >>> with retrying(foo, sleeptime=0, jitter=0) as f:
+        ...     f()
+        1
+        2
+        3
+        'success!'
+    """
+    yield retriable(*retry_args, **retry_kwargs)(func)
diff --git a/python/redo/redo/cmd.py b/python/redo/redo/cmd.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afd98e744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/redo/redo/cmd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+# License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
+# You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+# ***** END LICENSE BLOCK *****
+import logging
+from subprocess import check_call, CalledProcessError
+import sys
+
+from redo import retrying
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def main():
+    from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a", "--attempts", type=int, default=5,
+        help="How many times to retry.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-s", "--sleeptime", type=int, default=60,
+        help="How long to sleep between attempts. Sleeptime doubles after each attempt.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-m", "--max-sleeptime", type=int, default=5*60,
+        help="Maximum length of time to sleep between attempts (limits backoff length).")
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", default=False)
+    parser.add_argument("cmd", nargs="+", help="Command to run. Eg: wget http://blah")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.verbose:
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+        logging.getLogger("retry").setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    else:
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.ERROR)
+        logging.getLogger("retry").setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+
+    try:
+        with retrying(check_call, attempts=args.attempts, sleeptime=args.sleeptime,
+                      max_sleeptime=args.max_sleeptime,
+                      retry_exceptions=(CalledProcessError,)) as r_check_call:
+            r_check_call(args.cmd)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        sys.exit(-1)
+    except Exception as e:
+        log.error("Unable to run command after %d attempts" % args.attempts, exc_info=True)
+        rc = getattr(e, "returncode", -2)
+        sys.exit(rc)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/python/redo/setup.cfg b/python/redo/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c71b612d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/redo/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[wheel]
+universal = 1
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/redo/setup.py b/python/redo/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1e57d7f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/redo/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+
+
+setup(
+    name="redo",
+    version="1.6",
+    description="Utilities to retry Python callables.",
+    author="Ben Hearsum",
+    author_email="ben@hearsum.ca",
+    packages=["redo"],
+    entry_points={
+        "console_scripts": ["retry = redo.cmd:main"],
+    },
+    url="https://github.com/bhearsum/redo",
+)
diff --git a/python/requests/HISTORY.rst b/python/requests/HISTORY.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8c1a5454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/HISTORY.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,1130 @@
+.. :changelog:
+
+Release History
+---------------
+
+2.9.1 (2015-12-21)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Resolve regression introduced in 2.9.0 that made it impossible to send binary
+  strings as bodies in Python 3.
+- Fixed errors when calculating cookie expiration dates in certain locales.
+
+**Miscellaneous**
+
+- Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.13.1.
+
+2.9.0 (2015-12-15)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Minor Improvements** (Backwards compatible)
+
+- The ``verify`` keyword argument now supports being passed a path to a
+  directory of CA certificates, not just a single-file bundle.
+- Warnings are now emitted when sending files opened in text mode.
+- Added the 511 Network Authentication Required status code to the status code
+  registry.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- For file-like objects that are not seeked to the very beginning, we now
+  send the content length for the number of bytes we will actually read, rather
+  than the total size of the file, allowing partial file uploads.
+- When uploading file-like objects, if they are empty or have no obvious
+  content length we set ``Transfer-Encoding: chunked`` rather than
+  ``Content-Length: 0``.
+- We correctly receive the response in buffered mode when uploading chunked
+  bodies.
+- We now handle being passed a query string as a bytestring on Python 3, by
+  decoding it as UTF-8.
+- Sessions are now closed in all cases (exceptional and not) when using the
+  functional API rather than leaking and waiting for the garbage collector to
+  clean them up.
+- Correctly handle digest auth headers with a malformed ``qop`` directive that
+  contains no token, by treating it the same as if no ``qop`` directive was
+  provided at all.
+- Minor performance improvements when removing specific cookies by name.
+
+**Miscellaneous**
+
+- Updated urllib3 to 1.13.
+
+2.8.1 (2015-10-13)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Update certificate bundle to match ``certifi`` 2015.9.6.2's weak certificate
+  bundle.
+- Fix a bug in 2.8.0 where requests would raise ``ConnectTimeout`` instead of
+  ``ConnectionError``
+- When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly respect the
+  ``json`` parameter. Broken in 2.8.0.
+- When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly handle a
+  Unicode-string method name on Python 2. Broken in 2.8.0.
+
+2.8.0 (2015-10-05)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Minor Improvements** (Backwards Compatible)
+
+- Requests now supports per-host proxies. This allows the ``proxies``
+  dictionary to have entries of the form
+  ``{'<scheme>://<hostname>': '<proxy>'}``. Host-specific proxies will be used
+  in preference to the previously-supported scheme-specific ones, but the
+  previous syntax will continue to work.
+- ``Response.raise_for_status`` now prints the URL that failed as part of the
+  exception message.
+- ``requests.utils.get_netrc_auth`` now takes an ``raise_errors`` kwarg,
+  defaulting to ``False``. When ``True``, errors parsing ``.netrc`` files cause
+  exceptions to be thrown.
+- Change to bundled projects import logic to make it easier to unbundle
+  requests downstream.
+- Changed the default User-Agent string to avoid leaking data on Linux: now
+  contains only the requests version.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- The ``json`` parameter to ``post()`` and friends will now only be used if
+  neither ``data`` nor ``files`` are present, consistent with the
+  documentation.
+- We now ignore empty fields in the ``NO_PROXY`` environment variable.
+- Fixed problem where ``httplib.BadStatusLine`` would get raised if combining
+  ``stream=True`` with ``contextlib.closing``.
+- Prevented bugs where we would attempt to return the same connection back to
+  the connection pool twice when sending a Chunked body.
+- Miscellaneous minor internal changes.
+- Digest Auth support is now thread safe.
+
+**Updates**
+
+- Updated urllib3 to 1.12.
+
+2.7.0 (2015-05-03)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+This is the first release that follows our new release process. For more, see
+`our documentation
+<http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/release-process/>`_.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Updated urllib3 to 1.10.4, resolving several bugs involving chunked transfer
+  encoding and response framing.
+
+2.6.2 (2015-04-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Fix regression where compressed data that was sent as chunked data was not
+  properly decompressed. (#2561)
+
+2.6.1 (2015-04-22)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Remove VendorAlias import machinery introduced in v2.5.2.
+
+- Simplify the PreparedRequest.prepare API: We no longer require the user to
+  pass an empty list to the hooks keyword argument. (c.f. #2552)
+
+- Resolve redirects now receives and forwards all of the original arguments to
+  the adapter. (#2503)
+
+- Handle UnicodeDecodeErrors when trying to deal with a unicode URL that
+  cannot be encoded in ASCII. (#2540)
+
+- Populate the parsed path of the URI field when performing Digest
+  Authentication. (#2426)
+
+- Copy a PreparedRequest's CookieJar more reliably when it is not an instance
+  of RequestsCookieJar. (#2527)
+
+2.6.0 (2015-03-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- CVE-2015-2296: Fix handling of cookies on redirect. Previously a cookie
+  without a host value set would use the hostname for the redirected URL
+  exposing requests users to session fixation attacks and potentially cookie
+  stealing. This was disclosed privately by Matthew Daley of
+  `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com>`_. This affects all versions of requests from
+  v2.1.0 to v2.5.3 (inclusive on both ends).
+
+- Fix error when requests is an ``install_requires`` dependency and ``python
+  setup.py test`` is run. (#2462)
+
+- Fix error when urllib3 is unbundled and requests continues to use the
+  vendored import location.
+
+- Include fixes to ``urllib3``'s header handling.
+
+- Requests' handling of unvendored dependencies is now more restrictive.
+
+**Features and Improvements**
+
+- Support bytearrays when passed as parameters in the ``files`` argument.
+  (#2468)
+
+- Avoid data duplication when creating a request with ``str``, ``bytes``, or
+  ``bytearray`` input to the ``files`` argument.
+
+2.5.3 (2015-02-24)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Revert changes to our vendored certificate bundle. For more context see
+  (#2455, #2456, and http://bugs.python.org/issue23476)
+
+2.5.2 (2015-02-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Features and Improvements**
+
+- Add sha256 fingerprint support. (`shazow/urllib3#540`_)
+
+- Improve the performance of headers. (`shazow/urllib3#544`_)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Copy pip's import machinery. When downstream redistributors remove
+  requests.packages.urllib3 the import machinery will continue to let those
+  same symbols work. Example usage in requests' documentation and 3rd-party
+  libraries relying on the vendored copies of urllib3 will work without having
+  to fallback to the system urllib3.
+
+- Attempt to quote parts of the URL on redirect if unquoting and then quoting
+  fails. (#2356)
+
+- Fix filename type check for multipart form-data uploads. (#2411)
+
+- Properly handle the case where a server issuing digest authentication
+  challenges provides both auth and auth-int qop-values. (#2408)
+
+- Fix a socket leak. (`shazow/urllib3#549`_)
+
+- Fix multiple ``Set-Cookie`` headers properly. (`shazow/urllib3#534`_)
+
+- Disable the built-in hostname verification. (`shazow/urllib3#526`_)
+
+- Fix the behaviour of decoding an exhausted stream. (`shazow/urllib3#535`_)
+
+**Security**
+
+- Pulled in an updated ``cacert.pem``.
+
+- Drop RC4 from the default cipher list. (`shazow/urllib3#551`_)
+
+.. _shazow/urllib3#551: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/551
+.. _shazow/urllib3#549: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/549
+.. _shazow/urllib3#544: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/544
+.. _shazow/urllib3#540: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/540
+.. _shazow/urllib3#535: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/535
+.. _shazow/urllib3#534: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/534
+.. _shazow/urllib3#526: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/526
+
+2.5.1 (2014-12-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Behavioural Changes**
+
+- Only catch HTTPErrors in raise_for_status (#2382)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Handle LocationParseError from urllib3 (#2344)
+- Handle file-like object filenames that are not strings (#2379)
+- Unbreak HTTPDigestAuth handler. Allow new nonces to be negotiated (#2389)
+
+2.5.0 (2014-12-01)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- Allow usage of urllib3's Retry object with HTTPAdapters (#2216)
+- The ``iter_lines`` method on a response now accepts a delimiter with which
+  to split the content (#2295)
+
+**Behavioural Changes**
+
+- Add deprecation warnings to functions in requests.utils that will be removed
+  in 3.0 (#2309)
+- Sessions used by the functional API are always closed (#2326)
+- Restrict requests to HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 (stop accepting HTTP/0.9) (#2323)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Only parse the URL once (#2353)
+- Allow Content-Length header to always be overridden (#2332)
+- Properly handle files in HTTPDigestAuth (#2333)
+- Cap redirect_cache size to prevent memory abuse (#2299)
+- Fix HTTPDigestAuth handling of redirects after authenticating successfully
+  (#2253)
+- Fix crash with custom method parameter to Session.request (#2317)
+- Fix how Link headers are parsed using the regular expression library (#2271)
+
+**Documentation**
+
+- Add more references for interlinking (#2348)
+- Update CSS for theme (#2290)
+- Update width of buttons and sidebar (#2289)
+- Replace references of Gittip with Gratipay (#2282)
+- Add link to changelog in sidebar (#2273)
+
+2.4.3 (2014-10-06)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
+- Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
+- Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
+
+
+2.4.2 (2014-10-05)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
+- Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
+- Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
+
+**Documentation**
+
+- Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
+- Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
+- Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
+
+
+
+2.4.1 (2014-09-09)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
+- Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
+- Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
+- Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
+
+
+2.4.0 (2014-08-29)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Behavioral Changes**
+
+- ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
+- Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
+- Updated bundled urllib3 version.
+- Refactored settings loading from environment -- new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
+- Handle socket errors in iter_content.
+
+
+2.3.0 (2014-05-16)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**API Changes**
+
+- New ``Response`` property ``is_redirect``, which is true when the
+  library could have processed this response as a redirection (whether
+  or not it actually did).
+- The ``timeout`` parameter now affects requests with both ``stream=True`` and
+  ``stream=False`` equally.
+- The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
+  Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
+- The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
+  dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- No longer expose Authorization or Proxy-Authorization headers on redirect.
+  Fix CVE-2014-1829 and CVE-2014-1830 respectively.
+- Authorization is re-evaluated each redirect.
+- On redirect, pass url as native strings.
+- Fall-back to autodetected encoding for JSON when Unicode detection fails.
+- Headers set to ``None`` on the ``Session`` are now correctly not sent.
+- Correctly honor ``decode_unicode`` even if it wasn't used earlier in the same
+  response.
+- Stop advertising ``compress`` as a supported Content-Encoding.
+- The ``Response.history`` parameter is now always a list.
+- Many, many ``urllib3`` bugfixes.
+
+2.2.1 (2014-01-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Fixes incorrect parsing of proxy credentials that contain a literal or encoded '#' character.
+- Assorted urllib3 fixes.
+
+2.2.0 (2014-01-09)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**API Changes**
+
+- New exception: ``ContentDecodingError``. Raised instead of ``urllib3``
+  ``DecodeError`` exceptions.
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Avoid many many exceptions from the buggy implementation of ``proxy_bypass`` on OS X in Python 2.6.
+- Avoid crashing when attempting to get authentication credentials from ~/.netrc when running as a user without a home directory.
+- Use the correct pool size for pools of connections to proxies.
+- Fix iteration of ``CookieJar`` objects.
+- Ensure that cookies are persisted over redirect.
+- Switch back to using chardet, since it has merged with charade.
+
+2.1.0 (2013-12-05)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Updated CA Bundle, of course.
+- Cookies set on individual Requests through a ``Session`` (e.g. via ``Session.get()``) are no longer persisted to the ``Session``.
+- Clean up connections when we hit problems during chunked upload, rather than leaking them.
+- Return connections to the pool when a chunked upload is successful, rather than leaking it.
+- Match the HTTPbis recommendation for HTTP 301 redirects.
+- Prevent hanging when using streaming uploads and Digest Auth when a 401 is received.
+- Values of headers set by Requests are now always the native string type.
+- Fix previously broken SNI support.
+- Fix accessing HTTP proxies using proxy authentication.
+- Unencode HTTP Basic usernames and passwords extracted from URLs.
+- Support for IP address ranges for no_proxy environment variable
+- Parse headers correctly when users override the default ``Host:`` header.
+- Avoid munging the URL in case of case-sensitive servers.
+- Looser URL handling for non-HTTP/HTTPS urls.
+- Accept unicode methods in Python 2.6 and 2.7.
+- More resilient cookie handling.
+- Make ``Response`` objects pickleable.
+- Actually added MD5-sess to Digest Auth instead of pretending to like last time.
+- Updated internal urllib3.
+- Fixed @Lukasa's lack of taste.
+
+2.0.1 (2013-10-24)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Updated included CA Bundle with new mistrusts and automated process for the future
+- Added MD5-sess to Digest Auth
+- Accept per-file headers in multipart file POST messages.
+- Fixed: Don't send the full URL on CONNECT messages.
+- Fixed: Correctly lowercase a redirect scheme.
+- Fixed: Cookies not persisted when set via functional API.
+- Fixed: Translate urllib3 ProxyError into a requests ProxyError derived from ConnectionError.
+- Updated internal urllib3 and chardet.
+
+2.0.0 (2013-09-24)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**API Changes:**
+
+- Keys in the Headers dictionary are now native strings on all Python versions,
+  i.e. bytestrings on Python 2, unicode on Python 3.
+- Proxy URLs now *must* have an explicit scheme. A ``MissingSchema`` exception
+  will be raised if they don't.
+- Timeouts now apply to read time if ``Stream=False``.
+- ``RequestException`` is now a subclass of ``IOError``, not ``RuntimeError``.
+- Added new method to ``PreparedRequest`` objects: ``PreparedRequest.copy()``.
+- Added new method to ``Session`` objects: ``Session.update_request()``. This
+  method updates a ``Request`` object with the data (e.g. cookies) stored on
+  the ``Session``.
+- Added new method to ``Session`` objects: ``Session.prepare_request()``. This
+  method updates and prepares a ``Request`` object, and returns the
+  corresponding ``PreparedRequest`` object.
+- Added new method to ``HTTPAdapter`` objects: ``HTTPAdapter.proxy_headers()``.
+  This should not be called directly, but improves the subclass interface.
+- ``httplib.IncompleteRead`` exceptions caused by incorrect chunked encoding
+  will now raise a Requests ``ChunkedEncodingError`` instead.
+- Invalid percent-escape sequences now cause a Requests ``InvalidURL``
+  exception to be raised.
+- HTTP 208 no longer uses reason phrase ``"im_used"``. Correctly uses
+  ``"already_reported"``.
+- HTTP 226 reason added (``"im_used"``).
+
+**Bugfixes:**
+
+- Vastly improved proxy support, including the CONNECT verb. Special thanks to
+  the many contributors who worked towards this improvement.
+- Cookies are now properly managed when 401 authentication responses are
+  received.
+- Chunked encoding fixes.
+- Support for mixed case schemes.
+- Better handling of streaming downloads.
+- Retrieve environment proxies from more locations.
+- Minor cookies fixes.
+- Improved redirect behaviour.
+- Improved streaming behaviour, particularly for compressed data.
+- Miscellaneous small Python 3 text encoding bugs.
+- ``.netrc`` no longer overrides explicit auth.
+- Cookies set by hooks are now correctly persisted on Sessions.
+- Fix problem with cookies that specify port numbers in their host field.
+- ``BytesIO`` can be used to perform streaming uploads.
+- More generous parsing of the ``no_proxy`` environment variable.
+- Non-string objects can be passed in data values alongside files.
+
+1.2.3 (2013-05-25)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Simple packaging fix
+
+
+1.2.2 (2013-05-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Simple packaging fix
+
+
+1.2.1 (2013-05-20)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- 301 and 302 redirects now change the verb to GET for all verbs, not just
+  POST, improving browser compatibility.
+- Python 3.3.2 compatibility
+- Always percent-encode location headers
+- Fix connection adapter matching to be most-specific first
+- new argument to the default connection adapter for passing a block argument
+- prevent a KeyError when there's no link headers
+
+1.2.0 (2013-03-31)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Fixed cookies on sessions and on requests
+- Significantly change how hooks are dispatched - hooks now receive all the
+  arguments specified by the user when making a request so hooks can make a
+  secondary request with the same parameters. This is especially necessary for
+  authentication handler authors
+- certifi support was removed
+- Fixed bug where using OAuth 1 with body ``signature_type`` sent no data
+- Major proxy work thanks to @Lukasa including parsing of proxy authentication
+  from the proxy url
+- Fix DigestAuth handling too many 401s
+- Update vendored urllib3 to include SSL bug fixes
+- Allow keyword arguments to be passed to ``json.loads()`` via the
+  ``Response.json()`` method
+- Don't send ``Content-Length`` header by default on ``GET`` or ``HEAD``
+  requests
+- Add ``elapsed`` attribute to ``Response`` objects to time how long a request
+  took.
+- Fix ``RequestsCookieJar``
+- Sessions and Adapters are now picklable, i.e., can be used with the
+  multiprocessing library
+- Update charade to version 1.0.3
+
+The change in how hooks are dispatched will likely cause a great deal of
+issues.
+
+1.1.0 (2013-01-10)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- CHUNKED REQUESTS
+- Support for iterable response bodies
+- Assume servers persist redirect params
+- Allow explicit content types to be specified for file data
+- Make merge_kwargs case-insensitive when looking up keys
+
+1.0.3 (2012-12-18)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Fix file upload encoding bug
+- Fix cookie behavior
+
+1.0.2 (2012-12-17)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.
+
+1.0.1 (2012-12-17)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Cert verification exception bug.
+- Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.
+
+1.0.0 (2012-12-17)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Massive Refactor and Simplification
+- Switch to Apache 2.0 license
+- Swappable Connection Adapters
+- Mountable Connection Adapters
+- Mutable ProcessedRequest chain
+- /s/prefetch/stream
+- Removal of all configuration
+- Standard library logging
+- Make Response.json() callable, not property.
+- Usage of new charade project, which provides python 2 and 3 simultaneous chardet.
+- Removal of all hooks except 'response'
+- Removal of all authentication helpers (OAuth, Kerberos)
+
+This is not a backwards compatible change.
+
+0.14.2 (2012-10-27)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Improved mime-compatible JSON handling
+- Proxy fixes
+- Path hack fixes
+- Case-Insensitive Content-Encoding headers
+- Support for CJK parameters in form posts
+
+
+0.14.1 (2012-10-01)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Python 3.3 Compatibility
+- Simply default accept-encoding
+- Bugfixes
+
+
+0.14.0 (2012-09-02)
+++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- No more iter_content errors if already downloaded.
+
+0.13.9 (2012-08-25)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Fix for OAuth + POSTs
+- Remove exception eating from dispatch_hook
+- General bugfixes
+
+0.13.8 (2012-08-21)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Incredible Link header support :)
+
+0.13.7 (2012-08-19)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Support for (key, value) lists everywhere.
+- Digest Authentication improvements.
+- Ensure proxy exclusions work properly.
+- Clearer UnicodeError exceptions.
+- Automatic casting of URLs to strings (fURL and such)
+- Bugfixes.
+
+0.13.6 (2012-08-06)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Long awaited fix for hanging connections!
+
+0.13.5 (2012-07-27)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Packaging fix
+
+0.13.4 (2012-07-27)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- GSSAPI/Kerberos authentication!
+- App Engine 2.7 Fixes!
+- Fix leaking connections (from urllib3 update)
+- OAuthlib path hack fix
+- OAuthlib URL parameters fix.
+
+0.13.3 (2012-07-12)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Use simplejson if available.
+- Do not hide SSLErrors behind Timeouts.
+- Fixed param handling with urls containing fragments.
+- Significantly improved information in User Agent.
+- client certificates are ignored when verify=False
+
+0.13.2 (2012-06-28)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Zero dependencies (once again)!
+- New: Response.reason
+- Sign querystring parameters in OAuth 1.0
+- Client certificates no longer ignored when verify=False
+- Add openSUSE certificate support
+
+0.13.1 (2012-06-07)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Allow passing a file or file-like object as data.
+- Allow hooks to return responses that indicate errors.
+- Fix Response.text and Response.json for body-less responses.
+
+0.13.0 (2012-05-29)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Removal of Requests.async in favor of `grequests <https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests>`_
+- Allow disabling of cookie persistence.
+- New implementation of safe_mode
+- cookies.get now supports default argument
+- Session cookies not saved when Session.request is called with return_response=False
+- Env: no_proxy support.
+- RequestsCookieJar improvements.
+- Various bug fixes.
+
+0.12.1 (2012-05-08)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- New ``Response.json`` property.
+- Ability to add string file uploads.
+- Fix out-of-range issue with iter_lines.
+- Fix iter_content default size.
+- Fix POST redirects containing files.
+
+0.12.0 (2012-05-02)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- EXPERIMENTAL OAUTH SUPPORT!
+- Proper CookieJar-backed cookies interface with awesome dict-like interface.
+- Speed fix for non-iterated content chunks.
+- Move ``pre_request`` to a more usable place.
+- New ``pre_send`` hook.
+- Lazily encode data, params, files.
+- Load system Certificate Bundle if ``certify`` isn't available.
+- Cleanups, fixes.
+
+0.11.2 (2012-04-22)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Attempt to use the OS's certificate bundle if ``certifi`` isn't available.
+- Infinite digest auth redirect fix.
+- Multi-part file upload improvements.
+- Fix decoding of invalid %encodings in URLs.
+- If there is no content in a response don't throw an error the second time that content is attempted to be read.
+- Upload data on redirects.
+
+0.11.1 (2012-03-30)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* POST redirects now break RFC to do what browsers do: Follow up with a GET.
+* New ``strict_mode`` configuration to disable new redirect behavior.
+
+
+0.11.0 (2012-03-14)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Private SSL Certificate support
+* Remove select.poll from Gevent monkeypatching
+* Remove redundant generator for chunked transfer encoding
+* Fix: Response.ok raises Timeout Exception in safe_mode
+
+0.10.8 (2012-03-09)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Generate chunked ValueError fix
+* Proxy configuration by environment variables
+* Simplification of iter_lines.
+* New `trust_env` configuration for disabling system/environment hints.
+* Suppress cookie errors.
+
+0.10.7 (2012-03-07)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* `encode_uri` = False
+
+0.10.6 (2012-02-25)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Allow '=' in cookies.
+
+0.10.5 (2012-02-25)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Response body with 0 content-length fix.
+* New async.imap.
+* Don't fail on netrc.
+
+
+0.10.4 (2012-02-20)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Honor netrc.
+
+0.10.3 (2012-02-20)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* HEAD requests don't follow redirects anymore.
+* raise_for_status() doesn't raise for 3xx anymore.
+* Make Session objects picklable.
+* ValueError for invalid schema URLs.
+
+0.10.2 (2012-01-15)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Vastly improved URL quoting.
+* Additional allowed cookie key values.
+* Attempted fix for "Too many open files" Error
+* Replace unicode errors on first pass, no need for second pass.
+* Append '/' to bare-domain urls before query insertion.
+* Exceptions now inherit from RuntimeError.
+* Binary uploads + auth fix.
+* Bugfixes.
+
+
+0.10.1 (2012-01-23)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* PYTHON 3 SUPPORT!
+* Dropped 2.5 Support. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
+
+0.10.0 (2012-01-21)
++++++++++++++++++++
+
+* ``Response.content`` is now bytes-only. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
+* New ``Response.text`` is unicode-only.
+* If no ``Response.encoding`` is specified and ``chardet`` is available, ``Response.text`` will guess an encoding.
+* Default to ISO-8859-1 (Western) encoding for "text" subtypes.
+* Removal of `decode_unicode`. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
+* New multiple-hooks system.
+* New ``Response.register_hook`` for registering hooks within the pipeline.
+* ``Response.url`` is now Unicode.
+
+0.9.3 (2012-01-18)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* SSL verify=False bugfix (apparent on windows machines).
+
+0.9.2 (2012-01-18)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Asynchronous async.send method.
+* Support for proper chunk streams with boundaries.
+* session argument for Session classes.
+* Print entire hook tracebacks, not just exception instance.
+* Fix response.iter_lines from pending next line.
+* Fix but in HTTP-digest auth w/ URI having query strings.
+* Fix in Event Hooks section.
+* Urllib3 update.
+
+
+0.9.1 (2012-01-06)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* danger_mode for automatic Response.raise_for_status()
+* Response.iter_lines refactor
+
+0.9.0 (2011-12-28)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* verify ssl is default.
+
+
+0.8.9 (2011-12-28)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Packaging fix.
+
+
+0.8.8 (2011-12-28)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* SSL CERT VERIFICATION!
+* Release of Cerifi: Mozilla's cert list.
+* New 'verify' argument for SSL requests.
+* Urllib3 update.
+
+0.8.7 (2011-12-24)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* iter_lines last-line truncation fix
+* Force safe_mode for async requests
+* Handle safe_mode exceptions more consistently
+* Fix iteration on null responses in safe_mode
+
+0.8.6 (2011-12-18)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Socket timeout fixes.
+* Proxy Authorization support.
+
+0.8.5 (2011-12-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Response.iter_lines!
+
+0.8.4 (2011-12-11)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Prefetch bugfix.
+* Added license to installed version.
+
+0.8.3 (2011-11-27)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Converted auth system to use simpler callable objects.
+* New session parameter to API methods.
+* Display full URL while logging.
+
+0.8.2 (2011-11-19)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* New Unicode decoding system, based on over-ridable `Response.encoding`.
+* Proper URL slash-quote handling.
+* Cookies with ``[``, ``]``, and ``_`` allowed.
+
+0.8.1 (2011-11-15)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* URL Request path fix
+* Proxy fix.
+* Timeouts fix.
+
+0.8.0 (2011-11-13)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Keep-alive support!
+* Complete removal of Urllib2
+* Complete removal of Poster
+* Complete removal of CookieJars
+* New ConnectionError raising
+* Safe_mode for error catching
+* prefetch parameter for request methods
+* OPTION method
+* Async pool size throttling
+* File uploads send real names
+* Vendored in urllib3
+
+0.7.6 (2011-11-07)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Digest authentication bugfix (attach query data to path)
+
+0.7.5 (2011-11-04)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Response.content = None if there was an invalid response.
+* Redirection auth handling.
+
+0.7.4 (2011-10-26)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Session Hooks fix.
+
+0.7.3 (2011-10-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Digest Auth fix.
+
+
+0.7.2 (2011-10-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* PATCH Fix.
+
+
+0.7.1 (2011-10-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Move away from urllib2 authentication handling.
+* Fully Remove AuthManager, AuthObject, &c.
+* New tuple-based auth system with handler callbacks.
+
+
+0.7.0 (2011-10-22)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Sessions are now the primary interface.
+* Deprecated InvalidMethodException.
+* PATCH fix.
+* New config system (no more global settings).
+
+
+0.6.6 (2011-10-19)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Session parameter bugfix (params merging).
+
+
+0.6.5 (2011-10-18)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Offline (fast) test suite.
+* Session dictionary argument merging.
+
+
+0.6.4 (2011-10-13)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Automatic decoding of unicode, based on HTTP Headers.
+* New ``decode_unicode`` setting.
+* Removal of ``r.read/close`` methods.
+* New ``r.faw`` interface for advanced response usage.*
+* Automatic expansion of parameterized headers.
+
+
+0.6.3 (2011-10-13)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Beautiful ``requests.async`` module, for making async requests w/ gevent.
+
+
+0.6.2 (2011-10-09)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* GET/HEAD obeys allow_redirects=False.
+
+
+0.6.1 (2011-08-20)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Enhanced status codes experience ``\o/``
+* Set a maximum number of redirects (``settings.max_redirects``)
+* Full Unicode URL support
+* Support for protocol-less redirects.
+* Allow for arbitrary request types.
+* Bugfixes
+
+
+0.6.0 (2011-08-17)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* New callback hook system
+* New persistent sessions object and context manager
+* Transparent Dict-cookie handling
+* Status code reference object
+* Removed Response.cached
+* Added Response.request
+* All args are kwargs
+* Relative redirect support
+* HTTPError handling improvements
+* Improved https testing
+* Bugfixes
+
+
+0.5.1 (2011-07-23)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* International Domain Name Support!
+* Access headers without fetching entire body (``read()``)
+* Use lists as dicts for parameters
+* Add Forced Basic Authentication
+* Forced Basic is default authentication type
+* ``python-requests.org`` default User-Agent header
+* CaseInsensitiveDict lower-case caching
+* Response.history bugfix
+
+
+0.5.0 (2011-06-21)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* PATCH Support
+* Support for Proxies
+* HTTPBin Test Suite
+* Redirect Fixes
+* settings.verbose stream writing
+* Querystrings for all methods
+* URLErrors (Connection Refused, Timeout, Invalid URLs) are treated as explicitly raised
+  ``r.requests.get('hwe://blah'); r.raise_for_status()``
+
+
+0.4.1 (2011-05-22)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Improved Redirection Handling
+* New 'allow_redirects' param for following non-GET/HEAD Redirects
+* Settings module refactoring
+
+
+0.4.0 (2011-05-15)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Response.history: list of redirected responses
+* Case-Insensitive Header Dictionaries!
+* Unicode URLs
+
+
+0.3.4 (2011-05-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Urllib2 HTTPAuthentication Recursion fix (Basic/Digest)
+* Internal Refactor
+* Bytes data upload Bugfix
+
+
+
+0.3.3 (2011-05-12)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Request timeouts
+* Unicode url-encoded data
+* Settings context manager and module
+
+
+0.3.2 (2011-04-15)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Automatic Decompression of GZip Encoded Content
+* AutoAuth Support for Tupled HTTP Auth
+
+
+0.3.1 (2011-04-01)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Cookie Changes
+* Response.read()
+* Poster fix
+
+
+0.3.0 (2011-02-25)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Automatic Authentication API Change
+* Smarter Query URL Parameterization
+* Allow file uploads and POST data together
+* New Authentication Manager System
+    - Simpler Basic HTTP System
+    - Supports all build-in urllib2 Auths
+    - Allows for custom Auth Handlers
+
+
+0.2.4 (2011-02-19)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Python 2.5 Support
+* PyPy-c v1.4 Support
+* Auto-Authentication tests
+* Improved Request object constructor
+
+0.2.3 (2011-02-15)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* New HTTPHandling Methods
+    - Response.__nonzero__ (false if bad HTTP Status)
+    - Response.ok (True if expected HTTP Status)
+    - Response.error (Logged HTTPError if bad HTTP Status)
+    - Response.raise_for_status() (Raises stored HTTPError)
+
+
+0.2.2 (2011-02-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Still handles request in the event of an HTTPError. (Issue #2)
+* Eventlet and Gevent Monkeypatch support.
+* Cookie Support (Issue #1)
+
+
+0.2.1 (2011-02-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Added file attribute to POST and PUT requests for multipart-encode file uploads.
+* Added Request.url attribute for context and redirects
+
+
+0.2.0 (2011-02-14)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Birth!
+
+
+0.0.1 (2011-02-13)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+* Frustration
+* Conception
+
diff --git a/python/requests/LICENSE b/python/requests/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a103fc915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/python/requests/MANIFEST.in b/python/requests/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..439de496f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include README.rst LICENSE NOTICE HISTORY.rst test_requests.py requirements.txt requests/cacert.pem
diff --git a/python/requests/NOTICE b/python/requests/NOTICE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f583e47ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/NOTICE
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Requests includes some vendorized python libraries to ease installation.
+
+Urllib3 License
+===============
+
+This is the MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+Copyright 2008-2011 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt),
+Modifications copyright 2012 Kenneth Reitz.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+Chardet License
+===============
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+02110-1301  USA
+
+
+CA Bundle License
+=================
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
diff --git a/python/requests/PKG-INFO b/python/requests/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d75ebac87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,1238 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: requests
+Version: 2.9.1
+Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
+Home-page: http://python-requests.org
+Author: Kenneth Reitz
+Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
+License: Apache 2.0
+Description: Requests: HTTP for Humans
+        =========================
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg
+            :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+        
+        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/requests.svg
+                :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+        
+        
+        
+        
+        Requests is an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python, for human
+        beings.
+        
+        Most existing Python modules for sending HTTP requests are extremely
+        verbose and cumbersome. Python's builtin urllib2 module provides most of
+        the HTTP capabilities you should need, but the api is thoroughly broken.
+        It requires an enormous amount of work (even method overrides) to
+        perform the simplest of tasks.
+        
+        Things shouldn't be this way. Not in Python.
+        
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+            >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+            >>> r.status_code
+            204
+            >>> r.headers['content-type']
+            'application/json'
+            >>> r.text
+            ...
+        
+        See `the same code, without Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
+        
+        Requests allow you to send HTTP/1.1 requests. You can add headers, form data,
+        multipart files, and parameters with simple Python dictionaries, and access the
+        response data in the same way. It's powered by httplib and `urllib3
+        <https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_, but it does all the hard work and crazy
+        hacks for you.
+        
+        
+        Features
+        --------
+        
+        - International Domains and URLs
+        - Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
+        - Sessions with Cookie Persistence
+        - Browser-style SSL Verification
+        - Basic/Digest Authentication
+        - Elegant Key/Value Cookies
+        - Automatic Decompression
+        - Unicode Response Bodies
+        - Multipart File Uploads
+        - Connection Timeouts
+        - Thread-safety
+        - HTTP(S) proxy support
+        
+        
+        Installation
+        ------------
+        
+        To install Requests, simply:
+        
+        .. code-block:: bash
+        
+            $ pip install requests
+        
+        
+        Documentation
+        -------------
+        
+        Documentation is available at http://docs.python-requests.org/.
+        
+        
+        Contribute
+        ----------
+        
+        #. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.
+        #. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the **master** branch (or branch off of it).
+        #. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.
+        #. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.
+        
+        .. _`the repository`: http://github.com/kennethreitz/requests
+        .. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
+        .. _Contributor Friendly: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues?direction=desc&labels=Contributor+Friendly&page=1&sort=updated&state=open
+        
+        
+        .. :changelog:
+        
+        Release History
+        ---------------
+        
+        2.9.1 (2015-12-21)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Resolve regression introduced in 2.9.0 that made it impossible to send binary
+          strings as bodies in Python 3.
+        - Fixed errors when calculating cookie expiration dates in certain locales.
+        
+        **Miscellaneous**
+        
+        - Updated bundled urllib3 to 1.13.1.
+        
+        2.9.0 (2015-12-15)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Minor Improvements** (Backwards compatible)
+        
+        - The ``verify`` keyword argument now supports being passed a path to a
+          directory of CA certificates, not just a single-file bundle.
+        - Warnings are now emitted when sending files opened in text mode.
+        - Added the 511 Network Authentication Required status code to the status code
+          registry.
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - For file-like objects that are not seeked to the very beginning, we now
+          send the content length for the number of bytes we will actually read, rather
+          than the total size of the file, allowing partial file uploads.
+        - When uploading file-like objects, if they are empty or have no obvious
+          content length we set ``Transfer-Encoding: chunked`` rather than
+          ``Content-Length: 0``.
+        - We correctly receive the response in buffered mode when uploading chunked
+          bodies.
+        - We now handle being passed a query string as a bytestring on Python 3, by
+          decoding it as UTF-8.
+        - Sessions are now closed in all cases (exceptional and not) when using the
+          functional API rather than leaking and waiting for the garbage collector to
+          clean them up.
+        - Correctly handle digest auth headers with a malformed ``qop`` directive that
+          contains no token, by treating it the same as if no ``qop`` directive was
+          provided at all.
+        - Minor performance improvements when removing specific cookies by name.
+        
+        **Miscellaneous**
+        
+        - Updated urllib3 to 1.13.
+        
+        2.8.1 (2015-10-13)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Update certificate bundle to match ``certifi`` 2015.9.6.2's weak certificate
+          bundle.
+        - Fix a bug in 2.8.0 where requests would raise ``ConnectTimeout`` instead of
+          ``ConnectionError``
+        - When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly respect the
+          ``json`` parameter. Broken in 2.8.0.
+        - When using the PreparedRequest flow, requests will now correctly handle a
+          Unicode-string method name on Python 2. Broken in 2.8.0.
+        
+        2.8.0 (2015-10-05)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Minor Improvements** (Backwards Compatible)
+        
+        - Requests now supports per-host proxies. This allows the ``proxies``
+          dictionary to have entries of the form
+          ``{'<scheme>://<hostname>': '<proxy>'}``. Host-specific proxies will be used
+          in preference to the previously-supported scheme-specific ones, but the
+          previous syntax will continue to work.
+        - ``Response.raise_for_status`` now prints the URL that failed as part of the
+          exception message.
+        - ``requests.utils.get_netrc_auth`` now takes an ``raise_errors`` kwarg,
+          defaulting to ``False``. When ``True``, errors parsing ``.netrc`` files cause
+          exceptions to be thrown.
+        - Change to bundled projects import logic to make it easier to unbundle
+          requests downstream.
+        - Changed the default User-Agent string to avoid leaking data on Linux: now
+          contains only the requests version.
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - The ``json`` parameter to ``post()`` and friends will now only be used if
+          neither ``data`` nor ``files`` are present, consistent with the
+          documentation.
+        - We now ignore empty fields in the ``NO_PROXY`` environment variable.
+        - Fixed problem where ``httplib.BadStatusLine`` would get raised if combining
+          ``stream=True`` with ``contextlib.closing``.
+        - Prevented bugs where we would attempt to return the same connection back to
+          the connection pool twice when sending a Chunked body.
+        - Miscellaneous minor internal changes.
+        - Digest Auth support is now thread safe.
+        
+        **Updates**
+        
+        - Updated urllib3 to 1.12.
+        
+        2.7.0 (2015-05-03)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        This is the first release that follows our new release process. For more, see
+        `our documentation
+        <http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/community/release-process/>`_.
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Updated urllib3 to 1.10.4, resolving several bugs involving chunked transfer
+          encoding and response framing.
+        
+        2.6.2 (2015-04-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Fix regression where compressed data that was sent as chunked data was not
+          properly decompressed. (#2561)
+        
+        2.6.1 (2015-04-22)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Remove VendorAlias import machinery introduced in v2.5.2.
+        
+        - Simplify the PreparedRequest.prepare API: We no longer require the user to
+          pass an empty list to the hooks keyword argument. (c.f. #2552)
+        
+        - Resolve redirects now receives and forwards all of the original arguments to
+          the adapter. (#2503)
+        
+        - Handle UnicodeDecodeErrors when trying to deal with a unicode URL that
+          cannot be encoded in ASCII. (#2540)
+        
+        - Populate the parsed path of the URI field when performing Digest
+          Authentication. (#2426)
+        
+        - Copy a PreparedRequest's CookieJar more reliably when it is not an instance
+          of RequestsCookieJar. (#2527)
+        
+        2.6.0 (2015-03-14)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - CVE-2015-2296: Fix handling of cookies on redirect. Previously a cookie
+          without a host value set would use the hostname for the redirected URL
+          exposing requests users to session fixation attacks and potentially cookie
+          stealing. This was disclosed privately by Matthew Daley of
+          `BugFuzz <https://bugfuzz.com>`_. This affects all versions of requests from
+          v2.1.0 to v2.5.3 (inclusive on both ends).
+        
+        - Fix error when requests is an ``install_requires`` dependency and ``python
+          setup.py test`` is run. (#2462)
+        
+        - Fix error when urllib3 is unbundled and requests continues to use the
+          vendored import location.
+        
+        - Include fixes to ``urllib3``'s header handling.
+        
+        - Requests' handling of unvendored dependencies is now more restrictive.
+        
+        **Features and Improvements**
+        
+        - Support bytearrays when passed as parameters in the ``files`` argument.
+          (#2468)
+        
+        - Avoid data duplication when creating a request with ``str``, ``bytes``, or
+          ``bytearray`` input to the ``files`` argument.
+        
+        2.5.3 (2015-02-24)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Revert changes to our vendored certificate bundle. For more context see
+          (#2455, #2456, and http://bugs.python.org/issue23476)
+        
+        2.5.2 (2015-02-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Features and Improvements**
+        
+        - Add sha256 fingerprint support. (`shazow/urllib3#540`_)
+        
+        - Improve the performance of headers. (`shazow/urllib3#544`_)
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Copy pip's import machinery. When downstream redistributors remove
+          requests.packages.urllib3 the import machinery will continue to let those
+          same symbols work. Example usage in requests' documentation and 3rd-party
+          libraries relying on the vendored copies of urllib3 will work without having
+          to fallback to the system urllib3.
+        
+        - Attempt to quote parts of the URL on redirect if unquoting and then quoting
+          fails. (#2356)
+        
+        - Fix filename type check for multipart form-data uploads. (#2411)
+        
+        - Properly handle the case where a server issuing digest authentication
+          challenges provides both auth and auth-int qop-values. (#2408)
+        
+        - Fix a socket leak. (`shazow/urllib3#549`_)
+        
+        - Fix multiple ``Set-Cookie`` headers properly. (`shazow/urllib3#534`_)
+        
+        - Disable the built-in hostname verification. (`shazow/urllib3#526`_)
+        
+        - Fix the behaviour of decoding an exhausted stream. (`shazow/urllib3#535`_)
+        
+        **Security**
+        
+        - Pulled in an updated ``cacert.pem``.
+        
+        - Drop RC4 from the default cipher list. (`shazow/urllib3#551`_)
+        
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#551: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/551
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#549: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/549
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#544: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/544
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#540: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/540
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#535: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/535
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#534: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/534
+        .. _shazow/urllib3#526: https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/pull/526
+        
+        2.5.1 (2014-12-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Behavioural Changes**
+        
+        - Only catch HTTPErrors in raise_for_status (#2382)
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Handle LocationParseError from urllib3 (#2344)
+        - Handle file-like object filenames that are not strings (#2379)
+        - Unbreak HTTPDigestAuth handler. Allow new nonces to be negotiated (#2389)
+        
+        2.5.0 (2014-12-01)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - Allow usage of urllib3's Retry object with HTTPAdapters (#2216)
+        - The ``iter_lines`` method on a response now accepts a delimiter with which
+          to split the content (#2295)
+        
+        **Behavioural Changes**
+        
+        - Add deprecation warnings to functions in requests.utils that will be removed
+          in 3.0 (#2309)
+        - Sessions used by the functional API are always closed (#2326)
+        - Restrict requests to HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 (stop accepting HTTP/0.9) (#2323)
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Only parse the URL once (#2353)
+        - Allow Content-Length header to always be overridden (#2332)
+        - Properly handle files in HTTPDigestAuth (#2333)
+        - Cap redirect_cache size to prevent memory abuse (#2299)
+        - Fix HTTPDigestAuth handling of redirects after authenticating successfully
+          (#2253)
+        - Fix crash with custom method parameter to Session.request (#2317)
+        - Fix how Link headers are parsed using the regular expression library (#2271)
+        
+        **Documentation**
+        
+        - Add more references for interlinking (#2348)
+        - Update CSS for theme (#2290)
+        - Update width of buttons and sidebar (#2289)
+        - Replace references of Gittip with Gratipay (#2282)
+        - Add link to changelog in sidebar (#2273)
+        
+        2.4.3 (2014-10-06)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
+        - Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
+        - Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
+        
+        
+        2.4.2 (2014-10-05)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
+        - Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
+        - Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
+        
+        **Documentation**
+        
+        - Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
+        - Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
+        - Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
+        
+        
+        
+        2.4.1 (2014-09-09)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
+        - Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
+        - Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
+        - Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
+        
+        
+        2.4.0 (2014-08-29)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Behavioral Changes**
+        
+        - ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
+        - Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
+        - Updated bundled urllib3 version.
+        - Refactored settings loading from environment -- new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
+        - Handle socket errors in iter_content.
+        
+        
+        2.3.0 (2014-05-16)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **API Changes**
+        
+        - New ``Response`` property ``is_redirect``, which is true when the
+          library could have processed this response as a redirection (whether
+          or not it actually did).
+        - The ``timeout`` parameter now affects requests with both ``stream=True`` and
+          ``stream=False`` equally.
+        - The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
+          Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
+        - The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
+          dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - No longer expose Authorization or Proxy-Authorization headers on redirect.
+          Fix CVE-2014-1829 and CVE-2014-1830 respectively.
+        - Authorization is re-evaluated each redirect.
+        - On redirect, pass url as native strings.
+        - Fall-back to autodetected encoding for JSON when Unicode detection fails.
+        - Headers set to ``None`` on the ``Session`` are now correctly not sent.
+        - Correctly honor ``decode_unicode`` even if it wasn't used earlier in the same
+          response.
+        - Stop advertising ``compress`` as a supported Content-Encoding.
+        - The ``Response.history`` parameter is now always a list.
+        - Many, many ``urllib3`` bugfixes.
+        
+        2.2.1 (2014-01-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Fixes incorrect parsing of proxy credentials that contain a literal or encoded '#' character.
+        - Assorted urllib3 fixes.
+        
+        2.2.0 (2014-01-09)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **API Changes**
+        
+        - New exception: ``ContentDecodingError``. Raised instead of ``urllib3``
+          ``DecodeError`` exceptions.
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Avoid many many exceptions from the buggy implementation of ``proxy_bypass`` on OS X in Python 2.6.
+        - Avoid crashing when attempting to get authentication credentials from ~/.netrc when running as a user without a home directory.
+        - Use the correct pool size for pools of connections to proxies.
+        - Fix iteration of ``CookieJar`` objects.
+        - Ensure that cookies are persisted over redirect.
+        - Switch back to using chardet, since it has merged with charade.
+        
+        2.1.0 (2013-12-05)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Updated CA Bundle, of course.
+        - Cookies set on individual Requests through a ``Session`` (e.g. via ``Session.get()``) are no longer persisted to the ``Session``.
+        - Clean up connections when we hit problems during chunked upload, rather than leaking them.
+        - Return connections to the pool when a chunked upload is successful, rather than leaking it.
+        - Match the HTTPbis recommendation for HTTP 301 redirects.
+        - Prevent hanging when using streaming uploads and Digest Auth when a 401 is received.
+        - Values of headers set by Requests are now always the native string type.
+        - Fix previously broken SNI support.
+        - Fix accessing HTTP proxies using proxy authentication.
+        - Unencode HTTP Basic usernames and passwords extracted from URLs.
+        - Support for IP address ranges for no_proxy environment variable
+        - Parse headers correctly when users override the default ``Host:`` header.
+        - Avoid munging the URL in case of case-sensitive servers.
+        - Looser URL handling for non-HTTP/HTTPS urls.
+        - Accept unicode methods in Python 2.6 and 2.7.
+        - More resilient cookie handling.
+        - Make ``Response`` objects pickleable.
+        - Actually added MD5-sess to Digest Auth instead of pretending to like last time.
+        - Updated internal urllib3.
+        - Fixed @Lukasa's lack of taste.
+        
+        2.0.1 (2013-10-24)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Updated included CA Bundle with new mistrusts and automated process for the future
+        - Added MD5-sess to Digest Auth
+        - Accept per-file headers in multipart file POST messages.
+        - Fixed: Don't send the full URL on CONNECT messages.
+        - Fixed: Correctly lowercase a redirect scheme.
+        - Fixed: Cookies not persisted when set via functional API.
+        - Fixed: Translate urllib3 ProxyError into a requests ProxyError derived from ConnectionError.
+        - Updated internal urllib3 and chardet.
+        
+        2.0.0 (2013-09-24)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **API Changes:**
+        
+        - Keys in the Headers dictionary are now native strings on all Python versions,
+          i.e. bytestrings on Python 2, unicode on Python 3.
+        - Proxy URLs now *must* have an explicit scheme. A ``MissingSchema`` exception
+          will be raised if they don't.
+        - Timeouts now apply to read time if ``Stream=False``.
+        - ``RequestException`` is now a subclass of ``IOError``, not ``RuntimeError``.
+        - Added new method to ``PreparedRequest`` objects: ``PreparedRequest.copy()``.
+        - Added new method to ``Session`` objects: ``Session.update_request()``. This
+          method updates a ``Request`` object with the data (e.g. cookies) stored on
+          the ``Session``.
+        - Added new method to ``Session`` objects: ``Session.prepare_request()``. This
+          method updates and prepares a ``Request`` object, and returns the
+          corresponding ``PreparedRequest`` object.
+        - Added new method to ``HTTPAdapter`` objects: ``HTTPAdapter.proxy_headers()``.
+          This should not be called directly, but improves the subclass interface.
+        - ``httplib.IncompleteRead`` exceptions caused by incorrect chunked encoding
+          will now raise a Requests ``ChunkedEncodingError`` instead.
+        - Invalid percent-escape sequences now cause a Requests ``InvalidURL``
+          exception to be raised.
+        - HTTP 208 no longer uses reason phrase ``"im_used"``. Correctly uses
+          ``"already_reported"``.
+        - HTTP 226 reason added (``"im_used"``).
+        
+        **Bugfixes:**
+        
+        - Vastly improved proxy support, including the CONNECT verb. Special thanks to
+          the many contributors who worked towards this improvement.
+        - Cookies are now properly managed when 401 authentication responses are
+          received.
+        - Chunked encoding fixes.
+        - Support for mixed case schemes.
+        - Better handling of streaming downloads.
+        - Retrieve environment proxies from more locations.
+        - Minor cookies fixes.
+        - Improved redirect behaviour.
+        - Improved streaming behaviour, particularly for compressed data.
+        - Miscellaneous small Python 3 text encoding bugs.
+        - ``.netrc`` no longer overrides explicit auth.
+        - Cookies set by hooks are now correctly persisted on Sessions.
+        - Fix problem with cookies that specify port numbers in their host field.
+        - ``BytesIO`` can be used to perform streaming uploads.
+        - More generous parsing of the ``no_proxy`` environment variable.
+        - Non-string objects can be passed in data values alongside files.
+        
+        1.2.3 (2013-05-25)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Simple packaging fix
+        
+        
+        1.2.2 (2013-05-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Simple packaging fix
+        
+        
+        1.2.1 (2013-05-20)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - 301 and 302 redirects now change the verb to GET for all verbs, not just
+          POST, improving browser compatibility.
+        - Python 3.3.2 compatibility
+        - Always percent-encode location headers
+        - Fix connection adapter matching to be most-specific first
+        - new argument to the default connection adapter for passing a block argument
+        - prevent a KeyError when there's no link headers
+        
+        1.2.0 (2013-03-31)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Fixed cookies on sessions and on requests
+        - Significantly change how hooks are dispatched - hooks now receive all the
+          arguments specified by the user when making a request so hooks can make a
+          secondary request with the same parameters. This is especially necessary for
+          authentication handler authors
+        - certifi support was removed
+        - Fixed bug where using OAuth 1 with body ``signature_type`` sent no data
+        - Major proxy work thanks to @Lukasa including parsing of proxy authentication
+          from the proxy url
+        - Fix DigestAuth handling too many 401s
+        - Update vendored urllib3 to include SSL bug fixes
+        - Allow keyword arguments to be passed to ``json.loads()`` via the
+          ``Response.json()`` method
+        - Don't send ``Content-Length`` header by default on ``GET`` or ``HEAD``
+          requests
+        - Add ``elapsed`` attribute to ``Response`` objects to time how long a request
+          took.
+        - Fix ``RequestsCookieJar``
+        - Sessions and Adapters are now picklable, i.e., can be used with the
+          multiprocessing library
+        - Update charade to version 1.0.3
+        
+        The change in how hooks are dispatched will likely cause a great deal of
+        issues.
+        
+        1.1.0 (2013-01-10)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - CHUNKED REQUESTS
+        - Support for iterable response bodies
+        - Assume servers persist redirect params
+        - Allow explicit content types to be specified for file data
+        - Make merge_kwargs case-insensitive when looking up keys
+        
+        1.0.3 (2012-12-18)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Fix file upload encoding bug
+        - Fix cookie behavior
+        
+        1.0.2 (2012-12-17)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.
+        
+        1.0.1 (2012-12-17)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Cert verification exception bug.
+        - Proxy fix for HTTPAdapter.
+        
+        1.0.0 (2012-12-17)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Massive Refactor and Simplification
+        - Switch to Apache 2.0 license
+        - Swappable Connection Adapters
+        - Mountable Connection Adapters
+        - Mutable ProcessedRequest chain
+        - /s/prefetch/stream
+        - Removal of all configuration
+        - Standard library logging
+        - Make Response.json() callable, not property.
+        - Usage of new charade project, which provides python 2 and 3 simultaneous chardet.
+        - Removal of all hooks except 'response'
+        - Removal of all authentication helpers (OAuth, Kerberos)
+        
+        This is not a backwards compatible change.
+        
+        0.14.2 (2012-10-27)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Improved mime-compatible JSON handling
+        - Proxy fixes
+        - Path hack fixes
+        - Case-Insensitive Content-Encoding headers
+        - Support for CJK parameters in form posts
+        
+        
+        0.14.1 (2012-10-01)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Python 3.3 Compatibility
+        - Simply default accept-encoding
+        - Bugfixes
+        
+        
+        0.14.0 (2012-09-02)
+        ++++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - No more iter_content errors if already downloaded.
+        
+        0.13.9 (2012-08-25)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Fix for OAuth + POSTs
+        - Remove exception eating from dispatch_hook
+        - General bugfixes
+        
+        0.13.8 (2012-08-21)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Incredible Link header support :)
+        
+        0.13.7 (2012-08-19)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Support for (key, value) lists everywhere.
+        - Digest Authentication improvements.
+        - Ensure proxy exclusions work properly.
+        - Clearer UnicodeError exceptions.
+        - Automatic casting of URLs to strings (fURL and such)
+        - Bugfixes.
+        
+        0.13.6 (2012-08-06)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Long awaited fix for hanging connections!
+        
+        0.13.5 (2012-07-27)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Packaging fix
+        
+        0.13.4 (2012-07-27)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - GSSAPI/Kerberos authentication!
+        - App Engine 2.7 Fixes!
+        - Fix leaking connections (from urllib3 update)
+        - OAuthlib path hack fix
+        - OAuthlib URL parameters fix.
+        
+        0.13.3 (2012-07-12)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Use simplejson if available.
+        - Do not hide SSLErrors behind Timeouts.
+        - Fixed param handling with urls containing fragments.
+        - Significantly improved information in User Agent.
+        - client certificates are ignored when verify=False
+        
+        0.13.2 (2012-06-28)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Zero dependencies (once again)!
+        - New: Response.reason
+        - Sign querystring parameters in OAuth 1.0
+        - Client certificates no longer ignored when verify=False
+        - Add openSUSE certificate support
+        
+        0.13.1 (2012-06-07)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Allow passing a file or file-like object as data.
+        - Allow hooks to return responses that indicate errors.
+        - Fix Response.text and Response.json for body-less responses.
+        
+        0.13.0 (2012-05-29)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Removal of Requests.async in favor of `grequests <https://github.com/kennethreitz/grequests>`_
+        - Allow disabling of cookie persistence.
+        - New implementation of safe_mode
+        - cookies.get now supports default argument
+        - Session cookies not saved when Session.request is called with return_response=False
+        - Env: no_proxy support.
+        - RequestsCookieJar improvements.
+        - Various bug fixes.
+        
+        0.12.1 (2012-05-08)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - New ``Response.json`` property.
+        - Ability to add string file uploads.
+        - Fix out-of-range issue with iter_lines.
+        - Fix iter_content default size.
+        - Fix POST redirects containing files.
+        
+        0.12.0 (2012-05-02)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - EXPERIMENTAL OAUTH SUPPORT!
+        - Proper CookieJar-backed cookies interface with awesome dict-like interface.
+        - Speed fix for non-iterated content chunks.
+        - Move ``pre_request`` to a more usable place.
+        - New ``pre_send`` hook.
+        - Lazily encode data, params, files.
+        - Load system Certificate Bundle if ``certify`` isn't available.
+        - Cleanups, fixes.
+        
+        0.11.2 (2012-04-22)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Attempt to use the OS's certificate bundle if ``certifi`` isn't available.
+        - Infinite digest auth redirect fix.
+        - Multi-part file upload improvements.
+        - Fix decoding of invalid %encodings in URLs.
+        - If there is no content in a response don't throw an error the second time that content is attempted to be read.
+        - Upload data on redirects.
+        
+        0.11.1 (2012-03-30)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * POST redirects now break RFC to do what browsers do: Follow up with a GET.
+        * New ``strict_mode`` configuration to disable new redirect behavior.
+        
+        
+        0.11.0 (2012-03-14)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Private SSL Certificate support
+        * Remove select.poll from Gevent monkeypatching
+        * Remove redundant generator for chunked transfer encoding
+        * Fix: Response.ok raises Timeout Exception in safe_mode
+        
+        0.10.8 (2012-03-09)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Generate chunked ValueError fix
+        * Proxy configuration by environment variables
+        * Simplification of iter_lines.
+        * New `trust_env` configuration for disabling system/environment hints.
+        * Suppress cookie errors.
+        
+        0.10.7 (2012-03-07)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * `encode_uri` = False
+        
+        0.10.6 (2012-02-25)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Allow '=' in cookies.
+        
+        0.10.5 (2012-02-25)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Response body with 0 content-length fix.
+        * New async.imap.
+        * Don't fail on netrc.
+        
+        
+        0.10.4 (2012-02-20)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Honor netrc.
+        
+        0.10.3 (2012-02-20)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * HEAD requests don't follow redirects anymore.
+        * raise_for_status() doesn't raise for 3xx anymore.
+        * Make Session objects picklable.
+        * ValueError for invalid schema URLs.
+        
+        0.10.2 (2012-01-15)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Vastly improved URL quoting.
+        * Additional allowed cookie key values.
+        * Attempted fix for "Too many open files" Error
+        * Replace unicode errors on first pass, no need for second pass.
+        * Append '/' to bare-domain urls before query insertion.
+        * Exceptions now inherit from RuntimeError.
+        * Binary uploads + auth fix.
+        * Bugfixes.
+        
+        
+        0.10.1 (2012-01-23)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * PYTHON 3 SUPPORT!
+        * Dropped 2.5 Support. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
+        
+        0.10.0 (2012-01-21)
+        +++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * ``Response.content`` is now bytes-only. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
+        * New ``Response.text`` is unicode-only.
+        * If no ``Response.encoding`` is specified and ``chardet`` is available, ``Response.text`` will guess an encoding.
+        * Default to ISO-8859-1 (Western) encoding for "text" subtypes.
+        * Removal of `decode_unicode`. (*Backwards Incompatible*)
+        * New multiple-hooks system.
+        * New ``Response.register_hook`` for registering hooks within the pipeline.
+        * ``Response.url`` is now Unicode.
+        
+        0.9.3 (2012-01-18)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * SSL verify=False bugfix (apparent on windows machines).
+        
+        0.9.2 (2012-01-18)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Asynchronous async.send method.
+        * Support for proper chunk streams with boundaries.
+        * session argument for Session classes.
+        * Print entire hook tracebacks, not just exception instance.
+        * Fix response.iter_lines from pending next line.
+        * Fix but in HTTP-digest auth w/ URI having query strings.
+        * Fix in Event Hooks section.
+        * Urllib3 update.
+        
+        
+        0.9.1 (2012-01-06)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * danger_mode for automatic Response.raise_for_status()
+        * Response.iter_lines refactor
+        
+        0.9.0 (2011-12-28)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * verify ssl is default.
+        
+        
+        0.8.9 (2011-12-28)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Packaging fix.
+        
+        
+        0.8.8 (2011-12-28)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * SSL CERT VERIFICATION!
+        * Release of Cerifi: Mozilla's cert list.
+        * New 'verify' argument for SSL requests.
+        * Urllib3 update.
+        
+        0.8.7 (2011-12-24)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * iter_lines last-line truncation fix
+        * Force safe_mode for async requests
+        * Handle safe_mode exceptions more consistently
+        * Fix iteration on null responses in safe_mode
+        
+        0.8.6 (2011-12-18)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Socket timeout fixes.
+        * Proxy Authorization support.
+        
+        0.8.5 (2011-12-14)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Response.iter_lines!
+        
+        0.8.4 (2011-12-11)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Prefetch bugfix.
+        * Added license to installed version.
+        
+        0.8.3 (2011-11-27)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Converted auth system to use simpler callable objects.
+        * New session parameter to API methods.
+        * Display full URL while logging.
+        
+        0.8.2 (2011-11-19)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * New Unicode decoding system, based on over-ridable `Response.encoding`.
+        * Proper URL slash-quote handling.
+        * Cookies with ``[``, ``]``, and ``_`` allowed.
+        
+        0.8.1 (2011-11-15)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * URL Request path fix
+        * Proxy fix.
+        * Timeouts fix.
+        
+        0.8.0 (2011-11-13)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Keep-alive support!
+        * Complete removal of Urllib2
+        * Complete removal of Poster
+        * Complete removal of CookieJars
+        * New ConnectionError raising
+        * Safe_mode for error catching
+        * prefetch parameter for request methods
+        * OPTION method
+        * Async pool size throttling
+        * File uploads send real names
+        * Vendored in urllib3
+        
+        0.7.6 (2011-11-07)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Digest authentication bugfix (attach query data to path)
+        
+        0.7.5 (2011-11-04)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Response.content = None if there was an invalid response.
+        * Redirection auth handling.
+        
+        0.7.4 (2011-10-26)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Session Hooks fix.
+        
+        0.7.3 (2011-10-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Digest Auth fix.
+        
+        
+        0.7.2 (2011-10-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * PATCH Fix.
+        
+        
+        0.7.1 (2011-10-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Move away from urllib2 authentication handling.
+        * Fully Remove AuthManager, AuthObject, &c.
+        * New tuple-based auth system with handler callbacks.
+        
+        
+        0.7.0 (2011-10-22)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Sessions are now the primary interface.
+        * Deprecated InvalidMethodException.
+        * PATCH fix.
+        * New config system (no more global settings).
+        
+        
+        0.6.6 (2011-10-19)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Session parameter bugfix (params merging).
+        
+        
+        0.6.5 (2011-10-18)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Offline (fast) test suite.
+        * Session dictionary argument merging.
+        
+        
+        0.6.4 (2011-10-13)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Automatic decoding of unicode, based on HTTP Headers.
+        * New ``decode_unicode`` setting.
+        * Removal of ``r.read/close`` methods.
+        * New ``r.faw`` interface for advanced response usage.*
+        * Automatic expansion of parameterized headers.
+        
+        
+        0.6.3 (2011-10-13)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Beautiful ``requests.async`` module, for making async requests w/ gevent.
+        
+        
+        0.6.2 (2011-10-09)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * GET/HEAD obeys allow_redirects=False.
+        
+        
+        0.6.1 (2011-08-20)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Enhanced status codes experience ``\o/``
+        * Set a maximum number of redirects (``settings.max_redirects``)
+        * Full Unicode URL support
+        * Support for protocol-less redirects.
+        * Allow for arbitrary request types.
+        * Bugfixes
+        
+        
+        0.6.0 (2011-08-17)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * New callback hook system
+        * New persistent sessions object and context manager
+        * Transparent Dict-cookie handling
+        * Status code reference object
+        * Removed Response.cached
+        * Added Response.request
+        * All args are kwargs
+        * Relative redirect support
+        * HTTPError handling improvements
+        * Improved https testing
+        * Bugfixes
+        
+        
+        0.5.1 (2011-07-23)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * International Domain Name Support!
+        * Access headers without fetching entire body (``read()``)
+        * Use lists as dicts for parameters
+        * Add Forced Basic Authentication
+        * Forced Basic is default authentication type
+        * ``python-requests.org`` default User-Agent header
+        * CaseInsensitiveDict lower-case caching
+        * Response.history bugfix
+        
+        
+        0.5.0 (2011-06-21)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * PATCH Support
+        * Support for Proxies
+        * HTTPBin Test Suite
+        * Redirect Fixes
+        * settings.verbose stream writing
+        * Querystrings for all methods
+        * URLErrors (Connection Refused, Timeout, Invalid URLs) are treated as explicitly raised
+          ``r.requests.get('hwe://blah'); r.raise_for_status()``
+        
+        
+        0.4.1 (2011-05-22)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Improved Redirection Handling
+        * New 'allow_redirects' param for following non-GET/HEAD Redirects
+        * Settings module refactoring
+        
+        
+        0.4.0 (2011-05-15)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Response.history: list of redirected responses
+        * Case-Insensitive Header Dictionaries!
+        * Unicode URLs
+        
+        
+        0.3.4 (2011-05-14)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Urllib2 HTTPAuthentication Recursion fix (Basic/Digest)
+        * Internal Refactor
+        * Bytes data upload Bugfix
+        
+        
+        
+        0.3.3 (2011-05-12)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Request timeouts
+        * Unicode url-encoded data
+        * Settings context manager and module
+        
+        
+        0.3.2 (2011-04-15)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Automatic Decompression of GZip Encoded Content
+        * AutoAuth Support for Tupled HTTP Auth
+        
+        
+        0.3.1 (2011-04-01)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Cookie Changes
+        * Response.read()
+        * Poster fix
+        
+        
+        0.3.0 (2011-02-25)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Automatic Authentication API Change
+        * Smarter Query URL Parameterization
+        * Allow file uploads and POST data together
+        * New Authentication Manager System
+            - Simpler Basic HTTP System
+            - Supports all build-in urllib2 Auths
+            - Allows for custom Auth Handlers
+        
+        
+        0.2.4 (2011-02-19)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Python 2.5 Support
+        * PyPy-c v1.4 Support
+        * Auto-Authentication tests
+        * Improved Request object constructor
+        
+        0.2.3 (2011-02-15)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * New HTTPHandling Methods
+            - Response.__nonzero__ (false if bad HTTP Status)
+            - Response.ok (True if expected HTTP Status)
+            - Response.error (Logged HTTPError if bad HTTP Status)
+            - Response.raise_for_status() (Raises stored HTTPError)
+        
+        
+        0.2.2 (2011-02-14)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Still handles request in the event of an HTTPError. (Issue #2)
+        * Eventlet and Gevent Monkeypatch support.
+        * Cookie Support (Issue #1)
+        
+        
+        0.2.1 (2011-02-14)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Added file attribute to POST and PUT requests for multipart-encode file uploads.
+        * Added Request.url attribute for context and redirects
+        
+        
+        0.2.0 (2011-02-14)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Birth!
+        
+        
+        0.0.1 (2011-02-13)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        * Frustration
+        * Conception
+        
+        
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
diff --git a/python/requests/README.rst b/python/requests/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99d30e724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+Requests: HTTP for Humans
+=========================
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/requests.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/requests.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests
+
+
+
+
+Requests is an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python, for human
+beings.
+
+Most existing Python modules for sending HTTP requests are extremely
+verbose and cumbersome. Python's builtin urllib2 module provides most of
+the HTTP capabilities you should need, but the api is thoroughly broken.
+It requires an enormous amount of work (even method overrides) to
+perform the simplest of tasks.
+
+Things shouldn't be this way. Not in Python.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    >>> r = requests.get('https://api.github.com', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+    >>> r.status_code
+    204
+    >>> r.headers['content-type']
+    'application/json'
+    >>> r.text
+    ...
+
+See `the same code, without Requests <https://gist.github.com/973705>`_.
+
+Requests allow you to send HTTP/1.1 requests. You can add headers, form data,
+multipart files, and parameters with simple Python dictionaries, and access the
+response data in the same way. It's powered by httplib and `urllib3
+<https://github.com/shazow/urllib3>`_, but it does all the hard work and crazy
+hacks for you.
+
+
+Features
+--------
+
+- International Domains and URLs
+- Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
+- Sessions with Cookie Persistence
+- Browser-style SSL Verification
+- Basic/Digest Authentication
+- Elegant Key/Value Cookies
+- Automatic Decompression
+- Unicode Response Bodies
+- Multipart File Uploads
+- Connection Timeouts
+- Thread-safety
+- HTTP(S) proxy support
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+To install Requests, simply:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ pip install requests
+
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+Documentation is available at http://docs.python-requests.org/.
+
+
+Contribute
+----------
+
+#. Check for open issues or open a fresh issue to start a discussion around a feature idea or a bug. There is a `Contributor Friendly`_ tag for issues that should be ideal for people who are not very familiar with the codebase yet.
+#. Fork `the repository`_ on GitHub to start making your changes to the **master** branch (or branch off of it).
+#. Write a test which shows that the bug was fixed or that the feature works as expected.
+#. Send a pull request and bug the maintainer until it gets merged and published. :) Make sure to add yourself to AUTHORS_.
+
+.. _`the repository`: http://github.com/kennethreitz/requests
+.. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
+.. _Contributor Friendly: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues?direction=desc&labels=Contributor+Friendly&page=1&sort=updated&state=open
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd5b5b974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#   __
+#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
+# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
+#          /
+
+"""
+Requests HTTP library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
+usage:
+
+   >>> import requests
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
+   >>> r.status_code
+   200
+   >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   True
+
+... or POST:
+
+   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
+   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> print(r.text)
+   {
+     ...
+     "form": {
+       "key2": "value2",
+       "key1": "value1"
+     },
+     ...
+   }
+
+The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
+is at <http://python-requests.org>.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2015 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
+
+"""
+
+__title__ = 'requests'
+__version__ = '2.9.1'
+__build__ = 0x020901
+__author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
+__license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz'
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
+try:
+    from .packages.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+    pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from . import utils
+from .models import Request, Response, PreparedRequest
+from .api import request, get, head, post, patch, put, delete, options
+from .sessions import session, Session
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .exceptions import (
+    RequestException, Timeout, URLRequired,
+    TooManyRedirects, HTTPError, ConnectionError,
+    FileModeWarning,
+)
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+import warnings
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', FileModeWarning, append=True)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/adapters.py b/python/requests/requests/adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6266d5be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/adapters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.adapters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
+and maintain connections.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import socket
+
+from .models import Response
+from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
+from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+from .compat import urlparse, basestring
+from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth,
+                    select_proxy)
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import NewConnectionError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
+                         ProxyError, RetryError)
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+
+DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
+DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
+DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
+
+
+class BaseAdapter(object):
+    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(BaseAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+    def send(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
+
+    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
+    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
+    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
+    covers.
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+    :param int max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
+      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
+    """
+    __attrs__ = ['max_retries', 'config', '_pool_connections', '_pool_maxsize',
+                 '_pool_block']
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+                 pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+                 pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
+        self.config = {}
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+
+        super(HTTPAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
+        self._pool_block = pool_block
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in
+                    self.__attrs__)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+        self.config = {}
+
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize,
+                              block=self._pool_block)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
+        """
+        # save these values for pickling
+        self._pool_connections = connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
+        self._pool_block = block
+
+        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
+                                       block=block, strict=True, **pool_kwargs)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        """
+        if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs)
+
+        return self.proxy_manager[proxy]
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Whether we should actually verify the certificate.
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith('https') and verify:
+
+            cert_loc = None
+
+            # Allow self-specified cert location.
+            if verify is not True:
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                cert_loc = DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                raise Exception("Could not find a suitable SSL CA certificate bundle.")
+
+            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+
+    def build_response(self, req, resp):
+        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
+        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
+        for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
+
+        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
+        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
+        """
+        response = Response()
+
+        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
+
+        # Make headers case-insensitive.
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
+
+        # Set encoding.
+        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+        response.raw = resp
+        response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
+        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
+            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
+        else:
+            response.url = req.url
+
+        # Add new cookies from the server.
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
+        # Give the Response some context.
+        response.request = req
+        response.connection = self
+
+        return response
+
+    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
+        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
+        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param url: The URL to connect to.
+        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Disposes of any internal state.
+
+        Currently, this just closes the PoolManager, which closes pooled
+        connections.
+        """
+        self.poolmanager.clear()
+
+    def request_url(self, request, proxies):
+        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
+
+        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
+        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
+        if proxy and scheme != 'https':
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+        else:
+            url = request.path_url
+
+        return url
+
+    def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
+        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
+        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def proxy_headers(self, proxy):
+        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
+        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
+        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
+        CONNECT is being used.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxies: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        """
+        headers = {}
+        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
+        if username and password:
+            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username,
+                                                             password)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def send(self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param verify: (optional) Whether to verify SSL certificates.
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        """
+
+        conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
+        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
+        self.add_headers(request)
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                # this may raise a string formatting error.
+                err = ("Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
+                       "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
+                       "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout))
+                raise ValueError(err)
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
+        try:
+            if not chunked:
+                resp = conn.urlopen(
+                    method=request.method,
+                    url=url,
+                    body=request.body,
+                    headers=request.headers,
+                    redirect=False,
+                    assert_same_host=False,
+                    preload_content=False,
+                    decode_content=False,
+                    retries=self.max_retries,
+                    timeout=timeout
+                )
+
+            # Send the request.
+            else:
+                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
+                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
+
+                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
+
+                try:
+                    low_conn.putrequest(request.method,
+                                        url,
+                                        skip_accept_encoding=True)
+
+                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
+                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
+
+                    low_conn.endheaders()
+
+                    for i in request.body:
+                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode('utf-8'))
+                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(i)
+                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
+
+                    # Receive the response from the server
+                    try:
+                        # For Python 2.7+ versions, use buffering of HTTP
+                        # responses
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # For compatibility with Python 2.6 versions and back
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse()
+
+                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
+                        r,
+                        pool=conn,
+                        connection=low_conn,
+                        preload_content=False,
+                        decode_content=False
+                    )
+                except:
+                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
+                    # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
+                    low_conn.close()
+                    raise
+
+        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
+
+        except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except _ProxyError as e:
+            raise ProxyError(e)
+
+        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
+            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        return self.build_response(request, resp)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/api.py b/python/requests/requests/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b21a1a4fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.api
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module implements the Requests API.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2012 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
+
+"""
+
+from . import sessions
+
+
+def request(method, url, **kwargs):
+    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
+
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
+    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
+        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
+    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
+    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
+    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
+    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
+    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
+    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
+        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a GET request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
+
+
+def options(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a OPTIONS request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+    return request('options', url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def head(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a HEAD request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
+    return request('head', url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a POST request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+
+def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a PUT request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a PATCH request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('patch', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def delete(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a DELETE request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('delete', url, **kwargs)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/auth.py b/python/requests/requests/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2af55fb5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.auth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import time
+import hashlib
+import threading
+
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from .compat import urlparse, str
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .utils import parse_dict_header, to_native_string
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
+
+
+def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
+    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
+
+
+class AuthBase(object):
+    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Auth hooks must be callable.')
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, 'init'):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ''
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
+
+    def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal['realm']
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal['nonce']
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get('qop')
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get('algorithm')
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get('opaque')
+
+        if algorithm is None:
+            _algorithm = 'MD5'
+        else:
+            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if _algorithm == 'MD5' or _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+            def md5_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
+            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == 'SHA':
+            def sha_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
+            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
+
+        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8("%s:%s" % (s, d))
+
+        if hash_utf8 is None:
+            return None
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        entdig = None
+        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
+        if p_parsed.query:
+            path += '?' + p_parsed.query
+
+        A1 = '%s:%s:%s' % (self.username, realm, self.password)
+        A2 = '%s:%s' % (method, path)
+
+        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
+        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = '%08x' % self._thread_local.nonce_count
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
+        s += nonce.encode('utf-8')
+        s += time.ctime().encode('utf-8')
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
+        if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+            HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
+
+        if not qop:
+            respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
+        elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
+            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
+                nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2
+                )
+            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            return None
+
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+        base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
+               'response="%s"' % (self.username, realm, nonce, path, respdig)
+        if opaque:
+            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
+        if algorithm:
+            base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
+        if entdig:
+            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
+        if qop:
+            base += ', qop="auth", nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
+
+        return 'Digest %s' % (base)
+
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed."""
+
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
+            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
+            # it was to resend the request.
+            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
+        s_auth = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '')
+
+        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
+            pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+            prep.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url)
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+        return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            r.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
+        try:
+            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+        return r
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/cacert.pem b/python/requests/requests/cacert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a66daa99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/cacert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,5616 @@
+
+# Issuer: O=Equifax OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
+# Subject: O=Equifax OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
+# Label: "Equifax Secure CA"
+# Serial: 903804111
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 67:cb:9d:c0:13:24:8a:82:9b:b2:17:1e:d1:1b:ec:d4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d2:32:09:ad:23:d3:14:23:21:74:e4:0d:7f:9d:62:13:97:86:63:3a
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 08:29:7a:40:47:db:a2:36:80:c7:31:db:6e:31:76:53:ca:78:48:e1:be:bd:3a:0b:01:79:a7:07:f9:2c:f1:78
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIDIDCCAomgAwIBAgIENd70zzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBOMQswCQYDVQQGEwJV
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA"
+# Serial: 4835703278459707669005204
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3e:45:52:15:09:51:92:e1:b7:5d:37:9f:b1:87:29:8a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R2
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R2
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R2"
+# Serial: 4835703278459682885658125
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3"
+# Serial: 206684696279472310254277870180966723415
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "Verisign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3"
+# Serial: 314531972711909413743075096039378935511
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Premium 2048 Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 946069240
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ee:29:31:bc:32:7e:9a:e6:e8:b5:f7:51:b4:34:71:90
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 50:30:06:09:1d:97:d4:f5:ae:39:f7:cb:e7:92:7d:7d:65:2d:34:31
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Subject: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Label: "Baltimore CyberTrust Root"
+# Serial: 33554617
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ac:b6:94:a5:9c:17:e0:d7:91:52:9b:b1:97:06:a6:e4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Class 1 CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Class 1 CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Low-Value Services Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust External CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust External TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust External CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust External TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust External Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "AddTrust Public Services Root"
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+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Qualified CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Qualified CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Qualified Certificates Root"
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1164660820
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=RSA Security Inc OU=RSA Security 2048 V3
+# Subject: O=RSA Security Inc OU=RSA Security 2048 V3
+# Label: "RSA Security 2048 v3"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Global CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Global CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Global CA"
+# Serial: 144470
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Global CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Global CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Global CA 2"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "GeoTrust Universal CA 2"
+# Serial: 1
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+# Issuer: CN=Visa eCommerce Root O=VISA OU=Visa International Service Association
+# Subject: CN=Visa eCommerce Root O=VISA OU=Visa International Service Association
+# Label: "Visa eCommerce Root"
+# Serial: 25952180776285836048024890241505565794
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum CA O=Unizeto Sp. z o.o.
+# Subject: CN=Certum CA O=Unizeto Sp. z o.o.
+# Label: "Certum Root CA"
+# Serial: 65568
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo AAA Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Secure Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo Secure Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Trusted Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Trusted Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo Trusted Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root Certification Authority O=QuoVadis Limited OU=Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root Certification Authority O=QuoVadis Limited OU=Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA"
+# Serial: 985026699
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 27:de:36:fe:72:b7:00:03:00:9d:f4:f0:1e:6c:04:24
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 1289
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5e:39:7b:dd:f8:ba:ec:82:e9:ac:62:ba:0c:54:00:2b
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ca:3a:fb:cf:12:40:36:4b:44:b2:16:20:88:80:48:39:19:93:7c:f7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 1478
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 31:85:3c:62:94:97:63:b9:aa:fd:89:4e:af:6f:e0:cf
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 1f:49:14:f7:d8:74:95:1d:dd:ae:02:c0:be:fd:3a:2d:82:75:51:85
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication Root CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Sonera Class2 CA O=Sonera
+# Subject: CN=Sonera Class2 CA O=Sonera
+# Label: "Sonera Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 29
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a3:ec:75:0f:2e:88:df:fa:48:01:4e:0b:5c:48:6f:fb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 37:f7:6d:e6:07:7c:90:c5:b1:3e:93:1a:b7:41:10:b4:f2:e4:9a:27
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 79:08:b4:03:14:c1:38:10:0b:51:8d:07:35:80:7f:fb:fc:f8:51:8a:00:95:33:71:05:ba:38:6b:15:3d:d9:27
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA"
+# Serial: 10000010
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 60:84:7c:5a:ce:db:0c:d4:cb:a7:e9:fe:02:c6:a9:c0
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 10:1d:fa:3f:d5:0b:cb:bb:9b:b5:60:0c:19:55:a4:1a:f4:73:3a:04
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=UTN - DATACorp SGC O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Subject: CN=UTN - DATACorp SGC O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Label: "UTN DATACorp SGC Root CA"
+# Serial: 91374294542884689855167577680241077609
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b3:a5:3e:77:21:6d:ac:4a:c0:c9:fb:d5:41:3d:ca:06
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 58:11:9f:0e:12:82:87:ea:50:fd:d9:87:45:6f:4f:78:dc:fa:d6:d4
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 85:fb:2f:91:dd:12:27:5a:01:45:b6:36:53:4f:84:02:4a:d6:8b:69:b8:ee:88:68:4f:f7:11:37:58:05:b3:48
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=UTN-USERFirst-Hardware O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Subject: CN=UTN-USERFirst-Hardware O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Label: "UTN USERFirst Hardware Root CA"
+# Serial: 91374294542884704022267039221184531197
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 4c:56:41:e5:0d:bb:2b:e8:ca:a3:ed:18:08:ad:43:39
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 04:83:ed:33:99:ac:36:08:05:87:22:ed:bc:5e:46:00:e3:be:f9:d7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Subject: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Label: "Camerfirma Chambers of Commerce Root"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b0:01:ee:14:d9:af:29:18:94:76:8e:f1:69:33:2a:84
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 6e:3a:55:a4:19:0c:19:5c:93:84:3c:c0:db:72:2e:31:30:61:f0:b1
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 0c:25:8a:12:a5:67:4a:ef:25:f2:8b:a7:dc:fa:ec:ee:a3:48:e5:41:e6:f5:cc:4e:e6:3b:71:b3:61:60:6a:c3
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Global Chambersign Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Subject: CN=Global Chambersign Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Label: "Camerfirma Global Chambersign Root"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Kozjegyzoi (Class A) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Kozjegyzoi (Class A) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Notary (Class A) Root"
+# Serial: 259
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=XRamp Global Certification Authority O=XRamp Security Services Inc OU=www.xrampsecurity.com
+# Subject: CN=XRamp Global Certification Authority O=XRamp Security Services Inc OU=www.xrampsecurity.com
+# Label: "XRamp Global CA Root"
+# Serial: 107108908803651509692980124233745014957
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a1:0b:44:b3:ca:10:d8:00:6e:9d:0f:d8:0f:92:0a:d1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Go Daddy Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 91:de:06:25:ab:da:fd:32:17:0c:bb:25:17:2a:84:67
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 27:96:ba:e6:3f:18:01:e2:77:26:1b:a0:d7:77:70:02:8f:20:ee:e4
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: c3:84:6b:f2:4b:9e:93:ca:64:27:4c:0e:c6:7c:1e:cc:5e:02:4f:fc:ac:d2:d7:40:19:35:0e:81:fe:54:6a:e4
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Starfield Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 32:4a:4b:bb:c8:63:69:9b:be:74:9a:c6:dd:1d:46:24
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ad:7e:1c:28:b0:64:ef:8f:60:03:40:20:14:c3:d0:e3:37:0e:b5:8a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 22:4d:8f:8a:fc:f7:35:c2:bb:57:34:90:7b:8b:22:16
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 3e:2b:f7:f2:03:1b:96:f3:8c:e6:c4:d8:a8:5d:3e:2d:58:47:6a:0f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=Government Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Government Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "Taiwan GRCA"
+# Serial: 42023070807708724159991140556527066870
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root CA 1 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root CA 1 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 122348795730808398873664200247279986742
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root CA"
+# Serial: 17154717934120587862167794914071425081
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 87:ce:0b:7b:2a:0e:49:00:e1:58:71:9b:37:a8:93:72
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 10944719598952040374951832963794454346
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 79:e4:a9:84:0d:7d:3a:96:d7:c0:4f:e2:43:4c:89:2e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 3553400076410547919724730734378100087
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d4:74:de:57:5c:39:b2:d3:9c:85:83:c5:c0:65:49:8a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 5f:b7:ee:06:33:e2:59:db:ad:0c:4c:9a:e6:d3:8f:1a:61:c7:dc:25
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Class 2 Primary CA O=Certplus
+# Subject: CN=Class 2 Primary CA O=Certplus
+# Label: "Certplus Class 2 Primary CA"
+# Serial: 177770208045934040241468760488327595043
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 88:2c:8c:52:b8:a2:3c:f3:f7:bb:03:ea:ae:ac:42:0b
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:20:74:41:72:9c:dd:92:ec:79:31:d8:23:10:8d:c2:81:92:e2:bb
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 0f:99:3c:8a:ef:97:ba:af:56:87:14:0e:d5:9a:d1:82:1b:b4:af:ac:f0:aa:9a:58:b5:d5:7a:33:8a:3a:fb:cb
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DST Root CA X3 O=Digital Signature Trust Co.
+# Subject: CN=DST Root CA X3 O=Digital Signature Trust Co.
+# Label: "DST Root CA X3"
+# Serial: 91299735575339953335919266965803778155
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 41:03:52:dc:0f:f7:50:1b:16:f0:02:8e:ba:6f:45:c5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: da:c9:02:4f:54:d8:f6:df:94:93:5f:b1:73:26:38:ca:6a:d7:7c:13
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 06:87:26:03:31:a7:24:03:d9:09:f1:05:e6:9b:cf:0d:32:e1:bd:24:93:ff:c6:d9:20:6d:11:bc:d6:77:07:39
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DST ACES CA X6 O=Digital Signature Trust OU=DST ACES
+# Subject: CN=DST ACES CA X6 O=Digital Signature Trust OU=DST ACES
+# Label: "DST ACES CA X6"
+# Serial: 17771143917277623872238992636097467865
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 21:d8:4c:82:2b:99:09:33:a2:eb:14:24:8d:8e:5f:e8
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 40:54:da:6f:1c:3f:40:74:ac:ed:0f:ec:cd:db:79:d1:53:fb:90:1d
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 76:7c:95:5a:76:41:2c:89:af:68:8e:90:a1:c7:0f:55:6c:fd:6b:60:25:db:ea:10:41:6d:7e:b6:83:1f:8c:40
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Kasım 2005
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Kasım 2005
+# Label: "TURKTRUST Certificate Services Provider Root 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:a5:6e:d4:b1:25:84:97:b7:fd:56:15:7a:f9:a2:00
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b4:35:d4:e1:11:9d:1c:66:90:a7:49:eb:b3:94:bd:63:7b:a7:82:b7
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: c4:70:cf:54:7e:23:02:b9:77:fb:29:dd:71:a8:9a:7b:6c:1f:60:77:7b:03:29:f5:60:17:f3:28:bf:4f:6b:e6
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Gold CA - G2"
+# Serial: 13492815561806991280
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 24:77:d9:a8:91:d1:3b:fa:88:2d:c2:ff:f8:cd:33:93
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d8:c5:38:8a:b7:30:1b:1b:6e:d4:7a:e6:45:25:3a:6f:9f:1a:27:61
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Silver CA - G2"
+# Serial: 5700383053117599563
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 32798226551256963324313806436981982369
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2006 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2006 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA"
+# Serial: 69529181992039203566298953787712940909
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5"
+# Serial: 33037644167568058970164719475676101450
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "SecureTrust CA"
+# Serial: 17199774589125277788362757014266862032
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "Secure Global CA"
+# Serial: 9751836167731051554232119481456978597
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cf:f4:27:0d:d4:ed:dc:65:16:49:6d:3d:da:bf:6e:de
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO Certification Authority"
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+# Issuer: CN=Network Solutions Certificate Authority O=Network Solutions L.L.C.
+# Subject: CN=Network Solutions Certificate Authority O=Network Solutions L.L.C.
+# Label: "Network Solutions Certificate Authority"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority O=Wells Fargo WellsSecure OU=Wells Fargo Bank NA
+# Subject: CN=WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority O=Wells Fargo WellsSecure OU=Wells Fargo Bank NA
+# Label: "WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 41578283867086692638256921589707938090
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IGC/A O=PM/SGDN OU=DCSSI
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+# Label: "IGC/A"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication EV RootCA1
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication EV RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication EV RootCA1"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA O=WISeKey OU=Copyright (c) 2005/OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Subject: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA O=WISeKey OU=Copyright (c) 2005/OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Label: "OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA O=Microsec Ltd. OU=e-Szigno CA
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA O=Microsec Ltd. OU=e-Szigno CA
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Subject: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Label: "Certigna"
+# Serial: 18364802974209362175
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2 O=Deutsche Telekom AG OU=T-TeleSec Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2 O=Deutsche Telekom AG OU=T-TeleSec Trust Center
+# Label: "Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 38
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+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 85:a4:08:c0:9c:19:3e:5d:51:58:7d:cd:d6:13:30:fd:8c:de:37:bf
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Cybertrust Global Root O=Cybertrust, Inc
+# Subject: CN=Cybertrust Global Root O=Cybertrust, Inc
+# Label: "Cybertrust Global Root"
+# Serial: 4835703278459682877484360
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "ePKI Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 28956088682735189655030529057352760477
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:2e:00:ca:26:06:90:3d:ad:fe:6f:15:68:d3:6b:b3
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜBİTAK UEKAE Kök Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı - Sürüm 3 O=Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu - TÜBİTAK OU=Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü - UEKAE/Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Subject: CN=TÜBİTAK UEKAE Kök Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı - Sürüm 3 O=Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu - TÜBİTAK OU=Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü - UEKAE/Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Label: "T\xc3\x9c\x42\xC4\xB0TAK UEKAE K\xC3\xB6k Sertifika Hizmet Sa\xC4\x9Flay\xc4\xb1\x63\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1 - S\xC3\xBCr\xC3\xBCm 3"
+# Serial: 17
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ed:41:f5:8c:50:c5:2b:9c:73:e6:ee:6c:eb:c2:a8:26
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 CA 1 O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 CA 1 O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 CA 1"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b8:08:9a:f0:03:cc:1b:0d:c8:6c:0b:76:a1:75:64:23
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a0:a1:ab:90:c9:fc:84:7b:3b:12:61:e8:97:7d:5f:d3:22:61:d3:cc
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 0f:4e:9c:dd:26:4b:02:55:50:d1:70:80:63:40:21:4f:e9:44:34:c9:b0:2f:69:7e:c7:10:fc:5f:ea:fb:5e:38
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sa\xC4\x9Flay\xc4\xb1\x63\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1"
+# Serial: 5525761995591021570
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2c:20:26:9d:cb:1a:4a:00:85:b5:b7:5a:ae:c2:01:37
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 8c:96:ba:eb:dd:2b:07:07:48:ee:30:32:66:a0:f3:98:6e:7c:ae:58
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 35:ae:5b:dd:d8:f7:ae:63:5c:ff:ba:56:82:a8:f0:0b:95:f4:84:62:c7:10:8e:e9:a0:e5:29:2b:07:4a:af:b2
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Subject: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Label: "certSIGN ROOT CA"
+# Serial: 35210227249154
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 18:98:c0:d6:e9:3a:fc:f9:b0:f5:0c:f7:4b:01:44:17
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: fa:b7:ee:36:97:26:62:fb:2d:b0:2a:f6:bf:03:fd:e8:7c:4b:2f:9b
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: ea:a9:62:c4:fa:4a:6b:af:eb:e4:15:19:6d:35:1c:cd:88:8d:4f:53:f3:fa:8a:e6:d7:c4:66:a9:4e:60:42:bb
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=CNNIC ROOT O=CNNIC
+# Subject: CN=CNNIC ROOT O=CNNIC
+# Label: "CNNIC ROOT"
+# Serial: 1228079105
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+# Label: "ApplicationCA - Japanese Government"
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2008 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2008 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G2 O=thawte, Inc. OU=(c) 2007 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G2 O=thawte, Inc. OU=(c) 2007 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G3 O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2008 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G3 O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2008 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA - G3"
+# Serial: 127614157056681299805556476275995414779
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2007 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2007 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 80682863203381065782177908751794619243
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2008 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2008 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 85209574734084581917763752644031726877
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2007 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2007 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services)
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services)
+# Label: "NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2"
+# Serial: 10000012
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "CA Disig"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Juur-SK"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 1 O=Hongkong Post
+# Subject: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 1 O=Hongkong Post
+# Label: "Hongkong Post Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 1000
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Label: "SecureSign RootCA11"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=ACEDICOM Root O=EDICOM OU=PKI
+# Subject: CN=ACEDICOM Root O=EDICOM OU=PKI
+# Label: "ACEDICOM Root"
+# Serial: 7029493972724711941
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009"
+# Serial: 14014712776195784473
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:49:f4:03:bc:44:2d:83:be:48:69:7d:29:64:fc:b1
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 89:df:74:fe:5c:f4:0f:4a:80:f9:e3:37:7d:54:da:91:e1:01:31:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R3"
+# Serial: 4835703278459759426209954
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Subject: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Label: "Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068"
+# Serial: 6047274297262753887
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 73:3a:74:7a:ec:bb:a3:96:a6:c2:e4:e2:c8:9b:c0:c3
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+# Label: "Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Commercial"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Networking"
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium"
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+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Subject: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium ECC"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Network CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Certinomis - Autorité Racine O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Label: "Certinomis - Autorité Racine"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Root CA Generalitat Valenciana O=Generalitat Valenciana OU=PKIGVA
+# Label: "Root CA Generalitat Valenciana"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=A-Trust-nQual-03 O=A-Trust Ges. f. Sicherheitssysteme im elektr. Datenverkehr GmbH OU=A-Trust-nQual-03
+# Subject: CN=A-Trust-nQual-03 O=A-Trust Ges. f. Sicherheitssysteme im elektr. Datenverkehr GmbH OU=A-Trust-nQual-03
+# Label: "A-Trust-nQual-03"
+# Serial: 93214
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication RootCA2
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication RootCA2
+# Label: "Security Communication RootCA2"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2011 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions Cert. Authority
+# Label: "Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2011"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967
+# Subject: CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967
+# Label: "Actalis Authentication Root CA"
+# Serial: 6271844772424770508
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=Trustis Limited OU=Trustis FPS Root CA
+# Subject: O=Trustis Limited OU=Trustis FPS Root CA
+# Label: "Trustis FPS Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 45
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority G2 O=StartCom Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority G2 O=StartCom Ltd.
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority G2"
+# Serial: 59
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:4b:fb:9e:64:82:0a:d3:b8:4c:62:f3:64:f2:90:64
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 3 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ca:fb:40:a8:4e:39:92:8a:1d:fe:8e:2f:c4:27:ea:ef
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=EE Certification Centre Root CA O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Subject: CN=EE Certification Centre Root CA O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Label: "EE Certification Centre Root CA"
+# Serial: 112324828676200291871926431888494945866
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 43:5e:88:d4:7d:1a:4a:7e:fd:84:2e:52:eb:01:d4:6f
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: c9:a8:b9:e7:55:80:5e:58:e3:53:77:a7:25:eb:af:c3:7b:27:cc:d7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Aralık 2007
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Aralık 2007
+# Label: "TURKTRUST Certificate Services Provider Root 2007"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:70:20:56:86:82:a0:18:c8:07:53:12:28:70:21:72
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f1:7f:6f:b6:31:dc:99:e3:a3:c8:7f:fe:1c:f1:81:10:88:d9:60:33
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009"
+# Serial: 623603
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009"
+# Serial: 623604
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Raiz del Estado Venezolano O=Sistema Nacional de Certificacion Electronica OU=Superintendencia de Servicios de Certificacion Electronica
+# Subject: CN=PSCProcert O=Sistema Nacional de Certificacion Electronica OU=Proveedor de Certificados PROCERT
+# Label: "PSCProcert"
+# Serial: 11
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root O=China Internet Network Information Center
+# Subject: CN=China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root O=China Internet Network Information Center
+# Label: "China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root"
+# Serial: 1218379777
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 40698052477090394928831521023204026294
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root EV CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root EV CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root EV CA 2"
+# Serial: 322973295377129385374608406479535262296
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7b:30:34:9f:dd:0a:4b:6b:35:ca:31:51:28:5d:ae:ec
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R1 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R1 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R1"
+# Serial: 14052245610670616104
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R2"
+# Serial: 10572350602393338211
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 26:01:fb:d8:27:a7:17:9a:45:54:38:1a:43:01:3b:03
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=ACCVRAIZ1 O=ACCV OU=PKIACCV
+# Subject: CN=ACCVRAIZ1 O=ACCV OU=PKIACCV
+# Label: "ACCVRAIZ1"
+# Serial: 6828503384748696800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 3262
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Subject: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Label: "TeliaSonera Root CA v1"
+# Serial: 199041966741090107964904287217786801558
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:41:49:1b:18:56:9a:26:f5:ad:c2:66:fb:40:a5:4c
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=E-Tugra Certification Authority O=E-TuÄŸra EBG BiliÅŸim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Åž. OU=E-Tugra Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Subject: CN=E-Tugra Certification Authority O=E-TuÄŸra EBG BiliÅŸim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Åž. OU=E-Tugra Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Label: "E-Tugra Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 7667447206703254355
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b8:a1:03:63:b0:bd:21:71:70:8a:6f:13:3a:bb:79:49
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 51:c6:e7:08:49:06:6e:f3:92:d4:5c:a0:0d:6d:a3:62:8f:c3:52:39
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:9b:9e:e4:7b:6c:1f:00:72:1a:cc:c1:77:79:df:6a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 59:0d:2d:7d:88:4f:40:2e:61:7e:a5:62:32:17:65:cf:17:d8:94:e9
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 91:e2:f5:78:8d:58:10:eb:a7:ba:58:73:7d:e1:54:8a:8e:ca:cd:01:45:98:bc:0b:14:3e:04:1b:17:05:25:52
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot 2011"
+# Serial: 6643877497813316402
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ae:b9:c4:32:4b:ac:7f:5d:66:cc:77:94:bb:2a:77:56
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2b:b1:f5:3e:55:0c:1d:c5:f1:d4:e6:b7:6a:46:4b:55:06:02:ac:21
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3"
+# Serial: 687049649626669250736271037606554624078720034195
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3"
+# Serial: 390156079458959257446133169266079962026824725800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3"
+# Serial: 268090761170461462463995952157327242137089239581
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G2"
+# Serial: 15385348160840213938643033620894905419
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 92:38:b9:f8:63:24:82:65:2c:57:33:e6:fe:81:8f:9d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G3"
+# Serial: 15459312981008553731928384953135426796
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7c:7f:65:31:0c:81:df:8d:ba:3e:99:e2:5c:ad:6e:fb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f5:17:a2:4f:9a:48:c6:c9:f8:a2:00:26:9f:dc:0f:48:2c:ab:30:89
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G2"
+# Serial: 4293743540046975378534879503202253541
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G3"
+# Serial: 7089244469030293291760083333884364146
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Trusted Root G4"
+# Serial: 7451500558977370777930084869016614236
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certification Authority of WoSign O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Certification Authority of WoSign O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Label: "WoSign"
+# Serial: 125491772294754854453622855443212256657
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a1:f2:f9:b5:d2:c8:7a:74:b8:f3:05:f1:d7:e1:84:8d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=CA 沃通根�书 O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=CA 沃通根�书 O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Label: "WoSign China"
+# Serial: 106921963437422998931660691310149453965
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:83:5b:52:16:76:c4:24:3b:83:78:e8:ac:da:9a:93
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 101909084537582093308941363524873193117
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:31:b0:71:40:36:cc:14:36:91:ad:c4:3e:fd:ec:18
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: af:e5:d2:44:a8:d1:19:42:30:ff:47:9f:e2:f8:97:bb:cd:7a:8c:b4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2645093764781058787591871645665788717
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:fe:69:d1:91:b7:19:33:a3:72:a8:0f:e1:55:e5:b5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 123013823720199481456569720443997572134
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fa:68:bc:d9:b5:7f:ad:fd:c9:1d:06:83:28:cc:24:c1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4"
+# Serial: 14367148294922964480859022125800977897474
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 20:f0:27:68:d1:7e:a0:9d:0e:e6:2a:ca:df:5c:89:8e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 69:69:56:2e:40:80:f4:24:a1:e7:19:9f:14:ba:f3:ee:58:ab:6a:bb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5"
+# Serial: 32785792099990507226680698011560947931244
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 9f:ad:3b:1c:02:1e:8a:ba:17:74:38:81:0c:a2:bc:08
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3"
+# Serial: 10003001
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0b:46:67:07:db:10:2f:19:8c:35:50:60:d1:0b:f4:37
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d8:eb:6b:41:51:92:59:e0:f3:e7:85:00:c0:3d:b6:88:97:c9:ee:fc
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 10000013
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fc:06:af:7b:e8:1a:f1:9a:b4:e8:d2:70:1f:c0:f5:ba
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 76:e2:7e:c1:4f:db:82:c1:c0:a6:75:b5:05:be:3d:29:b4:ed:db:bb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
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+# Label: "IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1"
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+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 1246989352
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1"
+# Serial: 51543124481930649114116133369
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Label: "CFCA EV ROOT"
+# Serial: 407555286
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5"
+# Serial: 156233699172481
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6"
+# Serial: 138134509972618
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Certinomis - Root CA O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Subject: CN=Certinomis - Root CA O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Label: "Certinomis - Root CA"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Secure Server Certification Authority O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Secure Server Certification Authority O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 927650371
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "ValiCert Class 2 VA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a9:23:75:9b:ba:49:36:6e:31:c2:db:f2:e7:66:ba:87
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Expressz (Class C) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Expressz (Class C) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Express (Class C) Root"
+# Serial: 104
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Uzleti (Class B) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Uzleti (Class B) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Business (Class B) Root"
+# Serial: 105
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+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 87:9f:4b:ee:05:df:98:58:3b:e3:60:d6:33:e7:0d:3f:fe:98:71:af
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 3 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 3 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "RSA Root Certificate 1"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a2:6f:53:b7:ee:40:db:4a:68:e7:fa:18:d9:10:4b:72
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 69:bd:8c:f4:9c:d3:00:fb:59:2e:17:93:ca:55:6a:f3:ec:aa:35:fb
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: bc:23:f9:8a:31:3c:b9:2d:e3:bb:fc:3a:5a:9f:44:61:ac:39:49:4c:4a:e1:5a:9e:9d:f1:31:e9:9b:73:01:9a
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "ValiCert Class 1 VA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 65:58:ab:15:ad:57:6c:1e:a8:a7:b5:69:ac:bf:ff:eb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: e5:df:74:3c:b6:01:c4:9b:98:43:dc:ab:8c:e8:6a:81:10:9f:e4:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Label: "Equifax Secure eBusiness CA 1"
+# Serial: 4
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 64:9c:ef:2e:44:fc:c6:8f:52:07:d0:51:73:8f:cb:3d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: da:40:18:8b:91:89:a3:ed:ee:ae:da:97:fe:2f:9d:f5:b7:d1:8a:41
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: cf:56:ff:46:a4:a1:86:10:9d:d9:65:84:b5:ee:b5:8a:51:0c:42:75:b0:e5:f9:4f:40:bb:ae:86:5e:19:f6:73
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Label: "Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 8f:5d:77:06:27:c4:98:3c:5b:93:78:e7:d7:7d:9b:cc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 7e:78:4a:10:1c:82:65:cc:2d:e1:f1:6d:47:b4:40:ca:d9:0a:19:45
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Thawte Premium Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Subject: CN=Thawte Premium Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Label: "Thawte Premium Server CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 06:9f:69:79:16:66:90:02:1b:8c:8c:a2:c3:07:6f:3a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 62:7f:8d:78:27:65:63:99:d2:7d:7f:90:44:c9:fe:b3:f3:3e:fa:9a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Thawte Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Subject: CN=Thawte Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Label: "Thawte Server CA"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 149843929435818692848040365716851702463
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 10:fc:63:5d:f6:26:3e:0d:f3:25:be:5f:79:cd:67:67
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:2c:31:92:e6:07:e4:24:eb:45:49:54:2b:e1:bb:c5:3e:61:74:e2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 80507572722862485515306429940691309246
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ef:5a:f1:33:ef:f1:cd:bb:51:02:ee:12:14:4b:96:c4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a1:db:63:93:91:6f:17:e4:18:55:09:40:04:15:c7:02:40:b0:ae:6b
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2/(c) 1998 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/VeriSign Trust Network
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2/(c) 1998 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/VeriSign Trust Network
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 167285380242319648451154478808036881606
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a2:33:9b:4c:74:78:73:d4:6c:e7:c1:f3:8d:cb:5c:e9
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 85:37:1c:a6:e5:50:14:3d:ce:28:03:47:1b:de:3a:09:e8:f8:77:0f
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 83:ce:3c:12:29:68:8a:59:3d:48:5f:81:97:3c:0f:91:95:43:1e:da:37:cc:5e:36:43:0e:79:c7:a8:88:63:8b
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root O=GTE Corporation OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root O=GTE Corporation OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc.
+# Label: "GTE CyberTrust Global Root"
+# Serial: 421
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ca:3d:d3:68:f1:03:5c:d0:32:fa:b8:2b:59:e8:5a:db
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 97:81:79:50:d8:1c:96:70:cc:34:d8:09:cf:79:44:31:36:7e:f4:74
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: a5:31:25:18:8d:21:10:aa:96:4b:02:c7:b7:c6:da:32:03:17:08:94:e5:fb:71:ff:fb:66:67:d5:e6:81:0a:36
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/certs.py b/python/requests/requests/certs.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07e647507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/certs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+certs.py
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the preferred default CA certificate bundle.
+
+If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
+environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
+packaged CA bundle.
+"""
+import os.path
+
+try:
+    from certifi import where
+except ImportError:
+    def where():
+        """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
+        # vendored bundle inside Requests
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(where())
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/compat.py b/python/requests/requests/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70edff784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+pythoncompat
+"""
+
+from .packages import chardet
+
+import sys
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = (_ver[0] == 2)
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = (_ver[0] == 3)
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
+    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it throws a SyntaxError
+    # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
+    import json
+
+# ---------
+# Specifics
+# ---------
+
+if is_py2:
+    from urllib import quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urlencode, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urldefrag
+    from urllib2 import parse_http_list
+    import cookielib
+    from Cookie import Morsel
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    from .packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
+
+    builtin_str = str
+    bytes = str
+    str = unicode
+    basestring = basestring
+    numeric_types = (int, long, float)
+
+elif is_py3:
+    from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlencode, quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urldefrag
+    from urllib.request import parse_http_list, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+    from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+    from http.cookies import Morsel
+    from io import StringIO
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+
+    builtin_str = str
+    str = str
+    bytes = bytes
+    basestring = (str, bytes)
+    numeric_types = (int, float)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/cookies.py b/python/requests/requests/cookies.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b85fd2b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/cookies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
+
+requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
+"""
+
+import copy
+import time
+import calendar
+import collections
+from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
+
+try:
+    import threading
+    # grr, pyflakes: this fixes "redefinition of unused 'threading'"
+    threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+
+class MockRequest(object):
+    """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
+
+    The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
+    manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
+    domains of the request and the cookie.
+
+    The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting
+    the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You
+    probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self._r = request
+        self._new_headers = {}
+        self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
+
+    def get_type(self):
+        return self.type
+
+    def get_host(self):
+        return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
+
+    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+    def get_full_url(self):
+        # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
+        # header
+        if not self._r.headers.get('Host'):
+            return self._r.url
+        # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
+        host = self._r.headers['Host']
+        parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
+        # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
+        return urlunparse([
+            parsed.scheme, host, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query,
+            parsed.fragment
+        ])
+
+    def is_unverifiable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def has_header(self, name):
+        return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
+
+    def add_header(self, key, val):
+        """cookielib has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()")
+
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
+        self._new_headers[name] = value
+
+    def get_new_headers(self):
+        return self._new_headers
+
+    @property
+    def unverifiable(self):
+        return self.is_unverifiable()
+
+    @property
+    def origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_origin_req_host()
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+
+class MockResponse(object):
+    """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
+
+    ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
+    the way `cookielib` expects to see them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        """Make a MockResponse for `cookielib` to read.
+
+        :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
+        """
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    def info(self):
+        return self._headers
+
+    def getheaders(self, name):
+        self._headers.getheaders(name)
+
+
+def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
+    """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
+
+    :param jar: cookielib.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
+    :param request: our own requests.Request object
+    :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
+    """
+    if not (hasattr(response, '_original_response') and
+            response._original_response):
+        return
+    # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
+    req = MockRequest(request)
+    # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
+    res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
+    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
+
+
+def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
+    """Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None."""
+    r = MockRequest(request)
+    jar.add_cookie_header(r)
+    return r.get_new_headers().get('Cookie')
+
+
+def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
+
+    Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
+    """
+    clearables = []
+    for cookie in cookiejar:
+        if cookie.name != name:
+            continue
+        if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
+            continue
+        if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
+            continue
+        clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+
+    for domain, path, name in clearables:
+        cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
+
+
+class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
+    """There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar.
+    Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific."""
+
+
+class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
+    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
+
+    This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
+    don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
+    session.cookies to support dict operations.
+
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
+
+    Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
+
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
+    def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        try:
+            return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
+        """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains."""
+        # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
+        if value is None:
+            remove_cookie_by_name(self, name, domain=kwargs.get('domain'), path=kwargs.get('path'))
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(value, Morsel):
+            c = morsel_to_cookie(value)
+        else:
+            c = create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs)
+        self.set_cookie(c)
+        return c
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar. See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar. See values() and items()."""
+        return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.value
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar. See keys() and items()."""
+        return list(self.itervalues())
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name, cookie.value
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call
+        ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a vanilla python dict of key value
+        pairs."""
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def list_domains(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain not in domains:
+                domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return domains
+
+    def list_paths(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
+        paths = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.path not in paths:
+                paths.append(cookie.path)
+        return paths
+
+    def multiple_domains(self):
+        """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
+        Returns False otherwise."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
+                return True
+            domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return False  # there is only one domain in jar
+
+    def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements."""
+        dictionary = {}
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (path is None
+                                                or cookie.path == path):
+                dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+        return dictionary
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+
+        return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead."""
+
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``."""
+        remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
+
+    def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
+        if hasattr(cookie.value, 'startswith') and cookie.value.startswith('"') and cookie.value.endswith('"'):
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', '')
+        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
+        if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            for cookie in other:
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+        else:
+            super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
+
+    def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as
+        args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If
+        there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one. See
+        _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        return cookie.value
+
+        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+
+    def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests. Takes as args name and optional domain and
+        path. Returns a cookie.value. Throws KeyError if cookie is not found
+        and CookieConflictError if there are multiple cookies that match name
+        and optionally domain and path."""
+        toReturn = None
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        if toReturn is not None:  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                            raise CookieConflictError('There are multiple cookies with name, %r' % (name))
+                        toReturn = cookie.value  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+
+        if toReturn:
+            return toReturn
+        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        state = self.__dict__.copy()
+        # remove the unpickleable RLock object
+        state.pop('_cookies_lock')
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        if '_cookies_lock' not in self.__dict__:
+            self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
+        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.update(self)
+        return new_cj
+
+
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+        # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
+def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
+    """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
+
+    By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
+    and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
+    """
+    result = dict(
+        version=0,
+        name=name,
+        value=value,
+        port=None,
+        domain='',
+        path='/',
+        secure=False,
+        expires=None,
+        discard=True,
+        comment=None,
+        comment_url=None,
+        rest={'HttpOnly': None},
+        rfc2109=False,)
+
+    badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
+    if badargs:
+        err = 'create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s'
+        raise TypeError(err % list(badargs))
+
+    result.update(kwargs)
+    result['port_specified'] = bool(result['port'])
+    result['domain_specified'] = bool(result['domain'])
+    result['domain_initial_dot'] = result['domain'].startswith('.')
+    result['path_specified'] = bool(result['path'])
+
+    return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
+
+
+def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
+    """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
+
+    expires = None
+    if morsel['max-age']:
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
+    elif morsel['expires']:
+        time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
+        expires = calendar.timegm(
+            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)
+        )
+    return create_cookie(
+        comment=morsel['comment'],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),
+        discard=False,
+        domain=morsel['domain'],
+        expires=expires,
+        name=morsel.key,
+        path=morsel['path'],
+        port=None,
+        rest={'HttpOnly': morsel['httponly']},
+        rfc2109=False,
+        secure=bool(morsel['secure']),
+        value=morsel.value,
+        version=morsel['version'] or 0,
+    )
+
+
+def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
+    :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
+        already in the jar with new ones.
+    """
+    if cookiejar is None:
+        cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
+
+    if cookie_dict is not None:
+        names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
+        for name in cookie_dict:
+            if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
+
+    return cookiejar
+
+
+def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
+    """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
+
+    :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
+    :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
+
+    if isinstance(cookies, dict):
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
+            cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
+    elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        try:
+            cookiejar.update(cookies)
+        except AttributeError:
+            for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
+
+    return cookiejar
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/exceptions.py b/python/requests/requests/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba0b910e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
+
+"""
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
+
+
+class RequestException(IOError):
+    """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
+    request."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects.
+        """
+        response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
+        self.response = response
+        self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
+        if (response is not None and not self.request and
+                hasattr(response, 'request')):
+            self.request = self.response.request
+        super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HTTPError(RequestException):
+    """An HTTP error occurred."""
+
+
+class ConnectionError(RequestException):
+    """A Connection error occurred."""
+
+
+class ProxyError(ConnectionError):
+    """A proxy error occurred."""
+
+
+class SSLError(ConnectionError):
+    """An SSL error occurred."""
+
+
+class Timeout(RequestException):
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
+
+
+class URLRequired(RequestException):
+    """A valid URL is required to make a request."""
+
+
+class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
+    """Too many redirects."""
+
+
+class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL schema (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
+
+
+class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """See defaults.py for valid schemas."""
+
+
+class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """ The URL provided was somehow invalid. """
+
+
+class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
+    """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
+
+
+class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
+    """Failed to decode response content"""
+
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class RequestsWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning for Requests."""
+    pass
+
+
+class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    """
+    A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length.
+    """
+    pass
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/hooks.py b/python/requests/requests/hooks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9da94366d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/hooks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.hooks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system.
+
+Available hooks:
+
+``response``:
+    The response generated from a Request.
+
+"""
+HOOKS = ['response']
+
+def default_hooks():
+    return dict((event, []) for event in HOOKS)
+
+# TODO: response is the only one
+
+
+def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
+    """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
+    hooks = hooks or dict()
+    hooks = hooks.get(key)
+    if hooks:
+        if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
+            hooks = [hooks]
+        for hook in hooks:
+            _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
+            if _hook_data is not None:
+                hook_data = _hook_data
+    return hook_data
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/models.py b/python/requests/requests/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bcbc5484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.models
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the primary objects that power Requests.
+"""
+
+import collections
+import datetime
+
+from io import BytesIO, UnsupportedOperation
+from .hooks import default_hooks
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header, _copy_cookie_jar
+from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
+from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError)
+from .exceptions import (
+    HTTPError, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, StreamConsumedError)
+from .utils import (
+    guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri,
+    stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links,
+    iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string)
+from .compat import (
+    cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO,
+    is_py2, chardet, builtin_str, basestring)
+from .compat import json as complexjson
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+#: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
+#: processable redirect.
+REDIRECT_STATI = (
+    codes.moved,              # 301
+    codes.found,              # 302
+    codes.other,              # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect, # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect, # 308
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
+CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
+ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
+
+
+class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
+    @property
+    def path_url(self):
+        """Build the path URL to use."""
+
+        url = []
+
+        p = urlsplit(self.url)
+
+        path = p.path
+        if not path:
+            path = '/'
+
+        url.append(path)
+
+        query = p.query
+        if query:
+            url.append('?')
+            url.append(query)
+
+        return ''.join(url)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_params(data):
+        """Encode parameters in a piece of data.
+
+        Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, 'read'):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, '__iter__'):
+            result = []
+            for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data):
+                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, '__iter__'):
+                    vs = [vs]
+                for v in vs:
+                    if v is not None:
+                        result.append(
+                            (k.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(k, str) else k,
+                             v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v))
+            return urlencode(result, doseq=True)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_files(files, data):
+        """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request.
+
+        Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+
+        """
+        if (not files):
+            raise ValueError("Files must be provided.")
+        elif isinstance(data, basestring):
+            raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.")
+
+        new_fields = []
+        fields = to_key_val_list(data or {})
+        files = to_key_val_list(files or {})
+
+        for field, val in fields:
+            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, '__iter__'):
+                val = [val]
+            for v in val:
+                if v is not None:
+                    # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong.
+                    if not isinstance(v, bytes):
+                        v = str(v)
+
+                    new_fields.append(
+                        (field.decode('utf-8') if isinstance(field, bytes) else field,
+                         v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v))
+
+        for (k, v) in files:
+            # support for explicit filename
+            ft = None
+            fh = None
+            if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(v) == 2:
+                    fn, fp = v
+                elif len(v) == 3:
+                    fn, fp, ft = v
+                else:
+                    fn, fp, ft, fh = v
+            else:
+                fn = guess_filename(v) or k
+                fp = v
+
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            else:
+                fdata = fp.read()
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh)
+            rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
+            new_fields.append(rf)
+
+        body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields)
+
+        return body, content_type
+
+
+class RequestHooksMixin(object):
+    def register_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Properly register a hook."""
+
+        if event not in self.hooks:
+            raise ValueError('Unsupported event specified, with event name "%s"' % (event))
+
+        if isinstance(hook, collections.Callable):
+            self.hooks[event].append(hook)
+        elif hasattr(hook, '__iter__'):
+            self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, collections.Callable))
+
+    def deregister_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Deregister a previously registered hook.
+        Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            self.hooks[event].remove(hook)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+
+class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
+    """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object.
+
+    Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server.
+
+    :param method: HTTP method to use.
+    :param url: URL to send.
+    :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
+    :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
+    :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
+    :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
+    :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
+    :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
+
+        # Default empty dicts for dict params.
+        data = [] if data is None else data
+        files = [] if files is None else files
+        headers = {} if headers is None else headers
+        params = {} if params is None else params
+        hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks
+
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        for (k, v) in list(hooks.items()):
+            self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v)
+
+        self.method = method
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.files = files
+        self.data = data
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+        self.auth = auth
+        self.cookies = cookies
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Request [%s]>' % (self.method)
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it."""
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=self.method,
+            url=self.url,
+            headers=self.headers,
+            files=self.files,
+            data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
+            params=self.params,
+            auth=self.auth,
+            cookies=self.cookies,
+            hooks=self.hooks,
+        )
+        return p
+
+
+class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
+    """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object,
+    containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.
+
+    Generated from either a :class:`Request <Request>` object or manually.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> r = req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.send(r)
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: HTTP verb to send to the server.
+        self.method = None
+        #: HTTP URL to send the request to.
+        self.url = None
+        #: dictionary of HTTP headers.
+        self.headers = None
+        # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here
+        # after prepare_cookies is called
+        self._cookies = None
+        #: request body to send to the server.
+        self.body = None
+        #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+    def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
+        """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
+
+        self.prepare_method(method)
+        self.prepare_url(url, params)
+        self.prepare_headers(headers)
+        self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
+        self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
+
+        # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
+        # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
+
+        # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook
+        self.prepare_hooks(hooks)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<PreparedRequest [%s]>' % (self.method)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.method = self.method
+        p.url = self.url
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
+        p.body = self.body
+        p.hooks = self.hooks
+        return p
+
+    def prepare_method(self, method):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP method."""
+        self.method = method
+        if self.method is not None:
+            self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper())
+
+    def prepare_url(self, url, params):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
+        #: Accept objects that have string representations.
+        #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode('utf8')
+        else:
+            url = unicode(url) if is_py2 else str(url)
+
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
+        if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'):
+            self.url = url
+            return
+
+        # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
+
+        if not scheme:
+            error = ("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. Perhaps you meant http://{0}?")
+            error = error.format(to_native_string(url, 'utf8'))
+
+            raise MissingSchema(error)
+
+        if not host:
+            raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url)
+
+        # Only want to apply IDNA to the hostname
+        try:
+            host = host.encode('idna').decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeError:
+            raise InvalidURL('URL has an invalid label.')
+
+        # Carefully reconstruct the network location
+        netloc = auth or ''
+        if netloc:
+            netloc += '@'
+        netloc += host
+        if port:
+            netloc += ':' + str(port)
+
+        # Bare domains aren't valid URLs.
+        if not path:
+            path = '/'
+
+        if is_py2:
+            if isinstance(scheme, str):
+                scheme = scheme.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(netloc, str):
+                netloc = netloc.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(path, str):
+                path = path.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(query, str):
+                query = query.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(fragment, str):
+                fragment = fragment.encode('utf-8')
+
+        if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)):
+            params = to_native_string(params)
+
+        enc_params = self._encode_params(params)
+        if enc_params:
+            if query:
+                query = '%s&%s' % (query, enc_params)
+            else:
+                query = enc_params
+
+        url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment]))
+        self.url = url
+
+    def prepare_headers(self, headers):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP headers."""
+
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict((to_native_string(name), value) for name, value in headers.items())
+        else:
+            self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
+
+        # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
+        # If not, run through normal process.
+
+        # Nottin' on you.
+        body = None
+        content_type = None
+        length = None
+
+        if not data and json is not None:
+            content_type = 'application/json'
+            body = complexjson.dumps(json)
+
+        is_stream = all([
+            hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
+            not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, dict))
+        ])
+
+        try:
+            length = super_len(data)
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
+            length = None
+
+        if is_stream:
+            body = data
+
+            if files:
+                raise NotImplementedError('Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive.')
+
+            if length:
+                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(length)
+            else:
+                self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] = 'chunked'
+        else:
+            # Multi-part file uploads.
+            if files:
+                (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
+            else:
+                if data:
+                    body = self._encode_params(data)
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                        content_type = None
+                    else:
+                        content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            self.prepare_content_length(body)
+
+            # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
+            if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers):
+                self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+
+        self.body = body
+
+    def prepare_content_length(self, body):
+        if hasattr(body, 'seek') and hasattr(body, 'tell'):
+            body.seek(0, 2)
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(body.tell())
+            body.seek(0, 0)
+        elif body is not None:
+            l = super_len(body)
+            if l:
+                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(l)
+        elif (self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')) and (self.headers.get('Content-Length') is None):
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
+
+    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP auth data."""
+
+        # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first.
+        if auth is None:
+            url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url)
+            auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None
+
+        if auth:
+            if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2:
+                # special-case basic HTTP auth
+                auth = HTTPBasicAuth(*auth)
+
+            # Allow auth to make its changes.
+            r = auth(self)
+
+            # Update self to reflect the auth changes.
+            self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__)
+
+            # Recompute Content-Length
+            self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
+
+    def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand."""
+
+        if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            self._cookies = cookies
+        else:
+            self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self)
+        if cookie_header is not None:
+            self.headers['Cookie'] = cookie_header
+
+    def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
+        """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
+        for event in hooks:
+            self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
+
+
+class Response(object):
+    """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
+    server's response to an HTTP request.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        '_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history',
+        'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request'
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(Response, self).__init__()
+
+        self._content = False
+        self._content_consumed = False
+
+        #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.
+        self.status_code = None
+
+        #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers.
+        #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+        #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header.
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+        #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage).
+        #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request.
+        # This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.
+        self.raw = None
+
+        #: Final URL location of Response.
+        self.url = None
+
+        #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from
+        #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end
+        #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.
+        self.history = []
+
+        #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK".
+        self.reason = None
+
+        #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
+        self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
+        # sure the content has been fully read.
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.content
+
+        return dict(
+            (attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+            for attr in self.__attrs__
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+
+        # pickled objects do not have .raw
+        setattr(self, '_content_consumed', True)
+        setattr(self, 'raw', None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Response [%s]>' % (self.status_code)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'."""
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'."""
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
+        return self.iter_content(128)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        try:
+            self.raise_for_status()
+        except HTTPError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
+        been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
+        """
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI)
+
+    @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect"""
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
+
+    @property
+    def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library"""
+        return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
+
+    def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False):
+        """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
+        request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for
+        large responses.  The chunk size is the number of bytes it should
+        read into memory.  This is not necessarily the length of each item
+        returned as decoding can take place.
+
+        If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
+        available encoding based on the response.
+        """
+
+        def generate():
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
+                try:
+                    for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
+                        yield chunk
+                except ProtocolError as e:
+                    raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
+                except DecodeError as e:
+                    raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
+            else:
+                # Standard file-like object.
+                while True:
+                    chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    yield chunk
+
+            self._content_consumed = True
+
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
+        # simulate reading small chunks of the content
+        reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
+
+        stream_chunks = generate()
+
+        chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks
+
+        if decode_unicode:
+            chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
+
+        return chunks
+
+    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None, delimiter=None):
+        """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
+        stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
+        content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
+        """
+
+        pending = None
+
+        for chunk in self.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode):
+
+            if pending is not None:
+                chunk = pending + chunk
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
+                pending = lines.pop()
+            else:
+                pending = None
+
+            for line in lines:
+                yield line
+
+        if pending is not None:
+            yield pending
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        """Content of the response, in bytes."""
+
+        if self._content is False:
+            # Read the contents.
+            try:
+                if self._content_consumed:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        'The content for this response was already consumed')
+
+                if self.status_code == 0:
+                    self._content = None
+                else:
+                    self._content = bytes().join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or bytes()
+
+            except AttributeError:
+                self._content = None
+
+        self._content_consumed = True
+        # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
+        # since we exhausted the data.
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        """Content of the response, in unicode.
+
+        If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
+        ``chardet``.
+
+        The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP
+        headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of
+        non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should
+        set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property.
+        """
+
+        # Try charset from content-type
+        content = None
+        encoding = self.encoding
+
+        if not self.content:
+            return str('')
+
+        # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
+        if self.encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.apparent_encoding
+
+        # Decode unicode from given encoding.
+        try:
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+        except (LookupError, TypeError):
+            # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
+            # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
+            #
+            # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
+            #
+            # So we try blindly encoding.
+            content = str(self.content, errors='replace')
+
+        return content
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs):
+        """Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.
+
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes.
+        """
+
+        if not self.encoding and len(self.content) > 3:
+            # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect
+            # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or
+            # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using chardet to make
+            # a best guess).
+            encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
+            if encoding is not None:
+                try:
+                    return complexjson.loads(
+                        self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
+                    )
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
+                    # but some other 8-bit codec.  This is an RFC violation,
+                    # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was*
+                    # used.
+                    pass
+        return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
+
+        header = self.headers.get('link')
+
+        # l = MultiDict()
+        l = {}
+
+        if header:
+            links = parse_header_links(header)
+
+            for link in links:
+                key = link.get('rel') or link.get('url')
+                l[key] = link
+
+        return l
+
+    def raise_for_status(self):
+        """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
+
+        http_error_msg = ''
+
+        if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
+            http_error_msg = '%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
+
+        elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
+            http_error_msg = '%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
+
+        if http_error_msg:
+            raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been
+        called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again.
+
+        *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
+        """
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            return self.raw.close()
+
+        return self.raw.release_conn()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..971c2ad02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+'''
+Debian and other distributions "unbundle" requests' vendored dependencies, and
+rewrite all imports to use the global versions of ``urllib3`` and ``chardet``.
+The problem with this is that not only requests itself imports those
+dependencies, but third-party code outside of the distros' control too.
+
+In reaction to these problems, the distro maintainers replaced
+``requests.packages`` with a magical "stub module" that imports the correct
+modules. The implementations were varying in quality and all had severe
+problems. For example, a symlink (or hardlink) that links the correct modules
+into place introduces problems regarding object identity, since you now have
+two modules in `sys.modules` with the same API, but different identities::
+
+    requests.packages.urllib3 is not urllib3
+
+With version ``2.5.2``, requests started to maintain its own stub, so that
+distro-specific breakage would be reduced to a minimum, even though the whole
+issue is not requests' fault in the first place. See
+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2375 for the corresponding pull
+request.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from . import urllib3
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib3
+    sys.modules['%s.urllib3' % __name__] = urllib3
+
+try:
+    from . import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    import chardet
+    sys.modules['%s.chardet' % __name__] = chardet
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82c2a48d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+__version__ = "2.3.0"
+from sys import version_info
+
+
+def detect(aBuf):
+    if ((version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(aBuf, unicode)) or
+            (version_info >= (3, 0) and not isinstance(aBuf, bytes))):
+        raise ValueError('Expected a bytes object, not a unicode object')
+
+    from . import universaldetector
+    u = universaldetector.UniversalDetector()
+    u.reset()
+    u.feed(aBuf)
+    u.close()
+    return u.result
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65bffc04b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,925 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Big5 frequency table
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http://www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+#
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+#Char to FreqOrder table
+BIG5_TABLE_SIZE = 5376
+
+Big5CharToFreqOrder = (
+   1,1801,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,5008, 177, 202,3681,1256,2821, 110, #   16
+3814,  33,3274, 261,  76,  44,2114,  16,2946,2187,1176, 659,3971,  26,3451,2653, #   32
+1198,3972,3350,4202, 410,2215, 302, 590, 361,1964,   8, 204,  58,4510,5009,1932, #   48
+  63,5010,5011, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4203,2417,1480,5012,3555,3091, 224,2822, #   64
+3682,   3,  10,3973,1471,  29,2787,1135,2866,1940, 873, 130,3275,1123, 312,5013, #   80
+4511,2052, 507, 252, 682,5014, 142,1915, 124, 206,2947,  34,3556,3204,  64, 604, #   96
+5015,2501,1977,1978, 155,1991, 645, 641,1606,5016,3452, 337,  72, 406,5017,  80, #  112
+ 630, 238,3205,1509, 263, 939,1092,2654, 756,1440,1094,3453, 449,  69,2987, 591, #  128
+ 179,2096, 471, 115,2035,1844,  60,  50,2988, 134, 806,1869, 734,2036,3454, 180, #  144
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2907, 688,5018, 319,1305, 779,2145, 514,2379, 298,4512, 359, #  160
+2502,  90,2716,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2553,  20,2441, 182, 532,1716,5019, 732, #  176
+1376,4204,1311,1420,3206,  25,2317,1056, 113, 399, 382,1950, 242,3455,2474, 529, #  192
+3276, 475,1447,3683,5020, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2300,2334,3557,5021, 126,4205, #  208
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4513,  71,1118,2037,4206, 145,3092,  85, 835, 486,2115,1246, #  224
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,5022,2128,2359, 347,3815, 221, #  240
+3558,3135,5023,1956,1153,4207,  83, 296,1199,3093, 192, 624,  93,5024, 822,1898, #  256
+2823,3136, 795,2065, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2867, 859, 139,1456, 860,4514, #  272
+ 437, 712,3974, 164,2397,3137, 695, 211,3037,2097, 195,3975,1608,3559,3560,3684, #  288
+3976, 234, 811,2989,2098,3977,2233,1441,3561,1615,2380, 668,2077,1638, 305, 228, #  304
+1664,4515, 467, 415,5025, 262,2099,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2078, #  320
+5026,5027,2176,3207,3685,2682, 593, 845,1062,3277,  88,1723,2038,3978,1951, 212, #  336
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1899,4208,4516,  77, 187,5028,3038,  37,   5,2990,5029,3979, #  352
+5030,5031,  39,2524,4517,2908,3208,2079,  55, 148,  74,4518, 545, 483,1474,1029, #  368
+1665, 217,1870,1531,3138,1104,2655,4209,  24, 172,3562, 900,3980,3563,3564,4519, #  384
+  32,1408,2824,1312, 329, 487,2360,2251,2717, 784,2683,   4,3039,3351,1427,1789, #  400
+ 188, 109, 499,5032,3686,1717,1790, 888,1217,3040,4520,5033,3565,5034,3352,1520, #  416
+3687,3981, 196,1034, 775,5035,5036, 929,1816, 249, 439,  38,5037,1063,5038, 794, #  432
+3982,1435,2301,  46, 178,3278,2066,5039,2381,5040, 214,1709,4521, 804,  35, 707, #  448
+ 324,3688,1601,2554, 140, 459,4210,5041,5042,1365, 839, 272, 978,2262,2580,3456, #  464
+2129,1363,3689,1423, 697, 100,3094,  48,  70,1231, 495,3139,2196,5043,1294,5044, #  480
+2080, 462, 586,1042,3279, 853, 256, 988, 185,2382,3457,1698, 434,1084,5045,3458, #  496
+ 314,2625,2788,4522,2335,2336, 569,2285, 637,1817,2525, 757,1162,1879,1616,3459, #  512
+ 287,1577,2116, 768,4523,1671,2868,3566,2526,1321,3816, 909,2418,5046,4211, 933, #  528
+3817,4212,2053,2361,1222,4524, 765,2419,1322, 786,4525,5047,1920,1462,1677,2909, #  544
+1699,5048,4526,1424,2442,3140,3690,2600,3353,1775,1941,3460,3983,4213, 309,1369, #  560
+1130,2825, 364,2234,1653,1299,3984,3567,3985,3986,2656, 525,1085,3041, 902,2001, #  576
+1475, 964,4527, 421,1845,1415,1057,2286, 940,1364,3141, 376,4528,4529,1381,   7, #  592
+2527, 983,2383, 336,1710,2684,1846, 321,3461, 559,1131,3042,2752,1809,1132,1313, #  608
+ 265,1481,1858,5049, 352,1203,2826,3280, 167,1089, 420,2827, 776, 792,1724,3568, #  624
+4214,2443,3281,5050,4215,5051, 446, 229, 333,2753, 901,3818,1200,1557,4530,2657, #  640
+1921, 395,2754,2685,3819,4216,1836, 125, 916,3209,2626,4531,5052,5053,3820,5054, #  656
+5055,5056,4532,3142,3691,1133,2555,1757,3462,1510,2318,1409,3569,5057,2146, 438, #  672
+2601,2910,2384,3354,1068, 958,3043, 461, 311,2869,2686,4217,1916,3210,4218,1979, #  688
+ 383, 750,2755,2627,4219, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,5058,1154,1965, 384, 561, 210, #  704
+  98,1295,2556,3570,5059,1711,2420,1482,3463,3987,2911,1257, 129,5060,3821, 642, #  720
+ 523,2789,2790,2658,5061, 141,2235,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4220, 603,2602, #  736
+ 710, 171,3464, 404, 549,  18,3143,2398,1410,3692,1666,5062,3571,4533,2912,4534, #  752
+5063,2991, 368,5064, 146, 366,  99, 871,3693,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2263, #  768
+ 379,3822,3211,5065,3212, 505,1942,2628,1992,1382,2319,5066, 380,2362, 218, 702, #  784
+1818,1248,3465,3044,3572,3355,3282,5067,2992,3694, 930,3283,3823,5068,  59,5069, #  800
+ 585, 601,4221, 497,3466,1112,1314,4535,1802,5070,1223,1472,2177,5071, 749,1837, #  816
+ 690,1900,3824,1773,3988,1476, 429,1043,1791,2236,2117, 917,4222, 447,1086,1629, #  832
+5072, 556,5073,5074,2021,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2828,1008,1783, 686, #  848
+1095,5075,2287, 793,1602,5076,3573,2603,4536,4223,2948,2302,4537,3825, 980,2503, #  864
+ 544, 353, 527,4538, 908,2687,2913,5077, 381,2629,1943,1348,5078,1341,1252, 560, #  880
+3095,5079,3467,2870,5080,2054, 973, 886,2081, 143,4539,5081,5082, 157,3989, 496, #  896
+4224,  57, 840, 540,2039,4540,4541,3468,2118,1445, 970,2264,1748,1966,2082,4225, #  912
+3144,1234,1776,3284,2829,3695, 773,1206,2130,1066,2040,1326,3990,1738,1725,4226, #  928
+ 279,3145,  51,1544,2604, 423,1578,2131,2067, 173,4542,1880,5083,5084,1583, 264, #  944
+ 610,3696,4543,2444, 280, 154,5085,5086,5087,1739, 338,1282,3096, 693,2871,1411, #  960
+1074,3826,2445,5088,4544,5089,5090,1240, 952,2399,5091,2914,1538,2688, 685,1483, #  976
+4227,2475,1436, 953,4228,2055,4545, 671,2400,  79,4229,2446,3285, 608, 567,2689, #  992
+3469,4230,4231,1691, 393,1261,1792,2401,5092,4546,5093,5094,5095,5096,1383,1672, # 1008
+3827,3213,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4547,3991,1432,3574, 609,4548,2690, # 1024
+2402,5097,5098,5099,4232,3045,   0,5100,2476, 315, 231,2447, 301,3356,4549,2385, # 1040
+5101, 233,4233,3697,1819,4550,4551,5102,  96,1777,1315,2083,5103, 257,5104,1810, # 1056
+3698,2718,1139,1820,4234,2022,1124,2164,2791,1778,2659,5105,3097, 363,1655,3214, # 1072
+5106,2993,5107,5108,5109,3992,1567,3993, 718, 103,3215, 849,1443, 341,3357,2949, # 1088
+1484,5110,1712, 127,  67, 339,4235,2403, 679,1412, 821,5111,5112, 834, 738, 351, # 1104
+2994,2147, 846, 235,1497,1881, 418,1993,3828,2719, 186,1100,2148,2756,3575,1545, # 1120
+1355,2950,2872,1377, 583,3994,4236,2581,2995,5113,1298,3699,1078,2557,3700,2363, # 1136
+  78,3829,3830, 267,1289,2100,2002,1594,4237, 348, 369,1274,2197,2178,1838,4552, # 1152
+1821,2830,3701,2757,2288,2003,4553,2951,2758, 144,3358, 882,4554,3995,2759,3470, # 1168
+4555,2915,5114,4238,1726, 320,5115,3996,3046, 788,2996,5116,2831,1774,1327,2873, # 1184
+3997,2832,5117,1306,4556,2004,1700,3831,3576,2364,2660, 787,2023, 506, 824,3702, # 1200
+ 534, 323,4557,1044,3359,2024,1901, 946,3471,5118,1779,1500,1678,5119,1882,4558, # 1216
+ 165, 243,4559,3703,2528, 123, 683,4239, 764,4560,  36,3998,1793, 589,2916, 816, # 1232
+ 626,1667,3047,2237,1639,1555,1622,3832,3999,5120,4000,2874,1370,1228,1933, 891, # 1248
+2084,2917, 304,4240,5121, 292,2997,2720,3577, 691,2101,4241,1115,4561, 118, 662, # 1264
+5122, 611,1156, 854,2386,1316,2875,   2, 386, 515,2918,5123,5124,3286, 868,2238, # 1280
+1486, 855,2661, 785,2216,3048,5125,1040,3216,3578,5126,3146, 448,5127,1525,5128, # 1296
+2165,4562,5129,3833,5130,4242,2833,3579,3147, 503, 818,4001,3148,1568, 814, 676, # 1312
+1444, 306,1749,5131,3834,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2834,1501,4563,5132,5133,5134, # 1328
+1994,5135,4564,5136,5137,2198,  13,2792,3704,2998,3149,1229,1917,5138,3835,2132, # 1344
+5139,4243,4565,2404,3580,5140,2217,1511,1727,1120,5141,5142, 646,3836,2448, 307, # 1360
+5143,5144,1595,3217,5145,5146,5147,3705,1113,1356,4002,1465,2529,2530,5148, 519, # 1376
+5149, 128,2133,  92,2289,1980,5150,4003,1512, 342,3150,2199,5151,2793,2218,1981, # 1392
+3360,4244, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2365,5152,3837,4566, 562, 581,4004,5153, 401, # 1408
+4567,2252,  94,4568,5154,1399,2794,5155,1463,2025,4569,3218,1944,5156, 828,1105, # 1424
+4245,1262,1394,5157,4246, 605,4570,5158,1784,2876,5159,2835, 819,2102, 578,2200, # 1440
+2952,5160,1502, 436,3287,4247,3288,2836,4005,2919,3472,3473,5161,2721,2320,5162, # 1456
+5163,2337,2068,  23,4571, 193, 826,3838,2103, 699,1630,4248,3098, 390,1794,1064, # 1472
+3581,5164,1579,3099,3100,1400,5165,4249,1839,1640,2877,5166,4572,4573, 137,4250, # 1488
+ 598,3101,1967, 780, 104, 974,2953,5167, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339, # 1504
+5168,4006,1275,4574,2582,2558,5169,3706,3049,3102,2253, 565,1334,2722, 863,  41, # 1520
+5170,5171,4575,5172,1657,2338,  19, 463,2760,4251, 606,5173,2999,3289,1087,2085, # 1536
+1323,2662,3000,5174,1631,1623,1750,4252,2691,5175,2878, 791,2723,2663,2339, 232, # 1552
+2421,5176,3001,1498,5177,2664,2630, 755,1366,3707,3290,3151,2026,1609, 119,1918, # 1568
+3474, 862,1026,4253,5178,4007,3839,4576,4008,4577,2265,1952,2477,5179,1125, 817, # 1584
+4254,4255,4009,1513,1766,2041,1487,4256,3050,3291,2837,3840,3152,5180,5181,1507, # 1600
+5182,2692, 733,  40,1632,1106,2879, 345,4257, 841,2531, 230,4578,3002,1847,3292, # 1616
+3475,5183,1263, 986,3476,5184, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562, # 1632
+4010,4011,2954, 967,2761,2665,1349, 592,2134,1692,3361,3003,1995,4258,1679,4012, # 1648
+1902,2188,5185, 739,3708,2724,1296,1290,5186,4259,2201,2202,1922,1563,2605,2559, # 1664
+1871,2762,3004,5187, 435,5188, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4579,2239,3477,3709,5189, # 1680
+4580, 294,3582,2955,1693, 477, 979, 281,2042,3583, 643,2043,3710,2631,2795,2266, # 1696
+1031,2340,2135,2303,3584,4581, 367,1249,2560,5190,3585,5191,4582,1283,3362,2005, # 1712
+ 240,1762,3363,4583,4584, 836,1069,3153, 474,5192,2149,2532, 268,3586,5193,3219, # 1728
+1521,1284,5194,1658,1546,4260,5195,3587,3588,5196,4261,3364,2693,1685,4262, 961, # 1744
+1673,2632, 190,2006,2203,3841,4585,4586,5197, 570,2504,3711,1490,5198,4587,2633, # 1760
+3293,1957,4588, 584,1514, 396,1045,1945,5199,4589,1968,2449,5200,5201,4590,4013, # 1776
+ 619,5202,3154,3294, 215,2007,2796,2561,3220,4591,3221,4592, 763,4263,3842,4593, # 1792
+5203,5204,1958,1767,2956,3365,3712,1174, 452,1477,4594,3366,3155,5205,2838,1253, # 1808
+2387,2189,1091,2290,4264, 492,5206, 638,1169,1825,2136,1752,4014, 648, 926,1021, # 1824
+1324,4595, 520,4596, 997, 847,1007, 892,4597,3843,2267,1872,3713,2405,1785,4598, # 1840
+1953,2957,3103,3222,1728,4265,2044,3714,4599,2008,1701,3156,1551,  30,2268,4266, # 1856
+5207,2027,4600,3589,5208, 501,5209,4267, 594,3478,2166,1822,3590,3479,3591,3223, # 1872
+ 829,2839,4268,5210,1680,3157,1225,4269,5211,3295,4601,4270,3158,2341,5212,4602, # 1888
+4271,5213,4015,4016,5214,1848,2388,2606,3367,5215,4603, 374,4017, 652,4272,4273, # 1904
+ 375,1140, 798,5216,5217,5218,2366,4604,2269, 546,1659, 138,3051,2450,4605,5219, # 1920
+2254, 612,1849, 910, 796,3844,1740,1371, 825,3845,3846,5220,2920,2562,5221, 692, # 1936
+ 444,3052,2634, 801,4606,4274,5222,1491, 244,1053,3053,4275,4276, 340,5223,4018, # 1952
+1041,3005, 293,1168,  87,1357,5224,1539, 959,5225,2240, 721, 694,4277,3847, 219, # 1968
+1478, 644,1417,3368,2666,1413,1401,1335,1389,4019,5226,5227,3006,2367,3159,1826, # 1984
+ 730,1515, 184,2840,  66,4607,5228,1660,2958, 246,3369, 378,1457, 226,3480, 975, # 2000
+4020,2959,1264,3592, 674, 696,5229, 163,5230,1141,2422,2167, 713,3593,3370,4608, # 2016
+4021,5231,5232,1186,  15,5233,1079,1070,5234,1522,3224,3594, 276,1050,2725, 758, # 2032
+1126, 653,2960,3296,5235,2342, 889,3595,4022,3104,3007, 903,1250,4609,4023,3481, # 2048
+3596,1342,1681,1718, 766,3297, 286,  89,2961,3715,5236,1713,5237,2607,3371,3008, # 2064
+5238,2962,2219,3225,2880,5239,4610,2505,2533, 181, 387,1075,4024, 731,2190,3372, # 2080
+5240,3298, 310, 313,3482,2304, 770,4278,  54,3054, 189,4611,3105,3848,4025,5241, # 2096
+1230,1617,1850, 355,3597,4279,4612,3373, 111,4280,3716,1350,3160,3483,3055,4281, # 2112
+2150,3299,3598,5242,2797,4026,4027,3009, 722,2009,5243,1071, 247,1207,2343,2478, # 2128
+1378,4613,2010, 864,1437,1214,4614, 373,3849,1142,2220, 667,4615, 442,2763,2563, # 2144
+3850,4028,1969,4282,3300,1840, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1883,5244,5245,2119,4283, # 2160
+2841, 743,1569,5246,4616,4284, 582,2389,1418,3484,5247,1803,5248, 357,1395,1729, # 2176
+3717,3301,2423,1564,2241,5249,3106,3851,1633,4617,1114,2086,4285,1532,5250, 482, # 2192
+2451,4618,5251,5252,1492, 833,1466,5253,2726,3599,1641,2842,5254,1526,1272,3718, # 2208
+4286,1686,1795, 416,2564,1903,1954,1804,5255,3852,2798,3853,1159,2321,5256,2881, # 2224
+4619,1610,1584,3056,2424,2764, 443,3302,1163,3161,5257,5258,4029,5259,4287,2506, # 2240
+3057,4620,4030,3162,2104,1647,3600,2011,1873,4288,5260,4289, 431,3485,5261, 250, # 2256
+  97,  81,4290,5262,1648,1851,1558, 160, 848,5263, 866, 740,1694,5264,2204,2843, # 2272
+3226,4291,4621,3719,1687, 950,2479, 426, 469,3227,3720,3721,4031,5265,5266,1188, # 2288
+ 424,1996, 861,3601,4292,3854,2205,2694, 168,1235,3602,4293,5267,2087,1674,4622, # 2304
+3374,3303, 220,2565,1009,5268,3855, 670,3010, 332,1208, 717,5269,5270,3603,2452, # 2320
+4032,3375,5271, 513,5272,1209,2882,3376,3163,4623,1080,5273,5274,5275,5276,2534, # 2336
+3722,3604, 815,1587,4033,4034,5277,3605,3486,3856,1254,4624,1328,3058,1390,4035, # 2352
+1741,4036,3857,4037,5278, 236,3858,2453,3304,5279,5280,3723,3859,1273,3860,4625, # 2368
+5281, 308,5282,4626, 245,4627,1852,2480,1307,2583, 430, 715,2137,2454,5283, 270, # 2384
+ 199,2883,4038,5284,3606,2727,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1841,4628,3487,3724,5285, # 2400
+5286, 587,  14,3305, 227,2608, 326, 480,2270, 943,2765,3607, 291, 650,1884,5287, # 2416
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3488, 904,4629,3489,1164,4294,5288,5289,1224,1548,2766, # 2432
+ 391, 498,1493,5290,1386,1419,5291,2056,1177,4630, 813, 880,1081,2368, 566,1145, # 2448
+4631,2291,1001,1035,2566,2609,2242, 394,1286,5292,5293,2069,5294,  86,1494,1730, # 2464
+4039, 491,1588, 745, 897,2963, 843,3377,4040,2767,2884,3306,1768, 998,2221,2070, # 2480
+ 397,1827,1195,1970,3725,3011,3378, 284,5295,3861,2507,2138,2120,1904,5296,4041, # 2496
+2151,4042,4295,1036,3490,1905, 114,2567,4296, 209,1527,5297,5298,2964,2844,2635, # 2512
+2390,2728,3164, 812,2568,5299,3307,5300,1559, 737,1885,3726,1210, 885,  28,2695, # 2528
+3608,3862,5301,4297,1004,1780,4632,5302, 346,1982,2222,2696,4633,3863,1742, 797, # 2544
+1642,4043,1934,1072,1384,2152, 896,4044,3308,3727,3228,2885,3609,5303,2569,1959, # 2560
+4634,2455,1786,5304,5305,5306,4045,4298,1005,1308,3728,4299,2729,4635,4636,1528, # 2576
+2610, 161,1178,4300,1983, 987,4637,1101,4301, 631,4046,1157,3229,2425,1343,1241, # 2592
+1016,2243,2570, 372, 877,2344,2508,1160, 555,1935, 911,4047,5307, 466,1170, 169, # 2608
+1051,2921,2697,3729,2481,3012,1182,2012,2571,1251,2636,5308, 992,2345,3491,1540, # 2624
+2730,1201,2071,2406,1997,2482,5309,4638, 528,1923,2191,1503,1874,1570,2369,3379, # 2640
+3309,5310, 557,1073,5311,1828,3492,2088,2271,3165,3059,3107, 767,3108,2799,4639, # 2656
+1006,4302,4640,2346,1267,2179,3730,3230, 778,4048,3231,2731,1597,2667,5312,4641, # 2672
+5313,3493,5314,5315,5316,3310,2698,1433,3311, 131,  95,1504,4049, 723,4303,3166, # 2688
+1842,3610,2768,2192,4050,2028,2105,3731,5317,3013,4051,1218,5318,3380,3232,4052, # 2704
+4304,2584, 248,1634,3864, 912,5319,2845,3732,3060,3865, 654,  53,5320,3014,5321, # 2720
+1688,4642, 777,3494,1032,4053,1425,5322, 191, 820,2121,2846, 971,4643, 931,3233, # 2736
+ 135, 664, 783,3866,1998, 772,2922,1936,4054,3867,4644,2923,3234, 282,2732, 640, # 2752
+1372,3495,1127, 922, 325,3381,5323,5324, 711,2045,5325,5326,4055,2223,2800,1937, # 2768
+4056,3382,2224,2255,3868,2305,5327,4645,3869,1258,3312,4057,3235,2139,2965,4058, # 2784
+4059,5328,2225, 258,3236,4646, 101,1227,5329,3313,1755,5330,1391,3314,5331,2924, # 2800
+2057, 893,5332,5333,5334,1402,4305,2347,5335,5336,3237,3611,5337,5338, 878,1325, # 2816
+1781,2801,4647, 259,1385,2585, 744,1183,2272,4648,5339,4060,2509,5340, 684,1024, # 2832
+4306,5341, 472,3612,3496,1165,3315,4061,4062, 322,2153, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 2848
+ 660, 554,2154,4649,1058,4650,4307, 830,1065,3383,4063,4651,1924,5342,1703,1919, # 2864
+5343, 932,2273, 122,5344,4652, 947, 677,5345,3870,2637, 297,1906,1925,2274,4653, # 2880
+2322,3316,5346,5347,4308,5348,4309,  84,4310, 112, 989,5349, 547,1059,4064, 701, # 2896
+3613,1019,5350,4311,5351,3497, 942, 639, 457,2306,2456, 993,2966, 407, 851, 494, # 2912
+4654,3384, 927,5352,1237,5353,2426,3385, 573,4312, 680, 921,2925,1279,1875, 285, # 2928
+ 790,1448,1984, 719,2168,5354,5355,4655,4065,4066,1649,5356,1541, 563,5357,1077, # 2944
+5358,3386,3061,3498, 511,3015,4067,4068,3733,4069,1268,2572,3387,3238,4656,4657, # 2960
+5359, 535,1048,1276,1189,2926,2029,3167,1438,1373,2847,2967,1134,2013,5360,4313, # 2976
+1238,2586,3109,1259,5361, 700,5362,2968,3168,3734,4314,5363,4315,1146,1876,1907, # 2992
+4658,2611,4070, 781,2427, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2802,2407, 898,1787,2155,4071, # 3008
+4072,5364,3871,2803,5365,5366,4659,4660,5367,3239,5368,1635,3872, 965,5369,1805, # 3024
+2699,1516,3614,1121,1082,1329,3317,4073,1449,3873,  65,1128,2848,2927,2769,1590, # 3040
+3874,5370,5371,  12,2668,  45, 976,2587,3169,4661, 517,2535,1013,1037,3240,5372, # 3056
+3875,2849,5373,3876,5374,3499,5375,2612, 614,1999,2323,3877,3110,2733,2638,5376, # 3072
+2588,4316, 599,1269,5377,1811,3735,5378,2700,3111, 759,1060, 489,1806,3388,3318, # 3088
+1358,5379,5380,2391,1387,1215,2639,2256, 490,5381,5382,4317,1759,2392,2348,5383, # 3104
+4662,3878,1908,4074,2640,1807,3241,4663,3500,3319,2770,2349, 874,5384,5385,3501, # 3120
+3736,1859,  91,2928,3737,3062,3879,4664,5386,3170,4075,2669,5387,3502,1202,1403, # 3136
+3880,2969,2536,1517,2510,4665,3503,2511,5388,4666,5389,2701,1886,1495,1731,4076, # 3152
+2370,4667,5390,2030,5391,5392,4077,2702,1216, 237,2589,4318,2324,4078,3881,4668, # 3168
+4669,2703,3615,3504, 445,4670,5393,5394,5395,5396,2771,  61,4079,3738,1823,4080, # 3184
+5397, 687,2046, 935, 925, 405,2670, 703,1096,1860,2734,4671,4081,1877,1367,2704, # 3200
+3389, 918,2106,1782,2483, 334,3320,1611,1093,4672, 564,3171,3505,3739,3390, 945, # 3216
+2641,2058,4673,5398,1926, 872,4319,5399,3506,2705,3112, 349,4320,3740,4082,4674, # 3232
+3882,4321,3741,2156,4083,4675,4676,4322,4677,2408,2047, 782,4084, 400, 251,4323, # 3248
+1624,5400,5401, 277,3742, 299,1265, 476,1191,3883,2122,4324,4325,1109, 205,5402, # 3264
+2590,1000,2157,3616,1861,5403,5404,5405,4678,5406,4679,2573, 107,2484,2158,4085, # 3280
+3507,3172,5407,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4326,2886,3617,5408,1696, 370,1088,4327, # 3296
+4680,3618, 579, 327, 440, 162,2244, 269,1938,1374,3508, 968,3063,  56,1396,3113, # 3312
+2107,3321,3391,5409,1927,2159,4681,3016,5410,3619,5411,5412,3743,4682,2485,5413, # 3328
+2804,5414,1650,4683,5415,2613,5416,5417,4086,2671,3392,1149,3393,4087,3884,4088, # 3344
+5418,1076,  49,5419, 951,3242,3322,3323, 450,2850, 920,5420,1812,2805,2371,4328, # 3360
+1909,1138,2372,3885,3509,5421,3243,4684,1910,1147,1518,2428,4685,3886,5422,4686, # 3376
+2393,2614, 260,1796,3244,5423,5424,3887,3324, 708,5425,3620,1704,5426,3621,1351, # 3392
+1618,3394,3017,1887, 944,4329,3395,4330,3064,3396,4331,5427,3744, 422, 413,1714, # 3408
+3325, 500,2059,2350,4332,2486,5428,1344,1911, 954,5429,1668,5430,5431,4089,2409, # 3424
+4333,3622,3888,4334,5432,2307,1318,2512,3114, 133,3115,2887,4687, 629,  31,2851, # 3440
+2706,3889,4688, 850, 949,4689,4090,2970,1732,2089,4335,1496,1853,5433,4091, 620, # 3456
+3245, 981,1242,3745,3397,1619,3746,1643,3326,2140,2457,1971,1719,3510,2169,5434, # 3472
+3246,5435,5436,3398,1829,5437,1277,4690,1565,2048,5438,1636,3623,3116,5439, 869, # 3488
+2852, 655,3890,3891,3117,4092,3018,3892,1310,3624,4691,5440,5441,5442,1733, 558, # 3504
+4692,3747, 335,1549,3065,1756,4336,3748,1946,3511,1830,1291,1192, 470,2735,2108, # 3520
+2806, 913,1054,4093,5443,1027,5444,3066,4094,4693, 982,2672,3399,3173,3512,3247, # 3536
+3248,1947,2807,5445, 571,4694,5446,1831,5447,3625,2591,1523,2429,5448,2090, 984, # 3552
+4695,3749,1960,5449,3750, 852, 923,2808,3513,3751, 969,1519, 999,2049,2325,1705, # 3568
+5450,3118, 615,1662, 151, 597,4095,2410,2326,1049, 275,4696,3752,4337, 568,3753, # 3584
+3626,2487,4338,3754,5451,2430,2275, 409,3249,5452,1566,2888,3514,1002, 769,2853, # 3600
+ 194,2091,3174,3755,2226,3327,4339, 628,1505,5453,5454,1763,2180,3019,4096, 521, # 3616
+1161,2592,1788,2206,2411,4697,4097,1625,4340,4341, 412,  42,3119, 464,5455,2642, # 3632
+4698,3400,1760,1571,2889,3515,2537,1219,2207,3893,2643,2141,2373,4699,4700,3328, # 3648
+1651,3401,3627,5456,5457,3628,2488,3516,5458,3756,5459,5460,2276,2092, 460,5461, # 3664
+4701,5462,3020, 962, 588,3629, 289,3250,2644,1116,  52,5463,3067,1797,5464,5465, # 3680
+5466,1467,5467,1598,1143,3757,4342,1985,1734,1067,4702,1280,3402, 465,4703,1572, # 3696
+ 510,5468,1928,2245,1813,1644,3630,5469,4704,3758,5470,5471,2673,1573,1534,5472, # 3712
+5473, 536,1808,1761,3517,3894,3175,2645,5474,5475,5476,4705,3518,2929,1912,2809, # 3728
+5477,3329,1122, 377,3251,5478, 360,5479,5480,4343,1529, 551,5481,2060,3759,1769, # 3744
+2431,5482,2930,4344,3330,3120,2327,2109,2031,4706,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672,1171, # 3760
+3252,2308, 271,3176,5483,2772,5484,2050, 678,2736, 865,1948,4707,5485,2014,4098, # 3776
+2971,5486,2737,2227,1397,3068,3760,4708,4709,1735,2931,3403,3631,5487,3895, 509, # 3792
+2854,2458,2890,3896,5488,5489,3177,3178,4710,4345,2538,4711,2309,1166,1010, 552, # 3808
+ 681,1888,5490,5491,2972,2973,4099,1287,1596,1862,3179, 358, 453, 736, 175, 478, # 3824
+1117, 905,1167,1097,5492,1854,1530,5493,1706,5494,2181,3519,2292,3761,3520,3632, # 3840
+4346,2093,4347,5495,3404,1193,2489,4348,1458,2193,2208,1863,1889,1421,3331,2932, # 3856
+3069,2182,3521, 595,2123,5496,4100,5497,5498,4349,1707,2646, 223,3762,1359, 751, # 3872
+3121, 183,3522,5499,2810,3021, 419,2374, 633, 704,3897,2394, 241,5500,5501,5502, # 3888
+ 838,3022,3763,2277,2773,2459,3898,1939,2051,4101,1309,3122,2246,1181,5503,1136, # 3904
+2209,3899,2375,1446,4350,2310,4712,5504,5505,4351,1055,2615, 484,3764,5506,4102, # 3920
+ 625,4352,2278,3405,1499,4353,4103,5507,4104,4354,3253,2279,2280,3523,5508,5509, # 3936
+2774, 808,2616,3765,3406,4105,4355,3123,2539, 526,3407,3900,4356, 955,5510,1620, # 3952
+4357,2647,2432,5511,1429,3766,1669,1832, 994, 928,5512,3633,1260,5513,5514,5515, # 3968
+1949,2293, 741,2933,1626,4358,2738,2460, 867,1184, 362,3408,1392,5516,5517,4106, # 3984
+4359,1770,1736,3254,2934,4713,4714,1929,2707,1459,1158,5518,3070,3409,2891,1292, # 4000
+1930,2513,2855,3767,1986,1187,2072,2015,2617,4360,5519,2574,2514,2170,3768,2490, # 4016
+3332,5520,3769,4715,5521,5522, 666,1003,3023,1022,3634,4361,5523,4716,1814,2257, # 4032
+ 574,3901,1603, 295,1535, 705,3902,4362, 283, 858, 417,5524,5525,3255,4717,4718, # 4048
+3071,1220,1890,1046,2281,2461,4107,1393,1599, 689,2575, 388,4363,5526,2491, 802, # 4064
+5527,2811,3903,2061,1405,2258,5528,4719,3904,2110,1052,1345,3256,1585,5529, 809, # 4080
+5530,5531,5532, 575,2739,3524, 956,1552,1469,1144,2328,5533,2329,1560,2462,3635, # 4096
+3257,4108, 616,2210,4364,3180,2183,2294,5534,1833,5535,3525,4720,5536,1319,3770, # 4112
+3771,1211,3636,1023,3258,1293,2812,5537,5538,5539,3905, 607,2311,3906, 762,2892, # 4128
+1439,4365,1360,4721,1485,3072,5540,4722,1038,4366,1450,2062,2648,4367,1379,4723, # 4144
+2593,5541,5542,4368,1352,1414,2330,2935,1172,5543,5544,3907,3908,4724,1798,1451, # 4160
+5545,5546,5547,5548,2936,4109,4110,2492,2351, 411,4111,4112,3637,3333,3124,4725, # 4176
+1561,2674,1452,4113,1375,5549,5550,  47,2974, 316,5551,1406,1591,2937,3181,5552, # 4192
+1025,2142,3125,3182, 354,2740, 884,2228,4369,2412, 508,3772, 726,3638, 996,2433, # 4208
+3639, 729,5553, 392,2194,1453,4114,4726,3773,5554,5555,2463,3640,2618,1675,2813, # 4224
+ 919,2352,2975,2353,1270,4727,4115,  73,5556,5557, 647,5558,3259,2856,2259,1550, # 4240
+1346,3024,5559,1332, 883,3526,5560,5561,5562,5563,3334,2775,5564,1212, 831,1347, # 4256
+4370,4728,2331,3909,1864,3073, 720,3910,4729,4730,3911,5565,4371,5566,5567,4731, # 4272
+5568,5569,1799,4732,3774,2619,4733,3641,1645,2376,4734,5570,2938, 669,2211,2675, # 4288
+2434,5571,2893,5572,5573,1028,3260,5574,4372,2413,5575,2260,1353,5576,5577,4735, # 4304
+3183, 518,5578,4116,5579,4373,1961,5580,2143,4374,5581,5582,3025,2354,2355,3912, # 4320
+ 516,1834,1454,4117,2708,4375,4736,2229,2620,1972,1129,3642,5583,2776,5584,2976, # 4336
+1422, 577,1470,3026,1524,3410,5585,5586, 432,4376,3074,3527,5587,2594,1455,2515, # 4352
+2230,1973,1175,5588,1020,2741,4118,3528,4737,5589,2742,5590,1743,1361,3075,3529, # 4368
+2649,4119,4377,4738,2295, 895, 924,4378,2171, 331,2247,3076, 166,1627,3077,1098, # 4384
+5591,1232,2894,2231,3411,4739, 657, 403,1196,2377, 542,3775,3412,1600,4379,3530, # 4400
+5592,4740,2777,3261, 576, 530,1362,4741,4742,2540,2676,3776,4120,5593, 842,3913, # 4416
+5594,2814,2032,1014,4121, 213,2709,3413, 665, 621,4380,5595,3777,2939,2435,5596, # 4432
+2436,3335,3643,3414,4743,4381,2541,4382,4744,3644,1682,4383,3531,1380,5597, 724, # 4448
+2282, 600,1670,5598,1337,1233,4745,3126,2248,5599,1621,4746,5600, 651,4384,5601, # 4464
+1612,4385,2621,5602,2857,5603,2743,2312,3078,5604, 716,2464,3079, 174,1255,2710, # 4480
+4122,3645, 548,1320,1398, 728,4123,1574,5605,1891,1197,3080,4124,5606,3081,3082, # 4496
+3778,3646,3779, 747,5607, 635,4386,4747,5608,5609,5610,4387,5611,5612,4748,5613, # 4512
+3415,4749,2437, 451,5614,3780,2542,2073,4388,2744,4389,4125,5615,1764,4750,5616, # 4528
+4390, 350,4751,2283,2395,2493,5617,4391,4126,2249,1434,4127, 488,4752, 458,4392, # 4544
+4128,3781, 771,1330,2396,3914,2576,3184,2160,2414,1553,2677,3185,4393,5618,2494, # 4560
+2895,2622,1720,2711,4394,3416,4753,5619,2543,4395,5620,3262,4396,2778,5621,2016, # 4576
+2745,5622,1155,1017,3782,3915,5623,3336,2313, 201,1865,4397,1430,5624,4129,5625, # 4592
+5626,5627,5628,5629,4398,1604,5630, 414,1866, 371,2595,4754,4755,3532,2017,3127, # 4608
+4756,1708, 960,4399, 887, 389,2172,1536,1663,1721,5631,2232,4130,2356,2940,1580, # 4624
+5632,5633,1744,4757,2544,4758,4759,5634,4760,5635,2074,5636,4761,3647,3417,2896, # 4640
+4400,5637,4401,2650,3418,2815, 673,2712,2465, 709,3533,4131,3648,4402,5638,1148, # 4656
+ 502, 634,5639,5640,1204,4762,3649,1575,4763,2623,3783,5641,3784,3128, 948,3263, # 4672
+ 121,1745,3916,1110,5642,4403,3083,2516,3027,4132,3785,1151,1771,3917,1488,4133, # 4688
+1987,5643,2438,3534,5644,5645,2094,5646,4404,3918,1213,1407,2816, 531,2746,2545, # 4704
+3264,1011,1537,4764,2779,4405,3129,1061,5647,3786,3787,1867,2897,5648,2018, 120, # 4720
+4406,4407,2063,3650,3265,2314,3919,2678,3419,1955,4765,4134,5649,3535,1047,2713, # 4736
+1266,5650,1368,4766,2858, 649,3420,3920,2546,2747,1102,2859,2679,5651,5652,2000, # 4752
+5653,1111,3651,2977,5654,2495,3921,3652,2817,1855,3421,3788,5655,5656,3422,2415, # 4768
+2898,3337,3266,3653,5657,2577,5658,3654,2818,4135,1460, 856,5659,3655,5660,2899, # 4784
+2978,5661,2900,3922,5662,4408, 632,2517, 875,3923,1697,3924,2296,5663,5664,4767, # 4800
+3028,1239, 580,4768,4409,5665, 914, 936,2075,1190,4136,1039,2124,5666,5667,5668, # 4816
+5669,3423,1473,5670,1354,4410,3925,4769,2173,3084,4137, 915,3338,4411,4412,3339, # 4832
+1605,1835,5671,2748, 398,3656,4413,3926,4138, 328,1913,2860,4139,3927,1331,4414, # 4848
+3029, 937,4415,5672,3657,4140,4141,3424,2161,4770,3425, 524, 742, 538,3085,1012, # 4864
+5673,5674,3928,2466,5675, 658,1103, 225,3929,5676,5677,4771,5678,4772,5679,3267, # 4880
+1243,5680,4142, 963,2250,4773,5681,2714,3658,3186,5682,5683,2596,2332,5684,4774, # 4896
+5685,5686,5687,3536, 957,3426,2547,2033,1931,2941,2467, 870,2019,3659,1746,2780, # 4912
+2781,2439,2468,5688,3930,5689,3789,3130,3790,3537,3427,3791,5690,1179,3086,5691, # 4928
+3187,2378,4416,3792,2548,3188,3131,2749,4143,5692,3428,1556,2549,2297, 977,2901, # 4944
+2034,4144,1205,3429,5693,1765,3430,3189,2125,1271, 714,1689,4775,3538,5694,2333, # 4960
+3931, 533,4417,3660,2184, 617,5695,2469,3340,3539,2315,5696,5697,3190,5698,5699, # 4976
+3932,1988, 618, 427,2651,3540,3431,5700,5701,1244,1690,5702,2819,4418,4776,5703, # 4992
+3541,4777,5704,2284,1576, 473,3661,4419,3432, 972,5705,3662,5706,3087,5707,5708, # 5008
+4778,4779,5709,3793,4145,4146,5710, 153,4780, 356,5711,1892,2902,4420,2144, 408, # 5024
+ 803,2357,5712,3933,5713,4421,1646,2578,2518,4781,4782,3934,5714,3935,4422,5715, # 5040
+2416,3433, 752,5716,5717,1962,3341,2979,5718, 746,3030,2470,4783,4423,3794, 698, # 5056
+4784,1893,4424,3663,2550,4785,3664,3936,5719,3191,3434,5720,1824,1302,4147,2715, # 5072
+3937,1974,4425,5721,4426,3192, 823,1303,1288,1236,2861,3542,4148,3435, 774,3938, # 5088
+5722,1581,4786,1304,2862,3939,4787,5723,2440,2162,1083,3268,4427,4149,4428, 344, # 5104
+1173, 288,2316, 454,1683,5724,5725,1461,4788,4150,2597,5726,5727,4789, 985, 894, # 5120
+5728,3436,3193,5729,1914,2942,3795,1989,5730,2111,1975,5731,4151,5732,2579,1194, # 5136
+ 425,5733,4790,3194,1245,3796,4429,5734,5735,2863,5736, 636,4791,1856,3940, 760, # 5152
+1800,5737,4430,2212,1508,4792,4152,1894,1684,2298,5738,5739,4793,4431,4432,2213, # 5168
+ 479,5740,5741, 832,5742,4153,2496,5743,2980,2497,3797, 990,3132, 627,1815,2652, # 5184
+4433,1582,4434,2126,2112,3543,4794,5744, 799,4435,3195,5745,4795,2113,1737,3031, # 5200
+1018, 543, 754,4436,3342,1676,4796,4797,4154,4798,1489,5746,3544,5747,2624,2903, # 5216
+4155,5748,5749,2981,5750,5751,5752,5753,3196,4799,4800,2185,1722,5754,3269,3270, # 5232
+1843,3665,1715, 481, 365,1976,1857,5755,5756,1963,2498,4801,5757,2127,3666,3271, # 5248
+ 433,1895,2064,2076,5758, 602,2750,5759,5760,5761,5762,5763,3032,1628,3437,5764, # 5264
+3197,4802,4156,2904,4803,2519,5765,2551,2782,5766,5767,5768,3343,4804,2905,5769, # 5280
+4805,5770,2864,4806,4807,1221,2982,4157,2520,5771,5772,5773,1868,1990,5774,5775, # 5296
+5776,1896,5777,5778,4808,1897,4158, 318,5779,2095,4159,4437,5780,5781, 485,5782, # 5312
+ 938,3941, 553,2680, 116,5783,3942,3667,5784,3545,2681,2783,3438,3344,2820,5785, # 5328
+3668,2943,4160,1747,2944,2983,5786,5787, 207,5788,4809,5789,4810,2521,5790,3033, # 5344
+ 890,3669,3943,5791,1878,3798,3439,5792,2186,2358,3440,1652,5793,5794,5795, 941, # 5360
+2299, 208,3546,4161,2020, 330,4438,3944,2906,2499,3799,4439,4811,5796,5797,5798, # 5376  #last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2522,1613,4812,5799,3345,3945,2523,5800,4162,5801,1637,4163,2471,4813,3946,5802, # 5392
+2500,3034,3800,5803,5804,2195,4814,5805,2163,5806,5807,5808,5809,5810,5811,5812, # 5408
+5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824,5825,5826,5827,5828, # 5424
+5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840,5841,5842,5843,5844, # 5440
+5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856,5857,5858,5859,5860, # 5456
+5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872,5873,5874,5875,5876, # 5472
+5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888,5889,5890,5891,5892, # 5488
+5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904,5905,5906,5907,5908, # 5504
+5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920,5921,5922,5923,5924, # 5520
+5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936,5937,5938,5939,5940, # 5536
+5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952,5953,5954,5955,5956, # 5552
+5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968,5969,5970,5971,5972, # 5568
+5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984,5985,5986,5987,5988, # 5584
+5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000,6001,6002,6003,6004, # 5600
+6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016,6017,6018,6019,6020, # 5616
+6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032,6033,6034,6035,6036, # 5632
+6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048,6049,6050,6051,6052, # 5648
+6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064,6065,6066,6067,6068, # 5664
+6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080,6081,6082,6083,6084, # 5680
+6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096,6097,6098,6099,6100, # 5696
+6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112,6113,6114,6115,6116, # 5712
+6117,6118,6119,6120,6121,6122,6123,6124,6125,6126,6127,6128,6129,6130,6131,6132, # 5728
+6133,6134,6135,6136,6137,6138,6139,6140,6141,6142,6143,6144,6145,6146,6147,6148, # 5744
+6149,6150,6151,6152,6153,6154,6155,6156,6157,6158,6159,6160,6161,6162,6163,6164, # 5760
+6165,6166,6167,6168,6169,6170,6171,6172,6173,6174,6175,6176,6177,6178,6179,6180, # 5776
+6181,6182,6183,6184,6185,6186,6187,6188,6189,6190,6191,6192,6193,6194,6195,6196, # 5792
+6197,6198,6199,6200,6201,6202,6203,6204,6205,6206,6207,6208,6209,6210,6211,6212, # 5808
+6213,6214,6215,6216,6217,6218,6219,6220,6221,6222,6223,3670,6224,6225,6226,6227, # 5824
+6228,6229,6230,6231,6232,6233,6234,6235,6236,6237,6238,6239,6240,6241,6242,6243, # 5840
+6244,6245,6246,6247,6248,6249,6250,6251,6252,6253,6254,6255,6256,6257,6258,6259, # 5856
+6260,6261,6262,6263,6264,6265,6266,6267,6268,6269,6270,6271,6272,6273,6274,6275, # 5872
+6276,6277,6278,6279,6280,6281,6282,6283,6284,6285,4815,6286,6287,6288,6289,6290, # 5888
+6291,6292,4816,6293,6294,6295,6296,6297,6298,6299,6300,6301,6302,6303,6304,6305, # 5904
+6306,6307,6308,6309,6310,6311,4817,4818,6312,6313,6314,6315,6316,6317,6318,4819, # 5920
+6319,6320,6321,6322,6323,6324,6325,6326,6327,6328,6329,6330,6331,6332,6333,6334, # 5936
+6335,6336,6337,4820,6338,6339,6340,6341,6342,6343,6344,6345,6346,6347,6348,6349, # 5952
+6350,6351,6352,6353,6354,6355,6356,6357,6358,6359,6360,6361,6362,6363,6364,6365, # 5968
+6366,6367,6368,6369,6370,6371,6372,6373,6374,6375,6376,6377,6378,6379,6380,6381, # 5984
+6382,6383,6384,6385,6386,6387,6388,6389,6390,6391,6392,6393,6394,6395,6396,6397, # 6000
+6398,6399,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404,6405,6406,6407,6408,6409,6410,3441,6411,6412, # 6016
+6413,6414,6415,6416,6417,6418,6419,6420,6421,6422,6423,6424,6425,4440,6426,6427, # 6032
+6428,6429,6430,6431,6432,6433,6434,6435,6436,6437,6438,6439,6440,6441,6442,6443, # 6048
+6444,6445,6446,6447,6448,6449,6450,6451,6452,6453,6454,4821,6455,6456,6457,6458, # 6064
+6459,6460,6461,6462,6463,6464,6465,6466,6467,6468,6469,6470,6471,6472,6473,6474, # 6080
+6475,6476,6477,3947,3948,6478,6479,6480,6481,3272,4441,6482,6483,6484,6485,4442, # 6096
+6486,6487,6488,6489,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,4822,6497,6498,6499,6500, # 6112
+6501,6502,6503,6504,6505,6506,6507,6508,6509,6510,6511,6512,6513,6514,6515,6516, # 6128
+6517,6518,6519,6520,6521,6522,6523,6524,6525,6526,6527,6528,6529,6530,6531,6532, # 6144
+6533,6534,6535,6536,6537,6538,6539,6540,6541,6542,6543,6544,6545,6546,6547,6548, # 6160
+6549,6550,6551,6552,6553,6554,6555,6556,2784,6557,4823,6558,6559,6560,6561,6562, # 6176
+6563,6564,6565,6566,6567,6568,6569,3949,6570,6571,6572,4824,6573,6574,6575,6576, # 6192
+6577,6578,6579,6580,6581,6582,6583,4825,6584,6585,6586,3950,2785,6587,6588,6589, # 6208
+6590,6591,6592,6593,6594,6595,6596,6597,6598,6599,6600,6601,6602,6603,6604,6605, # 6224
+6606,6607,6608,6609,6610,6611,6612,4826,6613,6614,6615,4827,6616,6617,6618,6619, # 6240
+6620,6621,6622,6623,6624,6625,4164,6626,6627,6628,6629,6630,6631,6632,6633,6634, # 6256
+3547,6635,4828,6636,6637,6638,6639,6640,6641,6642,3951,2984,6643,6644,6645,6646, # 6272
+6647,6648,6649,4165,6650,4829,6651,6652,4830,6653,6654,6655,6656,6657,6658,6659, # 6288
+6660,6661,6662,4831,6663,6664,6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,6670,6671,4166,6672,4832, # 6304
+3952,6673,6674,6675,6676,4833,6677,6678,6679,4167,6680,6681,6682,3198,6683,6684, # 6320
+6685,6686,6687,6688,6689,6690,6691,6692,6693,6694,6695,6696,6697,4834,6698,6699, # 6336
+6700,6701,6702,6703,6704,6705,6706,6707,6708,6709,6710,6711,6712,6713,6714,6715, # 6352
+6716,6717,6718,6719,6720,6721,6722,6723,6724,6725,6726,6727,6728,6729,6730,6731, # 6368
+6732,6733,6734,4443,6735,6736,6737,6738,6739,6740,6741,6742,6743,6744,6745,4444, # 6384
+6746,6747,6748,6749,6750,6751,6752,6753,6754,6755,6756,6757,6758,6759,6760,6761, # 6400
+6762,6763,6764,6765,6766,6767,6768,6769,6770,6771,6772,6773,6774,6775,6776,6777, # 6416
+6778,6779,6780,6781,4168,6782,6783,3442,6784,6785,6786,6787,6788,6789,6790,6791, # 6432
+4169,6792,6793,6794,6795,6796,6797,6798,6799,6800,6801,6802,6803,6804,6805,6806, # 6448
+6807,6808,6809,6810,6811,4835,6812,6813,6814,4445,6815,6816,4446,6817,6818,6819, # 6464
+6820,6821,6822,6823,6824,6825,6826,6827,6828,6829,6830,6831,6832,6833,6834,6835, # 6480
+3548,6836,6837,6838,6839,6840,6841,6842,6843,6844,6845,6846,4836,6847,6848,6849, # 6496
+6850,6851,6852,6853,6854,3953,6855,6856,6857,6858,6859,6860,6861,6862,6863,6864, # 6512
+6865,6866,6867,6868,6869,6870,6871,6872,6873,6874,6875,6876,6877,3199,6878,6879, # 6528
+6880,6881,6882,4447,6883,6884,6885,6886,6887,6888,6889,6890,6891,6892,6893,6894, # 6544
+6895,6896,6897,6898,6899,6900,6901,6902,6903,6904,4170,6905,6906,6907,6908,6909, # 6560
+6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915,6916,6917,6918,6919,6920,6921,6922,6923,6924,6925, # 6576
+6926,6927,4837,6928,6929,6930,6931,6932,6933,6934,6935,6936,3346,6937,6938,4838, # 6592
+6939,6940,6941,4448,6942,6943,6944,6945,6946,4449,6947,6948,6949,6950,6951,6952, # 6608
+6953,6954,6955,6956,6957,6958,6959,6960,6961,6962,6963,6964,6965,6966,6967,6968, # 6624
+6969,6970,6971,6972,6973,6974,6975,6976,6977,6978,6979,6980,6981,6982,6983,6984, # 6640
+6985,6986,6987,6988,6989,6990,6991,6992,6993,6994,3671,6995,6996,6997,6998,4839, # 6656
+6999,7000,7001,7002,3549,7003,7004,7005,7006,7007,7008,7009,7010,7011,7012,7013, # 6672
+7014,7015,7016,7017,7018,7019,7020,7021,7022,7023,7024,7025,7026,7027,7028,7029, # 6688
+7030,4840,7031,7032,7033,7034,7035,7036,7037,7038,4841,7039,7040,7041,7042,7043, # 6704
+7044,7045,7046,7047,7048,7049,7050,7051,7052,7053,7054,7055,7056,7057,7058,7059, # 6720
+7060,7061,7062,7063,7064,7065,7066,7067,7068,7069,7070,2985,7071,7072,7073,7074, # 6736
+7075,7076,7077,7078,7079,7080,4842,7081,7082,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087,7088,7089, # 6752
+7090,7091,7092,7093,7094,7095,7096,7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,7103,7104,7105, # 6768
+7106,7107,7108,7109,7110,7111,7112,7113,7114,7115,7116,7117,7118,4450,7119,7120, # 6784
+7121,7122,7123,7124,7125,7126,7127,7128,7129,7130,7131,7132,7133,7134,7135,7136, # 6800
+7137,7138,7139,7140,7141,7142,7143,4843,7144,7145,7146,7147,7148,7149,7150,7151, # 6816
+7152,7153,7154,7155,7156,7157,7158,7159,7160,7161,7162,7163,7164,7165,7166,7167, # 6832
+7168,7169,7170,7171,7172,7173,7174,7175,7176,7177,7178,7179,7180,7181,7182,7183, # 6848
+7184,7185,7186,7187,7188,4171,4172,7189,7190,7191,7192,7193,7194,7195,7196,7197, # 6864
+7198,7199,7200,7201,7202,7203,7204,7205,7206,7207,7208,7209,7210,7211,7212,7213, # 6880
+7214,7215,7216,7217,7218,7219,7220,7221,7222,7223,7224,7225,7226,7227,7228,7229, # 6896
+7230,7231,7232,7233,7234,7235,7236,7237,7238,7239,7240,7241,7242,7243,7244,7245, # 6912
+7246,7247,7248,7249,7250,7251,7252,7253,7254,7255,7256,7257,7258,7259,7260,7261, # 6928
+7262,7263,7264,7265,7266,7267,7268,7269,7270,7271,7272,7273,7274,7275,7276,7277, # 6944
+7278,7279,7280,7281,7282,7283,7284,7285,7286,7287,7288,7289,7290,7291,7292,7293, # 6960
+7294,7295,7296,4844,7297,7298,7299,7300,7301,7302,7303,7304,7305,7306,7307,7308, # 6976
+7309,7310,7311,7312,7313,7314,7315,7316,4451,7317,7318,7319,7320,7321,7322,7323, # 6992
+7324,7325,7326,7327,7328,7329,7330,7331,7332,7333,7334,7335,7336,7337,7338,7339, # 7008
+7340,7341,7342,7343,7344,7345,7346,7347,7348,7349,7350,7351,7352,7353,4173,7354, # 7024
+7355,4845,7356,7357,7358,7359,7360,7361,7362,7363,7364,7365,7366,7367,7368,7369, # 7040
+7370,7371,7372,7373,7374,7375,7376,7377,7378,7379,7380,7381,7382,7383,7384,7385, # 7056
+7386,7387,7388,4846,7389,7390,7391,7392,7393,7394,7395,7396,7397,7398,7399,7400, # 7072
+7401,7402,7403,7404,7405,3672,7406,7407,7408,7409,7410,7411,7412,7413,7414,7415, # 7088
+7416,7417,7418,7419,7420,7421,7422,7423,7424,7425,7426,7427,7428,7429,7430,7431, # 7104
+7432,7433,7434,7435,7436,7437,7438,7439,7440,7441,7442,7443,7444,7445,7446,7447, # 7120
+7448,7449,7450,7451,7452,7453,4452,7454,3200,7455,7456,7457,7458,7459,7460,7461, # 7136
+7462,7463,7464,7465,7466,7467,7468,7469,7470,7471,7472,7473,7474,4847,7475,7476, # 7152
+7477,3133,7478,7479,7480,7481,7482,7483,7484,7485,7486,7487,7488,7489,7490,7491, # 7168
+7492,7493,7494,7495,7496,7497,7498,7499,7500,7501,7502,3347,7503,7504,7505,7506, # 7184
+7507,7508,7509,7510,7511,7512,7513,7514,7515,7516,7517,7518,7519,7520,7521,4848, # 7200
+7522,7523,7524,7525,7526,7527,7528,7529,7530,7531,7532,7533,7534,7535,7536,7537, # 7216
+7538,7539,7540,7541,7542,7543,7544,7545,7546,7547,7548,7549,3801,4849,7550,7551, # 7232
+7552,7553,7554,7555,7556,7557,7558,7559,7560,7561,7562,7563,7564,7565,7566,7567, # 7248
+7568,7569,3035,7570,7571,7572,7573,7574,7575,7576,7577,7578,7579,7580,7581,7582, # 7264
+7583,7584,7585,7586,7587,7588,7589,7590,7591,7592,7593,7594,7595,7596,7597,7598, # 7280
+7599,7600,7601,7602,7603,7604,7605,7606,7607,7608,7609,7610,7611,7612,7613,7614, # 7296
+7615,7616,4850,7617,7618,3802,7619,7620,7621,7622,7623,7624,7625,7626,7627,7628, # 7312
+7629,7630,7631,7632,4851,7633,7634,7635,7636,7637,7638,7639,7640,7641,7642,7643, # 7328
+7644,7645,7646,7647,7648,7649,7650,7651,7652,7653,7654,7655,7656,7657,7658,7659, # 7344
+7660,7661,7662,7663,7664,7665,7666,7667,7668,7669,7670,4453,7671,7672,7673,7674, # 7360
+7675,7676,7677,7678,7679,7680,7681,7682,7683,7684,7685,7686,7687,7688,7689,7690, # 7376
+7691,7692,7693,7694,7695,7696,7697,3443,7698,7699,7700,7701,7702,4454,7703,7704, # 7392
+7705,7706,7707,7708,7709,7710,7711,7712,7713,2472,7714,7715,7716,7717,7718,7719, # 7408
+7720,7721,7722,7723,7724,7725,7726,7727,7728,7729,7730,7731,3954,7732,7733,7734, # 7424
+7735,7736,7737,7738,7739,7740,7741,7742,7743,7744,7745,7746,7747,7748,7749,7750, # 7440
+3134,7751,7752,4852,7753,7754,7755,4853,7756,7757,7758,7759,7760,4174,7761,7762, # 7456
+7763,7764,7765,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,7772,7773,7774,7775,7776,7777,7778, # 7472
+7779,7780,7781,7782,7783,7784,7785,7786,7787,7788,7789,7790,7791,7792,7793,7794, # 7488
+7795,7796,7797,7798,7799,7800,7801,7802,7803,7804,7805,4854,7806,7807,7808,7809, # 7504
+7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,7824,7825, # 7520
+4855,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,7840, # 7536
+7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,3955,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855, # 7552
+7856,7857,7858,7859,7860,3444,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870, # 7568
+7871,7872,7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886, # 7584
+7887,7888,7889,7890,7891,4175,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,4856,4857,7897,7898,7899, # 7600
+7900,2598,7901,7902,7903,7904,7905,7906,7907,7908,4455,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913, # 7616
+7914,3201,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920,7921,4858,7922,7923,7924,7925,7926,7927, # 7632
+7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935,7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943, # 7648
+7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951,7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959, # 7664
+7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967,7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975, # 7680
+7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,4859,7982,7983,7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990, # 7696
+7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,4860,7997,7998,7999,8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005, # 7712
+8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015,8016,4176,8017,8018,8019,8020, # 7728
+8021,8022,8023,4861,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031,8032,8033,8034,8035, # 7744
+8036,4862,4456,8037,8038,8039,8040,4863,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047,8048, # 7760
+8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063,8064, # 7776
+8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079,8080, # 7792
+8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095,8096, # 7808
+8097,8098,8099,4864,4177,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110, # 7824
+8111,8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,4178,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125, # 7840
+8126,8127,8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141, # 7856
+8142,8143,8144,8145,4865,4866,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155, # 7872
+8156,8157,8158,8159,8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,4179,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170, # 7888
+8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,4457,8182,8183,8184,8185, # 7904
+8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201, # 7920
+8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217, # 7936
+8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233, # 7952
+8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249, # 7968
+8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,8256,3445,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,4458,8263, # 7984
+8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,8272,4459,8273,8274,8275,8276,3550,8277, # 8000
+8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,8288,8289,4460,8290,8291,8292, # 8016
+8293,8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,8304,8305,8306,8307,4867, # 8032
+8308,8309,8310,8311,8312,3551,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,8320,8321,8322, # 8048
+8323,8324,8325,8326,4868,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,8336,8337, # 8064
+8338,8339,8340,8341,8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353, # 8080
+8354,8355,8356,8357,8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,4869,4461,8364,8365,8366,8367, # 8096
+8368,8369,8370,4870,8371,8372,8373,8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382, # 8112
+8383,8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389,8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398, # 8128
+8399,8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,4871,8411,8412,8413, # 8144
+8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,4462,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428, # 8160
+8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,2986,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443, # 8176
+8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459, # 8192
+8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475, # 8208
+8476,8477,8478,4180,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485,8486,8487,8488,8489,8490, # 8224
+8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506, # 8240
+8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8520,8521,8522, # 8256
+8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538, # 8272
+8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549,8550,8551,8552,8553,8554, # 8288
+8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,4872,8565,8566,8567,8568,8569, # 8304
+8570,8571,8572,8573,4873,8574,8575,8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581,8582,8583,8584, # 8320
+8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597,8598,8599,8600, # 8336
+8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,3803,8606,8607,8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613,4874,3804, # 8352
+8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,3956,8622,8623,8624,8625,8626,8627,8628, # 8368
+8629,8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,2865,8639,8640,8641,8642,8643, # 8384
+8644,8645,8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,8656,4463,8657,8658, # 8400
+8659,4875,4876,8660,8661,8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,8672, # 8416
+8673,8674,8675,8676,8677,8678,8679,8680,8681,4464,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687, # 8432
+8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693,8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703, # 8448
+8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,2261,8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718, # 8464
+8719,8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725,8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,4181, # 8480
+8734,8735,8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741,8742,8743,8744,8745,8746,8747,8748,8749, # 8496
+8750,8751,8752,8753,8754,8755,8756,8757,8758,8759,8760,8761,8762,8763,4877,8764, # 8512
+8765,8766,8767,8768,8769,8770,8771,8772,8773,8774,8775,8776,8777,8778,8779,8780, # 8528
+8781,8782,8783,8784,8785,8786,8787,8788,4878,8789,4879,8790,8791,8792,4880,8793, # 8544
+8794,8795,8796,8797,8798,8799,8800,8801,4881,8802,8803,8804,8805,8806,8807,8808, # 8560
+8809,8810,8811,8812,8813,8814,8815,3957,8816,8817,8818,8819,8820,8821,8822,8823, # 8576
+8824,8825,8826,8827,8828,8829,8830,8831,8832,8833,8834,8835,8836,8837,8838,8839, # 8592
+8840,8841,8842,8843,8844,8845,8846,8847,4882,8848,8849,8850,8851,8852,8853,8854, # 8608
+8855,8856,8857,8858,8859,8860,8861,8862,8863,8864,8865,8866,8867,8868,8869,8870, # 8624
+8871,8872,8873,8874,8875,8876,8877,8878,8879,8880,8881,8882,8883,8884,3202,8885, # 8640
+8886,8887,8888,8889,8890,8891,8892,8893,8894,8895,8896,8897,8898,8899,8900,8901, # 8656
+8902,8903,8904,8905,8906,8907,8908,8909,8910,8911,8912,8913,8914,8915,8916,8917, # 8672
+8918,8919,8920,8921,8922,8923,8924,4465,8925,8926,8927,8928,8929,8930,8931,8932, # 8688
+4883,8933,8934,8935,8936,8937,8938,8939,8940,8941,8942,8943,2214,8944,8945,8946, # 8704
+8947,8948,8949,8950,8951,8952,8953,8954,8955,8956,8957,8958,8959,8960,8961,8962, # 8720
+8963,8964,8965,4884,8966,8967,8968,8969,8970,8971,8972,8973,8974,8975,8976,8977, # 8736
+8978,8979,8980,8981,8982,8983,8984,8985,8986,8987,8988,8989,8990,8991,8992,4885, # 8752
+8993,8994,8995,8996,8997,8998,8999,9000,9001,9002,9003,9004,9005,9006,9007,9008, # 8768
+9009,9010,9011,9012,9013,9014,9015,9016,9017,9018,9019,9020,9021,4182,9022,9023, # 8784
+9024,9025,9026,9027,9028,9029,9030,9031,9032,9033,9034,9035,9036,9037,9038,9039, # 8800
+9040,9041,9042,9043,9044,9045,9046,9047,9048,9049,9050,9051,9052,9053,9054,9055, # 8816
+9056,9057,9058,9059,9060,9061,9062,9063,4886,9064,9065,9066,9067,9068,9069,4887, # 8832
+9070,9071,9072,9073,9074,9075,9076,9077,9078,9079,9080,9081,9082,9083,9084,9085, # 8848
+9086,9087,9088,9089,9090,9091,9092,9093,9094,9095,9096,9097,9098,9099,9100,9101, # 8864
+9102,9103,9104,9105,9106,9107,9108,9109,9110,9111,9112,9113,9114,9115,9116,9117, # 8880
+9118,9119,9120,9121,9122,9123,9124,9125,9126,9127,9128,9129,9130,9131,9132,9133, # 8896
+9134,9135,9136,9137,9138,9139,9140,9141,3958,9142,9143,9144,9145,9146,9147,9148, # 8912
+9149,9150,9151,4888,9152,9153,9154,9155,9156,9157,9158,9159,9160,9161,9162,9163, # 8928
+9164,9165,9166,9167,9168,9169,9170,9171,9172,9173,9174,9175,4889,9176,9177,9178, # 8944
+9179,9180,9181,9182,9183,9184,9185,9186,9187,9188,9189,9190,9191,9192,9193,9194, # 8960
+9195,9196,9197,9198,9199,9200,9201,9202,9203,4890,9204,9205,9206,9207,9208,9209, # 8976
+9210,9211,9212,9213,9214,9215,9216,9217,9218,9219,9220,9221,9222,4466,9223,9224, # 8992
+9225,9226,9227,9228,9229,9230,9231,9232,9233,9234,9235,9236,9237,9238,9239,9240, # 9008
+9241,9242,9243,9244,9245,4891,9246,9247,9248,9249,9250,9251,9252,9253,9254,9255, # 9024
+9256,9257,4892,9258,9259,9260,9261,4893,4894,9262,9263,9264,9265,9266,9267,9268, # 9040
+9269,9270,9271,9272,9273,4467,9274,9275,9276,9277,9278,9279,9280,9281,9282,9283, # 9056
+9284,9285,3673,9286,9287,9288,9289,9290,9291,9292,9293,9294,9295,9296,9297,9298, # 9072
+9299,9300,9301,9302,9303,9304,9305,9306,9307,9308,9309,9310,9311,9312,9313,9314, # 9088
+9315,9316,9317,9318,9319,9320,9321,9322,4895,9323,9324,9325,9326,9327,9328,9329, # 9104
+9330,9331,9332,9333,9334,9335,9336,9337,9338,9339,9340,9341,9342,9343,9344,9345, # 9120
+9346,9347,4468,9348,9349,9350,9351,9352,9353,9354,9355,9356,9357,9358,9359,9360, # 9136
+9361,9362,9363,9364,9365,9366,9367,9368,9369,9370,9371,9372,9373,4896,9374,4469, # 9152
+9375,9376,9377,9378,9379,4897,9380,9381,9382,9383,9384,9385,9386,9387,9388,9389, # 9168
+9390,9391,9392,9393,9394,9395,9396,9397,9398,9399,9400,9401,9402,9403,9404,9405, # 9184
+9406,4470,9407,2751,9408,9409,3674,3552,9410,9411,9412,9413,9414,9415,9416,9417, # 9200
+9418,9419,9420,9421,4898,9422,9423,9424,9425,9426,9427,9428,9429,3959,9430,9431, # 9216
+9432,9433,9434,9435,9436,4471,9437,9438,9439,9440,9441,9442,9443,9444,9445,9446, # 9232
+9447,9448,9449,9450,3348,9451,9452,9453,9454,9455,9456,9457,9458,9459,9460,9461, # 9248
+9462,9463,9464,9465,9466,9467,9468,9469,9470,9471,9472,4899,9473,9474,9475,9476, # 9264
+9477,4900,9478,9479,9480,9481,9482,9483,9484,9485,9486,9487,9488,3349,9489,9490, # 9280
+9491,9492,9493,9494,9495,9496,9497,9498,9499,9500,9501,9502,9503,9504,9505,9506, # 9296
+9507,9508,9509,9510,9511,9512,9513,9514,9515,9516,9517,9518,9519,9520,4901,9521, # 9312
+9522,9523,9524,9525,9526,4902,9527,9528,9529,9530,9531,9532,9533,9534,9535,9536, # 9328
+9537,9538,9539,9540,9541,9542,9543,9544,9545,9546,9547,9548,9549,9550,9551,9552, # 9344
+9553,9554,9555,9556,9557,9558,9559,9560,9561,9562,9563,9564,9565,9566,9567,9568, # 9360
+9569,9570,9571,9572,9573,9574,9575,9576,9577,9578,9579,9580,9581,9582,9583,9584, # 9376
+3805,9585,9586,9587,9588,9589,9590,9591,9592,9593,9594,9595,9596,9597,9598,9599, # 9392
+9600,9601,9602,4903,9603,9604,9605,9606,9607,4904,9608,9609,9610,9611,9612,9613, # 9408
+9614,4905,9615,9616,9617,9618,9619,9620,9621,9622,9623,9624,9625,9626,9627,9628, # 9424
+9629,9630,9631,9632,4906,9633,9634,9635,9636,9637,9638,9639,9640,9641,9642,9643, # 9440
+4907,9644,9645,9646,9647,9648,9649,9650,9651,9652,9653,9654,9655,9656,9657,9658, # 9456
+9659,9660,9661,9662,9663,9664,9665,9666,9667,9668,9669,9670,9671,9672,4183,9673, # 9472
+9674,9675,9676,9677,4908,9678,9679,9680,9681,4909,9682,9683,9684,9685,9686,9687, # 9488
+9688,9689,9690,4910,9691,9692,9693,3675,9694,9695,9696,2945,9697,9698,9699,9700, # 9504
+9701,9702,9703,9704,9705,4911,9706,9707,9708,9709,9710,9711,9712,9713,9714,9715, # 9520
+9716,9717,9718,9719,9720,9721,9722,9723,9724,9725,9726,9727,9728,9729,9730,9731, # 9536
+9732,9733,9734,9735,4912,9736,9737,9738,9739,9740,4913,9741,9742,9743,9744,9745, # 9552
+9746,9747,9748,9749,9750,9751,9752,9753,9754,9755,9756,9757,9758,4914,9759,9760, # 9568
+9761,9762,9763,9764,9765,9766,9767,9768,9769,9770,9771,9772,9773,9774,9775,9776, # 9584
+9777,9778,9779,9780,9781,9782,4915,9783,9784,9785,9786,9787,9788,9789,9790,9791, # 9600
+9792,9793,4916,9794,9795,9796,9797,9798,9799,9800,9801,9802,9803,9804,9805,9806, # 9616
+9807,9808,9809,9810,9811,9812,9813,9814,9815,9816,9817,9818,9819,9820,9821,9822, # 9632
+9823,9824,9825,9826,9827,9828,9829,9830,9831,9832,9833,9834,9835,9836,9837,9838, # 9648
+9839,9840,9841,9842,9843,9844,9845,9846,9847,9848,9849,9850,9851,9852,9853,9854, # 9664
+9855,9856,9857,9858,9859,9860,9861,9862,9863,9864,9865,9866,9867,9868,4917,9869, # 9680
+9870,9871,9872,9873,9874,9875,9876,9877,9878,9879,9880,9881,9882,9883,9884,9885, # 9696
+9886,9887,9888,9889,9890,9891,9892,4472,9893,9894,9895,9896,9897,3806,9898,9899, # 9712
+9900,9901,9902,9903,9904,9905,9906,9907,9908,9909,9910,9911,9912,9913,9914,4918, # 9728
+9915,9916,9917,4919,9918,9919,9920,9921,4184,9922,9923,9924,9925,9926,9927,9928, # 9744
+9929,9930,9931,9932,9933,9934,9935,9936,9937,9938,9939,9940,9941,9942,9943,9944, # 9760
+9945,9946,4920,9947,9948,9949,9950,9951,9952,9953,9954,9955,4185,9956,9957,9958, # 9776
+9959,9960,9961,9962,9963,9964,9965,4921,9966,9967,9968,4473,9969,9970,9971,9972, # 9792
+9973,9974,9975,9976,9977,4474,9978,9979,9980,9981,9982,9983,9984,9985,9986,9987, # 9808
+9988,9989,9990,9991,9992,9993,9994,9995,9996,9997,9998,9999,10000,10001,10002,10003, # 9824
+10004,10005,10006,10007,10008,10009,10010,10011,10012,10013,10014,10015,10016,10017,10018,10019, # 9840
+10020,10021,4922,10022,4923,10023,10024,10025,10026,10027,10028,10029,10030,10031,10032,10033, # 9856
+10034,10035,10036,10037,10038,10039,10040,10041,10042,10043,10044,10045,10046,10047,10048,4924, # 9872
+10049,10050,10051,10052,10053,10054,10055,10056,10057,10058,10059,10060,10061,10062,10063,10064, # 9888
+10065,10066,10067,10068,10069,10070,10071,10072,10073,10074,10075,10076,10077,10078,10079,10080, # 9904
+10081,10082,10083,10084,10085,10086,10087,4475,10088,10089,10090,10091,10092,10093,10094,10095, # 9920
+10096,10097,4476,10098,10099,10100,10101,10102,10103,10104,10105,10106,10107,10108,10109,10110, # 9936
+10111,2174,10112,10113,10114,10115,10116,10117,10118,10119,10120,10121,10122,10123,10124,10125, # 9952
+10126,10127,10128,10129,10130,10131,10132,10133,10134,10135,10136,10137,10138,10139,10140,3807, # 9968
+4186,4925,10141,10142,10143,10144,10145,10146,10147,4477,4187,10148,10149,10150,10151,10152, # 9984
+10153,4188,10154,10155,10156,10157,10158,10159,10160,10161,4926,10162,10163,10164,10165,10166, #10000
+10167,10168,10169,10170,10171,10172,10173,10174,10175,10176,10177,10178,10179,10180,10181,10182, #10016
+10183,10184,10185,10186,10187,10188,10189,10190,10191,10192,3203,10193,10194,10195,10196,10197, #10032
+10198,10199,10200,4478,10201,10202,10203,10204,4479,10205,10206,10207,10208,10209,10210,10211, #10048
+10212,10213,10214,10215,10216,10217,10218,10219,10220,10221,10222,10223,10224,10225,10226,10227, #10064
+10228,10229,10230,10231,10232,10233,10234,4927,10235,10236,10237,10238,10239,10240,10241,10242, #10080
+10243,10244,10245,10246,10247,10248,10249,10250,10251,10252,10253,10254,10255,10256,10257,10258, #10096
+10259,10260,10261,10262,10263,10264,10265,10266,10267,10268,10269,10270,10271,10272,10273,4480, #10112
+4928,4929,10274,10275,10276,10277,10278,10279,10280,10281,10282,10283,10284,10285,10286,10287, #10128
+10288,10289,10290,10291,10292,10293,10294,10295,10296,10297,10298,10299,10300,10301,10302,10303, #10144
+10304,10305,10306,10307,10308,10309,10310,10311,10312,10313,10314,10315,10316,10317,10318,10319, #10160
+10320,10321,10322,10323,10324,10325,10326,10327,10328,10329,10330,10331,10332,10333,10334,4930, #10176
+10335,10336,10337,10338,10339,10340,10341,10342,4931,10343,10344,10345,10346,10347,10348,10349, #10192
+10350,10351,10352,10353,10354,10355,3088,10356,2786,10357,10358,10359,10360,4189,10361,10362, #10208
+10363,10364,10365,10366,10367,10368,10369,10370,10371,10372,10373,10374,10375,4932,10376,10377, #10224
+10378,10379,10380,10381,10382,10383,10384,10385,10386,10387,10388,10389,10390,10391,10392,4933, #10240
+10393,10394,10395,4934,10396,10397,10398,10399,10400,10401,10402,10403,10404,10405,10406,10407, #10256
+10408,10409,10410,10411,10412,3446,10413,10414,10415,10416,10417,10418,10419,10420,10421,10422, #10272
+10423,4935,10424,10425,10426,10427,10428,10429,10430,4936,10431,10432,10433,10434,10435,10436, #10288
+10437,10438,10439,10440,10441,10442,10443,4937,10444,10445,10446,10447,4481,10448,10449,10450, #10304
+10451,10452,10453,10454,10455,10456,10457,10458,10459,10460,10461,10462,10463,10464,10465,10466, #10320
+10467,10468,10469,10470,10471,10472,10473,10474,10475,10476,10477,10478,10479,10480,10481,10482, #10336
+10483,10484,10485,10486,10487,10488,10489,10490,10491,10492,10493,10494,10495,10496,10497,10498, #10352
+10499,10500,10501,10502,10503,10504,10505,4938,10506,10507,10508,10509,10510,2552,10511,10512, #10368
+10513,10514,10515,10516,3447,10517,10518,10519,10520,10521,10522,10523,10524,10525,10526,10527, #10384
+10528,10529,10530,10531,10532,10533,10534,10535,10536,10537,10538,10539,10540,10541,10542,10543, #10400
+4482,10544,4939,10545,10546,10547,10548,10549,10550,10551,10552,10553,10554,10555,10556,10557, #10416
+10558,10559,10560,10561,10562,10563,10564,10565,10566,10567,3676,4483,10568,10569,10570,10571, #10432
+10572,3448,10573,10574,10575,10576,10577,10578,10579,10580,10581,10582,10583,10584,10585,10586, #10448
+10587,10588,10589,10590,10591,10592,10593,10594,10595,10596,10597,10598,10599,10600,10601,10602, #10464
+10603,10604,10605,10606,10607,10608,10609,10610,10611,10612,10613,10614,10615,10616,10617,10618, #10480
+10619,10620,10621,10622,10623,10624,10625,10626,10627,4484,10628,10629,10630,10631,10632,4940, #10496
+10633,10634,10635,10636,10637,10638,10639,10640,10641,10642,10643,10644,10645,10646,10647,10648, #10512
+10649,10650,10651,10652,10653,10654,10655,10656,4941,10657,10658,10659,2599,10660,10661,10662, #10528
+10663,10664,10665,10666,3089,10667,10668,10669,10670,10671,10672,10673,10674,10675,10676,10677, #10544
+10678,10679,10680,4942,10681,10682,10683,10684,10685,10686,10687,10688,10689,10690,10691,10692, #10560
+10693,10694,10695,10696,10697,4485,10698,10699,10700,10701,10702,10703,10704,4943,10705,3677, #10576
+10706,10707,10708,10709,10710,10711,10712,4944,10713,10714,10715,10716,10717,10718,10719,10720, #10592
+10721,10722,10723,10724,10725,10726,10727,10728,4945,10729,10730,10731,10732,10733,10734,10735, #10608
+10736,10737,10738,10739,10740,10741,10742,10743,10744,10745,10746,10747,10748,10749,10750,10751, #10624
+10752,10753,10754,10755,10756,10757,10758,10759,10760,10761,4946,10762,10763,10764,10765,10766, #10640
+10767,4947,4948,10768,10769,10770,10771,10772,10773,10774,10775,10776,10777,10778,10779,10780, #10656
+10781,10782,10783,10784,10785,10786,10787,10788,10789,10790,10791,10792,10793,10794,10795,10796, #10672
+10797,10798,10799,10800,10801,10802,10803,10804,10805,10806,10807,10808,10809,10810,10811,10812, #10688
+10813,10814,10815,10816,10817,10818,10819,10820,10821,10822,10823,10824,10825,10826,10827,10828, #10704
+10829,10830,10831,10832,10833,10834,10835,10836,10837,10838,10839,10840,10841,10842,10843,10844, #10720
+10845,10846,10847,10848,10849,10850,10851,10852,10853,10854,10855,10856,10857,10858,10859,10860, #10736
+10861,10862,10863,10864,10865,10866,10867,10868,10869,10870,10871,10872,10873,10874,10875,10876, #10752
+10877,10878,4486,10879,10880,10881,10882,10883,10884,10885,4949,10886,10887,10888,10889,10890, #10768
+10891,10892,10893,10894,10895,10896,10897,10898,10899,10900,10901,10902,10903,10904,10905,10906, #10784
+10907,10908,10909,10910,10911,10912,10913,10914,10915,10916,10917,10918,10919,4487,10920,10921, #10800
+10922,10923,10924,10925,10926,10927,10928,10929,10930,10931,10932,4950,10933,10934,10935,10936, #10816
+10937,10938,10939,10940,10941,10942,10943,10944,10945,10946,10947,10948,10949,4488,10950,10951, #10832
+10952,10953,10954,10955,10956,10957,10958,10959,4190,10960,10961,10962,10963,10964,10965,10966, #10848
+10967,10968,10969,10970,10971,10972,10973,10974,10975,10976,10977,10978,10979,10980,10981,10982, #10864
+10983,10984,10985,10986,10987,10988,10989,10990,10991,10992,10993,10994,10995,10996,10997,10998, #10880
+10999,11000,11001,11002,11003,11004,11005,11006,3960,11007,11008,11009,11010,11011,11012,11013, #10896
+11014,11015,11016,11017,11018,11019,11020,11021,11022,11023,11024,11025,11026,11027,11028,11029, #10912
+11030,11031,11032,4951,11033,11034,11035,11036,11037,11038,11039,11040,11041,11042,11043,11044, #10928
+11045,11046,11047,4489,11048,11049,11050,11051,4952,11052,11053,11054,11055,11056,11057,11058, #10944
+4953,11059,11060,11061,11062,11063,11064,11065,11066,11067,11068,11069,11070,11071,4954,11072, #10960
+11073,11074,11075,11076,11077,11078,11079,11080,11081,11082,11083,11084,11085,11086,11087,11088, #10976
+11089,11090,11091,11092,11093,11094,11095,11096,11097,11098,11099,11100,11101,11102,11103,11104, #10992
+11105,11106,11107,11108,11109,11110,11111,11112,11113,11114,11115,3808,11116,11117,11118,11119, #11008
+11120,11121,11122,11123,11124,11125,11126,11127,11128,11129,11130,11131,11132,11133,11134,4955, #11024
+11135,11136,11137,11138,11139,11140,11141,11142,11143,11144,11145,11146,11147,11148,11149,11150, #11040
+11151,11152,11153,11154,11155,11156,11157,11158,11159,11160,11161,4956,11162,11163,11164,11165, #11056
+11166,11167,11168,11169,11170,11171,11172,11173,11174,11175,11176,11177,11178,11179,11180,4957, #11072
+11181,11182,11183,11184,11185,11186,4958,11187,11188,11189,11190,11191,11192,11193,11194,11195, #11088
+11196,11197,11198,11199,11200,3678,11201,11202,11203,11204,11205,11206,4191,11207,11208,11209, #11104
+11210,11211,11212,11213,11214,11215,11216,11217,11218,11219,11220,11221,11222,11223,11224,11225, #11120
+11226,11227,11228,11229,11230,11231,11232,11233,11234,11235,11236,11237,11238,11239,11240,11241, #11136
+11242,11243,11244,11245,11246,11247,11248,11249,11250,11251,4959,11252,11253,11254,11255,11256, #11152
+11257,11258,11259,11260,11261,11262,11263,11264,11265,11266,11267,11268,11269,11270,11271,11272, #11168
+11273,11274,11275,11276,11277,11278,11279,11280,11281,11282,11283,11284,11285,11286,11287,11288, #11184
+11289,11290,11291,11292,11293,11294,11295,11296,11297,11298,11299,11300,11301,11302,11303,11304, #11200
+11305,11306,11307,11308,11309,11310,11311,11312,11313,11314,3679,11315,11316,11317,11318,4490, #11216
+11319,11320,11321,11322,11323,11324,11325,11326,11327,11328,11329,11330,11331,11332,11333,11334, #11232
+11335,11336,11337,11338,11339,11340,11341,11342,11343,11344,11345,11346,11347,4960,11348,11349, #11248
+11350,11351,11352,11353,11354,11355,11356,11357,11358,11359,11360,11361,11362,11363,11364,11365, #11264
+11366,11367,11368,11369,11370,11371,11372,11373,11374,11375,11376,11377,3961,4961,11378,11379, #11280
+11380,11381,11382,11383,11384,11385,11386,11387,11388,11389,11390,11391,11392,11393,11394,11395, #11296
+11396,11397,4192,11398,11399,11400,11401,11402,11403,11404,11405,11406,11407,11408,11409,11410, #11312
+11411,4962,11412,11413,11414,11415,11416,11417,11418,11419,11420,11421,11422,11423,11424,11425, #11328
+11426,11427,11428,11429,11430,11431,11432,11433,11434,11435,11436,11437,11438,11439,11440,11441, #11344
+11442,11443,11444,11445,11446,11447,11448,11449,11450,11451,11452,11453,11454,11455,11456,11457, #11360
+11458,11459,11460,11461,11462,11463,11464,11465,11466,11467,11468,11469,4963,11470,11471,4491, #11376
+11472,11473,11474,11475,4964,11476,11477,11478,11479,11480,11481,11482,11483,11484,11485,11486, #11392
+11487,11488,11489,11490,11491,11492,4965,11493,11494,11495,11496,11497,11498,11499,11500,11501, #11408
+11502,11503,11504,11505,11506,11507,11508,11509,11510,11511,11512,11513,11514,11515,11516,11517, #11424
+11518,11519,11520,11521,11522,11523,11524,11525,11526,11527,11528,11529,3962,11530,11531,11532, #11440
+11533,11534,11535,11536,11537,11538,11539,11540,11541,11542,11543,11544,11545,11546,11547,11548, #11456
+11549,11550,11551,11552,11553,11554,11555,11556,11557,11558,11559,11560,11561,11562,11563,11564, #11472
+4193,4194,11565,11566,11567,11568,11569,11570,11571,11572,11573,11574,11575,11576,11577,11578, #11488
+11579,11580,11581,11582,11583,11584,11585,11586,11587,11588,11589,11590,11591,4966,4195,11592, #11504
+11593,11594,11595,11596,11597,11598,11599,11600,11601,11602,11603,11604,3090,11605,11606,11607, #11520
+11608,11609,11610,4967,11611,11612,11613,11614,11615,11616,11617,11618,11619,11620,11621,11622, #11536
+11623,11624,11625,11626,11627,11628,11629,11630,11631,11632,11633,11634,11635,11636,11637,11638, #11552
+11639,11640,11641,11642,11643,11644,11645,11646,11647,11648,11649,11650,11651,11652,11653,11654, #11568
+11655,11656,11657,11658,11659,11660,11661,11662,11663,11664,11665,11666,11667,11668,11669,11670, #11584
+11671,11672,11673,11674,4968,11675,11676,11677,11678,11679,11680,11681,11682,11683,11684,11685, #11600
+11686,11687,11688,11689,11690,11691,11692,11693,3809,11694,11695,11696,11697,11698,11699,11700, #11616
+11701,11702,11703,11704,11705,11706,11707,11708,11709,11710,11711,11712,11713,11714,11715,11716, #11632
+11717,11718,3553,11719,11720,11721,11722,11723,11724,11725,11726,11727,11728,11729,11730,4969, #11648
+11731,11732,11733,11734,11735,11736,11737,11738,11739,11740,4492,11741,11742,11743,11744,11745, #11664
+11746,11747,11748,11749,11750,11751,11752,4970,11753,11754,11755,11756,11757,11758,11759,11760, #11680
+11761,11762,11763,11764,11765,11766,11767,11768,11769,11770,11771,11772,11773,11774,11775,11776, #11696
+11777,11778,11779,11780,11781,11782,11783,11784,11785,11786,11787,11788,11789,11790,4971,11791, #11712
+11792,11793,11794,11795,11796,11797,4972,11798,11799,11800,11801,11802,11803,11804,11805,11806, #11728
+11807,11808,11809,11810,4973,11811,11812,11813,11814,11815,11816,11817,11818,11819,11820,11821, #11744
+11822,11823,11824,11825,11826,11827,11828,11829,11830,11831,11832,11833,11834,3680,3810,11835, #11760
+11836,4974,11837,11838,11839,11840,11841,11842,11843,11844,11845,11846,11847,11848,11849,11850, #11776
+11851,11852,11853,11854,11855,11856,11857,11858,11859,11860,11861,11862,11863,11864,11865,11866, #11792
+11867,11868,11869,11870,11871,11872,11873,11874,11875,11876,11877,11878,11879,11880,11881,11882, #11808
+11883,11884,4493,11885,11886,11887,11888,11889,11890,11891,11892,11893,11894,11895,11896,11897, #11824
+11898,11899,11900,11901,11902,11903,11904,11905,11906,11907,11908,11909,11910,11911,11912,11913, #11840
+11914,11915,4975,11916,11917,11918,11919,11920,11921,11922,11923,11924,11925,11926,11927,11928, #11856
+11929,11930,11931,11932,11933,11934,11935,11936,11937,11938,11939,11940,11941,11942,11943,11944, #11872
+11945,11946,11947,11948,11949,4976,11950,11951,11952,11953,11954,11955,11956,11957,11958,11959, #11888
+11960,11961,11962,11963,11964,11965,11966,11967,11968,11969,11970,11971,11972,11973,11974,11975, #11904
+11976,11977,11978,11979,11980,11981,11982,11983,11984,11985,11986,11987,4196,11988,11989,11990, #11920
+11991,11992,4977,11993,11994,11995,11996,11997,11998,11999,12000,12001,12002,12003,12004,12005, #11936
+12006,12007,12008,12009,12010,12011,12012,12013,12014,12015,12016,12017,12018,12019,12020,12021, #11952
+12022,12023,12024,12025,12026,12027,12028,12029,12030,12031,12032,12033,12034,12035,12036,12037, #11968
+12038,12039,12040,12041,12042,12043,12044,12045,12046,12047,12048,12049,12050,12051,12052,12053, #11984
+12054,12055,12056,12057,12058,12059,12060,12061,4978,12062,12063,12064,12065,12066,12067,12068, #12000
+12069,12070,12071,12072,12073,12074,12075,12076,12077,12078,12079,12080,12081,12082,12083,12084, #12016
+12085,12086,12087,12088,12089,12090,12091,12092,12093,12094,12095,12096,12097,12098,12099,12100, #12032
+12101,12102,12103,12104,12105,12106,12107,12108,12109,12110,12111,12112,12113,12114,12115,12116, #12048
+12117,12118,12119,12120,12121,12122,12123,4979,12124,12125,12126,12127,12128,4197,12129,12130, #12064
+12131,12132,12133,12134,12135,12136,12137,12138,12139,12140,12141,12142,12143,12144,12145,12146, #12080
+12147,12148,12149,12150,12151,12152,12153,12154,4980,12155,12156,12157,12158,12159,12160,4494, #12096
+12161,12162,12163,12164,3811,12165,12166,12167,12168,12169,4495,12170,12171,4496,12172,12173, #12112
+12174,12175,12176,3812,12177,12178,12179,12180,12181,12182,12183,12184,12185,12186,12187,12188, #12128
+12189,12190,12191,12192,12193,12194,12195,12196,12197,12198,12199,12200,12201,12202,12203,12204, #12144
+12205,12206,12207,12208,12209,12210,12211,12212,12213,12214,12215,12216,12217,12218,12219,12220, #12160
+12221,4981,12222,12223,12224,12225,12226,12227,12228,12229,12230,12231,12232,12233,12234,12235, #12176
+4982,12236,12237,12238,12239,12240,12241,12242,12243,12244,12245,4983,12246,12247,12248,12249, #12192
+4984,12250,12251,12252,12253,12254,12255,12256,12257,12258,12259,12260,12261,12262,12263,12264, #12208
+4985,12265,4497,12266,12267,12268,12269,12270,12271,12272,12273,12274,12275,12276,12277,12278, #12224
+12279,12280,12281,12282,12283,12284,12285,12286,12287,4986,12288,12289,12290,12291,12292,12293, #12240
+12294,12295,12296,2473,12297,12298,12299,12300,12301,12302,12303,12304,12305,12306,12307,12308, #12256
+12309,12310,12311,12312,12313,12314,12315,12316,12317,12318,12319,3963,12320,12321,12322,12323, #12272
+12324,12325,12326,12327,12328,12329,12330,12331,12332,4987,12333,12334,12335,12336,12337,12338, #12288
+12339,12340,12341,12342,12343,12344,12345,12346,12347,12348,12349,12350,12351,12352,12353,12354, #12304
+12355,12356,12357,12358,12359,3964,12360,12361,12362,12363,12364,12365,12366,12367,12368,12369, #12320
+12370,3965,12371,12372,12373,12374,12375,12376,12377,12378,12379,12380,12381,12382,12383,12384, #12336
+12385,12386,12387,12388,12389,12390,12391,12392,12393,12394,12395,12396,12397,12398,12399,12400, #12352
+12401,12402,12403,12404,12405,12406,12407,12408,4988,12409,12410,12411,12412,12413,12414,12415, #12368
+12416,12417,12418,12419,12420,12421,12422,12423,12424,12425,12426,12427,12428,12429,12430,12431, #12384
+12432,12433,12434,12435,12436,12437,12438,3554,12439,12440,12441,12442,12443,12444,12445,12446, #12400
+12447,12448,12449,12450,12451,12452,12453,12454,12455,12456,12457,12458,12459,12460,12461,12462, #12416
+12463,12464,4989,12465,12466,12467,12468,12469,12470,12471,12472,12473,12474,12475,12476,12477, #12432
+12478,12479,12480,4990,12481,12482,12483,12484,12485,12486,12487,12488,12489,4498,12490,12491, #12448
+12492,12493,12494,12495,12496,12497,12498,12499,12500,12501,12502,12503,12504,12505,12506,12507, #12464
+12508,12509,12510,12511,12512,12513,12514,12515,12516,12517,12518,12519,12520,12521,12522,12523, #12480
+12524,12525,12526,12527,12528,12529,12530,12531,12532,12533,12534,12535,12536,12537,12538,12539, #12496
+12540,12541,12542,12543,12544,12545,12546,12547,12548,12549,12550,12551,4991,12552,12553,12554, #12512
+12555,12556,12557,12558,12559,12560,12561,12562,12563,12564,12565,12566,12567,12568,12569,12570, #12528
+12571,12572,12573,12574,12575,12576,12577,12578,3036,12579,12580,12581,12582,12583,3966,12584, #12544
+12585,12586,12587,12588,12589,12590,12591,12592,12593,12594,12595,12596,12597,12598,12599,12600, #12560
+12601,12602,12603,12604,12605,12606,12607,12608,12609,12610,12611,12612,12613,12614,12615,12616, #12576
+12617,12618,12619,12620,12621,12622,12623,12624,12625,12626,12627,12628,12629,12630,12631,12632, #12592
+12633,12634,12635,12636,12637,12638,12639,12640,12641,12642,12643,12644,12645,12646,4499,12647, #12608
+12648,12649,12650,12651,12652,12653,12654,12655,12656,12657,12658,12659,12660,12661,12662,12663, #12624
+12664,12665,12666,12667,12668,12669,12670,12671,12672,12673,12674,12675,12676,12677,12678,12679, #12640
+12680,12681,12682,12683,12684,12685,12686,12687,12688,12689,12690,12691,12692,12693,12694,12695, #12656
+12696,12697,12698,4992,12699,12700,12701,12702,12703,12704,12705,12706,12707,12708,12709,12710, #12672
+12711,12712,12713,12714,12715,12716,12717,12718,12719,12720,12721,12722,12723,12724,12725,12726, #12688
+12727,12728,12729,12730,12731,12732,12733,12734,12735,12736,12737,12738,12739,12740,12741,12742, #12704
+12743,12744,12745,12746,12747,12748,12749,12750,12751,12752,12753,12754,12755,12756,12757,12758, #12720
+12759,12760,12761,12762,12763,12764,12765,12766,12767,12768,12769,12770,12771,12772,12773,12774, #12736
+12775,12776,12777,12778,4993,2175,12779,12780,12781,12782,12783,12784,12785,12786,4500,12787, #12752
+12788,12789,12790,12791,12792,12793,12794,12795,12796,12797,12798,12799,12800,12801,12802,12803, #12768
+12804,12805,12806,12807,12808,12809,12810,12811,12812,12813,12814,12815,12816,12817,12818,12819, #12784
+12820,12821,12822,12823,12824,12825,12826,4198,3967,12827,12828,12829,12830,12831,12832,12833, #12800
+12834,12835,12836,12837,12838,12839,12840,12841,12842,12843,12844,12845,12846,12847,12848,12849, #12816
+12850,12851,12852,12853,12854,12855,12856,12857,12858,12859,12860,12861,4199,12862,12863,12864, #12832
+12865,12866,12867,12868,12869,12870,12871,12872,12873,12874,12875,12876,12877,12878,12879,12880, #12848
+12881,12882,12883,12884,12885,12886,12887,4501,12888,12889,12890,12891,12892,12893,12894,12895, #12864
+12896,12897,12898,12899,12900,12901,12902,12903,12904,12905,12906,12907,12908,12909,12910,12911, #12880
+12912,4994,12913,12914,12915,12916,12917,12918,12919,12920,12921,12922,12923,12924,12925,12926, #12896
+12927,12928,12929,12930,12931,12932,12933,12934,12935,12936,12937,12938,12939,12940,12941,12942, #12912
+12943,12944,12945,12946,12947,12948,12949,12950,12951,12952,12953,12954,12955,12956,1772,12957, #12928
+12958,12959,12960,12961,12962,12963,12964,12965,12966,12967,12968,12969,12970,12971,12972,12973, #12944
+12974,12975,12976,12977,12978,12979,12980,12981,12982,12983,12984,12985,12986,12987,12988,12989, #12960
+12990,12991,12992,12993,12994,12995,12996,12997,4502,12998,4503,12999,13000,13001,13002,13003, #12976
+4504,13004,13005,13006,13007,13008,13009,13010,13011,13012,13013,13014,13015,13016,13017,13018, #12992
+13019,13020,13021,13022,13023,13024,13025,13026,13027,13028,13029,3449,13030,13031,13032,13033, #13008
+13034,13035,13036,13037,13038,13039,13040,13041,13042,13043,13044,13045,13046,13047,13048,13049, #13024
+13050,13051,13052,13053,13054,13055,13056,13057,13058,13059,13060,13061,13062,13063,13064,13065, #13040
+13066,13067,13068,13069,13070,13071,13072,13073,13074,13075,13076,13077,13078,13079,13080,13081, #13056
+13082,13083,13084,13085,13086,13087,13088,13089,13090,13091,13092,13093,13094,13095,13096,13097, #13072
+13098,13099,13100,13101,13102,13103,13104,13105,13106,13107,13108,13109,13110,13111,13112,13113, #13088
+13114,13115,13116,13117,13118,3968,13119,4995,13120,13121,13122,13123,13124,13125,13126,13127, #13104
+4505,13128,13129,13130,13131,13132,13133,13134,4996,4506,13135,13136,13137,13138,13139,4997, #13120
+13140,13141,13142,13143,13144,13145,13146,13147,13148,13149,13150,13151,13152,13153,13154,13155, #13136
+13156,13157,13158,13159,4998,13160,13161,13162,13163,13164,13165,13166,13167,13168,13169,13170, #13152
+13171,13172,13173,13174,13175,13176,4999,13177,13178,13179,13180,13181,13182,13183,13184,13185, #13168
+13186,13187,13188,13189,13190,13191,13192,13193,13194,13195,13196,13197,13198,13199,13200,13201, #13184
+13202,13203,13204,13205,13206,5000,13207,13208,13209,13210,13211,13212,13213,13214,13215,13216, #13200
+13217,13218,13219,13220,13221,13222,13223,13224,13225,13226,13227,4200,5001,13228,13229,13230, #13216
+13231,13232,13233,13234,13235,13236,13237,13238,13239,13240,3969,13241,13242,13243,13244,3970, #13232
+13245,13246,13247,13248,13249,13250,13251,13252,13253,13254,13255,13256,13257,13258,13259,13260, #13248
+13261,13262,13263,13264,13265,13266,13267,13268,3450,13269,13270,13271,13272,13273,13274,13275, #13264
+13276,5002,13277,13278,13279,13280,13281,13282,13283,13284,13285,13286,13287,13288,13289,13290, #13280
+13291,13292,13293,13294,13295,13296,13297,13298,13299,13300,13301,13302,3813,13303,13304,13305, #13296
+13306,13307,13308,13309,13310,13311,13312,13313,13314,13315,13316,13317,13318,13319,13320,13321, #13312
+13322,13323,13324,13325,13326,13327,13328,4507,13329,13330,13331,13332,13333,13334,13335,13336, #13328
+13337,13338,13339,13340,13341,5003,13342,13343,13344,13345,13346,13347,13348,13349,13350,13351, #13344
+13352,13353,13354,13355,13356,13357,13358,13359,13360,13361,13362,13363,13364,13365,13366,13367, #13360
+5004,13368,13369,13370,13371,13372,13373,13374,13375,13376,13377,13378,13379,13380,13381,13382, #13376
+13383,13384,13385,13386,13387,13388,13389,13390,13391,13392,13393,13394,13395,13396,13397,13398, #13392
+13399,13400,13401,13402,13403,13404,13405,13406,13407,13408,13409,13410,13411,13412,13413,13414, #13408
+13415,13416,13417,13418,13419,13420,13421,13422,13423,13424,13425,13426,13427,13428,13429,13430, #13424
+13431,13432,4508,13433,13434,13435,4201,13436,13437,13438,13439,13440,13441,13442,13443,13444, #13440
+13445,13446,13447,13448,13449,13450,13451,13452,13453,13454,13455,13456,13457,5005,13458,13459, #13456
+13460,13461,13462,13463,13464,13465,13466,13467,13468,13469,13470,4509,13471,13472,13473,13474, #13472
+13475,13476,13477,13478,13479,13480,13481,13482,13483,13484,13485,13486,13487,13488,13489,13490, #13488
+13491,13492,13493,13494,13495,13496,13497,13498,13499,13500,13501,13502,13503,13504,13505,13506, #13504
+13507,13508,13509,13510,13511,13512,13513,13514,13515,13516,13517,13518,13519,13520,13521,13522, #13520
+13523,13524,13525,13526,13527,13528,13529,13530,13531,13532,13533,13534,13535,13536,13537,13538, #13536
+13539,13540,13541,13542,13543,13544,13545,13546,13547,13548,13549,13550,13551,13552,13553,13554, #13552
+13555,13556,13557,13558,13559,13560,13561,13562,13563,13564,13565,13566,13567,13568,13569,13570, #13568
+13571,13572,13573,13574,13575,13576,13577,13578,13579,13580,13581,13582,13583,13584,13585,13586, #13584
+13587,13588,13589,13590,13591,13592,13593,13594,13595,13596,13597,13598,13599,13600,13601,13602, #13600
+13603,13604,13605,13606,13607,13608,13609,13610,13611,13612,13613,13614,13615,13616,13617,13618, #13616
+13619,13620,13621,13622,13623,13624,13625,13626,13627,13628,13629,13630,13631,13632,13633,13634, #13632
+13635,13636,13637,13638,13639,13640,13641,13642,5006,13643,13644,13645,13646,13647,13648,13649, #13648
+13650,13651,5007,13652,13653,13654,13655,13656,13657,13658,13659,13660,13661,13662,13663,13664, #13664
+13665,13666,13667,13668,13669,13670,13671,13672,13673,13674,13675,13676,13677,13678,13679,13680, #13680
+13681,13682,13683,13684,13685,13686,13687,13688,13689,13690,13691,13692,13693,13694,13695,13696, #13696
+13697,13698,13699,13700,13701,13702,13703,13704,13705,13706,13707,13708,13709,13710,13711,13712, #13712
+13713,13714,13715,13716,13717,13718,13719,13720,13721,13722,13723,13724,13725,13726,13727,13728, #13728
+13729,13730,13731,13732,13733,13734,13735,13736,13737,13738,13739,13740,13741,13742,13743,13744, #13744
+13745,13746,13747,13748,13749,13750,13751,13752,13753,13754,13755,13756,13757,13758,13759,13760, #13760
+13761,13762,13763,13764,13765,13766,13767,13768,13769,13770,13771,13772,13773,13774,3273,13775, #13776
+13776,13777,13778,13779,13780,13781,13782,13783,13784,13785,13786,13787,13788,13789,13790,13791, #13792
+13792,13793,13794,13795,13796,13797,13798,13799,13800,13801,13802,13803,13804,13805,13806,13807, #13808
+13808,13809,13810,13811,13812,13813,13814,13815,13816,13817,13818,13819,13820,13821,13822,13823, #13824
+13824,13825,13826,13827,13828,13829,13830,13831,13832,13833,13834,13835,13836,13837,13838,13839, #13840
+13840,13841,13842,13843,13844,13845,13846,13847,13848,13849,13850,13851,13852,13853,13854,13855, #13856
+13856,13857,13858,13859,13860,13861,13862,13863,13864,13865,13866,13867,13868,13869,13870,13871, #13872
+13872,13873,13874,13875,13876,13877,13878,13879,13880,13881,13882,13883,13884,13885,13886,13887, #13888
+13888,13889,13890,13891,13892,13893,13894,13895,13896,13897,13898,13899,13900,13901,13902,13903, #13904
+13904,13905,13906,13907,13908,13909,13910,13911,13912,13913,13914,13915,13916,13917,13918,13919, #13920
+13920,13921,13922,13923,13924,13925,13926,13927,13928,13929,13930,13931,13932,13933,13934,13935, #13936
+13936,13937,13938,13939,13940,13941,13942,13943,13944,13945,13946,13947,13948,13949,13950,13951, #13952
+13952,13953,13954,13955,13956,13957,13958,13959,13960,13961,13962,13963,13964,13965,13966,13967, #13968
+13968,13969,13970,13971,13972) #13973
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..becce81e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import Big5DistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import Big5SMModel
+
+
+class Big5Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(Big5SMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = Big5DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "Big5"
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ffe892f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Script which takes one or more file paths and reports on their detected
+encodings
+
+Example::
+
+    % chardetect somefile someotherfile
+    somefile: windows-1252 with confidence 0.5
+    someotherfile: ascii with confidence 1.0
+
+If no paths are provided, it takes its input from stdin.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from io import open
+
+from chardet import __version__
+from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+
+
+def description_of(lines, name='stdin'):
+    """
+    Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file or
+    list of strings.
+
+    :param lines: The lines to get the encoding of.
+    :type lines: Iterable of bytes
+    :param name: Name of file or collection of lines
+    :type name: str
+    """
+    u = UniversalDetector()
+    for line in lines:
+        u.feed(line)
+    u.close()
+    result = u.result
+    if result['encoding']:
+        return '{0}: {1} with confidence {2}'.format(name, result['encoding'],
+                                                     result['confidence'])
+    else:
+        return '{0}: no result'.format(name)
+
+
+def main(argv=None):
+    '''
+    Handles command line arguments and gets things started.
+
+    :param argv: List of arguments, as if specified on the command-line.
+                 If None, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used instead.
+    :type argv: list of str
+    '''
+    # Get command line arguments
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Takes one or more file paths and reports their detected \
+                     encodings",
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+        conflict_handler='resolve')
+    parser.add_argument('input',
+                        help='File whose encoding we would like to determine.',
+                        type=argparse.FileType('rb'), nargs='*',
+                        default=[sys.stdin])
+    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
+                        version='%(prog)s {0}'.format(__version__))
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for f in args.input:
+        if f.isatty():
+            print("You are running chardetect interactively. Press " +
+                  "CTRL-D twice at the start of a blank line to signal the " +
+                  "end of your input. If you want help, run chardetect " +
+                  "--help\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        print(description_of(f, f.name))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e64a00be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .euctwfreq import (EUCTWCharToFreqOrder, EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE,
+                        EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .euckrfreq import (EUCKRCharToFreqOrder, EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE,
+                        EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .gb2312freq import (GB2312CharToFreqOrder, GB2312_TABLE_SIZE,
+                         GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .big5freq import (Big5CharToFreqOrder, BIG5_TABLE_SIZE,
+                       BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .jisfreq import (JISCharToFreqOrder, JIS_TABLE_SIZE,
+                      JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD = 1024
+SURE_YES = 0.99
+SURE_NO = 0.01
+MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 3
+
+
+class CharDistributionAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Mapping table to get frequency order from char order (get from
+        # GetOrder())
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = None
+        self._mTableSize = None  # Size of above table
+        # This is a constant value which varies from language to language,
+        # used in calculating confidence.  See
+        # http://www.mozilla.org/projects/intl/UniversalCharsetDetection.html
+        # for further detail.
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """reset analyser, clear any state"""
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._mDone = False
+        self._mTotalChars = 0  # Total characters encountered
+        # The number of characters whose frequency order is less than 512
+        self._mFreqChars = 0
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf, aCharLen):
+        """feed a character with known length"""
+        if aCharLen == 2:
+            # we only care about 2-bytes character in our distribution analysis
+            order = self.get_order(aBuf)
+        else:
+            order = -1
+        if order >= 0:
+            self._mTotalChars += 1
+            # order is valid
+            if order < self._mTableSize:
+                if 512 > self._mCharToFreqOrder[order]:
+                    self._mFreqChars += 1
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        """return confidence based on existing data"""
+        # if we didn't receive any character in our consideration range,
+        # return negative answer
+        if self._mTotalChars <= 0 or self._mFreqChars <= MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return SURE_NO
+
+        if self._mTotalChars != self._mFreqChars:
+            r = (self._mFreqChars / ((self._mTotalChars - self._mFreqChars)
+                 * self._mTypicalDistributionRatio))
+            if r < SURE_YES:
+                return r
+
+        # normalize confidence (we don't want to be 100% sure)
+        return SURE_YES
+
+    def got_enough_data(self):
+        # It is not necessary to receive all data to draw conclusion.
+        # For charset detection, certain amount of data is enough
+        return self._mTotalChars > ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # We do not handle characters based on the original encoding string,
+        # but convert this encoding string to a number, here called order.
+        # This allows multiple encodings of a language to share one frequency
+        # table.
+        return -1
+
+
+class EUCTWDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = EUCTWCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-TW encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xc4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if first_char >= 0xC4:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xC4) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class EUCKRDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = EUCKRCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-KR encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if first_char >= 0xB0:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class GB2312DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = GB2312CharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = GB2312_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for GB2312 encoding, we are interested
+        #  first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #  second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if (first_char >= 0xB0) and (second_char >= 0xA1):
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + second_char - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class Big5DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = Big5CharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = BIG5_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for big5 encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e , 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if first_char >= 0xA4:
+            if second_char >= 0xA1:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0xA1 + 63
+            else:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0x40
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class SJISDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = JISCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for sjis encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0x81 -- 0x9f , 0xe0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e,  0x81 -- oxfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if (first_char >= 0x81) and (first_char <= 0x9F):
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0x81)
+        elif (first_char >= 0xE0) and (first_char <= 0xEF):
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0xE0 + 31)
+        else:
+            return -1
+        order = order + second_char - 0x40
+        if second_char > 0x7F:
+            order = -1
+        return order
+
+
+class EUCJPDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = JISCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-JP encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if char >= 0xA0:
+            return 94 * (char - 0xA1) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xa1
+        else:
+            return -1
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85e7a1c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+# 
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+# 
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import sys
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+
+
+class CharSetGroupProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mActiveNum = 0
+        self._mProbers = []
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mActiveNum = 0
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if prober:
+                prober.reset()
+                prober.active = True
+                self._mActiveNum += 1
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+            self.get_confidence()
+            if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+                return None
+#                self._mBestGuessProber = self._mProbers[0]
+        return self._mBestGuessProber.get_charset_name()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if not prober:
+                continue
+            if not prober.active:
+                continue
+            st = prober.feed(aBuf)
+            if not st:
+                continue
+            if st == constants.eFoundIt:
+                self._mBestGuessProber = prober
+                return self.get_state()
+            elif st == constants.eNotMe:
+                prober.active = False
+                self._mActiveNum -= 1
+                if self._mActiveNum <= 0:
+                    self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                    return self.get_state()
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        st = self.get_state()
+        if st == constants.eFoundIt:
+            return 0.99
+        elif st == constants.eNotMe:
+            return 0.01
+        bestConf = 0.0
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if not prober:
+                continue
+            if not prober.active:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(prober.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' not active\n')
+                continue
+            cf = prober.get_confidence()
+            if constants._debug:
+                sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s\n' %
+                                 (prober.get_charset_name(), cf))
+            if bestConf < cf:
+                bestConf = cf
+                self._mBestGuessProber = prober
+        if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+            return 0.0
+        return bestConf
+#        else:
+#            self._mBestGuessProber = self._mProbers[0]
+#            return self._mBestGuessProber.get_confidence()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97581712c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import re
+
+
+class CharSetProber:
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mState = constants.eDetecting
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return None
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        pass
+
+    def get_state(self):
+        return self._mState
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        return 0.0
+
+    def filter_high_bit_only(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = re.sub(b'([\x00-\x7F])+', b' ', aBuf)
+        return aBuf
+
+    def filter_without_english_letters(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = re.sub(b'([A-Za-z])+', b' ', aBuf)
+        return aBuf
+
+    def filter_with_english_letters(self, aBuf):
+        # TODO
+        return aBuf
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dd8c9179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+
+class CodingStateMachine:
+    def __init__(self, sm):
+        self._mModel = sm
+        self._mCurrentBytePos = 0
+        self._mCurrentCharLen = 0
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mCurrentState = eStart
+
+    def next_state(self, c):
+        # for each byte we get its class
+        # if it is first byte, we also get byte length
+        # PY3K: aBuf is a byte stream, so c is an int, not a byte
+        byteCls = self._mModel['classTable'][wrap_ord(c)]
+        if self._mCurrentState == eStart:
+            self._mCurrentBytePos = 0
+            self._mCurrentCharLen = self._mModel['charLenTable'][byteCls]
+        # from byte's class and stateTable, we get its next state
+        curr_state = (self._mCurrentState * self._mModel['classFactor']
+                      + byteCls)
+        self._mCurrentState = self._mModel['stateTable'][curr_state]
+        self._mCurrentBytePos += 1
+        return self._mCurrentState
+
+    def get_current_charlen(self):
+        return self._mCurrentCharLen
+
+    def get_coding_state_machine(self):
+        return self._mModel['name']
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9e30addf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Ian Cordasco - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    base_str = (str, unicode)
+else:
+    base_str = (bytes, str)
+
+
+def wrap_ord(a):
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(a, base_str):
+        return ord(a)
+    else:
+        return a
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4d148b3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+_debug = 0
+
+eDetecting = 0
+eFoundIt = 1
+eNotMe = 2
+
+eStart = 0
+eError = 1
+eItsMe = 2
+
+SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff4272f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import CP949SMModel
+
+
+class CP949Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(CP949SMModel)
+        # NOTE: CP949 is a superset of EUC-KR, so the distribution should be
+        #       not different.
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "CP949"
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80a844ff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+from .escsm import (HZSMModel, ISO2022CNSMModel, ISO2022JPSMModel,
+                    ISO2022KRSMModel)
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+
+class EscCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = [
+            CodingStateMachine(HZSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022CNSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022JPSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022KRSMModel)
+        ]
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        for codingSM in self._mCodingSM:
+            if not codingSM:
+                continue
+            codingSM.active = True
+            codingSM.reset()
+        self._mActiveSM = len(self._mCodingSM)
+        self._mDetectedCharset = None
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self._mDetectedCharset
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        if self._mDetectedCharset:
+            return 0.99
+        else:
+            return 0.00
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for c in aBuf:
+            # PY3K: aBuf is a byte array, so c is an int, not a byte
+            for codingSM in self._mCodingSM:
+                if not codingSM:
+                    continue
+                if not codingSM.active:
+                    continue
+                codingState = codingSM.next_state(wrap_ord(c))
+                if codingState == constants.eError:
+                    codingSM.active = False
+                    self._mActiveSM -= 1
+                    if self._mActiveSM <= 0:
+                        self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                        return self.get_state()
+                elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                    self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                    self._mDetectedCharset = codingSM.get_coding_state_machine()  # nopep8
+                    return self.get_state()
+
+        return self.get_state()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd302b4c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart, eError, eItsMe
+
+HZ_cls = (
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,4,0,5,2,0,  # 78 - 7f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 80 - 87
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 88 - 8f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 90 - 97
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 98 - 9f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a0 - a7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a8 - af
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b0 - b7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b8 - bf
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # c0 - c7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # c8 - cf
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # d0 - d7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # d8 - df
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # e0 - e7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # e8 - ef
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # f0 - f7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+HZ_st = (
+eStart,eError,     3,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,# 00-07
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 08-0f
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,     4,eError,# 10-17
+     5,eError,     6,eError,     5,     5,     4,eError,# 18-1f
+     4,eError,     4,     4,     4,eError,     4,eError,# 20-27
+     4,eItsMe,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 28-2f
+)
+
+HZCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+HZSMModel = {'classTable': HZ_cls,
+             'classFactor': 6,
+             'stateTable': HZ_st,
+             'charLenTable': HZCharLenTable,
+             'name': "HZ-GB-2312"}
+
+ISO2022CN_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022CN_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 00-07
+eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 08-0f
+eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 10-17
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 20-27
+     5,     6,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 28-2f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 30-37
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eStart,# 38-3f
+)
+
+ISO2022CNCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022CNSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022CN_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 9,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022CN_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022CNCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-CN"}
+
+ISO2022JP_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,7,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+6,0,4,0,8,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,9,5,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022JP_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 00-07
+eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 08-0f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 10-17
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,eError,# 20-27
+eError,eError,eError,     6,eItsMe,eError,eItsMe,eError,# 28-2f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 30-37
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 38-3f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eStart,eStart,# 40-47
+)
+
+ISO2022JPCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022JPSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022JP_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 10,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022JP_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022JPCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-JP"}
+
+ISO2022KR_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,5,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022KR_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,# 00-07
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 08-0f
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,eError,# 10-17
+eError,eError,eError,eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 20-27
+)
+
+ISO2022KRCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022KRSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022KR_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 6,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022KR_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022KRCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-KR"}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e64fdcc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCJPDistributionAnalysis
+from .jpcntx import EUCJPContextAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCJPSMModel
+
+
+class EUCJPProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCJPSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCJPDistributionAnalysis()
+        self._mContextAnalyzer = EUCJPContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-JP"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            # PY3K: aBuf is a byte array, so aBuf[i] is an int, not a byte
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1], charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mContextAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+               (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        contxtCf = self._mContextAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        distribCf = self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(contxtCf, distribCf)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a179e4c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+
+# 128  --> 0.79
+# 256  --> 0.92
+# 512  --> 0.986
+# 1024 --> 0.99944
+# 2048 --> 0.99999
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.98653 / (1-0.98653) = 73.24
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2350-512) = 0.279.
+# 
+# Typical Distribution Ratio  
+
+EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 6.0
+
+EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE = 2352
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table , 
+EUCKRCharToFreqOrder = ( \
+  13, 130, 120,1396, 481,1719,1720, 328, 609, 212,1721, 707, 400, 299,1722,  87,
+1397,1723, 104, 536,1117,1203,1724,1267, 685,1268, 508,1725,1726,1727,1728,1398,
+1399,1729,1730,1731, 141, 621, 326,1057, 368,1732, 267, 488,  20,1733,1269,1734,
+ 945,1400,1735,  47, 904,1270,1736,1737, 773, 248,1738, 409, 313, 786, 429,1739,
+ 116, 987, 813,1401, 683,  75,1204, 145,1740,1741,1742,1743,  16, 847, 667, 622,
+ 708,1744,1745,1746, 966, 787, 304, 129,1747,  60, 820, 123, 676,1748,1749,1750,
+1751, 617,1752, 626,1753,1754,1755,1756, 653,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762, 856,
+ 344,1763,1764,1765,1766,  89, 401, 418, 806, 905, 848,1767,1768,1769, 946,1205,
+ 709,1770,1118,1771, 241,1772,1773,1774,1271,1775, 569,1776, 999,1777,1778,1779,
+1780, 337, 751,1058,  28, 628, 254,1781, 177, 906, 270, 349, 891,1079,1782,  19,
+1783, 379,1784, 315,1785, 629, 754,1402, 559,1786, 636, 203,1206,1787, 710, 567,
+1788, 935, 814,1789,1790,1207, 766, 528,1791,1792,1208,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,
+1403,1798,1799, 533,1059,1404,1405,1156,1406, 936, 884,1080,1800, 351,1801,1802,
+1803,1804,1805, 801,1806,1807,1808,1119,1809,1157, 714, 474,1407,1810, 298, 899,
+ 885,1811,1120, 802,1158,1812, 892,1813,1814,1408, 659,1815,1816,1121,1817,1818,
+1819,1820,1821,1822, 319,1823, 594, 545,1824, 815, 937,1209,1825,1826, 573,1409,
+1022,1827,1210,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833, 556, 722, 807,1122,1060,1834, 697,
+1835, 900, 557, 715,1836,1410, 540,1411, 752,1159, 294, 597,1211, 976, 803, 770,
+1412,1837,1838,  39, 794,1413, 358,1839, 371, 925,1840, 453, 661, 788, 531, 723,
+ 544,1023,1081, 869,  91,1841, 392, 430, 790, 602,1414, 677,1082, 457,1415,1416,
+1842,1843, 475, 327,1024,1417, 795, 121,1844, 733, 403,1418,1845,1846,1847, 300,
+ 119, 711,1212, 627,1848,1272, 207,1849,1850, 796,1213, 382,1851, 519,1852,1083,
+ 893,1853,1854,1855, 367, 809, 487, 671,1856, 663,1857,1858, 956, 471, 306, 857,
+1859,1860,1160,1084,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1061,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,
+ 282,  96, 574,1872, 502,1085,1873,1214,1874, 907,1875,1876, 827, 977,1419,1420,
+1421, 268,1877,1422,1878,1879,1880, 308,1881,   2, 537,1882,1883,1215,1884,1885,
+ 127, 791,1886,1273,1423,1887,  34, 336, 404, 643,1888, 571, 654, 894, 840,1889,
+   0, 886,1274, 122, 575, 260, 908, 938,1890,1275, 410, 316,1891,1892, 100,1893,
+1894,1123,  48,1161,1124,1025,1895, 633, 901,1276,1896,1897, 115, 816,1898, 317,
+1899, 694,1900, 909, 734,1424, 572, 866,1425, 691,  85, 524,1010, 543, 394, 841,
+1901,1902,1903,1026,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,  30, 451, 651, 988, 310,1910,
+1911,1426, 810,1216,  93,1912,1913,1277,1217,1914, 858, 759,  45,  58, 181, 610,
+ 269,1915,1916, 131,1062, 551, 443,1000, 821,1427, 957, 895,1086,1917,1918, 375,
+1919, 359,1920, 687,1921, 822,1922, 293,1923,1924,  40, 662, 118, 692,  29, 939,
+ 887, 640, 482, 174,1925,  69,1162, 728,1428, 910,1926,1278,1218,1279, 386, 870,
+ 217, 854,1163, 823,1927,1928,1929,1930, 834,1931,  78,1932, 859,1933,1063,1934,
+1935,1936,1937, 438,1164, 208, 595,1938,1939,1940,1941,1219,1125,1942, 280, 888,
+1429,1430,1220,1431,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1280, 150, 510,1432,1948,1949,1950,
+1951,1952,1953,1954,1011,1087,1955,1433,1043,1956, 881,1957, 614, 958,1064,1065,
+1221,1958, 638,1001, 860, 967, 896,1434, 989, 492, 553,1281,1165,1959,1282,1002,
+1283,1222,1960,1961,1962,1963,  36, 383, 228, 753, 247, 454,1964, 876, 678,1965,
+1966,1284, 126, 464, 490, 835, 136, 672, 529, 940,1088,1435, 473,1967,1968, 467,
+  50, 390, 227, 587, 279, 378, 598, 792, 968, 240, 151, 160, 849, 882,1126,1285,
+ 639,1044, 133, 140, 288, 360, 811, 563,1027, 561, 142, 523,1969,1970,1971,   7,
+ 103, 296, 439, 407, 506, 634, 990,1972,1973,1974,1975, 645,1976,1977,1978,1979,
+1980,1981, 236,1982,1436,1983,1984,1089, 192, 828, 618, 518,1166, 333,1127,1985,
+ 818,1223,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993, 342,1128,1286, 746, 842,1994,
+1995, 560, 223,1287,  98,   8, 189, 650, 978,1288,1996,1437,1997,  17, 345, 250,
+ 423, 277, 234, 512, 226,  97, 289,  42, 167,1998, 201,1999,2000, 843, 836, 824,
+ 532, 338, 783,1090, 182, 576, 436,1438,1439, 527, 500,2001, 947, 889,2002,2003,
+2004,2005, 262, 600, 314, 447,2006, 547,2007, 693, 738,1129,2008,  71,1440, 745,
+ 619, 688,2009, 829,2010,2011, 147,2012,  33, 948,2013,2014,  74, 224,2015,  61,
+ 191, 918, 399, 637,2016,1028,1130, 257, 902,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,
+2024,2025,2026, 837,2027,2028,2029,2030, 179, 874, 591,  52, 724, 246,2031,2032,
+2033,2034,1167, 969,2035,1289, 630, 605, 911,1091,1168,2036,2037,2038,1441, 912,
+2039, 623,2040,2041, 253,1169,1290,2042,1442, 146, 620, 611, 577, 433,2043,1224,
+ 719,1170, 959, 440, 437, 534,  84, 388, 480,1131, 159, 220, 198, 679,2044,1012,
+ 819,1066,1443, 113,1225, 194, 318,1003,1029,2045,2046,2047,2048,1067,2049,2050,
+2051,2052,2053,  59, 913, 112,2054, 632,2055, 455, 144, 739,1291,2056, 273, 681,
+ 499,2057, 448,2058,2059, 760,2060,2061, 970, 384, 169, 245,1132,2062,2063, 414,
+1444,2064,2065,  41, 235,2066, 157, 252, 877, 568, 919, 789, 580,2067, 725,2068,
+2069,1292,2070,2071,1445,2072,1446,2073,2074,  55, 588,  66,1447, 271,1092,2075,
+1226,2076, 960,1013, 372,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,1293,2082,2083,2084,2085, 850,
+2086,2087,2088,2089,2090, 186,2091,1068, 180,2092,2093,2094, 109,1227, 522, 606,
+2095, 867,1448,1093, 991,1171, 926, 353,1133,2096, 581,2097,2098,2099,1294,1449,
+1450,2100, 596,1172,1014,1228,2101,1451,1295,1173,1229,2102,2103,1296,1134,1452,
+ 949,1135,2104,2105,1094,1453,1454,1455,2106,1095,2107,2108,2109,2110,2111,2112,
+2113,2114,2115,2116,2117, 804,2118,2119,1230,1231, 805,1456, 405,1136,2120,2121,
+2122,2123,2124, 720, 701,1297, 992,1457, 927,1004,2125,2126,2127,2128,2129,2130,
+  22, 417,2131, 303,2132, 385,2133, 971, 520, 513,2134,1174,  73,1096, 231, 274,
+ 962,1458, 673,2135,1459,2136, 152,1137,2137,2138,2139,2140,1005,1138,1460,1139,
+2141,2142,2143,2144,  11, 374, 844,2145, 154,1232,  46,1461,2146, 838, 830, 721,
+1233, 106,2147,  90, 428, 462, 578, 566,1175, 352,2148,2149, 538,1234, 124,1298,
+2150,1462, 761, 565,2151, 686,2152, 649,2153,  72, 173,2154, 460, 415,2155,1463,
+2156,1235, 305,2157,2158,2159,2160,2161,2162, 579,2163,2164,2165,2166,2167, 747,
+2168,2169,2170,2171,1464, 669,2172,2173,2174,2175,2176,1465,2177,  23, 530, 285,
+2178, 335, 729,2179, 397,2180,2181,2182,1030,2183,2184, 698,2185,2186, 325,2187,
+2188, 369,2189, 799,1097,1015, 348,2190,1069, 680,2191, 851,1466,2192,2193,  10,
+2194, 613, 424,2195, 979, 108, 449, 589,  27, 172,  81,1031,  80, 774, 281, 350,
+1032, 525, 301, 582,1176,2196, 674,1045,2197,2198,1467, 730, 762,2199,2200,2201,
+2202,1468,2203, 993,2204,2205, 266,1070, 963,1140,2206,2207,2208, 664,1098, 972,
+2209,2210,2211,1177,1469,1470, 871,2212,2213,2214,2215,2216,1471,2217,2218,2219,
+2220,2221,2222,2223,2224,2225,2226,2227,1472,1236,2228,2229,2230,2231,2232,2233,
+2234,2235,1299,2236,2237, 200,2238, 477, 373,2239,2240, 731, 825, 777,2241,2242,
+2243, 521, 486, 548,2244,2245,2246,1473,1300,  53, 549, 137, 875,  76, 158,2247,
+1301,1474, 469, 396,1016, 278, 712,2248, 321, 442, 503, 767, 744, 941,1237,1178,
+1475,2249,  82, 178,1141,1179, 973,2250,1302,2251, 297,2252,2253, 570,2254,2255,
+2256,  18, 450, 206,2257, 290, 292,1142,2258, 511, 162,  99, 346, 164, 735,2259,
+1476,1477,   4, 554, 343, 798,1099,2260,1100,2261,  43, 171,1303, 139, 215,2262,
+2263, 717, 775,2264,1033, 322, 216,2265, 831,2266, 149,2267,1304,2268,2269, 702,
+1238, 135, 845, 347, 309,2270, 484,2271, 878, 655, 238,1006,1478,2272,  67,2273,
+ 295,2274,2275, 461,2276, 478, 942, 412,2277,1034,2278,2279,2280, 265,2281, 541,
+2282,2283,2284,2285,2286,  70, 852,1071,2287,2288,2289,2290,  21,  56, 509, 117,
+ 432,2291,2292, 331, 980, 552,1101, 148, 284, 105, 393,1180,1239, 755,2293, 187,
+2294,1046,1479,2295, 340,2296,  63,1047, 230,2297,2298,1305, 763,1306, 101, 800,
+ 808, 494,2299,2300,2301, 903,2302,  37,1072,  14,   5,2303,  79, 675,2304, 312,
+2305,2306,2307,2308,2309,1480,   6,1307,2310,2311,2312,   1, 470,  35,  24, 229,
+2313, 695, 210,  86, 778,  15, 784, 592, 779,  32,  77, 855, 964,2314, 259,2315,
+ 501, 380,2316,2317,  83, 981, 153, 689,1308,1481,1482,1483,2318,2319, 716,1484,
+2320,2321,2322,2323,2324,2325,1485,2326,2327, 128,  57,  68, 261,1048, 211, 170,
+1240,  31,2328,  51, 435, 742,2329,2330,2331, 635,2332, 264, 456,2333,2334,2335,
+ 425,2336,1486, 143, 507, 263, 943,2337, 363, 920,1487, 256,1488,1102, 243, 601,
+1489,2338,2339,2340,2341,2342,2343,2344, 861,2345,2346,2347,2348,2349,2350, 395,
+2351,1490,1491,  62, 535, 166, 225,2352,2353, 668, 419,1241, 138, 604, 928,2354,
+1181,2355,1492,1493,2356,2357,2358,1143,2359, 696,2360, 387, 307,1309, 682, 476,
+2361,2362, 332,  12, 222, 156,2363, 232,2364, 641, 276, 656, 517,1494,1495,1035,
+ 416, 736,1496,2365,1017, 586,2366,2367,2368,1497,2369, 242,2370,2371,2372,1498,
+2373, 965, 713,2374,2375,2376,2377, 740, 982,1499, 944,1500,1007,2378,2379,1310,
+1501,2380,2381,2382, 785, 329,2383,2384,1502,2385,2386,2387, 932,2388,1503,2389,
+2390,2391,2392,1242,2393,2394,2395,2396,2397, 994, 950,2398,2399,2400,2401,1504,
+1311,2402,2403,2404,2405,1049, 749,2406,2407, 853, 718,1144,1312,2408,1182,1505,
+2409,2410, 255, 516, 479, 564, 550, 214,1506,1507,1313, 413, 239, 444, 339,1145,
+1036,1508,1509,1314,1037,1510,1315,2411,1511,2412,2413,2414, 176, 703, 497, 624,
+ 593, 921, 302,2415, 341, 165,1103,1512,2416,1513,2417,2418,2419, 376,2420, 700,
+2421,2422,2423, 258, 768,1316,2424,1183,2425, 995, 608,2426,2427,2428,2429, 221,
+2430,2431,2432,2433,2434,2435,2436,2437, 195, 323, 726, 188, 897, 983,1317, 377,
+ 644,1050, 879,2438, 452,2439,2440,2441,2442,2443,2444, 914,2445,2446,2447,2448,
+ 915, 489,2449,1514,1184,2450,2451, 515,  64, 427, 495,2452, 583,2453, 483, 485,
+1038, 562, 213,1515, 748, 666,2454,2455,2456,2457, 334,2458, 780, 996,1008, 705,
+1243,2459,2460,2461,2462,2463, 114,2464, 493,1146, 366, 163,1516, 961,1104,2465,
+ 291,2466,1318,1105,2467,1517, 365,2468, 355, 951,1244,2469,1319,2470, 631,2471,
+2472, 218,1320, 364, 320, 756,1518,1519,1321,1520,1322,2473,2474,2475,2476, 997,
+2477,2478,2479,2480, 665,1185,2481, 916,1521,2482,2483,2484, 584, 684,2485,2486,
+ 797,2487,1051,1186,2488,2489,2490,1522,2491,2492, 370,2493,1039,1187,  65,2494,
+ 434, 205, 463,1188,2495, 125, 812, 391, 402, 826, 699, 286, 398, 155, 781, 771,
+ 585,2496, 590, 505,1073,2497, 599, 244, 219, 917,1018, 952, 646,1523,2498,1323,
+2499,2500,  49, 984, 354, 741,2501, 625,2502,1324,2503,1019, 190, 357, 757, 491,
+  95, 782, 868,2504,2505,2506,2507,2508,2509, 134,1524,1074, 422,1525, 898,2510,
+ 161,2511,2512,2513,2514, 769,2515,1526,2516,2517, 411,1325,2518, 472,1527,2519,
+2520,2521,2522,2523,2524, 985,2525,2526,2527,2528,2529,2530, 764,2531,1245,2532,
+2533,  25, 204, 311,2534, 496,2535,1052,2536,2537,2538,2539,2540,2541,2542, 199,
+ 704, 504, 468, 758, 657,1528, 196,  44, 839,1246, 272, 750,2543, 765, 862,2544,
+2545,1326,2546, 132, 615, 933,2547, 732,2548,2549,2550,1189,1529,2551, 283,1247,
+1053, 607, 929,2552,2553,2554, 930, 183, 872, 616,1040,1147,2555,1148,1020, 441,
+ 249,1075,2556,2557,2558, 466, 743,2559,2560,2561,  92, 514, 426, 420, 526,2562,
+2563,2564,2565,2566,2567,2568, 185,2569,2570,2571,2572, 776,1530, 658,2573, 362,
+2574, 361, 922,1076, 793,2575,2576,2577,2578,2579,2580,1531, 251,2581,2582,2583,
+2584,1532,  54, 612, 237,1327,2585,2586, 275, 408, 647, 111,2587,1533,1106, 465,
+   3, 458,   9,  38,2588, 107, 110, 890, 209,  26, 737, 498,2589,1534,2590, 431,
+ 202,  88,1535, 356, 287,1107, 660,1149,2591, 381,1536, 986,1150, 445,1248,1151,
+ 974,2592,2593, 846,2594, 446, 953, 184,1249,1250, 727,2595, 923, 193, 883,2596,
+2597,2598, 102, 324, 539, 817,2599, 421,1041,2600, 832,2601,  94, 175, 197, 406,
+2602, 459,2603,2604,2605,2606,2607, 330, 555,2608,2609,2610, 706,1108, 389,2611,
+2612,2613,2614, 233,2615, 833, 558, 931, 954,1251,2616,2617,1537, 546,2618,2619,
+1009,2620,2621,2622,1538, 690,1328,2623, 955,2624,1539,2625,2626, 772,2627,2628,
+2629,2630,2631, 924, 648, 863, 603,2632,2633, 934,1540, 864, 865,2634, 642,1042,
+ 670,1190,2635,2636,2637,2638, 168,2639, 652, 873, 542,1054,1541,2640,2641,2642,  # 512, 256
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2643,2644,2645,2646,2647,2648,2649,2650,2651,2652,2653,2654,2655,2656,2657,2658,
+2659,2660,2661,2662,2663,2664,2665,2666,2667,2668,2669,2670,2671,2672,2673,2674,
+2675,2676,2677,2678,2679,2680,2681,2682,2683,2684,2685,2686,2687,2688,2689,2690,
+2691,2692,2693,2694,2695,2696,2697,2698,2699,1542, 880,2700,2701,2702,2703,2704,
+2705,2706,2707,2708,2709,2710,2711,2712,2713,2714,2715,2716,2717,2718,2719,2720,
+2721,2722,2723,2724,2725,1543,2726,2727,2728,2729,2730,2731,2732,1544,2733,2734,
+2735,2736,2737,2738,2739,2740,2741,2742,2743,2744,2745,2746,2747,2748,2749,2750,
+2751,2752,2753,2754,1545,2755,2756,2757,2758,2759,2760,2761,2762,2763,2764,2765,
+2766,1546,2767,1547,2768,2769,2770,2771,2772,2773,2774,2775,2776,2777,2778,2779,
+2780,2781,2782,2783,2784,2785,2786,1548,2787,2788,2789,1109,2790,2791,2792,2793,
+2794,2795,2796,2797,2798,2799,2800,2801,2802,2803,2804,2805,2806,2807,2808,2809,
+2810,2811,2812,1329,2813,2814,2815,2816,2817,2818,2819,2820,2821,2822,2823,2824,
+2825,2826,2827,2828,2829,2830,2831,2832,2833,2834,2835,2836,2837,2838,2839,2840,
+2841,2842,2843,2844,2845,2846,2847,2848,2849,2850,2851,2852,2853,2854,2855,2856,
+1549,2857,2858,2859,2860,1550,2861,2862,1551,2863,2864,2865,2866,2867,2868,2869,
+2870,2871,2872,2873,2874,1110,1330,2875,2876,2877,2878,2879,2880,2881,2882,2883,
+2884,2885,2886,2887,2888,2889,2890,2891,2892,2893,2894,2895,2896,2897,2898,2899,
+2900,2901,2902,2903,2904,2905,2906,2907,2908,2909,2910,2911,2912,2913,2914,2915,
+2916,2917,2918,2919,2920,2921,2922,2923,2924,2925,2926,2927,2928,2929,2930,1331,
+2931,2932,2933,2934,2935,2936,2937,2938,2939,2940,2941,2942,2943,1552,2944,2945,
+2946,2947,2948,2949,2950,2951,2952,2953,2954,2955,2956,2957,2958,2959,2960,2961,
+2962,2963,2964,1252,2965,2966,2967,2968,2969,2970,2971,2972,2973,2974,2975,2976,
+2977,2978,2979,2980,2981,2982,2983,2984,2985,2986,2987,2988,2989,2990,2991,2992,
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+7776,7777,7778,7779,7780,7781,7782,7783,7784,7785,7786,7787,7788,7789,7790,7791,
+7792,7793,7794,7795,7796,7797,7798,7799,7800,7801,7802,7803,7804,7805,7806,7807,
+7808,7809,7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,
+7824,7825,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,
+7840,7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855,
+7856,7857,7858,7859,7860,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870,7871,
+7872,7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886,7887,
+7888,7889,7890,7891,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,7897,7898,7899,7900,7901,7902,7903,
+7904,7905,7906,7907,7908,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913,7914,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,
+7920,7921,7922,7923,7924,7925,7926,7927,7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935,
+7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943,7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951,
+7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959,7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967,
+7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975,7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,7982,7983,
+7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990,7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,7997,7998,7999,
+8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005,8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015,
+8016,8017,8018,8019,8020,8021,8022,8023,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031,
+8032,8033,8034,8035,8036,8037,8038,8039,8040,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047,
+8048,8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063,
+8064,8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079,
+8080,8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095,
+8096,8097,8098,8099,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110,8111,
+8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125,8126,8127,
+8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143,
+8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159,
+8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,
+8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,
+8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,
+8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,
+8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,
+8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,
+8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,
+8272,8273,8274,8275,8276,8277,8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,
+8288,8289,8290,8291,8292,8293,8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,
+8304,8305,8306,8307,8308,8309,8310,8311,8312,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,
+8320,8321,8322,8323,8324,8325,8326,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,
+8336,8337,8338,8339,8340,8341,8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,
+8352,8353,8354,8355,8356,8357,8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,8364,8365,8366,8367,
+8368,8369,8370,8371,8372,8373,8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382,8383,
+8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389,8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398,8399,
+8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,
+8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,
+8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,
+8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,
+8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,
+8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485,8486,8487,8488,8489,8490,8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,
+8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,
+8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8520,8521,8522,8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,
+8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,
+8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549,8550,8551,8552,8553,8554,8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,
+8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,8565,8566,8567,8568,8569,8570,8571,8572,8573,8574,8575,
+8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581,8582,8583,8584,8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,
+8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597,8598,8599,8600,8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,8606,8607,
+8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613,8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,8622,8623,
+8624,8625,8626,8627,8628,8629,8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,8639,
+8640,8641,8642,8643,8644,8645,8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,
+8656,8657,8658,8659,8660,8661,8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,
+8672,8673,8674,8675,8676,8677,8678,8679,8680,8681,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687,
+8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693,8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703,
+8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718,8719,
+8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725,8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,8734,8735,
+8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741)
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5982a46b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCKRSMModel
+
+
+class EUCKRProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCKRSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-KR"
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..576e7504d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# EUCTW frequency table
+# Converted from big5 work
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http:#www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE = 8102
+
+EUCTWCharToFreqOrder = (
+   1,1800,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,7310, 177, 202,3615,1256,2808, 110, # 2742
+3735,  33,3241, 261,  76,  44,2113,  16,2931,2184,1176, 659,3868,  26,3404,2643, # 2758
+1198,3869,3313,4060, 410,2211, 302, 590, 361,1963,   8, 204,  58,4296,7311,1931, # 2774
+  63,7312,7313, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4061,2412,1480,7314,3500,3068, 224,2809, # 2790
+3616,   3,  10,3870,1471,  29,2774,1135,2852,1939, 873, 130,3242,1123, 312,7315, # 2806
+4297,2051, 507, 252, 682,7316, 142,1914, 124, 206,2932,  34,3501,3173,  64, 604, # 2822
+7317,2494,1976,1977, 155,1990, 645, 641,1606,7318,3405, 337,  72, 406,7319,  80, # 2838
+ 630, 238,3174,1509, 263, 939,1092,2644, 756,1440,1094,3406, 449,  69,2969, 591, # 2854
+ 179,2095, 471, 115,2034,1843,  60,  50,2970, 134, 806,1868, 734,2035,3407, 180, # 2870
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2893, 688,7320, 319,1305, 779,2144, 514,2374, 298,4298, 359, # 2886
+2495,  90,2707,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2545,  20,2436, 182, 532,1716,7321, 732, # 2902
+1376,4062,1311,1420,3175,  25,2312,1056, 113, 399, 382,1949, 242,3408,2467, 529, # 2918
+3243, 475,1447,3617,7322, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2295,2329,3502,7323, 126,4063, # 2934
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4299,  71,1118,2036,4064, 145,3069,  85, 835, 486,2114,1246, # 2950
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,7324,2127,2354, 347,3736, 221, # 2966
+3503,3110,7325,1955,1153,4065,  83, 296,1199,3070, 192, 624,  93,7326, 822,1897, # 2982
+2810,3111, 795,2064, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2853, 859, 139,1456, 860,4300, # 2998
+ 437, 712,3871, 164,2392,3112, 695, 211,3017,2096, 195,3872,1608,3504,3505,3618, # 3014
+3873, 234, 811,2971,2097,3874,2229,1441,3506,1615,2375, 668,2076,1638, 305, 228, # 3030
+1664,4301, 467, 415,7327, 262,2098,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2077, # 3046
+7328,7329,2173,3176,3619,2673, 593, 845,1062,3244,  88,1723,2037,3875,1950, 212, # 3062
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1898,4066,4302,  77, 187,7330,3018,  37,   5,2972,7331,3876, # 3078
+7332,7333,  39,2517,4303,2894,3177,2078,  55, 148,  74,4304, 545, 483,1474,1029, # 3094
+1665, 217,1869,1531,3113,1104,2645,4067,  24, 172,3507, 900,3877,3508,3509,4305, # 3110
+  32,1408,2811,1312, 329, 487,2355,2247,2708, 784,2674,   4,3019,3314,1427,1788, # 3126
+ 188, 109, 499,7334,3620,1717,1789, 888,1217,3020,4306,7335,3510,7336,3315,1520, # 3142
+3621,3878, 196,1034, 775,7337,7338, 929,1815, 249, 439,  38,7339,1063,7340, 794, # 3158
+3879,1435,2296,  46, 178,3245,2065,7341,2376,7342, 214,1709,4307, 804,  35, 707, # 3174
+ 324,3622,1601,2546, 140, 459,4068,7343,7344,1365, 839, 272, 978,2257,2572,3409, # 3190
+2128,1363,3623,1423, 697, 100,3071,  48,  70,1231, 495,3114,2193,7345,1294,7346, # 3206
+2079, 462, 586,1042,3246, 853, 256, 988, 185,2377,3410,1698, 434,1084,7347,3411, # 3222
+ 314,2615,2775,4308,2330,2331, 569,2280, 637,1816,2518, 757,1162,1878,1616,3412, # 3238
+ 287,1577,2115, 768,4309,1671,2854,3511,2519,1321,3737, 909,2413,7348,4069, 933, # 3254
+3738,7349,2052,2356,1222,4310, 765,2414,1322, 786,4311,7350,1919,1462,1677,2895, # 3270
+1699,7351,4312,1424,2437,3115,3624,2590,3316,1774,1940,3413,3880,4070, 309,1369, # 3286
+1130,2812, 364,2230,1653,1299,3881,3512,3882,3883,2646, 525,1085,3021, 902,2000, # 3302
+1475, 964,4313, 421,1844,1415,1057,2281, 940,1364,3116, 376,4314,4315,1381,   7, # 3318
+2520, 983,2378, 336,1710,2675,1845, 321,3414, 559,1131,3022,2742,1808,1132,1313, # 3334
+ 265,1481,1857,7352, 352,1203,2813,3247, 167,1089, 420,2814, 776, 792,1724,3513, # 3350
+4071,2438,3248,7353,4072,7354, 446, 229, 333,2743, 901,3739,1200,1557,4316,2647, # 3366
+1920, 395,2744,2676,3740,4073,1835, 125, 916,3178,2616,4317,7355,7356,3741,7357, # 3382
+7358,7359,4318,3117,3625,1133,2547,1757,3415,1510,2313,1409,3514,7360,2145, 438, # 3398
+2591,2896,2379,3317,1068, 958,3023, 461, 311,2855,2677,4074,1915,3179,4075,1978, # 3414
+ 383, 750,2745,2617,4076, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,7361,1154,1964, 384, 561, 210, # 3430
+  98,1295,2548,3515,7362,1711,2415,1482,3416,3884,2897,1257, 129,7363,3742, 642, # 3446
+ 523,2776,2777,2648,7364, 141,2231,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4077, 603,2592, # 3462
+ 710, 171,3417, 404, 549,  18,3118,2393,1410,3626,1666,7365,3516,4319,2898,4320, # 3478
+7366,2973, 368,7367, 146, 366,  99, 871,3627,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2258, # 3494
+ 379,3743,3180,7368,3181, 505,1941,2618,1991,1382,2314,7369, 380,2357, 218, 702, # 3510
+1817,1248,3418,3024,3517,3318,3249,7370,2974,3628, 930,3250,3744,7371,  59,7372, # 3526
+ 585, 601,4078, 497,3419,1112,1314,4321,1801,7373,1223,1472,2174,7374, 749,1836, # 3542
+ 690,1899,3745,1772,3885,1476, 429,1043,1790,2232,2116, 917,4079, 447,1086,1629, # 3558
+7375, 556,7376,7377,2020,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2815,1008,1782, 686, # 3574
+1095,7378,2282, 793,1602,7379,3518,2593,4322,4080,2933,2297,4323,3746, 980,2496, # 3590
+ 544, 353, 527,4324, 908,2678,2899,7380, 381,2619,1942,1348,7381,1341,1252, 560, # 3606
+3072,7382,3420,2856,7383,2053, 973, 886,2080, 143,4325,7384,7385, 157,3886, 496, # 3622
+4081,  57, 840, 540,2038,4326,4327,3421,2117,1445, 970,2259,1748,1965,2081,4082, # 3638
+3119,1234,1775,3251,2816,3629, 773,1206,2129,1066,2039,1326,3887,1738,1725,4083, # 3654
+ 279,3120,  51,1544,2594, 423,1578,2130,2066, 173,4328,1879,7386,7387,1583, 264, # 3670
+ 610,3630,4329,2439, 280, 154,7388,7389,7390,1739, 338,1282,3073, 693,2857,1411, # 3686
+1074,3747,2440,7391,4330,7392,7393,1240, 952,2394,7394,2900,1538,2679, 685,1483, # 3702
+4084,2468,1436, 953,4085,2054,4331, 671,2395,  79,4086,2441,3252, 608, 567,2680, # 3718
+3422,4087,4088,1691, 393,1261,1791,2396,7395,4332,7396,7397,7398,7399,1383,1672, # 3734
+3748,3182,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4333,3888,1432,3519, 609,4334,2681, # 3750
+2397,7400,7401,7402,4089,3025,   0,7403,2469, 315, 231,2442, 301,3319,4335,2380, # 3766
+7404, 233,4090,3631,1818,4336,4337,7405,  96,1776,1315,2082,7406, 257,7407,1809, # 3782
+3632,2709,1139,1819,4091,2021,1124,2163,2778,1777,2649,7408,3074, 363,1655,3183, # 3798
+7409,2975,7410,7411,7412,3889,1567,3890, 718, 103,3184, 849,1443, 341,3320,2934, # 3814
+1484,7413,1712, 127,  67, 339,4092,2398, 679,1412, 821,7414,7415, 834, 738, 351, # 3830
+2976,2146, 846, 235,1497,1880, 418,1992,3749,2710, 186,1100,2147,2746,3520,1545, # 3846
+1355,2935,2858,1377, 583,3891,4093,2573,2977,7416,1298,3633,1078,2549,3634,2358, # 3862
+  78,3750,3751, 267,1289,2099,2001,1594,4094, 348, 369,1274,2194,2175,1837,4338, # 3878
+1820,2817,3635,2747,2283,2002,4339,2936,2748, 144,3321, 882,4340,3892,2749,3423, # 3894
+4341,2901,7417,4095,1726, 320,7418,3893,3026, 788,2978,7419,2818,1773,1327,2859, # 3910
+3894,2819,7420,1306,4342,2003,1700,3752,3521,2359,2650, 787,2022, 506, 824,3636, # 3926
+ 534, 323,4343,1044,3322,2023,1900, 946,3424,7421,1778,1500,1678,7422,1881,4344, # 3942
+ 165, 243,4345,3637,2521, 123, 683,4096, 764,4346,  36,3895,1792, 589,2902, 816, # 3958
+ 626,1667,3027,2233,1639,1555,1622,3753,3896,7423,3897,2860,1370,1228,1932, 891, # 3974
+2083,2903, 304,4097,7424, 292,2979,2711,3522, 691,2100,4098,1115,4347, 118, 662, # 3990
+7425, 611,1156, 854,2381,1316,2861,   2, 386, 515,2904,7426,7427,3253, 868,2234, # 4006
+1486, 855,2651, 785,2212,3028,7428,1040,3185,3523,7429,3121, 448,7430,1525,7431, # 4022
+2164,4348,7432,3754,7433,4099,2820,3524,3122, 503, 818,3898,3123,1568, 814, 676, # 4038
+1444, 306,1749,7434,3755,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2821,1501,4349,7435,7436,7437, # 4054
+1993,7438,4350,7439,7440,2195,  13,2779,3638,2980,3124,1229,1916,7441,3756,2131, # 4070
+7442,4100,4351,2399,3525,7443,2213,1511,1727,1120,7444,7445, 646,3757,2443, 307, # 4086
+7446,7447,1595,3186,7448,7449,7450,3639,1113,1356,3899,1465,2522,2523,7451, 519, # 4102
+7452, 128,2132,  92,2284,1979,7453,3900,1512, 342,3125,2196,7454,2780,2214,1980, # 4118
+3323,7455, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2360,7456,3758,4352, 562, 581,3901,7457, 401, # 4134
+4353,2248,  94,4354,1399,2781,7458,1463,2024,4355,3187,1943,7459, 828,1105,4101, # 4150
+1262,1394,7460,4102, 605,4356,7461,1783,2862,7462,2822, 819,2101, 578,2197,2937, # 4166
+7463,1502, 436,3254,4103,3255,2823,3902,2905,3425,3426,7464,2712,2315,7465,7466, # 4182
+2332,2067,  23,4357, 193, 826,3759,2102, 699,1630,4104,3075, 390,1793,1064,3526, # 4198
+7467,1579,3076,3077,1400,7468,4105,1838,1640,2863,7469,4358,4359, 137,4106, 598, # 4214
+3078,1966, 780, 104, 974,2938,7470, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339,7471, # 4230
+3903,1275,4360,2574,2550,7472,3640,3029,3079,2249, 565,1334,2713, 863,  41,7473, # 4246
+7474,4361,7475,1657,2333,  19, 463,2750,4107, 606,7476,2981,3256,1087,2084,1323, # 4262
+2652,2982,7477,1631,1623,1750,4108,2682,7478,2864, 791,2714,2653,2334, 232,2416, # 4278
+7479,2983,1498,7480,2654,2620, 755,1366,3641,3257,3126,2025,1609, 119,1917,3427, # 4294
+ 862,1026,4109,7481,3904,3760,4362,3905,4363,2260,1951,2470,7482,1125, 817,4110, # 4310
+4111,3906,1513,1766,2040,1487,4112,3030,3258,2824,3761,3127,7483,7484,1507,7485, # 4326
+2683, 733,  40,1632,1106,2865, 345,4113, 841,2524, 230,4364,2984,1846,3259,3428, # 4342
+7486,1263, 986,3429,7487, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562,3907, # 4358
+3908,2939, 967,2751,2655,1349, 592,2133,1692,3324,2985,1994,4114,1679,3909,1901, # 4374
+2185,7488, 739,3642,2715,1296,1290,7489,4115,2198,2199,1921,1563,2595,2551,1870, # 4390
+2752,2986,7490, 435,7491, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4365,2235,3430,3643,7492,4366, # 4406
+ 294,3527,2940,1693, 477, 979, 281,2041,3528, 643,2042,3644,2621,2782,2261,1031, # 4422
+2335,2134,2298,3529,4367, 367,1249,2552,7493,3530,7494,4368,1283,3325,2004, 240, # 4438
+1762,3326,4369,4370, 836,1069,3128, 474,7495,2148,2525, 268,3531,7496,3188,1521, # 4454
+1284,7497,1658,1546,4116,7498,3532,3533,7499,4117,3327,2684,1685,4118, 961,1673, # 4470
+2622, 190,2005,2200,3762,4371,4372,7500, 570,2497,3645,1490,7501,4373,2623,3260, # 4486
+1956,4374, 584,1514, 396,1045,1944,7502,4375,1967,2444,7503,7504,4376,3910, 619, # 4502
+7505,3129,3261, 215,2006,2783,2553,3189,4377,3190,4378, 763,4119,3763,4379,7506, # 4518
+7507,1957,1767,2941,3328,3646,1174, 452,1477,4380,3329,3130,7508,2825,1253,2382, # 4534
+2186,1091,2285,4120, 492,7509, 638,1169,1824,2135,1752,3911, 648, 926,1021,1324, # 4550
+4381, 520,4382, 997, 847,1007, 892,4383,3764,2262,1871,3647,7510,2400,1784,4384, # 4566
+1952,2942,3080,3191,1728,4121,2043,3648,4385,2007,1701,3131,1551,  30,2263,4122, # 4582
+7511,2026,4386,3534,7512, 501,7513,4123, 594,3431,2165,1821,3535,3432,3536,3192, # 4598
+ 829,2826,4124,7514,1680,3132,1225,4125,7515,3262,4387,4126,3133,2336,7516,4388, # 4614
+4127,7517,3912,3913,7518,1847,2383,2596,3330,7519,4389, 374,3914, 652,4128,4129, # 4630
+ 375,1140, 798,7520,7521,7522,2361,4390,2264, 546,1659, 138,3031,2445,4391,7523, # 4646
+2250, 612,1848, 910, 796,3765,1740,1371, 825,3766,3767,7524,2906,2554,7525, 692, # 4662
+ 444,3032,2624, 801,4392,4130,7526,1491, 244,1053,3033,4131,4132, 340,7527,3915, # 4678
+1041,2987, 293,1168,  87,1357,7528,1539, 959,7529,2236, 721, 694,4133,3768, 219, # 4694
+1478, 644,1417,3331,2656,1413,1401,1335,1389,3916,7530,7531,2988,2362,3134,1825, # 4710
+ 730,1515, 184,2827,  66,4393,7532,1660,2943, 246,3332, 378,1457, 226,3433, 975, # 4726
+3917,2944,1264,3537, 674, 696,7533, 163,7534,1141,2417,2166, 713,3538,3333,4394, # 4742
+3918,7535,7536,1186,  15,7537,1079,1070,7538,1522,3193,3539, 276,1050,2716, 758, # 4758
+1126, 653,2945,3263,7539,2337, 889,3540,3919,3081,2989, 903,1250,4395,3920,3434, # 4774
+3541,1342,1681,1718, 766,3264, 286,  89,2946,3649,7540,1713,7541,2597,3334,2990, # 4790
+7542,2947,2215,3194,2866,7543,4396,2498,2526, 181, 387,1075,3921, 731,2187,3335, # 4806
+7544,3265, 310, 313,3435,2299, 770,4134,  54,3034, 189,4397,3082,3769,3922,7545, # 4822
+1230,1617,1849, 355,3542,4135,4398,3336, 111,4136,3650,1350,3135,3436,3035,4137, # 4838
+2149,3266,3543,7546,2784,3923,3924,2991, 722,2008,7547,1071, 247,1207,2338,2471, # 4854
+1378,4399,2009, 864,1437,1214,4400, 373,3770,1142,2216, 667,4401, 442,2753,2555, # 4870
+3771,3925,1968,4138,3267,1839, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1882,7548,7549,2118,4139, # 4886
+2828, 743,1569,7550,4402,4140, 582,2384,1418,3437,7551,1802,7552, 357,1395,1729, # 4902
+3651,3268,2418,1564,2237,7553,3083,3772,1633,4403,1114,2085,4141,1532,7554, 482, # 4918
+2446,4404,7555,7556,1492, 833,1466,7557,2717,3544,1641,2829,7558,1526,1272,3652, # 4934
+4142,1686,1794, 416,2556,1902,1953,1803,7559,3773,2785,3774,1159,2316,7560,2867, # 4950
+4405,1610,1584,3036,2419,2754, 443,3269,1163,3136,7561,7562,3926,7563,4143,2499, # 4966
+3037,4406,3927,3137,2103,1647,3545,2010,1872,4144,7564,4145, 431,3438,7565, 250, # 4982
+  97,  81,4146,7566,1648,1850,1558, 160, 848,7567, 866, 740,1694,7568,2201,2830, # 4998
+3195,4147,4407,3653,1687, 950,2472, 426, 469,3196,3654,3655,3928,7569,7570,1188, # 5014
+ 424,1995, 861,3546,4148,3775,2202,2685, 168,1235,3547,4149,7571,2086,1674,4408, # 5030
+3337,3270, 220,2557,1009,7572,3776, 670,2992, 332,1208, 717,7573,7574,3548,2447, # 5046
+3929,3338,7575, 513,7576,1209,2868,3339,3138,4409,1080,7577,7578,7579,7580,2527, # 5062
+3656,3549, 815,1587,3930,3931,7581,3550,3439,3777,1254,4410,1328,3038,1390,3932, # 5078
+1741,3933,3778,3934,7582, 236,3779,2448,3271,7583,7584,3657,3780,1273,3781,4411, # 5094
+7585, 308,7586,4412, 245,4413,1851,2473,1307,2575, 430, 715,2136,2449,7587, 270, # 5110
+ 199,2869,3935,7588,3551,2718,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1840,4414,3440,3658,7589, # 5126
+7590, 587,  14,3272, 227,2598, 326, 480,2265, 943,2755,3552, 291, 650,1883,7591, # 5142
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3441, 904,4415,3442,1164,4150,7592,7593,1224,1548,2756, # 5158
+ 391, 498,1493,7594,1386,1419,7595,2055,1177,4416, 813, 880,1081,2363, 566,1145, # 5174
+4417,2286,1001,1035,2558,2599,2238, 394,1286,7596,7597,2068,7598,  86,1494,1730, # 5190
+3936, 491,1588, 745, 897,2948, 843,3340,3937,2757,2870,3273,1768, 998,2217,2069, # 5206
+ 397,1826,1195,1969,3659,2993,3341, 284,7599,3782,2500,2137,2119,1903,7600,3938, # 5222
+2150,3939,4151,1036,3443,1904, 114,2559,4152, 209,1527,7601,7602,2949,2831,2625, # 5238
+2385,2719,3139, 812,2560,7603,3274,7604,1559, 737,1884,3660,1210, 885,  28,2686, # 5254
+3553,3783,7605,4153,1004,1779,4418,7606, 346,1981,2218,2687,4419,3784,1742, 797, # 5270
+1642,3940,1933,1072,1384,2151, 896,3941,3275,3661,3197,2871,3554,7607,2561,1958, # 5286
+4420,2450,1785,7608,7609,7610,3942,4154,1005,1308,3662,4155,2720,4421,4422,1528, # 5302
+2600, 161,1178,4156,1982, 987,4423,1101,4157, 631,3943,1157,3198,2420,1343,1241, # 5318
+1016,2239,2562, 372, 877,2339,2501,1160, 555,1934, 911,3944,7611, 466,1170, 169, # 5334
+1051,2907,2688,3663,2474,2994,1182,2011,2563,1251,2626,7612, 992,2340,3444,1540, # 5350
+2721,1201,2070,2401,1996,2475,7613,4424, 528,1922,2188,1503,1873,1570,2364,3342, # 5366
+3276,7614, 557,1073,7615,1827,3445,2087,2266,3140,3039,3084, 767,3085,2786,4425, # 5382
+1006,4158,4426,2341,1267,2176,3664,3199, 778,3945,3200,2722,1597,2657,7616,4427, # 5398
+7617,3446,7618,7619,7620,3277,2689,1433,3278, 131,  95,1504,3946, 723,4159,3141, # 5414
+1841,3555,2758,2189,3947,2027,2104,3665,7621,2995,3948,1218,7622,3343,3201,3949, # 5430
+4160,2576, 248,1634,3785, 912,7623,2832,3666,3040,3786, 654,  53,7624,2996,7625, # 5446
+1688,4428, 777,3447,1032,3950,1425,7626, 191, 820,2120,2833, 971,4429, 931,3202, # 5462
+ 135, 664, 783,3787,1997, 772,2908,1935,3951,3788,4430,2909,3203, 282,2723, 640, # 5478
+1372,3448,1127, 922, 325,3344,7627,7628, 711,2044,7629,7630,3952,2219,2787,1936, # 5494
+3953,3345,2220,2251,3789,2300,7631,4431,3790,1258,3279,3954,3204,2138,2950,3955, # 5510
+3956,7632,2221, 258,3205,4432, 101,1227,7633,3280,1755,7634,1391,3281,7635,2910, # 5526
+2056, 893,7636,7637,7638,1402,4161,2342,7639,7640,3206,3556,7641,7642, 878,1325, # 5542
+1780,2788,4433, 259,1385,2577, 744,1183,2267,4434,7643,3957,2502,7644, 684,1024, # 5558
+4162,7645, 472,3557,3449,1165,3282,3958,3959, 322,2152, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 5574
+ 660, 554,2153,4435,1058,4436,4163, 830,1065,3346,3960,4437,1923,7646,1703,1918, # 5590
+7647, 932,2268, 122,7648,4438, 947, 677,7649,3791,2627, 297,1905,1924,2269,4439, # 5606
+2317,3283,7650,7651,4164,7652,4165,  84,4166, 112, 989,7653, 547,1059,3961, 701, # 5622
+3558,1019,7654,4167,7655,3450, 942, 639, 457,2301,2451, 993,2951, 407, 851, 494, # 5638
+4440,3347, 927,7656,1237,7657,2421,3348, 573,4168, 680, 921,2911,1279,1874, 285, # 5654
+ 790,1448,1983, 719,2167,7658,7659,4441,3962,3963,1649,7660,1541, 563,7661,1077, # 5670
+7662,3349,3041,3451, 511,2997,3964,3965,3667,3966,1268,2564,3350,3207,4442,4443, # 5686
+7663, 535,1048,1276,1189,2912,2028,3142,1438,1373,2834,2952,1134,2012,7664,4169, # 5702
+1238,2578,3086,1259,7665, 700,7666,2953,3143,3668,4170,7667,4171,1146,1875,1906, # 5718
+4444,2601,3967, 781,2422, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2789,2402, 898,1786,2154,3968, # 5734
+3969,7668,3792,2790,7669,7670,4445,4446,7671,3208,7672,1635,3793, 965,7673,1804, # 5750
+2690,1516,3559,1121,1082,1329,3284,3970,1449,3794,  65,1128,2835,2913,2759,1590, # 5766
+3795,7674,7675,  12,2658,  45, 976,2579,3144,4447, 517,2528,1013,1037,3209,7676, # 5782
+3796,2836,7677,3797,7678,3452,7679,2602, 614,1998,2318,3798,3087,2724,2628,7680, # 5798
+2580,4172, 599,1269,7681,1810,3669,7682,2691,3088, 759,1060, 489,1805,3351,3285, # 5814
+1358,7683,7684,2386,1387,1215,2629,2252, 490,7685,7686,4173,1759,2387,2343,7687, # 5830
+4448,3799,1907,3971,2630,1806,3210,4449,3453,3286,2760,2344, 874,7688,7689,3454, # 5846
+3670,1858,  91,2914,3671,3042,3800,4450,7690,3145,3972,2659,7691,3455,1202,1403, # 5862
+3801,2954,2529,1517,2503,4451,3456,2504,7692,4452,7693,2692,1885,1495,1731,3973, # 5878
+2365,4453,7694,2029,7695,7696,3974,2693,1216, 237,2581,4174,2319,3975,3802,4454, # 5894
+4455,2694,3560,3457, 445,4456,7697,7698,7699,7700,2761,  61,3976,3672,1822,3977, # 5910
+7701, 687,2045, 935, 925, 405,2660, 703,1096,1859,2725,4457,3978,1876,1367,2695, # 5926
+3352, 918,2105,1781,2476, 334,3287,1611,1093,4458, 564,3146,3458,3673,3353, 945, # 5942
+2631,2057,4459,7702,1925, 872,4175,7703,3459,2696,3089, 349,4176,3674,3979,4460, # 5958
+3803,4177,3675,2155,3980,4461,4462,4178,4463,2403,2046, 782,3981, 400, 251,4179, # 5974
+1624,7704,7705, 277,3676, 299,1265, 476,1191,3804,2121,4180,4181,1109, 205,7706, # 5990
+2582,1000,2156,3561,1860,7707,7708,7709,4464,7710,4465,2565, 107,2477,2157,3982, # 6006
+3460,3147,7711,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4182,2872,3562,7712,1696, 370,1088,4183, # 6022
+4466,3563, 579, 327, 440, 162,2240, 269,1937,1374,3461, 968,3043,  56,1396,3090, # 6038
+2106,3288,3354,7713,1926,2158,4467,2998,7714,3564,7715,7716,3677,4468,2478,7717, # 6054
+2791,7718,1650,4469,7719,2603,7720,7721,3983,2661,3355,1149,3356,3984,3805,3985, # 6070
+7722,1076,  49,7723, 951,3211,3289,3290, 450,2837, 920,7724,1811,2792,2366,4184, # 6086
+1908,1138,2367,3806,3462,7725,3212,4470,1909,1147,1518,2423,4471,3807,7726,4472, # 6102
+2388,2604, 260,1795,3213,7727,7728,3808,3291, 708,7729,3565,1704,7730,3566,1351, # 6118
+1618,3357,2999,1886, 944,4185,3358,4186,3044,3359,4187,7731,3678, 422, 413,1714, # 6134
+3292, 500,2058,2345,4188,2479,7732,1344,1910, 954,7733,1668,7734,7735,3986,2404, # 6150
+4189,3567,3809,4190,7736,2302,1318,2505,3091, 133,3092,2873,4473, 629,  31,2838, # 6166
+2697,3810,4474, 850, 949,4475,3987,2955,1732,2088,4191,1496,1852,7737,3988, 620, # 6182
+3214, 981,1242,3679,3360,1619,3680,1643,3293,2139,2452,1970,1719,3463,2168,7738, # 6198
+3215,7739,7740,3361,1828,7741,1277,4476,1565,2047,7742,1636,3568,3093,7743, 869, # 6214
+2839, 655,3811,3812,3094,3989,3000,3813,1310,3569,4477,7744,7745,7746,1733, 558, # 6230
+4478,3681, 335,1549,3045,1756,4192,3682,1945,3464,1829,1291,1192, 470,2726,2107, # 6246
+2793, 913,1054,3990,7747,1027,7748,3046,3991,4479, 982,2662,3362,3148,3465,3216, # 6262
+3217,1946,2794,7749, 571,4480,7750,1830,7751,3570,2583,1523,2424,7752,2089, 984, # 6278
+4481,3683,1959,7753,3684, 852, 923,2795,3466,3685, 969,1519, 999,2048,2320,1705, # 6294
+7754,3095, 615,1662, 151, 597,3992,2405,2321,1049, 275,4482,3686,4193, 568,3687, # 6310
+3571,2480,4194,3688,7755,2425,2270, 409,3218,7756,1566,2874,3467,1002, 769,2840, # 6326
+ 194,2090,3149,3689,2222,3294,4195, 628,1505,7757,7758,1763,2177,3001,3993, 521, # 6342
+1161,2584,1787,2203,2406,4483,3994,1625,4196,4197, 412,  42,3096, 464,7759,2632, # 6358
+4484,3363,1760,1571,2875,3468,2530,1219,2204,3814,2633,2140,2368,4485,4486,3295, # 6374
+1651,3364,3572,7760,7761,3573,2481,3469,7762,3690,7763,7764,2271,2091, 460,7765, # 6390
+4487,7766,3002, 962, 588,3574, 289,3219,2634,1116,  52,7767,3047,1796,7768,7769, # 6406
+7770,1467,7771,1598,1143,3691,4198,1984,1734,1067,4488,1280,3365, 465,4489,1572, # 6422
+ 510,7772,1927,2241,1812,1644,3575,7773,4490,3692,7774,7775,2663,1573,1534,7776, # 6438
+7777,4199, 536,1807,1761,3470,3815,3150,2635,7778,7779,7780,4491,3471,2915,1911, # 6454
+2796,7781,3296,1122, 377,3220,7782, 360,7783,7784,4200,1529, 551,7785,2059,3693, # 6470
+1769,2426,7786,2916,4201,3297,3097,2322,2108,2030,4492,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672, # 6486
+1171,3221,2303, 271,3151,7787,2762,7788,2049, 678,2727, 865,1947,4493,7789,2013, # 6502
+3995,2956,7790,2728,2223,1397,3048,3694,4494,4495,1735,2917,3366,3576,7791,3816, # 6518
+ 509,2841,2453,2876,3817,7792,7793,3152,3153,4496,4202,2531,4497,2304,1166,1010, # 6534
+ 552, 681,1887,7794,7795,2957,2958,3996,1287,1596,1861,3154, 358, 453, 736, 175, # 6550
+ 478,1117, 905,1167,1097,7796,1853,1530,7797,1706,7798,2178,3472,2287,3695,3473, # 6566
+3577,4203,2092,4204,7799,3367,1193,2482,4205,1458,2190,2205,1862,1888,1421,3298, # 6582
+2918,3049,2179,3474, 595,2122,7800,3997,7801,7802,4206,1707,2636, 223,3696,1359, # 6598
+ 751,3098, 183,3475,7803,2797,3003, 419,2369, 633, 704,3818,2389, 241,7804,7805, # 6614
+7806, 838,3004,3697,2272,2763,2454,3819,1938,2050,3998,1309,3099,2242,1181,7807, # 6630
+1136,2206,3820,2370,1446,4207,2305,4498,7808,7809,4208,1055,2605, 484,3698,7810, # 6646
+3999, 625,4209,2273,3368,1499,4210,4000,7811,4001,4211,3222,2274,2275,3476,7812, # 6662
+7813,2764, 808,2606,3699,3369,4002,4212,3100,2532, 526,3370,3821,4213, 955,7814, # 6678
+1620,4214,2637,2427,7815,1429,3700,1669,1831, 994, 928,7816,3578,1260,7817,7818, # 6694
+7819,1948,2288, 741,2919,1626,4215,2729,2455, 867,1184, 362,3371,1392,7820,7821, # 6710
+4003,4216,1770,1736,3223,2920,4499,4500,1928,2698,1459,1158,7822,3050,3372,2877, # 6726
+1292,1929,2506,2842,3701,1985,1187,2071,2014,2607,4217,7823,2566,2507,2169,3702, # 6742
+2483,3299,7824,3703,4501,7825,7826, 666,1003,3005,1022,3579,4218,7827,4502,1813, # 6758
+2253, 574,3822,1603, 295,1535, 705,3823,4219, 283, 858, 417,7828,7829,3224,4503, # 6774
+4504,3051,1220,1889,1046,2276,2456,4004,1393,1599, 689,2567, 388,4220,7830,2484, # 6790
+ 802,7831,2798,3824,2060,1405,2254,7832,4505,3825,2109,1052,1345,3225,1585,7833, # 6806
+ 809,7834,7835,7836, 575,2730,3477, 956,1552,1469,1144,2323,7837,2324,1560,2457, # 6822
+3580,3226,4005, 616,2207,3155,2180,2289,7838,1832,7839,3478,4506,7840,1319,3704, # 6838
+3705,1211,3581,1023,3227,1293,2799,7841,7842,7843,3826, 607,2306,3827, 762,2878, # 6854
+1439,4221,1360,7844,1485,3052,7845,4507,1038,4222,1450,2061,2638,4223,1379,4508, # 6870
+2585,7846,7847,4224,1352,1414,2325,2921,1172,7848,7849,3828,3829,7850,1797,1451, # 6886
+7851,7852,7853,7854,2922,4006,4007,2485,2346, 411,4008,4009,3582,3300,3101,4509, # 6902
+1561,2664,1452,4010,1375,7855,7856,  47,2959, 316,7857,1406,1591,2923,3156,7858, # 6918
+1025,2141,3102,3157, 354,2731, 884,2224,4225,2407, 508,3706, 726,3583, 996,2428, # 6934
+3584, 729,7859, 392,2191,1453,4011,4510,3707,7860,7861,2458,3585,2608,1675,2800, # 6950
+ 919,2347,2960,2348,1270,4511,4012,  73,7862,7863, 647,7864,3228,2843,2255,1550, # 6966
+1346,3006,7865,1332, 883,3479,7866,7867,7868,7869,3301,2765,7870,1212, 831,1347, # 6982
+4226,4512,2326,3830,1863,3053, 720,3831,4513,4514,3832,7871,4227,7872,7873,4515, # 6998
+7874,7875,1798,4516,3708,2609,4517,3586,1645,2371,7876,7877,2924, 669,2208,2665, # 7014
+2429,7878,2879,7879,7880,1028,3229,7881,4228,2408,7882,2256,1353,7883,7884,4518, # 7030
+3158, 518,7885,4013,7886,4229,1960,7887,2142,4230,7888,7889,3007,2349,2350,3833, # 7046
+ 516,1833,1454,4014,2699,4231,4519,2225,2610,1971,1129,3587,7890,2766,7891,2961, # 7062
+1422, 577,1470,3008,1524,3373,7892,7893, 432,4232,3054,3480,7894,2586,1455,2508, # 7078
+2226,1972,1175,7895,1020,2732,4015,3481,4520,7896,2733,7897,1743,1361,3055,3482, # 7094
+2639,4016,4233,4521,2290, 895, 924,4234,2170, 331,2243,3056, 166,1627,3057,1098, # 7110
+7898,1232,2880,2227,3374,4522, 657, 403,1196,2372, 542,3709,3375,1600,4235,3483, # 7126
+7899,4523,2767,3230, 576, 530,1362,7900,4524,2533,2666,3710,4017,7901, 842,3834, # 7142
+7902,2801,2031,1014,4018, 213,2700,3376, 665, 621,4236,7903,3711,2925,2430,7904, # 7158
+2431,3302,3588,3377,7905,4237,2534,4238,4525,3589,1682,4239,3484,1380,7906, 724, # 7174
+2277, 600,1670,7907,1337,1233,4526,3103,2244,7908,1621,4527,7909, 651,4240,7910, # 7190
+1612,4241,2611,7911,2844,7912,2734,2307,3058,7913, 716,2459,3059, 174,1255,2701, # 7206
+4019,3590, 548,1320,1398, 728,4020,1574,7914,1890,1197,3060,4021,7915,3061,3062, # 7222
+3712,3591,3713, 747,7916, 635,4242,4528,7917,7918,7919,4243,7920,7921,4529,7922, # 7238
+3378,4530,2432, 451,7923,3714,2535,2072,4244,2735,4245,4022,7924,1764,4531,7925, # 7254
+4246, 350,7926,2278,2390,2486,7927,4247,4023,2245,1434,4024, 488,4532, 458,4248, # 7270
+4025,3715, 771,1330,2391,3835,2568,3159,2159,2409,1553,2667,3160,4249,7928,2487, # 7286
+2881,2612,1720,2702,4250,3379,4533,7929,2536,4251,7930,3231,4252,2768,7931,2015, # 7302
+2736,7932,1155,1017,3716,3836,7933,3303,2308, 201,1864,4253,1430,7934,4026,7935, # 7318
+7936,7937,7938,7939,4254,1604,7940, 414,1865, 371,2587,4534,4535,3485,2016,3104, # 7334
+4536,1708, 960,4255, 887, 389,2171,1536,1663,1721,7941,2228,4027,2351,2926,1580, # 7350
+7942,7943,7944,1744,7945,2537,4537,4538,7946,4539,7947,2073,7948,7949,3592,3380, # 7366
+2882,4256,7950,4257,2640,3381,2802, 673,2703,2460, 709,3486,4028,3593,4258,7951, # 7382
+1148, 502, 634,7952,7953,1204,4540,3594,1575,4541,2613,3717,7954,3718,3105, 948, # 7398
+3232, 121,1745,3837,1110,7955,4259,3063,2509,3009,4029,3719,1151,1771,3838,1488, # 7414
+4030,1986,7956,2433,3487,7957,7958,2093,7959,4260,3839,1213,1407,2803, 531,2737, # 7430
+2538,3233,1011,1537,7960,2769,4261,3106,1061,7961,3720,3721,1866,2883,7962,2017, # 7446
+ 120,4262,4263,2062,3595,3234,2309,3840,2668,3382,1954,4542,7963,7964,3488,1047, # 7462
+2704,1266,7965,1368,4543,2845, 649,3383,3841,2539,2738,1102,2846,2669,7966,7967, # 7478
+1999,7968,1111,3596,2962,7969,2488,3842,3597,2804,1854,3384,3722,7970,7971,3385, # 7494
+2410,2884,3304,3235,3598,7972,2569,7973,3599,2805,4031,1460, 856,7974,3600,7975, # 7510
+2885,2963,7976,2886,3843,7977,4264, 632,2510, 875,3844,1697,3845,2291,7978,7979, # 7526
+4544,3010,1239, 580,4545,4265,7980, 914, 936,2074,1190,4032,1039,2123,7981,7982, # 7542
+7983,3386,1473,7984,1354,4266,3846,7985,2172,3064,4033, 915,3305,4267,4268,3306, # 7558
+1605,1834,7986,2739, 398,3601,4269,3847,4034, 328,1912,2847,4035,3848,1331,4270, # 7574
+3011, 937,4271,7987,3602,4036,4037,3387,2160,4546,3388, 524, 742, 538,3065,1012, # 7590
+7988,7989,3849,2461,7990, 658,1103, 225,3850,7991,7992,4547,7993,4548,7994,3236, # 7606
+1243,7995,4038, 963,2246,4549,7996,2705,3603,3161,7997,7998,2588,2327,7999,4550, # 7622
+8000,8001,8002,3489,3307, 957,3389,2540,2032,1930,2927,2462, 870,2018,3604,1746, # 7638
+2770,2771,2434,2463,8003,3851,8004,3723,3107,3724,3490,3390,3725,8005,1179,3066, # 7654
+8006,3162,2373,4272,3726,2541,3163,3108,2740,4039,8007,3391,1556,2542,2292, 977, # 7670
+2887,2033,4040,1205,3392,8008,1765,3393,3164,2124,1271,1689, 714,4551,3491,8009, # 7686
+2328,3852, 533,4273,3605,2181, 617,8010,2464,3308,3492,2310,8011,8012,3165,8013, # 7702
+8014,3853,1987, 618, 427,2641,3493,3394,8015,8016,1244,1690,8017,2806,4274,4552, # 7718
+8018,3494,8019,8020,2279,1576, 473,3606,4275,3395, 972,8021,3607,8022,3067,8023, # 7734
+8024,4553,4554,8025,3727,4041,4042,8026, 153,4555, 356,8027,1891,2888,4276,2143, # 7750
+ 408, 803,2352,8028,3854,8029,4277,1646,2570,2511,4556,4557,3855,8030,3856,4278, # 7766
+8031,2411,3396, 752,8032,8033,1961,2964,8034, 746,3012,2465,8035,4279,3728, 698, # 7782
+4558,1892,4280,3608,2543,4559,3609,3857,8036,3166,3397,8037,1823,1302,4043,2706, # 7798
+3858,1973,4281,8038,4282,3167, 823,1303,1288,1236,2848,3495,4044,3398, 774,3859, # 7814
+8039,1581,4560,1304,2849,3860,4561,8040,2435,2161,1083,3237,4283,4045,4284, 344, # 7830
+1173, 288,2311, 454,1683,8041,8042,1461,4562,4046,2589,8043,8044,4563, 985, 894, # 7846
+8045,3399,3168,8046,1913,2928,3729,1988,8047,2110,1974,8048,4047,8049,2571,1194, # 7862
+ 425,8050,4564,3169,1245,3730,4285,8051,8052,2850,8053, 636,4565,1855,3861, 760, # 7878
+1799,8054,4286,2209,1508,4566,4048,1893,1684,2293,8055,8056,8057,4287,4288,2210, # 7894
+ 479,8058,8059, 832,8060,4049,2489,8061,2965,2490,3731, 990,3109, 627,1814,2642, # 7910
+4289,1582,4290,2125,2111,3496,4567,8062, 799,4291,3170,8063,4568,2112,1737,3013, # 7926
+1018, 543, 754,4292,3309,1676,4569,4570,4050,8064,1489,8065,3497,8066,2614,2889, # 7942
+4051,8067,8068,2966,8069,8070,8071,8072,3171,4571,4572,2182,1722,8073,3238,3239, # 7958
+1842,3610,1715, 481, 365,1975,1856,8074,8075,1962,2491,4573,8076,2126,3611,3240, # 7974
+ 433,1894,2063,2075,8077, 602,2741,8078,8079,8080,8081,8082,3014,1628,3400,8083, # 7990
+3172,4574,4052,2890,4575,2512,8084,2544,2772,8085,8086,8087,3310,4576,2891,8088, # 8006
+4577,8089,2851,4578,4579,1221,2967,4053,2513,8090,8091,8092,1867,1989,8093,8094, # 8022
+8095,1895,8096,8097,4580,1896,4054, 318,8098,2094,4055,4293,8099,8100, 485,8101, # 8038
+ 938,3862, 553,2670, 116,8102,3863,3612,8103,3498,2671,2773,3401,3311,2807,8104, # 8054
+3613,2929,4056,1747,2930,2968,8105,8106, 207,8107,8108,2672,4581,2514,8109,3015, # 8070
+ 890,3614,3864,8110,1877,3732,3402,8111,2183,2353,3403,1652,8112,8113,8114, 941, # 8086
+2294, 208,3499,4057,2019, 330,4294,3865,2892,2492,3733,4295,8115,8116,8117,8118, # 8102
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2515,1613,4582,8119,3312,3866,2516,8120,4058,8121,1637,4059,2466,4583,3867,8122, # 8118
+2493,3016,3734,8123,8124,2192,8125,8126,2162,8127,8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133, # 8134
+8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143,8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149, # 8150
+8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159,8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165, # 8166
+8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181, # 8182
+8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197, # 8198
+8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213, # 8214
+8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229, # 8230
+8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245, # 8246
+8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261, # 8262
+8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,8272,8273,8274,8275,8276,8277, # 8278
+8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,8288,8289,8290,8291,8292,8293, # 8294
+8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,8304,8305,8306,8307,8308,8309, # 8310
+8310,8311,8312,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,8320,8321,8322,8323,8324,8325, # 8326
+8326,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,8336,8337,8338,8339,8340,8341, # 8342
+8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353,8354,8355,8356,8357, # 8358
+8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,8364,8365,8366,8367,8368,8369,8370,8371,8372,8373, # 8374
+8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382,8383,8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389, # 8390
+8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398,8399,8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405, # 8406
+8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421, # 8422
+8422,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437, # 8438
+8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453, # 8454
+8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469, # 8470
+8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485, # 8486
+8486,8487,8488,8489,8490,8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501, # 8502
+8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517, # 8518
+8518,8519,8520,8521,8522,8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533, # 8534
+8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549, # 8550
+8550,8551,8552,8553,8554,8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,8565, # 8566
+8566,8567,8568,8569,8570,8571,8572,8573,8574,8575,8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581, # 8582
+8582,8583,8584,8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597, # 8598
+8598,8599,8600,8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,8606,8607,8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613, # 8614
+8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,8622,8623,8624,8625,8626,8627,8628,8629, # 8630
+8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,8639,8640,8641,8642,8643,8644,8645, # 8646
+8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,8656,8657,8658,8659,8660,8661, # 8662
+8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,8672,8673,8674,8675,8676,8677, # 8678
+8678,8679,8680,8681,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687,8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693, # 8694
+8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709, # 8710
+8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718,8719,8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725, # 8726
+8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,8734,8735,8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741) # 8742
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe652fe37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCTWDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCTWSMModel
+
+class EUCTWProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCTWSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCTWDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-TW"
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1238f510f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# GB2312 most frequently used character table
+#
+# Char to FreqOrder table , from hz6763
+
+# 512  --> 0.79  -- 0.79
+# 1024 --> 0.92  -- 0.13
+# 2048 --> 0.98  -- 0.06
+# 6768 --> 1.00  -- 0.02
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.79135/(1-0.79135) = 3.79
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (3755 - 512) = 0.157
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher that RDR
+
+GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.9
+
+GB2312_TABLE_SIZE = 3760
+
+GB2312CharToFreqOrder = (
+1671, 749,1443,2364,3924,3807,2330,3921,1704,3463,2691,1511,1515, 572,3191,2205,
+2361, 224,2558, 479,1711, 963,3162, 440,4060,1905,2966,2947,3580,2647,3961,3842,
+2204, 869,4207, 970,2678,5626,2944,2956,1479,4048, 514,3595, 588,1346,2820,3409,
+ 249,4088,1746,1873,2047,1774, 581,1813, 358,1174,3590,1014,1561,4844,2245, 670,
+1636,3112, 889,1286, 953, 556,2327,3060,1290,3141, 613, 185,3477,1367, 850,3820,
+1715,2428,2642,2303,2732,3041,2562,2648,3566,3946,1349, 388,3098,2091,1360,3585,
+ 152,1687,1539, 738,1559,  59,1232,2925,2267,1388,1249,1741,1679,2960, 151,1566,
+1125,1352,4271, 924,4296, 385,3166,4459, 310,1245,2850,  70,3285,2729,3534,3575,
+2398,3298,3466,1960,2265, 217,3647, 864,1909,2084,4401,2773,1010,3269,5152, 853,
+3051,3121,1244,4251,1895, 364,1499,1540,2313,1180,3655,2268, 562, 715,2417,3061,
+ 544, 336,3768,2380,1752,4075, 950, 280,2425,4382, 183,2759,3272, 333,4297,2155,
+1688,2356,1444,1039,4540, 736,1177,3349,2443,2368,2144,2225, 565, 196,1482,3406,
+ 927,1335,4147, 692, 878,1311,1653,3911,3622,1378,4200,1840,2969,3149,2126,1816,
+2534,1546,2393,2760, 737,2494,  13, 447, 245,2747,  38,2765,2129,2589,1079, 606,
+ 360, 471,3755,2890, 404, 848, 699,1785,1236, 370,2221,1023,3746,2074,2026,2023,
+2388,1581,2119, 812,1141,3091,2536,1519, 804,2053, 406,1596,1090, 784, 548,4414,
+1806,2264,2936,1100, 343,4114,5096, 622,3358, 743,3668,1510,1626,5020,3567,2513,
+3195,4115,5627,2489,2991,  24,2065,2697,1087,2719,  48,1634, 315,  68, 985,2052,
+ 198,2239,1347,1107,1439, 597,2366,2172, 871,3307, 919,2487,2790,1867, 236,2570,
+1413,3794, 906,3365,3381,1701,1982,1818,1524,2924,1205, 616,2586,2072,2004, 575,
+ 253,3099,  32,1365,1182, 197,1714,2454,1201, 554,3388,3224,2748, 756,2587, 250,
+2567,1507,1517,3529,1922,2761,2337,3416,1961,1677,2452,2238,3153, 615, 911,1506,
+1474,2495,1265,1906,2749,3756,3280,2161, 898,2714,1759,3450,2243,2444, 563,  26,
+3286,2266,3769,3344,2707,3677, 611,1402, 531,1028,2871,4548,1375, 261,2948, 835,
+1190,4134, 353, 840,2684,1900,3082,1435,2109,1207,1674, 329,1872,2781,4055,2686,
+2104, 608,3318,2423,2957,2768,1108,3739,3512,3271,3985,2203,1771,3520,1418,2054,
+1681,1153, 225,1627,2929, 162,2050,2511,3687,1954, 124,1859,2431,1684,3032,2894,
+ 585,4805,3969,2869,2704,2088,2032,2095,3656,2635,4362,2209, 256, 518,2042,2105,
+3777,3657, 643,2298,1148,1779, 190, 989,3544, 414,  11,2135,2063,2979,1471, 403,
+3678, 126, 770,1563, 671,2499,3216,2877, 600,1179, 307,2805,4937,1268,1297,2694,
+ 252,4032,1448,1494,1331,1394, 127,2256, 222,1647,1035,1481,3056,1915,1048, 873,
+3651, 210,  33,1608,2516, 200,1520, 415, 102,   0,3389,1287, 817,  91,3299,2940,
+ 836,1814, 549,2197,1396,1669,2987,3582,2297,2848,4528,1070, 687,  20,1819, 121,
+1552,1364,1461,1968,2617,3540,2824,2083, 177, 948,4938,2291, 110,4549,2066, 648,
+3359,1755,2110,2114,4642,4845,1693,3937,3308,1257,1869,2123, 208,1804,3159,2992,
+2531,2549,3361,2418,1350,2347,2800,2568,1291,2036,2680,  72, 842,1990, 212,1233,
+1154,1586,  75,2027,3410,4900,1823,1337,2710,2676, 728,2810,1522,3026,4995, 157,
+ 755,1050,4022, 710, 785,1936,2194,2085,1406,2777,2400, 150,1250,4049,1206, 807,
+1910, 534, 529,3309,1721,1660, 274,  39,2827, 661,2670,1578, 925,3248,3815,1094,
+4278,4901,4252,  41,1150,3747,2572,2227,4501,3658,4902,3813,3357,3617,2884,2258,
+ 887, 538,4187,3199,1294,2439,3042,2329,2343,2497,1255, 107, 543,1527, 521,3478,
+3568, 194,5062,  15, 961,3870,1241,1192,2664,  66,5215,3260,2111,1295,1127,2152,
+3805,4135, 901,1164,1976, 398,1278, 530,1460, 748, 904,1054,1966,1426,  53,2909,
+ 509, 523,2279,1534, 536,1019, 239,1685, 460,2353, 673,1065,2401,3600,4298,2272,
+1272,2363, 284,1753,3679,4064,1695,  81, 815,2677,2757,2731,1386, 859, 500,4221,
+2190,2566, 757,1006,2519,2068,1166,1455, 337,2654,3203,1863,1682,1914,3025,1252,
+1409,1366, 847, 714,2834,2038,3209, 964,2970,1901, 885,2553,1078,1756,3049, 301,
+1572,3326, 688,2130,1996,2429,1805,1648,2930,3421,2750,3652,3088, 262,1158,1254,
+ 389,1641,1812, 526,1719, 923,2073,1073,1902, 468, 489,4625,1140, 857,2375,3070,
+3319,2863, 380, 116,1328,2693,1161,2244, 273,1212,1884,2769,3011,1775,1142, 461,
+3066,1200,2147,2212, 790, 702,2695,4222,1601,1058, 434,2338,5153,3640,  67,2360,
+4099,2502, 618,3472,1329, 416,1132, 830,2782,1807,2653,3211,3510,1662, 192,2124,
+ 296,3979,1739,1611,3684,  23, 118, 324, 446,1239,1225, 293,2520,3814,3795,2535,
+3116,  17,1074, 467,2692,2201, 387,2922,  45,1326,3055,1645,3659,2817, 958, 243,
+1903,2320,1339,2825,1784,3289, 356, 576, 865,2315,2381,3377,3916,1088,3122,1713,
+1655, 935, 628,4689,1034,1327, 441, 800, 720, 894,1979,2183,1528,5289,2702,1071,
+4046,3572,2399,1571,3281,  79, 761,1103, 327, 134, 758,1899,1371,1615, 879, 442,
+ 215,2605,2579, 173,2048,2485,1057,2975,3317,1097,2253,3801,4263,1403,1650,2946,
+ 814,4968,3487,1548,2644,1567,1285,   2, 295,2636,  97, 946,3576, 832, 141,4257,
+3273, 760,3821,3521,3156,2607, 949,1024,1733,1516,1803,1920,2125,2283,2665,3180,
+1501,2064,3560,2171,1592, 803,3518,1416, 732,3897,4258,1363,1362,2458, 119,1427,
+ 602,1525,2608,1605,1639,3175, 694,3064,  10, 465,  76,2000,4846,4208, 444,3781,
+1619,3353,2206,1273,3796, 740,2483, 320,1723,2377,3660,2619,1359,1137,1762,1724,
+2345,2842,1850,1862, 912, 821,1866, 612,2625,1735,2573,3369,1093, 844,  89, 937,
+ 930,1424,3564,2413,2972,1004,3046,3019,2011, 711,3171,1452,4178, 428, 801,1943,
+ 432, 445,2811, 206,4136,1472, 730, 349,  73, 397,2802,2547, 998,1637,1167, 789,
+ 396,3217, 154,1218, 716,1120,1780,2819,4826,1931,3334,3762,2139,1215,2627, 552,
+3664,3628,3232,1405,2383,3111,1356,2652,3577,3320,3101,1703, 640,1045,1370,1246,
+4996, 371,1575,2436,1621,2210, 984,4033,1734,2638,  16,4529, 663,2755,3255,1451,
+3917,2257,1253,1955,2234,1263,2951, 214,1229, 617, 485, 359,1831,1969, 473,2310,
+ 750,2058, 165,  80,2864,2419, 361,4344,2416,2479,1134, 796,3726,1266,2943, 860,
+2715, 938, 390,2734,1313,1384, 248, 202, 877,1064,2854, 522,3907, 279,1602, 297,
+2357, 395,3740, 137,2075, 944,4089,2584,1267,3802,  62,1533,2285, 178, 176, 780,
+2440, 201,3707, 590, 478,1560,4354,2117,1075,  30,  74,4643,4004,1635,1441,2745,
+ 776,2596, 238,1077,1692,1912,2844, 605, 499,1742,3947, 241,3053, 980,1749, 936,
+2640,4511,2582, 515,1543,2162,5322,2892,2993, 890,2148,1924, 665,1827,3581,1032,
+ 968,3163, 339,1044,1896, 270, 583,1791,1720,4367,1194,3488,3669,  43,2523,1657,
+ 163,2167, 290,1209,1622,3378, 550, 634,2508,2510, 695,2634,2384,2512,1476,1414,
+ 220,1469,2341,2138,2852,3183,2900,4939,2865,3502,1211,3680, 854,3227,1299,2976,
+3172, 186,2998,1459, 443,1067,3251,1495, 321,1932,3054, 909, 753,1410,1828, 436,
+2441,1119,1587,3164,2186,1258, 227, 231,1425,1890,3200,3942, 247, 959, 725,5254,
+2741, 577,2158,2079, 929, 120, 174, 838,2813, 591,1115, 417,2024,  40,3240,1536,
+1037, 291,4151,2354, 632,1298,2406,2500,3535,1825,1846,3451, 205,1171, 345,4238,
+  18,1163, 811, 685,2208,1217, 425,1312,1508,1175,4308,2552,1033, 587,1381,3059,
+2984,3482, 340,1316,4023,3972, 792,3176, 519, 777,4690, 918, 933,4130,2981,3741,
+  90,3360,2911,2200,5184,4550, 609,3079,2030, 272,3379,2736, 363,3881,1130,1447,
+ 286, 779, 357,1169,3350,3137,1630,1220,2687,2391, 747,1277,3688,2618,2682,2601,
+1156,3196,5290,4034,3102,1689,3596,3128, 874, 219,2783, 798, 508,1843,2461, 269,
+1658,1776,1392,1913,2983,3287,2866,2159,2372, 829,4076,  46,4253,2873,1889,1894,
+ 915,1834,1631,2181,2318, 298, 664,2818,3555,2735, 954,3228,3117, 527,3511,2173,
+ 681,2712,3033,2247,2346,3467,1652, 155,2164,3382, 113,1994, 450, 899, 494, 994,
+1237,2958,1875,2336,1926,3727, 545,1577,1550, 633,3473, 204,1305,3072,2410,1956,
+2471, 707,2134, 841,2195,2196,2663,3843,1026,4940, 990,3252,4997, 368,1092, 437,
+3212,3258,1933,1829, 675,2977,2893, 412, 943,3723,4644,3294,3283,2230,2373,5154,
+2389,2241,2661,2323,1404,2524, 593, 787, 677,3008,1275,2059, 438,2709,2609,2240,
+2269,2246,1446,  36,1568,1373,3892,1574,2301,1456,3962, 693,2276,5216,2035,1143,
+2720,1919,1797,1811,2763,4137,2597,1830,1699,1488,1198,2090, 424,1694, 312,3634,
+3390,4179,3335,2252,1214, 561,1059,3243,2295,2561, 975,5155,2321,2751,3772, 472,
+1537,3282,3398,1047,2077,2348,2878,1323,3340,3076, 690,2906,  51, 369, 170,3541,
+1060,2187,2688,3670,2541,1083,1683, 928,3918, 459, 109,4427, 599,3744,4286, 143,
+2101,2730,2490,  82,1588,3036,2121, 281,1860, 477,4035,1238,2812,3020,2716,3312,
+1530,2188,2055,1317, 843, 636,1808,1173,3495, 649, 181,1002, 147,3641,1159,2414,
+3750,2289,2795, 813,3123,2610,1136,4368,   5,3391,4541,2174, 420, 429,1728, 754,
+1228,2115,2219, 347,2223,2733, 735,1518,3003,2355,3134,1764,3948,3329,1888,2424,
+1001,1234,1972,3321,3363,1672,1021,1450,1584, 226, 765, 655,2526,3404,3244,2302,
+3665, 731, 594,2184, 319,1576, 621, 658,2656,4299,2099,3864,1279,2071,2598,2739,
+ 795,3086,3699,3908,1707,2352,2402,1382,3136,2475,1465,4847,3496,3865,1085,3004,
+2591,1084, 213,2287,1963,3565,2250, 822, 793,4574,3187,1772,1789,3050, 595,1484,
+1959,2770,1080,2650, 456, 422,2996, 940,3322,4328,4345,3092,2742, 965,2784, 739,
+4124, 952,1358,2498,2949,2565, 332,2698,2378, 660,2260,2473,4194,3856,2919, 535,
+1260,2651,1208,1428,1300,1949,1303,2942, 433,2455,2450,1251,1946, 614,1269, 641,
+1306,1810,2737,3078,2912, 564,2365,1419,1415,1497,4460,2367,2185,1379,3005,1307,
+3218,2175,1897,3063, 682,1157,4040,4005,1712,1160,1941,1399, 394, 402,2952,1573,
+1151,2986,2404, 862, 299,2033,1489,3006, 346, 171,2886,3401,1726,2932, 168,2533,
+  47,2507,1030,3735,1145,3370,1395,1318,1579,3609,4560,2857,4116,1457,2529,1965,
+ 504,1036,2690,2988,2405, 745,5871, 849,2397,2056,3081, 863,2359,3857,2096,  99,
+1397,1769,2300,4428,1643,3455,1978,1757,3718,1440,  35,4879,3742,1296,4228,2280,
+ 160,5063,1599,2013, 166, 520,3479,1646,3345,3012, 490,1937,1545,1264,2182,2505,
+1096,1188,1369,1436,2421,1667,2792,2460,1270,2122, 727,3167,2143, 806,1706,1012,
+1800,3037, 960,2218,1882, 805, 139,2456,1139,1521, 851,1052,3093,3089, 342,2039,
+ 744,5097,1468,1502,1585,2087, 223, 939, 326,2140,2577, 892,2481,1623,4077, 982,
+3708, 135,2131,  87,2503,3114,2326,1106, 876,1616, 547,2997,2831,2093,3441,4530,
+4314,   9,3256,4229,4148, 659,1462,1986,1710,2046,2913,2231,4090,4880,5255,3392,
+3274,1368,3689,4645,1477, 705,3384,3635,1068,1529,2941,1458,3782,1509, 100,1656,
+2548, 718,2339, 408,1590,2780,3548,1838,4117,3719,1345,3530, 717,3442,2778,3220,
+2898,1892,4590,3614,3371,2043,1998,1224,3483, 891, 635, 584,2559,3355, 733,1766,
+1729,1172,3789,1891,2307, 781,2982,2271,1957,1580,5773,2633,2005,4195,3097,1535,
+3213,1189,1934,5693,3262, 586,3118,1324,1598, 517,1564,2217,1868,1893,4445,3728,
+2703,3139,1526,1787,1992,3882,2875,1549,1199,1056,2224,1904,2711,5098,4287, 338,
+1993,3129,3489,2689,1809,2815,1997, 957,1855,3898,2550,3275,3057,1105,1319, 627,
+1505,1911,1883,3526, 698,3629,3456,1833,1431, 746,  77,1261,2017,2296,1977,1885,
+ 125,1334,1600, 525,1798,1109,2222,1470,1945, 559,2236,1186,3443,2476,1929,1411,
+2411,3135,1777,3372,2621,1841,1613,3229, 668,1430,1839,2643,2916, 195,1989,2671,
+2358,1387, 629,3205,2293,5256,4439, 123,1310, 888,1879,4300,3021,3605,1003,1162,
+3192,2910,2010, 140,2395,2859,  55,1082,2012,2901, 662, 419,2081,1438, 680,2774,
+4654,3912,1620,1731,1625,5035,4065,2328, 512,1344, 802,5443,2163,2311,2537, 524,
+3399,  98,1155,2103,1918,2606,3925,2816,1393,2465,1504,3773,2177,3963,1478,4346,
+ 180,1113,4655,3461,2028,1698, 833,2696,1235,1322,1594,4408,3623,3013,3225,2040,
+3022, 541,2881, 607,3632,2029,1665,1219, 639,1385,1686,1099,2803,3231,1938,3188,
+2858, 427, 676,2772,1168,2025, 454,3253,2486,3556, 230,1950, 580, 791,1991,1280,
+1086,1974,2034, 630, 257,3338,2788,4903,1017,  86,4790, 966,2789,1995,1696,1131,
+ 259,3095,4188,1308, 179,1463,5257, 289,4107,1248,  42,3413,1725,2288, 896,1947,
+ 774,4474,4254, 604,3430,4264, 392,2514,2588, 452, 237,1408,3018, 988,4531,1970,
+3034,3310, 540,2370,1562,1288,2990, 502,4765,1147,   4,1853,2708, 207, 294,2814,
+4078,2902,2509, 684,  34,3105,3532,2551, 644, 709,2801,2344, 573,1727,3573,3557,
+2021,1081,3100,4315,2100,3681, 199,2263,1837,2385, 146,3484,1195,2776,3949, 997,
+1939,3973,1008,1091,1202,1962,1847,1149,4209,5444,1076, 493, 117,5400,2521, 972,
+1490,2934,1796,4542,2374,1512,2933,2657, 413,2888,1135,2762,2314,2156,1355,2369,
+ 766,2007,2527,2170,3124,2491,2593,2632,4757,2437, 234,3125,3591,1898,1750,1376,
+1942,3468,3138, 570,2127,2145,3276,4131, 962, 132,1445,4196,  19, 941,3624,3480,
+3366,1973,1374,4461,3431,2629, 283,2415,2275, 808,2887,3620,2112,2563,1353,3610,
+ 955,1089,3103,1053,  96,  88,4097, 823,3808,1583, 399, 292,4091,3313, 421,1128,
+ 642,4006, 903,2539,1877,2082, 596,  29,4066,1790, 722,2157, 130, 995,1569, 769,
+1485, 464, 513,2213, 288,1923,1101,2453,4316, 133, 486,2445,  50, 625, 487,2207,
+  57, 423, 481,2962, 159,3729,1558, 491, 303, 482, 501, 240,2837, 112,3648,2392,
+1783, 362,   8,3433,3422, 610,2793,3277,1390,1284,1654,  21,3823, 734, 367, 623,
+ 193, 287, 374,1009,1483, 816, 476, 313,2255,2340,1262,2150,2899,1146,2581, 782,
+2116,1659,2018,1880, 255,3586,3314,1110,2867,2137,2564, 986,2767,5185,2006, 650,
+ 158, 926, 762, 881,3157,2717,2362,3587, 306,3690,3245,1542,3077,2427,1691,2478,
+2118,2985,3490,2438, 539,2305, 983, 129,1754, 355,4201,2386, 827,2923, 104,1773,
+2838,2771, 411,2905,3919, 376, 767, 122,1114, 828,2422,1817,3506, 266,3460,1007,
+1609,4998, 945,2612,4429,2274, 726,1247,1964,2914,2199,2070,4002,4108, 657,3323,
+1422, 579, 455,2764,4737,1222,2895,1670, 824,1223,1487,2525, 558, 861,3080, 598,
+2659,2515,1967, 752,2583,2376,2214,4180, 977, 704,2464,4999,2622,4109,1210,2961,
+ 819,1541, 142,2284,  44, 418, 457,1126,3730,4347,4626,1644,1876,3671,1864, 302,
+1063,5694, 624, 723,1984,3745,1314,1676,2488,1610,1449,3558,3569,2166,2098, 409,
+1011,2325,3704,2306, 818,1732,1383,1824,1844,3757, 999,2705,3497,1216,1423,2683,
+2426,2954,2501,2726,2229,1475,2554,5064,1971,1794,1666,2014,1343, 783, 724, 191,
+2434,1354,2220,5065,1763,2752,2472,4152, 131, 175,2885,3434,  92,1466,4920,2616,
+3871,3872,3866, 128,1551,1632, 669,1854,3682,4691,4125,1230, 188,2973,3290,1302,
+1213, 560,3266, 917, 763,3909,3249,1760, 868,1958, 764,1782,2097, 145,2277,3774,
+4462,  64,1491,3062, 971,2132,3606,2442, 221,1226,1617, 218, 323,1185,3207,3147,
+ 571, 619,1473,1005,1744,2281, 449,1887,2396,3685, 275, 375,3816,1743,3844,3731,
+ 845,1983,2350,4210,1377, 773, 967,3499,3052,3743,2725,4007,1697,1022,3943,1464,
+3264,2855,2722,1952,1029,2839,2467,  84,4383,2215, 820,1391,2015,2448,3672, 377,
+1948,2168, 797,2545,3536,2578,2645,  94,2874,1678, 405,1259,3071, 771, 546,1315,
+ 470,1243,3083, 895,2468, 981, 969,2037, 846,4181, 653,1276,2928,  14,2594, 557,
+3007,2474, 156, 902,1338,1740,2574, 537,2518, 973,2282,2216,2433,1928, 138,2903,
+1293,2631,1612, 646,3457, 839,2935, 111, 496,2191,2847, 589,3186, 149,3994,2060,
+4031,2641,4067,3145,1870,  37,3597,2136,1025,2051,3009,3383,3549,1121,1016,3261,
+1301, 251,2446,2599,2153, 872,3246, 637, 334,3705, 831, 884, 921,3065,3140,4092,
+2198,1944, 246,2964, 108,2045,1152,1921,2308,1031, 203,3173,4170,1907,3890, 810,
+1401,2003,1690, 506, 647,1242,2828,1761,1649,3208,2249,1589,3709,2931,5156,1708,
+ 498, 666,2613, 834,3817,1231, 184,2851,1124, 883,3197,2261,3710,1765,1553,2658,
+1178,2639,2351,  93,1193, 942,2538,2141,4402, 235,1821, 870,1591,2192,1709,1871,
+3341,1618,4126,2595,2334, 603, 651,  69, 701, 268,2662,3411,2555,1380,1606, 503,
+ 448, 254,2371,2646, 574,1187,2309,1770, 322,2235,1292,1801, 305, 566,1133, 229,
+2067,2057, 706, 167, 483,2002,2672,3295,1820,3561,3067, 316, 378,2746,3452,1112,
+ 136,1981, 507,1651,2917,1117, 285,4591, 182,2580,3522,1304, 335,3303,1835,2504,
+1795,1792,2248, 674,1018,2106,2449,1857,2292,2845, 976,3047,1781,2600,2727,1389,
+1281,  52,3152, 153, 265,3950, 672,3485,3951,4463, 430,1183, 365, 278,2169,  27,
+1407,1336,2304, 209,1340,1730,2202,1852,2403,2883, 979,1737,1062, 631,2829,2542,
+3876,2592, 825,2086,2226,3048,3625, 352,1417,3724, 542, 991, 431,1351,3938,1861,
+2294, 826,1361,2927,3142,3503,1738, 463,2462,2723, 582,1916,1595,2808, 400,3845,
+3891,2868,3621,2254,  58,2492,1123, 910,2160,2614,1372,1603,1196,1072,3385,1700,
+3267,1980, 696, 480,2430, 920, 799,1570,2920,1951,2041,4047,2540,1321,4223,2469,
+3562,2228,1271,2602, 401,2833,3351,2575,5157, 907,2312,1256, 410, 263,3507,1582,
+ 996, 678,1849,2316,1480, 908,3545,2237, 703,2322, 667,1826,2849,1531,2604,2999,
+2407,3146,2151,2630,1786,3711, 469,3542, 497,3899,2409, 858, 837,4446,3393,1274,
+ 786, 620,1845,2001,3311, 484, 308,3367,1204,1815,3691,2332,1532,2557,1842,2020,
+2724,1927,2333,4440, 567,  22,1673,2728,4475,1987,1858,1144,1597, 101,1832,3601,
+  12, 974,3783,4391, 951,1412,   1,3720, 453,4608,4041, 528,1041,1027,3230,2628,
+1129, 875,1051,3291,1203,2262,1069,2860,2799,2149,2615,3278, 144,1758,3040,  31,
+ 475,1680, 366,2685,3184, 311,1642,4008,2466,5036,1593,1493,2809, 216,1420,1668,
+ 233, 304,2128,3284, 232,1429,1768,1040,2008,3407,2740,2967,2543, 242,2133, 778,
+1565,2022,2620, 505,2189,2756,1098,2273, 372,1614, 708, 553,2846,2094,2278, 169,
+3626,2835,4161, 228,2674,3165, 809,1454,1309, 466,1705,1095, 900,3423, 880,2667,
+3751,5258,2317,3109,2571,4317,2766,1503,1342, 866,4447,1118,  63,2076, 314,1881,
+1348,1061, 172, 978,3515,1747, 532, 511,3970,   6, 601, 905,2699,3300,1751, 276,
+1467,3725,2668,  65,4239,2544,2779,2556,1604, 578,2451,1802, 992,2331,2624,1320,
+3446, 713,1513,1013, 103,2786,2447,1661, 886,1702, 916, 654,3574,2031,1556, 751,
+2178,2821,2179,1498,1538,2176, 271, 914,2251,2080,1325, 638,1953,2937,3877,2432,
+2754,  95,3265,1716, 260,1227,4083, 775, 106,1357,3254, 426,1607, 555,2480, 772,
+1985, 244,2546, 474, 495,1046,2611,1851,2061,  71,2089,1675,2590, 742,3758,2843,
+3222,1433, 267,2180,2576,2826,2233,2092,3913,2435, 956,1745,3075, 856,2113,1116,
+ 451,   3,1988,2896,1398, 993,2463,1878,2049,1341,2718,2721,2870,2108, 712,2904,
+4363,2753,2324, 277,2872,2349,2649, 384, 987, 435, 691,3000, 922, 164,3939, 652,
+1500,1184,4153,2482,3373,2165,4848,2335,3775,3508,3154,2806,2830,1554,2102,1664,
+2530,1434,2408, 893,1547,2623,3447,2832,2242,2532,3169,2856,3223,2078,  49,3770,
+3469, 462, 318, 656,2259,3250,3069, 679,1629,2758, 344,1138,1104,3120,1836,1283,
+3115,2154,1437,4448, 934, 759,1999, 794,2862,1038, 533,2560,1722,2342, 855,2626,
+1197,1663,4476,3127,  85,4240,2528,  25,1111,1181,3673, 407,3470,4561,2679,2713,
+ 768,1925,2841,3986,1544,1165, 932, 373,1240,2146,1930,2673, 721,4766, 354,4333,
+ 391,2963, 187,  61,3364,1442,1102, 330,1940,1767, 341,3809,4118, 393,2496,2062,
+2211, 105, 331, 300, 439, 913,1332, 626, 379,3304,1557, 328, 689,3952, 309,1555,
+ 931, 317,2517,3027, 325, 569, 686,2107,3084,  60,1042,1333,2794, 264,3177,4014,
+1628, 258,3712,   7,4464,1176,1043,1778, 683, 114,1975,  78,1492, 383,1886, 510,
+ 386, 645,5291,2891,2069,3305,4138,3867,2939,2603,2493,1935,1066,1848,3588,1015,
+1282,1289,4609, 697,1453,3044,2666,3611,1856,2412,  54, 719,1330, 568,3778,2459,
+1748, 788, 492, 551,1191,1000, 488,3394,3763, 282,1799, 348,2016,1523,3155,2390,
+1049, 382,2019,1788,1170, 729,2968,3523, 897,3926,2785,2938,3292, 350,2319,3238,
+1718,1717,2655,3453,3143,4465, 161,2889,2980,2009,1421,  56,1908,1640,2387,2232,
+1917,1874,2477,4921, 148,  83,3438, 592,4245,2882,1822,1055, 741, 115,1496,1624,
+ 381,1638,4592,1020, 516,3214, 458, 947,4575,1432, 211,1514,2926,1865,2142, 189,
+ 852,1221,1400,1486, 882,2299,4036, 351,  28,1122, 700,6479,6480,6481,6482,6483,  # last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+5508,6484,3900,3414,3974,4441,4024,3537,4037,5628,5099,3633,6485,3148,6486,3636,
+5509,3257,5510,5973,5445,5872,4941,4403,3174,4627,5873,6276,2286,4230,5446,5874,
+5122,6102,6103,4162,5447,5123,5323,4849,6277,3980,3851,5066,4246,5774,5067,6278,
+3001,2807,5695,3346,5775,5974,5158,5448,6487,5975,5976,5776,3598,6279,5696,4806,
+4211,4154,6280,6488,6489,6490,6281,4212,5037,3374,4171,6491,4562,4807,4722,4827,
+5977,6104,4532,4079,5159,5324,5160,4404,3858,5359,5875,3975,4288,4610,3486,4512,
+5325,3893,5360,6282,6283,5560,2522,4231,5978,5186,5449,2569,3878,6284,5401,3578,
+4415,6285,4656,5124,5979,2506,4247,4449,3219,3417,4334,4969,4329,6492,4576,4828,
+4172,4416,4829,5402,6286,3927,3852,5361,4369,4830,4477,4867,5876,4173,6493,6105,
+4657,6287,6106,5877,5450,6494,4155,4868,5451,3700,5629,4384,6288,6289,5878,3189,
+4881,6107,6290,6495,4513,6496,4692,4515,4723,5100,3356,6497,6291,3810,4080,5561,
+3570,4430,5980,6498,4355,5697,6499,4724,6108,6109,3764,4050,5038,5879,4093,3226,
+6292,5068,5217,4693,3342,5630,3504,4831,4377,4466,4309,5698,4431,5777,6293,5778,
+4272,3706,6110,5326,3752,4676,5327,4273,5403,4767,5631,6500,5699,5880,3475,5039,
+6294,5562,5125,4348,4301,4482,4068,5126,4593,5700,3380,3462,5981,5563,3824,5404,
+4970,5511,3825,4738,6295,6501,5452,4516,6111,5881,5564,6502,6296,5982,6503,4213,
+4163,3454,6504,6112,4009,4450,6113,4658,6297,6114,3035,6505,6115,3995,4904,4739,
+4563,4942,4110,5040,3661,3928,5362,3674,6506,5292,3612,4791,5565,4149,5983,5328,
+5259,5021,4725,4577,4564,4517,4364,6298,5405,4578,5260,4594,4156,4157,5453,3592,
+3491,6507,5127,5512,4709,4922,5984,5701,4726,4289,6508,4015,6116,5128,4628,3424,
+4241,5779,6299,4905,6509,6510,5454,5702,5780,6300,4365,4923,3971,6511,5161,3270,
+3158,5985,4100, 867,5129,5703,6117,5363,3695,3301,5513,4467,6118,6512,5455,4232,
+4242,4629,6513,3959,4478,6514,5514,5329,5986,4850,5162,5566,3846,4694,6119,5456,
+4869,5781,3779,6301,5704,5987,5515,4710,6302,5882,6120,4392,5364,5705,6515,6121,
+6516,6517,3736,5988,5457,5989,4695,2457,5883,4551,5782,6303,6304,6305,5130,4971,
+6122,5163,6123,4870,3263,5365,3150,4871,6518,6306,5783,5069,5706,3513,3498,4409,
+5330,5632,5366,5458,5459,3991,5990,4502,3324,5991,5784,3696,4518,5633,4119,6519,
+4630,5634,4417,5707,4832,5992,3418,6124,5993,5567,4768,5218,6520,4595,3458,5367,
+6125,5635,6126,4202,6521,4740,4924,6307,3981,4069,4385,6308,3883,2675,4051,3834,
+4302,4483,5568,5994,4972,4101,5368,6309,5164,5884,3922,6127,6522,6523,5261,5460,
+5187,4164,5219,3538,5516,4111,3524,5995,6310,6311,5369,3181,3386,2484,5188,3464,
+5569,3627,5708,6524,5406,5165,4677,4492,6312,4872,4851,5885,4468,5996,6313,5709,
+5710,6128,2470,5886,6314,5293,4882,5785,3325,5461,5101,6129,5711,5786,6525,4906,
+6526,6527,4418,5887,5712,4808,2907,3701,5713,5888,6528,3765,5636,5331,6529,6530,
+3593,5889,3637,4943,3692,5714,5787,4925,6315,6130,5462,4405,6131,6132,6316,5262,
+6531,6532,5715,3859,5716,5070,4696,5102,3929,5788,3987,4792,5997,6533,6534,3920,
+4809,5000,5998,6535,2974,5370,6317,5189,5263,5717,3826,6536,3953,5001,4883,3190,
+5463,5890,4973,5999,4741,6133,6134,3607,5570,6000,4711,3362,3630,4552,5041,6318,
+6001,2950,2953,5637,4646,5371,4944,6002,2044,4120,3429,6319,6537,5103,4833,6538,
+6539,4884,4647,3884,6003,6004,4758,3835,5220,5789,4565,5407,6540,6135,5294,4697,
+4852,6320,6321,3206,4907,6541,6322,4945,6542,6136,6543,6323,6005,4631,3519,6544,
+5891,6545,5464,3784,5221,6546,5571,4659,6547,6324,6137,5190,6548,3853,6549,4016,
+4834,3954,6138,5332,3827,4017,3210,3546,4469,5408,5718,3505,4648,5790,5131,5638,
+5791,5465,4727,4318,6325,6326,5792,4553,4010,4698,3439,4974,3638,4335,3085,6006,
+5104,5042,5166,5892,5572,6327,4356,4519,5222,5573,5333,5793,5043,6550,5639,5071,
+4503,6328,6139,6551,6140,3914,3901,5372,6007,5640,4728,4793,3976,3836,4885,6552,
+4127,6553,4451,4102,5002,6554,3686,5105,6555,5191,5072,5295,4611,5794,5296,6556,
+5893,5264,5894,4975,5466,5265,4699,4976,4370,4056,3492,5044,4886,6557,5795,4432,
+4769,4357,5467,3940,4660,4290,6141,4484,4770,4661,3992,6329,4025,4662,5022,4632,
+4835,4070,5297,4663,4596,5574,5132,5409,5895,6142,4504,5192,4664,5796,5896,3885,
+5575,5797,5023,4810,5798,3732,5223,4712,5298,4084,5334,5468,6143,4052,4053,4336,
+4977,4794,6558,5335,4908,5576,5224,4233,5024,4128,5469,5225,4873,6008,5045,4729,
+4742,4633,3675,4597,6559,5897,5133,5577,5003,5641,5719,6330,6560,3017,2382,3854,
+4406,4811,6331,4393,3964,4946,6561,2420,3722,6562,4926,4378,3247,1736,4442,6332,
+5134,6333,5226,3996,2918,5470,4319,4003,4598,4743,4744,4485,3785,3902,5167,5004,
+5373,4394,5898,6144,4874,1793,3997,6334,4085,4214,5106,5642,4909,5799,6009,4419,
+4189,3330,5899,4165,4420,5299,5720,5227,3347,6145,4081,6335,2876,3930,6146,3293,
+3786,3910,3998,5900,5300,5578,2840,6563,5901,5579,6147,3531,5374,6564,6565,5580,
+4759,5375,6566,6148,3559,5643,6336,6010,5517,6337,6338,5721,5902,3873,6011,6339,
+6567,5518,3868,3649,5722,6568,4771,4947,6569,6149,4812,6570,2853,5471,6340,6341,
+5644,4795,6342,6012,5723,6343,5724,6013,4349,6344,3160,6150,5193,4599,4514,4493,
+5168,4320,6345,4927,3666,4745,5169,5903,5005,4928,6346,5725,6014,4730,4203,5046,
+4948,3395,5170,6015,4150,6016,5726,5519,6347,5047,3550,6151,6348,4197,4310,5904,
+6571,5581,2965,6152,4978,3960,4291,5135,6572,5301,5727,4129,4026,5905,4853,5728,
+5472,6153,6349,4533,2700,4505,5336,4678,3583,5073,2994,4486,3043,4554,5520,6350,
+6017,5800,4487,6351,3931,4103,5376,6352,4011,4321,4311,4190,5136,6018,3988,3233,
+4350,5906,5645,4198,6573,5107,3432,4191,3435,5582,6574,4139,5410,6353,5411,3944,
+5583,5074,3198,6575,6354,4358,6576,5302,4600,5584,5194,5412,6577,6578,5585,5413,
+5303,4248,5414,3879,4433,6579,4479,5025,4854,5415,6355,4760,4772,3683,2978,4700,
+3797,4452,3965,3932,3721,4910,5801,6580,5195,3551,5907,3221,3471,3029,6019,3999,
+5908,5909,5266,5267,3444,3023,3828,3170,4796,5646,4979,4259,6356,5647,5337,3694,
+6357,5648,5338,4520,4322,5802,3031,3759,4071,6020,5586,4836,4386,5048,6581,3571,
+4679,4174,4949,6154,4813,3787,3402,3822,3958,3215,3552,5268,4387,3933,4950,4359,
+6021,5910,5075,3579,6358,4234,4566,5521,6359,3613,5049,6022,5911,3375,3702,3178,
+4911,5339,4521,6582,6583,4395,3087,3811,5377,6023,6360,6155,4027,5171,5649,4421,
+4249,2804,6584,2270,6585,4000,4235,3045,6156,5137,5729,4140,4312,3886,6361,4330,
+6157,4215,6158,3500,3676,4929,4331,3713,4930,5912,4265,3776,3368,5587,4470,4855,
+3038,4980,3631,6159,6160,4132,4680,6161,6362,3923,4379,5588,4255,6586,4121,6587,
+6363,4649,6364,3288,4773,4774,6162,6024,6365,3543,6588,4274,3107,3737,5050,5803,
+4797,4522,5589,5051,5730,3714,4887,5378,4001,4523,6163,5026,5522,4701,4175,2791,
+3760,6589,5473,4224,4133,3847,4814,4815,4775,3259,5416,6590,2738,6164,6025,5304,
+3733,5076,5650,4816,5590,6591,6165,6592,3934,5269,6593,3396,5340,6594,5804,3445,
+3602,4042,4488,5731,5732,3525,5591,4601,5196,6166,6026,5172,3642,4612,3202,4506,
+4798,6366,3818,5108,4303,5138,5139,4776,3332,4304,2915,3415,4434,5077,5109,4856,
+2879,5305,4817,6595,5913,3104,3144,3903,4634,5341,3133,5110,5651,5805,6167,4057,
+5592,2945,4371,5593,6596,3474,4182,6367,6597,6168,4507,4279,6598,2822,6599,4777,
+4713,5594,3829,6169,3887,5417,6170,3653,5474,6368,4216,2971,5228,3790,4579,6369,
+5733,6600,6601,4951,4746,4555,6602,5418,5475,6027,3400,4665,5806,6171,4799,6028,
+5052,6172,3343,4800,4747,5006,6370,4556,4217,5476,4396,5229,5379,5477,3839,5914,
+5652,5807,4714,3068,4635,5808,6173,5342,4192,5078,5419,5523,5734,6174,4557,6175,
+4602,6371,6176,6603,5809,6372,5735,4260,3869,5111,5230,6029,5112,6177,3126,4681,
+5524,5915,2706,3563,4748,3130,6178,4018,5525,6604,6605,5478,4012,4837,6606,4534,
+4193,5810,4857,3615,5479,6030,4082,3697,3539,4086,5270,3662,4508,4931,5916,4912,
+5811,5027,3888,6607,4397,3527,3302,3798,2775,2921,2637,3966,4122,4388,4028,4054,
+1633,4858,5079,3024,5007,3982,3412,5736,6608,3426,3236,5595,3030,6179,3427,3336,
+3279,3110,6373,3874,3039,5080,5917,5140,4489,3119,6374,5812,3405,4494,6031,4666,
+4141,6180,4166,6032,5813,4981,6609,5081,4422,4982,4112,3915,5653,3296,3983,6375,
+4266,4410,5654,6610,6181,3436,5082,6611,5380,6033,3819,5596,4535,5231,5306,5113,
+6612,4952,5918,4275,3113,6613,6376,6182,6183,5814,3073,4731,4838,5008,3831,6614,
+4888,3090,3848,4280,5526,5232,3014,5655,5009,5737,5420,5527,6615,5815,5343,5173,
+5381,4818,6616,3151,4953,6617,5738,2796,3204,4360,2989,4281,5739,5174,5421,5197,
+3132,5141,3849,5142,5528,5083,3799,3904,4839,5480,2880,4495,3448,6377,6184,5271,
+5919,3771,3193,6034,6035,5920,5010,6036,5597,6037,6378,6038,3106,5422,6618,5423,
+5424,4142,6619,4889,5084,4890,4313,5740,6620,3437,5175,5307,5816,4199,5198,5529,
+5817,5199,5656,4913,5028,5344,3850,6185,2955,5272,5011,5818,4567,4580,5029,5921,
+3616,5233,6621,6622,6186,4176,6039,6379,6380,3352,5200,5273,2908,5598,5234,3837,
+5308,6623,6624,5819,4496,4323,5309,5201,6625,6626,4983,3194,3838,4167,5530,5922,
+5274,6381,6382,3860,3861,5599,3333,4292,4509,6383,3553,5481,5820,5531,4778,6187,
+3955,3956,4324,4389,4218,3945,4325,3397,2681,5923,4779,5085,4019,5482,4891,5382,
+5383,6040,4682,3425,5275,4094,6627,5310,3015,5483,5657,4398,5924,3168,4819,6628,
+5925,6629,5532,4932,4613,6041,6630,4636,6384,4780,4204,5658,4423,5821,3989,4683,
+5822,6385,4954,6631,5345,6188,5425,5012,5384,3894,6386,4490,4104,6632,5741,5053,
+6633,5823,5926,5659,5660,5927,6634,5235,5742,5824,4840,4933,4820,6387,4859,5928,
+4955,6388,4143,3584,5825,5346,5013,6635,5661,6389,5014,5484,5743,4337,5176,5662,
+6390,2836,6391,3268,6392,6636,6042,5236,6637,4158,6638,5744,5663,4471,5347,3663,
+4123,5143,4293,3895,6639,6640,5311,5929,5826,3800,6189,6393,6190,5664,5348,3554,
+3594,4749,4603,6641,5385,4801,6043,5827,4183,6642,5312,5426,4761,6394,5665,6191,
+4715,2669,6643,6644,5533,3185,5427,5086,5930,5931,5386,6192,6044,6645,4781,4013,
+5745,4282,4435,5534,4390,4267,6045,5746,4984,6046,2743,6193,3501,4087,5485,5932,
+5428,4184,4095,5747,4061,5054,3058,3862,5933,5600,6646,5144,3618,6395,3131,5055,
+5313,6396,4650,4956,3855,6194,3896,5202,4985,4029,4225,6195,6647,5828,5486,5829,
+3589,3002,6648,6397,4782,5276,6649,6196,6650,4105,3803,4043,5237,5830,6398,4096,
+3643,6399,3528,6651,4453,3315,4637,6652,3984,6197,5535,3182,3339,6653,3096,2660,
+6400,6654,3449,5934,4250,4236,6047,6401,5831,6655,5487,3753,4062,5832,6198,6199,
+6656,3766,6657,3403,4667,6048,6658,4338,2897,5833,3880,2797,3780,4326,6659,5748,
+5015,6660,5387,4351,5601,4411,6661,3654,4424,5935,4339,4072,5277,4568,5536,6402,
+6662,5238,6663,5349,5203,6200,5204,6201,5145,4536,5016,5056,4762,5834,4399,4957,
+6202,6403,5666,5749,6664,4340,6665,5936,5177,5667,6666,6667,3459,4668,6404,6668,
+6669,4543,6203,6670,4276,6405,4480,5537,6671,4614,5205,5668,6672,3348,2193,4763,
+6406,6204,5937,5602,4177,5669,3419,6673,4020,6205,4443,4569,5388,3715,3639,6407,
+6049,4058,6206,6674,5938,4544,6050,4185,4294,4841,4651,4615,5488,6207,6408,6051,
+5178,3241,3509,5835,6208,4958,5836,4341,5489,5278,6209,2823,5538,5350,5206,5429,
+6675,4638,4875,4073,3516,4684,4914,4860,5939,5603,5389,6052,5057,3237,5490,3791,
+6676,6409,6677,4821,4915,4106,5351,5058,4243,5539,4244,5604,4842,4916,5239,3028,
+3716,5837,5114,5605,5390,5940,5430,6210,4332,6678,5540,4732,3667,3840,6053,4305,
+3408,5670,5541,6410,2744,5240,5750,6679,3234,5606,6680,5607,5671,3608,4283,4159,
+4400,5352,4783,6681,6411,6682,4491,4802,6211,6412,5941,6413,6414,5542,5751,6683,
+4669,3734,5942,6684,6415,5943,5059,3328,4670,4144,4268,6685,6686,6687,6688,4372,
+3603,6689,5944,5491,4373,3440,6416,5543,4784,4822,5608,3792,4616,5838,5672,3514,
+5391,6417,4892,6690,4639,6691,6054,5673,5839,6055,6692,6056,5392,6212,4038,5544,
+5674,4497,6057,6693,5840,4284,5675,4021,4545,5609,6418,4454,6419,6213,4113,4472,
+5314,3738,5087,5279,4074,5610,4959,4063,3179,4750,6058,6420,6214,3476,4498,4716,
+5431,4960,4685,6215,5241,6694,6421,6216,6695,5841,5945,6422,3748,5946,5179,3905,
+5752,5545,5947,4374,6217,4455,6423,4412,6218,4803,5353,6696,3832,5280,6219,4327,
+4702,6220,6221,6059,4652,5432,6424,3749,4751,6425,5753,4986,5393,4917,5948,5030,
+5754,4861,4733,6426,4703,6697,6222,4671,5949,4546,4961,5180,6223,5031,3316,5281,
+6698,4862,4295,4934,5207,3644,6427,5842,5950,6428,6429,4570,5843,5282,6430,6224,
+5088,3239,6060,6699,5844,5755,6061,6431,2701,5546,6432,5115,5676,4039,3993,3327,
+4752,4425,5315,6433,3941,6434,5677,4617,4604,3074,4581,6225,5433,6435,6226,6062,
+4823,5756,5116,6227,3717,5678,4717,5845,6436,5679,5846,6063,5847,6064,3977,3354,
+6437,3863,5117,6228,5547,5394,4499,4524,6229,4605,6230,4306,4500,6700,5951,6065,
+3693,5952,5089,4366,4918,6701,6231,5548,6232,6702,6438,4704,5434,6703,6704,5953,
+4168,6705,5680,3420,6706,5242,4407,6066,3812,5757,5090,5954,4672,4525,3481,5681,
+4618,5395,5354,5316,5955,6439,4962,6707,4526,6440,3465,4673,6067,6441,5682,6708,
+5435,5492,5758,5683,4619,4571,4674,4804,4893,4686,5493,4753,6233,6068,4269,6442,
+6234,5032,4705,5146,5243,5208,5848,6235,6443,4963,5033,4640,4226,6236,5849,3387,
+6444,6445,4436,4437,5850,4843,5494,4785,4894,6709,4361,6710,5091,5956,3331,6237,
+4987,5549,6069,6711,4342,3517,4473,5317,6070,6712,6071,4706,6446,5017,5355,6713,
+6714,4988,5436,6447,4734,5759,6715,4735,4547,4456,4754,6448,5851,6449,6450,3547,
+5852,5318,6451,6452,5092,4205,6716,6238,4620,4219,5611,6239,6072,4481,5760,5957,
+5958,4059,6240,6453,4227,4537,6241,5761,4030,4186,5244,5209,3761,4457,4876,3337,
+5495,5181,6242,5959,5319,5612,5684,5853,3493,5854,6073,4169,5613,5147,4895,6074,
+5210,6717,5182,6718,3830,6243,2798,3841,6075,6244,5855,5614,3604,4606,5496,5685,
+5118,5356,6719,6454,5960,5357,5961,6720,4145,3935,4621,5119,5962,4261,6721,6455,
+4786,5963,4375,4582,6245,6246,6247,6076,5437,4877,5856,3376,4380,6248,4160,6722,
+5148,6456,5211,6457,6723,4718,6458,6724,6249,5358,4044,3297,6459,6250,5857,5615,
+5497,5245,6460,5498,6725,6251,6252,5550,3793,5499,2959,5396,6461,6462,4572,5093,
+5500,5964,3806,4146,6463,4426,5762,5858,6077,6253,4755,3967,4220,5965,6254,4989,
+5501,6464,4352,6726,6078,4764,2290,5246,3906,5438,5283,3767,4964,2861,5763,5094,
+6255,6256,4622,5616,5859,5860,4707,6727,4285,4708,4824,5617,6257,5551,4787,5212,
+4965,4935,4687,6465,6728,6466,5686,6079,3494,4413,2995,5247,5966,5618,6729,5967,
+5764,5765,5687,5502,6730,6731,6080,5397,6467,4990,6258,6732,4538,5060,5619,6733,
+4719,5688,5439,5018,5149,5284,5503,6734,6081,4607,6259,5120,3645,5861,4583,6260,
+4584,4675,5620,4098,5440,6261,4863,2379,3306,4585,5552,5689,4586,5285,6735,4864,
+6736,5286,6082,6737,4623,3010,4788,4381,4558,5621,4587,4896,3698,3161,5248,4353,
+4045,6262,3754,5183,4588,6738,6263,6739,6740,5622,3936,6741,6468,6742,6264,5095,
+6469,4991,5968,6743,4992,6744,6083,4897,6745,4256,5766,4307,3108,3968,4444,5287,
+3889,4343,6084,4510,6085,4559,6086,4898,5969,6746,5623,5061,4919,5249,5250,5504,
+5441,6265,5320,4878,3242,5862,5251,3428,6087,6747,4237,5624,5442,6266,5553,4539,
+6748,2585,3533,5398,4262,6088,5150,4736,4438,6089,6267,5505,4966,6749,6268,6750,
+6269,5288,5554,3650,6090,6091,4624,6092,5690,6751,5863,4270,5691,4277,5555,5864,
+6752,5692,4720,4865,6470,5151,4688,4825,6753,3094,6754,6471,3235,4653,6755,5213,
+5399,6756,3201,4589,5865,4967,6472,5866,6473,5019,3016,6757,5321,4756,3957,4573,
+6093,4993,5767,4721,6474,6758,5625,6759,4458,6475,6270,6760,5556,4994,5214,5252,
+6271,3875,5768,6094,5034,5506,4376,5769,6761,2120,6476,5253,5770,6762,5771,5970,
+3990,5971,5557,5558,5772,6477,6095,2787,4641,5972,5121,6096,6097,6272,6763,3703,
+5867,5507,6273,4206,6274,4789,6098,6764,3619,3646,3833,3804,2394,3788,4936,3978,
+4866,4899,6099,6100,5559,6478,6765,3599,5868,6101,5869,5870,6275,6766,4527,6767)
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0325a2d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import GB2312DistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import GB2312SMModel
+
+class GB2312Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(GB2312SMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = GB2312DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "GB2312"
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba225c5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Shy Shalom
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .constants import eNotMe, eDetecting
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+# This prober doesn't actually recognize a language or a charset.
+# It is a helper prober for the use of the Hebrew model probers
+
+### General ideas of the Hebrew charset recognition ###
+#
+# Four main charsets exist in Hebrew:
+# "ISO-8859-8" - Visual Hebrew
+# "windows-1255" - Logical Hebrew
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" - Logical Hebrew
+# "x-mac-hebrew" - ?? Logical Hebrew ??
+#
+# Both "ISO" charsets use a completely identical set of code points, whereas
+# "windows-1255" and "x-mac-hebrew" are two different proper supersets of
+# these code points. windows-1255 defines additional characters in the range
+# 0x80-0x9F as some misc punctuation marks as well as some Hebrew-specific
+# diacritics and additional 'Yiddish' ligature letters in the range 0xc0-0xd6.
+# x-mac-hebrew defines similar additional code points but with a different
+# mapping.
+#
+# As far as an average Hebrew text with no diacritics is concerned, all four
+# charsets are identical with respect to code points. Meaning that for the
+# main Hebrew alphabet, all four map the same values to all 27 Hebrew letters
+# (including final letters).
+#
+# The dominant difference between these charsets is their directionality.
+# "Visual" directionality means that the text is ordered as if the renderer is
+# not aware of a BIDI rendering algorithm. The renderer sees the text and
+# draws it from left to right. The text itself when ordered naturally is read
+# backwards. A buffer of Visual Hebrew generally looks like so:
+# "[last word of first line spelled backwards] [whole line ordered backwards
+# and spelled backwards] [first word of first line spelled backwards]
+# [end of line] [last word of second line] ... etc' "
+# adding punctuation marks, numbers and English text to visual text is
+# naturally also "visual" and from left to right.
+#
+# "Logical" directionality means the text is ordered "naturally" according to
+# the order it is read. It is the responsibility of the renderer to display
+# the text from right to left. A BIDI algorithm is used to place general
+# punctuation marks, numbers and English text in the text.
+#
+# Texts in x-mac-hebrew are almost impossible to find on the Internet. From
+# what little evidence I could find, it seems that its general directionality
+# is Logical.
+#
+# To sum up all of the above, the Hebrew probing mechanism knows about two
+# charsets:
+# Visual Hebrew - "ISO-8859-8" - backwards text - Words and sentences are
+#    backwards while line order is natural. For charset recognition purposes
+#    the line order is unimportant (In fact, for this implementation, even
+#    word order is unimportant).
+# Logical Hebrew - "windows-1255" - normal, naturally ordered text.
+#
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" is a subset of windows-1255 and doesn't need to be
+#    specifically identified.
+# "x-mac-hebrew" is also identified as windows-1255. A text in x-mac-hebrew
+#    that contain special punctuation marks or diacritics is displayed with
+#    some unconverted characters showing as question marks. This problem might
+#    be corrected using another model prober for x-mac-hebrew. Due to the fact
+#    that x-mac-hebrew texts are so rare, writing another model prober isn't
+#    worth the effort and performance hit.
+#
+#### The Prober ####
+#
+# The prober is divided between two SBCharSetProbers and a HebrewProber,
+# all of which are managed, created, fed data, inquired and deleted by the
+# SBCSGroupProber. The two SBCharSetProbers identify that the text is in
+# fact some kind of Hebrew, Logical or Visual. The final decision about which
+# one is it is made by the HebrewProber by combining final-letter scores
+# with the scores of the two SBCharSetProbers to produce a final answer.
+#
+# The SBCSGroupProber is responsible for stripping the original text of HTML
+# tags, English characters, numbers, low-ASCII punctuation characters, spaces
+# and new lines. It reduces any sequence of such characters to a single space.
+# The buffer fed to each prober in the SBCS group prober is pure text in
+# high-ASCII.
+# The two SBCharSetProbers (model probers) share the same language model:
+# Win1255Model.
+# The first SBCharSetProber uses the model normally as any other
+# SBCharSetProber does, to recognize windows-1255, upon which this model was
+# built. The second SBCharSetProber is told to make the pair-of-letter
+# lookup in the language model backwards. This in practice exactly simulates
+# a visual Hebrew model using the windows-1255 logical Hebrew model.
+#
+# The HebrewProber is not using any language model. All it does is look for
+# final-letter evidence suggesting the text is either logical Hebrew or visual
+# Hebrew. Disjointed from the model probers, the results of the HebrewProber
+# alone are meaningless. HebrewProber always returns 0.00 as confidence
+# since it never identifies a charset by itself. Instead, the pointer to the
+# HebrewProber is passed to the model probers as a helper "Name Prober".
+# When the Group prober receives a positive identification from any prober,
+# it asks for the name of the charset identified. If the prober queried is a
+# Hebrew model prober, the model prober forwards the call to the
+# HebrewProber to make the final decision. In the HebrewProber, the
+# decision is made according to the final-letters scores maintained and Both
+# model probers scores. The answer is returned in the form of the name of the
+# charset identified, either "windows-1255" or "ISO-8859-8".
+
+# windows-1255 / ISO-8859-8 code points of interest
+FINAL_KAF = 0xea
+NORMAL_KAF = 0xeb
+FINAL_MEM = 0xed
+NORMAL_MEM = 0xee
+FINAL_NUN = 0xef
+NORMAL_NUN = 0xf0
+FINAL_PE = 0xf3
+NORMAL_PE = 0xf4
+FINAL_TSADI = 0xf5
+NORMAL_TSADI = 0xf6
+
+# Minimum Visual vs Logical final letter score difference.
+# If the difference is below this, don't rely solely on the final letter score
+# distance.
+MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE = 5
+
+# Minimum Visual vs Logical model score difference.
+# If the difference is below this, don't rely at all on the model score
+# distance.
+MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE = 0.01
+
+VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME = "ISO-8859-8"
+LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME = "windows-1255"
+
+
+class HebrewProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mLogicalProber = None
+        self._mVisualProber = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mFinalCharLogicalScore = 0
+        self._mFinalCharVisualScore = 0
+        # The two last characters seen in the previous buffer,
+        # mPrev and mBeforePrev are initialized to space in order to simulate
+        # a word delimiter at the beginning of the data
+        self._mPrev = ' '
+        self._mBeforePrev = ' '
+        # These probers are owned by the group prober.
+
+    def set_model_probers(self, logicalProber, visualProber):
+        self._mLogicalProber = logicalProber
+        self._mVisualProber = visualProber
+
+    def is_final(self, c):
+        return wrap_ord(c) in [FINAL_KAF, FINAL_MEM, FINAL_NUN, FINAL_PE,
+                               FINAL_TSADI]
+
+    def is_non_final(self, c):
+        # The normal Tsadi is not a good Non-Final letter due to words like
+        # 'lechotet' (to chat) containing an apostrophe after the tsadi. This
+        # apostrophe is converted to a space in FilterWithoutEnglishLetters
+        # causing the Non-Final tsadi to appear at an end of a word even
+        # though this is not the case in the original text.
+        # The letters Pe and Kaf rarely display a related behavior of not being
+        # a good Non-Final letter. Words like 'Pop', 'Winamp' and 'Mubarak'
+        # for example legally end with a Non-Final Pe or Kaf. However, the
+        # benefit of these letters as Non-Final letters outweighs the damage
+        # since these words are quite rare.
+        return wrap_ord(c) in [NORMAL_KAF, NORMAL_MEM, NORMAL_NUN, NORMAL_PE]
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        # Final letter analysis for logical-visual decision.
+        # Look for evidence that the received buffer is either logical Hebrew
+        # or visual Hebrew.
+        # The following cases are checked:
+        # 1) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a final letter. This is
+        #    an indication that the text is laid out "naturally" since the
+        #    final letter really appears at the end. +1 for logical score.
+        # 2) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a Non-Final letter. In
+        #    normal Hebrew, words ending with Kaf, Mem, Nun, Pe or Tsadi,
+        #    should not end with the Non-Final form of that letter. Exceptions
+        #    to this rule are mentioned above in isNonFinal(). This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score
+        # 3) A word longer than 1 letter, starting with a final letter. Final
+        #    letters should not appear at the beginning of a word. This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score.
+        #
+        # The visual score and logical score are accumulated throughout the
+        # text and are finally checked against each other in GetCharSetName().
+        # No checking for final letters in the middle of words is done since
+        # that case is not an indication for either Logical or Visual text.
+        #
+        # We automatically filter out all 7-bit characters (replace them with
+        # spaces) so the word boundary detection works properly. [MAP]
+
+        if self.get_state() == eNotMe:
+            # Both model probers say it's not them. No reason to continue.
+            return eNotMe
+
+        aBuf = self.filter_high_bit_only(aBuf)
+
+        for cur in aBuf:
+            if cur == ' ':
+                # We stand on a space - a word just ended
+                if self._mBeforePrev != ' ':
+                    # next-to-last char was not a space so self._mPrev is not a
+                    # 1 letter word
+                    if self.is_final(self._mPrev):
+                        # case (1) [-2:not space][-1:final letter][cur:space]
+                        self._mFinalCharLogicalScore += 1
+                    elif self.is_non_final(self._mPrev):
+                        # case (2) [-2:not space][-1:Non-Final letter][
+                        #  cur:space]
+                        self._mFinalCharVisualScore += 1
+            else:
+                # Not standing on a space
+                if ((self._mBeforePrev == ' ') and
+                        (self.is_final(self._mPrev)) and (cur != ' ')):
+                    # case (3) [-2:space][-1:final letter][cur:not space]
+                    self._mFinalCharVisualScore += 1
+            self._mBeforePrev = self._mPrev
+            self._mPrev = cur
+
+        # Forever detecting, till the end or until both model probers return
+        # eNotMe (handled above)
+        return eDetecting
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        # Make the decision: is it Logical or Visual?
+        # If the final letter score distance is dominant enough, rely on it.
+        finalsub = self._mFinalCharLogicalScore - self._mFinalCharVisualScore
+        if finalsub >= MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if finalsub <= -MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # It's not dominant enough, try to rely on the model scores instead.
+        modelsub = (self._mLogicalProber.get_confidence()
+                    - self._mVisualProber.get_confidence())
+        if modelsub > MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if modelsub < -MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # Still no good, back to final letter distance, maybe it'll save the
+        # day.
+        if finalsub < 0.0:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # (finalsub > 0 - Logical) or (don't know what to do) default to
+        # Logical.
+        return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+    def get_state(self):
+        # Remain active as long as any of the model probers are active.
+        if (self._mLogicalProber.get_state() == eNotMe) and \
+           (self._mVisualProber.get_state() == eNotMe):
+            return eNotMe
+        return eDetecting
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..064345b08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+#
+# Japanese frequency table, applied to both S-JIS and EUC-JP
+# They are sorted in order.
+
+# 128  --> 0.77094
+# 256  --> 0.85710
+# 512  --> 0.92635
+# 1024 --> 0.97130
+# 2048 --> 0.99431
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.92635 / (1-0.92635) = 12.58
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2965+62+83+86-512) = 0.191
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio, 25% of IDR
+
+JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 3.0
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+JIS_TABLE_SIZE = 4368
+
+JISCharToFreqOrder = (
+  40,   1,   6, 182, 152, 180, 295,2127, 285, 381,3295,4304,3068,4606,3165,3510, #   16
+3511,1822,2785,4607,1193,2226,5070,4608, 171,2996,1247,  18, 179,5071, 856,1661, #   32
+1262,5072, 619, 127,3431,3512,3230,1899,1700, 232, 228,1294,1298, 284, 283,2041, #   48
+2042,1061,1062,  48,  49,  44,  45, 433, 434,1040,1041, 996, 787,2997,1255,4305, #   64
+2108,4609,1684,1648,5073,5074,5075,5076,5077,5078,3687,5079,4610,5080,3927,3928, #   80
+5081,3296,3432, 290,2285,1471,2187,5082,2580,2825,1303,2140,1739,1445,2691,3375, #   96
+1691,3297,4306,4307,4611, 452,3376,1182,2713,3688,3069,4308,5083,5084,5085,5086, #  112
+5087,5088,5089,5090,5091,5092,5093,5094,5095,5096,5097,5098,5099,5100,5101,5102, #  128
+5103,5104,5105,5106,5107,5108,5109,5110,5111,5112,4097,5113,5114,5115,5116,5117, #  144
+5118,5119,5120,5121,5122,5123,5124,5125,5126,5127,5128,5129,5130,5131,5132,5133, #  160
+5134,5135,5136,5137,5138,5139,5140,5141,5142,5143,5144,5145,5146,5147,5148,5149, #  176
+5150,5151,5152,4612,5153,5154,5155,5156,5157,5158,5159,5160,5161,5162,5163,5164, #  192
+5165,5166,5167,5168,5169,5170,5171,5172,5173,5174,5175,1472, 598, 618, 820,1205, #  208
+1309,1412,1858,1307,1692,5176,5177,5178,5179,5180,5181,5182,1142,1452,1234,1172, #  224
+1875,2043,2149,1793,1382,2973, 925,2404,1067,1241, 960,1377,2935,1491, 919,1217, #  240
+1865,2030,1406,1499,2749,4098,5183,5184,5185,5186,5187,5188,2561,4099,3117,1804, #  256
+2049,3689,4309,3513,1663,5189,3166,3118,3298,1587,1561,3433,5190,3119,1625,2998, #  272
+3299,4613,1766,3690,2786,4614,5191,5192,5193,5194,2161,  26,3377,   2,3929,  20, #  288
+3691,  47,4100,  50,  17,  16,  35, 268,  27, 243,  42, 155,  24, 154,  29, 184, #  304
+   4,  91,  14,  92,  53, 396,  33, 289,   9,  37,  64, 620,  21,  39, 321,   5, #  320
+  12,  11,  52,  13,   3, 208, 138,   0,   7,  60, 526, 141, 151,1069, 181, 275, #  336
+1591,  83, 132,1475, 126, 331, 829,  15,  69, 160,  59,  22, 157,  55,1079, 312, #  352
+ 109,  38,  23,  25,  10,  19,  79,5195,  61, 382,1124,   8,  30,5196,5197,5198, #  368
+5199,5200,5201,5202,5203,5204,5205,5206,  89,  62,  74,  34,2416, 112, 139, 196, #  384
+ 271, 149,  84, 607, 131, 765,  46,  88, 153, 683,  76, 874, 101, 258,  57,  80, #  400
+  32, 364, 121,1508, 169,1547,  68, 235, 145,2999,  41, 360,3027,  70,  63,  31, #  416
+  43, 259, 262,1383,  99, 533, 194,  66,  93, 846, 217, 192,  56, 106,  58, 565, #  432
+ 280, 272, 311, 256, 146,  82, 308,  71, 100, 128, 214, 655, 110, 261, 104,1140, #  448
+  54,  51,  36,  87,  67,3070, 185,2618,2936,2020,  28,1066,2390,2059,5207,5208, #  464
+5209,5210,5211,5212,5213,5214,5215,5216,4615,5217,5218,5219,5220,5221,5222,5223, #  480
+5224,5225,5226,5227,5228,5229,5230,5231,5232,5233,5234,5235,5236,3514,5237,5238, #  496
+5239,5240,5241,5242,5243,5244,2297,2031,4616,4310,3692,5245,3071,5246,3598,5247, #  512
+4617,3231,3515,5248,4101,4311,4618,3808,4312,4102,5249,4103,4104,3599,5250,5251, #  528
+5252,5253,5254,5255,5256,5257,5258,5259,5260,5261,5262,5263,5264,5265,5266,5267, #  544
+5268,5269,5270,5271,5272,5273,5274,5275,5276,5277,5278,5279,5280,5281,5282,5283, #  560
+5284,5285,5286,5287,5288,5289,5290,5291,5292,5293,5294,5295,5296,5297,5298,5299, #  576
+5300,5301,5302,5303,5304,5305,5306,5307,5308,5309,5310,5311,5312,5313,5314,5315, #  592
+5316,5317,5318,5319,5320,5321,5322,5323,5324,5325,5326,5327,5328,5329,5330,5331, #  608
+5332,5333,5334,5335,5336,5337,5338,5339,5340,5341,5342,5343,5344,5345,5346,5347, #  624
+5348,5349,5350,5351,5352,5353,5354,5355,5356,5357,5358,5359,5360,5361,5362,5363, #  640
+5364,5365,5366,5367,5368,5369,5370,5371,5372,5373,5374,5375,5376,5377,5378,5379, #  656
+5380,5381, 363, 642,2787,2878,2788,2789,2316,3232,2317,3434,2011, 165,1942,3930, #  672
+3931,3932,3933,5382,4619,5383,4620,5384,5385,5386,5387,5388,5389,5390,5391,5392, #  688
+5393,5394,5395,5396,5397,5398,5399,5400,5401,5402,5403,5404,5405,5406,5407,5408, #  704
+5409,5410,5411,5412,5413,5414,5415,5416,5417,5418,5419,5420,5421,5422,5423,5424, #  720
+5425,5426,5427,5428,5429,5430,5431,5432,5433,5434,5435,5436,5437,5438,5439,5440, #  736
+5441,5442,5443,5444,5445,5446,5447,5448,5449,5450,5451,5452,5453,5454,5455,5456, #  752
+5457,5458,5459,5460,5461,5462,5463,5464,5465,5466,5467,5468,5469,5470,5471,5472, #  768
+5473,5474,5475,5476,5477,5478,5479,5480,5481,5482,5483,5484,5485,5486,5487,5488, #  784
+5489,5490,5491,5492,5493,5494,5495,5496,5497,5498,5499,5500,5501,5502,5503,5504, #  800
+5505,5506,5507,5508,5509,5510,5511,5512,5513,5514,5515,5516,5517,5518,5519,5520, #  816
+5521,5522,5523,5524,5525,5526,5527,5528,5529,5530,5531,5532,5533,5534,5535,5536, #  832
+5537,5538,5539,5540,5541,5542,5543,5544,5545,5546,5547,5548,5549,5550,5551,5552, #  848
+5553,5554,5555,5556,5557,5558,5559,5560,5561,5562,5563,5564,5565,5566,5567,5568, #  864
+5569,5570,5571,5572,5573,5574,5575,5576,5577,5578,5579,5580,5581,5582,5583,5584, #  880
+5585,5586,5587,5588,5589,5590,5591,5592,5593,5594,5595,5596,5597,5598,5599,5600, #  896
+5601,5602,5603,5604,5605,5606,5607,5608,5609,5610,5611,5612,5613,5614,5615,5616, #  912
+5617,5618,5619,5620,5621,5622,5623,5624,5625,5626,5627,5628,5629,5630,5631,5632, #  928
+5633,5634,5635,5636,5637,5638,5639,5640,5641,5642,5643,5644,5645,5646,5647,5648, #  944
+5649,5650,5651,5652,5653,5654,5655,5656,5657,5658,5659,5660,5661,5662,5663,5664, #  960
+5665,5666,5667,5668,5669,5670,5671,5672,5673,5674,5675,5676,5677,5678,5679,5680, #  976
+5681,5682,5683,5684,5685,5686,5687,5688,5689,5690,5691,5692,5693,5694,5695,5696, #  992
+5697,5698,5699,5700,5701,5702,5703,5704,5705,5706,5707,5708,5709,5710,5711,5712, # 1008
+5713,5714,5715,5716,5717,5718,5719,5720,5721,5722,5723,5724,5725,5726,5727,5728, # 1024
+5729,5730,5731,5732,5733,5734,5735,5736,5737,5738,5739,5740,5741,5742,5743,5744, # 1040
+5745,5746,5747,5748,5749,5750,5751,5752,5753,5754,5755,5756,5757,5758,5759,5760, # 1056
+5761,5762,5763,5764,5765,5766,5767,5768,5769,5770,5771,5772,5773,5774,5775,5776, # 1072
+5777,5778,5779,5780,5781,5782,5783,5784,5785,5786,5787,5788,5789,5790,5791,5792, # 1088
+5793,5794,5795,5796,5797,5798,5799,5800,5801,5802,5803,5804,5805,5806,5807,5808, # 1104
+5809,5810,5811,5812,5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824, # 1120
+5825,5826,5827,5828,5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840, # 1136
+5841,5842,5843,5844,5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856, # 1152
+5857,5858,5859,5860,5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872, # 1168
+5873,5874,5875,5876,5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888, # 1184
+5889,5890,5891,5892,5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904, # 1200
+5905,5906,5907,5908,5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920, # 1216
+5921,5922,5923,5924,5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936, # 1232
+5937,5938,5939,5940,5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952, # 1248
+5953,5954,5955,5956,5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968, # 1264
+5969,5970,5971,5972,5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984, # 1280
+5985,5986,5987,5988,5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000, # 1296
+6001,6002,6003,6004,6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016, # 1312
+6017,6018,6019,6020,6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032, # 1328
+6033,6034,6035,6036,6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048, # 1344
+6049,6050,6051,6052,6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064, # 1360
+6065,6066,6067,6068,6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080, # 1376
+6081,6082,6083,6084,6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096, # 1392
+6097,6098,6099,6100,6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112, # 1408
+6113,6114,2044,2060,4621, 997,1235, 473,1186,4622, 920,3378,6115,6116, 379,1108, # 1424
+4313,2657,2735,3934,6117,3809, 636,3233, 573,1026,3693,3435,2974,3300,2298,4105, # 1440
+ 854,2937,2463, 393,2581,2417, 539, 752,1280,2750,2480, 140,1161, 440, 708,1569, # 1456
+ 665,2497,1746,1291,1523,3000, 164,1603, 847,1331, 537,1997, 486, 508,1693,2418, # 1472
+1970,2227, 878,1220, 299,1030, 969, 652,2751, 624,1137,3301,2619,  65,3302,2045, # 1488
+1761,1859,3120,1930,3694,3516, 663,1767, 852, 835,3695, 269, 767,2826,2339,1305, # 1504
+ 896,1150, 770,1616,6118, 506,1502,2075,1012,2519, 775,2520,2975,2340,2938,4314, # 1520
+3028,2086,1224,1943,2286,6119,3072,4315,2240,1273,1987,3935,1557, 175, 597, 985, # 1536
+3517,2419,2521,1416,3029, 585, 938,1931,1007,1052,1932,1685,6120,3379,4316,4623, # 1552
+ 804, 599,3121,1333,2128,2539,1159,1554,2032,3810, 687,2033,2904, 952, 675,1467, # 1568
+3436,6121,2241,1096,1786,2440,1543,1924, 980,1813,2228, 781,2692,1879, 728,1918, # 1584
+3696,4624, 548,1950,4625,1809,1088,1356,3303,2522,1944, 502, 972, 373, 513,2827, # 1600
+ 586,2377,2391,1003,1976,1631,6122,2464,1084, 648,1776,4626,2141, 324, 962,2012, # 1616
+2177,2076,1384, 742,2178,1448,1173,1810, 222, 102, 301, 445, 125,2420, 662,2498, # 1632
+ 277, 200,1476,1165,1068, 224,2562,1378,1446, 450,1880, 659, 791, 582,4627,2939, # 1648
+3936,1516,1274, 555,2099,3697,1020,1389,1526,3380,1762,1723,1787,2229, 412,2114, # 1664
+1900,2392,3518, 512,2597, 427,1925,2341,3122,1653,1686,2465,2499, 697, 330, 273, # 1680
+ 380,2162, 951, 832, 780, 991,1301,3073, 965,2270,3519, 668,2523,2636,1286, 535, # 1696
+1407, 518, 671, 957,2658,2378, 267, 611,2197,3030,6123, 248,2299, 967,1799,2356, # 1712
+ 850,1418,3437,1876,1256,1480,2828,1718,6124,6125,1755,1664,2405,6126,4628,2879, # 1728
+2829, 499,2179, 676,4629, 557,2329,2214,2090, 325,3234, 464, 811,3001, 992,2342, # 1744
+2481,1232,1469, 303,2242, 466,1070,2163, 603,1777,2091,4630,2752,4631,2714, 322, # 1760
+2659,1964,1768, 481,2188,1463,2330,2857,3600,2092,3031,2421,4632,2318,2070,1849, # 1776
+2598,4633,1302,2254,1668,1701,2422,3811,2905,3032,3123,2046,4106,1763,1694,4634, # 1792
+1604, 943,1724,1454, 917, 868,2215,1169,2940, 552,1145,1800,1228,1823,1955, 316, # 1808
+1080,2510, 361,1807,2830,4107,2660,3381,1346,1423,1134,4108,6127, 541,1263,1229, # 1824
+1148,2540, 545, 465,1833,2880,3438,1901,3074,2482, 816,3937, 713,1788,2500, 122, # 1840
+1575, 195,1451,2501,1111,6128, 859, 374,1225,2243,2483,4317, 390,1033,3439,3075, # 1856
+2524,1687, 266, 793,1440,2599, 946, 779, 802, 507, 897,1081, 528,2189,1292, 711, # 1872
+1866,1725,1167,1640, 753, 398,2661,1053, 246, 348,4318, 137,1024,3440,1600,2077, # 1888
+2129, 825,4319, 698, 238, 521, 187,2300,1157,2423,1641,1605,1464,1610,1097,2541, # 1904
+1260,1436, 759,2255,1814,2150, 705,3235, 409,2563,3304, 561,3033,2005,2564, 726, # 1920
+1956,2343,3698,4109, 949,3812,3813,3520,1669, 653,1379,2525, 881,2198, 632,2256, # 1936
+1027, 778,1074, 733,1957, 514,1481,2466, 554,2180, 702,3938,1606,1017,1398,6129, # 1952
+1380,3521, 921, 993,1313, 594, 449,1489,1617,1166, 768,1426,1360, 495,1794,3601, # 1968
+1177,3602,1170,4320,2344, 476, 425,3167,4635,3168,1424, 401,2662,1171,3382,1998, # 1984
+1089,4110, 477,3169, 474,6130,1909, 596,2831,1842, 494, 693,1051,1028,1207,3076, # 2000
+ 606,2115, 727,2790,1473,1115, 743,3522, 630, 805,1532,4321,2021, 366,1057, 838, # 2016
+ 684,1114,2142,4322,2050,1492,1892,1808,2271,3814,2424,1971,1447,1373,3305,1090, # 2032
+1536,3939,3523,3306,1455,2199, 336, 369,2331,1035, 584,2393, 902, 718,2600,6131, # 2048
+2753, 463,2151,1149,1611,2467, 715,1308,3124,1268, 343,1413,3236,1517,1347,2663, # 2064
+2093,3940,2022,1131,1553,2100,2941,1427,3441,2942,1323,2484,6132,1980, 872,2368, # 2080
+2441,2943, 320,2369,2116,1082, 679,1933,3941,2791,3815, 625,1143,2023, 422,2200, # 2096
+3816,6133, 730,1695, 356,2257,1626,2301,2858,2637,1627,1778, 937, 883,2906,2693, # 2112
+3002,1769,1086, 400,1063,1325,3307,2792,4111,3077, 456,2345,1046, 747,6134,1524, # 2128
+ 884,1094,3383,1474,2164,1059, 974,1688,2181,2258,1047, 345,1665,1187, 358, 875, # 2144
+3170, 305, 660,3524,2190,1334,1135,3171,1540,1649,2542,1527, 927, 968,2793, 885, # 2160
+1972,1850, 482, 500,2638,1218,1109,1085,2543,1654,2034, 876,  78,2287,1482,1277, # 2176
+ 861,1675,1083,1779, 724,2754, 454, 397,1132,1612,2332, 893, 672,1237, 257,2259, # 2192
+2370, 135,3384, 337,2244, 547, 352, 340, 709,2485,1400, 788,1138,2511, 540, 772, # 2208
+1682,2260,2272,2544,2013,1843,1902,4636,1999,1562,2288,4637,2201,1403,1533, 407, # 2224
+ 576,3308,1254,2071, 978,3385, 170, 136,1201,3125,2664,3172,2394, 213, 912, 873, # 2240
+3603,1713,2202, 699,3604,3699, 813,3442, 493, 531,1054, 468,2907,1483, 304, 281, # 2256
+4112,1726,1252,2094, 339,2319,2130,2639, 756,1563,2944, 748, 571,2976,1588,2425, # 2272
+2715,1851,1460,2426,1528,1392,1973,3237, 288,3309, 685,3386, 296, 892,2716,2216, # 2288
+1570,2245, 722,1747,2217, 905,3238,1103,6135,1893,1441,1965, 251,1805,2371,3700, # 2304
+2601,1919,1078,  75,2182,1509,1592,1270,2640,4638,2152,6136,3310,3817, 524, 706, # 2320
+1075, 292,3818,1756,2602, 317,  98,3173,3605,3525,1844,2218,3819,2502, 814, 567, # 2336
+ 385,2908,1534,6137, 534,1642,3239, 797,6138,1670,1529, 953,4323, 188,1071, 538, # 2352
+ 178, 729,3240,2109,1226,1374,2000,2357,2977, 731,2468,1116,2014,2051,6139,1261, # 2368
+1593, 803,2859,2736,3443, 556, 682, 823,1541,6140,1369,2289,1706,2794, 845, 462, # 2384
+2603,2665,1361, 387, 162,2358,1740, 739,1770,1720,1304,1401,3241,1049, 627,1571, # 2400
+2427,3526,1877,3942,1852,1500, 431,1910,1503, 677, 297,2795, 286,1433,1038,1198, # 2416
+2290,1133,1596,4113,4639,2469,1510,1484,3943,6141,2442, 108, 712,4640,2372, 866, # 2432
+3701,2755,3242,1348, 834,1945,1408,3527,2395,3243,1811, 824, 994,1179,2110,1548, # 2448
+1453, 790,3003, 690,4324,4325,2832,2909,3820,1860,3821, 225,1748, 310, 346,1780, # 2464
+2470, 821,1993,2717,2796, 828, 877,3528,2860,2471,1702,2165,2910,2486,1789, 453, # 2480
+ 359,2291,1676,  73,1164,1461,1127,3311, 421, 604, 314,1037, 589, 116,2487, 737, # 2496
+ 837,1180, 111, 244, 735,6142,2261,1861,1362, 986, 523, 418, 581,2666,3822, 103, # 2512
+ 855, 503,1414,1867,2488,1091, 657,1597, 979, 605,1316,4641,1021,2443,2078,2001, # 2528
+1209,  96, 587,2166,1032, 260,1072,2153, 173,  94, 226,3244, 819,2006,4642,4114, # 2544
+2203, 231,1744, 782,  97,2667, 786,3387, 887, 391, 442,2219,4326,1425,6143,2694, # 2560
+ 633,1544,1202, 483,2015, 592,2052,1958,2472,1655, 419, 129,4327,3444,3312,1714, # 2576
+1257,3078,4328,1518,1098, 865,1310,1019,1885,1512,1734, 469,2444, 148, 773, 436, # 2592
+1815,1868,1128,1055,4329,1245,2756,3445,2154,1934,1039,4643, 579,1238, 932,2320, # 2608
+ 353, 205, 801, 115,2428, 944,2321,1881, 399,2565,1211, 678, 766,3944, 335,2101, # 2624
+1459,1781,1402,3945,2737,2131,1010, 844, 981,1326,1013, 550,1816,1545,2620,1335, # 2640
+1008, 371,2881, 936,1419,1613,3529,1456,1395,2273,1834,2604,1317,2738,2503, 416, # 2656
+1643,4330, 806,1126, 229, 591,3946,1314,1981,1576,1837,1666, 347,1790, 977,3313, # 2672
+ 764,2861,1853, 688,2429,1920,1462,  77, 595, 415,2002,3034, 798,1192,4115,6144, # 2688
+2978,4331,3035,2695,2582,2072,2566, 430,2430,1727, 842,1396,3947,3702, 613, 377, # 2704
+ 278, 236,1417,3388,3314,3174, 757,1869, 107,3530,6145,1194, 623,2262, 207,1253, # 2720
+2167,3446,3948, 492,1117,1935, 536,1838,2757,1246,4332, 696,2095,2406,1393,1572, # 2736
+3175,1782, 583, 190, 253,1390,2230, 830,3126,3389, 934,3245,1703,1749,2979,1870, # 2752
+2545,1656,2204, 869,2346,4116,3176,1817, 496,1764,4644, 942,1504, 404,1903,1122, # 2768
+1580,3606,2945,1022, 515, 372,1735, 955,2431,3036,6146,2797,1110,2302,2798, 617, # 2784
+6147, 441, 762,1771,3447,3607,3608,1904, 840,3037,  86, 939,1385, 572,1370,2445, # 2800
+1336, 114,3703, 898, 294, 203,3315, 703,1583,2274, 429, 961,4333,1854,1951,3390, # 2816
+2373,3704,4334,1318,1381, 966,1911,2322,1006,1155, 309, 989, 458,2718,1795,1372, # 2832
+1203, 252,1689,1363,3177, 517,1936, 168,1490, 562, 193,3823,1042,4117,1835, 551, # 2848
+ 470,4645, 395, 489,3448,1871,1465,2583,2641, 417,1493, 279,1295, 511,1236,1119, # 2864
+  72,1231,1982,1812,3004, 871,1564, 984,3449,1667,2696,2096,4646,2347,2833,1673, # 2880
+3609, 695,3246,2668, 807,1183,4647, 890, 388,2333,1801,1457,2911,1765,1477,1031, # 2896
+3316,3317,1278,3391,2799,2292,2526, 163,3450,4335,2669,1404,1802,6148,2323,2407, # 2912
+1584,1728,1494,1824,1269, 298, 909,3318,1034,1632, 375, 776,1683,2061, 291, 210, # 2928
+1123, 809,1249,1002,2642,3038, 206,1011,2132, 144, 975, 882,1565, 342, 667, 754, # 2944
+1442,2143,1299,2303,2062, 447, 626,2205,1221,2739,2912,1144,1214,2206,2584, 760, # 2960
+1715, 614, 950,1281,2670,2621, 810, 577,1287,2546,4648, 242,2168, 250,2643, 691, # 2976
+ 123,2644, 647, 313,1029, 689,1357,2946,1650, 216, 771,1339,1306, 808,2063, 549, # 2992
+ 913,1371,2913,2914,6149,1466,1092,1174,1196,1311,2605,2396,1783,1796,3079, 406, # 3008
+2671,2117,3949,4649, 487,1825,2220,6150,2915, 448,2348,1073,6151,2397,1707, 130, # 3024
+ 900,1598, 329, 176,1959,2527,1620,6152,2275,4336,3319,1983,2191,3705,3610,2155, # 3040
+3706,1912,1513,1614,6153,1988, 646, 392,2304,1589,3320,3039,1826,1239,1352,1340, # 3056
+2916, 505,2567,1709,1437,2408,2547, 906,6154,2672, 384,1458,1594,1100,1329, 710, # 3072
+ 423,3531,2064,2231,2622,1989,2673,1087,1882, 333, 841,3005,1296,2882,2379, 580, # 3088
+1937,1827,1293,2585, 601, 574, 249,1772,4118,2079,1120, 645, 901,1176,1690, 795, # 3104
+2207, 478,1434, 516,1190,1530, 761,2080, 930,1264, 355, 435,1552, 644,1791, 987, # 3120
+ 220,1364,1163,1121,1538, 306,2169,1327,1222, 546,2645, 218, 241, 610,1704,3321, # 3136
+1984,1839,1966,2528, 451,6155,2586,3707,2568, 907,3178, 254,2947, 186,1845,4650, # 3152
+ 745, 432,1757, 428,1633, 888,2246,2221,2489,3611,2118,1258,1265, 956,3127,1784, # 3168
+4337,2490, 319, 510, 119, 457,3612, 274,2035,2007,4651,1409,3128, 970,2758, 590, # 3184
+2800, 661,2247,4652,2008,3950,1420,1549,3080,3322,3951,1651,1375,2111, 485,2491, # 3200
+1429,1156,6156,2548,2183,1495, 831,1840,2529,2446, 501,1657, 307,1894,3247,1341, # 3216
+ 666, 899,2156,1539,2549,1559, 886, 349,2208,3081,2305,1736,3824,2170,2759,1014, # 3232
+1913,1386, 542,1397,2948, 490, 368, 716, 362, 159, 282,2569,1129,1658,1288,1750, # 3248
+2674, 276, 649,2016, 751,1496, 658,1818,1284,1862,2209,2087,2512,3451, 622,2834, # 3264
+ 376, 117,1060,2053,1208,1721,1101,1443, 247,1250,3179,1792,3952,2760,2398,3953, # 3280
+6157,2144,3708, 446,2432,1151,2570,3452,2447,2761,2835,1210,2448,3082, 424,2222, # 3296
+1251,2449,2119,2836, 504,1581,4338, 602, 817, 857,3825,2349,2306, 357,3826,1470, # 3312
+1883,2883, 255, 958, 929,2917,3248, 302,4653,1050,1271,1751,2307,1952,1430,2697, # 3328
+2719,2359, 354,3180, 777, 158,2036,4339,1659,4340,4654,2308,2949,2248,1146,2232, # 3344
+3532,2720,1696,2623,3827,6158,3129,1550,2698,1485,1297,1428, 637, 931,2721,2145, # 3360
+ 914,2550,2587,  81,2450, 612, 827,2646,1242,4655,1118,2884, 472,1855,3181,3533, # 3376
+3534, 569,1353,2699,1244,1758,2588,4119,2009,2762,2171,3709,1312,1531,6159,1152, # 3392
+1938, 134,1830, 471,3710,2276,1112,1535,3323,3453,3535, 982,1337,2950, 488, 826, # 3408
+ 674,1058,1628,4120,2017, 522,2399, 211, 568,1367,3454, 350, 293,1872,1139,3249, # 3424
+1399,1946,3006,1300,2360,3324, 588, 736,6160,2606, 744, 669,3536,3828,6161,1358, # 3440
+ 199, 723, 848, 933, 851,1939,1505,1514,1338,1618,1831,4656,1634,3613, 443,2740, # 3456
+3829, 717,1947, 491,1914,6162,2551,1542,4121,1025,6163,1099,1223, 198,3040,2722, # 3472
+ 370, 410,1905,2589, 998,1248,3182,2380, 519,1449,4122,1710, 947, 928,1153,4341, # 3488
+2277, 344,2624,1511, 615, 105, 161,1212,1076,1960,3130,2054,1926,1175,1906,2473, # 3504
+ 414,1873,2801,6164,2309, 315,1319,3325, 318,2018,2146,2157, 963, 631, 223,4342, # 3520
+4343,2675, 479,3711,1197,2625,3712,2676,2361,6165,4344,4123,6166,2451,3183,1886, # 3536
+2184,1674,1330,1711,1635,1506, 799, 219,3250,3083,3954,1677,3713,3326,2081,3614, # 3552
+1652,2073,4657,1147,3041,1752, 643,1961, 147,1974,3955,6167,1716,2037, 918,3007, # 3568
+1994, 120,1537, 118, 609,3184,4345, 740,3455,1219, 332,1615,3830,6168,1621,2980, # 3584
+1582, 783, 212, 553,2350,3714,1349,2433,2082,4124, 889,6169,2310,1275,1410, 973, # 3600
+ 166,1320,3456,1797,1215,3185,2885,1846,2590,2763,4658, 629, 822,3008, 763, 940, # 3616
+1990,2862, 439,2409,1566,1240,1622, 926,1282,1907,2764, 654,2210,1607, 327,1130, # 3632
+3956,1678,1623,6170,2434,2192, 686, 608,3831,3715, 903,3957,3042,6171,2741,1522, # 3648
+1915,1105,1555,2552,1359, 323,3251,4346,3457, 738,1354,2553,2311,2334,1828,2003, # 3664
+3832,1753,2351,1227,6172,1887,4125,1478,6173,2410,1874,1712,1847, 520,1204,2607, # 3680
+ 264,4659, 836,2677,2102, 600,4660,3833,2278,3084,6174,4347,3615,1342, 640, 532, # 3696
+ 543,2608,1888,2400,2591,1009,4348,1497, 341,1737,3616,2723,1394, 529,3252,1321, # 3712
+ 983,4661,1515,2120, 971,2592, 924, 287,1662,3186,4349,2700,4350,1519, 908,1948, # 3728
+2452, 156, 796,1629,1486,2223,2055, 694,4126,1259,1036,3392,1213,2249,2742,1889, # 3744
+1230,3958,1015, 910, 408, 559,3617,4662, 746, 725, 935,4663,3959,3009,1289, 563, # 3760
+ 867,4664,3960,1567,2981,2038,2626, 988,2263,2381,4351, 143,2374, 704,1895,6175, # 3776
+1188,3716,2088, 673,3085,2362,4352, 484,1608,1921,2765,2918, 215, 904,3618,3537, # 3792
+ 894, 509, 976,3043,2701,3961,4353,2837,2982, 498,6176,6177,1102,3538,1332,3393, # 3808
+1487,1636,1637, 233, 245,3962, 383, 650, 995,3044, 460,1520,1206,2352, 749,3327, # 3824
+ 530, 700, 389,1438,1560,1773,3963,2264, 719,2951,2724,3834, 870,1832,1644,1000, # 3840
+ 839,2474,3717, 197,1630,3394, 365,2886,3964,1285,2133, 734, 922, 818,1106, 732, # 3856
+ 480,2083,1774,3458, 923,2279,1350, 221,3086,  85,2233,2234,3835,1585,3010,2147, # 3872
+1387,1705,2382,1619,2475, 133, 239,2802,1991,1016,2084,2383, 411,2838,1113, 651, # 3888
+1985,1160,3328, 990,1863,3087,1048,1276,2647, 265,2627,1599,3253,2056, 150, 638, # 3904
+2019, 656, 853, 326,1479, 680,1439,4354,1001,1759, 413,3459,3395,2492,1431, 459, # 3920
+4355,1125,3329,2265,1953,1450,2065,2863, 849, 351,2678,3131,3254,3255,1104,1577, # 3936
+ 227,1351,1645,2453,2193,1421,2887, 812,2121, 634,  95,2435, 201,2312,4665,1646, # 3952
+1671,2743,1601,2554,2702,2648,2280,1315,1366,2089,3132,1573,3718,3965,1729,1189, # 3968
+ 328,2679,1077,1940,1136, 558,1283, 964,1195, 621,2074,1199,1743,3460,3619,1896, # 3984
+1916,1890,3836,2952,1154,2112,1064, 862, 378,3011,2066,2113,2803,1568,2839,6178, # 4000
+3088,2919,1941,1660,2004,1992,2194, 142, 707,1590,1708,1624,1922,1023,1836,1233, # 4016
+1004,2313, 789, 741,3620,6179,1609,2411,1200,4127,3719,3720,4666,2057,3721, 593, # 4032
+2840, 367,2920,1878,6180,3461,1521, 628,1168, 692,2211,2649, 300, 720,2067,2571, # 4048
+2953,3396, 959,2504,3966,3539,3462,1977, 701,6181, 954,1043, 800, 681, 183,3722, # 4064
+1803,1730,3540,4128,2103, 815,2314, 174, 467, 230,2454,1093,2134, 755,3541,3397, # 4080
+1141,1162,6182,1738,2039, 270,3256,2513,1005,1647,2185,3837, 858,1679,1897,1719, # 4096
+2954,2324,1806, 402, 670, 167,4129,1498,2158,2104, 750,6183, 915, 189,1680,1551, # 4112
+ 455,4356,1501,2455, 405,1095,2955, 338,1586,1266,1819, 570, 641,1324, 237,1556, # 4128
+2650,1388,3723,6184,1368,2384,1343,1978,3089,2436, 879,3724, 792,1191, 758,3012, # 4144
+1411,2135,1322,4357, 240,4667,1848,3725,1574,6185, 420,3045,1546,1391, 714,4358, # 4160
+1967, 941,1864, 863, 664, 426, 560,1731,2680,1785,2864,1949,2363, 403,3330,1415, # 4176
+1279,2136,1697,2335, 204, 721,2097,3838,  90,6186,2085,2505, 191,3967, 124,2148, # 4192
+1376,1798,1178,1107,1898,1405, 860,4359,1243,1272,2375,2983,1558,2456,1638, 113, # 4208
+3621, 578,1923,2609, 880, 386,4130, 784,2186,2266,1422,2956,2172,1722, 497, 263, # 4224
+2514,1267,2412,2610, 177,2703,3542, 774,1927,1344, 616,1432,1595,1018, 172,4360, # 4240
+2325, 911,4361, 438,1468,3622, 794,3968,2024,2173,1681,1829,2957, 945, 895,3090, # 4256
+ 575,2212,2476, 475,2401,2681, 785,2744,1745,2293,2555,1975,3133,2865, 394,4668, # 4272
+3839, 635,4131, 639, 202,1507,2195,2766,1345,1435,2572,3726,1908,1184,1181,2457, # 4288
+3727,3134,4362, 843,2611, 437, 916,4669, 234, 769,1884,3046,3047,3623, 833,6187, # 4304
+1639,2250,2402,1355,1185,2010,2047, 999, 525,1732,1290,1488,2612, 948,1578,3728, # 4320
+2413,2477,1216,2725,2159, 334,3840,1328,3624,2921,1525,4132, 564,1056, 891,4363, # 4336
+1444,1698,2385,2251,3729,1365,2281,2235,1717,6188, 864,3841,2515, 444, 527,2767, # 4352
+2922,3625, 544, 461,6189, 566, 209,2437,3398,2098,1065,2068,3331,3626,3257,2137, # 4368  #last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2138,2122,3730,2888,1995,1820,1044,6190,6191,6192,6193,6194,6195,6196,6197,6198, # 4384
+6199,6200,6201,6202,6203,6204,6205,4670,6206,6207,6208,6209,6210,6211,6212,6213, # 4400
+6214,6215,6216,6217,6218,6219,6220,6221,6222,6223,6224,6225,6226,6227,6228,6229, # 4416
+6230,6231,6232,6233,6234,6235,6236,6237,3187,6238,6239,3969,6240,6241,6242,6243, # 4432
+6244,4671,6245,6246,4672,6247,6248,4133,6249,6250,4364,6251,2923,2556,2613,4673, # 4448
+4365,3970,6252,6253,6254,6255,4674,6256,6257,6258,2768,2353,4366,4675,4676,3188, # 4464
+4367,3463,6259,4134,4677,4678,6260,2267,6261,3842,3332,4368,3543,6262,6263,6264, # 4480
+3013,1954,1928,4135,4679,6265,6266,2478,3091,6267,4680,4369,6268,6269,1699,6270, # 4496
+3544,4136,4681,6271,4137,6272,4370,2804,6273,6274,2593,3971,3972,4682,6275,2236, # 4512
+4683,6276,6277,4684,6278,6279,4138,3973,4685,6280,6281,3258,6282,6283,6284,6285, # 4528
+3974,4686,2841,3975,6286,6287,3545,6288,6289,4139,4687,4140,6290,4141,6291,4142, # 4544
+6292,6293,3333,6294,6295,6296,4371,6297,3399,6298,6299,4372,3976,6300,6301,6302, # 4560
+4373,6303,6304,3843,3731,6305,4688,4374,6306,6307,3259,2294,6308,3732,2530,4143, # 4576
+6309,4689,6310,6311,6312,3048,6313,6314,4690,3733,2237,6315,6316,2282,3334,6317, # 4592
+6318,3844,6319,6320,4691,6321,3400,4692,6322,4693,6323,3049,6324,4375,6325,3977, # 4608
+6326,6327,6328,3546,6329,4694,3335,6330,4695,4696,6331,6332,6333,6334,4376,3978, # 4624
+6335,4697,3979,4144,6336,3980,4698,6337,6338,6339,6340,6341,4699,4700,4701,6342, # 4640
+6343,4702,6344,6345,4703,6346,6347,4704,6348,4705,4706,3135,6349,4707,6350,4708, # 4656
+6351,4377,6352,4709,3734,4145,6353,2506,4710,3189,6354,3050,4711,3981,6355,3547, # 4672
+3014,4146,4378,3735,2651,3845,3260,3136,2224,1986,6356,3401,6357,4712,2594,3627, # 4688
+3137,2573,3736,3982,4713,3628,4714,4715,2682,3629,4716,6358,3630,4379,3631,6359, # 4704
+6360,6361,3983,6362,6363,6364,6365,4147,3846,4717,6366,6367,3737,2842,6368,4718, # 4720
+2628,6369,3261,6370,2386,6371,6372,3738,3984,4719,3464,4720,3402,6373,2924,3336, # 4736
+4148,2866,6374,2805,3262,4380,2704,2069,2531,3138,2806,2984,6375,2769,6376,4721, # 4752
+4722,3403,6377,6378,3548,6379,6380,2705,3092,1979,4149,2629,3337,2889,6381,3338, # 4768
+4150,2557,3339,4381,6382,3190,3263,3739,6383,4151,4723,4152,2558,2574,3404,3191, # 4784
+6384,6385,4153,6386,4724,4382,6387,6388,4383,6389,6390,4154,6391,4725,3985,6392, # 4800
+3847,4155,6393,6394,6395,6396,6397,3465,6398,4384,6399,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404, # 4816
+4156,6405,6406,6407,6408,2123,6409,6410,2326,3192,4726,6411,6412,6413,6414,4385, # 4832
+4157,6415,6416,4158,6417,3093,3848,6418,3986,6419,6420,3849,6421,6422,6423,4159, # 4848
+6424,6425,4160,6426,3740,6427,6428,6429,6430,3987,6431,4727,6432,2238,6433,6434, # 4864
+4386,3988,6435,6436,3632,6437,6438,2843,6439,6440,6441,6442,3633,6443,2958,6444, # 4880
+6445,3466,6446,2364,4387,3850,6447,4388,2959,3340,6448,3851,6449,4728,6450,6451, # 4896
+3264,4729,6452,3193,6453,4389,4390,2706,3341,4730,6454,3139,6455,3194,6456,3051, # 4912
+2124,3852,1602,4391,4161,3853,1158,3854,4162,3989,4392,3990,4731,4732,4393,2040, # 4928
+4163,4394,3265,6457,2807,3467,3855,6458,6459,6460,3991,3468,4733,4734,6461,3140, # 4944
+2960,6462,4735,6463,6464,6465,6466,4736,4737,4738,4739,6467,6468,4164,2403,3856, # 4960
+6469,6470,2770,2844,6471,4740,6472,6473,6474,6475,6476,6477,6478,3195,6479,4741, # 4976
+4395,6480,2867,6481,4742,2808,6482,2493,4165,6483,6484,6485,6486,2295,4743,6487, # 4992
+6488,6489,3634,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,2985,4744,6497,6498,4745,6499, # 5008
+6500,2925,3141,4166,6501,6502,4746,6503,6504,4747,6505,6506,6507,2890,6508,6509, # 5024
+6510,6511,6512,6513,6514,6515,6516,6517,6518,6519,3469,4167,6520,6521,6522,4748, # 5040
+4396,3741,4397,4749,4398,3342,2125,4750,6523,4751,4752,4753,3052,6524,2961,4168, # 5056
+6525,4754,6526,4755,4399,2926,4169,6527,3857,6528,4400,4170,6529,4171,6530,6531, # 5072
+2595,6532,6533,6534,6535,3635,6536,6537,6538,6539,6540,6541,6542,4756,6543,6544, # 5088
+6545,6546,6547,6548,4401,6549,6550,6551,6552,4402,3405,4757,4403,6553,6554,6555, # 5104
+4172,3742,6556,6557,6558,3992,3636,6559,6560,3053,2726,6561,3549,4173,3054,4404, # 5120
+6562,6563,3993,4405,3266,3550,2809,4406,6564,6565,6566,4758,4759,6567,3743,6568, # 5136
+4760,3744,4761,3470,6569,6570,6571,4407,6572,3745,4174,6573,4175,2810,4176,3196, # 5152
+4762,6574,4177,6575,6576,2494,2891,3551,6577,6578,3471,6579,4408,6580,3015,3197, # 5168
+6581,3343,2532,3994,3858,6582,3094,3406,4409,6583,2892,4178,4763,4410,3016,4411, # 5184
+6584,3995,3142,3017,2683,6585,4179,6586,6587,4764,4412,6588,6589,4413,6590,2986, # 5200
+6591,2962,3552,6592,2963,3472,6593,6594,4180,4765,6595,6596,2225,3267,4414,6597, # 5216
+3407,3637,4766,6598,6599,3198,6600,4415,6601,3859,3199,6602,3473,4767,2811,4416, # 5232
+1856,3268,3200,2575,3996,3997,3201,4417,6603,3095,2927,6604,3143,6605,2268,6606, # 5248
+3998,3860,3096,2771,6607,6608,3638,2495,4768,6609,3861,6610,3269,2745,4769,4181, # 5264
+3553,6611,2845,3270,6612,6613,6614,3862,6615,6616,4770,4771,6617,3474,3999,4418, # 5280
+4419,6618,3639,3344,6619,4772,4182,6620,2126,6621,6622,6623,4420,4773,6624,3018, # 5296
+6625,4774,3554,6626,4183,2025,3746,6627,4184,2707,6628,4421,4422,3097,1775,4185, # 5312
+3555,6629,6630,2868,6631,6632,4423,6633,6634,4424,2414,2533,2928,6635,4186,2387, # 5328
+6636,4775,6637,4187,6638,1891,4425,3202,3203,6639,6640,4776,6641,3345,6642,6643, # 5344
+3640,6644,3475,3346,3641,4000,6645,3144,6646,3098,2812,4188,3642,3204,6647,3863, # 5360
+3476,6648,3864,6649,4426,4001,6650,6651,6652,2576,6653,4189,4777,6654,6655,6656, # 5376
+2846,6657,3477,3205,4002,6658,4003,6659,3347,2252,6660,6661,6662,4778,6663,6664, # 5392
+6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,4779,4780,2048,6670,3478,3099,6671,3556,3747,4004,6672, # 5408
+6673,6674,3145,4005,3748,6675,6676,6677,6678,6679,3408,6680,6681,6682,6683,3206, # 5424
+3207,6684,6685,4781,4427,6686,4782,4783,4784,6687,6688,6689,4190,6690,6691,3479, # 5440
+6692,2746,6693,4428,6694,6695,6696,6697,6698,6699,4785,6700,6701,3208,2727,6702, # 5456
+3146,6703,6704,3409,2196,6705,4429,6706,6707,6708,2534,1996,6709,6710,6711,2747, # 5472
+6712,6713,6714,4786,3643,6715,4430,4431,6716,3557,6717,4432,4433,6718,6719,6720, # 5488
+6721,3749,6722,4006,4787,6723,6724,3644,4788,4434,6725,6726,4789,2772,6727,6728, # 5504
+6729,6730,6731,2708,3865,2813,4435,6732,6733,4790,4791,3480,6734,6735,6736,6737, # 5520
+4436,3348,6738,3410,4007,6739,6740,4008,6741,6742,4792,3411,4191,6743,6744,6745, # 5536
+6746,6747,3866,6748,3750,6749,6750,6751,6752,6753,6754,6755,3867,6756,4009,6757, # 5552
+4793,4794,6758,2814,2987,6759,6760,6761,4437,6762,6763,6764,6765,3645,6766,6767, # 5568
+3481,4192,6768,3751,6769,6770,2174,6771,3868,3752,6772,6773,6774,4193,4795,4438, # 5584
+3558,4796,4439,6775,4797,6776,6777,4798,6778,4799,3559,4800,6779,6780,6781,3482, # 5600
+6782,2893,6783,6784,4194,4801,4010,6785,6786,4440,6787,4011,6788,6789,6790,6791, # 5616
+6792,6793,4802,6794,6795,6796,4012,6797,6798,6799,6800,3349,4803,3483,6801,4804, # 5632
+4195,6802,4013,6803,6804,4196,6805,4014,4015,6806,2847,3271,2848,6807,3484,6808, # 5648
+6809,6810,4441,6811,4442,4197,4443,3272,4805,6812,3412,4016,1579,6813,6814,4017, # 5664
+6815,3869,6816,2964,6817,4806,6818,6819,4018,3646,6820,6821,4807,4019,4020,6822, # 5680
+6823,3560,6824,6825,4021,4444,6826,4198,6827,6828,4445,6829,6830,4199,4808,6831, # 5696
+6832,6833,3870,3019,2458,6834,3753,3413,3350,6835,4809,3871,4810,3561,4446,6836, # 5712
+6837,4447,4811,4812,6838,2459,4448,6839,4449,6840,6841,4022,3872,6842,4813,4814, # 5728
+6843,6844,4815,4200,4201,4202,6845,4023,6846,6847,4450,3562,3873,6848,6849,4816, # 5744
+4817,6850,4451,4818,2139,6851,3563,6852,6853,3351,6854,6855,3352,4024,2709,3414, # 5760
+4203,4452,6856,4204,6857,6858,3874,3875,6859,6860,4819,6861,6862,6863,6864,4453, # 5776
+3647,6865,6866,4820,6867,6868,6869,6870,4454,6871,2869,6872,6873,4821,6874,3754, # 5792
+6875,4822,4205,6876,6877,6878,3648,4206,4455,6879,4823,6880,4824,3876,6881,3055, # 5808
+4207,6882,3415,6883,6884,6885,4208,4209,6886,4210,3353,6887,3354,3564,3209,3485, # 5824
+2652,6888,2728,6889,3210,3755,6890,4025,4456,6891,4825,6892,6893,6894,6895,4211, # 5840
+6896,6897,6898,4826,6899,6900,4212,6901,4827,6902,2773,3565,6903,4828,6904,6905, # 5856
+6906,6907,3649,3650,6908,2849,3566,6909,3567,3100,6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915, # 5872
+4026,6916,3355,4829,3056,4457,3756,6917,3651,6918,4213,3652,2870,6919,4458,6920, # 5888
+2438,6921,6922,3757,2774,4830,6923,3356,4831,4832,6924,4833,4459,3653,2507,6925, # 5904
+4834,2535,6926,6927,3273,4027,3147,6928,3568,6929,6930,6931,4460,6932,3877,4461, # 5920
+2729,3654,6933,6934,6935,6936,2175,4835,2630,4214,4028,4462,4836,4215,6937,3148, # 5936
+4216,4463,4837,4838,4217,6938,6939,2850,4839,6940,4464,6941,6942,6943,4840,6944, # 5952
+4218,3274,4465,6945,6946,2710,6947,4841,4466,6948,6949,2894,6950,6951,4842,6952, # 5968
+4219,3057,2871,6953,6954,6955,6956,4467,6957,2711,6958,6959,6960,3275,3101,4843, # 5984
+6961,3357,3569,6962,4844,6963,6964,4468,4845,3570,6965,3102,4846,3758,6966,4847, # 6000
+3878,4848,4849,4029,6967,2929,3879,4850,4851,6968,6969,1733,6970,4220,6971,6972, # 6016
+6973,6974,6975,6976,4852,6977,6978,6979,6980,6981,6982,3759,6983,6984,6985,3486, # 6032
+3487,6986,3488,3416,6987,6988,6989,6990,6991,6992,6993,6994,6995,6996,6997,4853, # 6048
+6998,6999,4030,7000,7001,3211,7002,7003,4221,7004,7005,3571,4031,7006,3572,7007, # 6064
+2614,4854,2577,7008,7009,2965,3655,3656,4855,2775,3489,3880,4222,4856,3881,4032, # 6080
+3882,3657,2730,3490,4857,7010,3149,7011,4469,4858,2496,3491,4859,2283,7012,7013, # 6096
+7014,2365,4860,4470,7015,7016,3760,7017,7018,4223,1917,7019,7020,7021,4471,7022, # 6112
+2776,4472,7023,7024,7025,7026,4033,7027,3573,4224,4861,4034,4862,7028,7029,1929, # 6128
+3883,4035,7030,4473,3058,7031,2536,3761,3884,7032,4036,7033,2966,2895,1968,4474, # 6144
+3276,4225,3417,3492,4226,2105,7034,7035,1754,2596,3762,4227,4863,4475,3763,4864, # 6160
+3764,2615,2777,3103,3765,3658,3418,4865,2296,3766,2815,7036,7037,7038,3574,2872, # 6176
+3277,4476,7039,4037,4477,7040,7041,4038,7042,7043,7044,7045,7046,7047,2537,7048, # 6192
+7049,7050,7051,7052,7053,7054,4478,7055,7056,3767,3659,4228,3575,7057,7058,4229, # 6208
+7059,7060,7061,3660,7062,3212,7063,3885,4039,2460,7064,7065,7066,7067,7068,7069, # 6224
+7070,7071,7072,7073,7074,4866,3768,4867,7075,7076,7077,7078,4868,3358,3278,2653, # 6240
+7079,7080,4479,3886,7081,7082,4869,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087,7088,2538,7089,7090, # 6256
+7091,4040,3150,3769,4870,4041,2896,3359,4230,2930,7092,3279,7093,2967,4480,3213, # 6272
+4481,3661,7094,7095,7096,7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,2461,3770,7103,7104,4231, # 6288
+3151,7105,7106,7107,4042,3662,7108,7109,4871,3663,4872,4043,3059,7110,7111,7112, # 6304
+3493,2988,7113,4873,7114,7115,7116,3771,4874,7117,7118,4232,4875,7119,3576,2336, # 6320
+4876,7120,4233,3419,4044,4877,4878,4482,4483,4879,4484,4234,7121,3772,4880,1045, # 6336
+3280,3664,4881,4882,7122,7123,7124,7125,4883,7126,2778,7127,4485,4486,7128,4884, # 6352
+3214,3887,7129,7130,3215,7131,4885,4045,7132,7133,4046,7134,7135,7136,7137,7138, # 6368
+7139,7140,7141,7142,7143,4235,7144,4886,7145,7146,7147,4887,7148,7149,7150,4487, # 6384
+4047,4488,7151,7152,4888,4048,2989,3888,7153,3665,7154,4049,7155,7156,7157,7158, # 6400
+7159,7160,2931,4889,4890,4489,7161,2631,3889,4236,2779,7162,7163,4891,7164,3060, # 6416
+7165,1672,4892,7166,4893,4237,3281,4894,7167,7168,3666,7169,3494,7170,7171,4050, # 6432
+7172,7173,3104,3360,3420,4490,4051,2684,4052,7174,4053,7175,7176,7177,2253,4054, # 6448
+7178,7179,4895,7180,3152,3890,3153,4491,3216,7181,7182,7183,2968,4238,4492,4055, # 6464
+7184,2990,7185,2479,7186,7187,4493,7188,7189,7190,7191,7192,4896,7193,4897,2969, # 6480
+4494,4898,7194,3495,7195,7196,4899,4495,7197,3105,2731,7198,4900,7199,7200,7201, # 6496
+4056,7202,3361,7203,7204,4496,4901,4902,7205,4497,7206,7207,2315,4903,7208,4904, # 6512
+7209,4905,2851,7210,7211,3577,7212,3578,4906,7213,4057,3667,4907,7214,4058,2354, # 6528
+3891,2376,3217,3773,7215,7216,7217,7218,7219,4498,7220,4908,3282,2685,7221,3496, # 6544
+4909,2632,3154,4910,7222,2337,7223,4911,7224,7225,7226,4912,4913,3283,4239,4499, # 6560
+7227,2816,7228,7229,7230,7231,7232,7233,7234,4914,4500,4501,7235,7236,7237,2686, # 6576
+7238,4915,7239,2897,4502,7240,4503,7241,2516,7242,4504,3362,3218,7243,7244,7245, # 6592
+4916,7246,7247,4505,3363,7248,7249,7250,7251,3774,4506,7252,7253,4917,7254,7255, # 6608
+3284,2991,4918,4919,3219,3892,4920,3106,3497,4921,7256,7257,7258,4922,7259,4923, # 6624
+3364,4507,4508,4059,7260,4240,3498,7261,7262,4924,7263,2992,3893,4060,3220,7264, # 6640
+7265,7266,7267,7268,7269,4509,3775,7270,2817,7271,4061,4925,4510,3776,7272,4241, # 6656
+4511,3285,7273,7274,3499,7275,7276,7277,4062,4512,4926,7278,3107,3894,7279,7280, # 6672
+4927,7281,4513,7282,7283,3668,7284,7285,4242,4514,4243,7286,2058,4515,4928,4929, # 6688
+4516,7287,3286,4244,7288,4517,7289,7290,7291,3669,7292,7293,4930,4931,4932,2355, # 6704
+4933,7294,2633,4518,7295,4245,7296,7297,4519,7298,7299,4520,4521,4934,7300,4246, # 6720
+4522,7301,7302,7303,3579,7304,4247,4935,7305,4936,7306,7307,7308,7309,3777,7310, # 6736
+4523,7311,7312,7313,4248,3580,7314,4524,3778,4249,7315,3581,7316,3287,7317,3221, # 6752
+7318,4937,7319,7320,7321,7322,7323,7324,4938,4939,7325,4525,7326,7327,7328,4063, # 6768
+7329,7330,4940,7331,7332,4941,7333,4526,7334,3500,2780,1741,4942,2026,1742,7335, # 6784
+7336,3582,4527,2388,7337,7338,7339,4528,7340,4250,4943,7341,7342,7343,4944,7344, # 6800
+7345,7346,3020,7347,4945,7348,7349,7350,7351,3895,7352,3896,4064,3897,7353,7354, # 6816
+7355,4251,7356,7357,3898,7358,3779,7359,3780,3288,7360,7361,4529,7362,4946,4530, # 6832
+2027,7363,3899,4531,4947,3222,3583,7364,4948,7365,7366,7367,7368,4949,3501,4950, # 6848
+3781,4951,4532,7369,2517,4952,4252,4953,3155,7370,4954,4955,4253,2518,4533,7371, # 6864
+7372,2712,4254,7373,7374,7375,3670,4956,3671,7376,2389,3502,4065,7377,2338,7378, # 6880
+7379,7380,7381,3061,7382,4957,7383,7384,7385,7386,4958,4534,7387,7388,2993,7389, # 6896
+3062,7390,4959,7391,7392,7393,4960,3108,4961,7394,4535,7395,4962,3421,4536,7396, # 6912
+4963,7397,4964,1857,7398,4965,7399,7400,2176,3584,4966,7401,7402,3422,4537,3900, # 6928
+3585,7403,3782,7404,2852,7405,7406,7407,4538,3783,2654,3423,4967,4539,7408,3784, # 6944
+3586,2853,4540,4541,7409,3901,7410,3902,7411,7412,3785,3109,2327,3903,7413,7414, # 6960
+2970,4066,2932,7415,7416,7417,3904,3672,3424,7418,4542,4543,4544,7419,4968,7420, # 6976
+7421,4255,7422,7423,7424,7425,7426,4067,7427,3673,3365,4545,7428,3110,2559,3674, # 6992
+7429,7430,3156,7431,7432,3503,7433,3425,4546,7434,3063,2873,7435,3223,4969,4547, # 7008
+4548,2898,4256,4068,7436,4069,3587,3786,2933,3787,4257,4970,4971,3788,7437,4972, # 7024
+3064,7438,4549,7439,7440,7441,7442,7443,4973,3905,7444,2874,7445,7446,7447,7448, # 7040
+3021,7449,4550,3906,3588,4974,7450,7451,3789,3675,7452,2578,7453,4070,7454,7455, # 7056
+7456,4258,3676,7457,4975,7458,4976,4259,3790,3504,2634,4977,3677,4551,4260,7459, # 7072
+7460,7461,7462,3907,4261,4978,7463,7464,7465,7466,4979,4980,7467,7468,2213,4262, # 7088
+7469,7470,7471,3678,4981,7472,2439,7473,4263,3224,3289,7474,3908,2415,4982,7475, # 7104
+4264,7476,4983,2655,7477,7478,2732,4552,2854,2875,7479,7480,4265,7481,4553,4984, # 7120
+7482,7483,4266,7484,3679,3366,3680,2818,2781,2782,3367,3589,4554,3065,7485,4071, # 7136
+2899,7486,7487,3157,2462,4072,4555,4073,4985,4986,3111,4267,2687,3368,4556,4074, # 7152
+3791,4268,7488,3909,2783,7489,2656,1962,3158,4557,4987,1963,3159,3160,7490,3112, # 7168
+4988,4989,3022,4990,4991,3792,2855,7491,7492,2971,4558,7493,7494,4992,7495,7496, # 7184
+7497,7498,4993,7499,3426,4559,4994,7500,3681,4560,4269,4270,3910,7501,4075,4995, # 7200
+4271,7502,7503,4076,7504,4996,7505,3225,4997,4272,4077,2819,3023,7506,7507,2733, # 7216
+4561,7508,4562,7509,3369,3793,7510,3590,2508,7511,7512,4273,3113,2994,2616,7513, # 7232
+7514,7515,7516,7517,7518,2820,3911,4078,2748,7519,7520,4563,4998,7521,7522,7523, # 7248
+7524,4999,4274,7525,4564,3682,2239,4079,4565,7526,7527,7528,7529,5000,7530,7531, # 7264
+5001,4275,3794,7532,7533,7534,3066,5002,4566,3161,7535,7536,4080,7537,3162,7538, # 7280
+7539,4567,7540,7541,7542,7543,7544,7545,5003,7546,4568,7547,7548,7549,7550,7551, # 7296
+7552,7553,7554,7555,7556,5004,7557,7558,7559,5005,7560,3795,7561,4569,7562,7563, # 7312
+7564,2821,3796,4276,4277,4081,7565,2876,7566,5006,7567,7568,2900,7569,3797,3912, # 7328
+7570,7571,7572,4278,7573,7574,7575,5007,7576,7577,5008,7578,7579,4279,2934,7580, # 7344
+7581,5009,7582,4570,7583,4280,7584,7585,7586,4571,4572,3913,7587,4573,3505,7588, # 7360
+5010,7589,7590,7591,7592,3798,4574,7593,7594,5011,7595,4281,7596,7597,7598,4282, # 7376
+5012,7599,7600,5013,3163,7601,5014,7602,3914,7603,7604,2734,4575,4576,4577,7605, # 7392
+7606,7607,7608,7609,3506,5015,4578,7610,4082,7611,2822,2901,2579,3683,3024,4579, # 7408
+3507,7612,4580,7613,3226,3799,5016,7614,7615,7616,7617,7618,7619,7620,2995,3290, # 7424
+7621,4083,7622,5017,7623,7624,7625,7626,7627,4581,3915,7628,3291,7629,5018,7630, # 7440
+7631,7632,7633,4084,7634,7635,3427,3800,7636,7637,4582,7638,5019,4583,5020,7639, # 7456
+3916,7640,3801,5021,4584,4283,7641,7642,3428,3591,2269,7643,2617,7644,4585,3592, # 7472
+7645,4586,2902,7646,7647,3227,5022,7648,4587,7649,4284,7650,7651,7652,4588,2284, # 7488
+7653,5023,7654,7655,7656,4589,5024,3802,7657,7658,5025,3508,4590,7659,7660,7661, # 7504
+1969,5026,7662,7663,3684,1821,2688,7664,2028,2509,4285,7665,2823,1841,7666,2689, # 7520
+3114,7667,3917,4085,2160,5027,5028,2972,7668,5029,7669,7670,7671,3593,4086,7672, # 7536
+4591,4087,5030,3803,7673,7674,7675,7676,7677,7678,7679,4286,2366,4592,4593,3067, # 7552
+2328,7680,7681,4594,3594,3918,2029,4287,7682,5031,3919,3370,4288,4595,2856,7683, # 7568
+3509,7684,7685,5032,5033,7686,7687,3804,2784,7688,7689,7690,7691,3371,7692,7693, # 7584
+2877,5034,7694,7695,3920,4289,4088,7696,7697,7698,5035,7699,5036,4290,5037,5038, # 7600
+5039,7700,7701,7702,5040,5041,3228,7703,1760,7704,5042,3229,4596,2106,4089,7705, # 7616
+4597,2824,5043,2107,3372,7706,4291,4090,5044,7707,4091,7708,5045,3025,3805,4598, # 7632
+4292,4293,4294,3373,7709,4599,7710,5046,7711,7712,5047,5048,3806,7713,7714,7715, # 7648
+5049,7716,7717,7718,7719,4600,5050,7720,7721,7722,5051,7723,4295,3429,7724,7725, # 7664
+7726,7727,3921,7728,3292,5052,4092,7729,7730,7731,7732,7733,7734,7735,5053,5054, # 7680
+7736,7737,7738,7739,3922,3685,7740,7741,7742,7743,2635,5055,7744,5056,4601,7745, # 7696
+7746,2560,7747,7748,7749,7750,3923,7751,7752,7753,7754,7755,4296,2903,7756,7757, # 7712
+7758,7759,7760,3924,7761,5057,4297,7762,7763,5058,4298,7764,4093,7765,7766,5059, # 7728
+3925,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,7772,7773,7774,7775,7776,3595,7777,4299,5060,4094, # 7744
+7778,3293,5061,7779,7780,4300,7781,7782,4602,7783,3596,7784,7785,3430,2367,7786, # 7760
+3164,5062,5063,4301,7787,7788,4095,5064,5065,7789,3374,3115,7790,7791,7792,7793, # 7776
+7794,7795,7796,3597,4603,7797,7798,3686,3116,3807,5066,7799,7800,5067,7801,7802, # 7792
+4604,4302,5068,4303,4096,7803,7804,3294,7805,7806,5069,4605,2690,7807,3026,7808, # 7808
+7809,7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,7824, # 7824
+7825,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,7840, # 7840
+7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855,7856, # 7856
+7857,7858,7859,7860,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870,7871,7872, # 7872
+7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886,7887,7888, # 7888
+7889,7890,7891,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,7897,7898,7899,7900,7901,7902,7903,7904, # 7904
+7905,7906,7907,7908,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913,7914,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920, # 7920
+7921,7922,7923,7924,3926,7925,7926,7927,7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935, # 7936
+7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943,7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951, # 7952
+7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959,7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967, # 7968
+7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975,7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,7982,7983, # 7984
+7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990,7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,7997,7998,7999, # 8000
+8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005,8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015, # 8016
+8016,8017,8018,8019,8020,8021,8022,8023,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031, # 8032
+8032,8033,8034,8035,8036,8037,8038,8039,8040,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047, # 8048
+8048,8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063, # 8064
+8064,8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079, # 8080
+8080,8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095, # 8096
+8096,8097,8098,8099,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110,8111, # 8112
+8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125,8126,8127, # 8128
+8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143, # 8144
+8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159, # 8160
+8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175, # 8176
+8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191, # 8192
+8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207, # 8208
+8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223, # 8224
+8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239, # 8240
+8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255, # 8256
+8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271) # 8272
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59aeb6a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+NUM_OF_CATEGORY = 6
+DONT_KNOW = -1
+ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 100
+MAX_REL_THRESHOLD = 1000
+MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 4
+
+# This is hiragana 2-char sequence table, the number in each cell represents its frequency category
+jp2CharContext = (
+(0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1),
+(2,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,0,3,4,4,4,2,4,3,3,4,3,2,3,3,4,2,3,3,3,2,4,1,4,3,3,1,5,4,3,4,3,4,3,5,3,0,3,5,4,2,0,3,1,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,1,1,0,4,3,0,3,3,0,4,0,2,0,3,5,5,5,5,4,0,4,1,0,3,4),
+(0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,4,0,5,0,5,0,4,0,4,5,4,4,3,5,3,5,1,5,3,4,3,4,4,3,4,3,3,4,3,5,4,4,3,5,5,3,5,5,5,3,5,5,3,4,5,5,3,1,3,2,0,3,4,0,4,2,0,4,2,1,5,3,2,3,5,0,4,0,2,0,5,4,4,5,4,5,0,4,0,0,4,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,3,0,4,0,3,0,3,0,4,5,4,3,3,3,3,4,3,5,4,4,3,5,4,4,3,4,3,4,4,4,4,5,3,4,4,3,4,5,5,4,5,5,1,4,5,4,3,0,3,3,1,3,3,0,4,4,0,3,3,1,5,3,3,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,3,4,3,3,0,4,1,1,3,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,4,0,3,0,3,0,4,0,3,4,4,3,2,2,1,2,1,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,1,3,3,5,3,3,0,4,3,0,5,4,3,3,5,4,4,3,4,4,5,0,1,2,0,1,2,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,5,2,2,1,4,0,3,0,1,0,4,4,3,5,4,3,0,2,1,0,4,3),
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+(0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,0,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,0,3,1,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,2,2,0,2,3,1,4,3,4,3,3,2,3,1,5,4,4,0,3,1,2,1,3,0,3,1,1,2,0,2,3,1,3,1,3,0,3,0,1,0,3,3,4,4,2,1,0,2,1,0,2,4),
+(0,1,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,1,4,2,5,1,4,0,2,0,2,1,3,1,4,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,4,1,1,0,3,3,0,5,1,3,2,3,3,1,0,3,2,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4,0,1,0,3,0,2,0,1,0,3,3,3,4,3,3,0,0,0,0,2,3),
+(0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,1,0,3,0,4,0,3,0,2,4,3,1,0,3,2,2,1,3,1,2,2,3,1,1,1,2,1,3,0,1,2,0,1,3,2,1,3,0,5,5,1,0,0,1,3,2,1,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,4,0,1,1,1,3,2,0,2,0,1,0,2,3,3,1,2,3,0,1,0,1,0,4),
+(0,0,0,1,0,3,0,3,0,2,2,1,0,0,4,0,3,0,3,1,3,0,3,0,3,0,1,0,3,0,3,1,3,0,3,3,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,1,4),
+(0,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,2,0,2,3,0,0,2,2,3,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,3),
+(2,4,0,5,0,5,0,4,0,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,4,5,5,5,2,3,0,5,5,4,1,5,4,3,1,5,4,3,4,4,3,3,4,3,3,0,3,2,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,3,3,0,5,3,2,3,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,4,5,4,5,3,0,4,3,0,3,4),
+(0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,4,3,2,3,2,3,0,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,4,3,3,1,3,4,3,4,4,4,3,4,4,3,2,4,4,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,3,1,0,5,3,2,1,3,0,3,0,1,2,4,3,2,4,3,3,0,3,2,0,4,4),
+(0,3,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,1,4,3,3,2,3,1,3,1,4,2,3,2,4,2,3,4,3,0,2,2,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,3,4,1,3,3,0,3,4,3,3,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,4,0,3,0,0,3,1,2,1,3,0,4,0,1,0,4,3,3,4,3,3,0,2,0,0,3,3),
+(0,3,0,4,0,1,0,3,0,3,4,3,3,0,3,3,3,1,3,1,3,3,4,3,3,3,0,0,3,1,5,3,3,1,3,3,2,5,4,3,3,4,5,3,2,5,3,4,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,4,2,2,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,4,4,3,5,3,2,0,1,1,0,3,4),
+(0,5,0,4,0,5,0,2,0,4,4,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,4,3,4,1,5,3,4,3,4,0,4,2,4,3,4,1,5,4,0,4,4,4,4,5,4,1,3,5,4,2,1,4,1,1,3,2,0,3,1,0,3,2,1,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,4,3,3,3,0,4,2,0,3,4),
+(1,4,0,4,0,3,0,1,0,3,3,3,1,1,3,3,2,2,3,3,1,0,3,2,2,1,2,0,3,1,2,1,2,0,3,2,0,2,2,3,3,4,3,0,3,3,1,2,0,1,1,3,1,2,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,3,2,2,3,3,0,3,0,0,0,2,3,3,4,3,3,0,1,0,0,1,4),
+(0,4,0,4,0,4,0,0,0,3,4,4,3,1,4,2,3,2,3,3,3,1,4,3,4,0,3,0,4,2,3,3,2,2,5,4,2,1,3,4,3,4,3,1,3,3,4,2,0,2,1,0,3,3,0,0,2,0,3,1,0,4,4,3,4,3,0,4,0,1,0,2,4,4,4,4,4,0,3,2,0,3,3),
+(0,0,0,1,0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,2,0,3,0,4,0,4,0,1,3,3,3,0,4,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,3,1,1,0,1,0,3,1,0,0,3,3,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,2,2,0,3,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,3,4,3,1,0,1,0,3,0,2),
+(0,0,0,3,0,5,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,3,1,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,4,0,0,0,2,3,0,1,4,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,2,0,5,0,5,0,1,0,2,4,3,3,2,5,1,3,2,3,3,3,0,4,1,2,0,3,0,4,0,2,2,1,1,5,3,0,0,1,4,2,3,2,0,3,3,3,2,0,2,4,1,1,2,0,1,1,0,3,1,0,1,3,1,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,1,3,5,4,4,4,0,3,0,0,1,3),
+(0,4,0,5,0,4,0,4,0,4,5,4,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,3,4,5,4,2,4,2,3,4,3,1,4,4,1,3,5,4,4,5,5,4,4,5,5,5,2,3,3,1,4,3,1,3,3,0,3,3,1,4,3,4,4,4,0,3,0,4,0,3,3,4,4,5,0,0,4,3,0,4,5),
+(0,4,0,4,0,3,0,3,0,3,4,4,4,3,3,2,4,3,4,3,4,3,5,3,4,3,2,1,4,2,4,4,3,1,3,4,2,4,5,5,3,4,5,4,1,5,4,3,0,3,2,2,3,2,1,3,1,0,3,3,3,5,3,3,3,5,4,4,2,3,3,4,3,3,3,2,1,0,3,2,1,4,3),
+(0,4,0,5,0,4,0,3,0,3,5,5,3,2,4,3,4,0,5,4,4,1,4,4,4,3,3,3,4,3,5,5,2,3,3,4,1,2,5,5,3,5,5,2,3,5,5,4,0,3,2,0,3,3,1,1,5,1,4,1,0,4,3,2,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,5,4,3,4,3,0,0,4,1,0,4,4),
+(1,3,0,4,0,2,0,2,0,2,5,5,3,3,3,3,3,0,4,2,3,4,4,4,3,4,0,0,3,4,5,4,3,3,3,3,2,5,5,4,5,5,5,4,3,5,5,5,1,3,1,0,1,0,0,3,2,0,4,2,0,5,2,3,2,4,1,3,0,3,0,4,5,4,5,4,3,0,4,2,0,5,4),
+(0,3,0,4,0,5,0,3,0,3,4,4,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,4,3,3,2,2,0,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,4,4,3,4,4,1,1,4,4,2,0,3,1,0,1,1,0,4,1,0,2,3,1,3,3,1,3,4,0,3,0,1,0,3,1,3,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,4,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,0,1,5,4,3,3,3,1,4,2,1,2,3,4,4,2,4,4,5,0,3,1,4,3,4,0,4,3,3,3,2,3,2,5,3,4,3,2,2,3,0,0,3,0,2,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,3,1,0,2,0,4,0,3,4,4,4,5,2,0,2,0,0,1,3),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,4,2,1,1,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,3,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,4,0,4,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,4,0,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,3,4,2,4,3,2,0,4,4,4,3,5,3,5,3,3,2,4,2,4,3,4,3,1,4,0,2,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,4,1,3,4,3,2,1,2,1,3,3,3,4,4,3,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,4,3,3,3,2,1,0,3,0,0,3,3),
+(0,4,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,5,5,3,3,3,3,4,3,4,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,4,3,5,3,3,1,3,2,4,5,5,5,5,4,3,4,5,5,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,2,0,4,3,2,2,1,2,0,3,0,0,4,1),
+)
+
+class JapaneseContextAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mTotalRel = 0  # total sequence received
+        # category counters, each interger counts sequence in its category
+        self._mRelSample = [0] * NUM_OF_CATEGORY
+        # if last byte in current buffer is not the last byte of a character,
+        # we need to know how many bytes to skip in next buffer
+        self._mNeedToSkipCharNum = 0
+        self._mLastCharOrder = -1  # The order of previous char
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._mDone = False
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf, aLen):
+        if self._mDone:
+            return
+
+        # The buffer we got is byte oriented, and a character may span in more than one
+        # buffers. In case the last one or two byte in last buffer is not
+        # complete, we record how many byte needed to complete that character
+        # and skip these bytes here.  We can choose to record those bytes as
+        # well and analyse the character once it is complete, but since a
+        # character will not make much difference, by simply skipping
+        # this character will simply our logic and improve performance.
+        i = self._mNeedToSkipCharNum
+        while i < aLen:
+            order, charLen = self.get_order(aBuf[i:i + 2])
+            i += charLen
+            if i > aLen:
+                self._mNeedToSkipCharNum = i - aLen
+                self._mLastCharOrder = -1
+            else:
+                if (order != -1) and (self._mLastCharOrder != -1):
+                    self._mTotalRel += 1
+                    if self._mTotalRel > MAX_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                        self._mDone = True
+                        break
+                    self._mRelSample[jp2CharContext[self._mLastCharOrder][order]] += 1
+                self._mLastCharOrder = order
+
+    def got_enough_data(self):
+        return self._mTotalRel > ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        # This is just one way to calculate confidence. It works well for me.
+        if self._mTotalRel > MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return (self._mTotalRel - self._mRelSample[0]) / self._mTotalRel
+        else:
+            return DONT_KNOW
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        return -1, 1
+
+class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.charset_name = "SHIFT_JIS"
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self.charset_name
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        if not aBuf:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if ((0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F) or (0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xFC)):
+            charLen = 2
+            if (first_char == 0x87) or (0xFA <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+                self.charset_name = "CP932"
+        else:
+            charLen = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(aBuf) > 1:
+            second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+            if (first_char == 202) and (0x9F <= second_char <= 0xF1):
+                return second_char - 0x9F, charLen
+
+        return -1, charLen
+
+class EUCJPContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        if not aBuf:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if (first_char == 0x8E) or (0xA1 <= first_char <= 0xFE):
+            charLen = 2
+        elif first_char == 0x8F:
+            charLen = 3
+        else:
+            charLen = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(aBuf) > 1:
+            second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+            if (first_char == 0xA4) and (0xA1 <= second_char <= 0xF3):
+                return second_char - 0xA1, charLen
+
+        return -1, charLen
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5788fc64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+# this table is modified base on win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap, so
+# only number <64 is sure valid
+
+Latin5_BulgarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 77, 90, 99,100, 72,109,107,101, 79,185, 81,102, 76, 94, 82,  # 40
+110,186,108, 91, 74,119, 84, 96,111,187,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 65, 69, 70, 66, 63, 68,112,103, 92,194,104, 95, 86, 87, 71,  # 60
+116,195, 85, 93, 97,113,196,197,198,199,200,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,  # 80
+210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,  # 90
+ 81,226,227,228,229,230,105,231,232,233,234,235,236, 45,237,238,  # a0
+ 31, 32, 35, 43, 37, 44, 55, 47, 40, 59, 33, 46, 38, 36, 41, 30,  # b0
+ 39, 28, 34, 51, 48, 49, 53, 50, 54, 57, 61,239, 67,240, 60, 56,  # c0
+  1, 18,  9, 20, 11,  3, 23, 15,  2, 26, 12, 10, 14,  6,  4, 13,  # d0
+  7,  8,  5, 19, 29, 25, 22, 21, 27, 24, 17, 75, 52,241, 42, 16,  # e0
+ 62,242,243,244, 58,245, 98,246,247,248,249,250,251, 91,252,253,  # f0
+)
+
+win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 77, 90, 99,100, 72,109,107,101, 79,185, 81,102, 76, 94, 82,  # 40
+110,186,108, 91, 74,119, 84, 96,111,187,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 65, 69, 70, 66, 63, 68,112,103, 92,194,104, 95, 86, 87, 71,  # 60
+116,195, 85, 93, 97,113,196,197,198,199,200,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,120,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,  # 80
+221, 78, 64, 83,121, 98,117,105,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,  # 90
+ 88,230,231,232,233,122, 89,106,234,235,236,237,238, 45,239,240,  # a0
+ 73, 80,118,114,241,242,243,244,245, 62, 58,246,247,248,249,250,  # b0
+ 31, 32, 35, 43, 37, 44, 55, 47, 40, 59, 33, 46, 38, 36, 41, 30,  # c0
+ 39, 28, 34, 51, 48, 49, 53, 50, 54, 57, 61,251, 67,252, 60, 56,  # d0
+  1, 18,  9, 20, 11,  3, 23, 15,  2, 26, 12, 10, 14,  6,  4, 13,  # e0
+  7,  8,  5, 19, 29, 25, 22, 21, 27, 24, 17, 75, 52,253, 42, 16,  # f0
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 96.9392%
+# first 1024 sequences:3.0618%
+# rest  sequences:     0.2992%
+# negative sequences:  0.0020%
+BulgarianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,1,2,2,
+3,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,0,2,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,1,2,0,2,1,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,1,3,1,3,2,2,3,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,1,1,1,2,3,1,3,1,2,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,3,3,1,2,3,1,1,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,2,0,2,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,3,3,2,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,0,1,2,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,0,3,1,2,1,2,1,2,3,2,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,1,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,1,2,1,3,3,0,3,1,1,1,1,3,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,1,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,3,2,0,3,0,2,0,0,2,1,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,1,2,1,3,2,1,1,0,1,2,3,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,2,2,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,1,3,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,1,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,0,2,2,1,3,2,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,0,2,3,1,2,3,2,0,1,3,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,2,3,
+2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,2,1,2,0,2,0,1,0,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,2,3,3,1,1,3,1,0,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,0,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,1,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,2,1,
+1,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,2,3,3,0,0,2,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+2,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,3,0,2,3,1,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,2,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,2,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+2,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,0,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,2,
+2,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,2,2,0,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,2,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,3,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,0,2,2,2,2,3,2,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,
+1,2,2,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,0,1,0,3,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,3,2,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,0,1,2,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,
+1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,
+1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,
+0,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+)
+
+Latin5BulgarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin5_BulgarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': BulgarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.969392,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-5"
+}
+
+Win1251BulgarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': BulgarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.969392,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1251"
+}
+
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a86f54bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# KOI8-R language model
+# Character Mapping Table:
+KOI8R_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,  # 80
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,  # 90
+223,224,225, 68,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,  # a0
+238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,  # b0
+ 27,  3, 21, 28, 13,  2, 39, 19, 26,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1,  # c0
+ 15, 16,  9,  7,  6, 14, 24, 10, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 29, 22, 54,  # d0
+ 59, 37, 44, 58, 41, 48, 53, 46, 55, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34,  # e0
+ 35, 43, 45, 32, 40, 52, 56, 33, 61, 62, 51, 57, 47, 63, 50, 70,  # f0
+)
+
+win1251_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246, 68,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+)
+
+latin5_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+239, 68,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,255,
+)
+
+macCyrillic_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252, 68, 16,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27,255,
+)
+
+IBM855_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194, 68,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217, 27, 59, 54, 70,
+  3, 37, 21, 44, 28, 58, 13, 41,  2, 48, 39, 53, 19, 46,218,219,
+220,221,222,223,224, 26, 55,  4, 42,225,226,227,228, 23, 60,229,
+230,231,232,233,234,235, 11, 36,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,
+  8, 49, 12, 38,  5, 31,  1, 34, 15,244,245,246,247, 35, 16,248,
+ 43,  9, 45,  7, 32,  6, 40, 14, 52, 24, 56, 10, 33, 17, 61,249,
+250, 18, 62, 20, 51, 25, 57, 30, 47, 29, 63, 22, 50,251,252,255,
+)
+
+IBM866_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+239, 68,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,255,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 97.6601%
+# first 1024 sequences: 2.3389%
+# rest  sequences:      0.1237%
+# negative sequences:   0.0009%
+RussianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,
+3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,1,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,3,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,2,3,3,2,1,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,0,3,2,2,3,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,0,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,0,1,3,2,1,2,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,1,3,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,1,3,2,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,3,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,0,0,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,0,2,1,0,3,2,3,2,3,0,0,1,2,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,0,0,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,0,2,3,2,3,0,1,2,3,3,2,0,2,3,0,0,2,3,2,2,0,1,3,1,3,2,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,2,0,0,2,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,2,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,1,3,2,3,1,1,2,1,0,2,2,2,2,1,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,1,3,1,0,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,1,1,3,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,3,1,1,2,0,0,2,2,1,3,0,0,2,1,1,2,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,3,3,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,2,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,2,2,3,2,0,3,2,0,3,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,1,2,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,3,0,2,1,0,0,2,2,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,1,0,1,1,2,2,1,1,3,0,0,1,3,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,3,3,3,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,0,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,0,0,1,0,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,3,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,2,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+2,3,2,3,3,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,2,0,0,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,2,0,1,1,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,
+1,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+1,3,2,3,2,1,0,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,
+3,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+3,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,
+1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,
+1,3,3,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,3,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,1,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+1,3,2,2,2,1,0,0,2,2,1,0,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
+2,0,2,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,2,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,2,0,
+1,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+2,1,2,2,2,0,3,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+1,2,2,3,2,2,0,0,1,1,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,2,1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+)
+
+Koi8rModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': KOI8R_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "KOI8-R"
+}
+
+Win1251CyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1251_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1251"
+}
+
+Latin5CyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': latin5_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-5"
+}
+
+MacCyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': macCyrillic_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "MacCyrillic"
+};
+
+Ibm866Model = {
+  'charToOrderMap': IBM866_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "IBM866"
+}
+
+Ibm855Model = {
+  'charToOrderMap': IBM855_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "IBM855"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddb583765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+Latin7_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 82,100,104, 94, 98,101,116,102,111,187,117, 92, 88,113, 85,  # 40
+ 79,118,105, 83, 67,114,119, 95, 99,109,188,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 72, 70, 80, 81, 60, 96, 93, 89, 68,120, 97, 77, 86, 69, 55,  # 60
+ 78,115, 65, 66, 58, 76,106,103, 87,107,112,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 80
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 90
+253,233, 90,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253, 74,253,253,  # a0
+253,253,253,253,247,248, 61, 36, 46, 71, 73,253, 54,253,108,123,  # b0
+110, 31, 51, 43, 41, 34, 91, 40, 52, 47, 44, 53, 38, 49, 59, 39,  # c0
+ 35, 48,250, 37, 33, 45, 56, 50, 84, 57,120,121, 17, 18, 22, 15,  # d0
+124,  1, 29, 20, 21,  3, 32, 13, 25,  5, 11, 16, 10,  6, 30,  4,  # e0
+  9,  8, 14,  7,  2, 12, 28, 23, 42, 24, 64, 75, 19, 26, 27,253,  # f0
+)
+
+win1253_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 82,100,104, 94, 98,101,116,102,111,187,117, 92, 88,113, 85,  # 40
+ 79,118,105, 83, 67,114,119, 95, 99,109,188,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 72, 70, 80, 81, 60, 96, 93, 89, 68,120, 97, 77, 86, 69, 55,  # 60
+ 78,115, 65, 66, 58, 76,106,103, 87,107,112,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 80
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 90
+253,233, 61,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253, 74,253,253,  # a0
+253,253,253,253,247,253,253, 36, 46, 71, 73,253, 54,253,108,123,  # b0
+110, 31, 51, 43, 41, 34, 91, 40, 52, 47, 44, 53, 38, 49, 59, 39,  # c0
+ 35, 48,250, 37, 33, 45, 56, 50, 84, 57,120,121, 17, 18, 22, 15,  # d0
+124,  1, 29, 20, 21,  3, 32, 13, 25,  5, 11, 16, 10,  6, 30,  4,  # e0
+  9,  8, 14,  7,  2, 12, 28, 23, 42, 24, 64, 75, 19, 26, 27,253,  # f0
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 98.2851%
+# first 1024 sequences:1.7001%
+# rest  sequences:     0.0359%
+# negative sequences:  0.0148%
+GreekLangModel = (
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,2,2,3,3,0,3,0,3,2,0,3,3,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,0,
+2,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,1,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,0,3,1,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,2,3,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,0,2,3,0,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,2,2,3,3,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,3,2,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,2,0,3,0,3,0,0,2,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,1,2,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,0,3,2,2,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,0,3,2,3,3,2,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,2,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,2,0,3,2,3,0,0,3,2,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,0,2,0,0,2,3,1,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,3,3,2,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,0,3,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,0,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,0,3,0,0,2,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,2,0,3,2,3,2,3,0,0,3,2,3,2,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,3,0,2,1,0,0,3,2,2,2,0,3,0,0,2,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,2,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,0,2,1,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,2,3,0,0,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,2,3,3,3,2,3,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,3,0,0,0,3,2,0,3,2,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,2,0,2,3,2,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,2,0,2,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,2,3,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,1,0,2,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,0,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,2,2,0,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,2,2,1,2,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,2,3,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,
+0,2,2,0,0,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,3,2,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,2,2,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,3,2,0,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,1,2,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,3,2,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,3,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,2,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,3,1,2,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,0,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,2,2,0,0,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,2,0,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+Latin7GreekModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin7_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': GreekLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.982851,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-7"
+}
+
+Win1253GreekModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1253_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': GreekLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.982851,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1253"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75f2bc7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Simon Montagu
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Shoshannah Forbes - original C code (?)
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Windows-1255 language model
+# Character Mapping Table:
+win1255_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 69, 91, 79, 80, 92, 89, 97, 90, 68,111,112, 82, 73, 95, 85,  # 40
+ 78,121, 86, 71, 67,102,107, 84,114,103,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 50, 74, 60, 61, 42, 76, 70, 64, 53,105, 93, 56, 65, 54, 49,  # 60
+ 66,110, 51, 43, 44, 63, 81, 77, 98, 75,108,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+124,202,203,204,205, 40, 58,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,
+215, 83, 52, 47, 46, 72, 32, 94,216,113,217,109,218,219,220,221,
+ 34,116,222,118,100,223,224,117,119,104,125,225,226, 87, 99,227,
+106,122,123,228, 55,229,230,101,231,232,120,233, 48, 39, 57,234,
+ 30, 59, 41, 88, 33, 37, 36, 31, 29, 35,235, 62, 28,236,126,237,
+238, 38, 45,239,240,241,242,243,127,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,
+  9,  8, 20, 16,  3,  2, 24, 14, 22,  1, 25, 15,  4, 11,  6, 23,
+ 12, 19, 13, 26, 18, 27, 21, 17,  7, 10,  5,251,252,128, 96,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 98.4004%
+# first 1024 sequences: 1.5981%
+# rest  sequences:      0.087%
+# negative sequences:   0.0015%
+HebrewLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,2,0,1,0,0,
+3,0,3,1,0,0,1,3,2,0,1,1,2,0,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,0,2,2,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,3,1,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,1,2,2,1,3,
+1,2,1,1,2,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,2,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,2,0,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,1,2,1,1,1,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,2,0,2,1,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,
+0,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,1,2,3,0,2,1,2,2,
+0,2,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,3,3,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,
+0,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,3,2,3,1,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,2,2,2,
+0,1,0,1,2,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,3,3,3,
+0,3,0,2,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,2,0,2,0,2,0,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,
+0,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,2,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+0,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+)
+
+Win1255HebrewModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1255_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HebrewLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.984004,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1255"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49d2f0fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+Latin2_HungarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 28, 40, 54, 45, 32, 50, 49, 38, 39, 53, 36, 41, 34, 35, 47,
+ 46, 71, 43, 33, 37, 57, 48, 64, 68, 55, 52,253,253,253,253,253,
+253,  2, 18, 26, 17,  1, 27, 12, 20,  9, 22,  7,  6, 13,  4,  8,
+ 23, 67, 10,  5,  3, 21, 19, 65, 62, 16, 11,253,253,253,253,253,
+159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,
+175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197, 75,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+ 79,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,
+221, 51, 81,222, 78,223,224,225,226, 44,227,228,229, 61,230,231,
+232,233,234, 58,235, 66, 59,236,237,238, 60, 69, 63,239,240,241,
+ 82, 14, 74,242, 70, 80,243, 72,244, 15, 83, 77, 84, 30, 76, 85,
+245,246,247, 25, 73, 42, 24,248,249,250, 31, 56, 29,251,252,253,
+)
+
+win1250HungarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 28, 40, 54, 45, 32, 50, 49, 38, 39, 53, 36, 41, 34, 35, 47,
+ 46, 72, 43, 33, 37, 57, 48, 64, 68, 55, 52,253,253,253,253,253,
+253,  2, 18, 26, 17,  1, 27, 12, 20,  9, 22,  7,  6, 13,  4,  8,
+ 23, 67, 10,  5,  3, 21, 19, 65, 62, 16, 11,253,253,253,253,253,
+161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,
+177,178,179,180, 78,181, 69,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197, 76,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+ 81,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,
+221, 51, 83,222, 80,223,224,225,226, 44,227,228,229, 61,230,231,
+232,233,234, 58,235, 66, 59,236,237,238, 60, 70, 63,239,240,241,
+ 84, 14, 75,242, 71, 82,243, 73,244, 15, 85, 79, 86, 30, 77, 87,
+245,246,247, 25, 74, 42, 24,248,249,250, 31, 56, 29,251,252,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 94.7368%
+# first 1024 sequences:5.2623%
+# rest  sequences:     0.8894%
+# negative sequences:  0.0009%
+HungarianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,
+3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,1,3,3,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,2,0,3,2,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,0,3,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,0,3,3,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,2,
+0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,1,3,3,2,1,3,2,2,3,2,1,3,2,2,1,0,3,3,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,1,1,3,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,0,1,1,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,0,3,2,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,3,1,1,3,3,1,1,0,3,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,3,1,3,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,1,1,3,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,1,0,3,2,0,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,1,0,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,3,0,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,1,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,1,3,3,1,1,0,2,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,3,1,1,3,2,1,2,3,1,1,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,1,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,1,1,2,1,1,3,3,1,0,1,1,3,3,2,0,1,1,2,3,1,0,2,2,1,0,0,1,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,3,3,2,1,1,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,3,3,0,3,2,1,2,3,2,1,3,3,1,1,0,2,1,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,0,2,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,2,3,0,0,0,2,3,3,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,1,0,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,2,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,1,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,1,1,1,1,1,3,3,3,0,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,0,3,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,3,1,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,0,2,0,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+1,1,1,2,3,2,3,3,0,1,2,2,3,1,0,1,0,2,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,3,2,2,1,0,0,3,2,3,2,0,0,0,1,1,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,2,3,3,1,0,1,3,2,3,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,1,2,3,3,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+3,2,2,1,0,0,1,1,2,2,0,3,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,3,3,1,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,0,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,2,2,0,1,0,1,0,2,3,2,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,2,2,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,
+2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,3,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,2,1,
+1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,0,0,2,1,2,2,1,0,0,2,1,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,1,1,2,2,2,3,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,1,0,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,2,3,2,1,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,1,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,1,0,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,
+1,2,3,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,2,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,2,0,0,3,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,2,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+Latin2HungarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin2_HungarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HungarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.947368,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': True,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-2"
+}
+
+Win1250HungarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1250HungarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HungarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.947368,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': True,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1250"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0508b1b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# The following result for thai was collected from a limited sample (1M).
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+TIS620CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,182,106,107,100,183,184,185,101, 94,186,187,108,109,110,111,  # 40
+188,189,190, 89, 95,112,113,191,192,193,194,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 64, 72, 73,114, 74,115,116,102, 81,201,117, 90,103, 78, 82,  # 60
+ 96,202, 91, 79, 84,104,105, 97, 98, 92,203,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+209,210,211,212,213, 88,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,118,221,222,
+223,224, 99, 85, 83,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,
+236,  5, 30,237, 24,238, 75,  8, 26, 52, 34, 51,119, 47, 58, 57,
+ 49, 53, 55, 43, 20, 19, 44, 14, 48,  3, 17, 25, 39, 62, 31, 54,
+ 45,  9, 16,  2, 61, 15,239, 12, 42, 46, 18, 21, 76,  4, 66, 63,
+ 22, 10,  1, 36, 23, 13, 40, 27, 32, 35, 86,240,241,242,243,244,
+ 11, 28, 41, 29, 33,245, 50, 37,  6,  7, 67, 77, 38, 93,246,247,
+ 68, 56, 59, 65, 69, 60, 70, 80, 71, 87,248,249,250,251,252,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 92.6386%
+# first 1024 sequences:7.3177%
+# rest  sequences:     1.0230%
+# negative sequences:  0.0436%
+ThaiLangModel = (
+0,1,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,
+0,3,3,0,0,0,1,3,0,3,3,2,3,3,0,1,2,3,3,3,3,0,2,0,2,0,0,3,2,1,2,2,
+3,0,3,3,2,3,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,
+0,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,3,1,1,3,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,
+3,1,2,3,0,3,3,2,2,1,2,3,3,1,2,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,
+3,3,1,2,3,1,2,2,3,3,1,0,2,1,0,0,3,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,1,
+3,2,1,0,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,1,1,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,
+2,2,1,1,3,3,2,1,0,1,2,2,0,1,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,2,1,1,
+3,3,2,3,3,2,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,1,1,
+0,2,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,2,0,0,3,3,0,2,3,0,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,0,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,1,1,
+0,2,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,3,2,3,2,0,2,2,1,3,2,1,3,2,1,2,3,2,2,3,0,2,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,1,2,3,2,2,3,1,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,3,
+3,2,1,3,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,1,1,3,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,2,3,0,0,3,0,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,0,0,3,3,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,1,1,3,0,0,1,0,0,2,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,3,1,1,2,0,2,1,2,1,
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+1,1,0,2,0,1,3,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,
+3,0,2,2,1,3,3,2,3,3,0,1,1,0,2,2,1,2,1,3,3,1,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,1,3,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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+3,3,1,3,2,1,3,3,1,2,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,2,0,3,3,3,2,2,0,1,1,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,2,3,1,2,0,0,2,1,0,3,1,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,3,0,0,3,1,1,0,2,2,1,1,
+0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,3,1,2,0,0,2,2,0,1,2,0,1,0,1,3,1,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,2,0,1,3,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,3,3,3,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,2,3,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,3,2,1,2,2,3,0,0,0,2,3,1,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,1,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,
+2,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,2,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,2,1,3,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+TIS620ThaiModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': TIS620CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': ThaiLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.926386,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "TIS-620"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eef357354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .constants import eNotMe
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+FREQ_CAT_NUM = 4
+
+UDF = 0  # undefined
+OTH = 1  # other
+ASC = 2  # ascii capital letter
+ASS = 3  # ascii small letter
+ACV = 4  # accent capital vowel
+ACO = 5  # accent capital other
+ASV = 6  # accent small vowel
+ASO = 7  # accent small other
+CLASS_NUM = 8  # total classes
+
+Latin1_CharToClass = (
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 00 - 07
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 08 - 0F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 10 - 17
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 18 - 1F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 20 - 27
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 28 - 2F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 30 - 37
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 38 - 3F
+    OTH, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 40 - 47
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 48 - 4F
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 50 - 57
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 58 - 5F
+    OTH, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 60 - 67
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 68 - 6F
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 70 - 77
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 78 - 7F
+    OTH, UDF, OTH, ASO, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 80 - 87
+    OTH, OTH, ACO, OTH, ACO, UDF, ACO, UDF,   # 88 - 8F
+    UDF, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 90 - 97
+    OTH, OTH, ASO, OTH, ASO, UDF, ASO, ACO,   # 98 - 9F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A0 - A7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A8 - AF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B0 - B7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B8 - BF
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO,   # C0 - C7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV,   # C8 - CF
+    ACO, ACO, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, OTH,   # D0 - D7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO, ACO,   # D8 - DF
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO,   # E0 - E7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV,   # E8 - EF
+    ASO, ASO, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, OTH,   # F0 - F7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO, ASO,   # F8 - FF
+)
+
+# 0 : illegal
+# 1 : very unlikely
+# 2 : normal
+# 3 : very likely
+Latin1ClassModel = (
+    # UDF OTH ASC ASS ACV ACO ASV ASO
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  # UDF
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # OTH
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ASC
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASS
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  2,  1,  2,  # ACV
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ACO
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,  3,  # ASV
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASO
+)
+
+
+class Latin1Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mLastCharClass = OTH
+        self._mFreqCounter = [0] * FREQ_CAT_NUM
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "windows-1252"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = self.filter_with_english_letters(aBuf)
+        for c in aBuf:
+            charClass = Latin1_CharToClass[wrap_ord(c)]
+            freq = Latin1ClassModel[(self._mLastCharClass * CLASS_NUM)
+                                    + charClass]
+            if freq == 0:
+                self._mState = eNotMe
+                break
+            self._mFreqCounter[freq] += 1
+            self._mLastCharClass = charClass
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        if self.get_state() == eNotMe:
+            return 0.01
+
+        total = sum(self._mFreqCounter)
+        if total < 0.01:
+            confidence = 0.0
+        else:
+            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] - self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0)
+                          / total)
+        if confidence < 0.0:
+            confidence = 0.0
+        # lower the confidence of latin1 so that other more accurate
+        # detector can take priority.
+        confidence = confidence * 0.73
+        return confidence
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb42f2fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+
+
+class MultiByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = None
+        self._mCodingSM = None
+        self._mLastChar = [0, 0]
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        if self._mCodingSM:
+            self._mCodingSM.reset()
+        if self._mDistributionAnalyzer:
+            self._mDistributionAnalyzer.reset()
+        self._mLastChar = [0, 0]
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        pass
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mDistributionAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+                    (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        return self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03c9dcf3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .utf8prober import UTF8Prober
+from .sjisprober import SJISProber
+from .eucjpprober import EUCJPProber
+from .gb2312prober import GB2312Prober
+from .euckrprober import EUCKRProber
+from .cp949prober import CP949Prober
+from .big5prober import Big5Prober
+from .euctwprober import EUCTWProber
+
+
+class MBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetGroupProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mProbers = [
+            UTF8Prober(),
+            SJISProber(),
+            EUCJPProber(),
+            GB2312Prober(),
+            EUCKRProber(),
+            CP949Prober(),
+            Big5Prober(),
+            EUCTWProber()
+        ]
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efe678ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart, eError, eItsMe
+
+# BIG5
+
+BIG5_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07    #allow 0x00 as legal value
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 80 - 87
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 90 - 97
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 98 - 9f
+    4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # a0 - a7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # a8 - af
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # b0 - b7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # b8 - bf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c0 - c7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c8 - cf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d0 - d7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+BIG5_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,#08-0f
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart#10-17
+)
+
+Big5CharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0)
+
+Big5SMModel = {'classTable': BIG5_cls,
+               'classFactor': 5,
+               'stateTable': BIG5_st,
+               'charLenTable': Big5CharLenTable,
+               'name': 'Big5'}
+
+# CP949
+
+CP949_cls  = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 00 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 3f
+    1,4,4,4,4,4,4,4, 4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 40 - 4f
+    4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 5f
+    1,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 60 - 6f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 7f
+    0,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 80 - 8f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 90 - 9f
+    6,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,  # a0 - af
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # b0 - bf
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,9,2, 2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - df
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - ef
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,  # f0 - ff
+)
+
+CP949_st = (
+#cls=    0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9  # previous state =
+    eError,eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,     4,     5,eError,     6, # eStart
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError, # eError
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe, # eItsMe
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 3
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 4
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 5
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 6
+)
+
+CP949CharLenTable = (0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2)
+
+CP949SMModel = {'classTable': CP949_cls,
+                'classFactor': 10,
+                'stateTable': CP949_st,
+                'charLenTable': CP949CharLenTable,
+                'name': 'CP949'}
+
+# EUC-JP
+
+EUCJP_cls = (
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 00 - 07
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,  # 08 - 0f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 10 - 17
+    4,4,4,5,4,4,4,4,  # 18 - 1f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 20 - 27
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 28 - 2f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 30 - 37
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 38 - 3f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 40 - 47
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 48 - 4f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 50 - 57
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 58 - 5f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 60 - 67
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 68 - 6f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 70 - 77
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 80 - 87
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,1,3,  # 88 - 8f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 90 - 97
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 98 - 9f
+    5,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCJP_st = (
+          3,     4,     3,     5,eStart,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,eStart,eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,#10-17
+     eError,eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,     3,eError,#18-1f
+          3,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart#20-27
+)
+
+EUCJPCharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 0)
+
+EUCJPSMModel = {'classTable': EUCJP_cls,
+                'classFactor': 6,
+                'stateTable': EUCJP_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCJPCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'EUC-JP'}
+
+# EUC-KR
+
+EUCKR_cls  = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCKR_st = (
+    eError,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart #08-0f
+)
+
+EUCKRCharLenTable = (0, 1, 2, 0)
+
+EUCKRSMModel = {'classTable': EUCKR_cls,
+                'classFactor': 4,
+                'stateTable': EUCKR_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCKRCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'EUC-KR'}
+
+# EUC-TW
+
+EUCTW_cls = (
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 00 - 07
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 10 - 17
+    2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,  # 18 - 1f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 20 - 27
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 28 - 2f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 30 - 37
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,6,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # a0 - a7
+    5,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a8 - af
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b0 - b7
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b8 - bf
+    1,1,3,1,3,3,3,3,  # c0 - c7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c8 - cf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d0 - d7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCTW_st = (
+    eError,eError,eStart,     3,     3,     3,     4,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eStart,eError,#10-17
+    eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+         5,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eError,eStart,eStart,#20-27
+    eStart,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #28-2f
+)
+
+EUCTWCharLenTable = (0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3)
+
+EUCTWSMModel = {'classTable': EUCTW_cls,
+                'classFactor': 7,
+                'stateTable': EUCTW_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCTWCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'x-euc-tw'}
+
+# GB2312
+
+GB2312_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 30 - 37
+    3,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 80 - 87
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 88 - 8f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 90 - 97
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 98 - 9f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # a0 - a7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # a8 - af
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # b0 - b7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # b8 - bf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c0 - c7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c8 - cf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d0 - d7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d8 - df
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # e0 - e7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # e8 - ef
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # f0 - f7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+GB2312_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,#10-17
+         4,eError,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+    eError,eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,#20-27
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #28-2f
+)
+
+# To be accurate, the length of class 6 can be either 2 or 4.
+# But it is not necessary to discriminate between the two since
+# it is used for frequency analysis only, and we are validing
+# each code range there as well. So it is safe to set it to be
+# 2 here.
+GB2312CharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2)
+
+GB2312SMModel = {'classTable': GB2312_cls,
+                  'classFactor': 7,
+                  'stateTable': GB2312_st,
+                  'charLenTable': GB2312CharLenTable,
+                  'name': 'GB2312'}
+
+# Shift_JIS
+
+SJIS_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,  # 80 - 87
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 88 - 8f
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 90 - 97
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 98 - 9f
+    #0xa0 is illegal in sjis encoding, but some pages does
+    #contain such byte. We need to be more error forgiven.
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0)  # f8 - ff
+
+
+SJIS_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #10-17
+)
+
+SJISCharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+
+SJISSMModel = {'classTable': SJIS_cls,
+               'classFactor': 6,
+               'stateTable': SJIS_st,
+               'charLenTable': SJISCharLenTable,
+               'name': 'Shift_JIS'}
+
+# UCS2-BE
+
+UCS2BE_cls = (
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+    0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+    0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+    0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a0 - a7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a8 - af
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b0 - b7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c0 - c7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c8 - cf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d0 - d7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2BE_st  = (
+          5,     7,     7,eError,     4,     3,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,     6,     6,     6,     6,eError,eError,#10-17
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     6,eItsMe,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     5,     7,     7,eError,#20-27
+          5,     8,     6,     6,eError,     6,     6,     6,#28-2f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,eError,eError,eStart,eStart #30-37
+)
+
+UCS2BECharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2BESMModel = {'classTable': UCS2BE_cls,
+                 'classFactor': 6,
+                 'stateTable': UCS2BE_st,
+                 'charLenTable': UCS2BECharLenTable,
+                 'name': 'UTF-16BE'}
+
+# UCS2-LE
+
+UCS2LE_cls = (
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+    0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+    0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+    0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a0 - a7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a8 - af
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b0 - b7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c0 - c7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c8 - cf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d0 - d7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2LE_st = (
+          6,     6,     7,     6,     4,     3,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,     5,     5,     5,eError,eItsMe,eError,#10-17
+          5,     5,     5,eError,     5,eError,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          7,     6,     8,     8,     5,     5,     5,eError,#20-27
+          5,     5,     5,eError,eError,eError,     5,     5,#28-2f
+          5,     5,     5,eError,     5,eError,eStart,eStart #30-37
+)
+
+UCS2LECharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2LESMModel = {'classTable': UCS2LE_cls,
+                 'classFactor': 6,
+                 'stateTable': UCS2LE_st,
+                 'charLenTable': UCS2LECharLenTable,
+                 'name': 'UTF-16LE'}
+
+# UTF-8
+
+UTF8_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07  #allow 0x00 as a legal value
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,  # 80 - 87
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 90 - 97
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 98 - 9f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # a0 - a7
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # a8 - af
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # b0 - b7
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c0 - c7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c8 - cf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d0 - d7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d8 - df
+    7,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,  # e0 - e7
+    8,8,8,8,8,9,8,8,  # e8 - ef
+    10,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,  # f0 - f7
+    12,13,13,13,14,15,0,0    # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UTF8_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,     12,   10,#00-07
+         9,     11,     8,     7,     6,     5,     4,    3,#08-0f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#10-17
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#20-27
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#28-2f
+    eError,eError,     5,     5,     5,     5,eError,eError,#30-37
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#38-3f
+    eError,eError,eError,     5,     5,     5,eError,eError,#40-47
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#48-4f
+    eError,eError,     7,     7,     7,     7,eError,eError,#50-57
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#58-5f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,     7,     7,eError,eError,#60-67
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#68-6f
+    eError,eError,     9,     9,     9,     9,eError,eError,#70-77
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#78-7f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,     9,eError,eError,#80-87
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#88-8f
+    eError,eError,    12,    12,    12,    12,eError,eError,#90-97
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#98-9f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,    12,eError,eError,#a0-a7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#a8-af
+    eError,eError,    12,    12,    12,eError,eError,eError,#b0-b7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#b8-bf
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,#c0-c7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError #c8-cf
+)
+
+UTF8CharLenTable = (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6)
+
+UTF8SMModel = {'classTable': UTF8_cls,
+               'classFactor': 16,
+               'stateTable': UTF8_st,
+               'charLenTable': UTF8CharLenTable,
+               'name': 'UTF-8'}
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37291bd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+SAMPLE_SIZE = 64
+SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 1024
+POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
+NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.05
+SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER = 250
+NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT = 4
+POSITIVE_CAT = NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT - 1
+#NEGATIVE_CAT = 0
+
+
+class SingleByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self, model, reversed=False, nameProber=None):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mModel = model
+        # TRUE if we need to reverse every pair in the model lookup
+        self._mReversed = reversed
+        # Optional auxiliary prober for name decision
+        self._mNameProber = nameProber
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        # char order of last character
+        self._mLastOrder = 255
+        self._mSeqCounters = [0] * NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT
+        self._mTotalSeqs = 0
+        self._mTotalChar = 0
+        # characters that fall in our sampling range
+        self._mFreqChar = 0
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        if self._mNameProber:
+            return self._mNameProber.get_charset_name()
+        else:
+            return self._mModel['charsetName']
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        if not self._mModel['keepEnglishLetter']:
+            aBuf = self.filter_without_english_letters(aBuf)
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        if not aLen:
+            return self.get_state()
+        for c in aBuf:
+            order = self._mModel['charToOrderMap'][wrap_ord(c)]
+            if order < SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER:
+                self._mTotalChar += 1
+            if order < SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                self._mFreqChar += 1
+                if self._mLastOrder < SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                    self._mTotalSeqs += 1
+                    if not self._mReversed:
+                        i = (self._mLastOrder * SAMPLE_SIZE) + order
+                        model = self._mModel['precedenceMatrix'][i]
+                    else:  # reverse the order of the letters in the lookup
+                        i = (order * SAMPLE_SIZE) + self._mLastOrder
+                        model = self._mModel['precedenceMatrix'][i]
+                    self._mSeqCounters[model] += 1
+            self._mLastOrder = order
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if self._mTotalSeqs > SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                cf = self.get_confidence()
+                if cf > POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    if constants._debug:
+                        sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s, we have a'
+                                         'winner\n' %
+                                         (self._mModel['charsetName'], cf))
+                    self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                elif cf < NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    if constants._debug:
+                        sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s, below negative'
+                                         'shortcut threshhold %s\n' %
+                                         (self._mModel['charsetName'], cf,
+                                          NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD))
+                    self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        r = 0.01
+        if self._mTotalSeqs > 0:
+            r = ((1.0 * self._mSeqCounters[POSITIVE_CAT]) / self._mTotalSeqs
+                 / self._mModel['mTypicalPositiveRatio'])
+            r = r * self._mFreqChar / self._mTotalChar
+            if r >= 1.0:
+                r = 0.99
+        return r
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b6196cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetProber
+from .langcyrillicmodel import (Win1251CyrillicModel, Koi8rModel,
+                                Latin5CyrillicModel, MacCyrillicModel,
+                                Ibm866Model, Ibm855Model)
+from .langgreekmodel import Latin7GreekModel, Win1253GreekModel
+from .langbulgarianmodel import Latin5BulgarianModel, Win1251BulgarianModel
+from .langhungarianmodel import Latin2HungarianModel, Win1250HungarianModel
+from .langthaimodel import TIS620ThaiModel
+from .langhebrewmodel import Win1255HebrewModel
+from .hebrewprober import HebrewProber
+
+
+class SBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetGroupProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mProbers = [
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1251CyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Koi8rModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin5CyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(MacCyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Ibm866Model),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Ibm855Model),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin7GreekModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1253GreekModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin5BulgarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1251BulgarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin2HungarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1250HungarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(TIS620ThaiModel),
+        ]
+        hebrewProber = HebrewProber()
+        logicalHebrewProber = SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1255HebrewModel,
+                                                      False, hebrewProber)
+        visualHebrewProber = SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1255HebrewModel, True,
+                                                     hebrewProber)
+        hebrewProber.set_model_probers(logicalHebrewProber, visualHebrewProber)
+        self._mProbers.extend([hebrewProber, logicalHebrewProber,
+                               visualHebrewProber])
+
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd0e9e707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import SJISDistributionAnalysis
+from .jpcntx import SJISContextAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import SJISSMModel
+from . import constants
+
+
+class SJISProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(SJISSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = SJISDistributionAnalysis()
+        self._mContextAnalyzer = SJISContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self._mContextAnalyzer.get_charset_name()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar[2 - charLen:],
+                                                charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i + 1 - charLen:i + 3
+                                                     - charLen], charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mContextAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+               (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        contxtCf = self._mContextAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        distribCf = self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(contxtCf, distribCf)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..476522b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import sys
+import codecs
+from .latin1prober import Latin1Prober  # windows-1252
+from .mbcsgroupprober import MBCSGroupProber  # multi-byte character sets
+from .sbcsgroupprober import SBCSGroupProber  # single-byte character sets
+from .escprober import EscCharSetProber  # ISO-2122, etc.
+import re
+
+MINIMUM_THRESHOLD = 0.20
+ePureAscii = 0
+eEscAscii = 1
+eHighbyte = 2
+
+
+class UniversalDetector:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._highBitDetector = re.compile(b'[\x80-\xFF]')
+        self._escDetector = re.compile(b'(\033|~{)')
+        self._mEscCharSetProber = None
+        self._mCharSetProbers = []
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.result = {'encoding': None, 'confidence': 0.0}
+        self.done = False
+        self._mStart = True
+        self._mGotData = False
+        self._mInputState = ePureAscii
+        self._mLastChar = b''
+        if self._mEscCharSetProber:
+            self._mEscCharSetProber.reset()
+        for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+            prober.reset()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        if self.done:
+            return
+
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        if not aLen:
+            return
+
+        if not self._mGotData:
+            # If the data starts with BOM, we know it is UTF
+            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+                # EF BB BF  UTF-8 with BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8-SIG", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE:
+                # FF FE 00 00  UTF-32, little-endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE:
+                # 00 00 FE FF  UTF-32, big-endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32BE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == b'\xFE\xFF\x00\x00':
+                # FE FF 00 00  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (3412)
+                self.result = {
+                    'encoding': "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-3412",
+                    'confidence': 1.0
+                }
+            elif aBuf[:4] == b'\x00\x00\xFF\xFE':
+                # 00 00 FF FE  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (2143)
+                self.result = {
+                    'encoding': "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-2143",
+                    'confidence': 1.0
+                }
+            elif aBuf[:2] == codecs.BOM_LE:
+                # FF FE  UTF-16, little endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-16LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:2] == codecs.BOM_BE:
+                # FE FF  UTF-16, big endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-16BE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+
+        self._mGotData = True
+        if self.result['encoding'] and (self.result['confidence'] > 0.0):
+            self.done = True
+            return
+
+        if self._mInputState == ePureAscii:
+            if self._highBitDetector.search(aBuf):
+                self._mInputState = eHighbyte
+            elif ((self._mInputState == ePureAscii) and
+                    self._escDetector.search(self._mLastChar + aBuf)):
+                self._mInputState = eEscAscii
+
+        self._mLastChar = aBuf[-1:]
+
+        if self._mInputState == eEscAscii:
+            if not self._mEscCharSetProber:
+                self._mEscCharSetProber = EscCharSetProber()
+            if self._mEscCharSetProber.feed(aBuf) == constants.eFoundIt:
+                self.result = {'encoding': self._mEscCharSetProber.get_charset_name(),
+                               'confidence': self._mEscCharSetProber.get_confidence()}
+                self.done = True
+        elif self._mInputState == eHighbyte:
+            if not self._mCharSetProbers:
+                self._mCharSetProbers = [MBCSGroupProber(), SBCSGroupProber(),
+                                         Latin1Prober()]
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+                if prober.feed(aBuf) == constants.eFoundIt:
+                    self.result = {'encoding': prober.get_charset_name(),
+                                   'confidence': prober.get_confidence()}
+                    self.done = True
+                    break
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.done:
+            return
+        if not self._mGotData:
+            if constants._debug:
+                sys.stderr.write('no data received!\n')
+            return
+        self.done = True
+
+        if self._mInputState == ePureAscii:
+            self.result = {'encoding': 'ascii', 'confidence': 1.0}
+            return self.result
+
+        if self._mInputState == eHighbyte:
+            proberConfidence = None
+            maxProberConfidence = 0.0
+            maxProber = None
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                proberConfidence = prober.get_confidence()
+                if proberConfidence > maxProberConfidence:
+                    maxProberConfidence = proberConfidence
+                    maxProber = prober
+            if maxProber and (maxProberConfidence > MINIMUM_THRESHOLD):
+                self.result = {'encoding': maxProber.get_charset_name(),
+                               'confidence': maxProber.get_confidence()}
+                return self.result
+
+        if constants._debug:
+            sys.stderr.write('no probers hit minimum threshhold\n')
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers[0].mProbers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s\n' %
+                                 (prober.get_charset_name(),
+                                  prober.get_confidence()))
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c0bb5d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcssm import UTF8SMModel
+
+ONE_CHAR_PROB = 0.5
+
+
+class UTF8Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(UTF8SMModel)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mCodingSM.reset()
+        self._mNumOfMBChar = 0
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "utf-8"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for c in aBuf:
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(c)
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                if self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen() >= 2:
+                    self._mNumOfMBChar += 1
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        unlike = 0.99
+        if self._mNumOfMBChar < 6:
+            for i in range(0, self._mNumOfMBChar):
+                unlike = unlike * ONE_CHAR_PROB
+            return 1.0 - unlike
+        else:
+            return unlike
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e43991a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""
+urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import warnings
+
+from .connectionpool import (
+    HTTPConnectionPool,
+    HTTPSConnectionPool,
+    connection_from_url
+)
+
+from . import exceptions
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.url import get_host
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+__author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
+__license__ = 'MIT'
+__version__ = '1.13.1'
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HTTPConnectionPool',
+    'HTTPSConnectionPool',
+    'PoolManager',
+    'ProxyManager',
+    'HTTPResponse',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'add_stderr_logger',
+    'connection_from_url',
+    'disable_warnings',
+    'encode_multipart_formdata',
+    'get_host',
+    'make_headers',
+    'proxy_from_url',
+)
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+
+def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for
+    debugging.
+
+    Returns the handler after adding it.
+    """
+    # This method needs to be in this __init__.py to get the __name__ correct
+    # even if urllib3 is vendored within another package.
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+    logger.setLevel(level)
+    logger.debug('Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
+    return handler
+
+# ... Clean up.
+del NullHandler
+
+
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# SubjectAltNameWarning's should go off once per host
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning,
+                      append=True)
+# SNIMissingWarnings should go off only once.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SNIMissingWarning)
+
+
+def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67f3ce994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
+try:
+    from threading import RLock
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
+    class RLock:
+        def __enter__(self):
+            pass
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+            pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    from .packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
+from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
+
+
+__all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
+
+
+_Null = object()
+
+
+class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    Provides a thread-safe dict-like container which maintains up to
+    ``maxsize`` keys while throwing away the least-recently-used keys beyond
+    ``maxsize``.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Maximum number of recent elements to retain.
+
+    :param dispose_func:
+        Every time an item is evicted from the container,
+        ``dispose_func(value)`` is called.  Callback which will get called
+    """
+
+    ContainerCls = OrderedDict
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=10, dispose_func=None):
+        self._maxsize = maxsize
+        self.dispose_func = dispose_func
+
+        self._container = self.ContainerCls()
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # Re-insert the item, moving it to the end of the eviction line.
+        with self.lock:
+            item = self._container.pop(key)
+            self._container[key] = item
+            return item
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        evicted_value = _Null
+        with self.lock:
+            # Possibly evict the existing value of 'key'
+            evicted_value = self._container.get(key, _Null)
+            self._container[key] = value
+
+            # If we didn't evict an existing value, we might have to evict the
+            # least recently used item from the beginning of the container.
+            if len(self._container) > self._maxsize:
+                _key, evicted_value = self._container.popitem(last=False)
+
+        if self.dispose_func and evicted_value is not _Null:
+            self.dispose_func(evicted_value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        with self.lock:
+            value = self._container.pop(key)
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe.')
+
+    def clear(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
+            values = list(itervalues(self._container))
+            self._container.clear()
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            for value in values:
+                self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return list(iterkeys(self._container))
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    :param headers:
+        An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
+        when compared case-insensitively.
+
+    :param kwargs:
+        Additional field-value pairs to pass in to ``dict.update``.
+
+    A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
+
+    Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    case-insensitive pair.
+
+    Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
+    case-insensitively in order to maintain ``dict``'s api. For fields that
+    compare equal, instead create a new ``HTTPHeaderDict`` and use ``.add``
+    in a loop.
+
+    If multiple fields that are equal case-insensitively are passed to the
+    constructor or ``.update``, the behavior is undefined and some will be
+    lost.
+
+    >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+    >>> headers.add('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar')
+    >>> headers.add('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')
+    >>> headers['content-length'] = '7'
+    >>> headers['SET-cookie']
+    'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
+    >>> headers['Content-Length']
+    '7'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
+        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
+        self._container = {}
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        self._container[key.lower()] = (key, val)
+        return self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
+        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key.lower() in self._container
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return (dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) ==
+                dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged()))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    if not PY3:  # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+        '''
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
+        """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
+        exists.
+
+        >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict(foo='bar')
+        >>> headers.add('Foo', 'baz')
+        >>> headers['foo']
+        'bar, baz'
+        """
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = key, val
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
+            if isinstance(vals, list):
+                # If already several items got inserted, we have a list
+                vals.append(val)
+            else:
+                # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                self._container[key_lower] = [vals[0], vals[1], val]
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({0} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def getlist(self, key):
+        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
+        empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vals, tuple):
+                return [vals[1]]
+            else:
+                return vals[1:]
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key] + val
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
+            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message):  # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e4cd4175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import datetime
+import os
+import sys
+import socket
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
+import warnings
+from .packages import six
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from http.client import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
+except ImportError:
+    from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from httplib import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
+    import ssl
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
+    ssl = None
+
+    class BaseSSLError(BaseException):
+        pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 3:
+    # Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+except NameError:  # Python 2:
+    class ConnectionError(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
+from .exceptions import (
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    SubjectAltNameWarning,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
+)
+from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
+
+from .util.ssl_ import (
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+)
+
+
+from .util import connection
+
+port_by_scheme = {
+    'http': 80,
+    'https': 443,
+}
+
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
+
+
+class DummyConnection(object):
+    """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
+    """
+    Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor
+    backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+      - ``strict``: See the documentation on :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+      - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+
+        .. note:: This is ignored for Python 2.6. It is only applied for 2.7 and 3.x
+
+      - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+        defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+        Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+        For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+        you might pass::
+
+            HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+                (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+            ]
+
+        Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
+    """
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme['http']
+
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        if six.PY3:  # Python 3
+            kw.pop('strict', None)
+
+        # Pre-set source_address in case we have an older Python like 2.6.
+        self.source_address = kw.get('source_address')
+
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6
+            # _HTTPConnection on Python 2.6 will balk at this keyword arg, but
+            # not newer versions. We can still use it when creating a
+            # connection though, so we pop it *after* we have saved it as
+            # self.source_address.
+            kw.pop('source_address', None)
+
+        #: The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
+        #: provided, we use the default options.
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop('socket_options', self.default_socket_options)
+
+        # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
+        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """ Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
+
+        :return: New socket connection.
+        """
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw['source_address'] = self.source_address
+
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = connection.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)
+
+        except SocketTimeout as e:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
+                (self.host, self.timeout))
+
+        except SocketError as e:
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        self.sock = conn
+        # the _tunnel_host attribute was added in python 2.6.3 (via
+        # http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f) so pythons 2.6(0-2) do
+        # not have them.
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+
+class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    default_port = port_by_scheme['https']
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                 strict=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, **kw):
+
+        HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict=strict,
+                                timeout=timeout, **kw)
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+
+        # Required property for Google AppEngine 1.9.0 which otherwise causes
+        # HTTPS requests to go out as HTTP. (See Issue #356)
+        self._protocol = 'https'
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
+
+
+class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
+    """
+    Based on httplib.HTTPSConnection but wraps the socket with
+    SSL certification.
+    """
+    cert_reqs = None
+    ca_certs = None
+    ca_cert_dir = None
+    ssl_version = None
+    assert_fingerprint = None
+
+    def set_cert(self, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                 cert_reqs=None, ca_certs=None,
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None):
+
+        if (ca_certs or ca_cert_dir) and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+
+    def connect(self):
+        # Add certificate verification
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+
+        resolved_cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs)
+        resolved_ssl_version = resolve_ssl_version(self.ssl_version)
+
+        hostname = self.host
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            # _tunnel_host was added in Python 2.6.3
+            # (See: http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f)
+
+            self.sock = conn
+            # Calls self._set_hostport(), so self.host is
+            # self._tunnel_host below.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+            # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
+            hostname = self._tunnel_host
+
+        is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+        if is_time_off:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
+                'lead to SSL verification errors').format(RECENT_DATE),
+                SystemTimeWarning
+            )
+
+        # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
+        # trusted_root_certs
+        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+                                    cert_reqs=resolved_cert_reqs,
+                                    ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                                    ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                                    server_hostname=hostname,
+                                    ssl_version=resolved_ssl_version)
+
+        if self.assert_fingerprint:
+            assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
+                               self.assert_fingerprint)
+        elif resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE \
+                and self.assert_hostname is not False:
+            cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+                warnings.warn((
+                    'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a '
+                    '`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and '
+                    'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 '
+                    'for details.)'.format(hostname)),
+                    SubjectAltNameWarning
+                )
+
+            # In case the hostname is an IPv6 address, strip the square
+            # brackets from it before using it to validate. This is because
+            # a certificate with an IPv6 address in it won't have square
+            # brackets around that address. Sadly, match_hostname won't do this
+            # for us: it expects the plain host part without any extra work
+            # that might have been done to make it palatable to httplib.
+            asserted_hostname = self.assert_hostname or hostname
+            asserted_hostname = asserted_hostname.strip('[]')
+            match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname)
+
+        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED or
+                            self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
+
+
+if ssl:
+    # Make a copy for testing.
+    UnverifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
+    HTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+else:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..995b4167b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import logging
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
+import socket
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
+except ImportError:
+    from Queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
+    # Queue is imported for side effects on MS Windows
+    import Queue as _unused_module_Queue  # noqa: unused
+
+
+from .exceptions import (
+    ClosedPoolError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    EmptyPoolError,
+    HeaderParsingError,
+    HostChangedError,
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+    NewConnectionError,
+)
+from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+from .packages import six
+from .connection import (
+    port_by_scheme,
+    DummyConnection,
+    HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
+    HTTPException, BaseSSLError,
+)
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.response import assert_header_parsing
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import get_host, Url
+
+
+xrange = six.moves.xrange
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_Default = object()
+
+
+# Pool objects
+class ConnectionPool(object):
+    """
+    Base class for all connection pools, such as
+    :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
+    """
+
+    scheme = None
+    QueueCls = LifoQueue
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None):
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (type(self).__name__,
+                                         self.host, self.port)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close():
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+# This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
+_blocking_errnos = set([errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK])
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
+
+    :param host:
+        Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. "localhost"), passed into
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param port:
+        Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed
+        into :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param strict:
+        Causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can't be parsed
+        as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line, passed into
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+        .. note::
+           Only works in Python 2. This parameter is ignored in Python 3.
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can
+        be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request,
+        or an instance of :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more
+        fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has
+        been parsed, this is always a `urllib3.util.Timeout` object.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful
+        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to False, more
+        connections will be created but they will not be saved once they've
+        been used.
+
+    :param block:
+        If set to True, no more than ``maxsize`` connections will be used at
+        a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block
+        until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for
+        particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more
+        than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
+    :param _proxy:
+        Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param _proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
+        instead, see :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param \**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'http'
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=False,
+                 timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1, block=False,
+                 headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 **conn_kw):
+        ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+
+        self.strict = strict
+
+        if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
+
+        self.pool = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
+        self.block = block
+
+        self.proxy = _proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = _proxy_headers or {}
+
+        # Fill the queue up so that doing get() on it will block properly
+        for _ in xrange(maxsize):
+            self.pool.put(None)
+
+        # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
+        self.num_connections = 0
+        self.num_requests = 0
+        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
+
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.info("Starting new HTTP connection (%d): %s" %
+                 (self.num_connections, self.host))
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port,
+                                  timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
+        return conn
+
+    def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
+        """
+        Get a connection. Will return a pooled connection if one is available.
+
+        If no connections are available and :prop:`.block` is ``False``, then a
+        fresh connection is returned.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Seconds to wait before giving up and raising
+            :class:`urllib3.exceptions.EmptyPoolError` if the pool is empty and
+            :prop:`.block` is ``True``.
+        """
+        conn = None
+        try:
+            conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
+
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
+            raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
+
+        except Empty:
+            if self.block:
+                raise EmptyPoolError(self,
+                                     "Pool reached maximum size and no more "
+                                     "connections are allowed.")
+            pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
+
+        # If this is a persistent connection, check if it got disconnected
+        if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
+            log.info("Resetting dropped connection: %s" % self.host)
+            conn.close()
+            if getattr(conn, 'auto_open', 1) == 0:
+                # This is a proxied connection that has been mutated by
+                # httplib._tunnel() and cannot be reused (since it would
+                # attempt to bypass the proxy)
+                conn = None
+
+        return conn or self._new_conn()
+
+    def _put_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Put a connection back into the pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            Connection object for the current host and port as returned by
+            :meth:`._new_conn` or :meth:`._get_conn`.
+
+        If the pool is already full, the connection is closed and discarded
+        because we exceeded maxsize. If connections are discarded frequently,
+        then maxsize should be increased.
+
+        If the pool is closed, then the connection will be closed and discarded.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
+            return  # Everything is dandy, done.
+        except AttributeError:
+            # self.pool is None.
+            pass
+        except Full:
+            # This should never happen if self.block == True
+            log.warning(
+                "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s" %
+                self.host)
+
+        # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
+        if conn:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
+    def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
+        """ Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` """
+        if timeout is _Default:
+            return self.timeout.clone()
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            return timeout.clone()
+        else:
+            # User passed us an int/float. This is for backwards compatibility,
+            # can be removed later
+            return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+    def _raise_timeout(self, err, url, timeout_value):
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
+        # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
+        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
+        # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
+        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(err):  # Python 2.6
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+    def _make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default,
+                      **httplib_request_kw):
+        """
+        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
+        pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            a connection from one of our connection pools
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
+            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
+            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
+            control over your timeouts.
+        """
+        self.num_requests += 1
+
+        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
+        try:
+            self._validate_conn(conn)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
+
+        # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
+        read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
+
+        # App Engine doesn't have a sock attr
+        if getattr(conn, 'sock', None):
+            # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
+            # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
+            # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
+            # the exception and assuming all BadStatusLine exceptions are read
+            # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
+            if read_timeout == 0:
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
+            if read_timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                conn.sock.settimeout(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
+            else:  # None or a value
+                conn.sock.settimeout(read_timeout)
+
+        # Receive the response from the server
+        try:
+            try:  # Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+            except TypeError:  # Python 2.6 and older
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
+        http_version = getattr(conn, '_http_vsn_str', 'HTTP/?')
+        log.debug("\"%s %s %s\" %s %s" % (method, url, http_version,
+                                          httplib_response.status,
+                                          httplib_response.length))
+
+        try:
+            assert_header_parsing(httplib_response.msg)
+        except HeaderParsingError as hpe:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            log.warning(
+                'Failed to parse headers (url=%s): %s',
+                self._absolute_url(url), hpe, exc_info=True)
+
+        return httplib_response
+
+    def _absolute_url(self, path):
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
+
+    def close(self):
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        # Disable access to the pool
+        old_pool, self.pool = self.pool, None
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                conn = old_pool.get(block=False)
+                if conn:
+                    conn.close()
+
+        except Empty:
+            pass  # Done.
+
+    def is_same_host(self, url):
+        """
+        Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
+        connection pool.
+        """
+        if url.startswith('/'):
+            return True
+
+        # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
+        scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+
+        # Use explicit default port for comparison when none is given
+        if self.port and not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        elif not self.port and port == port_by_scheme.get(scheme):
+            port = None
+
+        return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=_Default,
+                pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
+        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
+        the raw details.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
+           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
+           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
+           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
+           breaking backwards compatibility.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body (useful for creating
+            POST requests, see HTTPConnectionPool.post_url for
+            more convenience).
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param retries:
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+        :param redirect:
+            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
+            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
+            will disable redirect, too.
+
+        :param assert_same_host:
+            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
+            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When False, you can
+            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+        :param pool_timeout:
+            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
+            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
+            connection is available within the time period.
+
+        :param release_conn:
+            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
+            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
+            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
+            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
+            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
+            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
+            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
+            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
+
+        :param \**response_kw:
+            Additional parameters are passed to
+            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if release_conn is None:
+            release_conn = response_kw.get('preload_content', True)
+
+        # Check host
+        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
+
+        conn = None
+
+        # Merge the proxy headers. Only do this in HTTP. We have to copy the
+        # headers dict so we can safely change it without those changes being
+        # reflected in anyone else's copy.
+        if self.scheme == 'http':
+            headers = headers.copy()
+            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
+
+        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
+        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
+        err = None
+
+        try:
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
+
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(conn, 'sock', None)
+            if is_new_proxy_conn:
+                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+
+            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
+            httplib_response = self._make_request(conn, method, url,
+                                                  timeout=timeout_obj,
+                                                  body=body, headers=headers)
+
+            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
+            # the request doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
+            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
+            # mess.
+            response_conn = not release_conn and conn
+
+            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
+            response = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(httplib_response,
+                                                 pool=self,
+                                                 connection=response_conn,
+                                                 **response_kw)
+
+            # else:
+            #     The connection will be put back into the pool when
+            #     ``response.release_conn()`` is called (implicitly by
+            #     ``response.read()``)
+
+        except Empty:
+            # Timed out by queue.
+            raise EmptyPoolError(self, "No pool connections are available.")
+
+        except (BaseSSLError, CertificateError) as e:
+            # Close the connection. If a connection is reused on which there
+            # was a Certificate error, the next request will certainly raise
+            # another Certificate error.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except SSLError:
+            # Treat SSLError separately from BaseSSLError to preserve
+            # traceback.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+            raise
+
+        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ProtocolError) as e:
+            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
+            # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+
+            if isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
+                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
+
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e, _pool=self,
+                                        _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
+            retries.sleep()
+
+            # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
+            err = e
+
+        finally:
+            if release_conn:
+                # Put the connection back to be reused. If the connection is
+                # expired then it will be None, which will get replaced with a
+                # fresh connection during _get_conn.
+                self._put_conn(conn)
+
+        if not conn:
+            # Try again
+            log.warning("Retrying (%r) after connection "
+                        "broken by '%r': %s" % (retries, err, url))
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries,
+                                redirect, assert_same_host,
+                                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Handle redirect?
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if redirect_location:
+            if response.status == 303:
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    # Release the connection for this response, since we're not
+                    # returning it to be released manually.
+                    response.release_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, redirect_location, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            retries.sleep()
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Same as :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.
+
+    When Python is compiled with the :mod:`ssl` module, then
+    :class:`.VerifiedHTTPSConnection` is used, which *can* verify certificates,
+    instead of :class:`.HTTPSConnection`.
+
+    :class:`.VerifiedHTTPSConnection` uses one of ``assert_fingerprint``,
+    ``assert_hostname`` and ``host`` in this order to verify connections.
+    If ``assert_hostname`` is False, no verification is done.
+
+    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs``,
+    ``ca_cert_dir``, and ``ssl_version`` are only used if :mod:`ssl` is
+    available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
+    the connection socket into an SSL socket.
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'https'
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPSConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None,
+                 strict=False, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1,
+                 block=False, headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                 ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None,
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None, **conn_kw):
+
+        HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, maxsize,
+                                    block, headers, retries, _proxy, _proxy_headers,
+                                    **conn_kw)
+
+        if ca_certs and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Prepare the ``connection`` for :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket`
+        and establish the tunnel if proxy is used.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(conn, VerifiedHTTPSConnection):
+            conn.set_cert(key_file=self.key_file,
+                          cert_file=self.cert_file,
+                          cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+                          ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                          ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                          assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
+                          assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
+            conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        """
+        Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
+        would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
+        """
+        # Python 2.7+
+        try:
+            set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
+        except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+            set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
+
+        if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
+        else:
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
+        conn.connect()
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`httplib.HTTPSConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.info("Starting new HTTPS connection (%d): %s"
+                 % (self.num_connections, self.host))
+
+        if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
+            raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "
+                           "module is not available.")
+
+        actual_host = self.host
+        actual_port = self.port
+        if self.proxy is not None:
+            actual_host = self.proxy.host
+            actual_port = self.proxy.port
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=actual_host, port=actual_port,
+                                  timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
+
+        return self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super(HTTPSConnectionPool, self)._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if not getattr(conn, 'sock', None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
+            conn.connect()
+
+        if not conn.is_verified:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
+                'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'),
+                InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+
+def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
+    """
+    Given a url, return an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance of its host.
+
+    This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port
+    of the url before creating an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance.
+
+    :param url:
+        Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional.
+
+    :param \**kw:
+        Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate
+        :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
+        timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')
+    """
+    scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+    if scheme == 'https':
+        return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
+    else:
+        return HTTPConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..884cdb220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    HTTPError,
+    HTTPWarning,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    SSLError
+)
+
+from ..packages.six import BytesIO
+from ..request import RequestMethods
+from ..response import HTTPResponse
+from ..util.timeout import Timeout
+from ..util.retry import Retry
+
+try:
+    from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
+except ImportError:
+    urlfetch = None
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformError(HTTPError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Connection manager for Google App Engine sandbox applications.
+
+    This manager uses the URLFetch service directly instead of using the
+    emulated httplib, and is subject to URLFetch limitations as described in
+    the App Engine documentation here:
+
+        https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/urlfetch
+
+    Notably it will raise an AppEnginePlatformError if:
+        * URLFetch is not available.
+        * If you attempt to use this on GAEv2 (Managed VMs), as full socket
+          support is available.
+        * If a request size is more than 10 megabytes.
+        * If a response size is more than 32 megabtyes.
+        * If you use an unsupported request method such as OPTIONS.
+
+    Beyond those cases, it will raise normal urllib3 errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, retries=None, validate_certificate=True):
+        if not urlfetch:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch is not available in this environment.")
+
+        if is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "Use normal urllib3.PoolManager instead of AppEngineManager"
+                "on Managed VMs, as using URLFetch is not necessary in "
+                "this environment.")
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "urllib3 is using URLFetch on Google App Engine sandbox instead "
+            "of sockets. To use sockets directly instead of URLFetch see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/contrib.html.",
+            AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.validate_certificate = validate_certificate
+
+        self.retries = retries or Retry.DEFAULT
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                retries=None, redirect=True, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                **response_kw):
+
+        retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
+
+        try:
+            response = urlfetch.fetch(
+                url,
+                payload=body,
+                method=method,
+                headers=headers or {},
+                allow_truncated=False,
+                follow_redirects=(
+                    redirect and
+                    retries.redirect != 0 and
+                    retries.total),
+                deadline=self._get_absolute_timeout(timeout),
+                validate_certificate=self.validate_certificate,
+            )
+        except urlfetch.DeadlineExceededError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(self, e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
+            if 'too large' in str(e):
+                raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                    "URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
+                    "supports requests up to 10mb in size.", e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
+            if 'Too many redirects' in str(e):
+                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.ResponseTooLargeError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch response too large, URLFetch only supports"
+                "responses up to 32mb in size.", e)
+
+        except urlfetch.SSLCertificateError as e:
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidMethodError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch does not support method: %s" % method, e)
+
+        http_response = self._urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
+            response, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check for redirect response
+        if (http_response.get_redirect_location() and
+                retries.raise_on_redirect and redirect):
+            raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=http_response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(
+                method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            retries.sleep()
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url,
+                body=body, headers=headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                timeout=timeout, **response_kw)
+
+        return http_response
+
+    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
+
+        if is_prod_appengine():
+            # Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
+            # not remove the encoding header.
+            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get('content-encoding')
+
+            if content_encoding == 'deflate':
+                del urlfetch_resp.headers['content-encoding']
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            # In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
+            # a file-like object.
+            body=BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
+            headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
+            status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+
+    def _get_absolute_timeout(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return 5  # 5s is the default timeout for URLFetch.
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            if timeout.read is not timeout.connect:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "URLFetch does not support granular timeout settings, "
+                    "reverting to total timeout.", AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+            return timeout.total
+        return timeout
+
+    def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(
+                retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
+                "recognize connect, read, or redirect retry parameters.",
+                AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        return retries
+
+
+def is_appengine():
+    return (is_local_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_appengine_sandbox():
+    return is_appengine() and not is_prod_appengine_mvms()
+
+
+def is_local_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Development/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Google App Engine/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] and
+            not is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+    return os.environ.get('GAE_VM', False) == 'true'
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c136a238d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""
+NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
+
+Issue #10, see: http://code.google.com/p/urllib3/issues/detail?id=10
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from http.client import HTTPSConnection
+except ImportError:
+    from httplib import HTTPSConnection
+from logging import getLogger
+from ntlm import ntlm
+
+from urllib3 import HTTPSConnectionPool
+
+
+log = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class NTLMConnectionPool(HTTPSConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Implements an NTLM authentication version of an urllib3 connection pool
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'https'
+
+    def __init__(self, user, pw, authurl, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        authurl is a random URL on the server that is protected by NTLM.
+        user is the Windows user, probably in the DOMAIN\\username format.
+        pw is the password for the user.
+        """
+        super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.authurl = authurl
+        self.rawuser = user
+        user_parts = user.split('\\', 1)
+        self.domain = user_parts[0].upper()
+        self.user = user_parts[1]
+        self.pw = pw
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        # Performs the NTLM handshake that secures the connection. The socket
+        # must be kept open while requests are performed.
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug('Starting NTLM HTTPS connection no. %d: https://%s%s' %
+                  (self.num_connections, self.host, self.authurl))
+
+        headers = {}
+        headers['Connection'] = 'Keep-Alive'
+        req_header = 'Authorization'
+        resp_header = 'www-authenticate'
+
+        conn = HTTPSConnection(host=self.host, port=self.port)
+
+        # Send negotiation message
+        headers[req_header] = (
+            'NTLM %s' % ntlm.create_NTLM_NEGOTIATE_MESSAGE(self.rawuser))
+        log.debug('Request headers: %s' % headers)
+        conn.request('GET', self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        reshdr = dict(res.getheaders())
+        log.debug('Response status: %s %s' % (res.status, res.reason))
+        log.debug('Response headers: %s' % reshdr)
+        log.debug('Response data: %s [...]' % res.read(100))
+
+        # Remove the reference to the socket, so that it can not be closed by
+        # the response object (we want to keep the socket open)
+        res.fp = None
+
+        # Server should respond with a challenge message
+        auth_header_values = reshdr[resp_header].split(', ')
+        auth_header_value = None
+        for s in auth_header_values:
+            if s[:5] == 'NTLM ':
+                auth_header_value = s[5:]
+        if auth_header_value is None:
+            raise Exception('Unexpected %s response header: %s' %
+                            (resp_header, reshdr[resp_header]))
+
+        # Send authentication message
+        ServerChallenge, NegotiateFlags = \
+            ntlm.parse_NTLM_CHALLENGE_MESSAGE(auth_header_value)
+        auth_msg = ntlm.create_NTLM_AUTHENTICATE_MESSAGE(ServerChallenge,
+                                                         self.user,
+                                                         self.domain,
+                                                         self.pw,
+                                                         NegotiateFlags)
+        headers[req_header] = 'NTLM %s' % auth_msg
+        log.debug('Request headers: %s' % headers)
+        conn.request('GET', self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        log.debug('Response status: %s %s' % (res.status, res.reason))
+        log.debug('Response headers: %s' % dict(res.getheaders()))
+        log.debug('Response data: %s [...]' % res.read()[:100])
+        if res.status != 200:
+            if res.status == 401:
+                raise Exception('Server rejected request: wrong '
+                                'username or password')
+            raise Exception('Wrong server response: %s %s' %
+                            (res.status, res.reason))
+
+        res.fp = None
+        log.debug('Connection established')
+        return conn
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=3,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True):
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        headers['Connection'] = 'Keep-Alive'
+        return super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).urlopen(method, url, body,
+                                                       headers, retries,
+                                                       redirect,
+                                                       assert_same_host)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5996153af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+'''SSL with SNI_-support for Python 2. Follow these instructions if you would
+like to verify SSL certificates in Python 2. Note, the default libraries do
+*not* do certificate checking; you need to do additional work to validate
+certificates yourself.
+
+This needs the following packages installed:
+
+* pyOpenSSL (tested with 0.13)
+* ndg-httpsclient (tested with 0.3.2)
+* pyasn1 (tested with 0.1.6)
+
+You can install them with the following command:
+
+    pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1
+
+To activate certificate checking, call
+:func:`~urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3` from your Python code
+before you begin making HTTP requests. This can be done in a ``sitecustomize``
+module, or at any other time before your application begins using ``urllib3``,
+like this::
+
+    try:
+        import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl
+        urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
+when the required modules are installed.
+
+Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
+compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
+
+If you want to configure the default list of supported cipher suites, you can
+set the ``urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST`` variable.
+
+Module Variables
+----------------
+
+:var DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST: The list of supported SSL/TLS cipher suites.
+
+.. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
+.. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
+
+'''
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+    from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+except SyntaxError as e:
+    raise ImportError(e)
+
+import OpenSSL.SSL
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+from socket import _fileobject, timeout, error as SocketError
+import ssl
+import select
+
+from .. import connection
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['inject_into_urllib3', 'extract_from_urllib3']
+
+# SNI only *really* works if we can read the subjectAltName of certificates.
+HAS_SNI = SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+
+# Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
+_openssl_versions = {
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
+}
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_1_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_2_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
+
+try:
+    _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+
+_openssl_verify = {
+    ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
+    ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED:
+        OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+}
+
+DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS
+
+# OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
+orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket = connection.ssl_wrap_socket
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3():
+    'Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.'
+
+    connection.ssl_wrap_socket = ssl_wrap_socket
+    util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3():
+    'Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`.'
+
+    connection.ssl_wrap_socket = orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket
+    util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+
+
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+class SubjectAltName(BaseSubjectAltName):
+    '''ASN.1 implementation for subjectAltNames support'''
+
+    # There is no limit to how many SAN certificates a certificate may have,
+    #   however this needs to have some limit so we'll set an arbitrarily high
+    #   limit.
+    sizeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.sizeSpec + \
+        constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 1024)
+
+
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
+    # Search through extensions
+    dns_name = []
+    if not SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT:
+        return dns_name
+
+    general_names = SubjectAltName()
+    for i in range(peer_cert.get_extension_count()):
+        ext = peer_cert.get_extension(i)
+        ext_name = ext.get_short_name()
+        if ext_name != 'subjectAltName':
+            continue
+
+        # PyOpenSSL returns extension data in ASN.1 encoded form
+        ext_dat = ext.get_data()
+        decoded_dat = der_decoder.decode(ext_dat,
+                                         asn1Spec=general_names)
+
+        for name in decoded_dat:
+            if not isinstance(name, SubjectAltName):
+                continue
+            for entry in range(len(name)):
+                component = name.getComponentByPosition(entry)
+                if component.getName() != 'dNSName':
+                    continue
+                dns_name.append(str(component.getComponent()))
+
+    return dns_name
+
+
+class WrappedSocket(object):
+    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
+
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of pypy.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+    def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise SocketError(e)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, wd, ed = select.select(
+                [self.socket], [], [], self.socket.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    def settimeout(self, timeout):
+        return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
+
+    def _send_until_done(self, data):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
+                _, wlist, _ = select.select([], [self.socket], [],
+                                            self.socket.gettimeout())
+                if not wlist:
+                    raise timeout()
+                continue
+
+    def sendall(self, data):
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(data[total_sent:total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # FIXME rethrow compatible exceptions should we ever use this
+        self.connection.shutdown()
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.close()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
+                return
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
+        x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
+
+        if not x509:
+            return x509
+
+        if binary_form:
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(
+                OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1,
+                x509)
+
+        return {
+            'subject': (
+                (('commonName', x509.get_subject().CN),),
+            ),
+            'subjectAltName': [
+                ('DNS', value)
+                for value in get_subj_alt_name(x509)
+            ]
+        }
+
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+
+def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
+    return err_no == 0
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ca_cert_dir=None):
+    ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(_openssl_versions[ssl_version])
+    if certfile:
+        keyfile = keyfile or certfile  # Match behaviour of the normal python ssl library
+        ctx.use_certificate_file(certfile)
+    if keyfile:
+        ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile)
+    if cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE:
+        ctx.set_verify(_openssl_verify[cert_reqs], _verify_callback)
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
+        try:
+            ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad ca_certs: %r' % ca_certs, e)
+    else:
+        ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    # Disable TLS compression to migitate CRIME attack (issue #309)
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+    ctx.set_options(OP_NO_COMPRESSION)
+
+    # Set list of supported ciphersuites.
+    ctx.set_cipher_list(DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST)
+
+    cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(ctx, sock)
+    cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
+    cnx.set_connect_state()
+    while True:
+        try:
+            cnx.do_handshake()
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, _, _ = select.select([sock], [], [], sock.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('select timed out')
+            continue
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake: %r' % e)
+        break
+
+    return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e07eb619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# Base Exceptions
+
+
+class HTTPError(Exception):
+    "Base exception used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    "Base warning used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
+class PoolError(HTTPError):
+    "Base exception for errors caused within a pool."
+    def __init__(self, pool, message):
+        self.pool = pool
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, "%s: %s" % (pool, message))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, None)
+
+
+class RequestError(PoolError):
+    "Base exception for PoolErrors that have associated URLs."
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, message):
+        self.url = url
+        PoolError.__init__(self, pool, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.url, None)
+
+
+class SSLError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when SSL certificate fails in an HTTPS connection."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxyError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when the connection to a proxy fails."
+    pass
+
+
+class DecodeError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."
+    pass
+
+
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
+# Leaf Exceptions
+
+class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param string url: The requested Url
+    :param exceptions.Exception reason: The underlying error
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
+        self.reason = reason
+
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (
+            url, reason)
+
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+
+
+class HostChangedError(RequestError):
+    "Raised when an existing pool gets a request for a foreign host."
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, retries=3):
+        message = "Tried to open a foreign host with url: %s" % url
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+        self.retries = retries
+
+
+class TimeoutStateError(HTTPError):
+    """ Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout """
+    pass
+
+
+class TimeoutError(HTTPError):
+    """ Raised when a socket timeout error occurs.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both :exc:`ReadTimeoutErrors
+    <ReadTimeoutError>` and :exc:`ConnectTimeoutErrors <ConnectTimeoutError>`.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadTimeoutError(TimeoutError, RequestError):
+    "Raised when a socket timeout occurs while receiving data from a server"
+    pass
+
+
+# This timeout error does not have a URL attached and needs to inherit from the
+# base HTTPError
+class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
+    "Raised when a socket timeout occurs while connecting to a server"
+    pass
+
+
+class NewConnectionError(ConnectTimeoutError, PoolError):
+    "Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED."
+    pass
+
+
+class EmptyPoolError(PoolError):
+    "Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed."
+    pass
+
+
+class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
+    "Raised when a request enters a pool after the pool has been closed."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    "Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
+    "Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."
+
+    def __init__(self, location):
+        message = "Failed to parse: %s" % location
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, message)
+
+        self.location = location
+
+
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    "Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."
+    GENERIC_ERROR = 'too many error responses'
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = 'too many {status_code} error responses'
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when perfoming security reducing actions"
+    pass
+
+
+class SubjectAltNameWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when connecting to a host with a certificate missing a SAN."
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform."
+    pass
+
+
+class SNIMissingWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when making a HTTPS request without SNI available."
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    "Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnknown(AssertionError, ValueError):
+    "ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme"
+    # TODO(t-8ch): Stop inheriting from AssertionError in v2.0.
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme):
+        message = "Not supported proxy scheme %s" % scheme
+        super(ProxySchemeUnknown, self).__init__(message)
+
+
+class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."
+    def __init__(self, defects, unparsed_data):
+        message = '%s, unparsed data: %r' % (defects or 'Unknown', unparsed_data)
+        super(HeaderParsingError, self).__init__(message)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7d48113b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import email.utils
+import mimetypes
+
+from .packages import six
+
+
+def guess_content_type(filename, default='application/octet-stream'):
+    """
+    Guess the "Content-Type" of a file.
+
+    :param filename:
+        The filename to guess the "Content-Type" of using :mod:`mimetypes`.
+    :param default:
+        If no "Content-Type" can be guessed, default to `default`.
+    """
+    if filename:
+        return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or default
+    return default
+
+
+def format_header_param(name, value):
+    """
+    Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter.
+
+    Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain
+    non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows RFC 2231, as
+    suggested by RFC 2388 Section 4.4.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+    """
+    if not any(ch in value for ch in '"\\\r\n'):
+        result = '%s="%s"' % (name, value)
+        try:
+            result.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return result
+    if not six.PY3:  # Python 2:
+        value = value.encode('utf-8')
+    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, 'utf-8')
+    value = '%s*=%s' % (name, value)
+    return value
+
+
+class RequestField(object):
+    """
+    A data container for request body parameters.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of this request field.
+    :param data:
+        The data/value body.
+    :param filename:
+        An optional filename of the request field.
+    :param headers:
+        An optional dict-like object of headers to initially use for the field.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, data, filename=None, headers=None):
+        self._name = name
+        self._filename = filename
+        self.data = data
+        self.headers = {}
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = dict(headers)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_tuples(cls, fieldname, value):
+        """
+        A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
+
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
+
+            'foo': 'bar',
+            'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+            'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+            'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(), 'image/jpeg'),
+            'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+
+        Field names and filenames must be unicode.
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            if len(value) == 3:
+                filename, data, content_type = value
+            else:
+                filename, data = value
+                content_type = guess_content_type(filename)
+        else:
+            filename = None
+            content_type = None
+            data = value
+
+        request_param = cls(fieldname, data, filename=filename)
+        request_param.make_multipart(content_type=content_type)
+
+        return request_param
+
+    def _render_part(self, name, value):
+        """
+        Overridable helper function to format a single header parameter.
+
+        :param name:
+            The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+        :param value:
+            The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+        """
+        return format_header_param(name, value)
+
+    def _render_parts(self, header_parts):
+        """
+        Helper function to format and quote a single header.
+
+        Useful for single headers that are composed of multiple items. E.g.,
+        'Content-Disposition' fields.
+
+        :param header_parts:
+            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+        """
+        parts = []
+        iterable = header_parts
+        if isinstance(header_parts, dict):
+            iterable = header_parts.items()
+
+        for name, value in iterable:
+            if value:
+                parts.append(self._render_part(name, value))
+
+        return '; '.join(parts)
+
+    def render_headers(self):
+        """
+        Renders the headers for this request field.
+        """
+        lines = []
+
+        sort_keys = ['Content-Disposition', 'Content-Type', 'Content-Location']
+        for sort_key in sort_keys:
+            if self.headers.get(sort_key, False):
+                lines.append('%s: %s' % (sort_key, self.headers[sort_key]))
+
+        for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
+            if header_name not in sort_keys:
+                if header_value:
+                    lines.append('%s: %s' % (header_name, header_value))
+
+        lines.append('\r\n')
+        return '\r\n'.join(lines)
+
+    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None,
+                       content_location=None):
+        """
+        Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
+
+        This method overrides "Content-Disposition", "Content-Type" and
+        "Content-Location" headers to the request parameter.
+
+        :param content_type:
+            The 'Content-Type' of the request body.
+        :param content_location:
+            The 'Content-Location' of the request body.
+
+        """
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = content_disposition or 'form-data'
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join([
+            '', self._render_parts(
+                (('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename))
+            )
+        ])
+        self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+        self.headers['Content-Location'] = content_location
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97a2843ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import codecs
+
+from uuid import uuid4
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six import b
+from .fields import RequestField
+
+writer = codecs.lookup('utf-8')[3]
+
+
+def choose_boundary():
+    """
+    Our embarassingly-simple replacement for mimetools.choose_boundary.
+    """
+    return uuid4().hex
+
+
+def iter_field_objects(fields):
+    """
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts, and lists of
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        i = six.iteritems(fields)
+    else:
+        i = iter(fields)
+
+    for field in i:
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+
+
+def iter_fields(fields):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.6
+
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    The addition of :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` makes this function
+    obsolete. Instead, use :func:`iter_field_objects`, which returns
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` objects.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts.
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        return ((k, v) for k, v in six.iteritems(fields))
+
+    return ((k, v) for k, v in fields)
+
+
+def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=None):
+    """
+    Encode a dictionary of ``fields`` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.
+
+    :param fields:
+        Dictionary of fields or list of (key, :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`).
+
+    :param boundary:
+        If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using
+        :func:`mimetools.choose_boundary`.
+    """
+    body = BytesIO()
+    if boundary is None:
+        boundary = choose_boundary()
+
+    for field in iter_field_objects(fields):
+        body.write(b('--%s\r\n' % (boundary)))
+
+        writer(body).write(field.render_headers())
+        data = field.data
+
+        if isinstance(data, int):
+            data = str(data)  # Backwards compatibility
+
+        if isinstance(data, six.text_type):
+            writer(body).write(data)
+        else:
+            body.write(data)
+
+        body.write(b'\r\n')
+
+    body.write(b('--%s--\r\n' % (boundary)))
+
+    content_type = str('multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary)
+
+    return body.getvalue(), content_type
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..170e974c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from . import ssl_match_hostname
+
+__all__ = ('ssl_match_hostname', )
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4479363cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# Backport of OrderedDict() class that runs on Python 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and pypy.
+# Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
+# Copyright 2009 Raymond Hettinger, released under the MIT License.
+# http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
+try:
+    from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+except ImportError:
+    from dummy_thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+
+try:
+    from _abcoll import KeysView, ValuesView, ItemsView
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class OrderedDict(dict):
+    'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+    # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
+    # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
+    # The remaining methods are order-aware.
+    # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as for regular dictionaries.
+
+    # The internal self.__map dictionary maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.
+    # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.
+    # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
+    # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+        regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
+        because their insertion order is arbitrary.
+
+        '''
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
+        try:
+            self.__root
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__root = root = []                     # sentinel node
+            root[:] = [root, root, None]
+            self.__map = {}
+        self.__update(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
+        'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+        # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
+        # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
+        if key not in self:
+            root = self.__root
+            last = root[0]
+            last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]
+        dict_setitem(self, key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
+        'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+        # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
+        # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
+        dict_delitem(self, key)
+        link_prev, link_next, key = self.__map.pop(key)
+        link_prev[1] = link_next
+        link_next[0] = link_prev
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[1]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[1]
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[0]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[0]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+        try:
+            for node in self.__map.itervalues():
+                del node[:]
+            root = self.__root
+            root[:] = [root, root, None]
+            self.__map.clear()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        dict.clear(self)
+
+    def popitem(self, last=True):
+        '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+        Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
+
+        '''
+        if not self:
+            raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+        root = self.__root
+        if last:
+            link = root[0]
+            link_prev = link[0]
+            link_prev[1] = root
+            root[0] = link_prev
+        else:
+            link = root[1]
+            link_next = link[1]
+            root[1] = link_next
+            link_next[0] = root
+        key = link[2]
+        del self.__map[key]
+        value = dict.pop(self, key)
+        return key, value
+
+    # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
+
+    def keys(self):
+        'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+        return list(self)
+
+    def values(self):
+        'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+        return [self[key] for key in self]
+
+    def items(self):
+        'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+        return iter(self)
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+        for k in self:
+            yield self[k]
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+        for k in self:
+            yield (k, self[k])
+
+    def update(*args, **kwds):
+        '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+
+        If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
+        If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
+        Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
+        In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
+
+        '''
+        if len(args) > 2:
+            raise TypeError('update() takes at most 2 positional '
+                            'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args),))
+        elif not args:
+            raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+        self = args[0]
+        # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
+        other = ()
+        if len(args) == 2:
+            other = args[1]
+        if isinstance(other, dict):
+            for key in other:
+                self[key] = other[key]
+        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self[key] = other[key]
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self[key] = value
+        for key, value in kwds.items():
+            self[key] = value
+
+    __update = update  # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+
+        '''
+        if key in self:
+            result = self[key]
+            del self[key]
+            return result
+        if default is self.__marker:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        self[key] = default
+        return default
+
+    def __repr__(self, _repr_running={}):
+        'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+        call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
+        if call_key in _repr_running:
+            return '...'
+        _repr_running[call_key] = 1
+        try:
+            if not self:
+                return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+            return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+        finally:
+            del _repr_running[call_key]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        'Return state information for pickling'
+        items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
+        inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
+        for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
+            inst_dict.pop(k, None)
+        if inst_dict:
+            return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
+        return self.__class__, (items,)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+        return self.__class__(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
+        '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+        and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
+
+        '''
+        d = cls()
+        for key in iterable:
+            d[key] = value
+        return d
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+        while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
+
+        '''
+        if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
+            return len(self)==len(other) and self.items() == other.items()
+        return dict.__eq__(self, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
+
+    def viewkeys(self):
+        "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
+        return KeysView(self)
+
+    def viewvalues(self):
+        "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"
+        return ValuesView(self)
+
+    def viewitems(self):
+        "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"
+        return ItemsView(self)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27d80112b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+#Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Benjamin Peterson
+
+#Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+#this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+#the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+#use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+#the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+#subject to the following conditions:
+
+#The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+#copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+#THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+#IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+#FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+#COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+#IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+#CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.2.0"  # Revision 41c74fef2ded
+
+
+# True if we are running on Python 3.
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+            del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again.
+        delattr(tp, self.name)
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+
+class _MovedItems(types.ModuleType):
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+]
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+moves = sys.modules[__name__ + ".moves"] = _MovedItems("moves")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+
+    _iterkeys = "keys"
+    _itervalues = "values"
+    _iteritems = "items"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+
+    _iterkeys = "iterkeys"
+    _itervalues = "itervalues"
+    _iteritems = "iteritems"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    Iterator = object
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+
+
+def iterkeys(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iterkeys)())
+
+def itervalues(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _itervalues)())
+
+def iteritems(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iteritems)())
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        def int2byte(i):
+            return bytes((i,))
+    else:
+        # This is about 2x faster than the implementation above on 3.2+
+        int2byte = operator.methodcaller("to_bytes", 1, "big")
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+    int2byte = chr
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    import builtins
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, "exec")
+
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+    del builtins
+
+else:
+    def exec_(code, globs=None, locs=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if globs is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            globs = frame.f_globals
+            if locs is None:
+                locs = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif locs is None:
+            locs = globs
+        exec("""exec code in globs, locs""")
+
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, base=object):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd59a75fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+try:
+    # Python 3.2+
+    from ssl import CertificateError, match_hostname
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        # Backport of the function from a pypi module
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError, match_hostname
+    except ImportError:
+        # Our vendored copy
+        from ._implementation import CertificateError, match_hostname
+
+# Not needed, but documenting what we provide.
+__all__ = ('CertificateError', 'match_hostname')
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52f428733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""The match_hostname() function from Python 3.3.3, essential when using SSL."""
+
+# Note: This file is under the PSF license as the code comes from the python
+# stdlib.   http://docs.python.org/3/license.html
+
+import re
+
+__version__ = '3.4.0.2'
+
+class CertificateError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+    """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+    """
+    pats = []
+    if not dn:
+        return False
+
+    # Ported from python3-syntax:
+    # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+    parts = dn.split(r'.')
+    leftmost = parts[0]
+    remainder = parts[1:]
+
+    wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+    if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+        # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+        # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+        # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+        # reasonable choice.
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+    # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+    if not wildcards:
+        return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+    # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+    # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+    if leftmost == '*':
+        # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # fragment.
+        pats.append('[^.]+')
+    elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+        # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+        # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+    else:
+        # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+    # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+    for frag in remainder:
+        pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+    pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+    return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+    """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+    rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+    CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+    returns nothing.
+    """
+    if not cert:
+        raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
+    dnsnames = []
+    san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+    for key, value in san:
+        if key == 'DNS':
+            if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+    if not dnsnames:
+        # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+        # in subjectAltName
+        for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+            for key, value in sub:
+                # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                # must be used.
+                if key == 'commonName':
+                    if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                        return
+                    dnsnames.append(value)
+    if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match either of %s"
+            % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+    elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match %r"
+            % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+    else:
+        raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+            "subjectAltName fields were found")
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f13e673d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from urllib.parse import urljoin
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import urljoin
+
+from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
+from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError, ProxySchemeUnknown
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .util.url import parse_url
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+
+__all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
+
+
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {
+    'http': HTTPConnectionPool,
+    'https': HTTPSConnectionPool,
+}
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SSL_KEYWORDS = ('key_file', 'cert_file', 'cert_reqs', 'ca_certs',
+                'ssl_version', 'ca_cert_dir')
+
+
+class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of
+    necessary connection pools for you.
+
+    :param num_pools:
+        Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least
+        recently used pool.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param \**connection_pool_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/mail')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://yahoo.com/')
+        >>> len(manager.pools)
+        2
+
+    """
+
+    proxy = None
+
+    def __init__(self, num_pools=10, headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools,
+                                           dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def _new_pool(self, scheme, host, port):
+        """
+        Create a new :class:`ConnectionPool` based on host, port and scheme.
+
+        This method is used to actually create the connection pools handed out
+        by :meth:`connection_from_url` and companion methods. It is intended
+        to be overridden for customization.
+        """
+        pool_cls = pool_classes_by_scheme[scheme]
+        kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw
+        if scheme == 'http':
+            kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+            for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
+                kwargs.pop(kw, None)
+
+        return pool_cls(host, port, **kwargs)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.
+
+        This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be
+        re-used after completion.
+        """
+        self.pools.clear()
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme='http'):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
+
+        If ``port`` isn't given, it will be derived from the ``scheme`` using
+        ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``.
+        """
+
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        scheme = scheme or 'http'
+        port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
+        pool_key = (scheme, host, port)
+
+        with self.pools.lock:
+            # If the scheme, host, or port doesn't match existing open
+            # connections, open a new ConnectionPool.
+            pool = self.pools.get(pool_key)
+            if pool:
+                return pool
+
+            # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port)
+            self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
+        return pool
+
+    def connection_from_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Similar to :func:`urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url` but
+        doesn't pass any additional parameters to the
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` constructor.
+
+        Additional parameters are taken from the :class:`.PoolManager`
+        constructor.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        return self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        """
+        Same as :meth:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen`
+        with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri
+        portion of the ``url``.
+
+        The given ``url`` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+        kw['assert_same_host'] = False
+        kw['redirect'] = False
+        if 'headers' not in kw:
+            kw['headers'] = self.headers
+
+        if self.proxy is not None and u.scheme == "http":
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
+        else:
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, u.request_uri, **kw)
+
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if not redirect_location:
+            return response
+
+        # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
+        redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
+
+        # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
+        if response.status == 303:
+            method = 'GET'
+
+        retries = kw.get('retries')
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw['retries'] = retries
+        kw['redirect'] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
+        return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
+
+
+class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    Behaves just like :class:`PoolManager`, but sends all requests through
+    the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.
+
+    :param proxy_url:
+        The URL of the proxy to be used.
+
+    :param proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary contaning headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case
+        of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the
+        HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy
+        authentication.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://localhost:3128/')
+        >>> r1 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r2 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        1
+        >>> r3 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> r4 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://twitter.com/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, proxy_url, num_pools=10, headers=None,
+                 proxy_headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+
+        if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
+            proxy_url = '%s://%s:%i' % (proxy_url.scheme, proxy_url.host,
+                                        proxy_url.port)
+        proxy = parse_url(proxy_url)
+        if not proxy.port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
+            proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        if proxy.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnknown(proxy.scheme)
+
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
+
+        connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
+
+        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
+            num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme='http'):
+        if scheme == "https":
+            return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+                host, port, scheme)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme)
+
+    def _set_proxy_headers(self, url, headers=None):
+        """
+        Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
+        headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
+        """
+        headers_ = {'Accept': '*/*'}
+
+        netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
+        if netloc:
+            headers_['Host'] = netloc
+
+        if headers:
+            headers_.update(headers)
+        return headers_
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        "Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, ``url`` must be absolute."
+        u = parse_url(url)
+
+        if u.scheme == "http":
+            # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
+            # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
+            # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
+            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
+            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
+
+
+def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
+    return ProxyManager(proxy_url=url, **kw)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5aa62d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import urlencode
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib import urlencode
+
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+
+
+__all__ = ['RequestMethods']
+
+
+class RequestMethods(object):
+    """
+    Convenience mixin for classes who implement a :meth:`urlopen` method, such
+    as :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool` and
+    :class:`~urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager`.
+
+    Provides behavior for making common types of HTTP request methods and
+    decides which type of request field encoding to use.
+
+    Specifically,
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
+    (such as for POST, PUT, PATCH).
+
+    :meth:`.request` is for making any kind of request, it will look up the
+    appropriate encoding format and use one of the above two methods to make
+    the request.
+
+    Initializer parameters:
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+    """
+
+    _encode_url_methods = set(['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'])
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None):
+        self.headers = headers or {}
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
+                **kw):  # Abstract
+        raise NotImplemented("Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
+                             "their own ``urlopen`` method.")
+
+    def request(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the appropriate encoding of
+        ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
+
+        This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
+        or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
+        """
+        method = method.upper()
+
+        if method in self._encode_url_methods:
+            return self.request_encode_url(method, url, fields=fields,
+                                           headers=headers,
+                                           **urlopen_kw)
+        else:
+            return self.request_encode_body(method, url, fields=fields,
+                                            headers=headers,
+                                            **urlopen_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                           **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': headers}
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        if fields:
+            url += '?' + urlencode(fields)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_body(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                            encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
+                            **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
+
+        When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
+        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :meth:`urllib.urlencode` is used with the
+        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
+
+        Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
+
+        Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
+        key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
+
+            fields = {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+                'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+                'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+                'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(),
+                              'image/jpeg'),
+                'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+            }
+
+        When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
+        tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimick behavior of browsers.
+
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
+        string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': {}}
+
+        if fields:
+            if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one.")
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=multipart_boundary)
+            else:
+                body, content_type = urlencode(fields), 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            extra_kw['body'] = body
+            extra_kw['headers'] = {'Content-Type': content_type}
+
+        extra_kw['headers'].update(headers)
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f2a1b5c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import zlib
+import io
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+from socket import error as SocketError
+
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ResponseNotChunked
+)
+from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type, PY3
+from .packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
+
+
+class DeflateDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._first_try = True
+        self._data = binary_type()
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
+        if not self._first_try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+        self._data += data
+        try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+        except zlib.error:
+            self._first_try = False
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+            try:
+                return self.decompress(self._data)
+            finally:
+                self._data = None
+
+
+class GzipDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+        return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+
+def _get_decoder(mode):
+    if mode == 'gzip':
+        return GzipDecoder()
+
+    return DeflateDecoder()
+
+
+class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Response container.
+
+    Backwards-compatible to httplib's HTTPResponse but the response ``body`` is
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
+
+    Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:
+
+    :param preload_content:
+        If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.
+
+    :param decode_content:
+        If True, attempts to decode specific content-encoding's based on headers
+        (like 'gzip' and 'deflate') will be skipped and raw data will be used
+        instead.
+
+    :param original_response:
+        When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an httplib.HTTPResponse
+        object, it's convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It's
+        otherwise unused.
+    """
+
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ['gzip', 'deflate']
+    REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
+
+    def __init__(self, body='', headers=None, status=0, version=0, reason=None,
+                 strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True,
+                 original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None):
+
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
+        self.status = status
+        self.version = version
+        self.reason = reason
+        self.strict = strict
+        self.decode_content = decode_content
+
+        self._decoder = None
+        self._body = None
+        self._fp = None
+        self._original_response = original_response
+        self._fp_bytes_read = 0
+
+        if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
+            self._body = body
+
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        if hasattr(body, 'read'):
+            self._fp = body
+
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # If requested, preload the body.
+        if preload_content and not self._body:
+            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
+
+    def get_redirect_location(self):
+        """
+        Should we redirect and where to?
+
+        :returns: Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status
+            code and valid location. ``None`` if redirect status and no
+            location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
+        """
+        if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            return self.headers.get('location')
+
+        return False
+
+    def release_conn(self):
+        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
+            return
+
+        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
+        self._connection = None
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        # For backwords-compat with earlier urllib3 0.4 and earlier.
+        if self._body:
+            return self._body
+
+        if self._fp:
+            return self.read(cache_content=True)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """
+        Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from
+        the amount of content returned by :meth:``HTTPResponse.read`` if bytes
+        are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).
+        """
+        return self._fp_bytes_read
+
+    def _init_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessar.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+            self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    def _decode(self, data, decode_content, flush_decoder):
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        try:
+            if decode_content and self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+        except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
+
+        if flush_decoder and decode_content:
+            data += self._flush_decoder()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _flush_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
+        being used.
+        """
+        if self._decoder:
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b'')
+            return buf + self._decoder.flush()
+
+        return b''
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self):
+        """
+        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
+        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
+        high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        try:
+            try:
+                yield
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
+                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
+                    raise
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except (HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
+
+        except Exception:
+            # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it anymore
+            # so close it now to ensure that the connection is released back to the pool.
+            if self._original_response and not self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self._original_response.close()
+
+            # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
+            # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
+            # too.
+            if self._connection is not None:
+                self._connection.close()
+
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self.release_conn()
+
+    def read(self, amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`httplib.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
+        parameters: ``decode_content`` and ``cache_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param cache_content:
+            If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is
+            returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This
+            is useful if you want the ``.data`` property to continue working
+            after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
+            set.)
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        if decode_content is None:
+            decode_content = self.decode_content
+
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return
+
+        flush_decoder = False
+        data = None
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            if amt is None:
+                # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
+                data = self._fp.read()
+                flush_decoder = True
+            else:
+                cache_content = False
+                data = self._fp.read(amt)
+                if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                    #
+                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                    # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                    # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                    self._fp.close()
+                    flush_decoder = True
+
+        if data:
+            self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
+
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+
+            if cache_content:
+                self._body = data
+
+        return data
+
+    def stream(self, amt=2**16, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
+        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
+        connection is closed.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
+            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
+            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
+            never be returned.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        if self.chunked:
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+
+                if data:
+                    yield data
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Given an :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse` instance ``r``, return a
+        corresponding :class:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse` object.
+
+        Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along
+        with ``original_response=r``.
+        """
+        headers = r.msg
+
+        if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            if PY3:  # Python 3
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
+            else:  # Python 2
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
+
+        # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
+        strict = getattr(r, 'strict', 0)
+        resp = ResponseCls(body=r,
+                           headers=headers,
+                           status=r.status,
+                           version=r.version,
+                           reason=r.reason,
+                           strict=strict,
+                           original_response=r,
+                           **response_kw)
+        return resp
+
+    # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
+    def getheaders(self):
+        return self.headers
+
+    def getheader(self, name, default=None):
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    # Overrides from io.IOBase
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self._fp.close()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return True
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'closed'):
+            return self._fp.closed
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'isclosed'):  # Python 2
+            return self._fp.isclosed()
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            raise IOError("HTTPResponse has no file to get a fileno from")
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
+            return self._fp.fileno()
+        else:
+            raise IOError("The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+                          "around has no file descriptor")
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self._fp is not None and hasattr(self._fp, 'flush'):
+            return self._fp.flush()
+
+    def readable(self):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self):
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+        line = line.split(b';', 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+            self.close()
+            raise httplib.IncompleteRead(line)
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt):
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked(
+                "Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing.")
+
+        # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+        if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
+            self._original_response.close()
+            return
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            while True:
+                self._update_chunk_length()
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+                decoded = self._decode(chunk, decode_content=decode_content,
+                                       flush_decoder=False)
+                if decoded:
+                    yield decoded
+
+            if decode_content:
+                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
+                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
+                # lets defensively do it anyway.
+                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
+                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
+                    yield decoded
+
+            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+            while True:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                    break
+                if line == b'\r\n':
+                    break
+
+            # We read everything; close the "file".
+            if self._original_response:
+                self._original_response.close()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6c6243cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
+from .connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .request import make_headers
+from .response import is_fp_closed
+from .ssl_ import (
+    SSLContext,
+    HAS_SNI,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .timeout import (
+    current_time,
+    Timeout,
+)
+
+from .retry import Retry
+from .url import (
+    get_host,
+    parse_url,
+    split_first,
+    Url,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HAS_SNI',
+    'SSLContext',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'Url',
+    'assert_fingerprint',
+    'current_time',
+    'is_connection_dropped',
+    'is_fp_closed',
+    'get_host',
+    'parse_url',
+    'make_headers',
+    'resolve_cert_reqs',
+    'resolve_ssl_version',
+    'split_first',
+    'ssl_wrap_socket',
+)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01a4812f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import socket
+try:
+    from select import poll, POLLIN
+except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
+    poll = False
+    try:
+        from select import select
+    except ImportError:  # `select` doesn't exist on AppEngine.
+        select = False
+
+
+def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
+
+    :param conn:
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection` object.
+
+    Note: For platforms like AppEngine, this will always return ``False`` to
+    let the platform handle connection recycling transparently for us.
+    """
+    sock = getattr(conn, 'sock', False)
+    if sock is False:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+        return False
+    if sock is None:  # Connection already closed (such as by httplib).
+        return True
+
+    if not poll:
+        if not select:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            return select([sock], [], [], 0.0)[0]
+        except socket.error:
+            return True
+
+    # This version is better on platforms that support it.
+    p = poll()
+    p.register(sock, POLLIN)
+    for (fno, ev) in p.poll(0.0):
+        if fno == sock.fileno():
+            # Either data is buffered (bad), or the connection is dropped.
+            return True
+
+
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                      source_address=None, socket_options=None):
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
+
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    if host.startswith('['):
+        host = host.strip('[]')
+    err = None
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            # This is the only addition urllib3 makes to this function.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            return sock
+
+        except socket.error as e:
+            err = e
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+                sock = None
+
+    if err is not None:
+        raise err
+
+    raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(sock, options):
+    if options is None:
+        return
+
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73779315f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from ..packages.six import b
+
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = 'gzip,deflate'
+
+
+def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
+                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None, disable_cache=None):
+    """
+    Shortcuts for generating request headers.
+
+    :param keep_alive:
+        If ``True``, adds 'connection: keep-alive' header.
+
+    :param accept_encoding:
+        Can be a boolean, list, or string.
+        ``True`` translates to 'gzip,deflate'.
+        List will get joined by comma.
+        String will be used as provided.
+
+    :param user_agent:
+        String representing the user-agent you want, such as
+        "python-urllib3/0.6"
+
+    :param basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param proxy_basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
+        {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
+        >>> make_headers(accept_encoding=True)
+        {'accept-encoding': 'gzip,deflate'}
+    """
+    headers = {}
+    if accept_encoding:
+        if isinstance(accept_encoding, str):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(accept_encoding, list):
+            accept_encoding = ','.join(accept_encoding)
+        else:
+            accept_encoding = ACCEPT_ENCODING
+        headers['accept-encoding'] = accept_encoding
+
+    if user_agent:
+        headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
+
+    if keep_alive:
+        headers['connection'] = 'keep-alive'
+
+    if basic_auth:
+        headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
+            b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if proxy_basic_auth:
+        headers['proxy-authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
+            b64encode(b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
+
+    return headers
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc7232720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from ..packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+
+from ..exceptions import HeaderParsingError
+
+
+def is_fp_closed(obj):
+    """
+    Checks whether a given file-like object is closed.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The file-like object to check.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
+        return obj.fp is None
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
+
+
+def assert_header_parsing(headers):
+    """
+    Asserts whether all headers have been successfully parsed.
+    Extracts encountered errors from the result of parsing headers.
+
+    Only works on Python 3.
+
+    :param headers: Headers to verify.
+    :type headers: `httplib.HTTPMessage`.
+
+    :raises urllib3.exceptions.HeaderParsingError:
+        If parsing errors are found.
+    """
+
+    # This will fail silently if we pass in the wrong kind of parameter.
+    # To make debugging easier add an explicit check.
+    if not isinstance(headers, httplib.HTTPMessage):
+        raise TypeError('expected httplib.Message, got {0}.'.format(
+            type(headers)))
+
+    defects = getattr(headers, 'defects', None)
+    get_payload = getattr(headers, 'get_payload', None)
+
+    unparsed_data = None
+    if get_payload:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.
+        unparsed_data = get_payload()
+
+    if defects or unparsed_data:
+        raise HeaderParsingError(defects=defects, unparsed_data=unparsed_data)
+
+
+def is_response_to_head(response):
+    """
+    Checks, wether a the request of a response has been a HEAD-request.
+    Handles the quirks of AppEngine.
+
+    :param conn:
+    :type conn: :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse`
+    """
+    # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+    method = response._method
+    if isinstance(method, int):  # Platform-specific: Appengine
+        return method == 3
+    return method.upper() == 'HEAD'
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03a01249d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import time
+import logging
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Retry(object):
+    """ Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts. It's a good idea to set this to some sensibly-high value to
+        account for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param iterable method_whitelist:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        indempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST`.
+
+    :param iterable status_forcelist:
+        A set of HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts. urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ^ ({number of total retries} - 1))
+
+        seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
+        for [0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
+        than :attr:`Retry.BACKOFF_MAX`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST = frozenset([
+        'HEAD', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE'])
+
+    #: Maximum backoff time.
+    BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    def __init__(self, total=10, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None,
+                 method_whitelist=DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST, status_forcelist=None,
+                 backoff_factor=0, raise_on_redirect=True, _observed_errors=0):
+
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.method_whitelist = method_whitelist
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors  # TODO: use .history instead?
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect, read=self.read, redirect=self.redirect,
+            method_whitelist=self.method_whitelist,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            _observed_errors=self._observed_errors,
+        )
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(cls, retries, redirect=True, default=None):
+        """ Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r" % (retries, new_retries))
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self):
+        """ Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        if self._observed_errors <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (self._observed_errors - 1))
+        return min(self.BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
+
+    def sleep(self):
+        """ Sleep between retry attempts using an exponential backoff.
+
+        By default, the backoff factor is 0 and this method will return
+        immediately.
+        """
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def is_forced_retry(self, method, status_code):
+        """ Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
+        """
+        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
+            return False
+
+        return self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist
+
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """ Are we out of retries? """
+        retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect)
+        retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None,
+                  _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
+        """ Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        _observed_errors = self._observed_errors
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+        cause = 'unknown'
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+            cause = 'too many redirects'
+
+        else:
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and a the given method is in the whitelist
+            _observed_errors += 1
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(
+                    status_code=response.status)
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect, read=read, redirect=redirect,
+            _observed_errors=_observed_errors)
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r" % (url, new_retry))
+
+        return new_retry
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
+                'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect})').format(
+                    cls=type(self), self=self)
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67f83441e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import warnings
+import hmac
+
+from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
+from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
+
+from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning, SNIMissingWarning
+
+
+SSLContext = None
+HAS_SNI = False
+create_default_context = None
+
+# Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing this digest
+HASHFUNC_MAP = {
+    32: md5,
+    40: sha1,
+    64: sha256,
+}
+
+
+def _const_compare_digest_backport(a, b):
+    """
+    Compare two digests of equal length in constant time.
+
+    The digests must be of type str/bytes.
+    Returns True if the digests match, and False otherwise.
+    """
+    result = abs(len(a) - len(b))
+    for l, r in zip(bytearray(a), bytearray(b)):
+        result |= l ^ r
+    return result == 0
+
+
+_const_compare_digest = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest',
+                                _const_compare_digest_backport)
+
+
+try:  # Test for SSL features
+    import ssl
+    from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+    from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
+# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
+    'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
+    'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
+    '!eNULL:!MD5'
+)
+
+try:
+    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
+except ImportError:
+    import sys
+
+    class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
+        supports_set_ciphers = ((2, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3,) or
+                                (3, 2) <= sys.version_info)
+
+        def __init__(self, protocol_version):
+            self.protocol = protocol_version
+            # Use default values from a real SSLContext
+            self.check_hostname = False
+            self.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.ca_certs = None
+            self.options = 0
+            self.certfile = None
+            self.keyfile = None
+            self.ciphers = None
+
+        def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile):
+            self.certfile = certfile
+            self.keyfile = keyfile
+
+        def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None):
+            self.ca_certs = cafile
+
+            if capath is not None:
+                raise SSLError("CA directories not supported in older Pythons")
+
+        def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
+            if not self.supports_set_ciphers:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Your version of Python does not support setting '
+                    'a custom cipher suite. Please upgrade to Python '
+                    '2.7, 3.2, or later if you need this functionality.'
+                )
+            self.ciphers = cipher_suite
+
+        def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
+                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
+                'certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+                '#insecureplatformwarning.',
+                InsecurePlatformWarning
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                'keyfile': self.keyfile,
+                'certfile': self.certfile,
+                'ca_certs': self.ca_certs,
+                'cert_reqs': self.verify_mode,
+                'ssl_version': self.protocol,
+            }
+            if self.supports_set_ciphers:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.7+
+                return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
+            else:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+                return wrap_socket(socket, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
+    """
+    Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
+
+    :param cert:
+        Certificate as bytes object.
+    :param fingerprint:
+        Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
+    """
+
+    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
+    digest_length = len(fingerprint)
+    hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
+    if not hashfunc:
+        raise SSLError(
+            'Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}'.format(fingerprint))
+
+    # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
+    fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
+
+    cert_digest = hashfunc(cert).digest()
+
+    if not _const_compare_digest(cert_digest, fingerprint_bytes):
+        raise SSLError('Fingerprints did not match. Expected "{0}", got "{1}".'
+                       .format(fingerprint, hexlify(cert_digest)))
+
+
+def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate):
+    """
+    Resolves the argument to a numeric constant, which can be passed to
+    the wrap_socket function/method from the ssl module.
+    Defaults to :data:`ssl.CERT_NONE`.
+    If given a string it is assumed to be the name of the constant in the
+    :mod:`ssl` module or its abbrevation.
+    (So you can specify `REQUIRED` instead of `CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If it's neither `None` nor a string we assume it is already the numeric
+    constant which can directly be passed to wrap_socket.
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return CERT_NONE
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, 'CERT_' + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
+    """
+    like resolve_cert_reqs
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_' + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                           options=None, ciphers=None):
+    """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
+
+    By default, this function does a lot of the same work that
+    ``ssl.create_default_context`` does on Python 3.4+. It:
+
+    - Disables SSLv2, SSLv3, and compression
+    - Sets a restricted set of server ciphers
+
+    If you wish to enable SSLv3, you can do::
+
+        from urllib3.util import ssl_
+        context = ssl_.create_urllib3_context()
+        context.options &= ~ssl_.OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+    You can do the same to enable compression (substituting ``COMPRESSION``
+    for ``SSLv3`` in the last line above).
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    context = SSLContext(ssl_version or ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    if getattr(context, 'supports_set_ciphers', True):  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+
+    context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+    if getattr(context, 'check_hostname', None) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+        # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
+        # hostnames. So disable it here
+        context.check_hostname = False
+    return context
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None,
+                    ca_cert_dir=None):
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname, ssl_context, and ca_cert_dir have
+    the same meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support. This is not
+        supported on Python 2.6 as the ssl module does not support it.
+    :param ca_cert_dir:
+        A directory containing CA certificates in multiple separate files, as
+        supported by OpenSSL's -CApath flag or the capath argument to
+        SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs,
+                                         ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
+        except IOError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
+            raise SSLError(e)
+        # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError which subclasses OSError
+        # These are not equivalent unless we check the errno attribute
+        except OSError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.3 and beyond
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise SSLError(e)
+            raise
+
+    if certfile:
+        context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+    if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
+        return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        'An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Subject Name '
+        'Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. '
+        'This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS '
+        'certificate, which can cause validation failures. For more '
+        'information, see '
+        'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+        '#snimissingwarning.',
+        SNIMissingWarning
+    )
+    return context.wrap_socket(sock)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff62f4764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was
+# specified by the user
+from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+import time
+
+from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
+
+# A sentinel value to indicate that no timeout was specified by the user in
+# urllib3
+_Default = object()
+
+
+def current_time():
+    """
+    Retrieve the current time. This function is mocked out in unit testing.
+    """
+    return time.time()
+
+
+class Timeout(object):
+    """ Timeout configuration.
+
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+        http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``::
+
+        no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)
+
+
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: integer, float, or None
+
+    :param connect:
+        The maximum amount of time to wait for a connection attempt to a server
+        to succeed. Omitting the parameter will default the connect timeout to
+        the system default, probably `the global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout for connection attempts.
+
+    :type connect: integer, float, or None
+
+    :param read:
+        The maximum amount of time to wait between consecutive
+        read operations for a response from the server. Omitting
+        the parameter will default the read timeout to the system
+        default, probably `the global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout.
+
+    :type read: integer, float, or None
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
+
+        In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
+        read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
+        not the total amount of time for the request to return a complete
+        response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
+        has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
+        the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
+
+        If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock
+        time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
+        request.
+    """
+
+    #: A sentinel object representing the default timeout value
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+    def __init__(self, total=None, connect=_Default, read=_Default):
+        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, 'connect')
+        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, 'read')
+        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, 'total')
+        self._start_connect = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)' % (
+            type(self).__name__, self._connect, self._read, self.total)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_timeout(cls, value, name):
+        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
+
+        :param value: The timeout value to validate
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
+            is a numeric value less than zero.
+        """
+        if value is _Default:
+            return cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if value is None or value is cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return value
+
+        try:
+            float(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                             "int or float." % (name, value))
+
+        try:
+            if value < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
+                                 "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
+                                 "than 0." % (name, value))
+        except TypeError:  # Python 3
+            raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                             "int or float." % (name, value))
+
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_float(cls, timeout):
+        """ Create a new Timeout from a legacy timeout value.
+
+        The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
+        connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
+
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
+        :type timeout: integer, float, sentinel default object, or None
+        :return: Timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """ Create a copy of the timeout object
+
+        Timeout properties are stored per-pool but each request needs a fresh
+        Timeout object to ensure each one has its own start/stop configured.
+
+        :return: a copy of the timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        # We can't use copy.deepcopy because that will also create a new object
+        # for _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, which socket.py uses as a sentinel to
+        # detect the user default.
+        return Timeout(connect=self._connect, read=self._read,
+                       total=self.total)
+
+    def start_connect(self):
+        """ Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt
+
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to start a timer that has been started already.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is not None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Timeout timer has already been started.")
+        self._start_connect = current_time()
+        return self._start_connect
+
+    def get_connect_duration(self):
+        """ Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
+
+        :return: Elapsed time.
+        :rtype: float
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Can't get connect duration for timer "
+                                    "that has not started.")
+        return current_time() - self._start_connect
+
+    @property
+    def connect_timeout(self):
+        """ Get the value to use when setting a connection timeout.
+
+        This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
+        (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
+
+        :return: Connect timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        """
+        if self.total is None:
+            return self._connect
+
+        if self._connect is None or self._connect is self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return self.total
+
+        return min(self._connect, self.total)
+
+    @property
+    def read_timeout(self):
+        """ Get the value for the read timeout.
+
+        This assumes some time has elapsed in the connection timeout and
+        computes the read timeout appropriately.
+
+        If self.total is set, the read timeout is dependent on the amount of
+        time taken by the connect timeout. If the connection time has not been
+        established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
+        raised.
+
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
+            has not yet been called on this object.
+        """
+        if (self.total is not None and
+                self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
+                self._read is not None and
+                self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            if self._start_connect is None:
+                return self._read
+            return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(),
+                              self._read))
+        elif self.total is not None and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return max(0, self.total - self.get_connect_duration())
+        else:
+            return self._read
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e996204a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+
+
+url_attrs = ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+
+
+class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
+    """
+    Datastructure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
+    :func:`parse_url`.
+    """
+    slots = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
+                query=None, fragment=None):
+        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
+            path = '/' + path
+        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
+                                       query, fragment)
+
+    @property
+    def hostname(self):
+        """For backwards-compatibility with urlparse. We're nice like that."""
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def request_uri(self):
+        """Absolute path including the query string."""
+        uri = self.path or '/'
+
+        if self.query is not None:
+            uri += '?' + self.query
+
+        return uri
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self):
+        """Network location including host and port"""
+        if self.port:
+            return '%s:%d' % (self.host, self.port)
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            >>> U = parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+            >>> U.url
+            'http://google.com/mail/'
+            >>> Url('http', 'username:password', 'host.com', 80,
+            ... '/path', 'query', 'fragment').url
+            'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = ''
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + '://'
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + '@'
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += ':' + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += '?' + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += '#' + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
+
+
+def split_first(s, delims):
+    """
+    Given a string and an iterable of delimiters, split on the first found
+    delimiter. Return two split parts and the matched delimiter.
+
+    If not found, then the first part is the full input string.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '?/=')
+        ('foo', 'bar?baz', '/')
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '123')
+        ('foo/bar?baz', '', None)
+
+    Scales linearly with number of delims. Not ideal for large number of delims.
+    """
+    min_idx = None
+    min_delim = None
+    for d in delims:
+        idx = s.find(d)
+        if idx < 0:
+            continue
+
+        if min_idx is None or idx < min_idx:
+            min_idx = idx
+            min_delim = d
+
+    if min_idx is None or min_idx < 0:
+        return s, '', None
+
+    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1:], min_delim
+
+
+def parse_url(url):
+    """
+    Given a url, return a parsed :class:`.Url` namedtuple. Best-effort is
+    performed to parse incomplete urls. Fields not provided will be None.
+
+    Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urlparse`.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
+        >>> parse_url('google.com:80')
+        Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
+        >>> parse_url('/foo?bar')
+        Url(scheme=None, host=None, port=None, path='/foo', query='bar', ...)
+    """
+
+    # While this code has overlap with stdlib's urlparse, it is much
+    # simplified for our needs and less annoying.
+    # Additionally, this implementations does silly things to be optimal
+    # on CPython.
+
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
+    scheme = None
+    auth = None
+    host = None
+    port = None
+    path = None
+    fragment = None
+    query = None
+
+    # Scheme
+    if '://' in url:
+        scheme, url = url.split('://', 1)
+
+    # Find the earliest Authority Terminator
+    # (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2)
+    url, path_, delim = split_first(url, ['/', '?', '#'])
+
+    if delim:
+        # Reassemble the path
+        path = delim + path_
+
+    # Auth
+    if '@' in url:
+        # Last '@' denotes end of auth part
+        auth, url = url.rsplit('@', 1)
+
+    # IPv6
+    if url and url[0] == '[':
+        host, url = url.split(']', 1)
+        host += ']'
+
+    # Port
+    if ':' in url:
+        _host, port = url.split(':', 1)
+
+        if not host:
+            host = _host
+
+        if port:
+            # If given, ports must be integers.
+            if not port.isdigit():
+                raise LocationParseError(url)
+            port = int(port)
+        else:
+            # Blank ports are cool, too. (rfc3986#section-3.2.3)
+            port = None
+
+    elif not host and url:
+        host = url
+
+    if not path:
+        return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+    # Fragment
+    if '#' in path:
+        path, fragment = path.split('#', 1)
+
+    # Query
+    if '?' in path:
+        path, query = path.split('?', 1)
+
+    return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+
+def get_host(url):
+    """
+    Deprecated. Use :func:`.parse_url` instead.
+    """
+    p = parse_url(url)
+    return p.scheme or 'http', p.hostname, p.port
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/sessions.py b/python/requests/requests/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9eaa36ae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.session
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across
+requests (cookies, auth, proxies).
+
+"""
+import os
+from collections import Mapping
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse
+from .cookies import (
+    cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookieJar, merge_cookies)
+from .models import Request, PreparedRequest, DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
+from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers, to_native_string
+from .exceptions import (
+    TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+from .packages.urllib3._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .utils import (
+    requote_uri, get_environ_proxies, get_netrc_auth, should_bypass_proxies,
+    get_auth_from_url
+)
+
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+# formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
+from .models import REDIRECT_STATI
+
+REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE = 1000
+
+
+def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """
+    Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account the
+    explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a
+    setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class`
+    """
+
+    if session_setting is None:
+        return request_setting
+
+    if request_setting is None:
+        return session_setting
+
+    # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify)
+    if not (
+            isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and
+            isinstance(request_setting, Mapping)
+    ):
+        return request_setting
+
+    merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
+    merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
+
+    # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
+    # the dictionary during iteration.
+    none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
+    for key in none_keys:
+        del merged_setting[key]
+
+    return merged_setting
+
+
+def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """
+    Properly merges both requests and session hooks.
+
+    This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the
+    merge breaks Session hooks entirely.
+    """
+    if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get('response') == []:
+        return request_hooks
+
+    if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get('response') == []:
+        return session_hooks
+
+    return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class)
+
+
+class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
+    def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
+                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
+
+        i = 0
+        hist = [] # keep track of history
+
+        while resp.is_redirect:
+            prepared_request = req.copy()
+
+            if i > 0:
+                # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+                hist.append(resp)
+                new_hist = list(hist)
+                resp.history = new_hist
+
+            try:
+                resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
+            except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
+                resp.raw.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            if i >= self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects('Exceeded %s redirects.' % self.max_redirects)
+
+            # Release the connection back into the pool.
+            resp.close()
+
+            url = resp.headers['location']
+            method = req.method
+
+            # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
+            if url.startswith('//'):
+                parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
+                url = '%s:%s' % (parsed_rurl.scheme, url)
+
+            # The scheme should be lower case...
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
+            # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
+            # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
+            if not parsed.netloc:
+                url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
+            else:
+                url = requote_uri(url)
+
+            prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+            # Cache the url, unless it redirects to itself.
+            if resp.is_permanent_redirect and req.url != prepared_request.url:
+                self.redirect_cache[req.url] = prepared_request.url
+
+            # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+            if (resp.status_code == codes.see_other and
+                    method != 'HEAD'):
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            # Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
+            # First, turn 302s into GETs.
+            if resp.status_code == codes.found and method != 'HEAD':
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            # Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
+            # This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704.
+            if resp.status_code == codes.moved and method == 'POST':
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            prepared_request.method = method
+
+            # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1084
+            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect):
+                if 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers:
+                    del prepared_request.headers['Content-Length']
+
+                prepared_request.body = None
+
+            headers = prepared_request.headers
+            try:
+                del headers['Cookie']
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
+            prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
+            prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
+
+            # Rebuild auth and proxy information.
+            proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
+            self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # Override the original request.
+            req = prepared_request
+
+            resp = self.send(
+                req,
+                stream=stream,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                verify=verify,
+                cert=cert,
+                proxies=proxies,
+                allow_redirects=False,
+                **adapter_kwargs
+            )
+
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+
+            i += 1
+            yield resp
+
+    def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """
+        When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the
+        request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes
+        and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+
+        if 'Authorization' in headers:
+            # If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any
+            # authentication headers.
+            original_parsed = urlparse(response.request.url)
+            redirect_parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+            if (original_parsed.hostname != redirect_parsed.hostname):
+                del headers['Authorization']
+
+        # .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host.
+        new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None
+        if new_auth is not None:
+            prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth)
+
+        return
+
+    def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):
+        """
+        This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the
+        environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by
+        NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing
+        proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous
+        redirect).
+
+        This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where
+        necessary.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+        scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
+        new_proxies = proxies.copy() if proxies is not None else {}
+
+        if self.trust_env and not should_bypass_proxies(url):
+            environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url)
+
+            proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme)
+
+            if proxy:
+                new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, environ_proxies[scheme])
+
+        if 'Proxy-Authorization' in headers:
+            del headers['Proxy-Authorization']
+
+        try:
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme])
+        except KeyError:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+        if username and password:
+            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return new_proxies
+
+
+class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
+    """A Requests session.
+
+    Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.
+
+    Basic Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    Or as a context manager::
+
+      >>> with requests.Session() as s:
+      >>>     s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
+        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
+        'max_redirects',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+
+        #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this
+        #: :class:`Session <Session>`.
+        self.headers = default_headers()
+
+        #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.auth = None
+
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.proxies = {}
+
+        #: Event-handling hooks.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+        #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for
+        #: representing multivalued query parameters.
+        self.params = {}
+
+        #: Stream response content default.
+        self.stream = False
+
+        #: SSL Verification default.
+        self.verify = True
+
+        #: SSL certificate default.
+        self.cert = None
+
+        #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this
+        #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
+        self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+
+        #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
+        #: authentication and similar.
+        self.trust_env = True
+
+        #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
+        #: session. By default it is a
+        #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but
+        #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        # Default connection adapters.
+        self.adapters = OrderedDict()
+        self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
+        self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
+
+        # Only store 1000 redirects to prevent using infinite memory
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def prepare_request(self, request):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for
+        transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings
+        merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the
+        :class:`Session`.
+
+        :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this
+            session's settings.
+        """
+        cookies = request.cookies or {}
+
+        # Bootstrap CookieJar.
+        if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        # Merge with session cookies
+        merged_cookies = merge_cookies(
+            merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies)
+
+
+        # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set.
+        auth = request.auth
+        if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth:
+            auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url)
+
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=request.method.upper(),
+            url=request.url,
+            files=request.files,
+            data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
+            headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict),
+            params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
+            auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
+            cookies=merged_cookies,
+            hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),
+        )
+        return p
+
+    def request(self, method, url,
+        params=None,
+        data=None,
+        headers=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        files=None,
+        auth=None,
+        timeout=None,
+        allow_redirects=True,
+        proxies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        stream=None,
+        verify=None,
+        cert=None,
+        json=None):
+        """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
+        Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
+
+        :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
+            string for the :class:`Request`.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send
+            in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
+            for multipart encoding upload.
+        :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
+            Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
+        :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
+            content. Defaults to ``False``.
+        :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified.
+            A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
+        :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
+            If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        """
+        # Create the Request.
+        req = Request(
+            method = method.upper(),
+            url = url,
+            headers = headers,
+            files = files,
+            data = data or {},
+            json = json,
+            params = params or {},
+            auth = auth,
+            cookies = cookies,
+            hooks = hooks,
+        )
+        prep = self.prepare_request(req)
+
+        proxies = proxies or {}
+
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
+
+        # Send the request.
+        send_kwargs = {
+            'timeout': timeout,
+            'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
+        }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
+        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+        return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def options(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+        return self.request('OPTIONS', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def head(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
+        return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+    def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('PUT', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('PATCH', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Send a given PreparedRequest."""
+        # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have
+        # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request.
+        kwargs.setdefault('stream', self.stream)
+        kwargs.setdefault('verify', self.verify)
+        kwargs.setdefault('cert', self.cert)
+        kwargs.setdefault('proxies', self.proxies)
+
+        # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object.
+        # Guard against that specific failure case.
+        if not isinstance(request, PreparedRequest):
+            raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.')
+
+        checked_urls = set()
+        while request.url in self.redirect_cache:
+            checked_urls.add(request.url)
+            new_url = self.redirect_cache.get(request.url)
+            if new_url in checked_urls:
+                break
+            request.url = new_url
+
+        # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
+        allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
+        stream = kwargs.get('stream')
+        hooks = request.hooks
+
+        # Get the appropriate adapter to use
+        adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
+
+        # Start time (approximately) of the request
+        start = datetime.utcnow()
+
+        # Send the request
+        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
+        r.elapsed = datetime.utcnow() - start
+
+        # Response manipulation hooks
+        r = dispatch_hook('response', hooks, r, **kwargs)
+
+        # Persist cookies
+        if r.history:
+
+            # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too
+            for resp in r.history:
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
+
+        # Redirect resolving generator.
+        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Resolve redirects if allowed.
+        history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
+
+        # Shuffle things around if there's history.
+        if history:
+            # Insert the first (original) request at the start
+            history.insert(0, r)
+            # Get the last request made
+            r = history.pop()
+            r.history = history
+
+        if not stream:
+            r.content
+
+        return r
+
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """Check the environment and merge it with some settings."""
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
+            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration and be compatible
+            # with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') or
+                          os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE'))
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {'verify': verify, 'proxies': proxies, 'stream': stream,
+                'cert': cert}
+
+    def get_adapter(self, url):
+        """Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL."""
+        for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
+
+            if url.lower().startswith(prefix):
+                return adapter
+
+        # Nothing matches :-/
+        raise InvalidSchema("No connection adapters were found for '%s'" % url)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes all adapters and as such the session"""
+        for v in self.adapters.values():
+            v.close()
+
+    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
+        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
+
+        Adapters are sorted in descending order by key length."""
+
+        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
+        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
+
+        for key in keys_to_move:
+            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state['redirect_cache'] = dict(self.redirect_cache)
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        redirect_cache = state.pop('redirect_cache', {})
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+        for redirect, to in redirect_cache.items():
+            self.redirect_cache[redirect] = to
+
+
+def session():
+    """Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management."""
+
+    return Session()
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/status_codes.py b/python/requests/requests/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a852574a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from .structures import LookupDict
+
+_codes = {
+
+    # Informational.
+    100: ('continue',),
+    101: ('switching_protocols',),
+    102: ('processing',),
+    103: ('checkpoint',),
+    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
+    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
+    201: ('created',),
+    202: ('accepted',),
+    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
+    204: ('no_content',),
+    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
+    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
+    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
+    208: ('already_reported',),
+    226: ('im_used',),
+
+    # Redirection.
+    300: ('multiple_choices',),
+    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
+    302: ('found',),
+    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
+    304: ('not_modified',),
+    305: ('use_proxy',),
+    306: ('switch_proxy',),
+    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
+    308: ('permanent_redirect',
+          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+
+    # Client Error.
+    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
+    401: ('unauthorized',),
+    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
+    403: ('forbidden',),
+    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
+    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
+    406: ('not_acceptable',),
+    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
+    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
+    409: ('conflict',),
+    410: ('gone',),
+    411: ('length_required',),
+    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
+    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
+    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
+    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
+    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
+    417: ('expectation_failed',),
+    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
+    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
+    423: ('locked',),
+    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
+    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
+    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
+    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
+    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
+    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
+    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
+    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
+    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
+    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
+    499: ('client_closed_request',),
+
+    # Server Error.
+    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
+    501: ('not_implemented',),
+    502: ('bad_gateway',),
+    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
+    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
+    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
+    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
+    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
+    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
+    510: ('not_extended',),
+    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
+}
+
+codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
+
+for code, titles in _codes.items():
+    for title in titles:
+        setattr(codes, title, code)
+        if not title.startswith('\\'):
+            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/structures.py b/python/requests/requests/structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e5f2faa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.structures
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Data structures that power Requests.
+
+"""
+
+import collections
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """
+    A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
+
+    Implements all methods and operations of
+    ``collections.MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
+    provides ``lower_items``.
+
+    All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
+    case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
+    ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
+    will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
+    testing is case insensitive::
+
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'  # True
+        list(cid) == ['Accept']  # True
+
+    For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+    value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless
+    of how the header name was originally stored.
+
+    If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison
+    operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
+    behavior is undefined.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
+        self._store = dict()
+        if data is None:
+            data = {}
+        self.update(data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual
+        # key alongside the value.
+        self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._store[key.lower()][1]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._store[key.lower()]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._store)
+
+    def lower_items(self):
+        """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
+        return (
+            (lowerkey, keyval[1])
+            for (lowerkey, keyval)
+            in self._store.items()
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
+            other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+        # Compare insensitively
+        return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
+
+    # Copy is required
+    def copy(self):
+        return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(dict(self.items()))
+
+class LookupDict(dict):
+    """Dictionary lookup object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None):
+        self.name = name
+        super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<lookup \'%s\'>' % (self.name)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
+
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, default)
diff --git a/python/requests/requests/utils.py b/python/requests/requests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5c3fd01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests
+that are also useful for external consumption.
+
+"""
+
+import cgi
+import codecs
+import collections
+import io
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import socket
+import struct
+import warnings
+
+from . import __version__
+from . import certs
+from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2,
+                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse,
+                     basestring)
+from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .exceptions import InvalidURL, FileModeWarning
+
+_hush_pyflakes = (RequestsCookieJar,)
+
+NETRC_FILES = ('.netrc', '_netrc')
+
+DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where()
+
+
+def dict_to_sequence(d):
+    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update."""
+
+    if hasattr(d, 'items'):
+        d = d.items()
+
+    return d
+
+
+def super_len(o):
+    total_length = 0
+    current_position = 0
+
+    if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
+        total_length = len(o)
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'len'):
+        total_length = o.len
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
+        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
+        total_length = len(o.getvalue())
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
+        try:
+            fileno = o.fileno()
+        except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+            pass
+        else:
+            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+
+            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
+            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
+            if 'b' not in o.mode:
+                warnings.warn((
+                    "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
+                    "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
+                    "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
+                    "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
+                    "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
+                    "for files in text mode."),
+                    FileModeWarning
+                )
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'tell'):
+        current_position = o.tell()
+
+    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
+
+
+def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
+    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
+
+    try:
+        from netrc import netrc, NetrcParseError
+
+        netrc_path = None
+
+        for f in NETRC_FILES:
+            try:
+                loc = os.path.expanduser('~/{0}'.format(f))
+            except KeyError:
+                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and
+                # getpwuid fails. See http://bugs.python.org/issue20164 &
+                # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1846
+                return
+
+            if os.path.exists(loc):
+                netrc_path = loc
+                break
+
+        # Abort early if there isn't one.
+        if netrc_path is None:
+            return
+
+        ri = urlparse(url)
+
+        # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is
+        # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals.
+        splitstr = b':'
+        if isinstance(url, str):
+            splitstr = splitstr.decode('ascii')
+        host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0]
+
+        try:
+            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host)
+            if _netrc:
+                # Return with login / password
+                login_i = (0 if _netrc[0] else 1)
+                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
+        except (NetrcParseError, IOError):
+            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
+            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
+            if raise_errors:
+                raise
+
+    # AppEngine hackiness.
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+
+
+def guess_filename(obj):
+    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
+    name = getattr(obj, 'name', None)
+    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and
+            name[-1] != '>'):
+        return os.path.basename(name)
+
+
+def from_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an
+    OrderedDict, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+        >>> from_key_val_list('string')
+        ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack
+        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
+
+    return OrderedDict(value)
+
+
+def to_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list('string')
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples.
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
+
+    if isinstance(value, collections.Mapping):
+        value = value.items()
+
+    return list(value)
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_list_header(value):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
+
+    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
+    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
+
+    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
+
+    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
+    ['token', 'quoted value']
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a list header.
+    :return: :class:`list`
+    """
+    result = []
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
+            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
+        result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_dict_header(value):
+    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
+    convert them into a python dict:
+
+    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
+    >>> type(d) is dict
+    True
+    >>> sorted(d.items())
+    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
+
+    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
+
+    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
+    {'key_without_value': None}
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a dict header.
+    :return: :class:`dict`
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if '=' not in item:
+            result[item] = None
+            continue
+        name, value = item.split('=', 1)
+        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
+            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
+        result[name] = value
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
+    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
+    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
+    using for quoting.
+
+    :param value: the header value to unquote.
+    """
+    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
+        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
+        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
+        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
+        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
+        value = value[1:-1]
+
+        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
+        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
+        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
+        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
+        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
+        if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\':
+            return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
+    return value
+
+
+def dict_from_cookiejar(cj):
+    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
+    """
+
+    cookie_dict = {}
+
+    for cookie in cj:
+        cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+
+    return cookie_dict
+
+
+def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into.
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    """
+
+    cj2 = cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict)
+    cj.update(cj2)
+    return cj
+
+
+def get_encodings_from_content(content):
+    """Returns encodings from given content string.
+
+    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
+    """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
+
+    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]')
+
+    return (charset_re.findall(content) +
+            pragma_re.findall(content) +
+            xml_re.findall(content))
+
+
+def get_encoding_from_headers(headers):
+    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.
+
+    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from.
+    """
+
+    content_type = headers.get('content-type')
+
+    if not content_type:
+        return None
+
+    content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_type)
+
+    if 'charset' in params:
+        return params['charset'].strip("'\"")
+
+    if 'text' in content_type:
+        return 'ISO-8859-1'
+
+
+def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r):
+    """Stream decodes a iterator."""
+
+    if r.encoding is None:
+        for item in iterator:
+            yield item
+        return
+
+    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors='replace')
+    for chunk in iterator:
+        rv = decoder.decode(chunk)
+        if rv:
+            yield rv
+    rv = decoder.decode(b'', final=True)
+    if rv:
+        yield rv
+
+
+def iter_slices(string, slice_length):
+    """Iterate over slices of a string."""
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(string):
+        yield string[pos:pos + slice_length]
+        pos += slice_length
+
+
+def get_unicode_from_response(r):
+    """Returns the requested content back in unicode.
+
+    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from.
+
+    Tried:
+
+    1. charset from content-type
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+
+    """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
+
+    tried_encodings = []
+
+    # Try charset from content-type
+    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers)
+
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(r.content, encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.append(encoding)
+
+    # Fall back:
+    try:
+        return str(r.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+    except TypeError:
+        return r.content
+
+
+# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986)
+UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    + "0123456789-._~")
+
+
+def unquote_unreserved(uri):
+    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved
+    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded.
+    """
+    parts = uri.split('%')
+    for i in range(1, len(parts)):
+        h = parts[i][0:2]
+        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum():
+            try:
+                c = chr(int(h, 16))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise InvalidURL("Invalid percent-escape sequence: '%s'" % h)
+
+            if c in UNRESERVED_SET:
+                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:]
+            else:
+                parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
+        else:
+            parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
+    return ''.join(parts)
+
+
+def requote_uri(uri):
+    """Re-quote the given URI.
+
+    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
+    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
+    """
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
+
+
+def address_in_network(ip, net):
+    """
+    This function allows you to check if on IP belongs to a network subnet
+    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24
+             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24
+    """
+    ipaddr = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(ip))[0]
+    netaddr, bits = net.split('/')
+    netmask = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0]
+    network = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask
+    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask)
+
+
+def dotted_netmask(mask):
+    """
+    Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
+    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0
+    """
+    bits = 0xffffffff ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1
+    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('>I', bits))
+
+
+def is_ipv4_address(string_ip):
+    try:
+        socket.inet_aton(string_ip)
+    except socket.error:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_valid_cidr(string_network):
+    """Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable"""
+    if string_network.count('/') == 1:
+        try:
+            mask = int(string_network.split('/')[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        if mask < 1 or mask > 32:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split('/')[0])
+        except socket.error:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def should_bypass_proxies(url):
+    """
+    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not.
+    """
+    get_proxy = lambda k: os.environ.get(k) or os.environ.get(k.upper())
+
+    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL
+    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list.
+    no_proxy = get_proxy('no_proxy')
+    netloc = urlparse(url).netloc
+
+    if no_proxy:
+        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
+        # the end of the netloc, both with and without the port.
+        no_proxy = (
+            host for host in no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',') if host
+        )
+
+        ip = netloc.split(':')[0]
+        if is_ipv4_address(ip):
+            for proxy_ip in no_proxy:
+                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip):
+                    if address_in_network(ip, proxy_ip):
+                        return True
+        else:
+            for host in no_proxy:
+                if netloc.endswith(host) or netloc.split(':')[0].endswith(host):
+                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want
+                    # to apply the proxies on this URL.
+                    return True
+
+    # If the system proxy settings indicate that this URL should be bypassed,
+    # don't proxy.
+    # The proxy_bypass function is incredibly buggy on OS X in early versions
+    # of Python 2.6, so allow this call to fail. Only catch the specific
+    # exceptions we've seen, though: this call failing in other ways can reveal
+    # legitimate problems.
+    try:
+        bypass = proxy_bypass(netloc)
+    except (TypeError, socket.gaierror):
+        bypass = False
+
+    if bypass:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+def get_environ_proxies(url):
+    """Return a dict of environment proxies."""
+    if should_bypass_proxies(url):
+        return {}
+    else:
+        return getproxies()
+
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme+'://'+urlparts.hostname)
+    if proxy is None:
+        proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme)
+    return proxy
+
+def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
+    """Return a string representing the default user agent."""
+    return '%s/%s' % (name, __version__)
+
+
+def default_headers():
+    return CaseInsensitiveDict({
+        'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
+        'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
+        'Accept': '*/*',
+        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
+    })
+
+
+def parse_header_links(value):
+    """Return a dict of parsed link headers proxies.
+
+    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg"
+
+    """
+
+    links = []
+
+    replace_chars = " '\""
+
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
+        try:
+            url, params = val.split(";", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            url, params = val, ''
+
+        link = {}
+
+        link["url"] = url.strip("<> '\"")
+
+        for param in params.split(";"):
+            try:
+                key, value = param.split("=")
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+
+            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
+
+        links.append(link)
+
+    return links
+
+
+# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf
+_null = '\x00'.encode('ascii')  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3
+_null2 = _null * 2
+_null3 = _null * 3
+
+
+def guess_json_utf(data):
+    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as
+    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count
+    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present.
+    sample = data[:4]
+    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM32_BE):
+        return 'utf-32'     # BOM included
+    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+        return 'utf-8-sig'  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged)
+    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+        return 'utf-16'     # BOM included
+    nullcount = sample.count(_null)
+    if nullcount == 0:
+        return 'utf-8'
+    if nullcount == 2:
+        if sample[::2] == _null2:   # 1st and 3rd are null
+            return 'utf-16-be'
+        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null
+            return 'utf-16-le'
+        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters
+    if nullcount == 3:
+        if sample[:3] == _null3:
+            return 'utf-32-be'
+        if sample[1:] == _null3:
+            return 'utf-32-le'
+        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character
+    return None
+
+
+def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme):
+    '''Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme.
+    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.'''
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url, new_scheme)
+
+    # urlparse is a finicky beast, and sometimes decides that there isn't a
+    # netloc present. Assume that it's being over-cautious, and switch netloc
+    # and path if urlparse decided there was no netloc.
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment))
+
+
+def get_auth_from_url(url):
+    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of
+    username,password."""
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    try:
+        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password))
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        auth = ('', '')
+
+    return auth
+
+
+def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
+    """
+    Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of that
+    string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where necessary.
+    This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
+    """
+    out = None
+
+    if isinstance(string, builtin_str):
+        out = string
+    else:
+        if is_py2:
+            out = string.encode(encoding)
+        else:
+            out = string.decode(encoding)
+
+    return out
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))
diff --git a/python/requests/requirements.txt b/python/requests/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad5da7615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+py==1.4.30
+pytest==2.8.1
+pytest-cov==2.1.0
+pytest-httpbin==0.0.7
+httpbin==0.4.0
+wheel
diff --git a/python/requests/setup.cfg b/python/requests/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c71b612d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[wheel]
+universal = 1
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/requests/setup.py b/python/requests/setup.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b7ed12ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from codecs import open
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+
+if sys.argv[-1] == 'publish':
+    os.system('python setup.py sdist upload')
+    sys.exit()
+
+packages = [
+    'requests',
+    'requests.packages',
+    'requests.packages.chardet',
+    'requests.packages.urllib3',
+    'requests.packages.urllib3.packages',
+    'requests.packages.urllib3.contrib',
+    'requests.packages.urllib3.util',
+    'requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname',
+]
+
+requires = []
+
+version = ''
+with open('requests/__init__.py', 'r') as fd:
+    version = re.search(r'^__version__\s*=\s*[\'"]([^\'"]*)[\'"]',
+                        fd.read(), re.MULTILINE).group(1)
+
+if not version:
+    raise RuntimeError('Cannot find version information')
+
+with open('README.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
+    readme = f.read()
+with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
+    history = f.read()
+
+setup(
+    name='requests',
+    version=version,
+    description='Python HTTP for Humans.',
+    long_description=readme + '\n\n' + history,
+    author='Kenneth Reitz',
+    author_email='me@kennethreitz.com',
+    url='http://python-requests.org',
+    packages=packages,
+    package_data={'': ['LICENSE', 'NOTICE'], 'requests': ['*.pem']},
+    package_dir={'requests': 'requests'},
+    include_package_data=True,
+    install_requires=requires,
+    license='Apache 2.0',
+    zip_safe=False,
+    classifiers=(
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'Natural Language :: English',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
+        'Programming Language :: Python',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
+    ),
+    extras_require={
+        'security': ['pyOpenSSL>=0.13', 'ndg-httpsclient', 'pyasn1'],
+    },
+)
diff --git a/python/requests/test_requests.py b/python/requests/test_requests.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..079524186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/requests/test_requests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1746 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""Tests for Requests."""
+
+from __future__ import division
+import json
+import os
+import pickle
+import unittest
+import collections
+import contextlib
+
+import io
+import requests
+import pytest
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth, _basic_auth_str
+from requests.compat import (
+    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse, is_py3,
+    builtin_str, OrderedDict
+    )
+from requests.cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, morsel_to_cookie
+from requests.exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout,
+                                 InvalidSchema, InvalidURL, MissingSchema,
+                                 ReadTimeout, Timeout, RetryError)
+from requests.models import PreparedRequest
+from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from requests.sessions import SessionRedirectMixin
+from requests.models import urlencode
+from requests.hooks import default_hooks
+
+try:
+    import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    import io as StringIO
+
+try:
+    from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
+except ImportError:
+    ThreadPool = None
+
+if is_py3:
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+else:
+    def u(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape')
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def httpbin(httpbin):
+    # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
+    httpbin_url = httpbin.url.rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+    def inner(*suffix):
+        return urljoin(httpbin_url, '/'.join(suffix))
+
+    return inner
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def httpsbin_url(httpbin_secure):
+    # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
+    httpbin_url = httpbin_secure.url.rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+    def inner(*suffix):
+        return urljoin(httpbin_url, '/'.join(suffix))
+
+    return inner
+
+
+# Requests to this URL should always fail with a connection timeout (nothing
+# listening on that port)
+TARPIT = "http://10.255.255.1"
+
+class TestRequests(object):
+
+    _multiprocess_can_split_ = True
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Create simple data set with headers."""
+        pass
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """Teardown."""
+        pass
+
+    def test_entry_points(self):
+
+        requests.session
+        requests.session().get
+        requests.session().head
+        requests.get
+        requests.head
+        requests.put
+        requests.patch
+        requests.post
+
+    def test_invalid_url(self):
+        with pytest.raises(MissingSchema):
+            requests.get('hiwpefhipowhefopw')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('localhost:3128')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('localhost.localdomain:3128/')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('10.122.1.1:3128/')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidURL):
+            requests.get('http://')
+
+    def test_basic_building(self):
+        req = requests.Request()
+        req.url = 'http://kennethreitz.org/'
+        req.data = {'life': '42'}
+
+        pr = req.prepare()
+        assert pr.url == req.url
+        assert pr.body == 'life=42'
+
+    def test_no_content_length(self, httpbin):
+        get_req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get')).prepare()
+        assert 'Content-Length' not in get_req.headers
+        head_req = requests.Request('HEAD', httpbin('head')).prepare()
+        assert 'Content-Length' not in head_req.headers
+
+    def test_override_content_length(self, httpbin):
+        headers = {
+            'Content-Length': 'not zero'
+        }
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), headers=headers).prepare()
+        assert 'Content-Length' in r.headers
+        assert r.headers['Content-Length'] == 'not zero'
+
+    def test_path_is_not_double_encoded(self):
+        request = requests.Request('GET', "http://0.0.0.0/get/test case").prepare()
+
+        assert request.path_url == '/get/test%20case'
+
+    def test_params_are_added_before_fragment(self):
+        request = requests.Request('GET',
+            "http://example.com/path#fragment", params={"a": "b"}).prepare()
+        assert request.url == "http://example.com/path?a=b#fragment"
+        request = requests.Request('GET',
+            "http://example.com/path?key=value#fragment", params={"a": "b"}).prepare()
+        assert request.url == "http://example.com/path?key=value&a=b#fragment"
+
+    def test_params_original_order_is_preserved_by_default(self):
+        param_ordered_dict = OrderedDict((('z', 1), ('a', 1), ('k', 1), ('d', 1)))
+        session = requests.Session()
+        request = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com/', params=param_ordered_dict)
+        prep = session.prepare_request(request)
+        assert prep.url == 'http://example.com/?z=1&a=1&k=1&d=1'
+
+    def test_params_bytes_are_encoded(self):
+        request = requests.Request('GET', 'http://example.com',
+                                   params=b'test=foo').prepare()
+        assert request.url == 'http://example.com/?test=foo'
+
+    def test_binary_put(self):
+        request = requests.Request('PUT', 'http://example.com',
+                                   data=u"ööö".encode("utf-8")).prepare()
+        assert isinstance(request.body, bytes)
+
+    def test_mixed_case_scheme_acceptable(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.proxies = getproxies()
+        parts = urlparse(httpbin('get'))
+        schemes = ['http://', 'HTTP://', 'hTTp://', 'HttP://']
+        for scheme in schemes:
+            url = scheme + parts.netloc + parts.path
+            r = requests.Request('GET', url)
+            r = s.send(r.prepare())
+            assert r.status_code == 200, 'failed for scheme {0}'.format(scheme)
+
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_ALTERNATIVE(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.proxies = getproxies()
+
+        r = s.send(r.prepare())
+
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_HTTP_302_ALLOW_REDIRECT_GET(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect', '1'))
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert r.history[0].status_code == 302
+        assert r.history[0].is_redirect
+
+    # def test_HTTP_302_ALLOW_REDIRECT_POST(self):
+    #     r = requests.post(httpbin('status', '302'), data={'some': 'data'})
+    #     self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
+
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
+        heads = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
+
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
+
+        assert heads['User-agent'] in r.text
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_WITH_MIXED_PARAMS(self, httpbin):
+        heads = {'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}
+
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get') + '?test=true', params={'q': 'test'}, headers=heads)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_set_cookie_on_301(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        url = httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar')
+        s.get(url)
+        assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
+
+    def test_cookie_sent_on_redirect(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar'))
+        r = s.get(httpbin('redirect/1'))  # redirects to httpbin('get')
+        assert 'Cookie' in r.json()['headers']
+
+    def test_cookie_removed_on_expire(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar'))
+        assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
+        s.get(
+            httpbin('response-headers'),
+            params={
+                'Set-Cookie':
+                    'foo=deleted; expires=Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 GMT'
+            }
+        )
+        assert 'foo' not in s.cookies
+
+    def test_cookie_quote_wrapped(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.get(httpbin('cookies/set?foo="bar:baz"'))
+        assert s.cookies['foo'] == '"bar:baz"'
+
+    def test_cookie_persists_via_api(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        r = s.get(httpbin('redirect/1'), cookies={'foo': 'bar'})
+        assert 'foo' in r.request.headers['Cookie']
+        assert 'foo' in r.history[0].request.headers['Cookie']
+
+    def test_request_cookie_overrides_session_cookie(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.cookies['foo'] = 'bar'
+        r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies={'foo': 'baz'})
+        assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'baz'
+        # Session cookie should not be modified
+        assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
+
+    def test_request_cookies_not_persisted(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies={'foo': 'baz'})
+        # Sending a request with cookies should not add cookies to the session
+        assert not s.cookies
+
+    def test_generic_cookiejar_works(self, httpbin):
+        cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
+        cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.cookies = cj
+        r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'))
+        # Make sure the cookie was sent
+        assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'bar'
+        # Make sure the session cj is still the custom one
+        assert s.cookies is cj
+
+    def test_param_cookiejar_works(self, httpbin):
+        cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
+        cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
+        s = requests.session()
+        r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies=cj)
+        # Make sure the cookie was sent
+        assert r.json()['cookies']['foo'] == 'bar'
+
+    def test_requests_in_history_are_not_overridden(self, httpbin):
+        resp = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/3'))
+        urls = [r.url for r in resp.history]
+        req_urls = [r.request.url for r in resp.history]
+        assert urls == req_urls
+
+    def test_history_is_always_a_list(self, httpbin):
+        """
+        Show that even with redirects, Response.history is always a list.
+        """
+        resp = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
+        assert isinstance(resp.history, list)
+        resp = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/1'))
+        assert isinstance(resp.history, list)
+        assert not isinstance(resp.history, tuple)
+
+    def test_headers_on_session_with_None_are_not_sent(self, httpbin):
+        """Do not send headers in Session.headers with None values."""
+        ses = requests.Session()
+        ses.headers['Accept-Encoding'] = None
+        req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
+        prep = ses.prepare_request(req)
+        assert 'Accept-Encoding' not in prep.headers
+
+    def test_user_agent_transfers(self, httpbin):
+
+        heads = {
+            'User-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (github.com/kennethreitz/requests)'
+        }
+
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
+        assert heads['User-agent'] in r.text
+
+        heads = {
+            'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (github.com/kennethreitz/requests)'
+        }
+
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('user-agent'), headers=heads)
+        assert heads['user-agent'] in r.text
+
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_HEAD(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.head(httpbin('get'))
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_HTTP_200_OK_PUT(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.put(httpbin('put'))
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_BASICAUTH_TUPLE_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self, httpbin):
+        auth = ('user', 'pass')
+        url = httpbin('basic-auth', 'user', 'pass')
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        assert r.status_code == 401
+
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.auth = auth
+        r = s.get(url)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_connection_error_invalid_domain(self):
+        """Connecting to an unknown domain should raise a ConnectionError"""
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
+            requests.get("http://doesnotexist.google.com")
+
+    def test_connection_error_invalid_port(self):
+        """Connecting to an invalid port should raise a ConnectionError"""
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
+            requests.get("http://localhost:1", timeout=1)
+
+    def test_LocationParseError(self):
+        """Inputing a URL that cannot be parsed should raise an InvalidURL error"""
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidURL):
+            requests.get("http://fe80::5054:ff:fe5a:fc0")
+
+    def test_basicauth_with_netrc(self, httpbin):
+        auth = ('user', 'pass')
+        wrong_auth = ('wronguser', 'wrongpass')
+        url = httpbin('basic-auth', 'user', 'pass')
+
+        old_auth = requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth
+
+        try:
+            def get_netrc_auth_mock(url):
+                return auth
+            requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = get_netrc_auth_mock
+
+            # Should use netrc and work.
+            r = requests.get(url)
+            assert r.status_code == 200
+
+            # Given auth should override and fail.
+            r = requests.get(url, auth=wrong_auth)
+            assert r.status_code == 401
+
+            s = requests.session()
+
+            # Should use netrc and work.
+            r = s.get(url)
+            assert r.status_code == 200
+
+            # Given auth should override and fail.
+            s.auth = wrong_auth
+            r = s.get(url)
+            assert r.status_code == 401
+        finally:
+            requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth = old_auth
+
+    def test_DIGEST_HTTP_200_OK_GET(self, httpbin):
+
+        auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
+        url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        assert r.status_code == 401
+
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
+        r = s.get(url)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_DIGEST_AUTH_RETURNS_COOKIE(self, httpbin):
+        url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
+        auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        assert r.cookies['fake'] == 'fake_value'
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_DIGEST_AUTH_SETS_SESSION_COOKIES(self, httpbin):
+        url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
+        auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.get(url, auth=auth)
+        assert s.cookies['fake'] == 'fake_value'
+
+    def test_DIGEST_STREAM(self, httpbin):
+
+        auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
+        url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth, stream=True)
+        assert r.raw.read() != b''
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth, stream=False)
+        assert r.raw.read() == b''
+
+    def test_DIGESTAUTH_WRONG_HTTP_401_GET(self, httpbin):
+
+        auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'wrongpass')
+        url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
+        assert r.status_code == 401
+
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        assert r.status_code == 401
+
+        s = requests.session()
+        s.auth = auth
+        r = s.get(url)
+        assert r.status_code == 401
+
+    def test_DIGESTAUTH_QUOTES_QOP_VALUE(self, httpbin):
+
+        auth = HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')
+        url = httpbin('digest-auth', 'auth', 'user', 'pass')
+
+        r = requests.get(url, auth=auth)
+        assert '"auth"' in r.request.headers['Authorization']
+
+    def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES(self, httpbin):
+
+        url = httpbin('post')
+        post1 = requests.post(url).raise_for_status()
+
+        post1 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'})
+        assert post1.status_code == 200
+
+        with open('requirements.txt') as f:
+            post2 = requests.post(url, files={'some': f})
+        assert post2.status_code == 200
+
+        post4 = requests.post(url, data='[{"some": "json"}]')
+        assert post4.status_code == 200
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
+
+    def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES_WITH_DATA(self, httpbin):
+
+        url = httpbin('post')
+        post1 = requests.post(url).raise_for_status()
+
+        post1 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'})
+        assert post1.status_code == 200
+
+        with open('requirements.txt') as f:
+            post2 = requests.post(url,
+                data={'some': 'data'}, files={'some': f})
+        assert post2.status_code == 200
+
+        post4 = requests.post(url, data='[{"some": "json"}]')
+        assert post4.status_code == 200
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
+
+    def test_conflicting_post_params(self, httpbin):
+        url = httpbin('post')
+        with open('requirements.txt') as f:
+            pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data='[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
+            pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u('[{\"some\": \"data\"}]'), files={'some': f})")
+
+    def test_request_ok_set(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
+        assert not r.ok
+
+    def test_status_raising(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
+        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
+            r.raise_for_status()
+
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '500'))
+        assert not r.ok
+
+    def test_decompress_gzip(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('gzip'))
+        r.content.decode('ascii')
+
+    def test_unicode_get(self, httpbin):
+        url = httpbin('/get')
+        requests.get(url, params={'foo': 'føø'})
+        requests.get(url, params={'føø': 'føø'})
+        requests.get(url, params={'føø': 'føø'})
+        requests.get(url, params={'foo': 'foo'})
+        requests.get(httpbin('ø'), params={'foo': 'foo'})
+
+    def test_unicode_header_name(self, httpbin):
+        requests.put(
+            httpbin('put'),
+            headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'},
+            data='\xff')  # compat.str is unicode.
+
+    def test_pyopenssl_redirect(self, httpsbin_url, httpbin_ca_bundle):
+        requests.get(httpsbin_url('status', '301'), verify=httpbin_ca_bundle)
+
+    def test_urlencoded_get_query_multivalued_param(self, httpbin):
+
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), params=dict(test=['foo', 'baz']))
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert r.url == httpbin('get?test=foo&test=baz')
+
+    def test_different_encodings_dont_break_post(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
+            params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_unicode_multipart_post(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr').encode('utf-8')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': 'elixr'.encode('utf-8')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_unicode_multipart_post_fieldnames(self, httpbin):
+        filename = os.path.splitext(__file__)[0] + '.py'
+        r = requests.Request(method='POST',
+                             url=httpbin('post'),
+                             data={'stuff'.encode('utf-8'): 'elixr'},
+                             files={'file': ('test_requests.py',
+                                             open(filename, 'rb'))})
+        prep = r.prepare()
+        assert b'name="stuff"' in prep.body
+        assert b'name="b\'stuff\'"' not in prep.body
+
+    def test_unicode_method_name(self, httpbin):
+        files = {'file': open('test_requests.py', 'rb')}
+        r = requests.request(
+            method=u('POST'), url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_unicode_method_name_with_request_object(self, httpbin):
+        files = {'file': open('test_requests.py', 'rb')}
+        s = requests.Session()
+        req = requests.Request(u("POST"), httpbin('post'), files=files)
+        prep = s.prepare_request(req)
+        assert isinstance(prep.method, builtin_str)
+        assert prep.method == "POST"
+
+        resp = s.send(prep)
+        assert resp.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_custom_content_type(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.post(
+            httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
+            files={'file1': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb')),
+                   'file2': ('test_requests', open(__file__, 'rb'),
+                             'text/py-content-type')})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert b"text/py-content-type" in r.request.body
+
+    def test_hook_receives_request_arguments(self, httpbin):
+        def hook(resp, **kwargs):
+            assert resp is not None
+            assert kwargs != {}
+
+        requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': hook})
+
+    def test_session_hooks_are_used_with_no_request_hooks(self, httpbin):
+        hook = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.hooks['response'].append(hook)
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin())
+        prep = s.prepare_request(r)
+        assert prep.hooks['response'] != []
+        assert prep.hooks['response'] == [hook]
+
+    def test_session_hooks_are_overridden_by_request_hooks(self, httpbin):
+        hook1 = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
+        hook2 = lambda x, *args, **kwargs: x
+        assert hook1 is not hook2
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.hooks['response'].append(hook2)
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': [hook1]})
+        prep = s.prepare_request(r)
+        assert prep.hooks['response'] == [hook1]
+
+    def test_prepared_request_hook(self, httpbin):
+        def hook(resp, **kwargs):
+            resp.hook_working = True
+            return resp
+
+        req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin(), hooks={'response': hook})
+        prep = req.prepare()
+
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.proxies = getproxies()
+        resp = s.send(prep)
+
+        assert hasattr(resp, 'hook_working')
+
+    def test_prepared_from_session(self, httpbin):
+        class DummyAuth(requests.auth.AuthBase):
+            def __call__(self, r):
+                r.headers['Dummy-Auth-Test'] = 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
+                return r
+
+        req = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('headers'))
+        assert not req.auth
+
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.auth = DummyAuth()
+
+        prep = s.prepare_request(req)
+        resp = s.send(prep)
+
+        assert resp.json()['headers'][
+            'Dummy-Auth-Test'] == 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
+
+    def test_prepare_request_with_bytestring_url(self):
+        req = requests.Request('GET', b'https://httpbin.org/')
+        s = requests.Session()
+        prep = s.prepare_request(req)
+        assert prep.url == "https://httpbin.org/"
+
+    def test_links(self):
+        r = requests.Response()
+        r.headers = {
+            'cache-control': 'public, max-age=60, s-maxage=60',
+            'connection': 'keep-alive',
+            'content-encoding': 'gzip',
+            'content-type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
+            'date': 'Sat, 26 Jan 2013 16:47:56 GMT',
+            'etag': '"6ff6a73c0e446c1f61614769e3ceb778"',
+            'last-modified': 'Sat, 26 Jan 2013 16:22:39 GMT',
+            'link': ('<https://api.github.com/users/kennethreitz/repos?'
+                     'page=2&per_page=10>; rel="next", <https://api.github.'
+                     'com/users/kennethreitz/repos?page=7&per_page=10>; '
+                     ' rel="last"'),
+            'server': 'GitHub.com',
+            'status': '200 OK',
+            'vary': 'Accept',
+            'x-content-type-options': 'nosniff',
+            'x-github-media-type': 'github.beta',
+            'x-ratelimit-limit': '60',
+            'x-ratelimit-remaining': '57'
+        }
+        assert r.links['next']['rel'] == 'next'
+
+    def test_cookie_parameters(self):
+        key = 'some_cookie'
+        value = 'some_value'
+        secure = True
+        domain = 'test.com'
+        rest = {'HttpOnly': True}
+
+        jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        jar.set(key, value, secure=secure, domain=domain, rest=rest)
+
+        assert len(jar) == 1
+        assert 'some_cookie' in jar
+
+        cookie = list(jar)[0]
+        assert cookie.secure == secure
+        assert cookie.domain == domain
+        assert cookie._rest['HttpOnly'] == rest['HttpOnly']
+
+    def test_cookie_as_dict_keeps_len(self):
+        key = 'some_cookie'
+        value = 'some_value'
+
+        key1 = 'some_cookie1'
+        value1 = 'some_value1'
+
+        jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        jar.set(key, value)
+        jar.set(key1, value1)
+
+        d1 = dict(jar)
+        d2 = dict(jar.iteritems())
+        d3 = dict(jar.items())
+
+        assert len(jar) == 2
+        assert len(d1) == 2
+        assert len(d2) == 2
+        assert len(d3) == 2
+
+    def test_cookie_as_dict_keeps_items(self):
+        key = 'some_cookie'
+        value = 'some_value'
+
+        key1 = 'some_cookie1'
+        value1 = 'some_value1'
+
+        jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        jar.set(key, value)
+        jar.set(key1, value1)
+
+        d1 = dict(jar)
+        d2 = dict(jar.iteritems())
+        d3 = dict(jar.items())
+
+        assert d1['some_cookie'] == 'some_value'
+        assert d2['some_cookie'] == 'some_value'
+        assert d3['some_cookie1'] == 'some_value1'
+
+    def test_cookie_as_dict_keys(self):
+        key = 'some_cookie'
+        value = 'some_value'
+
+        key1 = 'some_cookie1'
+        value1 = 'some_value1'
+
+        jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        jar.set(key, value)
+        jar.set(key1, value1)
+
+        keys = jar.keys()
+        assert keys == list(keys)
+        # make sure one can use keys multiple times
+        assert list(keys) == list(keys)
+
+    def test_cookie_as_dict_values(self):
+        key = 'some_cookie'
+        value = 'some_value'
+
+        key1 = 'some_cookie1'
+        value1 = 'some_value1'
+
+        jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        jar.set(key, value)
+        jar.set(key1, value1)
+
+        values = jar.values()
+        assert values == list(values)
+        # make sure one can use values multiple times
+        assert list(values) == list(values)
+
+    def test_cookie_as_dict_items(self):
+        key = 'some_cookie'
+        value = 'some_value'
+
+        key1 = 'some_cookie1'
+        value1 = 'some_value1'
+
+        jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        jar.set(key, value)
+        jar.set(key1, value1)
+
+        items = jar.items()
+        assert items == list(items)
+        # make sure one can use items multiple times
+        assert list(items) == list(items)
+
+    def test_time_elapsed_blank(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
+        td = r.elapsed
+        total_seconds = ((td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600)
+                         * 10**6) / 10**6)
+        assert total_seconds > 0.0
+
+    def test_response_is_iterable(self):
+        r = requests.Response()
+        io = StringIO.StringIO('abc')
+        read_ = io.read
+
+        def read_mock(amt, decode_content=None):
+            return read_(amt)
+        setattr(io, 'read', read_mock)
+        r.raw = io
+        assert next(iter(r))
+        io.close()
+
+    def test_response_decode_unicode(self):
+        """
+        When called with decode_unicode, Response.iter_content should always
+        return unicode.
+        """
+        r = requests.Response()
+        r._content_consumed = True
+        r._content = b'the content'
+        r.encoding = 'ascii'
+
+        chunks = r.iter_content(decode_unicode=True)
+        assert all(isinstance(chunk, str) for chunk in chunks)
+
+        # also for streaming
+        r = requests.Response()
+        r.raw = io.BytesIO(b'the content')
+        r.encoding = 'ascii'
+        chunks = r.iter_content(decode_unicode=True)
+        assert all(isinstance(chunk, str) for chunk in chunks)
+
+    def test_request_and_response_are_pickleable(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
+
+        # verify we can pickle the original request
+        assert pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(r.request))
+
+        # verify we can pickle the response and that we have access to
+        # the original request.
+        pr = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(r))
+        assert r.request.url == pr.request.url
+        assert r.request.headers == pr.request.headers
+
+    def test_get_auth_from_url(self):
+        url = 'http://user:pass@complex.url.com/path?query=yes'
+        assert ('user', 'pass') == requests.utils.get_auth_from_url(url)
+
+    def test_get_auth_from_url_encoded_spaces(self):
+        url = 'http://user:pass%20pass@complex.url.com/path?query=yes'
+        assert ('user', 'pass pass') == requests.utils.get_auth_from_url(url)
+
+    def test_get_auth_from_url_not_encoded_spaces(self):
+        url = 'http://user:pass pass@complex.url.com/path?query=yes'
+        assert ('user', 'pass pass') == requests.utils.get_auth_from_url(url)
+
+    def test_get_auth_from_url_percent_chars(self):
+        url = 'http://user%25user:pass@complex.url.com/path?query=yes'
+        assert ('user%user', 'pass') == requests.utils.get_auth_from_url(url)
+
+    def test_get_auth_from_url_encoded_hashes(self):
+        url = 'http://user:pass%23pass@complex.url.com/path?query=yes'
+        assert ('user', 'pass#pass') == requests.utils.get_auth_from_url(url)
+
+    def test_cannot_send_unprepared_requests(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.Request(url=httpbin())
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            requests.Session().send(r)
+
+    def test_http_error(self):
+        error = requests.exceptions.HTTPError()
+        assert not error.response
+        response = requests.Response()
+        error = requests.exceptions.HTTPError(response=response)
+        assert error.response == response
+        error = requests.exceptions.HTTPError('message', response=response)
+        assert str(error) == 'message'
+        assert error.response == response
+
+    def test_session_pickling(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))
+        s = requests.Session()
+
+        s = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(s))
+        s.proxies = getproxies()
+
+        r = s.send(r.prepare())
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_fixes_1329(self, httpbin):
+        """
+        Ensure that header updates are done case-insensitively.
+        """
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.headers.update({'ACCEPT': 'BOGUS'})
+        s.headers.update({'accept': 'application/json'})
+        r = s.get(httpbin('get'))
+        headers = r.request.headers
+        assert headers['accept'] == 'application/json'
+        assert headers['Accept'] == 'application/json'
+        assert headers['ACCEPT'] == 'application/json'
+
+    def test_uppercase_scheme_redirect(self, httpbin):
+        parts = urlparse(httpbin('html'))
+        url = "HTTP://" + parts.netloc + parts.path
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect-to'), params={'url': url})
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert r.url.lower() == url.lower()
+
+    def test_transport_adapter_ordering(self):
+        s = requests.Session()
+        order = ['https://', 'http://']
+        assert order == list(s.adapters)
+        s.mount('http://git', HTTPAdapter())
+        s.mount('http://github', HTTPAdapter())
+        s.mount('http://github.com', HTTPAdapter())
+        s.mount('http://github.com/about/', HTTPAdapter())
+        order = [
+            'http://github.com/about/',
+            'http://github.com',
+            'http://github',
+            'http://git',
+            'https://',
+            'http://',
+        ]
+        assert order == list(s.adapters)
+        s.mount('http://gittip', HTTPAdapter())
+        s.mount('http://gittip.com', HTTPAdapter())
+        s.mount('http://gittip.com/about/', HTTPAdapter())
+        order = [
+            'http://github.com/about/',
+            'http://gittip.com/about/',
+            'http://github.com',
+            'http://gittip.com',
+            'http://github',
+            'http://gittip',
+            'http://git',
+            'https://',
+            'http://',
+        ]
+        assert order == list(s.adapters)
+        s2 = requests.Session()
+        s2.adapters = {'http://': HTTPAdapter()}
+        s2.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
+        assert 'http://' in s2.adapters
+        assert 'https://' in s2.adapters
+
+    def test_header_remove_is_case_insensitive(self, httpbin):
+        # From issue #1321
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.headers['foo'] = 'bar'
+        r = s.get(httpbin('get'), headers={'FOO': None})
+        assert 'foo' not in r.request.headers
+
+    def test_params_are_merged_case_sensitive(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.params['foo'] = 'bar'
+        r = s.get(httpbin('get'), params={'FOO': 'bar'})
+        assert r.json()['args'] == {'foo': 'bar', 'FOO': 'bar'}
+
+    def test_long_authinfo_in_url(self):
+        url = 'http://{0}:{1}@{2}:9000/path?query#frag'.format(
+            'E8A3BE87-9E3F-4620-8858-95478E385B5B',
+            'EA770032-DA4D-4D84-8CE9-29C6D910BF1E',
+            'exactly-------------sixty-----------three------------characters',
+        )
+        r = requests.Request('GET', url).prepare()
+        assert r.url == url
+
+    def test_header_keys_are_native(self, httpbin):
+        headers = {u('unicode'): 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
+        r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), headers=headers)
+        p = r.prepare()
+
+        # This is testing that they are builtin strings. A bit weird, but there
+        # we go.
+        assert 'unicode' in p.headers.keys()
+        assert 'byte' in p.headers.keys()
+
+    def test_can_send_nonstring_objects_with_files(self, httpbin):
+        data = {'a': 0.0}
+        files = {'b': 'foo'}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+
+    def test_can_send_bytes_bytearray_objects_with_files(self, httpbin):
+        # Test bytes:
+        data = {'a': 'this is a string'}
+        files = {'b': b'foo'}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+        # Test bytearrays:
+        files = {'b': bytearray(b'foo')}
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data, files=files)
+        p = r.prepare()
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+
+    def test_can_send_file_object_with_non_string_filename(self, httpbin):
+        f = io.BytesIO()
+        f.name = 2
+        r = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), files={'f': f})
+        p = r.prepare()
+
+        assert 'multipart/form-data' in p.headers['Content-Type']
+
+    def test_autoset_header_values_are_native(self, httpbin):
+        data = 'this is a string'
+        length = '16'
+        req = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post'), data=data)
+        p = req.prepare()
+
+        assert p.headers['Content-Length'] == length
+
+    def test_nonhttp_schemes_dont_check_URLs(self):
+        test_urls = (
+            'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAHAAACH5BAUAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==',
+            'file:///etc/passwd',
+            'magnet:?xt=urn:btih:be08f00302bc2d1d3cfa3af02024fa647a271431',
+        )
+        for test_url in test_urls:
+            req = requests.Request('GET', test_url)
+            preq = req.prepare()
+            assert test_url == preq.url
+
+    def test_auth_is_stripped_on_redirect_off_host(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(
+            httpbin('redirect-to'),
+            params={'url': 'http://www.google.co.uk'},
+            auth=('user', 'pass'),
+        )
+        assert r.history[0].request.headers['Authorization']
+        assert not r.request.headers.get('Authorization', '')
+
+    def test_auth_is_retained_for_redirect_on_host(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/1'), auth=('user', 'pass'))
+        h1 = r.history[0].request.headers['Authorization']
+        h2 = r.request.headers['Authorization']
+
+        assert h1 == h2
+
+    def test_manual_redirect_with_partial_body_read(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.Session()
+        r1 = s.get(httpbin('redirect/2'), allow_redirects=False, stream=True)
+        assert r1.is_redirect
+        rg = s.resolve_redirects(r1, r1.request, stream=True)
+
+        # read only the first eight bytes of the response body,
+        # then follow the redirect
+        r1.iter_content(8)
+        r2 = next(rg)
+        assert r2.is_redirect
+
+        # read all of the response via iter_content,
+        # then follow the redirect
+        for _ in r2.iter_content():
+            pass
+        r3 = next(rg)
+        assert not r3.is_redirect
+
+    def _patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(self, session, url):
+        adapter = session.get_adapter(url=url)
+        org_build_response = adapter.build_response
+        self._patched_response = False
+
+        def build_response(*args, **kwargs):
+            resp = org_build_response(*args, **kwargs)
+            if not self._patched_response:
+                resp.raw.headers['content-encoding'] = 'gzip'
+                self._patched_response = True
+            return resp
+
+        adapter.build_response = build_response
+
+    def test_redirect_with_wrong_gzipped_header(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.Session()
+        url = httpbin('redirect/1')
+        self._patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(s, url)
+        s.get(url)
+
+    def test_basic_auth_str_is_always_native(self):
+        s = _basic_auth_str("test", "test")
+        assert isinstance(s, builtin_str)
+        assert s == "Basic dGVzdDp0ZXN0"
+
+    def test_requests_history_is_saved(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('redirect/5'))
+        total = r.history[-1].history
+        i = 0
+        for item in r.history:
+            assert item.history == total[0:i]
+            i = i + 1
+
+    def test_json_param_post_content_type_works(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.post(
+            httpbin('post'),
+            json={'life': 42}
+        )
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert 'application/json' in r.request.headers['Content-Type']
+        assert {'life': 42} == r.json()['json']
+
+    def test_json_param_post_should_not_override_data_param(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.Request(method='POST', url=httpbin('post'),
+                             data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
+                             json={'music': 'flute'})
+        prep = r.prepare()
+        assert 'stuff=elixr' == prep.body
+
+    def test_response_iter_lines(self, httpbin):
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        it = r.iter_lines()
+        next(it)
+        assert len(list(it)) == 3
+
+    def test_unconsumed_session_response_closes_connection(self, httpbin):
+        s = requests.session()
+
+        with contextlib.closing(s.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)) as response:
+            pass
+
+        assert response._content_consumed is False
+        assert response.raw.closed
+
+    @pytest.mark.xfail
+    def test_response_iter_lines_reentrant(self, httpbin):
+        """Response.iter_lines() is not reentrant safe"""
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('stream/4'), stream=True)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+        next(r.iter_lines())
+        assert len(list(r.iter_lines())) == 3
+
+
+class TestContentEncodingDetection(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_none(self):
+        encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content('')
+        assert not len(encodings)
+
+    def test_html_charset(self):
+        """HTML5 meta charset attribute"""
+        content = '<meta charset="UTF-8">'
+        encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(content)
+        assert len(encodings) == 1
+        assert encodings[0] == 'UTF-8'
+
+    def test_html4_pragma(self):
+        """HTML4 pragma directive"""
+        content = '<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">'
+        encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(content)
+        assert len(encodings) == 1
+        assert encodings[0] == 'UTF-8'
+
+    def test_xhtml_pragma(self):
+        """XHTML 1.x served with text/html MIME type"""
+        content = '<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />'
+        encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(content)
+        assert len(encodings) == 1
+        assert encodings[0] == 'UTF-8'
+
+    def test_xml(self):
+        """XHTML 1.x served as XML"""
+        content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
+        encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(content)
+        assert len(encodings) == 1
+        assert encodings[0] == 'UTF-8'
+
+    def test_precedence(self):
+        content = '''
+        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="XML"?>
+        <meta charset="HTML5">
+        <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=HTML4" />
+        '''.strip()
+        encodings = requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(content)
+        assert encodings == ['HTML5', 'HTML4', 'XML']
+
+
+class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_mapping_init(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
+        assert len(cid) == 2
+        assert 'foo' in cid
+        assert 'bar' in cid
+
+    def test_iterable_init(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict([('Foo', 'foo'), ('BAr', 'bar')])
+        assert len(cid) == 2
+        assert 'foo' in cid
+        assert 'bar' in cid
+
+    def test_kwargs_init(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict(FOO='foo', BAr='bar')
+        assert len(cid) == 2
+        assert 'foo' in cid
+        assert 'bar' in cid
+
+    def test_docstring_example(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        assert cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'
+        assert list(cid) == ['Accept']
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'})
+        cid['A'] = 'a'
+        assert len(cid) == 2
+
+    def test_getitem(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'blueval'})
+        assert cid['spam'] == 'blueval'
+        assert cid['SPAM'] == 'blueval'
+
+    def test_fixes_649(self):
+        """__setitem__ should behave case-insensitively."""
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['spam'] = 'oneval'
+        cid['Spam'] = 'twoval'
+        cid['sPAM'] = 'redval'
+        cid['SPAM'] = 'blueval'
+        assert cid['spam'] == 'blueval'
+        assert cid['SPAM'] == 'blueval'
+        assert list(cid.keys()) == ['SPAM']
+
+    def test_delitem(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Spam'] = 'someval'
+        del cid['sPam']
+        assert 'spam' not in cid
+        assert len(cid) == 0
+
+    def test_contains(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Spam'] = 'someval'
+        assert 'Spam' in cid
+        assert 'spam' in cid
+        assert 'SPAM' in cid
+        assert 'sPam' in cid
+        assert 'notspam' not in cid
+
+    def test_get(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['spam'] = 'oneval'
+        cid['SPAM'] = 'blueval'
+        assert cid.get('spam') == 'blueval'
+        assert cid.get('SPAM') == 'blueval'
+        assert cid.get('sPam') == 'blueval'
+        assert cid.get('notspam', 'default') == 'default'
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['spam'] = 'blueval'
+        cid.update({'sPam': 'notblueval'})
+        assert cid['spam'] == 'notblueval'
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
+        cid.update({'fOO': 'anotherfoo', 'bAR': 'anotherbar'})
+        assert len(cid) == 2
+        assert cid['foo'] == 'anotherfoo'
+        assert cid['bar'] == 'anotherbar'
+
+    def test_update_retains_unchanged(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'foo': 'foo', 'bar': 'bar'})
+        cid.update({'foo': 'newfoo'})
+        assert cid['bar'] == 'bar'
+
+    def test_iter(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'spam', 'Eggs': 'eggs'})
+        keys = frozenset(['Spam', 'Eggs'])
+        assert frozenset(iter(cid)) == keys
+
+    def test_equality(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'SPAM': 'blueval', 'Eggs': 'redval'})
+        othercid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'spam': 'blueval', 'eggs': 'redval'})
+        assert cid == othercid
+        del othercid['spam']
+        assert cid != othercid
+        assert cid == {'spam': 'blueval', 'eggs': 'redval'}
+        assert cid != object()
+
+    def test_setdefault(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Spam': 'blueval'})
+        assert cid.setdefault('spam', 'notblueval') == 'blueval'
+        assert cid.setdefault('notspam', 'notblueval') == 'notblueval'
+
+    def test_lower_items(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'user-Agent': 'requests',
+        })
+        keyset = frozenset(lowerkey for lowerkey, v in cid.lower_items())
+        lowerkeyset = frozenset(['accept', 'user-agent'])
+        assert keyset == lowerkeyset
+
+    def test_preserve_key_case(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'user-Agent': 'requests',
+        })
+        keyset = frozenset(['Accept', 'user-Agent'])
+        assert frozenset(i[0] for i in cid.items()) == keyset
+        assert frozenset(cid.keys()) == keyset
+        assert frozenset(cid) == keyset
+
+    def test_preserve_last_key_case(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'user-Agent': 'requests',
+        })
+        cid.update({'ACCEPT': 'application/json'})
+        cid['USER-AGENT'] = 'requests'
+        keyset = frozenset(['ACCEPT', 'USER-AGENT'])
+        assert frozenset(i[0] for i in cid.items()) == keyset
+        assert frozenset(cid.keys()) == keyset
+        assert frozenset(cid) == keyset
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
+            'user-Agent': 'requests',
+        })
+        cid_copy = cid.copy()
+        assert cid == cid_copy
+        cid['changed'] = True
+        assert cid != cid_copy
+
+
+class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_super_len_io_streams(self):
+        """ Ensures that we properly deal with different kinds of IO streams. """
+        # uses StringIO or io.StringIO (see import above)
+        from io import BytesIO
+        from requests.utils import super_len
+
+        assert super_len(StringIO.StringIO()) == 0
+        assert super_len(
+            StringIO.StringIO('with so much drama in the LBC')) == 29
+
+        assert super_len(BytesIO()) == 0
+        assert super_len(
+            BytesIO(b"it's kinda hard bein' snoop d-o-double-g")) == 40
+
+        try:
+            import cStringIO
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert super_len(
+                cStringIO.StringIO('but some how, some way...')) == 25
+
+    def test_super_len_correctly_calculates_len_of_partially_read_file(self):
+        """Ensure that we handle partially consumed file like objects."""
+        from requests.utils import super_len
+        s = StringIO.StringIO()
+        s.write('foobarbogus')
+        assert super_len(s) == 0
+
+    def test_get_environ_proxies_ip_ranges(self):
+        """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
+        in no_proxy variable."""
+        from requests.utils import get_environ_proxies
+        os.environ['no_proxy'] = "192.168.0.0/24,127.0.0.1,localhost.localdomain,172.16.1.1"
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.0.1:5000/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.0.1/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://172.16.1.1/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://172.16.1.1:5000/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.1.1:5000/') != {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.1.1/') != {}
+
+    def test_get_environ_proxies(self):
+        """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
+        in no_proxy variable."""
+        from requests.utils import get_environ_proxies
+        os.environ['no_proxy'] = "127.0.0.1,localhost.localdomain,192.168.0.0/24,172.16.1.1"
+        assert get_environ_proxies(
+            'http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies('http://www.requests.com/') != {}
+
+    def test_select_proxies(self):
+        """Make sure we can select per-host proxies correctly."""
+        from requests.utils import select_proxy
+        proxies = {'http': 'http://http.proxy',
+                   'http://some.host': 'http://some.host.proxy'}
+        assert select_proxy('hTTp://u:p@Some.Host/path', proxies) == 'http://some.host.proxy'
+        assert select_proxy('hTTp://u:p@Other.Host/path', proxies) == 'http://http.proxy'
+        assert select_proxy('hTTps://Other.Host', proxies) is None
+
+    def test_guess_filename_when_int(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        assert None is guess_filename(1)
+
+    def test_guess_filename_when_filename_is_an_int(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        fake = type('Fake', (object,), {'name': 1})()
+        assert None is guess_filename(fake)
+
+    def test_guess_filename_with_file_like_obj(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        from requests import compat
+        fake = type('Fake', (object,), {'name': b'value'})()
+        guessed_name = guess_filename(fake)
+        assert b'value' == guessed_name
+        assert isinstance(guessed_name, compat.bytes)
+
+    def test_guess_filename_with_unicode_name(self):
+        from requests.utils import guess_filename
+        from requests import compat
+        filename = b'value'.decode('utf-8')
+        fake = type('Fake', (object,), {'name': filename})()
+        guessed_name = guess_filename(fake)
+        assert filename == guessed_name
+        assert isinstance(guessed_name, compat.str)
+
+    def test_is_ipv4_address(self):
+        from requests.utils import is_ipv4_address
+        assert is_ipv4_address('8.8.8.8')
+        assert not is_ipv4_address('8.8.8.8.8')
+        assert not is_ipv4_address('localhost.localdomain')
+
+    def test_is_valid_cidr(self):
+        from requests.utils import is_valid_cidr
+        assert not is_valid_cidr('8.8.8.8')
+        assert is_valid_cidr('192.168.1.0/24')
+
+    def test_dotted_netmask(self):
+        from requests.utils import dotted_netmask
+        assert dotted_netmask(8) == '255.0.0.0'
+        assert dotted_netmask(24) == '255.255.255.0'
+        assert dotted_netmask(25) == '255.255.255.128'
+
+    def test_address_in_network(self):
+        from requests.utils import address_in_network
+        assert address_in_network('192.168.1.1', '192.168.1.0/24')
+        assert not address_in_network('172.16.0.1', '192.168.1.0/24')
+
+    def test_get_auth_from_url(self):
+        """Ensures that username and password in well-encoded URI as per
+        RFC 3986 are correclty extracted."""
+        from requests.utils import get_auth_from_url
+        from requests.compat import quote
+        percent_encoding_test_chars = "%!*'();:@&=+$,/?#[] "
+        url_address = "request.com/url.html#test"
+        url = "http://" + quote(
+            percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + ':' + quote(
+            percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + '@' + url_address
+        (username, password) = get_auth_from_url(url)
+        assert username == percent_encoding_test_chars
+        assert password == percent_encoding_test_chars
+
+    def test_requote_uri_with_unquoted_percents(self):
+        """Ensure we handle unquoted percent signs in redirects.
+
+        See: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2356
+        """
+        from requests.utils import requote_uri
+        bad_uri = 'http://example.com/fiz?buz=%ppicture'
+        quoted = 'http://example.com/fiz?buz=%25ppicture'
+        assert quoted == requote_uri(bad_uri)
+
+    def test_requote_uri_properly_requotes(self):
+        """Ensure requoting doesn't break expectations."""
+        from requests.utils import requote_uri
+        quoted = 'http://example.com/fiz?buz=%25ppicture'
+        assert quoted == requote_uri(quoted)
+
+
+class TestMorselToCookieExpires(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    """Tests for morsel_to_cookie when morsel contains expires."""
+
+    def test_expires_valid_str(self):
+        """Test case where we convert expires from string time."""
+
+        morsel = Morsel()
+        morsel['expires'] = 'Thu, 01-Jan-1970 00:00:01 GMT'
+        cookie = morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
+        assert cookie.expires == 1
+
+    def test_expires_invalid_int(self):
+        """Test case where an invalid type is passed for expires."""
+
+        morsel = Morsel()
+        morsel['expires'] = 100
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
+
+    def test_expires_invalid_str(self):
+        """Test case where an invalid string is input."""
+
+        morsel = Morsel()
+        morsel['expires'] = 'woops'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
+
+    def test_expires_none(self):
+        """Test case where expires is None."""
+
+        morsel = Morsel()
+        morsel['expires'] = None
+        cookie = morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
+        assert cookie.expires is None
+
+
+class TestMorselToCookieMaxAge(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    """Tests for morsel_to_cookie when morsel contains max-age."""
+
+    def test_max_age_valid_int(self):
+        """Test case where a valid max age in seconds is passed."""
+
+        morsel = Morsel()
+        morsel['max-age'] = 60
+        cookie = morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
+        assert isinstance(cookie.expires, int)
+
+    def test_max_age_invalid_str(self):
+        """Test case where a invalid max age is passed."""
+
+        morsel = Morsel()
+        morsel['max-age'] = 'woops'
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            morsel_to_cookie(morsel)
+
+
+class TestTimeout:
+    def test_stream_timeout(self, httpbin):
+        try:
+            requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=2.0)
+        except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:
+            assert 'Read timed out' in e.args[0].args[0]
+
+    def test_invalid_timeout(self, httpbin):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=(3, 4, 5))
+        assert '(connect, read)' in str(e)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout="foo")
+        assert 'must be an int or float' in str(e)
+
+    def test_none_timeout(self, httpbin):
+        """ Check that you can set None as a valid timeout value.
+
+        To actually test this behavior, we'd want to check that setting the
+        timeout to None actually lets the request block past the system default
+        timeout. However, this would make the test suite unbearably slow.
+        Instead we verify that setting the timeout to None does not prevent the
+        request from succeeding.
+        """
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=None)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_read_timeout(self, httpbin):
+        try:
+            requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=(None, 0.1))
+            assert False, "The recv() request should time out."
+        except ReadTimeout:
+            pass
+
+    def test_connect_timeout(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=(0.1, None))
+            assert False, "The connect() request should time out."
+        except ConnectTimeout as e:
+            assert isinstance(e, ConnectionError)
+            assert isinstance(e, Timeout)
+
+    def test_total_timeout_connect(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=(0.1, 0.1))
+            assert False, "The connect() request should time out."
+        except ConnectTimeout:
+            pass
+
+    def test_encoded_methods(self, httpbin):
+        """See: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2316"""
+        r = requests.request(b'GET', httpbin('get'))
+        assert r.ok
+
+
+SendCall = collections.namedtuple('SendCall', ('args', 'kwargs'))
+
+
+class RedirectSession(SessionRedirectMixin):
+    def __init__(self, order_of_redirects):
+        self.redirects = order_of_redirects
+        self.calls = []
+        self.max_redirects = 30
+        self.cookies = {}
+        self.trust_env = False
+
+    def send(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.calls.append(SendCall(args, kwargs))
+        return self.build_response()
+
+    def build_response(self):
+        request = self.calls[-1].args[0]
+        r = requests.Response()
+
+        try:
+            r.status_code = int(self.redirects.pop(0))
+        except IndexError:
+            r.status_code = 200
+
+        r.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Location': '/'})
+        r.raw = self._build_raw()
+        r.request = request
+        return r
+
+    def _build_raw(self):
+        string = StringIO.StringIO('')
+        setattr(string, 'release_conn', lambda *args: args)
+        return string
+
+
+class TestRedirects:
+    default_keyword_args = {
+        'stream': False,
+        'verify': True,
+        'cert': None,
+        'timeout': None,
+        'allow_redirects': False,
+        'proxies': {},
+    }
+
+    def test_requests_are_updated_each_time(self, httpbin):
+        session = RedirectSession([303, 307])
+        prep = requests.Request('POST', httpbin('post')).prepare()
+        r0 = session.send(prep)
+        assert r0.request.method == 'POST'
+        assert session.calls[-1] == SendCall((r0.request,), {})
+        redirect_generator = session.resolve_redirects(r0, prep)
+        for response in redirect_generator:
+            assert response.request.method == 'GET'
+            send_call = SendCall((response.request,),
+                                 TestRedirects.default_keyword_args)
+            assert session.calls[-1] == send_call
+
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def list_of_tuples():
+    return [
+        (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')),
+        (('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')),
+        (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')),
+        ]
+
+
+def test_data_argument_accepts_tuples(list_of_tuples):
+    """
+    Ensure that the data argument will accept tuples of strings
+    and properly encode them.
+    """
+    for data in list_of_tuples:
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method='GET',
+            url='http://www.example.com',
+            data=data,
+            hooks=default_hooks()
+        )
+        assert p.body == urlencode(data)
+
+
+def assert_copy(p, p_copy):
+    for attr in ('method', 'url', 'headers', '_cookies', 'body', 'hooks'):
+        assert getattr(p, attr) == getattr(p_copy, attr)
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_empty_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_no_cookies_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url='http://www.example.com',
+        data='foo=bar',
+        hooks=default_hooks()
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_complete_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url='http://www.example.com',
+        data='foo=bar',
+        hooks=default_hooks(),
+        cookies={'foo': 'bar'}
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepare_unicode_url():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url=u('http://www.example.com/üniçø∂é'),
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_urllib3_retries(httpbin):
+    from requests.packages.urllib3.util import Retry
+    s = requests.Session()
+    s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=Retry(
+        total=2, status_forcelist=[500]
+    )))
+
+    with pytest.raises(RetryError):
+        s.get(httpbin('status/500'))
+
+
+def test_urllib3_pool_connection_closed(httpbin):
+    s = requests.Session()
+    s.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=0, pool_maxsize=0))
+
+    try:
+        s.get(httpbin('status/200'))
+    except ConnectionError as e:
+        assert u"Pool is closed." in str(e)
+
+
+def test_vendor_aliases():
+    from requests.packages import urllib3
+    from requests.packages import chardet
+
+    with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+        from requests.packages import webbrowser
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/python/rsa/LICENSE b/python/rsa/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da76c9d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/python/rsa/MANIFEST.in b/python/rsa/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cf0021b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+include README
+include LICENSE
+include *.py
+recursive-include rsa *.py
+recursive-include tests *.py
diff --git a/python/rsa/PKG-INFO b/python/rsa/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..399ba7b3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: rsa
+Version: 3.1.4
+Summary: Pure-Python RSA implementation
+Home-page: http://stuvel.eu/rsa
+Author: Sybren A. Stuvel
+Author-email: sybren@stuvel.eu
+License: ASL 2
+Description: UNKNOWN
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Education
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Topic :: Security :: Cryptography
diff --git a/python/rsa/README.rst b/python/rsa/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f348636d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Pure Python RSA implementation
+==============================
+
+`Python-RSA`_ is a pure-Python RSA implementation. It supports
+encryption and decryption, signing and verifying signatures, and key
+generation according to PKCS#1 version 1.5. It can be used as a Python
+library as well as on the commandline. The code was mostly written by
+Sybren A.  Stüvel.
+
+Documentation can be found at the Python-RSA homepage:
+http://stuvel.eu/rsa
+
+Download and install using::
+
+    pip install rsa
+
+or::
+
+    easy_install rsa
+
+or download it from the `Python Package Index`_.
+
+The source code is maintained in a `Mercurial repository`_ and is
+licensed under the `Apache License, version 2.0`_
+
+
+.. _`Python-RSA`: http://stuvel.eu/rsa
+.. _`Mercurial repository`: https://bitbucket.org/sybren/python-rsa
+.. _`Python Package Index`: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/rsa
+.. _`Apache License, version 2.0`: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/create_timing_table.py b/python/rsa/create_timing_table.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1b2871b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/create_timing_table.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import time
+import rsa
+
+poolsize = 8
+accurate = True
+
+def run_speed_test(bitsize):
+
+    iterations = 0
+    start = end = time.time()
+
+    # At least a number of iterations, and at least 2 seconds
+    while iterations < 10 or end - start < 2:
+        iterations += 1
+        rsa.newkeys(bitsize, accurate=accurate, poolsize=poolsize)
+        end = time.time()
+
+    duration = end - start
+    dur_per_call = duration / iterations
+
+    print '%5i bit: %9.3f sec. (%i iterations over %.1f seconds)' % (bitsize,
+            dur_per_call, iterations, duration)
+
+for bitsize in (128, 256, 384, 512, 1024, 2048, 3072, 4096):
+    run_speed_test(bitsize)
+
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/playstuff.py b/python/rsa/playstuff.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bfb941b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/playstuff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import re
+import rsa
+
+def _logon( username, password ):
+    # Retrive the public key
+    # network stuff # req = urllib2.Request(AAA_GET_KEY, headers={'User-Agent': CLIENT_ID})
+    # network stuff # response = urllib2.urlopen(req)
+    # network stuff # html = response.read()
+    # network stuff # print response.info() # DEBUG
+    # network stuff # print html # DEBUG
+    
+    # replacement for network stuff #
+    html="<x509PublicKey>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</x509PublicKey>"
+    # end replacement for network stuff #
+    
+    # This shall pick the key 
+    hexstring = re.compile('<x509PublicKey[^>]*>([0-9a-fA-F]+)</x509PublicKey>')
+    
+    # pick the key and convert it to der format
+    hex_pub_der = hexstring.search(html).group(1)
+    pub_der = hex_pub_der.decode('hex')
+    
+    # Convert it to a public key
+    pub_key = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(pub_der)
+    
+    # encode the password
+    enc_pass = rsa.encrypt(password, pub_key)
+    
+    # and hex-encode it
+    hex_pass = enc_pass.encode('hex')
+
+# _logon('me', 'MyPass')
+
+import timeit
+timeit.timeit('_logon( "me", "MyPass" )',
+              setup='from __main__ import _logon',
+              number=1000)
+
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/__init__.py b/python/rsa/rsa/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d01c12e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+"""RSA module
+
+Module for calculating large primes, and RSA encryption, decryption, signing
+and verification. Includes generating public and private keys.
+
+WARNING: this implementation does not use random padding, compression of the
+cleartext input to prevent repetitions, or other common security improvements.
+Use with care.
+
+If you want to have a more secure implementation, use the functions from the
+``rsa.pkcs1`` module.
+
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Sybren Stuvel, Barry Mead and Yesudeep Mangalapilly"
+__date__ = "2014-02-22"
+__version__ = '3.1.4'
+
+from rsa.key import newkeys, PrivateKey, PublicKey
+from rsa.pkcs1 import encrypt, decrypt, sign, verify, DecryptionError, \
+    VerificationError
+
+# Do doctest if we're run directly
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+__all__ = ["newkeys", "encrypt", "decrypt", "sign", "verify", 'PublicKey',
+    'PrivateKey', 'DecryptionError', 'VerificationError']
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/_compat.py b/python/rsa/rsa/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c4eb81b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+"""Python compatibility wrappers."""
+
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+from struct import pack
+
+try:
+    MAX_INT = sys.maxsize
+except AttributeError:
+    MAX_INT = sys.maxint
+
+MAX_INT64 = (1 << 63) - 1
+MAX_INT32 = (1 << 31) - 1
+MAX_INT16 = (1 << 15) - 1
+
+# Determine the word size of the processor.
+if MAX_INT == MAX_INT64:
+    # 64-bit processor.
+    MACHINE_WORD_SIZE = 64
+elif MAX_INT == MAX_INT32:
+    # 32-bit processor.
+    MACHINE_WORD_SIZE = 32
+else:
+    # Else we just assume 64-bit processor keeping up with modern times.
+    MACHINE_WORD_SIZE = 64
+
+
+try:
+    # < Python3
+    unicode_type = unicode
+    have_python3 = False
+except NameError:
+    # Python3.
+    unicode_type = str
+    have_python3 = True
+
+# Fake byte literals.
+if str is unicode_type:
+    def byte_literal(s):
+        return s.encode('latin1')
+else:
+    def byte_literal(s):
+        return s
+
+# ``long`` is no more. Do type detection using this instead.
+try:
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+except NameError:
+    integer_types = (int,)
+
+b = byte_literal
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.6 or higher.
+    bytes_type = bytes
+except NameError:
+    # Python 2.5
+    bytes_type = str
+
+
+# To avoid calling b() multiple times in tight loops.
+ZERO_BYTE = b('\x00')
+EMPTY_BYTE = b('')
+
+
+def is_bytes(obj):
+    """
+    Determines whether the given value is a byte string.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The value to test.
+    :returns:
+        ``True`` if ``value`` is a byte string; ``False`` otherwise.
+    """
+    return isinstance(obj, bytes_type)
+
+
+def is_integer(obj):
+    """
+    Determines whether the given value is an integer.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The value to test.
+    :returns:
+        ``True`` if ``value`` is an integer; ``False`` otherwise.
+    """
+    return isinstance(obj, integer_types)
+
+
+def byte(num):
+    """
+    Converts a number between 0 and 255 (both inclusive) to a base-256 (byte)
+    representation.
+
+    Use it as a replacement for ``chr`` where you are expecting a byte
+    because this will work on all current versions of Python::
+
+    :param num:
+        An unsigned integer between 0 and 255 (both inclusive).
+    :returns:
+        A single byte.
+    """
+    return pack("B", num)
+
+
+def get_word_alignment(num, force_arch=64,
+                       _machine_word_size=MACHINE_WORD_SIZE):
+    """
+    Returns alignment details for the given number based on the platform
+    Python is running on.
+
+    :param num:
+        Unsigned integral number.
+    :param force_arch:
+        If you don't want to use 64-bit unsigned chunks, set this to
+        anything other than 64. 32-bit chunks will be preferred then.
+        Default 64 will be used when on a 64-bit machine.
+    :param _machine_word_size:
+        (Internal) The machine word size used for alignment.
+    :returns:
+        4-tuple::
+
+            (word_bits, word_bytes,
+             max_uint, packing_format_type)
+    """
+    max_uint64 = 0xffffffffffffffff
+    max_uint32 = 0xffffffff
+    max_uint16 = 0xffff
+    max_uint8 = 0xff
+
+    if force_arch == 64 and _machine_word_size >= 64 and num > max_uint32:
+        # 64-bit unsigned integer.
+        return 64, 8, max_uint64, "Q"
+    elif num > max_uint16:
+        # 32-bit unsigned integer
+        return 32, 4, max_uint32, "L"
+    elif num > max_uint8:
+        # 16-bit unsigned integer.
+        return 16, 2, max_uint16, "H"
+    else:
+        # 8-bit unsigned integer.
+        return 8, 1, max_uint8, "B"
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/_version133.py b/python/rsa/rsa/_version133.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..230a03c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/_version133.py
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+"""RSA module
+pri = k[1]                               	//Private part of keys d,p,q
+
+Module for calculating large primes, and RSA encryption, decryption,
+signing and verification. Includes generating public and private keys.
+
+WARNING: this code implements the mathematics of RSA. It is not suitable for
+real-world secure cryptography purposes. It has not been reviewed by a security
+expert. It does not include padding of data. There are many ways in which the
+output of this module, when used without any modification, can be sucessfully
+attacked.
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Sybren Stuvel, Marloes de Boer and Ivo Tamboer"
+__date__ = "2010-02-05"
+__version__ = '1.3.3'
+
+# NOTE: Python's modulo can return negative numbers. We compensate for
+# this behaviour using the abs() function
+
+from cPickle import dumps, loads
+import base64
+import math
+import os
+import random
+import sys
+import types
+import zlib
+
+from rsa._compat import byte
+
+# Display a warning that this insecure version is imported.
+import warnings
+warnings.warn('Insecure version of the RSA module is imported as %s, be careful'
+        % __name__)
+
+def gcd(p, q):
+    """Returns the greatest common divisor of p and q
+
+
+    >>> gcd(42, 6)
+    6
+    """
+    if p<q: return gcd(q, p)
+    if q == 0: return p
+    return gcd(q, abs(p%q))
+
+def bytes2int(bytes):
+    """Converts a list of bytes or a string to an integer
+
+    >>> (128*256 + 64)*256 + + 15
+    8405007
+    >>> l = [128, 64, 15]
+    >>> bytes2int(l)
+    8405007
+    """
+
+    if not (type(bytes) is types.ListType or type(bytes) is types.StringType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a string or a list")
+
+    # Convert byte stream to integer
+    integer = 0
+    for byte in bytes:
+        integer *= 256
+        if type(byte) is types.StringType: byte = ord(byte)
+        integer += byte
+
+    return integer
+
+def int2bytes(number):
+    """Converts a number to a string of bytes
+    
+    >>> bytes2int(int2bytes(123456789))
+    123456789
+    """
+
+    if not (type(number) is types.LongType or type(number) is types.IntType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or an int")
+
+    string = ""
+
+    while number > 0:
+        string = "%s%s" % (byte(number & 0xFF), string)
+        number /= 256
+    
+    return string
+
+def fast_exponentiation(a, p, n):
+    """Calculates r = a^p mod n
+    """
+    result = a % n
+    remainders = []
+    while p != 1:
+        remainders.append(p & 1)
+        p = p >> 1
+    while remainders:
+        rem = remainders.pop()
+        result = ((a ** rem) * result ** 2) % n
+    return result
+
+def read_random_int(nbits):
+    """Reads a random integer of approximately nbits bits rounded up
+    to whole bytes"""
+
+    nbytes = ceil(nbits/8.)
+    randomdata = os.urandom(nbytes)
+    return bytes2int(randomdata)
+
+def ceil(x):
+    """ceil(x) -> int(math.ceil(x))"""
+
+    return int(math.ceil(x))
+    
+def randint(minvalue, maxvalue):
+    """Returns a random integer x with minvalue <= x <= maxvalue"""
+
+    # Safety - get a lot of random data even if the range is fairly
+    # small
+    min_nbits = 32
+
+    # The range of the random numbers we need to generate
+    range = maxvalue - minvalue
+
+    # Which is this number of bytes
+    rangebytes = ceil(math.log(range, 2) / 8.)
+
+    # Convert to bits, but make sure it's always at least min_nbits*2
+    rangebits = max(rangebytes * 8, min_nbits * 2)
+    
+    # Take a random number of bits between min_nbits and rangebits
+    nbits = random.randint(min_nbits, rangebits)
+    
+    return (read_random_int(nbits) % range) + minvalue
+
+def fermat_little_theorem(p):
+    """Returns 1 if p may be prime, and something else if p definitely
+    is not prime"""
+
+    a = randint(1, p-1)
+    return fast_exponentiation(a, p-1, p)
+
+def jacobi(a, b):
+    """Calculates the value of the Jacobi symbol (a/b)
+    """
+
+    if a % b == 0:
+        return 0
+    result = 1
+    while a > 1:
+        if a & 1:
+            if ((a-1)*(b-1) >> 2) & 1:
+                result = -result
+            b, a = a, b % a
+        else:
+            if ((b ** 2 - 1) >> 3) & 1:
+                result = -result
+            a = a >> 1
+    return result
+
+def jacobi_witness(x, n):
+    """Returns False if n is an Euler pseudo-prime with base x, and
+    True otherwise.
+    """
+
+    j = jacobi(x, n) % n
+    f = fast_exponentiation(x, (n-1)/2, n)
+
+    if j == f: return False
+    return True
+
+def randomized_primality_testing(n, k):
+    """Calculates whether n is composite (which is always correct) or
+    prime (which is incorrect with error probability 2**-k)
+
+    Returns False if the number if composite, and True if it's
+    probably prime.
+    """
+
+    q = 0.5     # Property of the jacobi_witness function
+
+    # t = int(math.ceil(k / math.log(1/q, 2)))
+    t = ceil(k / math.log(1/q, 2))
+    for i in range(t+1):
+        x = randint(1, n-1)
+        if jacobi_witness(x, n): return False
+    
+    return True
+
+def is_prime(number):
+    """Returns True if the number is prime, and False otherwise.
+
+    >>> is_prime(42)
+    0
+    >>> is_prime(41)
+    1
+    """
+
+    """
+    if not fermat_little_theorem(number) == 1:
+        # Not prime, according to Fermat's little theorem
+        return False
+    """
+
+    if randomized_primality_testing(number, 5):
+        # Prime, according to Jacobi
+        return True
+    
+    # Not prime
+    return False
+
+    
+def getprime(nbits):
+    """Returns a prime number of max. 'math.ceil(nbits/8)*8' bits. In
+    other words: nbits is rounded up to whole bytes.
+
+    >>> p = getprime(8)
+    >>> is_prime(p-1)
+    0
+    >>> is_prime(p)
+    1
+    >>> is_prime(p+1)
+    0
+    """
+
+    nbytes = int(math.ceil(nbits/8.))
+
+    while True:
+        integer = read_random_int(nbits)
+
+        # Make sure it's odd
+        integer |= 1
+
+        # Test for primeness
+        if is_prime(integer): break
+
+        # Retry if not prime
+
+    return integer
+
+def are_relatively_prime(a, b):
+    """Returns True if a and b are relatively prime, and False if they
+    are not.
+
+    >>> are_relatively_prime(2, 3)
+    1
+    >>> are_relatively_prime(2, 4)
+    0
+    """
+
+    d = gcd(a, b)
+    return (d == 1)
+
+def find_p_q(nbits):
+    """Returns a tuple of two different primes of nbits bits"""
+
+    p = getprime(nbits)
+    while True:
+        q = getprime(nbits)
+        if not q == p: break
+    
+    return (p, q)
+
+def extended_euclid_gcd(a, b):
+    """Returns a tuple (d, i, j) such that d = gcd(a, b) = ia + jb
+    """
+
+    if b == 0:
+        return (a, 1, 0)
+
+    q = abs(a % b)
+    r = long(a / b)
+    (d, k, l) = extended_euclid_gcd(b, q)
+
+    return (d, l, k - l*r)
+
+# Main function: calculate encryption and decryption keys
+def calculate_keys(p, q, nbits):
+    """Calculates an encryption and a decryption key for p and q, and
+    returns them as a tuple (e, d)"""
+
+    n = p * q
+    phi_n = (p-1) * (q-1)
+
+    while True:
+        # Make sure e has enough bits so we ensure "wrapping" through
+        # modulo n
+        e = getprime(max(8, nbits/2))
+        if are_relatively_prime(e, n) and are_relatively_prime(e, phi_n): break
+
+    (d, i, j) = extended_euclid_gcd(e, phi_n)
+
+    if not d == 1:
+        raise Exception("e (%d) and phi_n (%d) are not relatively prime" % (e, phi_n))
+
+    if not (e * i) % phi_n == 1:
+        raise Exception("e (%d) and i (%d) are not mult. inv. modulo phi_n (%d)" % (e, i, phi_n))
+
+    return (e, i)
+
+
+def gen_keys(nbits):
+    """Generate RSA keys of nbits bits. Returns (p, q, e, d).
+
+    Note: this can take a long time, depending on the key size.
+    """
+
+    while True:
+        (p, q) = find_p_q(nbits)
+        (e, d) = calculate_keys(p, q, nbits)
+
+        # For some reason, d is sometimes negative. We don't know how
+        # to fix it (yet), so we keep trying until everything is shiny
+        if d > 0: break
+
+    return (p, q, e, d)
+
+def gen_pubpriv_keys(nbits):
+    """Generates public and private keys, and returns them as (pub,
+    priv).
+
+    The public key consists of a dict {e: ..., , n: ....). The private
+    key consists of a dict {d: ...., p: ...., q: ....).
+    """
+    
+    (p, q, e, d) = gen_keys(nbits)
+
+    return ( {'e': e, 'n': p*q}, {'d': d, 'p': p, 'q': q} )
+
+def encrypt_int(message, ekey, n):
+    """Encrypts a message using encryption key 'ekey', working modulo
+    n"""
+
+    if type(message) is types.IntType:
+        return encrypt_int(long(message), ekey, n)
+
+    if not type(message) is types.LongType:
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or an int")
+
+    if message > 0 and \
+            math.floor(math.log(message, 2)) > math.floor(math.log(n, 2)):
+        raise OverflowError("The message is too long")
+
+    return fast_exponentiation(message, ekey, n)
+
+def decrypt_int(cyphertext, dkey, n):
+    """Decrypts a cypher text using the decryption key 'dkey', working
+    modulo n"""
+
+    return encrypt_int(cyphertext, dkey, n)
+
+def sign_int(message, dkey, n):
+    """Signs 'message' using key 'dkey', working modulo n"""
+
+    return decrypt_int(message, dkey, n)
+
+def verify_int(signed, ekey, n):
+    """verifies 'signed' using key 'ekey', working modulo n"""
+
+    return encrypt_int(signed, ekey, n)
+
+def picklechops(chops):
+    """Pickles and base64encodes it's argument chops"""
+
+    value = zlib.compress(dumps(chops))
+    encoded = base64.encodestring(value)
+    return encoded.strip()
+
+def unpicklechops(string):
+    """base64decodes and unpickes it's argument string into chops"""
+
+    return loads(zlib.decompress(base64.decodestring(string)))
+
+def chopstring(message, key, n, funcref):
+    """Splits 'message' into chops that are at most as long as n,
+    converts these into integers, and calls funcref(integer, key, n)
+    for each chop.
+
+    Used by 'encrypt' and 'sign'.
+    """
+
+    msglen = len(message)
+    mbits = msglen * 8
+    nbits = int(math.floor(math.log(n, 2)))
+    nbytes = nbits / 8
+    blocks = msglen / nbytes
+
+    if msglen % nbytes > 0:
+        blocks += 1
+
+    cypher = []
+    
+    for bindex in range(blocks):
+        offset = bindex * nbytes
+        block = message[offset:offset+nbytes]
+        value = bytes2int(block)
+        cypher.append(funcref(value, key, n))
+
+    return picklechops(cypher)
+
+def gluechops(chops, key, n, funcref):
+    """Glues chops back together into a string.  calls
+    funcref(integer, key, n) for each chop.
+
+    Used by 'decrypt' and 'verify'.
+    """
+    message = ""
+
+    chops = unpicklechops(chops)
+    
+    for cpart in chops:
+        mpart = funcref(cpart, key, n)
+        message += int2bytes(mpart)
+    
+    return message
+
+def encrypt(message, key):
+    """Encrypts a string 'message' with the public key 'key'"""
+    
+    return chopstring(message, key['e'], key['n'], encrypt_int)
+
+def sign(message, key):
+    """Signs a string 'message' with the private key 'key'"""
+    
+    return chopstring(message, key['d'], key['p']*key['q'], decrypt_int)
+
+def decrypt(cypher, key):
+    """Decrypts a cypher with the private key 'key'"""
+
+    return gluechops(cypher, key['d'], key['p']*key['q'], decrypt_int)
+
+def verify(cypher, key):
+    """Verifies a cypher with the public key 'key'"""
+
+    return gluechops(cypher, key['e'], key['n'], encrypt_int)
+
+# Do doctest if we're not imported
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+__all__ = ["gen_pubpriv_keys", "encrypt", "decrypt", "sign", "verify"]
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/_version200.py b/python/rsa/rsa/_version200.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f91565385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/_version200.py
@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+"""RSA module
+
+Module for calculating large primes, and RSA encryption, decryption,
+signing and verification. Includes generating public and private keys.
+
+WARNING: this implementation does not use random padding, compression of the
+cleartext input to prevent repetitions, or other common security improvements.
+Use with care.
+
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Sybren Stuvel, Marloes de Boer, Ivo Tamboer, and Barry Mead"
+__date__ = "2010-02-08"
+__version__ = '2.0'
+
+import math
+import os
+import random
+import sys
+import types
+from rsa._compat import byte
+
+# Display a warning that this insecure version is imported.
+import warnings
+warnings.warn('Insecure version of the RSA module is imported as %s' % __name__)
+
+
+def bit_size(number):
+    """Returns the number of bits required to hold a specific long number"""
+
+    return int(math.ceil(math.log(number,2)))
+
+def gcd(p, q):
+    """Returns the greatest common divisor of p and q
+    >>> gcd(48, 180)
+    12
+    """
+    # Iterateive Version is faster and uses much less stack space
+    while q != 0:
+        if p < q: (p,q) = (q,p)
+        (p,q) = (q, p % q)
+    return p
+    
+
+def bytes2int(bytes):
+    """Converts a list of bytes or a string to an integer
+
+    >>> (((128 * 256) + 64) * 256) + 15
+    8405007
+    >>> l = [128, 64, 15]
+    >>> bytes2int(l)              #same as bytes2int('\x80@\x0f')
+    8405007
+    """
+
+    if not (type(bytes) is types.ListType or type(bytes) is types.StringType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a string or a list")
+
+    # Convert byte stream to integer
+    integer = 0
+    for byte in bytes:
+        integer *= 256
+        if type(byte) is types.StringType: byte = ord(byte)
+        integer += byte
+
+    return integer
+
+def int2bytes(number):
+    """
+    Converts a number to a string of bytes
+    """
+
+    if not (type(number) is types.LongType or type(number) is types.IntType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or an int")
+
+    string = ""
+
+    while number > 0:
+        string = "%s%s" % (byte(number & 0xFF), string)
+        number /= 256
+    
+    return string
+
+def to64(number):
+    """Converts a number in the range of 0 to 63 into base 64 digit
+    character in the range of '0'-'9', 'A'-'Z', 'a'-'z','-','_'.
+    
+    >>> to64(10)
+    'A'
+    """
+
+    if not (type(number) is types.LongType or type(number) is types.IntType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or an int")
+
+    if 0 <= number <= 9:            #00-09 translates to '0' - '9'
+        return byte(number + 48)
+
+    if 10 <= number <= 35:
+        return byte(number + 55)     #10-35 translates to 'A' - 'Z'
+
+    if 36 <= number <= 61:
+        return byte(number + 61)     #36-61 translates to 'a' - 'z'
+
+    if number == 62:                # 62   translates to '-' (minus)
+        return byte(45)
+
+    if number == 63:                # 63   translates to '_' (underscore)
+        return byte(95)
+
+    raise ValueError('Invalid Base64 value: %i' % number)
+
+
+def from64(number):
+    """Converts an ordinal character value in the range of
+    0-9,A-Z,a-z,-,_ to a number in the range of 0-63.
+    
+    >>> from64(49)
+    1
+    """
+
+    if not (type(number) is types.LongType or type(number) is types.IntType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or an int")
+
+    if 48 <= number <= 57:         #ord('0') - ord('9') translates to 0-9
+        return(number - 48)
+
+    if 65 <= number <= 90:         #ord('A') - ord('Z') translates to 10-35
+        return(number - 55)
+
+    if 97 <= number <= 122:        #ord('a') - ord('z') translates to 36-61
+        return(number - 61)
+
+    if number == 45:               #ord('-') translates to 62
+        return(62)
+
+    if number == 95:               #ord('_') translates to 63
+        return(63)
+
+    raise ValueError('Invalid Base64 value: %i' % number)
+
+
+def int2str64(number):
+    """Converts a number to a string of base64 encoded characters in
+    the range of '0'-'9','A'-'Z,'a'-'z','-','_'.
+    
+    >>> int2str64(123456789)
+    '7MyqL'
+    """
+
+    if not (type(number) is types.LongType or type(number) is types.IntType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or an int")
+
+    string = ""
+
+    while number > 0:
+        string = "%s%s" % (to64(number & 0x3F), string)
+        number /= 64
+
+    return string
+
+
+def str642int(string):
+    """Converts a base64 encoded string into an integer.
+    The chars of this string in in the range '0'-'9','A'-'Z','a'-'z','-','_'
+    
+    >>> str642int('7MyqL')
+    123456789
+    """
+
+    if not (type(string) is types.ListType or type(string) is types.StringType):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a string or a list")
+
+    integer = 0
+    for byte in string:
+        integer *= 64
+        if type(byte) is types.StringType: byte = ord(byte)
+        integer += from64(byte)
+
+    return integer
+
+def read_random_int(nbits):
+    """Reads a random integer of approximately nbits bits rounded up
+    to whole bytes"""
+
+    nbytes = int(math.ceil(nbits/8.))
+    randomdata = os.urandom(nbytes)
+    return bytes2int(randomdata)
+
+def randint(minvalue, maxvalue):
+    """Returns a random integer x with minvalue <= x <= maxvalue"""
+
+    # Safety - get a lot of random data even if the range is fairly
+    # small
+    min_nbits = 32
+
+    # The range of the random numbers we need to generate
+    range = (maxvalue - minvalue) + 1
+
+    # Which is this number of bytes
+    rangebytes = ((bit_size(range) + 7) / 8)
+
+    # Convert to bits, but make sure it's always at least min_nbits*2
+    rangebits = max(rangebytes * 8, min_nbits * 2)
+    
+    # Take a random number of bits between min_nbits and rangebits
+    nbits = random.randint(min_nbits, rangebits)
+    
+    return (read_random_int(nbits) % range) + minvalue
+
+def jacobi(a, b):
+    """Calculates the value of the Jacobi symbol (a/b)
+    where both a and b are positive integers, and b is odd
+    """
+
+    if a == 0: return 0
+    result = 1
+    while a > 1:
+        if a & 1:
+            if ((a-1)*(b-1) >> 2) & 1:
+                result = -result
+            a, b = b % a, a
+        else:
+            if (((b * b) - 1) >> 3) & 1:
+                result = -result
+            a >>= 1
+    if a == 0: return 0
+    return result
+
+def jacobi_witness(x, n):
+    """Returns False if n is an Euler pseudo-prime with base x, and
+    True otherwise.
+    """
+
+    j = jacobi(x, n) % n
+    f = pow(x, (n-1)/2, n)
+
+    if j == f: return False
+    return True
+
+def randomized_primality_testing(n, k):
+    """Calculates whether n is composite (which is always correct) or
+    prime (which is incorrect with error probability 2**-k)
+
+    Returns False if the number is composite, and True if it's
+    probably prime.
+    """
+
+    # 50% of Jacobi-witnesses can report compositness of non-prime numbers
+
+    for i in range(k):
+        x = randint(1, n-1)
+        if jacobi_witness(x, n): return False
+    
+    return True
+
+def is_prime(number):
+    """Returns True if the number is prime, and False otherwise.
+
+    >>> is_prime(42)
+    0
+    >>> is_prime(41)
+    1
+    """
+
+    if randomized_primality_testing(number, 6):
+        # Prime, according to Jacobi
+        return True
+    
+    # Not prime
+    return False
+
+    
+def getprime(nbits):
+    """Returns a prime number of max. 'math.ceil(nbits/8)*8' bits. In
+    other words: nbits is rounded up to whole bytes.
+
+    >>> p = getprime(8)
+    >>> is_prime(p-1)
+    0
+    >>> is_prime(p)
+    1
+    >>> is_prime(p+1)
+    0
+    """
+
+    while True:
+        integer = read_random_int(nbits)
+
+        # Make sure it's odd
+        integer |= 1
+
+        # Test for primeness
+        if is_prime(integer): break
+
+        # Retry if not prime
+
+    return integer
+
+def are_relatively_prime(a, b):
+    """Returns True if a and b are relatively prime, and False if they
+    are not.
+
+    >>> are_relatively_prime(2, 3)
+    1
+    >>> are_relatively_prime(2, 4)
+    0
+    """
+
+    d = gcd(a, b)
+    return (d == 1)
+
+def find_p_q(nbits):
+    """Returns a tuple of two different primes of nbits bits"""
+    pbits = nbits + (nbits/16)  #Make sure that p and q aren't too close
+    qbits = nbits - (nbits/16)  #or the factoring programs can factor n
+    p = getprime(pbits)
+    while True:
+        q = getprime(qbits)
+        #Make sure p and q are different.
+        if not q == p: break
+    return (p, q)
+
+def extended_gcd(a, b):
+    """Returns a tuple (r, i, j) such that r = gcd(a, b) = ia + jb
+    """
+    # r = gcd(a,b) i = multiplicitive inverse of a mod b
+    #      or      j = multiplicitive inverse of b mod a
+    # Neg return values for i or j are made positive mod b or a respectively
+    # Iterateive Version is faster and uses much less stack space
+    x = 0
+    y = 1
+    lx = 1
+    ly = 0
+    oa = a                             #Remember original a/b to remove 
+    ob = b                             #negative values from return results
+    while b != 0:
+        q = long(a/b)
+        (a, b)  = (b, a % b)
+        (x, lx) = ((lx - (q * x)),x)
+        (y, ly) = ((ly - (q * y)),y)
+    if (lx < 0): lx += ob              #If neg wrap modulo orignal b
+    if (ly < 0): ly += oa              #If neg wrap modulo orignal a
+    return (a, lx, ly)                 #Return only positive values
+
+# Main function: calculate encryption and decryption keys
+def calculate_keys(p, q, nbits):
+    """Calculates an encryption and a decryption key for p and q, and
+    returns them as a tuple (e, d)"""
+
+    n = p * q
+    phi_n = (p-1) * (q-1)
+
+    while True:
+        # Make sure e has enough bits so we ensure "wrapping" through
+        # modulo n
+        e = max(65537,getprime(nbits/4))
+        if are_relatively_prime(e, n) and are_relatively_prime(e, phi_n): break
+
+    (d, i, j) = extended_gcd(e, phi_n)
+
+    if not d == 1:
+        raise Exception("e (%d) and phi_n (%d) are not relatively prime" % (e, phi_n))
+    if (i < 0):
+        raise Exception("New extended_gcd shouldn't return negative values")
+    if not (e * i) % phi_n == 1:
+        raise Exception("e (%d) and i (%d) are not mult. inv. modulo phi_n (%d)" % (e, i, phi_n))
+
+    return (e, i)
+
+
+def gen_keys(nbits):
+    """Generate RSA keys of nbits bits. Returns (p, q, e, d).
+
+    Note: this can take a long time, depending on the key size.
+    """
+
+    (p, q) = find_p_q(nbits)
+    (e, d) = calculate_keys(p, q, nbits)
+
+    return (p, q, e, d)
+
+def newkeys(nbits):
+    """Generates public and private keys, and returns them as (pub,
+    priv).
+
+    The public key consists of a dict {e: ..., , n: ....). The private
+    key consists of a dict {d: ...., p: ...., q: ....).
+    """
+    nbits = max(9,nbits)           # Don't let nbits go below 9 bits
+    (p, q, e, d) = gen_keys(nbits)
+
+    return ( {'e': e, 'n': p*q}, {'d': d, 'p': p, 'q': q} )
+
+def encrypt_int(message, ekey, n):
+    """Encrypts a message using encryption key 'ekey', working modulo n"""
+
+    if type(message) is types.IntType:
+        message = long(message)
+
+    if not type(message) is types.LongType:
+        raise TypeError("You must pass a long or int")
+
+    if message < 0 or message > n:
+        raise OverflowError("The message is too long")
+
+    #Note: Bit exponents start at zero (bit counts start at 1) this is correct
+    safebit = bit_size(n) - 2                   #compute safe bit (MSB - 1)
+    message += (1 << safebit)                   #add safebit to ensure folding
+
+    return pow(message, ekey, n)
+
+def decrypt_int(cyphertext, dkey, n):
+    """Decrypts a cypher text using the decryption key 'dkey', working
+    modulo n"""
+
+    message = pow(cyphertext, dkey, n)
+
+    safebit = bit_size(n) - 2                   #compute safe bit (MSB - 1)
+    message -= (1 << safebit)                   #remove safebit before decode
+
+    return message
+
+def encode64chops(chops):
+    """base64encodes chops and combines them into a ',' delimited string"""
+
+    chips = []                              #chips are character chops
+
+    for value in chops:
+        chips.append(int2str64(value))
+
+    #delimit chops with comma
+    encoded = ','.join(chips)
+
+    return encoded
+
+def decode64chops(string):
+    """base64decodes and makes a ',' delimited string into chops"""
+
+    chips = string.split(',')               #split chops at commas
+
+    chops = []
+
+    for string in chips:                    #make char chops (chips) into chops
+        chops.append(str642int(string))
+
+    return chops
+
+def chopstring(message, key, n, funcref):
+    """Chops the 'message' into integers that fit into n,
+    leaving room for a safebit to be added to ensure that all
+    messages fold during exponentiation.  The MSB of the number n
+    is not independant modulo n (setting it could cause overflow), so
+    use the next lower bit for the safebit.  Therefore reserve 2-bits
+    in the number n for non-data bits.  Calls specified encryption
+    function for each chop.
+
+    Used by 'encrypt' and 'sign'.
+    """
+
+    msglen = len(message)
+    mbits = msglen * 8
+    #Set aside 2-bits so setting of safebit won't overflow modulo n.
+    nbits = bit_size(n) - 2             # leave room for safebit
+    nbytes = nbits / 8
+    blocks = msglen / nbytes
+
+    if msglen % nbytes > 0:
+        blocks += 1
+
+    cypher = []
+    
+    for bindex in range(blocks):
+        offset = bindex * nbytes
+        block = message[offset:offset+nbytes]
+        value = bytes2int(block)
+        cypher.append(funcref(value, key, n))
+
+    return encode64chops(cypher)   #Encode encrypted ints to base64 strings
+
+def gluechops(string, key, n, funcref):
+    """Glues chops back together into a string.  calls
+    funcref(integer, key, n) for each chop.
+
+    Used by 'decrypt' and 'verify'.
+    """
+    message = ""
+
+    chops = decode64chops(string)  #Decode base64 strings into integer chops
+    
+    for cpart in chops:
+        mpart = funcref(cpart, key, n) #Decrypt each chop
+        message += int2bytes(mpart)    #Combine decrypted strings into a msg
+    
+    return message
+
+def encrypt(message, key):
+    """Encrypts a string 'message' with the public key 'key'"""
+    if 'n' not in key:
+        raise Exception("You must use the public key with encrypt")
+
+    return chopstring(message, key['e'], key['n'], encrypt_int)
+
+def sign(message, key):
+    """Signs a string 'message' with the private key 'key'"""
+    if 'p' not in key:
+        raise Exception("You must use the private key with sign")
+
+    return chopstring(message, key['d'], key['p']*key['q'], encrypt_int)
+
+def decrypt(cypher, key):
+    """Decrypts a string 'cypher' with the private key 'key'"""
+    if 'p' not in key:
+        raise Exception("You must use the private key with decrypt")
+
+    return gluechops(cypher, key['d'], key['p']*key['q'], decrypt_int)
+
+def verify(cypher, key):
+    """Verifies a string 'cypher' with the public key 'key'"""
+    if 'n' not in key:
+        raise Exception("You must use the public key with verify")
+
+    return gluechops(cypher, key['e'], key['n'], decrypt_int)
+
+# Do doctest if we're not imported
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
+
+__all__ = ["newkeys", "encrypt", "decrypt", "sign", "verify"]
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/asn1.py b/python/rsa/rsa/asn1.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..706e6cf22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/asn1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+'''ASN.1 definitions.
+
+Not all ASN.1-handling code use these definitions, but when it does, they should be here.
+'''
+
+from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype, tag
+
+class PubKeyHeader(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('oid', univ.ObjectIdentifier()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('parameters', univ.Null()),
+    )
+
+class OpenSSLPubKey(univ.Sequence):
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('header', PubKeyHeader()),
+        
+        # This little hack (the implicit tag) allows us to get a Bit String as Octet String
+        namedtype.NamedType('key', univ.OctetString().subtype(
+                                          implicitTag=tag.Tag(tagClass=0, tagFormat=0, tagId=3))),
+    )
+
+
+class AsnPubKey(univ.Sequence):
+    '''ASN.1 contents of DER encoded public key:
+    
+    RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+         modulus           INTEGER,  -- n
+         publicExponent    INTEGER,  -- e
+    '''
+
+    componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+        namedtype.NamedType('modulus', univ.Integer()),
+        namedtype.NamedType('publicExponent', univ.Integer()),
+    )
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/bigfile.py b/python/rsa/rsa/bigfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..516cf56b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/bigfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Large file support
+
+    - break a file into smaller blocks, and encrypt them, and store the
+      encrypted blocks in another file.
+
+    - take such an encrypted files, decrypt its blocks, and reconstruct the
+      original file.
+
+The encrypted file format is as follows, where || denotes byte concatenation:
+
+    FILE := VERSION || BLOCK || BLOCK ...
+
+    BLOCK := LENGTH || DATA
+
+    LENGTH := varint-encoded length of the subsequent data. Varint comes from
+    Google Protobuf, and encodes an integer into a variable number of bytes.
+    Each byte uses the 7 lowest bits to encode the value. The highest bit set
+    to 1 indicates the next byte is also part of the varint. The last byte will
+    have this bit set to 0.
+
+This file format is called the VARBLOCK format, in line with the varint format
+used to denote the block sizes.
+
+'''
+
+from rsa import key, common, pkcs1, varblock
+from rsa._compat import byte
+
+def encrypt_bigfile(infile, outfile, pub_key):
+    '''Encrypts a file, writing it to 'outfile' in VARBLOCK format.
+    
+    :param infile: file-like object to read the cleartext from
+    :param outfile: file-like object to write the crypto in VARBLOCK format to
+    :param pub_key: :py:class:`rsa.PublicKey` to encrypt with
+
+    '''
+
+    if not isinstance(pub_key, key.PublicKey):
+        raise TypeError('Public key required, but got %r' % pub_key)
+
+    key_bytes = common.bit_size(pub_key.n) // 8
+    blocksize = key_bytes - 11 # keep space for PKCS#1 padding
+
+    # Write the version number to the VARBLOCK file
+    outfile.write(byte(varblock.VARBLOCK_VERSION))
+
+    # Encrypt and write each block
+    for block in varblock.yield_fixedblocks(infile, blocksize):
+        crypto = pkcs1.encrypt(block, pub_key)
+
+        varblock.write_varint(outfile, len(crypto))
+        outfile.write(crypto)
+
+def decrypt_bigfile(infile, outfile, priv_key):
+    '''Decrypts an encrypted VARBLOCK file, writing it to 'outfile'
+    
+    :param infile: file-like object to read the crypto in VARBLOCK format from
+    :param outfile: file-like object to write the cleartext to
+    :param priv_key: :py:class:`rsa.PrivateKey` to decrypt with
+
+    '''
+
+    if not isinstance(priv_key, key.PrivateKey):
+        raise TypeError('Private key required, but got %r' % priv_key)
+    
+    for block in varblock.yield_varblocks(infile):
+        cleartext = pkcs1.decrypt(block, priv_key)
+        outfile.write(cleartext)
+
+__all__ = ['encrypt_bigfile', 'decrypt_bigfile']
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/cli.py b/python/rsa/rsa/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..527cc4979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Commandline scripts.
+
+These scripts are called by the executables defined in setup.py.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import with_statement, print_function
+
+import abc
+import sys
+from optparse import OptionParser
+
+import rsa
+import rsa.bigfile
+import rsa.pkcs1
+
+HASH_METHODS = sorted(rsa.pkcs1.HASH_METHODS.keys())
+
+def keygen():
+    '''Key generator.'''
+
+    # Parse the CLI options
+    parser = OptionParser(usage='usage: %prog [options] keysize',
+            description='Generates a new RSA keypair of "keysize" bits.')
+    
+    parser.add_option('--pubout', type='string',
+            help='Output filename for the public key. The public key is '
+            'not saved if this option is not present. You can use '
+            'pyrsa-priv2pub to create the public key file later.')
+    
+    parser.add_option('-o', '--out', type='string',
+            help='Output filename for the private key. The key is '
+            'written to stdout if this option is not present.')
+
+    parser.add_option('--form',
+            help='key format of the private and public keys - default PEM',
+            choices=('PEM', 'DER'), default='PEM')
+
+    (cli, cli_args) = parser.parse_args(sys.argv[1:])
+
+    if len(cli_args) != 1:
+        parser.print_help()
+        raise SystemExit(1)
+    
+    try:
+        keysize = int(cli_args[0])
+    except ValueError:
+        parser.print_help()
+        print('Not a valid number: %s' % cli_args[0], file=sys.stderr)
+        raise SystemExit(1)
+
+    print('Generating %i-bit key' % keysize, file=sys.stderr)
+    (pub_key, priv_key) = rsa.newkeys(keysize)
+
+
+    # Save public key
+    if cli.pubout:
+        print('Writing public key to %s' % cli.pubout, file=sys.stderr)
+        data = pub_key.save_pkcs1(format=cli.form)
+        with open(cli.pubout, 'wb') as outfile:
+            outfile.write(data)
+
+    # Save private key
+    data = priv_key.save_pkcs1(format=cli.form)
+    
+    if cli.out:
+        print('Writing private key to %s' % cli.out, file=sys.stderr)
+        with open(cli.out, 'wb') as outfile:
+            outfile.write(data)
+    else:
+        print('Writing private key to stdout', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.stdout.write(data)
+
+
+class CryptoOperation(object):
+    '''CLI callable that operates with input, output, and a key.'''
+
+    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
+
+    keyname = 'public' # or 'private'
+    usage = 'usage: %%prog [options] %(keyname)s_key'
+    description = None
+    operation = 'decrypt'
+    operation_past = 'decrypted'
+    operation_progressive = 'decrypting'
+    input_help = 'Name of the file to %(operation)s. Reads from stdin if ' \
+            'not specified.'
+    output_help = 'Name of the file to write the %(operation_past)s file ' \
+            'to. Written to stdout if this option is not present.'
+    expected_cli_args = 1
+    has_output = True
+
+    key_class = rsa.PublicKey
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.usage = self.usage % self.__class__.__dict__
+        self.input_help = self.input_help % self.__class__.__dict__
+        self.output_help = self.output_help % self.__class__.__dict__
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def perform_operation(self, indata, key, cli_args=None):
+        '''Performs the program's operation.
+
+        Implement in a subclass.
+
+        :returns: the data to write to the output.
+        '''
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        '''Runs the program.'''
+
+        (cli, cli_args) = self.parse_cli()
+
+        key = self.read_key(cli_args[0], cli.keyform)
+
+        indata = self.read_infile(cli.input)
+
+        print(self.operation_progressive.title(), file=sys.stderr)
+        outdata = self.perform_operation(indata, key, cli_args)
+
+        if self.has_output:
+            self.write_outfile(outdata, cli.output)
+
+    def parse_cli(self):
+        '''Parse the CLI options
+        
+        :returns: (cli_opts, cli_args)
+        '''
+
+        parser = OptionParser(usage=self.usage, description=self.description)
+        
+        parser.add_option('-i', '--input', type='string', help=self.input_help)
+
+        if self.has_output:
+            parser.add_option('-o', '--output', type='string', help=self.output_help)
+
+        parser.add_option('--keyform',
+                help='Key format of the %s key - default PEM' % self.keyname,
+                choices=('PEM', 'DER'), default='PEM')
+
+        (cli, cli_args) = parser.parse_args(sys.argv[1:])
+
+        if len(cli_args) != self.expected_cli_args:
+            parser.print_help()
+            raise SystemExit(1)
+
+        return (cli, cli_args)
+
+    def read_key(self, filename, keyform):
+        '''Reads a public or private key.'''
+
+        print('Reading %s key from %s' % (self.keyname, filename), file=sys.stderr)
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as keyfile:
+            keydata = keyfile.read()
+
+        return self.key_class.load_pkcs1(keydata, keyform)
+    
+    def read_infile(self, inname):
+        '''Read the input file'''
+
+        if inname:
+            print('Reading input from %s' % inname, file=sys.stderr)
+            with open(inname, 'rb') as infile:
+                return infile.read()
+
+        print('Reading input from stdin', file=sys.stderr)
+        return sys.stdin.read()
+
+    def write_outfile(self, outdata, outname):
+        '''Write the output file'''
+
+        if outname:
+            print('Writing output to %s' % outname, file=sys.stderr)
+            with open(outname, 'wb') as outfile:
+                outfile.write(outdata)
+        else:
+            print('Writing output to stdout', file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.stdout.write(outdata)
+
+class EncryptOperation(CryptoOperation):
+    '''Encrypts a file.'''
+
+    keyname = 'public'
+    description = ('Encrypts a file. The file must be shorter than the key '
+            'length in order to be encrypted. For larger files, use the '
+            'pyrsa-encrypt-bigfile command.')
+    operation = 'encrypt'
+    operation_past = 'encrypted'
+    operation_progressive = 'encrypting'
+
+
+    def perform_operation(self, indata, pub_key, cli_args=None):
+        '''Encrypts files.'''
+
+        return rsa.encrypt(indata, pub_key)
+
+class DecryptOperation(CryptoOperation):
+    '''Decrypts a file.'''
+
+    keyname = 'private'
+    description = ('Decrypts a file. The original file must be shorter than '
+            'the key length in order to have been encrypted. For larger '
+            'files, use the pyrsa-decrypt-bigfile command.')
+    operation = 'decrypt'
+    operation_past = 'decrypted'
+    operation_progressive = 'decrypting'
+    key_class = rsa.PrivateKey
+
+    def perform_operation(self, indata, priv_key, cli_args=None):
+        '''Decrypts files.'''
+
+        return rsa.decrypt(indata, priv_key)
+
+class SignOperation(CryptoOperation):
+    '''Signs a file.'''
+
+    keyname = 'private'
+    usage = 'usage: %%prog [options] private_key hash_method'
+    description = ('Signs a file, outputs the signature. Choose the hash '
+            'method from %s' % ', '.join(HASH_METHODS))
+    operation = 'sign'
+    operation_past = 'signature'
+    operation_progressive = 'Signing'
+    key_class = rsa.PrivateKey
+    expected_cli_args = 2
+
+    output_help = ('Name of the file to write the signature to. Written '
+            'to stdout if this option is not present.')
+
+    def perform_operation(self, indata, priv_key, cli_args):
+        '''Decrypts files.'''
+
+        hash_method = cli_args[1]
+        if hash_method not in HASH_METHODS:
+            raise SystemExit('Invalid hash method, choose one of %s' % 
+                    ', '.join(HASH_METHODS))
+
+        return rsa.sign(indata, priv_key, hash_method)
+
+class VerifyOperation(CryptoOperation):
+    '''Verify a signature.'''
+
+    keyname = 'public'
+    usage = 'usage: %%prog [options] public_key signature_file'
+    description = ('Verifies a signature, exits with status 0 upon success, '
+        'prints an error message and exits with status 1 upon error.')
+    operation = 'verify'
+    operation_past = 'verified'
+    operation_progressive = 'Verifying'
+    key_class = rsa.PublicKey
+    expected_cli_args = 2
+    has_output = False
+
+    def perform_operation(self, indata, pub_key, cli_args):
+        '''Decrypts files.'''
+
+        signature_file = cli_args[1]
+        
+        with open(signature_file, 'rb') as sigfile:
+            signature = sigfile.read()
+
+        try:
+            rsa.verify(indata, signature, pub_key)
+        except rsa.VerificationError:
+            raise SystemExit('Verification failed.')
+
+        print('Verification OK', file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+class BigfileOperation(CryptoOperation):
+    '''CryptoOperation that doesn't read the entire file into memory.'''
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        CryptoOperation.__init__(self)
+
+        self.file_objects = []
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        '''Closes any open file handles.'''
+
+        for fobj in self.file_objects:
+            fobj.close()
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        '''Runs the program.'''
+
+        (cli, cli_args) = self.parse_cli()
+
+        key = self.read_key(cli_args[0], cli.keyform)
+
+        # Get the file handles
+        infile = self.get_infile(cli.input)
+        outfile = self.get_outfile(cli.output)
+
+        # Call the operation
+        print(self.operation_progressive.title(), file=sys.stderr)
+        self.perform_operation(infile, outfile, key, cli_args)
+
+    def get_infile(self, inname):
+        '''Returns the input file object'''
+
+        if inname:
+            print('Reading input from %s' % inname, file=sys.stderr)
+            fobj = open(inname, 'rb')
+            self.file_objects.append(fobj)
+        else:
+            print('Reading input from stdin', file=sys.stderr)
+            fobj = sys.stdin
+
+        return fobj
+
+    def get_outfile(self, outname):
+        '''Returns the output file object'''
+
+        if outname:
+            print('Will write output to %s' % outname, file=sys.stderr)
+            fobj = open(outname, 'wb')
+            self.file_objects.append(fobj)
+        else:
+            print('Will write output to stdout', file=sys.stderr)
+            fobj = sys.stdout
+
+        return fobj
+
+class EncryptBigfileOperation(BigfileOperation):
+    '''Encrypts a file to VARBLOCK format.'''
+
+    keyname = 'public'
+    description = ('Encrypts a file to an encrypted VARBLOCK file. The file '
+            'can be larger than the key length, but the output file is only '
+            'compatible with Python-RSA.')
+    operation = 'encrypt'
+    operation_past = 'encrypted'
+    operation_progressive = 'encrypting'
+
+    def perform_operation(self, infile, outfile, pub_key, cli_args=None):
+        '''Encrypts files to VARBLOCK.'''
+
+        return rsa.bigfile.encrypt_bigfile(infile, outfile, pub_key)
+
+class DecryptBigfileOperation(BigfileOperation):
+    '''Decrypts a file in VARBLOCK format.'''
+
+    keyname = 'private'
+    description = ('Decrypts an encrypted VARBLOCK file that was encrypted '
+            'with pyrsa-encrypt-bigfile')
+    operation = 'decrypt'
+    operation_past = 'decrypted'
+    operation_progressive = 'decrypting'
+    key_class = rsa.PrivateKey
+
+    def perform_operation(self, infile, outfile, priv_key, cli_args=None):
+        '''Decrypts a VARBLOCK file.'''
+
+        return rsa.bigfile.decrypt_bigfile(infile, outfile, priv_key)
+
+
+encrypt = EncryptOperation()
+decrypt = DecryptOperation()
+sign = SignOperation()
+verify = VerifyOperation()
+encrypt_bigfile = EncryptBigfileOperation()
+decrypt_bigfile = DecryptBigfileOperation()
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/common.py b/python/rsa/rsa/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39feb8c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Common functionality shared by several modules.'''
+
+
+def bit_size(num):
+    '''
+    Number of bits needed to represent a integer excluding any prefix
+    0 bits.
+
+    As per definition from http://wiki.python.org/moin/BitManipulation and
+    to match the behavior of the Python 3 API.
+
+    Usage::
+    
+        >>> bit_size(1023)
+        10
+        >>> bit_size(1024)
+        11
+        >>> bit_size(1025)
+        11
+
+    :param num:
+        Integer value. If num is 0, returns 0. Only the absolute value of the
+        number is considered. Therefore, signed integers will be abs(num)
+        before the number's bit length is determined.
+    :returns:
+        Returns the number of bits in the integer.
+    '''
+    if num == 0:
+        return 0
+    if num < 0:
+        num = -num
+
+    # Make sure this is an int and not a float.
+    num & 1
+
+    hex_num = "%x" % num
+    return ((len(hex_num) - 1) * 4) + {
+        '0':0, '1':1, '2':2, '3':2,
+        '4':3, '5':3, '6':3, '7':3,
+        '8':4, '9':4, 'a':4, 'b':4,
+        'c':4, 'd':4, 'e':4, 'f':4,
+     }[hex_num[0]]
+
+
+def _bit_size(number):
+    '''
+    Returns the number of bits required to hold a specific long number.
+    '''
+    if number < 0:
+        raise ValueError('Only nonnegative numbers possible: %s' % number)
+
+    if number == 0:
+        return 0
+    
+    # This works, even with very large numbers. When using math.log(number, 2),
+    # you'll get rounding errors and it'll fail.
+    bits = 0
+    while number:
+        bits += 1
+        number >>= 1
+
+    return bits
+
+
+def byte_size(number):
+    '''
+    Returns the number of bytes required to hold a specific long number.
+    
+    The number of bytes is rounded up.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        >>> byte_size(1 << 1023)
+        128
+        >>> byte_size((1 << 1024) - 1)
+        128
+        >>> byte_size(1 << 1024)
+        129
+
+    :param number:
+        An unsigned integer
+    :returns:
+        The number of bytes required to hold a specific long number.
+    '''
+    quanta, mod = divmod(bit_size(number), 8)
+    if mod or number == 0:
+        quanta += 1
+    return quanta
+    #return int(math.ceil(bit_size(number) / 8.0))
+
+
+def extended_gcd(a, b):
+    '''Returns a tuple (r, i, j) such that r = gcd(a, b) = ia + jb
+    '''
+    # r = gcd(a,b) i = multiplicitive inverse of a mod b
+    #      or      j = multiplicitive inverse of b mod a
+    # Neg return values for i or j are made positive mod b or a respectively
+    # Iterateive Version is faster and uses much less stack space
+    x = 0
+    y = 1
+    lx = 1
+    ly = 0
+    oa = a                             #Remember original a/b to remove 
+    ob = b                             #negative values from return results
+    while b != 0:
+        q = a // b
+        (a, b)  = (b, a % b)
+        (x, lx) = ((lx - (q * x)),x)
+        (y, ly) = ((ly - (q * y)),y)
+    if (lx < 0): lx += ob              #If neg wrap modulo orignal b
+    if (ly < 0): ly += oa              #If neg wrap modulo orignal a
+    return (a, lx, ly)                 #Return only positive values
+
+
+def inverse(x, n):
+    '''Returns x^-1 (mod n)
+
+    >>> inverse(7, 4)
+    3
+    >>> (inverse(143, 4) * 143) % 4
+    1
+    '''
+
+    (divider, inv, _) = extended_gcd(x, n)
+
+    if divider != 1:
+        raise ValueError("x (%d) and n (%d) are not relatively prime" % (x, n))
+
+    return inv
+
+
+def crt(a_values, modulo_values):
+    '''Chinese Remainder Theorem.
+
+    Calculates x such that x = a[i] (mod m[i]) for each i.
+
+    :param a_values: the a-values of the above equation
+    :param modulo_values: the m-values of the above equation
+    :returns: x such that x = a[i] (mod m[i]) for each i
+    
+
+    >>> crt([2, 3], [3, 5])
+    8
+
+    >>> crt([2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 7])
+    23
+
+    >>> crt([2, 3, 0], [7, 11, 15])
+    135
+    '''
+
+    m = 1
+    x = 0 
+
+    for modulo in modulo_values:
+        m *= modulo
+
+    for (m_i, a_i) in zip(modulo_values, a_values):
+        M_i = m // m_i
+        inv = inverse(M_i, m_i)
+
+        x = (x + a_i * M_i * inv) % m
+
+    return x
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/core.py b/python/rsa/rsa/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90dfee8e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Core mathematical operations.
+
+This is the actual core RSA implementation, which is only defined
+mathematically on integers.
+'''
+
+
+from rsa._compat import is_integer
+
+def assert_int(var, name):
+
+    if is_integer(var):
+        return
+
+    raise TypeError('%s should be an integer, not %s' % (name, var.__class__))
+
+def encrypt_int(message, ekey, n):
+    '''Encrypts a message using encryption key 'ekey', working modulo n'''
+
+    assert_int(message, 'message')
+    assert_int(ekey, 'ekey')
+    assert_int(n, 'n')
+
+    if message < 0:
+        raise ValueError('Only non-negative numbers are supported')
+         
+    if message > n:
+        raise OverflowError("The message %i is too long for n=%i" % (message, n))
+
+    return pow(message, ekey, n)
+
+def decrypt_int(cyphertext, dkey, n):
+    '''Decrypts a cypher text using the decryption key 'dkey', working
+    modulo n'''
+
+    assert_int(cyphertext, 'cyphertext')
+    assert_int(dkey, 'dkey')
+    assert_int(n, 'n')
+
+    message = pow(cyphertext, dkey, n)
+    return message
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/key.py b/python/rsa/rsa/key.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6de7b3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''RSA key generation code.
+
+Create new keys with the newkeys() function. It will give you a PublicKey and a
+PrivateKey object.
+
+Loading and saving keys requires the pyasn1 module. This module is imported as
+late as possible, such that other functionality will remain working in absence
+of pyasn1.
+
+'''
+
+import logging
+from rsa._compat import b, bytes_type
+
+import rsa.prime
+import rsa.pem
+import rsa.common
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+
+class AbstractKey(object):
+    '''Abstract superclass for private and public keys.'''
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_pkcs1(cls, keyfile, format='PEM'):
+        r'''Loads a key in PKCS#1 DER or PEM format.
+
+        :param keyfile: contents of a DER- or PEM-encoded file that contains
+            the public key.
+        :param format: the format of the file to load; 'PEM' or 'DER'
+
+        :return: a PublicKey object
+
+        '''
+
+        methods = {
+            'PEM': cls._load_pkcs1_pem,
+            'DER': cls._load_pkcs1_der,
+        }
+
+        if format not in methods:
+            formats = ', '.join(sorted(methods.keys()))
+            raise ValueError('Unsupported format: %r, try one of %s' % (format,
+                formats))
+
+        method = methods[format]
+        return method(keyfile)
+
+    def save_pkcs1(self, format='PEM'):
+        '''Saves the public key in PKCS#1 DER or PEM format.
+
+        :param format: the format to save; 'PEM' or 'DER'
+        :returns: the DER- or PEM-encoded public key.
+
+        '''
+
+        methods = {
+            'PEM': self._save_pkcs1_pem,
+            'DER': self._save_pkcs1_der,
+        }
+
+        if format not in methods:
+            formats = ', '.join(sorted(methods.keys()))
+            raise ValueError('Unsupported format: %r, try one of %s' % (format,
+                formats))
+
+        method = methods[format]
+        return method()
+
+class PublicKey(AbstractKey):
+    '''Represents a public RSA key.
+
+    This key is also known as the 'encryption key'. It contains the 'n' and 'e'
+    values.
+
+    Supports attributes as well as dictionary-like access. Attribute accesss is
+    faster, though.
+
+    >>> PublicKey(5, 3)
+    PublicKey(5, 3)
+
+    >>> key = PublicKey(5, 3)
+    >>> key.n
+    5
+    >>> key['n']
+    5
+    >>> key.e
+    3
+    >>> key['e']
+    3
+
+    '''
+
+    __slots__ = ('n', 'e')
+
+    def __init__(self, n, e):
+        self.n = n
+        self.e = e
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self, key)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'PublicKey(%i, %i)' % (self.n, self.e)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return False
+
+        if not isinstance(other, PublicKey):
+            return False
+
+        return self.n == other.n and self.e == other.e
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_pkcs1_der(cls, keyfile):
+        r'''Loads a key in PKCS#1 DER format.
+
+        @param keyfile: contents of a DER-encoded file that contains the public
+            key.
+        @return: a PublicKey object
+
+        First let's construct a DER encoded key:
+
+        >>> import base64
+        >>> b64der = 'MAwCBQCNGmYtAgMBAAE='
+        >>> der = base64.decodestring(b64der)
+
+        This loads the file:
+
+        >>> PublicKey._load_pkcs1_der(der)
+        PublicKey(2367317549, 65537)
+
+        '''
+
+        from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder
+        from rsa.asn1 import AsnPubKey
+        
+        (priv, _) = decoder.decode(keyfile, asn1Spec=AsnPubKey())
+        return cls(n=int(priv['modulus']), e=int(priv['publicExponent']))
+
+    def _save_pkcs1_der(self):
+        '''Saves the public key in PKCS#1 DER format.
+
+        @returns: the DER-encoded public key.
+        '''
+
+        from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder
+        from rsa.asn1 import AsnPubKey
+
+        # Create the ASN object
+        asn_key = AsnPubKey()
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('modulus', self.n)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('publicExponent', self.e)
+
+        return encoder.encode(asn_key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_pkcs1_pem(cls, keyfile):
+        '''Loads a PKCS#1 PEM-encoded public key file.
+
+        The contents of the file before the "-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----" and
+        after the "-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----" lines is ignored.
+
+        @param keyfile: contents of a PEM-encoded file that contains the public
+            key.
+        @return: a PublicKey object
+        '''
+
+        der = rsa.pem.load_pem(keyfile, 'RSA PUBLIC KEY')
+        return cls._load_pkcs1_der(der)
+
+    def _save_pkcs1_pem(self):
+        '''Saves a PKCS#1 PEM-encoded public key file.
+
+        @return: contents of a PEM-encoded file that contains the public key.
+        '''
+
+        der = self._save_pkcs1_der()
+        return rsa.pem.save_pem(der, 'RSA PUBLIC KEY')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_pkcs1_openssl_pem(cls, keyfile):
+        '''Loads a PKCS#1.5 PEM-encoded public key file from OpenSSL.
+        
+        These files can be recognised in that they start with BEGIN PUBLIC KEY
+        rather than BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY.
+        
+        The contents of the file before the "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----" and
+        after the "-----END PUBLIC KEY-----" lines is ignored.
+
+        @param keyfile: contents of a PEM-encoded file that contains the public
+            key, from OpenSSL.
+        @return: a PublicKey object
+        '''
+
+        der = rsa.pem.load_pem(keyfile, 'PUBLIC KEY')
+        return cls.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_pkcs1_openssl_der(cls, keyfile):
+        '''Loads a PKCS#1 DER-encoded public key file from OpenSSL.
+
+        @param keyfile: contents of a DER-encoded file that contains the public
+            key, from OpenSSL.
+        @return: a PublicKey object
+        '''
+    
+        from rsa.asn1 import OpenSSLPubKey
+        from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder
+        from pyasn1.type import univ
+        
+        (keyinfo, _) = decoder.decode(keyfile, asn1Spec=OpenSSLPubKey())
+        
+        if keyinfo['header']['oid'] != univ.ObjectIdentifier('1.2.840.113549.1.1.1'):
+            raise TypeError("This is not a DER-encoded OpenSSL-compatible public key")
+                
+        return cls._load_pkcs1_der(keyinfo['key'][1:])
+        
+        
+
+
+class PrivateKey(AbstractKey):
+    '''Represents a private RSA key.
+
+    This key is also known as the 'decryption key'. It contains the 'n', 'e',
+    'd', 'p', 'q' and other values.
+
+    Supports attributes as well as dictionary-like access. Attribute accesss is
+    faster, though.
+
+    >>> PrivateKey(3247, 65537, 833, 191, 17)
+    PrivateKey(3247, 65537, 833, 191, 17)
+
+    exp1, exp2 and coef don't have to be given, they will be calculated:
+
+    >>> pk = PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
+    >>> pk.exp1
+    55063
+    >>> pk.exp2
+    10095
+    >>> pk.coef
+    50797
+
+    If you give exp1, exp2 or coef, they will be used as-is:
+
+    >>> pk = PrivateKey(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+    >>> pk.exp1
+    6
+    >>> pk.exp2
+    7
+    >>> pk.coef
+    8
+
+    '''
+
+    __slots__ = ('n', 'e', 'd', 'p', 'q', 'exp1', 'exp2', 'coef')
+
+    def __init__(self, n, e, d, p, q, exp1=None, exp2=None, coef=None):
+        self.n = n
+        self.e = e
+        self.d = d
+        self.p = p
+        self.q = q
+
+        # Calculate the other values if they aren't supplied
+        if exp1 is None:
+            self.exp1 = int(d % (p - 1))
+        else:
+            self.exp1 = exp1
+
+        if exp1 is None:
+            self.exp2 = int(d % (q - 1))
+        else:
+            self.exp2 = exp2
+
+        if coef is None:
+            self.coef = rsa.common.inverse(q, p)
+        else:
+            self.coef = coef
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self, key)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'PrivateKey(%(n)i, %(e)i, %(d)i, %(p)i, %(q)i)' % self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return False
+
+        if not isinstance(other, PrivateKey):
+            return False
+
+        return (self.n == other.n and
+            self.e == other.e and
+            self.d == other.d and
+            self.p == other.p and
+            self.q == other.q and
+            self.exp1 == other.exp1 and
+            self.exp2 == other.exp2 and
+            self.coef == other.coef)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_pkcs1_der(cls, keyfile):
+        r'''Loads a key in PKCS#1 DER format.
+
+        @param keyfile: contents of a DER-encoded file that contains the private
+            key.
+        @return: a PrivateKey object
+
+        First let's construct a DER encoded key:
+
+        >>> import base64
+        >>> b64der = 'MC4CAQACBQDeKYlRAgMBAAECBQDHn4npAgMA/icCAwDfxwIDANcXAgInbwIDAMZt'
+        >>> der = base64.decodestring(b64der)
+
+        This loads the file:
+
+        >>> PrivateKey._load_pkcs1_der(der)
+        PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
+
+        '''
+
+        from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder
+        (priv, _) = decoder.decode(keyfile)
+
+        # ASN.1 contents of DER encoded private key:
+        #
+        # RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+        #     version           Version, 
+        #     modulus           INTEGER,  -- n
+        #     publicExponent    INTEGER,  -- e
+        #     privateExponent   INTEGER,  -- d
+        #     prime1            INTEGER,  -- p
+        #     prime2            INTEGER,  -- q
+        #     exponent1         INTEGER,  -- d mod (p-1)
+        #     exponent2         INTEGER,  -- d mod (q-1) 
+        #     coefficient       INTEGER,  -- (inverse of q) mod p
+        #     otherPrimeInfos   OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL 
+        # }
+
+        if priv[0] != 0:
+            raise ValueError('Unable to read this file, version %s != 0' % priv[0])
+
+        as_ints = tuple(int(x) for x in priv[1:9])
+        return cls(*as_ints)
+
+    def _save_pkcs1_der(self):
+        '''Saves the private key in PKCS#1 DER format.
+
+        @returns: the DER-encoded private key.
+        '''
+
+        from pyasn1.type import univ, namedtype
+        from pyasn1.codec.der import encoder
+
+        class AsnPrivKey(univ.Sequence):
+            componentType = namedtype.NamedTypes(
+                namedtype.NamedType('version', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('modulus', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('publicExponent', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('privateExponent', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('prime1', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('prime2', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('exponent1', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('exponent2', univ.Integer()),
+                namedtype.NamedType('coefficient', univ.Integer()),
+            )
+
+        # Create the ASN object
+        asn_key = AsnPrivKey()
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('version', 0)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('modulus', self.n)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('publicExponent', self.e)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('privateExponent', self.d)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('prime1', self.p)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('prime2', self.q)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('exponent1', self.exp1)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('exponent2', self.exp2)
+        asn_key.setComponentByName('coefficient', self.coef)
+
+        return encoder.encode(asn_key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_pkcs1_pem(cls, keyfile):
+        '''Loads a PKCS#1 PEM-encoded private key file.
+
+        The contents of the file before the "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----" and
+        after the "-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----" lines is ignored.
+
+        @param keyfile: contents of a PEM-encoded file that contains the private
+            key.
+        @return: a PrivateKey object
+        '''
+
+        der = rsa.pem.load_pem(keyfile, b('RSA PRIVATE KEY'))
+        return cls._load_pkcs1_der(der)
+
+    def _save_pkcs1_pem(self):
+        '''Saves a PKCS#1 PEM-encoded private key file.
+
+        @return: contents of a PEM-encoded file that contains the private key.
+        '''
+
+        der = self._save_pkcs1_der()
+        return rsa.pem.save_pem(der, b('RSA PRIVATE KEY'))
+
+def find_p_q(nbits, getprime_func=rsa.prime.getprime, accurate=True):
+    ''''Returns a tuple of two different primes of nbits bits each.
+    
+    The resulting p * q has exacty 2 * nbits bits, and the returned p and q
+    will not be equal.
+
+    :param nbits: the number of bits in each of p and q.
+    :param getprime_func: the getprime function, defaults to
+        :py:func:`rsa.prime.getprime`.
+
+        *Introduced in Python-RSA 3.1*
+
+    :param accurate: whether to enable accurate mode or not.
+    :returns: (p, q), where p > q
+
+    >>> (p, q) = find_p_q(128)
+    >>> from rsa import common
+    >>> common.bit_size(p * q)
+    256
+
+    When not in accurate mode, the number of bits can be slightly less
+
+    >>> (p, q) = find_p_q(128, accurate=False)
+    >>> from rsa import common
+    >>> common.bit_size(p * q) <= 256
+    True
+    >>> common.bit_size(p * q) > 240
+    True
+    
+    '''
+    
+    total_bits = nbits * 2
+
+    # Make sure that p and q aren't too close or the factoring programs can
+    # factor n.
+    shift = nbits // 16
+    pbits = nbits + shift
+    qbits = nbits - shift
+    
+    # Choose the two initial primes
+    log.debug('find_p_q(%i): Finding p', nbits)
+    p = getprime_func(pbits)
+    log.debug('find_p_q(%i): Finding q', nbits)
+    q = getprime_func(qbits)
+
+    def is_acceptable(p, q):
+        '''Returns True iff p and q are acceptable:
+            
+            - p and q differ
+            - (p * q) has the right nr of bits (when accurate=True)
+        '''
+
+        if p == q:
+            return False
+
+        if not accurate:
+            return True
+
+        # Make sure we have just the right amount of bits
+        found_size = rsa.common.bit_size(p * q)
+        return total_bits == found_size
+
+    # Keep choosing other primes until they match our requirements.
+    change_p = False
+    while not is_acceptable(p, q):
+        # Change p on one iteration and q on the other
+        if change_p:
+            p = getprime_func(pbits)
+        else:
+            q = getprime_func(qbits)
+
+        change_p = not change_p
+
+    # We want p > q as described on
+    # http://www.di-mgt.com.au/rsa_alg.html#crt
+    return (max(p, q), min(p, q))
+
+def calculate_keys(p, q, nbits):
+    '''Calculates an encryption and a decryption key given p and q, and
+    returns them as a tuple (e, d)
+
+    '''
+
+    phi_n = (p - 1) * (q - 1)
+
+    # A very common choice for e is 65537
+    e = 65537
+
+    try:
+        d = rsa.common.inverse(e, phi_n)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise ValueError("e (%d) and phi_n (%d) are not relatively prime" %
+                (e, phi_n))
+
+    if (e * d) % phi_n != 1:
+        raise ValueError("e (%d) and d (%d) are not mult. inv. modulo "
+                "phi_n (%d)" % (e, d, phi_n))
+
+    return (e, d)
+
+def gen_keys(nbits, getprime_func, accurate=True):
+    '''Generate RSA keys of nbits bits. Returns (p, q, e, d).
+
+    Note: this can take a long time, depending on the key size.
+    
+    :param nbits: the total number of bits in ``p`` and ``q``. Both ``p`` and
+        ``q`` will use ``nbits/2`` bits.
+    :param getprime_func: either :py:func:`rsa.prime.getprime` or a function
+        with similar signature.
+    '''
+
+    (p, q) = find_p_q(nbits // 2, getprime_func, accurate)
+    (e, d) = calculate_keys(p, q, nbits // 2)
+
+    return (p, q, e, d)
+
+def newkeys(nbits, accurate=True, poolsize=1):
+    '''Generates public and private keys, and returns them as (pub, priv).
+
+    The public key is also known as the 'encryption key', and is a
+    :py:class:`rsa.PublicKey` object. The private key is also known as the
+    'decryption key' and is a :py:class:`rsa.PrivateKey` object.
+
+    :param nbits: the number of bits required to store ``n = p*q``.
+    :param accurate: when True, ``n`` will have exactly the number of bits you
+        asked for. However, this makes key generation much slower. When False,
+        `n`` may have slightly less bits.
+    :param poolsize: the number of processes to use to generate the prime
+        numbers. If set to a number > 1, a parallel algorithm will be used.
+        This requires Python 2.6 or newer.
+
+    :returns: a tuple (:py:class:`rsa.PublicKey`, :py:class:`rsa.PrivateKey`)
+
+    The ``poolsize`` parameter was added in *Python-RSA 3.1* and requires
+    Python 2.6 or newer.
+    
+    '''
+
+    if nbits < 16:
+        raise ValueError('Key too small')
+
+    if poolsize < 1:
+        raise ValueError('Pool size (%i) should be >= 1' % poolsize)
+
+    # Determine which getprime function to use
+    if poolsize > 1:
+        from rsa import parallel
+        import functools
+
+        getprime_func = functools.partial(parallel.getprime, poolsize=poolsize)
+    else: getprime_func = rsa.prime.getprime
+
+    # Generate the key components
+    (p, q, e, d) = gen_keys(nbits, getprime_func)
+    
+    # Create the key objects
+    n = p * q
+
+    return (
+        PublicKey(n, e),
+        PrivateKey(n, e, d, p, q)
+    )
+
+__all__ = ['PublicKey', 'PrivateKey', 'newkeys']
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import doctest
+    
+    try:
+        for count in range(100):
+            (failures, tests) = doctest.testmod()
+            if failures:
+                break
+
+            if (count and count % 10 == 0) or count == 1:
+                print('%i times' % count)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print('Aborted')
+    else:
+        print('Doctests done')
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/parallel.py b/python/rsa/rsa/parallel.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5034ac70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/parallel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Functions for parallel computation on multiple cores.
+
+Introduced in Python-RSA 3.1.
+
+.. note::
+
+    Requires Python 2.6 or newer.
+
+'''
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import multiprocessing as mp
+
+import rsa.prime
+import rsa.randnum
+
+def _find_prime(nbits, pipe):
+    while True:
+        integer = rsa.randnum.read_random_int(nbits)
+
+        # Make sure it's odd
+        integer |= 1
+
+        # Test for primeness
+        if rsa.prime.is_prime(integer):
+            pipe.send(integer)
+            return
+
+def getprime(nbits, poolsize):
+    '''Returns a prime number that can be stored in 'nbits' bits.
+
+    Works in multiple threads at the same time.
+
+    >>> p = getprime(128, 3)
+    >>> rsa.prime.is_prime(p-1)
+    False
+    >>> rsa.prime.is_prime(p)
+    True
+    >>> rsa.prime.is_prime(p+1)
+    False
+    
+    >>> from rsa import common
+    >>> common.bit_size(p) == 128
+    True
+    
+    '''
+
+    (pipe_recv, pipe_send) = mp.Pipe(duplex=False)
+
+    # Create processes
+    procs = [mp.Process(target=_find_prime, args=(nbits, pipe_send))
+             for _ in range(poolsize)]
+    [p.start() for p in procs]
+
+    result = pipe_recv.recv()
+
+    [p.terminate() for p in procs]
+
+    return result
+
+__all__ = ['getprime']
+
+    
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print('Running doctests 1000x or until failure')
+    import doctest
+    
+    for count in range(100):
+        (failures, tests) = doctest.testmod()
+        if failures:
+            break
+        
+        if count and count % 10 == 0:
+            print('%i times' % count)
+    
+    print('Doctests done')
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/pem.py b/python/rsa/rsa/pem.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1c3a0edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/pem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Functions that load and write PEM-encoded files.'''
+
+import base64
+from rsa._compat import b, is_bytes
+
+def _markers(pem_marker):
+    '''
+    Returns the start and end PEM markers
+    '''
+
+    if is_bytes(pem_marker):
+        pem_marker = pem_marker.decode('utf-8')
+
+    return (b('-----BEGIN %s-----' % pem_marker),
+            b('-----END %s-----' % pem_marker))
+
+def load_pem(contents, pem_marker):
+    '''Loads a PEM file.
+
+    @param contents: the contents of the file to interpret
+    @param pem_marker: the marker of the PEM content, such as 'RSA PRIVATE KEY'
+        when your file has '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----' and
+        '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----' markers.
+
+    @return the base64-decoded content between the start and end markers.
+
+    @raise ValueError: when the content is invalid, for example when the start
+        marker cannot be found.
+
+    '''
+
+    (pem_start, pem_end) = _markers(pem_marker)
+
+    pem_lines = []
+    in_pem_part = False
+
+    for line in contents.splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+
+        # Skip empty lines
+        if not line:
+            continue
+
+        # Handle start marker
+        if line == pem_start:
+            if in_pem_part:
+                raise ValueError('Seen start marker "%s" twice' % pem_start)
+
+            in_pem_part = True
+            continue
+
+        # Skip stuff before first marker
+        if not in_pem_part:
+            continue
+
+        # Handle end marker
+        if in_pem_part and line == pem_end:
+            in_pem_part = False
+            break
+
+        # Load fields
+        if b(':') in line:
+            continue
+
+        pem_lines.append(line)
+
+    # Do some sanity checks
+    if not pem_lines:
+        raise ValueError('No PEM start marker "%s" found' % pem_start)
+
+    if in_pem_part:
+        raise ValueError('No PEM end marker "%s" found' % pem_end)
+
+    # Base64-decode the contents
+    pem = b('').join(pem_lines)
+    return base64.decodestring(pem)
+
+
+def save_pem(contents, pem_marker):
+    '''Saves a PEM file.
+
+    @param contents: the contents to encode in PEM format
+    @param pem_marker: the marker of the PEM content, such as 'RSA PRIVATE KEY'
+        when your file has '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----' and
+        '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----' markers.
+
+    @return the base64-encoded content between the start and end markers.
+
+    '''
+
+    (pem_start, pem_end) = _markers(pem_marker)
+
+    b64 = base64.encodestring(contents).replace(b('\n'), b(''))
+    pem_lines = [pem_start]
+    
+    for block_start in range(0, len(b64), 64):
+        block = b64[block_start:block_start + 64]
+        pem_lines.append(block)
+
+    pem_lines.append(pem_end)
+    pem_lines.append(b(''))
+
+    return b('\n').join(pem_lines)
+    
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/pkcs1.py b/python/rsa/rsa/pkcs1.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15e4cf639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/pkcs1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Functions for PKCS#1 version 1.5 encryption and signing
+
+This module implements certain functionality from PKCS#1 version 1.5. For a
+very clear example, read http://www.di-mgt.com.au/rsa_alg.html#pkcs1schemes
+
+At least 8 bytes of random padding is used when encrypting a message. This makes
+these methods much more secure than the ones in the ``rsa`` module.
+
+WARNING: this module leaks information when decryption or verification fails.
+The exceptions that are raised contain the Python traceback information, which
+can be used to deduce where in the process the failure occurred. DO NOT PASS
+SUCH INFORMATION to your users.
+'''
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+
+from rsa._compat import b
+from rsa import common, transform, core, varblock
+
+# ASN.1 codes that describe the hash algorithm used.
+HASH_ASN1 = {
+    'MD5': b('\x30\x20\x30\x0c\x06\x08\x2a\x86\x48\x86\xf7\x0d\x02\x05\x05\x00\x04\x10'),
+    'SHA-1': b('\x30\x21\x30\x09\x06\x05\x2b\x0e\x03\x02\x1a\x05\x00\x04\x14'),
+    'SHA-256': b('\x30\x31\x30\x0d\x06\x09\x60\x86\x48\x01\x65\x03\x04\x02\x01\x05\x00\x04\x20'),
+    'SHA-384': b('\x30\x41\x30\x0d\x06\x09\x60\x86\x48\x01\x65\x03\x04\x02\x02\x05\x00\x04\x30'),
+    'SHA-512': b('\x30\x51\x30\x0d\x06\x09\x60\x86\x48\x01\x65\x03\x04\x02\x03\x05\x00\x04\x40'),
+}
+
+HASH_METHODS = {
+    'MD5': hashlib.md5,
+    'SHA-1': hashlib.sha1,
+    'SHA-256': hashlib.sha256,
+    'SHA-384': hashlib.sha384,
+    'SHA-512': hashlib.sha512,
+}
+
+class CryptoError(Exception):
+    '''Base class for all exceptions in this module.'''
+
+class DecryptionError(CryptoError):
+    '''Raised when decryption fails.'''
+
+class VerificationError(CryptoError):
+    '''Raised when verification fails.'''
+ 
+def _pad_for_encryption(message, target_length):
+    r'''Pads the message for encryption, returning the padded message.
+    
+    :return: 00 02 RANDOM_DATA 00 MESSAGE
+    
+    >>> block = _pad_for_encryption('hello', 16)
+    >>> len(block)
+    16
+    >>> block[0:2]
+    '\x00\x02'
+    >>> block[-6:]
+    '\x00hello'
+
+    '''
+
+    max_msglength = target_length - 11
+    msglength = len(message)
+    
+    if msglength > max_msglength:
+        raise OverflowError('%i bytes needed for message, but there is only'
+            ' space for %i' % (msglength, max_msglength))
+    
+    # Get random padding
+    padding = b('')
+    padding_length = target_length - msglength - 3
+    
+    # We remove 0-bytes, so we'll end up with less padding than we've asked for,
+    # so keep adding data until we're at the correct length.
+    while len(padding) < padding_length:
+        needed_bytes = padding_length - len(padding)
+        
+        # Always read at least 8 bytes more than we need, and trim off the rest
+        # after removing the 0-bytes. This increases the chance of getting
+        # enough bytes, especially when needed_bytes is small
+        new_padding = os.urandom(needed_bytes + 5)
+        new_padding = new_padding.replace(b('\x00'), b(''))
+        padding = padding + new_padding[:needed_bytes]
+    
+    assert len(padding) == padding_length
+    
+    return b('').join([b('\x00\x02'),
+                    padding,
+                    b('\x00'),
+                    message])
+    
+
+def _pad_for_signing(message, target_length):
+    r'''Pads the message for signing, returning the padded message.
+    
+    The padding is always a repetition of FF bytes.
+    
+    :return: 00 01 PADDING 00 MESSAGE
+    
+    >>> block = _pad_for_signing('hello', 16)
+    >>> len(block)
+    16
+    >>> block[0:2]
+    '\x00\x01'
+    >>> block[-6:]
+    '\x00hello'
+    >>> block[2:-6]
+    '\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff'
+    
+    '''
+
+    max_msglength = target_length - 11
+    msglength = len(message)
+    
+    if msglength > max_msglength:
+        raise OverflowError('%i bytes needed for message, but there is only'
+            ' space for %i' % (msglength, max_msglength))
+    
+    padding_length = target_length - msglength - 3
+    
+    return b('').join([b('\x00\x01'),
+                    padding_length * b('\xff'),
+                    b('\x00'),
+                    message])
+    
+    
+def encrypt(message, pub_key):
+    '''Encrypts the given message using PKCS#1 v1.5
+    
+    :param message: the message to encrypt. Must be a byte string no longer than
+        ``k-11`` bytes, where ``k`` is the number of bytes needed to encode
+        the ``n`` component of the public key.
+    :param pub_key: the :py:class:`rsa.PublicKey` to encrypt with.
+    :raise OverflowError: when the message is too large to fit in the padded
+        block.
+        
+    >>> from rsa import key, common
+    >>> (pub_key, priv_key) = key.newkeys(256)
+    >>> message = 'hello'
+    >>> crypto = encrypt(message, pub_key)
+    
+    The crypto text should be just as long as the public key 'n' component:
+
+    >>> len(crypto) == common.byte_size(pub_key.n)
+    True
+    
+    '''
+    
+    keylength = common.byte_size(pub_key.n)
+    padded = _pad_for_encryption(message, keylength)
+    
+    payload = transform.bytes2int(padded)
+    encrypted = core.encrypt_int(payload, pub_key.e, pub_key.n)
+    block = transform.int2bytes(encrypted, keylength)
+    
+    return block
+
+def decrypt(crypto, priv_key):
+    r'''Decrypts the given message using PKCS#1 v1.5
+    
+    The decryption is considered 'failed' when the resulting cleartext doesn't
+    start with the bytes 00 02, or when the 00 byte between the padding and
+    the message cannot be found.
+    
+    :param crypto: the crypto text as returned by :py:func:`rsa.encrypt`
+    :param priv_key: the :py:class:`rsa.PrivateKey` to decrypt with.
+    :raise DecryptionError: when the decryption fails. No details are given as
+        to why the code thinks the decryption fails, as this would leak
+        information about the private key.
+
+
+    >>> import rsa
+    >>> (pub_key, priv_key) = rsa.newkeys(256)
+
+    It works with strings:
+
+    >>> crypto = encrypt('hello', pub_key)
+    >>> decrypt(crypto, priv_key)
+    'hello'
+    
+    And with binary data:
+
+    >>> crypto = encrypt('\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01', pub_key)
+    >>> decrypt(crypto, priv_key)
+    '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01'
+
+    Altering the encrypted information will *likely* cause a
+    :py:class:`rsa.pkcs1.DecryptionError`. If you want to be *sure*, use
+    :py:func:`rsa.sign`.
+
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Never display the stack trace of a
+        :py:class:`rsa.pkcs1.DecryptionError` exception. It shows where in the
+        code the exception occurred, and thus leaks information about the key.
+        It's only a tiny bit of information, but every bit makes cracking the
+        keys easier.
+
+    >>> crypto = encrypt('hello', pub_key)
+    >>> crypto = crypto[0:5] + 'X' + crypto[6:] # change a byte
+    >>> decrypt(crypto, priv_key)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    DecryptionError: Decryption failed
+
+    '''
+    
+    blocksize = common.byte_size(priv_key.n)
+    encrypted = transform.bytes2int(crypto)
+    decrypted = core.decrypt_int(encrypted, priv_key.d, priv_key.n)
+    cleartext = transform.int2bytes(decrypted, blocksize)
+
+    # If we can't find the cleartext marker, decryption failed.
+    if cleartext[0:2] != b('\x00\x02'):
+        raise DecryptionError('Decryption failed')
+    
+    # Find the 00 separator between the padding and the message
+    try:
+        sep_idx = cleartext.index(b('\x00'), 2)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise DecryptionError('Decryption failed')
+    
+    return cleartext[sep_idx+1:]
+    
+def sign(message, priv_key, hash):
+    '''Signs the message with the private key.
+
+    Hashes the message, then signs the hash with the given key. This is known
+    as a "detached signature", because the message itself isn't altered.
+    
+    :param message: the message to sign. Can be an 8-bit string or a file-like
+        object. If ``message`` has a ``read()`` method, it is assumed to be a
+        file-like object.
+    :param priv_key: the :py:class:`rsa.PrivateKey` to sign with
+    :param hash: the hash method used on the message. Use 'MD5', 'SHA-1',
+        'SHA-256', 'SHA-384' or 'SHA-512'.
+    :return: a message signature block.
+    :raise OverflowError: if the private key is too small to contain the
+        requested hash.
+
+    '''
+
+    # Get the ASN1 code for this hash method
+    if hash not in HASH_ASN1:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid hash method: %s' % hash)
+    asn1code = HASH_ASN1[hash]
+    
+    # Calculate the hash
+    hash = _hash(message, hash)
+
+    # Encrypt the hash with the private key
+    cleartext = asn1code + hash
+    keylength = common.byte_size(priv_key.n)
+    padded = _pad_for_signing(cleartext, keylength)
+    
+    payload = transform.bytes2int(padded)
+    encrypted = core.encrypt_int(payload, priv_key.d, priv_key.n)
+    block = transform.int2bytes(encrypted, keylength)
+    
+    return block
+
+def verify(message, signature, pub_key):
+    '''Verifies that the signature matches the message.
+    
+    The hash method is detected automatically from the signature.
+    
+    :param message: the signed message. Can be an 8-bit string or a file-like
+        object. If ``message`` has a ``read()`` method, it is assumed to be a
+        file-like object.
+    :param signature: the signature block, as created with :py:func:`rsa.sign`.
+    :param pub_key: the :py:class:`rsa.PublicKey` of the person signing the message.
+    :raise VerificationError: when the signature doesn't match the message.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Never display the stack trace of a
+        :py:class:`rsa.pkcs1.VerificationError` exception. It shows where in
+        the code the exception occurred, and thus leaks information about the
+        key. It's only a tiny bit of information, but every bit makes cracking
+        the keys easier.
+
+    '''
+    
+    blocksize = common.byte_size(pub_key.n)
+    encrypted = transform.bytes2int(signature)
+    decrypted = core.decrypt_int(encrypted, pub_key.e, pub_key.n)
+    clearsig = transform.int2bytes(decrypted, blocksize)
+
+    # If we can't find the signature  marker, verification failed.
+    if clearsig[0:2] != b('\x00\x01'):
+        raise VerificationError('Verification failed')
+    
+    # Find the 00 separator between the padding and the payload
+    try:
+        sep_idx = clearsig.index(b('\x00'), 2)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise VerificationError('Verification failed')
+    
+    # Get the hash and the hash method
+    (method_name, signature_hash) = _find_method_hash(clearsig[sep_idx+1:])
+    message_hash = _hash(message, method_name)
+
+    # Compare the real hash to the hash in the signature
+    if message_hash != signature_hash:
+        raise VerificationError('Verification failed')
+
+    return True
+
+def _hash(message, method_name):
+    '''Returns the message digest.
+    
+    :param message: the signed message. Can be an 8-bit string or a file-like
+        object. If ``message`` has a ``read()`` method, it is assumed to be a
+        file-like object.
+    :param method_name: the hash method, must be a key of
+        :py:const:`HASH_METHODS`.
+    
+    '''
+
+    if method_name not in HASH_METHODS:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid hash method: %s' % method_name)
+    
+    method = HASH_METHODS[method_name]
+    hasher = method()
+
+    if hasattr(message, 'read') and hasattr(message.read, '__call__'):
+        # read as 1K blocks
+        for block in varblock.yield_fixedblocks(message, 1024):
+            hasher.update(block)
+    else:
+        # hash the message object itself.
+        hasher.update(message)
+
+    return hasher.digest()
+
+
+def _find_method_hash(method_hash):
+    '''Finds the hash method and the hash itself.
+    
+    :param method_hash: ASN1 code for the hash method concatenated with the
+        hash itself.
+    
+    :return: tuple (method, hash) where ``method`` is the used hash method, and
+        ``hash`` is the hash itself.
+    
+    :raise VerificationFailed: when the hash method cannot be found
+
+    '''
+
+    for (hashname, asn1code) in HASH_ASN1.items():
+        if not method_hash.startswith(asn1code):
+            continue
+        
+        return (hashname, method_hash[len(asn1code):])
+    
+    raise VerificationError('Verification failed')
+
+
+__all__ = ['encrypt', 'decrypt', 'sign', 'verify',
+           'DecryptionError', 'VerificationError', 'CryptoError']
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print('Running doctests 1000x or until failure')
+    import doctest
+    
+    for count in range(1000):
+        (failures, tests) = doctest.testmod()
+        if failures:
+            break
+        
+        if count and count % 100 == 0:
+            print('%i times' % count)
+    
+    print('Doctests done')
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/prime.py b/python/rsa/rsa/prime.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7422eb1d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/prime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Numerical functions related to primes.
+
+Implementation based on the book Algorithm Design by Michael T. Goodrich and
+Roberto Tamassia, 2002.
+'''
+
+__all__ = [ 'getprime', 'are_relatively_prime']
+
+import rsa.randnum
+
+def gcd(p, q):
+    '''Returns the greatest common divisor of p and q
+
+    >>> gcd(48, 180)
+    12
+    '''
+
+    while q != 0:
+        if p < q: (p,q) = (q,p)
+        (p,q) = (q, p % q)
+    return p
+    
+
+def jacobi(a, b):
+    '''Calculates the value of the Jacobi symbol (a/b) where both a and b are
+    positive integers, and b is odd
+
+    :returns: -1, 0 or 1
+    '''
+
+    assert a > 0
+    assert b > 0
+
+    if a == 0: return 0
+    result = 1
+    while a > 1:
+        if a & 1:
+            if ((a-1)*(b-1) >> 2) & 1:
+                result = -result
+            a, b = b % a, a
+        else:
+            if (((b * b) - 1) >> 3) & 1:
+                result = -result
+            a >>= 1
+    if a == 0: return 0
+    return result
+
+def jacobi_witness(x, n):
+    '''Returns False if n is an Euler pseudo-prime with base x, and
+    True otherwise.
+    '''
+
+    j = jacobi(x, n) % n
+
+    f = pow(x, n >> 1, n)
+
+    if j == f: return False
+    return True
+
+def randomized_primality_testing(n, k):
+    '''Calculates whether n is composite (which is always correct) or
+    prime (which is incorrect with error probability 2**-k)
+
+    Returns False if the number is composite, and True if it's
+    probably prime.
+    '''
+
+    # 50% of Jacobi-witnesses can report compositness of non-prime numbers
+
+    # The implemented algorithm using the Jacobi witness function has error
+    # probability q <= 0.5, according to Goodrich et. al
+    #
+    # q = 0.5
+    # t = int(math.ceil(k / log(1 / q, 2)))
+    # So t = k / log(2, 2) = k / 1 = k
+    # this means we can use range(k) rather than range(t)
+
+    for _ in range(k):
+        x = rsa.randnum.randint(n-1)
+        if jacobi_witness(x, n): return False
+    
+    return True
+
+def is_prime(number):
+    '''Returns True if the number is prime, and False otherwise.
+
+    >>> is_prime(42)
+    False
+    >>> is_prime(41)
+    True
+    '''
+
+    return randomized_primality_testing(number, 6)
+
+def getprime(nbits):
+    '''Returns a prime number that can be stored in 'nbits' bits.
+
+    >>> p = getprime(128)
+    >>> is_prime(p-1)
+    False
+    >>> is_prime(p)
+    True
+    >>> is_prime(p+1)
+    False
+    
+    >>> from rsa import common
+    >>> common.bit_size(p) == 128
+    True
+    
+    '''
+
+    while True:
+        integer = rsa.randnum.read_random_int(nbits)
+
+        # Make sure it's odd
+        integer |= 1
+
+        # Test for primeness
+        if is_prime(integer):
+            return integer
+
+        # Retry if not prime
+
+
+def are_relatively_prime(a, b):
+    '''Returns True if a and b are relatively prime, and False if they
+    are not.
+
+    >>> are_relatively_prime(2, 3)
+    1
+    >>> are_relatively_prime(2, 4)
+    0
+    '''
+
+    d = gcd(a, b)
+    return (d == 1)
+    
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print('Running doctests 1000x or until failure')
+    import doctest
+    
+    for count in range(1000):
+        (failures, tests) = doctest.testmod()
+        if failures:
+            break
+        
+        if count and count % 100 == 0:
+            print('%i times' % count)
+    
+    print('Doctests done')
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/randnum.py b/python/rsa/rsa/randnum.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e782744c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/randnum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Functions for generating random numbers.'''
+
+# Source inspired by code by Yesudeep Mangalapilly <yesudeep@gmail.com>
+
+import os
+
+from rsa import common, transform
+from rsa._compat import byte
+
+def read_random_bits(nbits):
+    '''Reads 'nbits' random bits.
+
+    If nbits isn't a whole number of bytes, an extra byte will be appended with
+    only the lower bits set.
+    '''
+
+    nbytes, rbits = divmod(nbits, 8)
+
+    # Get the random bytes
+    randomdata = os.urandom(nbytes)
+
+    # Add the remaining random bits
+    if rbits > 0:
+        randomvalue = ord(os.urandom(1))
+        randomvalue >>= (8 - rbits)
+        randomdata = byte(randomvalue) + randomdata
+
+    return randomdata
+
+
+def read_random_int(nbits):
+    '''Reads a random integer of approximately nbits bits.
+    '''
+
+    randomdata = read_random_bits(nbits)
+    value = transform.bytes2int(randomdata)
+
+    # Ensure that the number is large enough to just fill out the required
+    # number of bits.
+    value |= 1 << (nbits - 1)
+
+    return value
+
+def randint(maxvalue):
+    '''Returns a random integer x with 1 <= x <= maxvalue
+    
+    May take a very long time in specific situations. If maxvalue needs N bits
+    to store, the closer maxvalue is to (2 ** N) - 1, the faster this function
+    is.
+    '''
+
+    bit_size = common.bit_size(maxvalue)
+
+    tries = 0
+    while True:
+        value = read_random_int(bit_size)
+        if value <= maxvalue:
+            break
+
+        if tries and tries % 10 == 0:
+            # After a lot of tries to get the right number of bits but still
+            # smaller than maxvalue, decrease the number of bits by 1. That'll
+            # dramatically increase the chances to get a large enough number.
+            bit_size -= 1
+        tries += 1
+
+    return value
+
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/transform.py b/python/rsa/rsa/transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c740b2d27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Data transformation functions.
+
+From bytes to a number, number to bytes, etc.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    # We'll use psyco if available on 32-bit architectures to speed up code.
+    # Using psyco (if available) cuts down the execution time on Python 2.5
+    # at least by half.
+    import psyco
+    psyco.full()
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+import binascii
+from struct import pack
+from rsa import common
+from rsa._compat import is_integer, b, byte, get_word_alignment, ZERO_BYTE, EMPTY_BYTE
+
+
+def bytes2int(raw_bytes):
+    r'''Converts a list of bytes or an 8-bit string to an integer.
+
+    When using unicode strings, encode it to some encoding like UTF8 first.
+
+    >>> (((128 * 256) + 64) * 256) + 15
+    8405007
+    >>> bytes2int('\x80@\x0f')
+    8405007
+
+    '''
+
+    return int(binascii.hexlify(raw_bytes), 16)
+
+
+def _int2bytes(number, block_size=None):
+    r'''Converts a number to a string of bytes.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        >>> _int2bytes(123456789)
+        '\x07[\xcd\x15'
+        >>> bytes2int(_int2bytes(123456789))
+        123456789
+
+        >>> _int2bytes(123456789, 6)
+        '\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'
+        >>> bytes2int(_int2bytes(123456789, 128))
+        123456789
+
+        >>> _int2bytes(123456789, 3)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        OverflowError: Needed 4 bytes for number, but block size is 3
+
+    @param number: the number to convert
+    @param block_size: the number of bytes to output. If the number encoded to
+        bytes is less than this, the block will be zero-padded. When not given,
+        the returned block is not padded.
+
+    @throws OverflowError when block_size is given and the number takes up more
+        bytes than fit into the block.
+    '''
+    # Type checking
+    if not is_integer(number):
+        raise TypeError("You must pass an integer for 'number', not %s" %
+            number.__class__)
+
+    if number < 0:
+        raise ValueError('Negative numbers cannot be used: %i' % number)
+
+    # Do some bounds checking
+    if number == 0:
+        needed_bytes = 1
+        raw_bytes = [ZERO_BYTE]
+    else:
+        needed_bytes = common.byte_size(number)
+        raw_bytes = []
+
+    # You cannot compare None > 0 in Python 3x. It will fail with a TypeError.
+    if block_size and block_size > 0:
+        if needed_bytes > block_size:
+            raise OverflowError('Needed %i bytes for number, but block size '
+                'is %i' % (needed_bytes, block_size))
+
+    # Convert the number to bytes.
+    while number > 0:
+        raw_bytes.insert(0, byte(number & 0xFF))
+        number >>= 8
+
+    # Pad with zeroes to fill the block
+    if block_size and block_size > 0:
+        padding = (block_size - needed_bytes) * ZERO_BYTE
+    else:
+        padding = EMPTY_BYTE
+
+    return padding + EMPTY_BYTE.join(raw_bytes)
+
+
+def bytes_leading(raw_bytes, needle=ZERO_BYTE):
+    '''
+    Finds the number of prefixed byte occurrences in the haystack.
+
+    Useful when you want to deal with padding.
+
+    :param raw_bytes:
+        Raw bytes.
+    :param needle:
+        The byte to count. Default \000.
+    :returns:
+        The number of leading needle bytes.
+    '''
+    leading = 0
+    # Indexing keeps compatibility between Python 2.x and Python 3.x
+    _byte = needle[0]
+    for x in raw_bytes:
+        if x == _byte:
+            leading += 1
+        else:
+            break
+    return leading
+
+
+def int2bytes(number, fill_size=None, chunk_size=None, overflow=False):
+    '''
+    Convert an unsigned integer to bytes (base-256 representation)::
+
+    Does not preserve leading zeros if you don't specify a chunk size or
+    fill size.
+
+    .. NOTE:
+        You must not specify both fill_size and chunk_size. Only one
+        of them is allowed.
+
+    :param number:
+        Integer value
+    :param fill_size:
+        If the optional fill size is given the length of the resulting
+        byte string is expected to be the fill size and will be padded
+        with prefix zero bytes to satisfy that length.
+    :param chunk_size:
+        If optional chunk size is given and greater than zero, pad the front of
+        the byte string with binary zeros so that the length is a multiple of
+        ``chunk_size``.
+    :param overflow:
+        ``False`` (default). If this is ``True``, no ``OverflowError``
+        will be raised when the fill_size is shorter than the length
+        of the generated byte sequence. Instead the byte sequence will
+        be returned as is.
+    :returns:
+        Raw bytes (base-256 representation).
+    :raises:
+        ``OverflowError`` when fill_size is given and the number takes up more
+        bytes than fit into the block. This requires the ``overflow``
+        argument to this function to be set to ``False`` otherwise, no
+        error will be raised.
+    '''
+    if number < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Number must be an unsigned integer: %d" % number)
+
+    if fill_size and chunk_size:
+        raise ValueError("You can either fill or pad chunks, but not both")
+
+    # Ensure these are integers.
+    number & 1
+
+    raw_bytes = b('')
+
+    # Pack the integer one machine word at a time into bytes.
+    num = number
+    word_bits, _, max_uint, pack_type = get_word_alignment(num)
+    pack_format = ">%s" % pack_type
+    while num > 0:
+        raw_bytes = pack(pack_format, num & max_uint) + raw_bytes
+        num >>= word_bits
+    # Obtain the index of the first non-zero byte.
+    zero_leading = bytes_leading(raw_bytes)
+    if number == 0:
+        raw_bytes = ZERO_BYTE
+    # De-padding.
+    raw_bytes = raw_bytes[zero_leading:]
+
+    length = len(raw_bytes)
+    if fill_size and fill_size > 0:
+        if not overflow and length > fill_size:
+            raise OverflowError(
+                "Need %d bytes for number, but fill size is %d" %
+                (length, fill_size)
+            )
+        raw_bytes = raw_bytes.rjust(fill_size, ZERO_BYTE)
+    elif chunk_size and chunk_size > 0:
+        remainder = length % chunk_size
+        if remainder:
+            padding_size = chunk_size - remainder
+            raw_bytes = raw_bytes.rjust(length + padding_size, ZERO_BYTE)
+    return raw_bytes
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/util.py b/python/rsa/rsa/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bbb70be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''Utility functions.'''
+
+from __future__ import with_statement, print_function
+
+import sys
+from optparse import OptionParser
+
+import rsa.key
+
+def private_to_public():
+    '''Reads a private key and outputs the corresponding public key.'''
+
+    # Parse the CLI options
+    parser = OptionParser(usage='usage: %prog [options]',
+            description='Reads a private key and outputs the '
+            'corresponding public key. Both private and public keys use '
+            'the format described in PKCS#1 v1.5')
+
+    parser.add_option('-i', '--input', dest='infilename', type='string',
+            help='Input filename. Reads from stdin if not specified')
+    parser.add_option('-o', '--output', dest='outfilename', type='string',
+            help='Output filename. Writes to stdout of not specified')
+
+    parser.add_option('--inform', dest='inform',
+            help='key format of input - default PEM',
+            choices=('PEM', 'DER'), default='PEM')
+
+    parser.add_option('--outform', dest='outform',
+            help='key format of output - default PEM',
+            choices=('PEM', 'DER'), default='PEM')
+
+    (cli, cli_args) = parser.parse_args(sys.argv)
+
+    # Read the input data
+    if cli.infilename:
+        print('Reading private key from %s in %s format' % \
+            (cli.infilename, cli.inform), file=sys.stderr)
+        with open(cli.infilename, 'rb') as infile:
+            in_data = infile.read()
+    else:
+        print('Reading private key from stdin in %s format' % cli.inform,
+              file=sys.stderr)
+        in_data = sys.stdin.read().encode('ascii')
+
+    assert type(in_data) == bytes, type(in_data)
+
+
+    # Take the public fields and create a public key
+    priv_key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(in_data, cli.inform)
+    pub_key = rsa.key.PublicKey(priv_key.n, priv_key.e)
+
+    # Save to the output file
+    out_data = pub_key.save_pkcs1(cli.outform)
+
+    if cli.outfilename:
+        print('Writing public key to %s in %s format' % \
+            (cli.outfilename, cli.outform), file=sys.stderr)
+        with open(cli.outfilename, 'wb') as outfile:
+            outfile.write(out_data)
+    else:
+        print('Writing public key to stdout in %s format' % cli.outform,
+              file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.stdout.write(out_data.decode('ascii'))
+
+    
diff --git a/python/rsa/rsa/varblock.py b/python/rsa/rsa/varblock.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7d96ae6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/rsa/varblock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+#  Copyright 2011 Sybren A. Stüvel <sybren@stuvel.eu>
+#
+#  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#  limitations under the License.
+
+'''VARBLOCK file support
+
+The VARBLOCK file format is as follows, where || denotes byte concatenation:
+
+    FILE := VERSION || BLOCK || BLOCK ...
+
+    BLOCK := LENGTH || DATA
+
+    LENGTH := varint-encoded length of the subsequent data. Varint comes from
+    Google Protobuf, and encodes an integer into a variable number of bytes.
+    Each byte uses the 7 lowest bits to encode the value. The highest bit set
+    to 1 indicates the next byte is also part of the varint. The last byte will
+    have this bit set to 0.
+
+This file format is called the VARBLOCK format, in line with the varint format
+used to denote the block sizes.
+
+'''
+
+from rsa._compat import byte, b
+
+
+ZERO_BYTE = b('\x00')
+VARBLOCK_VERSION = 1
+
+def read_varint(infile):
+    '''Reads a varint from the file.
+
+    When the first byte to be read indicates EOF, (0, 0) is returned. When an
+    EOF occurs when at least one byte has been read, an EOFError exception is
+    raised.
+
+    @param infile: the file-like object to read from. It should have a read()
+        method.
+    @returns (varint, length), the read varint and the number of read bytes.
+    '''
+
+    varint = 0
+    read_bytes = 0
+
+    while True:
+        char = infile.read(1)
+        if len(char) == 0:
+            if read_bytes == 0:
+                return (0, 0)
+            raise EOFError('EOF while reading varint, value is %i so far' %
+                           varint)
+
+        byte = ord(char)
+        varint += (byte & 0x7F) << (7 * read_bytes)
+
+        read_bytes += 1
+
+        if not byte & 0x80:
+            return (varint, read_bytes)
+
+
+def write_varint(outfile, value):
+    '''Writes a varint to a file.
+
+    @param outfile: the file-like object to write to. It should have a write()
+        method.
+    @returns the number of written bytes.
+    '''
+
+    # there is a big difference between 'write the value 0' (this case) and
+    # 'there is nothing left to write' (the false-case of the while loop)
+
+    if value == 0:
+        outfile.write(ZERO_BYTE)
+        return 1
+
+    written_bytes = 0
+    while value > 0:
+        to_write = value & 0x7f
+        value = value >> 7
+
+        if value > 0:
+            to_write |= 0x80
+
+        outfile.write(byte(to_write))
+        written_bytes += 1
+
+    return written_bytes
+
+
+def yield_varblocks(infile):
+    '''Generator, yields each block in the input file.
+
+    @param infile: file to read, is expected to have the VARBLOCK format as
+        described in the module's docstring.
+    @yields the contents of each block.
+    '''
+
+    # Check the version number
+    first_char = infile.read(1)
+    if len(first_char) == 0:
+        raise EOFError('Unable to read VARBLOCK version number')
+
+    version = ord(first_char)
+    if version != VARBLOCK_VERSION:
+        raise ValueError('VARBLOCK version %i not supported' % version)
+
+    while True:
+        (block_size, read_bytes) = read_varint(infile)
+
+        # EOF at block boundary, that's fine.
+        if read_bytes == 0 and block_size == 0:
+            break
+
+        block = infile.read(block_size)
+
+        read_size = len(block)
+        if read_size != block_size:
+            raise EOFError('Block size is %i, but could read only %i bytes' %
+                           (block_size, read_size))
+
+        yield block
+
+
+def yield_fixedblocks(infile, blocksize):
+    '''Generator, yields each block of ``blocksize`` bytes in the input file.
+
+    :param infile: file to read and separate in blocks.
+    :returns: a generator that yields the contents of each block
+    '''
+
+    while True:
+        block = infile.read(blocksize)
+
+        read_bytes = len(block)
+        if read_bytes == 0:
+            break
+
+        yield block
+
+        if read_bytes < blocksize:
+            break
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/run_tests.py b/python/rsa/run_tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0f249081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/run_tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest2 as unittest
+
+current_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+tests_path = os.path.join(current_path, 'tests')
+sys.path[0:0] = [
+    current_path,
+    tests_path,
+]
+
+all_tests = [f[:-3] for f in os.listdir(tests_path)
+             if f.startswith('test_') and f.endswith(".py")]
+
+def get_suite(tests):
+    tests = sorted(tests)
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    loader = unittest.TestLoader()
+    for test in tests:
+        suite.addTest(loader.loadTestsFromName(test))
+    return suite
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    """
+    To run all tests:
+        $ python run_tests.py
+    To run a single test:
+        $ python run_tests.py app
+    To run a couple of tests:
+        $ python run_tests.py app config sessions
+    To run code coverage:
+        $ coverage run run_tests.py
+        $ coverage report -m
+    """
+    tests = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not tests:
+        tests = all_tests
+    tests = ['%s' % t for t in tests]
+    suite = get_suite(tests)
+    unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=1).run(suite)
diff --git a/python/rsa/setup.cfg b/python/rsa/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2675c2767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[nosetests]
+verbosity = 2
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_date = 0
+tag_build = 
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/setup.py b/python/rsa/setup.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8a2df8d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+from setuptools import setup
+
+import rsa
+
+setup(name='rsa',
+	version=rsa.__version__,
+    description='Pure-Python RSA implementation', 
+    author='Sybren A. Stuvel',
+    author_email='sybren@stuvel.eu', 
+    maintainer='Sybren A. Stuvel',
+    maintainer_email='sybren@stuvel.eu',
+	url='http://stuvel.eu/rsa',
+	packages=['rsa'],
+    license='ASL 2',
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'Intended Audience :: Education',
+        'Intended Audience :: Information Technology',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License',
+        'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+        'Programming Language :: Python',
+        'Topic :: Security :: Cryptography',
+    ],
+    install_requires=[
+        'pyasn1 >= 0.1.3',
+    ],
+    entry_points={ 'console_scripts': [
+        'pyrsa-priv2pub = rsa.util:private_to_public',
+        'pyrsa-keygen = rsa.cli:keygen',
+        'pyrsa-encrypt = rsa.cli:encrypt',
+        'pyrsa-decrypt = rsa.cli:decrypt',
+        'pyrsa-sign = rsa.cli:sign',
+        'pyrsa-verify = rsa.cli:verify',
+        'pyrsa-encrypt-bigfile = rsa.cli:encrypt_bigfile',
+        'pyrsa-decrypt-bigfile = rsa.cli:decrypt_bigfile',
+    ]},
+
+)
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/__init__.py b/python/rsa/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/constants.py b/python/rsa/tests/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a0d08183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from rsa._compat import have_python3
+
+if have_python3:
+    from py3kconstants import *
+else:
+    from py2kconstants import *
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/py2kconstants.py b/python/rsa/tests/py2kconstants.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f695dd22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/py2kconstants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+unicode_string = u"Euro=\u20ac ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/py3kconstants.py b/python/rsa/tests/py3kconstants.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83b67129c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/py3kconstants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+unicode_string = "Euro=\u20ac ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_bigfile.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_bigfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86bcbbac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_bigfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'''Tests block operations.'''
+from rsa._compat import b
+
+try:
+    from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
+except ImportError:
+    from io import BytesIO
+import unittest2
+
+import rsa
+from rsa import bigfile, varblock, pkcs1
+
+class BigfileTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def test_encrypt_decrypt_bigfile(self):
+
+        # Expected block size + 11 bytes padding
+        pub_key, priv_key = rsa.newkeys((6 + 11) * 8)
+
+        # Encrypt the file
+        message = b('123456Sybren')
+        infile = BytesIO(message)
+        outfile = BytesIO()
+
+        bigfile.encrypt_bigfile(infile, outfile, pub_key)
+
+        # Test
+        crypto = outfile.getvalue()
+
+        cryptfile = BytesIO(crypto)
+        clearfile = BytesIO()
+
+        bigfile.decrypt_bigfile(cryptfile, clearfile, priv_key)
+        self.assertEquals(clearfile.getvalue(), message)
+        
+        # We have 2x6 bytes in the message, so that should result in two
+        # bigfile.
+        cryptfile.seek(0)
+        varblocks = list(varblock.yield_varblocks(cryptfile))
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(varblocks))
+
+
+    def test_sign_verify_bigfile(self):
+
+        # Large enough to store MD5-sum and ASN.1 code for MD5
+        pub_key, priv_key = rsa.newkeys((34 + 11) * 8)
+
+        # Sign the file
+        msgfile = BytesIO(b('123456Sybren'))
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(msgfile, priv_key, 'MD5')
+
+        # Check the signature
+        msgfile.seek(0)
+        self.assertTrue(pkcs1.verify(msgfile, signature, pub_key))
+
+        # Alter the message, re-check
+        msgfile = BytesIO(b('123456sybren'))
+        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError,
+            pkcs1.verify, msgfile, signature, pub_key)
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_common.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d105dc020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import unittest2
+import struct
+from rsa._compat import byte, b
+from rsa.common import byte_size, bit_size, _bit_size
+
+
+class Test_byte(unittest2.TestCase):
+    def test_values(self):
+        self.assertEqual(byte(0), b('\x00'))
+        self.assertEqual(byte(255), b('\xff'))
+
+    def test_struct_error_when_out_of_bounds(self):
+        self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, 256)
+        self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, -1)
+
+class Test_byte_size(unittest2.TestCase):
+    def test_values(self):
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(1 << 1023), 128)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size((1 << 1024) - 1), 128)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(1 << 1024), 129)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(255), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(256), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffff), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffff), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffff), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffff), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffffff), 6)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffffffff), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffffffffff), 8)
+
+    def test_zero(self):
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0), 1)
+
+    def test_bad_type(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, byte_size, [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, byte_size, ())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, byte_size, dict())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, byte_size, "")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, byte_size, None)
+
+class Test_bit_size(unittest2.TestCase):
+    def test_zero(self):
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size(0), 0)
+
+    def test_values(self):
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size(1023), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size(1024), 11)
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size(1025), 11)
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size(1 << 1024), 1025)
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size((1 << 1024) + 1), 1025)
+        self.assertEqual(bit_size((1 << 1024) - 1), 1024)
+
+        self.assertEqual(_bit_size(1023), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(_bit_size(1024), 11)
+        self.assertEqual(_bit_size(1025), 11)
+        self.assertEqual(_bit_size(1 << 1024), 1025)
+        self.assertEqual(_bit_size((1 << 1024) + 1), 1025)
+        self.assertEqual(_bit_size((1 << 1024) - 1), 1024)
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_compat.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3652c82d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import unittest2
+import struct
+
+from rsa._compat import is_bytes, byte
+
+class Test_byte(unittest2.TestCase):
+    def test_byte(self):
+        for i in range(256):
+            byt = byte(i)
+            self.assertTrue(is_bytes(byt))
+            self.assertEqual(ord(byt), i)
+
+    def test_raises_StructError_on_overflow(self):
+        self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, 256)
+        self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, -1)
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_integers.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_integers.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a712aa0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_integers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+'''Tests integer operations.'''
+
+import unittest2
+
+import rsa.core
+
+class IntegerTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        (self.pub, self.priv) = rsa.newkeys(64)
+
+    def test_enc_dec(self):
+
+        message = 42
+        print("\tMessage:   %d" % message)
+
+        encrypted = rsa.core.encrypt_int(message, self.pub.e, self.pub.n)
+        print("\tEncrypted: %d" % encrypted)
+
+        decrypted = rsa.core.decrypt_int(encrypted, self.priv.d, self.pub.n)
+        print("\tDecrypted: %d" % decrypted)
+
+        self.assertEqual(message, decrypted)
+
+    def test_sign_verify(self):
+
+        message = 42
+
+        signed = rsa.core.encrypt_int(message,self.priv.d, self.pub.n)
+        print("\tSigned:    %d" % signed)
+
+        verified = rsa.core.decrypt_int(signed, self.pub.e,self.pub.n)
+        print("\tVerified:  %d" % verified)
+
+        self.assertEqual(message, verified)
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_load_save_keys.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc1a1aaae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+'''Unittest for saving and loading keys.'''
+
+import base64
+import unittest2
+from rsa._compat import b
+
+import rsa.key
+
+B64PRIV_DER = b('MC4CAQACBQDeKYlRAgMBAAECBQDHn4npAgMA/icCAwDfxwIDANcXAgInbwIDAMZt')
+PRIVATE_DER = base64.decodestring(B64PRIV_DER)
+
+B64PUB_DER = b('MAwCBQDeKYlRAgMBAAE=')
+PUBLIC_DER = base64.decodestring(B64PUB_DER)
+
+PRIVATE_PEM = b('''
+-----BEGIN CONFUSING STUFF-----
+Cruft before the key
+
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+Comment: something blah
+
+%s
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+
+Stuff after the key
+-----END CONFUSING STUFF-----
+''' % B64PRIV_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+
+CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM = b('''\
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+%s
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+''' % B64PRIV_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+
+PUBLIC_PEM = b('''
+-----BEGIN CONFUSING STUFF-----
+Cruft before the key
+
+-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+Comment: something blah
+
+%s
+-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+
+Stuff after the key
+-----END CONFUSING STUFF-----
+''' % B64PUB_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+
+CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM = b('''\
+-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+%s
+-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
+''' % B64PUB_DER.decode("utf-8"))
+
+
+class DerTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    '''Test saving and loading DER keys.'''
+
+    def test_load_private_key(self):
+        '''Test loading private DER keys.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_DER, 'DER')
+        expected = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
+
+        self.assertEqual(expected, key)
+
+    def test_save_private_key(self):
+        '''Test saving private DER keys.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
+        der = key.save_pkcs1('DER')
+
+        self.assertEqual(PRIVATE_DER, der)
+
+    def test_load_public_key(self):
+        '''Test loading public DER keys.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(PUBLIC_DER, 'DER')
+        expected = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
+
+        self.assertEqual(expected, key)
+
+    def test_save_public_key(self):
+        '''Test saving public DER keys.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
+        der = key.save_pkcs1('DER')
+
+        self.assertEqual(PUBLIC_DER, der)
+
+class PemTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    '''Test saving and loading PEM keys.'''
+
+
+    def test_load_private_key(self):
+        '''Test loading private PEM files.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_PEM, 'PEM')
+        expected = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
+
+        self.assertEqual(expected, key)
+
+    def test_save_private_key(self):
+        '''Test saving private PEM files.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
+        pem = key.save_pkcs1('PEM')
+
+        self.assertEqual(CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM, pem)
+
+    def test_load_public_key(self):
+        '''Test loading public PEM files.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(PUBLIC_PEM, 'PEM')
+        expected = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
+
+        self.assertEqual(expected, key)
+
+    def test_save_public_key(self):
+        '''Test saving public PEM files.'''
+
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
+        pem = key.save_pkcs1('PEM')
+
+        self.assertEqual(CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM, pem)
+
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_pem.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_pem.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..867f678a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_pem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+
+import unittest2
+from rsa._compat import b
+from rsa.pem import _markers
+
+
+class Test__markers(unittest2.TestCase):
+    def test_values(self):
+        self.assertEqual(_markers('RSA PRIVATE KEY'),
+            (b('-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'),
+             b('-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----')))
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_pkcs1.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_pkcs1.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5882dfd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_pkcs1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+'''Tests string operations.'''
+
+import struct
+import unittest2
+
+import rsa
+from rsa import pkcs1
+from rsa._compat import byte, is_integer, b, is_bytes
+
+class BinaryTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        (self.pub, self.priv) = rsa.newkeys(256)
+
+    def test_enc_dec(self):
+
+        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        print("\tMessage:   %r" % message)
+
+        encrypted = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
+        print("\tEncrypted: %r" % encrypted)
+
+        decrypted = pkcs1.decrypt(encrypted, self.priv)
+        print("\tDecrypted: %r" % decrypted)
+
+        self.assertEqual(message, decrypted)
+
+    def test_decoding_failure(self):
+
+        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        encrypted = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
+
+        # Alter the encrypted stream
+        a = encrypted[5]
+        if is_bytes(a):
+            a = ord(a)
+        encrypted = encrypted[:5] + byte(a + 1) + encrypted[6:]
+        
+        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.DecryptionError, pkcs1.decrypt, encrypted,
+                          self.priv)
+
+    def test_randomness(self):
+        '''Encrypting the same message twice should result in different
+        cryptos.
+        '''
+        
+        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        encrypted1 = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
+        encrypted2 = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
+        
+        self.assertNotEqual(encrypted1, encrypted2)
+
+class SignatureTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        (self.pub, self.priv) = rsa.newkeys(512)
+
+    def test_sign_verify(self):
+        '''Test happy flow of sign and verify'''
+        
+        message = b('je moeder')
+        print("\tMessage:   %r" % message)
+
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        print("\tSignature: %r" % signature)
+
+        self.assertTrue(pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub))
+
+    def test_alter_message(self):
+        '''Altering the message should let the verification fail.'''
+        
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(b('je moeder'), self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify,
+                          b('mijn moeder'), signature, self.pub)
+
+    def test_sign_different_key(self):
+        '''Signing with another key should let the verification fail.'''
+        
+        (otherpub, _) = rsa.newkeys(512)
+        
+        message = b('je moeder')
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify,
+                          message, signature, otherpub)
+
+    def test_multiple_signings(self):
+        '''Signing the same message twice should return the same signatures.'''
+        
+        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        signature1 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-1')
+        signature2 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-1')
+        
+        self.assertEqual(signature1, signature2)
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_strings.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_strings.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4af06291d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_strings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+'''Tests string operations.'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import unittest2
+
+import rsa
+
+from constants import unicode_string
+
+class StringTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        (self.pub, self.priv) = rsa.newkeys(384)
+
+    def test_enc_dec(self):
+
+        message = unicode_string.encode('utf-8')
+        print("\tMessage:   %s" % message)
+
+        encrypted = rsa.encrypt(message, self.pub)
+        print("\tEncrypted: %s" % encrypted)
+
+        decrypted = rsa.decrypt(encrypted, self.priv)
+        print("\tDecrypted: %s" % decrypted)
+
+        self.assertEqual(message, decrypted)
+
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_transform.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffd9ec892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+
+import unittest2
+from rsa._compat import b
+from rsa.transform import int2bytes, bytes2int, _int2bytes
+
+
+class Test_int2bytes(unittest2.TestCase):
+    def test_accuracy(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789), b('\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789), b('\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+
+    def test_codec_identity(self):
+        self.assertEqual(bytes2int(int2bytes(123456789, 128)), 123456789)
+        self.assertEqual(bytes2int(_int2bytes(123456789, 128)), 123456789)
+
+    def test_chunk_size(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 6), b('\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 7),
+                         b('\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789, 6),
+                         b('\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(123456789, 7),
+                         b('\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15'))
+
+    def test_zero(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 4), b('\x00') * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 7), b('\x00') * 7)
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0), b('\x00'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0, 4), b('\x00') * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0, 7), b('\x00') * 7)
+        self.assertEqual(_int2bytes(0), b('\x00'))
+
+    def test_correctness_against_base_implementation(self):
+        # Slow test.
+        values = [
+            1 << 512,
+            1 << 8192,
+            1 << 77,
+        ]
+        for value in values:
+            self.assertEqual(int2bytes(value), _int2bytes(value),
+                             "Boom %d" % value)
+            self.assertEqual(bytes2int(int2bytes(value)),
+                             value,
+                             "Boom %d" % value)
+            self.assertEqual(bytes2int(_int2bytes(value)),
+                             value,
+                             "Boom %d" % value)
+
+    def test_raises_OverflowError_when_chunk_size_is_insufficient(self):
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int2bytes, 123456789, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int2bytes, 299999999999, 4)
+
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, _int2bytes, 123456789, 3)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, _int2bytes, 299999999999, 4)
+
+    def test_raises_ValueError_when_negative_integer(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int2bytes, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, _int2bytes, -1)
+
+    def test_raises_TypeError_when_not_integer(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int2bytes, None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, _int2bytes, None)
diff --git a/python/rsa/tests/test_varblock.py b/python/rsa/tests/test_varblock.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24ea50f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/rsa/tests/test_varblock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+'''Tests varblock operations.'''
+
+
+try:
+    from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
+except ImportError:
+    from io import BytesIO
+import unittest
+
+import rsa
+from rsa._compat import b
+from rsa import varblock
+
+class VarintTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_read_varint(self):
+        
+        encoded = b('\xac\x02crummy')
+        infile = BytesIO(encoded)
+
+        (decoded, read) = varblock.read_varint(infile)
+
+        # Test the returned values
+        self.assertEqual(300, decoded)
+        self.assertEqual(2, read)
+
+        # The rest of the file should be untouched
+        self.assertEqual(b('crummy'), infile.read())
+
+    def test_read_zero(self):
+        
+        encoded = b('\x00crummy')
+        infile = BytesIO(encoded)
+
+        (decoded, read) = varblock.read_varint(infile)
+
+        # Test the returned values
+        self.assertEqual(0, decoded)
+        self.assertEqual(1, read)
+
+        # The rest of the file should be untouched
+        self.assertEqual(b('crummy'), infile.read())
+
+    def test_write_varint(self):
+        
+        expected = b('\xac\x02')
+        outfile = BytesIO()
+
+        written = varblock.write_varint(outfile, 300)
+
+        # Test the returned values
+        self.assertEqual(expected, outfile.getvalue())
+        self.assertEqual(2, written)
+
+
+    def test_write_zero(self):
+        
+        outfile = BytesIO()
+        written = varblock.write_varint(outfile, 0)
+
+        # Test the returned values
+        self.assertEqual(b('\x00'), outfile.getvalue())
+        self.assertEqual(1, written)
+
+
+class VarblockTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_yield_varblock(self):
+        infile = BytesIO(b('\x01\x0512345\x06Sybren'))
+
+        varblocks = list(varblock.yield_varblocks(infile))
+        self.assertEqual([b('12345'), b('Sybren')], varblocks)
+
+class FixedblockTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_yield_fixedblock(self):
+
+        infile = BytesIO(b('123456Sybren'))
+
+        fixedblocks = list(varblock.yield_fixedblocks(infile, 6))
+        self.assertEqual([b('123456'), b('Sybren')], fixedblocks)
+
diff --git a/python/slugid/.gitignore b/python/slugid/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba7466050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+env/
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*,cover
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+target/
diff --git a/python/slugid/.travis.yml b/python/slugid/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcc430347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+language: python
+python:
+  - 2.7
+
+install:
+  - pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+script:
+  - tox
+
+after_script:
+  - tox -e coveralls
+
+# currently cannot customise per user fork, see:
+# https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/1094
+# please comment out this section in your personal fork!
+notifications:
+  irc:
+    channels:
+      - "irc.mozilla.org#taskcluster-bots"
+    on_success: always
+    on_failure: always
+    template:
+      - "\x02%{repository}\x0314#%{build_number}\x03\x02 (%{branch} - %{commit} : %{author}): \x02\x0312%{message}\x02\x03"
+      - "\x02Change view\x02 : \x0314%{compare_url}\x03"
+      - "\x02Build details\x02 : \x0314%{build_url}\x03"
+      - "\x02Commit message\x02 : \x0314%{commit_message}\x03"
diff --git a/python/slugid/LICENSE b/python/slugid/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e87a115e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+Mozilla Public License, version 2.0
+
+1. Definitions
+
+1.1. "Contributor"
+
+     means each individual or legal entity that creates, contributes to the
+     creation of, or owns Covered Software.
+
+1.2. "Contributor Version"
+
+     means the combination of the Contributions of others (if any) used by a
+     Contributor and that particular Contributor's Contribution.
+
+1.3. "Contribution"
+
+     means Covered Software of a particular Contributor.
+
+1.4. "Covered Software"
+
+     means Source Code Form to which the initial Contributor has attached the
+     notice in Exhibit A, the Executable Form of such Source Code Form, and
+     Modifications of such Source Code Form, in each case including portions
+     thereof.
+
+1.5. "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses"
+     means
+
+     a. that the initial Contributor has attached the notice described in
+        Exhibit B to the Covered Software; or
+
+     b. that the Covered Software was made available under the terms of
+        version 1.1 or earlier of the License, but not also under the terms of
+        a Secondary License.
+
+1.6. "Executable Form"
+
+     means any form of the work other than Source Code Form.
+
+1.7. "Larger Work"
+
+     means a work that combines Covered Software with other material, in a
+     separate file or files, that is not Covered Software.
+
+1.8. "License"
+
+     means this document.
+
+1.9. "Licensable"
+
+     means having the right to grant, to the maximum extent possible, whether
+     at the time of the initial grant or subsequently, any and all of the
+     rights conveyed by this License.
+
+1.10. "Modifications"
+
+     means any of the following:
+
+     a. any file in Source Code Form that results from an addition to,
+        deletion from, or modification of the contents of Covered Software; or
+
+     b. any new file in Source Code Form that contains any Covered Software.
+
+1.11. "Patent Claims" of a Contributor
+
+      means any patent claim(s), including without limitation, method,
+      process, and apparatus claims, in any patent Licensable by such
+      Contributor that would be infringed, but for the grant of the License,
+      by the making, using, selling, offering for sale, having made, import,
+      or transfer of either its Contributions or its Contributor Version.
+
+1.12. "Secondary License"
+
+      means either the GNU General Public License, Version 2.0, the GNU Lesser
+      General Public License, Version 2.1, the GNU Affero General Public
+      License, Version 3.0, or any later versions of those licenses.
+
+1.13. "Source Code Form"
+
+      means the form of the work preferred for making modifications.
+
+1.14. "You" (or "Your")
+
+      means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under this
+      License. For legal entities, "You" includes any entity that controls, is
+      controlled by, or is under common control with You. For purposes of this
+      definition, "control" means (a) the power, direct or indirect, to cause
+      the direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than fifty percent (50%) of the
+      outstanding shares or beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+
+2. License Grants and Conditions
+
+2.1. Grants
+
+     Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free,
+     non-exclusive license:
+
+     a. under intellectual property rights (other than patent or trademark)
+        Licensable by such Contributor to use, reproduce, make available,
+        modify, display, perform, distribute, and otherwise exploit its
+        Contributions, either on an unmodified basis, with Modifications, or
+        as part of a Larger Work; and
+
+     b. under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer for
+        sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its
+        Contributions or its Contributor Version.
+
+2.2. Effective Date
+
+     The licenses granted in Section 2.1 with respect to any Contribution
+     become effective for each Contribution on the date the Contributor first
+     distributes such Contribution.
+
+2.3. Limitations on Grant Scope
+
+     The licenses granted in this Section 2 are the only rights granted under
+     this License. No additional rights or licenses will be implied from the
+     distribution or licensing of Covered Software under this License.
+     Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a
+     Contributor:
+
+     a. for any code that a Contributor has removed from Covered Software; or
+
+     b. for infringements caused by: (i) Your and any other third party's
+        modifications of Covered Software, or (ii) the combination of its
+        Contributions with other software (except as part of its Contributor
+        Version); or
+
+     c. under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of
+        its Contributions.
+
+     This License does not grant any rights in the trademarks, service marks,
+     or logos of any Contributor (except as may be necessary to comply with
+     the notice requirements in Section 3.4).
+
+2.4. Subsequent Licenses
+
+     No Contributor makes additional grants as a result of Your choice to
+     distribute the Covered Software under a subsequent version of this
+     License (see Section 10.2) or under the terms of a Secondary License (if
+     permitted under the terms of Section 3.3).
+
+2.5. Representation
+
+     Each Contributor represents that the Contributor believes its
+     Contributions are its original creation(s) or it has sufficient rights to
+     grant the rights to its Contributions conveyed by this License.
+
+2.6. Fair Use
+
+     This License is not intended to limit any rights You have under
+     applicable copyright doctrines of fair use, fair dealing, or other
+     equivalents.
+
+2.7. Conditions
+
+     Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are conditions of the licenses granted in
+     Section 2.1.
+
+
+3. Responsibilities
+
+3.1. Distribution of Source Form
+
+     All distribution of Covered Software in Source Code Form, including any
+     Modifications that You create or to which You contribute, must be under
+     the terms of this License. You must inform recipients that the Source
+     Code Form of the Covered Software is governed by the terms of this
+     License, and how they can obtain a copy of this License. You may not
+     attempt to alter or restrict the recipients' rights in the Source Code
+     Form.
+
+3.2. Distribution of Executable Form
+
+     If You distribute Covered Software in Executable Form then:
+
+     a. such Covered Software must also be made available in Source Code Form,
+        as described in Section 3.1, and You must inform recipients of the
+        Executable Form how they can obtain a copy of such Source Code Form by
+        reasonable means in a timely manner, at a charge no more than the cost
+        of distribution to the recipient; and
+
+     b. You may distribute such Executable Form under the terms of this
+        License, or sublicense it under different terms, provided that the
+        license for the Executable Form does not attempt to limit or alter the
+        recipients' rights in the Source Code Form under this License.
+
+3.3. Distribution of a Larger Work
+
+     You may create and distribute a Larger Work under terms of Your choice,
+     provided that You also comply with the requirements of this License for
+     the Covered Software. If the Larger Work is a combination of Covered
+     Software with a work governed by one or more Secondary Licenses, and the
+     Covered Software is not Incompatible With Secondary Licenses, this
+     License permits You to additionally distribute such Covered Software
+     under the terms of such Secondary License(s), so that the recipient of
+     the Larger Work may, at their option, further distribute the Covered
+     Software under the terms of either this License or such Secondary
+     License(s).
+
+3.4. Notices
+
+     You may not remove or alter the substance of any license notices
+     (including copyright notices, patent notices, disclaimers of warranty, or
+     limitations of liability) contained within the Source Code Form of the
+     Covered Software, except that You may alter any license notices to the
+     extent required to remedy known factual inaccuracies.
+
+3.5. Application of Additional Terms
+
+     You may choose to offer, and to charge a fee for, warranty, support,
+     indemnity or liability obligations to one or more recipients of Covered
+     Software. However, You may do so only on Your own behalf, and not on
+     behalf of any Contributor. You must make it absolutely clear that any
+     such warranty, support, indemnity, or liability obligation is offered by
+     You alone, and You hereby agree to indemnify every Contributor for any
+     liability incurred by such Contributor as a result of warranty, support,
+     indemnity or liability terms You offer. You may include additional
+     disclaimers of warranty and limitations of liability specific to any
+     jurisdiction.
+
+4. Inability to Comply Due to Statute or Regulation
+
+   If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the terms of this License
+   with respect to some or all of the Covered Software due to statute,
+   judicial order, or regulation then You must: (a) comply with the terms of
+   this License to the maximum extent possible; and (b) describe the
+   limitations and the code they affect. Such description must be placed in a
+   text file included with all distributions of the Covered Software under
+   this License. Except to the extent prohibited by statute or regulation,
+   such description must be sufficiently detailed for a recipient of ordinary
+   skill to be able to understand it.
+
+5. Termination
+
+5.1. The rights granted under this License will terminate automatically if You
+     fail to comply with any of its terms. However, if You become compliant,
+     then the rights granted under this License from a particular Contributor
+     are reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until such Contributor
+     explicitly and finally terminates Your grants, and (b) on an ongoing
+     basis, if such Contributor fails to notify You of the non-compliance by
+     some reasonable means prior to 60 days after You have come back into
+     compliance. Moreover, Your grants from a particular Contributor are
+     reinstated on an ongoing basis if such Contributor notifies You of the
+     non-compliance by some reasonable means, this is the first time You have
+     received notice of non-compliance with this License from such
+     Contributor, and You become compliant prior to 30 days after Your receipt
+     of the notice.
+
+5.2. If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent
+     infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions,
+     counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version
+     directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to
+     You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section
+     2.1 of this License shall terminate.
+
+5.3. In the event of termination under Sections 5.1 or 5.2 above, all end user
+     license agreements (excluding distributors and resellers) which have been
+     validly granted by You or Your distributors under this License prior to
+     termination shall survive termination.
+
+6. Disclaimer of Warranty
+
+   Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is" basis,
+   without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or statutory,
+   including, without limitation, warranties that the Covered Software is free
+   of defects, merchantable, fit for a particular purpose or non-infringing.
+   The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the Covered Software
+   is with You. Should any Covered Software prove defective in any respect,
+   You (not any Contributor) assume the cost of any necessary servicing,
+   repair, or correction. This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an essential
+   part of this License. No use of  any Covered Software is authorized under
+   this License except under this disclaimer.
+
+7. Limitation of Liability
+
+   Under no circumstances and under no legal theory, whether tort (including
+   negligence), contract, or otherwise, shall any Contributor, or anyone who
+   distributes Covered Software as permitted above, be liable to You for any
+   direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any
+   character including, without limitation, damages for lost profits, loss of
+   goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses, even if such party shall have been
+   informed of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability
+   shall not apply to liability for death or personal injury resulting from
+   such party's negligence to the extent applicable law prohibits such
+   limitation. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of
+   incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and limitation may
+   not apply to You.
+
+8. Litigation
+
+   Any litigation relating to this License may be brought only in the courts
+   of a jurisdiction where the defendant maintains its principal place of
+   business and such litigation shall be governed by laws of that
+   jurisdiction, without reference to its conflict-of-law provisions. Nothing
+   in this Section shall prevent a party's ability to bring cross-claims or
+   counter-claims.
+
+9. Miscellaneous
+
+   This License represents the complete agreement concerning the subject
+   matter hereof. If any provision of this License is held to be
+   unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent
+   necessary to make it enforceable. Any law or regulation which provides that
+   the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter shall not
+   be used to construe this License against a Contributor.
+
+
+10. Versions of the License
+
+10.1. New Versions
+
+      Mozilla Foundation is the license steward. Except as provided in Section
+      10.3, no one other than the license steward has the right to modify or
+      publish new versions of this License. Each version will be given a
+      distinguishing version number.
+
+10.2. Effect of New Versions
+
+      You may distribute the Covered Software under the terms of the version
+      of the License under which You originally received the Covered Software,
+      or under the terms of any subsequent version published by the license
+      steward.
+
+10.3. Modified Versions
+
+      If you create software not governed by this License, and you want to
+      create a new license for such software, you may create and use a
+      modified version of this License if you rename the license and remove
+      any references to the name of the license steward (except to note that
+      such modified license differs from this License).
+
+10.4. Distributing Source Code Form that is Incompatible With Secondary
+      Licenses If You choose to distribute Source Code Form that is
+      Incompatible With Secondary Licenses under the terms of this version of
+      the License, the notice described in Exhibit B of this License must be
+      attached.
+
+Exhibit A - Source Code Form License Notice
+
+      This Source Code Form is subject to the
+      terms of the Mozilla Public License, v.
+      2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not
+      distributed with this file, You can
+      obtain one at
+      http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+If it is not possible or desirable to put the notice in a particular file,
+then You may include the notice in a location (such as a LICENSE file in a
+relevant directory) where a recipient would be likely to look for such a
+notice.
+
+You may add additional accurate notices of copyright ownership.
+
+Exhibit B - "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" Notice
+
+      This Source Code Form is "Incompatible
+      With Secondary Licenses", as defined by
+      the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0.
+
diff --git a/python/slugid/README.rst b/python/slugid/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..587cd7004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+slugid.py - Compressed UUIDs for python
+=======================================
+
+.. image:: https://tools.taskcluster.net/lib/assets/taskcluster-120.png
+
+|Build Status| |Coverage Status| |License| |pypi Version| |Downloads|
+
+A python module for generating v4 UUIDs and encoding them into 22 character
+URL-safe base64 slug representation (see `RFC 4648 sec. 5`_).
+
+Slugs are url-safe base64 encoded v4 uuids, stripped of base64 ``=`` padding.
+
+There are two methods for generating slugs - ``slugid.v4()`` and
+``slugid.nice()``.
+
+- The ``slugid.v4()`` method returns a slug from a randomly generated v4 uuid.
+- The ``slugid.nice()`` method returns a v4 slug which conforms to a set of
+  "nice" properties. At the moment the only "nice" property is that the slug
+  starts with ``[A-Za-f]``, which in turn implies that the first (most
+  significant) bit of its associated uuid is set to 0.
+
+The purpose of the ``slugid.nice()`` method is to support having slugids which
+can be used in more contexts safely. Regular slugids can safely be used in
+urls, and for example in AMQP routing keys. However, slugs beginning with ``-``
+may cause problems when used as command line parameters.
+
+In contrast, slugids generated by the ``slugid.nice()`` method can safely be
+used as command line parameters. This comes at a cost to entropy (121 bits vs
+122 bits for regular v4 slugs).
+
+Slug consumers should consider carefully which of these two slug generation
+methods to call. Is it more important to have maximum entropy, or to have
+slugids that do not need special treatment when used as command line
+parameters? This is especially important if you are providing a service which
+supplies slugs to unexpecting tool developers downstream, who may not realise
+the risks of using your regular v4 slugs as command line parameters, especially
+since this would arise only as an intermittent issue (one time in 64).
+
+Generated slugs take the form ``[A-Za-z0-9_-]{22}``, or more precisely:
+
+- ``slugid.v4()`` slugs conform to
+  ``[A-Za-z0-9_-]{8}[Q-T][A-Za-z0-9_-][CGKOSWaeimquy26-][A-Za-z0-9_-]{10}[AQgw]``
+
+- ``slugid.nice()`` slugs conform to
+  ``[A-Za-f][A-Za-z0-9_-]{7}[Q-T][A-Za-z0-9_-][CGKOSWaeimquy26-][A-Za-z0-9_-]{10}[AQgw]``
+
+RFC 4122 defines the setting of 6 bits of the v4 UUID which implies v4 slugs
+provide 128 - 6 = 122 bits entropy. Due to the (un)setting of the first bit
+of "nice" slugs, nice slugs provide therefore 121 bits entropy.
+
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import slugid
+
+    # Generate "nice" URL-safe base64 encoded UUID version 4 (random)
+    slug = slugid.nice()  # a8_YezW8T7e1jLxG7evy-A
+
+    # Alternative, if slugs will not be used as command line parameters
+    slug = slugid.v4()    # -9OpXaCORAaFh4sJRk7PUA
+
+    # Get python uuid.UUID object
+    uuid = slugid.decode(slug)
+
+    # Compress to slug again
+    assert(slug == slugid.encode(uuid))
+
+
+RNG Characteristics
+-------------------
+UUID generation is performed by the built-in python `uuid library`_ which does
+not document its randomness, but falls back to system uuid-generation libraries
+where available, then urandom, then random. Therefore generated slugids match
+these rng characteristics.
+
+License
+-------
+The ``slugid`` library is released on the MPL 2.0 license, see the ``LICENSE``
+for complete license.
+
+Testing
+-------
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    pip install -r requirements.txt
+    tox
+
+Publishing
+----------
+To republish this library to pypi.python.org, update the version number in
+``slugid/__init__.py``, commit it, push to github, and then run:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    # delete stale versions
+    rm -rf dist
+
+    # build source package
+    python setup.py sdist
+
+    # publish it
+    twine upload -s dist/*
+
+
+.. _RFC 4648 sec. 5: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#section-5
+.. _uuid library: https://docs.python.org/2/library/uuid.html
+
+.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/taskcluster/slugid.py.svg?branch=master
+   :target: http://travis-ci.org/taskcluster/slugid.py
+.. |Coverage Status| image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/taskcluster/slugid.py/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github
+   :target: https://coveralls.io/github/taskcluster/slugid.py?branch=master
+.. |License| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MPL%202.0-orange.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/taskcluster/slugid.py/blob/master/LICENSE
+.. |pypi Version| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/slugid.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/slugid
+.. |Downloads| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/slugid.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/slugid
diff --git a/python/slugid/requirements.txt b/python/slugid/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16caa8d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+tox
+twine
diff --git a/python/slugid/setup.py b/python/slugid/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7c8b328b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import re
+
+from codecs import open
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+
+packages = [
+    'slugid',
+]
+
+version = ''
+with open('slugid/__init__.py', 'r') as fd:
+    version = re.search(r'^__version__\s*=\s*[\'"]([^\'"]*)[\'"]',
+                        fd.read(), re.MULTILINE).group(1)
+
+if not version:
+    raise RuntimeError('Cannot find version information')
+
+setup(
+    name='slugid',
+    version=version,
+    description='Base64 encoded uuid v4 slugs',
+    author='Pete Moore',
+    author_email='pmoore@mozilla.com',
+    url='http://taskcluster.github.io/slugid.py',
+    packages=packages,
+    package_data={'': ['LICENSE', 'README.md']},
+    license='MPL 2.0',
+    classifiers=(
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'Natural Language :: English',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/python/slugid/slugid/__init__.py b/python/slugid/slugid/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca7de07e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/slugid/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#    **************
+#    * Slugid API *
+#    **************
+#
+#       @)@)
+#       _|_|                                      (   )
+#     _(___,`\      _,--------------._          (( /`, ))
+#     `==`   `*-_,'          O        `~._   ( ( _/  |  ) )
+#      `,    :         o              }   `~._.~`  * ',
+#        \      -         _      O              -    ,'
+#        |  ;      -          -      "      ;     o  /
+#        |      O                        o        ,-`
+#        \          _,-:""""""'`:-._    -  .   O /
+#         `""""""~'`                `._      _,-`
+#                                      """"""
+
+"""
+SlugID: Base 64 encoded v4 UUIDs
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Usage:
+
+   >>> import slugid
+   >>> s = slugid.nice()
+   >>> s
+   eWIgwMgxSfeXQ36iPbOxiQ
+   >>> u = slugid.decode(s)
+   >>> u
+   UUID('796220c0-c831-49f7-9743-7ea23db3b189')
+   >>> slugid.encode(u)
+   eWIgwMgxSfeXQ36iPbOxiQ
+   >>> slugid.v4()
+   -9OpXaCORAaFh4sJRk7PUA
+"""
+
+__title__ = 'slugid'
+__version__ = '1.0.6'
+__author__ = 'Peter Moore'
+__license__ = 'MPL 2.0'
+
+from .slugid import decode, encode, nice, v4
diff --git a/python/slugid/slugid/slugid.py b/python/slugid/slugid/slugid.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd7dc9ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/slugid/slugid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Licensed under the Mozilla Public Licence 2.0.
+# https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0
+
+import uuid
+import base64
+
+def encode(uuid_):
+    """
+	Returns the given uuid.UUID object as a 22 character slug. This can be a
+	regular v4 slug or a "nice" slug.
+    """
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(uuid_.bytes)[:-2] # Drop '==' padding
+
+
+def decode(slug):
+    """
+    Returns the uuid.UUID object represented by the given v4 or "nice" slug
+    """
+    return uuid.UUID(bytes=base64.urlsafe_b64decode(slug + '==')) # b64 padding
+
+
+def v4():
+    """
+    Returns a randomly generated uuid v4 compliant slug
+    """
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(uuid.uuid4().bytes)[:-2] # Drop '==' padding
+
+
+def nice():
+    """
+    Returns a randomly generated uuid v4 compliant slug which conforms to a set
+    of "nice" properties, at the cost of some entropy. Currently this means one
+    extra fixed bit (the first bit of the uuid is set to 0) which guarantees the
+    slug will begin with [A-Za-f]. For example such slugs don't require special
+    handling when used as command line parameters (whereas non-nice slugs may
+    start with `-` which can confuse command line tools).
+
+    Potentially other "nice" properties may be added in future to further
+    restrict the range of potential uuids that may be generated.
+    """
+    rawBytes = uuid.uuid4().bytes
+    rawBytes = chr(ord(rawBytes[0]) & 0x7f) + rawBytes[1:]  # Ensure slug starts with [A-Za-f]
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(rawBytes)[:-2]  # Drop '==' padding
diff --git a/python/slugid/test.py b/python/slugid/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55103453a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# Licensed under the Mozilla Public Licence 2.0.
+# https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0
+
+import uuid
+import slugid
+
+
+def testEncode():
+    """ Test that we can correctly encode a "non-nice" uuid (with first bit
+    set) to its known slug. The specific uuid was chosen since it has a slug
+    which contains both `-` and `_` characters."""
+
+    # 10000000010011110011111111001000110111111100101101001011000001101000100111111011101011101111101011010101111000011000011101010100....
+    # <8 ><0 ><4 ><f ><3 ><f ><c ><8 ><d ><f ><c ><b ><4 ><b ><0 ><6 ><8 ><9 ><f ><b ><a ><e ><f ><a ><d ><5 ><e ><1 ><8 ><7 ><5 ><4 >
+    # < g  >< E  >< 8  >< _  >< y  >< N  >< _  >< L  >< S  >< w  >< a  >< J  >< -  >< 6  >< 7  >< 6  >< 1  >< e  >< G  >< H  >< V  >< A  >
+    uuid_ = uuid.UUID('{804f3fc8-dfcb-4b06-89fb-aefad5e18754}')
+    expectedSlug = 'gE8_yN_LSwaJ-6761eGHVA'
+    actualSlug = slugid.encode(uuid_)
+
+    assert expectedSlug == actualSlug, "UUID not correctly encoded into slug: '" + expectedSlug + "' != '" + actualSlug + "'"
+
+
+def testDecode():
+    """ Test that we can decode a "non-nice" slug (first bit of uuid is set)
+    that begins with `-`"""
+
+    # 11111011111011111011111011111011111011111011111001000011111011111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101....
+    # <f ><b ><e ><f ><b ><e ><f ><b ><e ><f ><b ><e ><4 ><3 ><e ><f ><b ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><f ><d >
+    # < -  >< -  >< -  >< -  >< -  >< -  >< -  >< -  >< Q  >< -  >< -  >< -  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< _  >< Q  >
+    slug = '--------Q--__________Q'
+    expectedUuid = uuid.UUID('{fbefbefb-efbe-43ef-bfff-fffffffffffd}')
+    actualUuid = slugid.decode(slug)
+
+    assert expectedUuid == actualUuid, "Slug not correctly decoded into uuid: '" + str(expectedUuid) + "' != '" + str(actualUuid) + "'"
+
+
+def testUuidEncodeDecode():
+    """ Test that 10000 v4 uuids are unchanged after encoding and then decoding them"""
+
+    for i in range(0, 10000):
+        uuid1 = uuid.uuid4()
+        slug = slugid.encode(uuid1)
+        uuid2 = slugid.decode(slug)
+
+        assert uuid1 == uuid2, "Encode and decode isn't identity: '" + str(uuid1) + "' != '" + str(uuid2) + "'"
+
+
+def testSlugDecodeEncode():
+    """ Test that 10000 v4 slugs are unchanged after decoding and then encoding them."""
+
+    for i in range(0, 10000):
+        slug1 = slugid.v4()
+        uuid_ = slugid.decode(slug1)
+        slug2 = slugid.encode(uuid_)
+
+        assert slug1 == slug2, "Decode and encode isn't identity"
+
+
+def testSpreadNice():
+    """ Make sure that all allowed characters can appear in all allowed
+    positions within the "nice" slug. In this test we generate over a thousand
+    slugids, and make sure that every possible allowed character per position
+    appears at least once in the sample of all slugids generated. We also make
+    sure that no other characters appear in positions in which they are not
+    allowed.
+
+    base 64 encoding char -> value:
+    ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_
+    0         1         2         3         4         5          6
+    0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
+
+    e.g. from this we can see 'j' represents 35 in base64
+
+    The following comments show the 128 bits of the v4 uuid in binary, hex and
+    base 64 encodings. The 6 fixed bits (`0`/`1`) according to RFC 4122, plus
+    the first (most significant) fixed bit (`0`) are shown among the 121
+    arbitrary value bits (`.`/`x`). The `x` means the same as `.` but just
+    highlights which bits are grouped together for the respective encoding.
+
+    schema:
+         <..........time_low............><...time_mid...><time_hi_+_vers><clk_hi><clk_lo><.....................node.....................>
+
+    bin: 0xxx............................................0100............10xx............................................................
+    hex:  $A <01><02><03><04><05><06><07><08><09><10><11> 4  <13><14><15> $B <17><18><19><20><21><22><23><24><25><26><27><28><29><30><31>
+
+    => $A in {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (0b0xxx)
+    => $B in {8, 9, A, B} (0b10xx)
+
+    bin: 0xxxxx..........................................0100xx......xxxx10............................................................xx0000
+    b64:   $C  < 01 >< 02 >< 03 >< 04 >< 05 >< 06 >< 07 >  $D  < 09 >  $E  < 11 >< 12 >< 13 >< 14 >< 15 >< 16 >< 17 >< 18 >< 19 >< 20 >  $F
+
+    => $C in {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, a, b, c, d, e, f} (0b0xxxxx)
+    => $D in {Q, R, S, T} (0b0100xx)
+    => $E in {C, G, K, O, S, W, a, e, i, m, q, u, y, 2, 6, -} (0bxxxx10)
+    => $F in {A, Q, g, w} (0bxx0000)"""
+
+    charsAll = ''.join(sorted('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_'))
+    # 0 - 31: 0b0xxxxx
+    charsC = ''.join(sorted('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdef'))
+    # 16, 17, 18, 19: 0b0100xx
+    charsD = ''.join(sorted('QRST'))
+    # 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62: 0bxxxx10
+    charsE = ''.join(sorted('CGKOSWaeimquy26-'))
+    # 0, 16, 32, 48: 0bxx0000
+    charsF = ''.join(sorted('AQgw'))
+    expected = [charsC, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsD, charsAll, charsE, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsF]
+    spreadTest(slugid.nice, expected)
+
+
+def testSpreadV4():
+    """ This test is the same as niceSpreadTest but for slugid.v4() rather than
+    slugid.nice(). The only difference is that a v4() slug can start with any of
+    the base64 characters since the first six bits of the uuid are random."""
+
+    charsAll = ''.join(sorted('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_'))
+    # 16, 17, 18, 19: 0b0100xx
+    charsD = ''.join(sorted('QRST'))
+    # 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 62: 0bxxxx10
+    charsE = ''.join(sorted('CGKOSWaeimquy26-'))
+    # 0, 16, 32, 48: 0bxx0000
+    charsF = ''.join(sorted('AQgw'))
+    expected = [charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsD, charsAll, charsE, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsAll, charsF]
+    spreadTest(slugid.v4, expected)
+
+
+def spreadTest(generator, expected):
+    """ `spreadTest` runs a test against the `generator` function, to check that
+    when calling it 64*40 times, the range of characters per string position it
+    returns matches the array `expected`, where each entry in `expected` is a
+    string of all possible characters that should appear in that position in the
+    string, at least once in the sample of 64*40 responses from the `generator`
+    function"""
+    # k is an array which stores which characters were found at which
+    # positions. It has one entry per slugid character, therefore 22 entries.
+    # Each entry is a dict with a key for each character found, and its value
+    # as the number of times that character appeared at that position in the
+    # slugid in the large sample of slugids generated in this test.
+    k = [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}, {}]
+
+    # Generate a large sample of slugids, and record what characters appeared
+    # where...  A monte-carlo test has demonstrated that with 64 * 20
+    # iterations, no failure occurred in 1000 simulations, so 64 * 40 should be
+    # suitably large to rule out false positives.
+    for i in range(0, 64 * 40):
+        slug = generator()
+        assert len(slug) == 22
+        for j in range(0, 22):
+            if slug[j] in k[j]:
+                k[j][slug[j]] = k[j][slug[j]] + 1
+            else:
+                k[j][slug[j]] = 1
+
+    # Compose results into an array `actual`, for comparison with `expected`
+    actual = []
+    for j in range(0, len(k)):
+        actual.append('')
+        for a in k[j].keys():
+            if k[j][a] > 0:
+                actual[j] += a
+        # sort for easy comparison
+        actual[j] = ''.join(sorted(actual[j]))
+
+    assert arraysEqual(expected, actual), "In a large sample of generated slugids, the range of characters found per character position in the sample did not match expected results.\n\nExpected: " + str(expected) + "\n\nActual: " + str(actual)
+
+def arraysEqual(a, b):
+    """ returns True if arrays a and b are equal"""
+    return cmp(a, b) == 0
diff --git a/python/slugid/tox.ini b/python/slugid/tox.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87326e4d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/slugid/tox.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[tox]
+envlist = py27
+
+
+[base]
+deps =
+    coverage
+    nose
+    rednose
+commands =
+    coverage run --source slugid --branch {envbindir}/nosetests -v --with-xunit --rednose --force-color
+
+
+[testenv:py27]
+deps=
+    {[base]deps}
+basepython = python2.7
+commands =
+    {[base]commands}
+
+
+[testenv:coveralls]
+deps=
+    python-coveralls
+commands=
+    coveralls
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/AUTHORS.txt b/python/virtualenv/AUTHORS.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..272494163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/AUTHORS.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+Author
+------
+
+Ian Bicking
+
+Maintainers
+-----------
+
+Brian Rosner
+Carl Meyer
+Jannis Leidel
+Paul Moore
+Paul Nasrat
+Marcus Smith
+
+Contributors
+------------
+
+Alex Grönholm
+Anatoly Techtonik
+Antonio Cuni
+Antonio Valentino
+Armin Ronacher
+Barry Warsaw
+Benjamin Root
+Bradley Ayers
+Branden Rolston
+Brandon Carl
+Brian Kearns
+Cap Petschulat
+CBWhiz
+Chris Adams
+Chris McDonough
+Christos Kontas
+Christian Hudon
+Christian Stefanescu
+Christopher Nilsson
+Cliff Xuan
+Curt Micol
+Damien Nozay
+Dan Sully
+Daniel Hahler
+Daniel Holth
+David Schoonover
+Denis Costa
+Doug Hellmann
+Doug Napoleone
+Douglas Creager
+Eduard-Cristian Stefan
+Erik M. Bray
+Ethan Jucovy
+Gabriel de Perthuis
+Gunnlaugur Thor Briem
+Graham Dennis
+Greg Haskins
+Jason Penney
+Jason R. Coombs
+Jeff Hammel
+Jeremy Orem
+Jason Penney
+Jason R. Coombs
+John Kleint
+Jonathan Griffin
+Jonathan Hitchcock
+Jorge Vargas
+Josh Bronson
+Kamil Kisiel
+Kyle Gibson
+Konstantin Zemlyak
+Kumar McMillan
+Lars Francke
+Marc Abramowitz
+Mika Laitio
+Mike Hommey
+Miki Tebeka
+Philip Jenvey
+Philippe Ombredanne
+Piotr Dobrogost
+Preston Holmes
+Ralf Schmitt
+Raul Leal
+Ronny Pfannschmidt
+Satrajit Ghosh
+Sergio de Carvalho
+Stefano Rivera
+Tarek Ziadé
+Thomas Aglassinger
+Vinay Sajip
+Vitaly Babiy
+Vladimir Rutsky
+Wang Xuerui
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/LICENSE.txt b/python/virtualenv/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab145001f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+Copyright (c) 2007 Ian Bicking and Contributors
+Copyright (c) 2009 Ian Bicking, The Open Planning Project
+Copyright (c) 2011-2016 The virtualenv developers
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/MANIFEST.in b/python/virtualenv/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49037ada6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+recursive-include docs *
+recursive-include tests *.py *.sh *.expected
+recursive-include virtualenv_support *.whl
+recursive-include virtualenv_embedded *
+recursive-exclude docs/_templates *
+recursive-exclude docs/_build *
+include virtualenv_support/__init__.py
+include bin/*
+include scripts/*
+include *.py
+include AUTHORS.txt
+include LICENSE.txt
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/PKG-INFO b/python/virtualenv/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbfda645d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: virtualenv
+Version: 15.0.1
+Summary: Virtual Python Environment builder
+Home-page: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/
+Author: Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner
+Author-email: python-virtualenv@groups.google.com
+License: MIT
+Description: Virtualenv
+        ==========
+        
+        `Mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_ |
+        `Issues <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues>`_ |
+        `Github <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv>`_ |
+        `PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv/>`_ |
+        User IRC: #pypa
+        Dev IRC: #pypa-dev
+        
+        Introduction
+        ------------
+        
+        ``virtualenv`` is a tool to create isolated Python environments.
+        
+        The basic problem being addressed is one of dependencies and versions,
+        and indirectly permissions. Imagine you have an application that
+        needs version 1 of LibFoo, but another application requires version
+        2. How can you use both these applications?  If you install
+        everything into ``/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages`` (or whatever your
+        platform's standard location is), it's easy to end up in a situation
+        where you unintentionally upgrade an application that shouldn't be
+        upgraded.
+        
+        Or more generally, what if you want to install an application *and
+        leave it be*?  If an application works, any change in its libraries or
+        the versions of those libraries can break the application.
+        
+        Also, what if you can't install packages into the global
+        ``site-packages`` directory?  For instance, on a shared host.
+        
+        In all these cases, ``virtualenv`` can help you. It creates an
+        environment that has its own installation directories, that doesn't
+        share libraries with other virtualenv environments (and optionally
+        doesn't access the globally installed libraries either).
+        
+        .. comment: 
+        
+        Release History
+        ===============
+        
+        15.0.1 (2016-03-17)
+        -------------------
+        
+        * Print error message when DEST_DIR exists and is a file
+        
+        * Upgrade setuptools to 20.3
+        
+        * Upgrade pip to 8.1.1.
+        
+        
+        15.0.0 (2016-03-05)
+        -------------------
+        
+        * Remove the `virtualenv-N.N` script from the package; this can no longer be
+          correctly created from a wheel installation.
+          Resolves #851, #692
+        
+        * Remove accidental runtime dependency on pip by extracting certificate in the
+          subprocess.
+        
+        * Upgrade setuptools 20.2.2.
+        
+        * Upgrade pip to 8.1.0.
+        
+        
+        `Full Changelog <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/changes.html>`_.
+Keywords: setuptools deployment installation distutils
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/README.rst b/python/virtualenv/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d5984dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+virtualenv
+==========
+
+A tool for creating isolated 'virtual' python environments.
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/virtualenv.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/pypa/virtualenv/develop.svg
+   :target: http://travis-ci.org/pypa/virtualenv
+
+* `Installation <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/installation.html>`_
+* `Documentation <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/>`_
+* `Changelog <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/changes.html>`_
+* `Issues <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues>`_
+* `PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv/>`_
+* `Github <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv>`_
+* `User mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_
+* `Dev mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/pypa-dev>`_
+* User IRC: #pypa on Freenode.
+* Dev IRC: #pypa-dev on Freenode.
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the virtualenv project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/bin/rebuild-script.py b/python/virtualenv/bin/rebuild-script.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a816af3eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/bin/rebuild-script.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Helper script to rebuild virtualenv.py from virtualenv_support
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import os
+import re
+import codecs
+from zlib import crc32
+
+here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+script = os.path.join(here, '..', 'virtualenv.py')
+
+gzip = codecs.lookup('zlib')
+b64 = codecs.lookup('base64')
+
+file_regex = re.compile(
+    br'##file (.*?)\n([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*=\s*convert\("""\n(.*?)"""\)',
+    re.S)
+file_template = b'##file %(filename)s\n%(varname)s = convert("""\n%(data)s""")'
+
+def rebuild(script_path):
+    with open(script_path, 'rb') as f:
+        script_content = f.read()
+    parts = []
+    last_pos = 0
+    match = None
+    for match in file_regex.finditer(script_content):
+        parts += [script_content[last_pos:match.start()]]
+        last_pos = match.end()
+        filename, fn_decoded = match.group(1), match.group(1).decode()
+        varname = match.group(2)
+        data = match.group(3)
+
+        print('Found file %s' % fn_decoded)
+        pathname = os.path.join(here, '..', 'virtualenv_embedded', fn_decoded)
+
+        with open(pathname, 'rb') as f:
+            embedded = f.read()
+        new_crc = crc32(embedded)
+        new_data = b64.encode(gzip.encode(embedded)[0])[0]
+
+        if new_data == data:
+            print('  File up to date (crc: %s)' % new_crc)
+            parts += [match.group(0)]
+            continue
+        # Else: content has changed
+        crc = crc32(gzip.decode(b64.decode(data)[0])[0])
+        print('  Content changed (crc: %s -> %s)' %
+              (crc, new_crc))
+        new_match = file_template % {
+            b'filename': filename,
+            b'varname': varname,
+            b'data': new_data
+        }
+        parts += [new_match]
+
+    parts += [script_content[last_pos:]]
+    new_content = b''.join(parts)
+
+    if new_content != script_content:
+        print('Content updated; overwriting... ', end='')
+        with open(script_path, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(new_content)
+        print('done.')
+    else:
+        print('No changes in content')
+    if match is None:
+        print('No variables were matched/found')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    rebuild(script)
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/Makefile b/python/virtualenv/docs/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4de9f847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line.
+SPHINXOPTS    =
+SPHINXBUILD   = sphinx-build
+PAPER         =
+BUILDDIR      = _build
+
+# Internal variables.
+PAPEROPT_a4     = -D latex_paper_size=a4
+PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
+ALLSPHINXOPTS   = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
+
+.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest
+
+help:
+	@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
+	@echo "  html       to make standalone HTML files"
+	@echo "  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
+	@echo "  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
+	@echo "  pickle     to make pickle files"
+	@echo "  json       to make JSON files"
+	@echo "  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
+	@echo "  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
+	@echo "  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
+	@echo "  epub       to make an epub"
+	@echo "  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
+	@echo "  latexpdf   to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
+	@echo "  text       to make text files"
+	@echo "  man        to make manual pages"
+	@echo "  changes    to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
+	@echo "  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity"
+	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
+
+clean:
+	-rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
+
+html:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
+
+dirhtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
+
+singlehtml:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
+
+pickle:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
+
+json:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
+
+htmlhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
+	      ".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
+
+qthelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
+	      ".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
+	@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/django-compressor.qhcp"
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/django-compressor.qhc"
+
+devhelp:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished."
+	@echo "To view the help file:"
+	@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/django-compressor"
+	@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/django-compressor"
+	@echo "# devhelp"
+
+epub:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
+
+latex:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+	@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
+	      "(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
+
+latexpdf:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
+	@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
+	make -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
+	@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
+
+text:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
+
+man:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
+	@echo
+	@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
+
+changes:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
+	@echo
+	@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
+
+linkcheck:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
+	@echo
+	@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
+	      "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
+
+doctest:
+	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
+	@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
+	      "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/changes.rst b/python/virtualenv/docs/changes.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2df19f666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/changes.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,985 @@
+Release History
+===============
+
+15.0.1 (2016-03-17)
+-------------------
+
+* Print error message when DEST_DIR exists and is a file
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 20.3
+
+* Upgrade pip to 8.1.1.
+
+
+15.0.0 (2016-03-05)
+-------------------
+
+* Remove the `virtualenv-N.N` script from the package; this can no longer be
+  correctly created from a wheel installation.
+  Resolves :issue:`851`, :issue:`692`
+
+* Remove accidental runtime dependency on pip by extracting certificate in the
+  subprocess.
+
+* Upgrade setuptools 20.2.2.
+
+* Upgrade pip to 8.1.0.
+
+
+14.0.6 (2016-02-07)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 20.0
+
+* Upgrade wheel to 0.29.0
+
+* Fix an error where virtualenv didn't pass in a working ssl certificate for
+  pip, causing "weird" errors related to ssl.
+
+
+14.0.5 (2016-02-01)
+-------------------
+
+* Homogenize drive letter casing for both prefixes and filenames. :issue:`858`
+
+
+14.0.4 (2016-01-31)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 19.6.2
+
+* Revert ac4ea65; only correct drive letter case.
+  Fixes :issue:`856`, :issue:`815`
+
+
+14.0.3 (2016-01-28)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 19.6.1
+
+
+14.0.2 (2016-01-28)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 19.6
+
+* Supress any errors from `unset` on different shells (:pull:`843`)
+
+* Normalize letter case for prefix path checking. Fixes :issue:`837`
+
+
+14.0.1 (2016-01-21)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade from pip 8.0.0 to 8.0.2.
+
+* Fix the default of ``--(no-)download`` to default to downloading.
+
+
+14.0.0 (2016-01-19)
+-------------------
+
+* **BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE** Drop support for Python 3.2.
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 19.4
+
+* Upgrade wheel to 0.26.0
+
+* Upgrade pip to 8.0.0
+
+* Upgrade argparse to 1.4.0
+
+* Added support for ``python-config`` script (:pull:`798`)
+
+* Updated activate.fish (:pull:`589`) (:pull:`799`)
+
+* Account for a ``site.pyo`` correctly in some python implementations (:pull:`759`)
+
+* Properly restore an empty PS1 (:issue:`407`)
+
+* Properly remove ``pydoc`` when deactivating
+
+* Remove workaround for very old Mageia / Mandriva linuxes (:pull:`472`)
+
+* Added a space after virtualenv name in the prompt: ``(env) $PS1``
+
+* Make sure not to run a --user install when creating the virtualenv (:pull:`803`)
+
+* Remove virtualenv.py's path from sys.path when executing with a new
+  python. Fixes issue :issue:`779`, :issue:`763` (:pull:`805`)
+
+* Remove use of () in .bat files so ``Program Files (x86)`` works :issue:`35`
+
+* Download new releases of the preinstalled software from PyPI when there are
+  new releases available. This behavior can be disabled using
+  ``--no-download``.
+
+* Make ``--no-setuptools``, ``--no-pip``, and ``--no-wheel`` independent of
+  each other.
+
+
+13.1.2 (2015-08-23)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.1.2.
+
+
+13.1.1 (2015-08-20)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.1.1.
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 18.2.
+
+* Make the activate script safe to use when bash is running with ``-u``.
+
+
+13.1.0 (2015-06-30)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.1.0
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 18.0.1
+
+
+13.0.3 (2015-06-01)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.0.3
+
+
+13.0.2 (2015-06-01)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.0.2
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 17.0
+
+
+13.0.1 (2015-05-22)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.0.1
+
+
+13.0.0 (2015-05-21)
+-------------------
+
+* Automatically install wheel when creating a new virutalenv. This can be
+  disabled by using the ``--no-wheel`` option.
+
+* Don't trust the current directory as a location to discover files to install
+  packages from.
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 16.0.
+
+* Upgrade pip to 7.0.0.
+
+
+12.1.1 (2015-04-07)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 6.1.1
+
+
+12.1.0 (2015-04-07)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 15.0
+
+* Upgrade pip to 6.1.0
+
+
+12.0.7 (2015-02-04)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 6.0.8
+
+
+12.0.6 (2015-01-28)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 6.0.7
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 12.0.5
+
+
+12.0.5 (2015-01-03)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgrade pip to 6.0.6
+
+* Upgrade setuptools to 11.0
+
+
+12.0.4 (2014-12-23)
+-------------------
+
+* Revert the fix to ``-p`` on Debian based pythons as it was broken in other
+  situations.
+
+* Revert several sys.path changes new in 12.0 which were breaking virtualenv.
+
+12.0.3 (2014-12-23)
+-------------------
+
+* Fix an issue where Debian based Pythons would fail when using -p with the
+  host Python.
+
+* Upgrade pip to 6.0.3
+
+12.0.2 (2014-12-23)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgraded pip to 6.0.2
+
+12.0.1 (2014-12-22)
+-------------------
+
+* Upgraded pip to 6.0.1
+
+
+12.0 (2014-12-22)
+-----------------
+
+* **PROCESS** Version numbers are now simply ``X.Y`` where the leading ``1``
+  has been dropped.
+* Split up documentation into structured pages
+* Now using pytest framework
+* Correct sys.path ordering for debian, issue #461
+* Correctly throws error on older Pythons, issue #619
+* Allow for empty $PATH, pull #601
+* Don't set prompt if $env:VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT is set for Powershell
+* Updated setuptools to 7.0
+
+1.11.6 (2014-05-16)
+-------------------
+
+* Updated setuptools to 3.6
+* Updated pip to 1.5.6
+
+1.11.5 (2014-05-03)
+-------------------
+
+* Updated setuptools to 3.4.4
+* Updated documentation to use https://virtualenv.pypa.io/
+* Updated pip to 1.5.5
+
+1.11.4 (2014-02-21)
+-------------------
+
+* Updated pip to 1.5.4
+
+
+1.11.3 (2014-02-20)
+-------------------
+
+* Updated setuptools to 2.2
+* Updated pip to 1.5.3
+
+
+1.11.2 (2014-01-26)
+-------------------
+
+* Fixed easy_install installed virtualenvs by updated pip to 1.5.2
+
+1.11.1 (2014-01-20)
+-------------------
+
+* Fixed an issue where pip and setuptools were not getting installed when using
+  the ``--system-site-packages`` flag.
+* Updated setuptools to fix an issue when installed with easy_install
+* Fixed an issue with Python 3.4 and sys.stdout encoding being set to ascii
+* Upgraded pip to v1.5.1
+* Upgraded setuptools to v2.1
+
+1.11 (2014-01-02)
+-----------------
+
+* **BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE** Switched to using wheels for the bundled copies of
+  setuptools and pip. Using sdists is no longer supported - users supplying
+  their own versions of pip/setuptools will need to provide wheels.
+* **BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE** Modified the handling of ``--extra-search-dirs``.
+  This option now works like pip's ``--find-links`` option, in that it adds
+  extra directories to search for compatible wheels for pip and setuptools.
+  The actual wheel selected is chosen based on version and compatibility, using
+  the same algorithm as ``pip install setuptools``.
+* Fixed #495, --always-copy was failing (#PR 511)
+* Upgraded pip to v1.5
+* Upgraded setuptools to v1.4
+
+1.10.1 (2013-08-07)
+-------------------
+
+* **New Signing Key** Release 1.10.1 is using a different key than normal with
+  fingerprint: 7C6B 7C5D 5E2B 6356 A926 F04F 6E3C BCE9 3372 DCFA
+* Upgraded pip to v1.4.1
+* Upgraded setuptools to v0.9.8
+
+
+1.10 (2013-07-23)
+-----------------
+
+* **BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE** Dropped support for Python 2.5. The minimum
+  supported Python version is now Python 2.6.
+
+* **BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBLE** Using ``virtualenv.py`` as an isolated script
+  (i.e. without an associated ``virtualenv_support`` directory) is no longer
+  supported for security reasons and will fail with an error.
+
+  Along with this, ``--never-download`` is now always pinned to ``True``, and
+  is only being maintained in the short term for backward compatibility
+  (Pull #412).
+
+* **IMPORTANT** Switched to the new setuptools (v0.9.7) which has been merged
+  with Distribute_ again and works for Python 2 and 3 with one codebase.
+  The ``--distribute`` and ``--setuptools`` options are now no-op.
+
+* Updated to pip 1.4.
+
+* Added support for PyPy3k
+
+* Added the option to use a version number with the ``-p`` option to get the
+  system copy of that Python version (Windows only)
+
+* Removed embedded ``ez_setup.py``, ``distribute_setup.py`` and
+  ``distribute_from_egg.py`` files as part of switching to merged setuptools.
+
+* Fixed ``--relocatable`` to work better on Windows.
+
+* Fixed issue with readline on Windows.
+
+.. _Distribute: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute
+
+1.9.1 (2013-03-08)
+------------------
+
+* Updated to pip 1.3.1 that fixed a major backward incompatible change of
+  parsing URLs to externally hosted packages that got accidentily included
+  in pip 1.3.
+
+1.9 (2013-03-07)
+----------------
+
+* Unset VIRTUAL_ENV environment variable in deactivate.bat (Pull #364)
+* Upgraded distribute to 0.6.34.
+* Added ``--no-setuptools`` and ``--no-pip`` options (Pull #336).
+* Fixed Issue #373. virtualenv-1.8.4 was failing in cygwin (Pull #382).
+* Fixed Issue #378. virtualenv is now "multiarch" aware on debian/ubuntu (Pull #379).
+* Fixed issue with readline module path on pypy and OSX (Pull #374).
+* Made 64bit detection compatible with Python 2.5 (Pull #393).
+
+
+1.8.4 (2012-11-25)
+------------------
+
+* Updated distribute to 0.6.31. This fixes #359 (numpy install regression) on
+  UTF-8 platforms, and provides a workaround on other platforms:
+  ``PYTHONIOENCODING=utf8 pip install numpy``.
+
+* When installing virtualenv via curl, don't forget to filter out arguments
+  the distribute setup script won't understand. Fixes #358.
+
+* Added some more integration tests.
+
+* Removed the unsupported embedded setuptools egg for Python 2.4 to reduce
+  file size.
+
+1.8.3 (2012-11-21)
+------------------
+
+* Fixed readline on OS X. Thanks minrk
+
+* Updated distribute to 0.6.30 (improves our error reporting, plus new
+  distribute features and fixes). Thanks Gabriel (g2p)
+
+* Added compatibility with multiarch Python (Python 3.3 for example). Added an
+  integration test. Thanks Gabriel (g2p)
+
+* Added ability to install distribute from a user-provided egg, rather than the
+  bundled sdist, for better speed. Thanks Paul Moore.
+
+* Make the creation of lib64 symlink smarter about already-existing symlink,
+  and more explicit about full paths. Fixes #334 and #330. Thanks Jeremy Orem.
+
+* Give lib64 site-dir preference over lib on 64-bit systems, to avoid wrong
+  32-bit compiles in the venv. Fixes #328. Thanks Damien Nozay.
+
+* Fix a bug with prompt-handling in ``activate.csh`` in non-interactive csh
+  shells. Fixes #332. Thanks Benjamin Root for report and patch.
+
+* Make it possible to create a virtualenv from within a Python
+  3.3. pyvenv. Thanks Chris McDonough for the report.
+
+* Add optional --setuptools option to be able to switch to it in case
+  distribute is the default (like in Debian).
+
+1.8.2 (2012-09-06)
+------------------
+
+* Updated the included pip version to 1.2.1 to fix regressions introduced
+  there in 1.2.
+
+
+1.8.1 (2012-09-03)
+------------------
+
+* Fixed distribute version used with `--never-download`. Thanks michr for
+  report and patch.
+
+* Fix creating Python 3.3 based virtualenvs by unsetting the
+  ``__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__`` environment variable in subprocesses.
+
+
+1.8 (2012-09-01)
+----------------
+
+* **Dropped support for Python 2.4** The minimum supported Python version is
+  now Python 2.5.
+
+* Fix `--relocatable` on systems that use lib64. Fixes #78. Thanks Branden
+  Rolston.
+
+* Symlink some additional modules under Python 3. Fixes #194. Thanks Vinay
+  Sajip, Ian Clelland, and Stefan Holek for the report.
+
+* Fix ``--relocatable`` when a script uses ``__future__`` imports. Thanks
+  Branden Rolston.
+
+* Fix a bug in the config option parser that prevented setting negative
+  options with environment variables. Thanks Ralf Schmitt.
+
+* Allow setting ``--no-site-packages`` from the config file.
+
+* Use ``/usr/bin/multiarch-platform`` if available to figure out the include
+  directory. Thanks for the patch, Mika Laitio.
+
+* Fix ``install_name_tool`` replacement to work on Python 3.X.
+
+* Handle paths of users' site-packages on Mac OS X correctly when changing
+  the prefix.
+
+* Updated the embedded version of distribute to 0.6.28 and pip to 1.2.
+
+
+1.7.2 (2012-06-22)
+------------------
+
+* Updated to distribute 0.6.27.
+
+* Fix activate.fish on OS X. Fixes #8. Thanks David Schoonover.
+
+* Create a virtualenv-x.x script with the Python version when installing, so
+  virtualenv for multiple Python versions can be installed to the same
+  script location. Thanks Miki Tebeka.
+
+* Restored ability to create a virtualenv with a path longer than 78
+  characters, without breaking creation of virtualenvs with non-ASCII paths.
+  Thanks, Bradley Ayers.
+
+* Added ability to create virtualenvs without having installed Apple's
+  developers tools (using an own implementation of ``install_name_tool``).
+  Thanks Mike Hommey.
+
+* Fixed PyPy and Jython support on Windows. Thanks Konstantin Zemlyak.
+
+* Added pydoc script to ease use. Thanks Marc Abramowitz. Fixes #149.
+
+* Fixed creating a bootstrap script on Python 3. Thanks Raul Leal. Fixes #280.
+
+* Fixed inconsistency when having set the ``PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE`` env var
+  with the --distribute option or the ``VIRTUALENV_USE_DISTRIBUTE`` env var.
+  ``VIRTUALENV_USE_DISTRIBUTE`` is now considered again as a legacy alias.
+
+
+1.7.1.2 (2012-02-17)
+--------------------
+
+* Fixed minor issue in `--relocatable`. Thanks, Cap Petschulat.
+
+
+1.7.1.1 (2012-02-16)
+--------------------
+
+* Bumped the version string in ``virtualenv.py`` up, too.
+
+* Fixed rST rendering bug of long description.
+
+
+1.7.1 (2012-02-16)
+------------------
+
+* Update embedded pip to version 1.1.
+
+* Fix `--relocatable` under Python 3. Thanks Doug Hellmann.
+
+* Added environ PATH modification to activate_this.py. Thanks Doug
+  Napoleone. Fixes #14.
+
+* Support creating virtualenvs directly from a Python build directory on
+  Windows. Thanks CBWhiz. Fixes #139.
+
+* Use non-recursive symlinks to fix things up for posix_local install
+  scheme. Thanks michr.
+
+* Made activate script available for use with msys and cygwin on Windows.
+  Thanks Greg Haskins, Cliff Xuan, Jonathan Griffin and Doug Napoleone.
+  Fixes #176.
+
+* Fixed creation of virtualenvs on Windows when Python is not installed for
+  all users. Thanks Anatoly Techtonik for report and patch and Doug
+  Napoleone for testing and confirmation. Fixes #87.
+
+* Fixed creation of virtualenvs using -p in installs where some modules
+  that ought to be in the standard library (e.g. `readline`) are actually
+  installed in `site-packages` next to `virtualenv.py`. Thanks Greg Haskins
+  for report and fix. Fixes #167.
+
+* Added activation script for Powershell (signed by Jannis Leidel). Many
+  thanks to Jason R. Coombs.
+
+
+1.7 (2011-11-30)
+----------------
+
+* Gave user-provided ``--extra-search-dir`` priority over default dirs for
+  finding setuptools/distribute (it already had priority for finding pip).
+  Thanks Ethan Jucovy.
+
+* Updated embedded Distribute release to 0.6.24. Thanks Alex Gronholm.
+
+* Made ``--no-site-packages`` behavior the default behavior.  The
+  ``--no-site-packages`` flag is still permitted, but displays a warning when
+  used. Thanks Chris McDonough.
+
+* New flag: ``--system-site-packages``; this flag should be passed to get the
+  previous default global-site-package-including behavior back.
+
+* Added ability to set command options as environment variables and options
+  in a ``virtualenv.ini`` file.
+
+* Fixed various encoding related issues with paths. Thanks Gunnlaugur Thor Briem.
+
+* Made ``virtualenv.py`` script executable.
+
+
+1.6.4 (2011-07-21)
+------------------
+
+* Restored ability to run on Python 2.4, too.
+
+
+1.6.3 (2011-07-16)
+------------------
+
+* Restored ability to run on Python < 2.7.
+
+
+1.6.2 (2011-07-16)
+------------------
+
+* Updated embedded distribute release to 0.6.19.
+
+* Updated embedded pip release to 1.0.2.
+
+* Fixed #141 - Be smarter about finding pkg_resources when using the
+  non-default Python interpreter (by using the ``-p`` option).
+
+* Fixed #112 - Fixed path in docs.
+
+* Fixed #109 - Corrected doctests of a Logger method.
+
+* Fixed #118 - Fixed creating virtualenvs on platforms that use the
+  "posix_local" install scheme, such as Ubuntu with Python 2.7.
+
+* Add missing library to Python 3 virtualenvs (``_dummy_thread``).
+
+
+1.6.1 (2011-04-30)
+------------------
+
+* Start to use git-flow.
+
+* Added support for PyPy 1.5
+
+* Fixed #121 -- added sanity-checking of the -p argument. Thanks Paul Nasrat.
+
+* Added progress meter for pip installation as well as setuptools. Thanks Ethan
+  Jucovy.
+
+* Added --never-download and --search-dir options. Thanks Ethan Jucovy.
+
+
+1.6
+---
+
+* Added Python 3 support! Huge thanks to Vinay Sajip and Vitaly Babiy.
+
+* Fixed creation of virtualenvs on Mac OS X when standard library modules
+  (readline) are installed outside the standard library.
+
+* Updated bundled pip to 1.0.
+
+
+1.5.2
+-----
+
+* Moved main repository to Github: https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv
+
+* Transferred primary maintenance from Ian to Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner
+
+* Fixed a few more pypy related bugs.
+
+* Updated bundled pip to 0.8.2.
+
+* Handed project over to new team of maintainers.
+
+* Moved virtualenv to Github at https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv
+
+
+1.5.1
+-----
+
+* Added ``_weakrefset`` requirement for Python 2.7.1.
+
+* Fixed Windows regression in 1.5
+
+
+1.5
+---
+
+* Include pip 0.8.1.
+
+* Add support for PyPy.
+
+* Uses a proper temporary dir when installing environment requirements.
+
+* Add ``--prompt`` option to be able to override the default prompt prefix.
+
+* Fix an issue with ``--relocatable`` on Windows.
+
+* Fix issue with installing the wrong version of distribute.
+
+* Add fish and csh activate scripts.
+
+
+1.4.9
+-----
+
+* Include pip 0.7.2
+
+
+1.4.8
+-----
+
+* Fix for Mac OS X Framework builds that use
+  ``--universal-archs=intel``
+
+* Fix ``activate_this.py`` on Windows.
+
+* Allow ``$PYTHONHOME`` to be set, so long as you use ``source
+  bin/activate`` it will get unset; if you leave it set and do not
+  activate the environment it will still break the environment.
+
+* Include pip 0.7.1
+
+
+1.4.7
+-----
+
+* Include pip 0.7
+
+
+1.4.6
+-----
+
+* Allow ``activate.sh`` to skip updating the prompt (by setting
+  ``$VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT``).
+
+
+1.4.5
+-----
+
+* Include pip 0.6.3
+
+* Fix ``activate.bat`` and ``deactivate.bat`` under Windows when
+  ``PATH`` contained a parenthesis
+
+
+1.4.4
+-----
+
+* Include pip 0.6.2 and Distribute 0.6.10
+
+* Create the ``virtualenv`` script even when Setuptools isn't
+  installed
+
+* Fix problem with ``virtualenv --relocate`` when ``bin/`` has
+  subdirectories (e.g., ``bin/.svn/``); from Alan Franzoni.
+
+* If you set ``$VIRTUALENV_DISTRIBUTE`` then virtualenv will use
+  Distribute by default (so you don't have to remember to use
+  ``--distribute``).
+
+
+1.4.3
+-----
+
+* Include pip 0.6.1
+
+
+1.4.2
+-----
+
+* Fix pip installation on Windows
+
+* Fix use of stand-alone ``virtualenv.py`` (and boot scripts)
+
+* Exclude ~/.local (user site-packages) from environments when using
+  ``--no-site-packages``
+
+
+1.4.1
+-----
+
+* Include pip 0.6
+
+
+1.4
+---
+
+* Updated setuptools to 0.6c11
+
+* Added the --distribute option
+
+* Fixed packaging problem of support-files
+
+
+1.3.4
+-----
+
+* Virtualenv now copies the actual embedded Python binary on
+  Mac OS X to fix a hang on Snow Leopard (10.6).
+
+* Fail more gracefully on Windows when ``win32api`` is not installed.
+
+* Fix site-packages taking precedent over Jython's ``__classpath__``
+  and also specially handle the new ``__pyclasspath__`` entry in
+  ``sys.path``.
+
+* Now copies Jython's ``registry`` file to the virtualenv if it exists.
+
+* Better find libraries when compiling extensions on Windows.
+
+* Create ``Scripts\pythonw.exe`` on Windows.
+
+* Added support for the Debian/Ubuntu
+  ``/usr/lib/pythonX.Y/dist-packages`` directory.
+
+* Set ``distutils.sysconfig.get_config_vars()['LIBDIR']`` (based on
+  ``sys.real_prefix``) which is reported to help building on Windows.
+
+* Make ``deactivate`` work on ksh
+
+* Fixes for ``--python``: make it work with ``--relocatable`` and the
+  symlink created to the exact Python version.
+
+
+1.3.3
+-----
+
+* Use Windows newlines in ``activate.bat``, which has been reported to help
+  when using non-ASCII directory names.
+
+* Fixed compatibility with Jython 2.5b1.
+
+* Added a function ``virtualenv.install_python`` for more fine-grained
+  access to what ``virtualenv.create_environment`` does.
+
+* Fix `a problem <https://bugs.launchpad.net/virtualenv/+bug/241581>`_
+  with Windows and paths that contain spaces.
+
+* If ``/path/to/env/.pydistutils.cfg`` exists (or
+  ``/path/to/env/pydistutils.cfg`` on Windows systems) then ignore
+  ``~/.pydistutils.cfg`` and use that other file instead.
+
+* Fix ` a problem
+  <https://bugs.launchpad.net/virtualenv/+bug/340050>`_ picking up
+  some ``.so`` libraries in ``/usr/local``.
+
+
+1.3.2
+-----
+
+* Remove the ``[install] prefix = ...`` setting from the virtualenv
+  ``distutils.cfg`` -- this has been causing problems for a lot of
+  people, in rather obscure ways.
+
+* If you use a boot script it will attempt to import ``virtualenv``
+  and find a pre-downloaded Setuptools egg using that.
+
+* Added platform-specific paths, like ``/usr/lib/pythonX.Y/plat-linux2``
+
+
+1.3.1
+-----
+
+* Real Python 2.6 compatibility.  Backported the Python 2.6 updates to
+  ``site.py``, including `user directories
+  <http://docs.python.org/dev/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory>`_
+  (this means older versions of Python will support user directories,
+  whether intended or not).
+
+* Always set ``[install] prefix`` in ``distutils.cfg`` -- previously
+  on some platforms where a system-wide ``distutils.cfg`` was present
+  with a ``prefix`` setting, packages would be installed globally
+  (usually in ``/usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages``).
+
+* Sometimes Cygwin seems to leave ``.exe`` off ``sys.executable``; a
+  workaround is added.
+
+* Fix ``--python`` option.
+
+* Fixed handling of Jython environments that use a
+  jython-complete.jar.
+
+
+1.3
+---
+
+* Update to Setuptools 0.6c9
+* Added an option ``virtualenv --relocatable EXISTING_ENV``, which
+  will make an existing environment "relocatable" -- the paths will
+  not be absolute in scripts, ``.egg-info`` and ``.pth`` files.  This
+  may assist in building environments that can be moved and copied.
+  You have to run this *after* any new packages installed.
+* Added ``bin/activate_this.py``, a file you can use like
+  ``execfile("path_to/activate_this.py",
+  dict(__file__="path_to/activate_this.py"))`` -- this will activate
+  the environment in place, similar to what `the mod_wsgi example
+  does <http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/VirtualEnvironments>`_.
+* For Mac framework builds of Python, the site-packages directory
+  ``/Library/Python/X.Y/site-packages`` is added to ``sys.path``, from
+  Andrea Rech.
+* Some platform-specific modules in Macs are added to the path now
+  (``plat-darwin/``, ``plat-mac/``, ``plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages``),
+  from Andrea Rech.
+* Fixed a small Bashism in the ``bin/activate`` shell script.
+* Added ``__future__`` to the list of required modules, for Python
+  2.3.  You'll still need to backport your own ``subprocess`` module.
+* Fixed the ``__classpath__`` entry in Jython's ``sys.path`` taking
+  precedent over virtualenv's libs.
+
+
+1.2
+---
+
+* Added a ``--python`` option to select the Python interpreter.
+* Add ``warnings`` to the modules copied over, for Python 2.6 support.
+* Add ``sets`` to the module copied over for Python 2.3 (though Python
+  2.3 still probably doesn't work).
+
+
+1.1.1
+-----
+
+* Added support for Jython 2.5.
+
+
+1.1
+---
+
+* Added support for Python 2.6.
+* Fix a problem with missing ``DLLs/zlib.pyd`` on Windows.  Create
+* ``bin/python`` (or ``bin/python.exe``) even when you run virtualenv
+  with an interpreter named, e.g., ``python2.4``
+* Fix MacPorts Python
+* Added --unzip-setuptools option
+* Update to Setuptools 0.6c8
+* If the current directory is not writable, run ez_setup.py in ``/tmp``
+* Copy or symlink over the ``include`` directory so that packages will
+  more consistently compile.
+
+
+1.0
+---
+
+* Fix build on systems that use ``/usr/lib64``, distinct from
+  ``/usr/lib`` (specifically CentOS x64).
+* Fixed bug in ``--clear``.
+* Fixed typos in ``deactivate.bat``.
+* Preserve ``$PYTHONPATH`` when calling subprocesses.
+
+
+0.9.2
+-----
+
+* Fix include dir copying on Windows (makes compiling possible).
+* Include the main ``lib-tk`` in the path.
+* Patch ``distutils.sysconfig``: ``get_python_inc`` and
+  ``get_python_lib`` to point to the global locations.
+* Install ``distutils.cfg`` before Setuptools, so that system
+  customizations of ``distutils.cfg`` won't effect the installation.
+* Add ``bin/pythonX.Y`` to the virtualenv (in addition to
+  ``bin/python``).
+* Fixed an issue with Mac Framework Python builds, and absolute paths
+  (from Ronald Oussoren).
+
+
+0.9.1
+-----
+
+* Improve ability to create a virtualenv from inside a virtualenv.
+* Fix a little bug in ``bin/activate``.
+* Actually get ``distutils.cfg`` to work reliably.
+
+
+0.9
+---
+
+* Added ``lib-dynload`` and ``config`` to things that need to be
+  copied over in an environment.
+* Copy over or symlink the ``include`` directory, so that you can
+  build packages that need the C headers.
+* Include a ``distutils`` package, so you can locally update
+  ``distutils.cfg`` (in ``lib/pythonX.Y/distutils/distutils.cfg``).
+* Better avoid downloading Setuptools, and hitting PyPI on environment
+  creation.
+* Fix a problem creating a ``lib64/`` directory.
+* Should work on MacOSX Framework builds (the default Python
+  installations on Mac).  Thanks to Ronald Oussoren.
+
+
+0.8.4
+-----
+
+* Windows installs would sometimes give errors about ``sys.prefix`` that
+  were inaccurate.
+* Slightly prettier output.
+
+
+0.8.3
+-----
+
+* Added support for Windows.
+
+
+0.8.2
+-----
+
+* Give a better warning if you are on an unsupported platform (Mac
+  Framework Pythons, and Windows).
+* Give error about running while inside a workingenv.
+* Give better error message about Python 2.3.
+
+
+0.8.1
+-----
+
+Fixed packaging of the library.
+
+
+0.8
+---
+
+Initial release.  Everything is changed and new!
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/conf.py b/python/virtualenv/docs/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9332aa1bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Paste documentation build configuration file, created by
+# sphinx-quickstart on Tue Apr 22 22:08:49 2008.
+#
+# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
+#
+# The contents of this file are pickled, so don't put values in the namespace
+# that aren't pickleable (module imports are okay, they're removed automatically).
+#
+# All configuration values have a default value; values that are commented out
+# serve to show the default value.
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
+
+# If your extensions are in another directory, add it here.
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(os.pardir))
+
+# General configuration
+# ---------------------
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
+# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
+extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.extlinks']
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+#templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# The suffix of source filenames.
+source_suffix = '.rst'
+
+# The master toctree document.
+master_doc = 'index'
+
+# General substitutions.
+project = 'virtualenv'
+copyright = '2007-2014, Ian Bicking, The Open Planning Project, PyPA'
+
+# The default replacements for |version| and |release|, also used in various
+# other places throughout the built documents.
+try:
+    from virtualenv import __version__
+    # The short X.Y version.
+    version = '.'.join(__version__.split('.')[:2])
+    # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+    release = __version__
+except ImportError:
+    version = release = 'dev'
+
+# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
+# non-false value, then it is used:
+#today = ''
+# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
+today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+
+# List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
+unused_docs = []
+
+# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
+#add_function_parentheses = True
+
+# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
+# unit titles (such as .. function::).
+#add_module_names = True
+
+# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
+# output. They are ignored by default.
+#show_authors = False
+
+# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
+pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+
+extlinks = {
+    'issue': ('https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/%s', '#'),
+    'pull': ('https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/pull/%s', 'PR #'),
+}
+
+
+# Options for HTML output
+# -----------------------
+
+# The style sheet to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. A file of that name
+# must exist either in Sphinx' static/ path, or in one of the custom paths
+# given in html_static_path.
+#html_style = 'default.css'
+
+html_theme = 'default'
+if not on_rtd:
+    try:
+        import sphinx_rtd_theme
+        html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+        html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+# html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
+# using the given strftime format.
+html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+
+# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
+# typographically correct entities.
+#html_use_smartypants = True
+
+# Content template for the index page.
+#html_index = ''
+
+# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
+#html_sidebars = {}
+
+# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
+# template names.
+#html_additional_pages = {}
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#html_use_modindex = True
+
+# If true, the reST sources are included in the HTML build as _sources/<name>.
+#html_copy_source = True
+
+# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
+htmlhelp_basename = 'Pastedoc'
+
+
+# Options for LaTeX output
+# ------------------------
+
+# The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
+#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+
+# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+#latex_font_size = '10pt'
+
+# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
+# (source start file, target name, title, author, document class [howto/manual]).
+#latex_documents = []
+
+# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+#latex_preamble = ''
+
+# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
+#latex_appendices = []
+
+# If false, no module index is generated.
+#latex_use_modindex = True
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/development.rst b/python/virtualenv/docs/development.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aba2785a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/development.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+Development
+===========
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+Refer to the `pip development`_ documentation - it applies equally to
+virtualenv, except that virtualenv issues should filed on the `virtualenv
+repo`_ at GitHub.
+
+Virtualenv's release schedule is tied to pip's -- each time there's a new pip
+release, there will be a new virtualenv release that bundles the new version of
+pip.
+
+Files in the `virtualenv_embedded/` subdirectory are embedded into
+`virtualenv.py` itself as base64-encoded strings (in order to support
+single-file use of `virtualenv.py` without installing it). If your patch
+changes any file in `virtualenv_embedded/`, run `bin/rebuild-script.py` to
+update the embedded version of that file in `virtualenv.py`; commit that and
+submit it as part of your patch / pull request.
+
+.. _pip development: http://www.pip-installer.org/en/latest/development.html
+.. _virtualenv repo: https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/
+
+Running the tests
+-----------------
+
+Virtualenv's test suite is small and not yet at all comprehensive, but we aim
+to grow it.
+
+The easy way to run tests (handles test dependencies automatically)::
+
+    $ python setup.py test
+
+If you want to run only a selection of the tests, you'll need to run them
+directly with pytest instead. Create a virtualenv, and install required
+packages::
+
+    $ pip install pytest mock
+
+Run pytest::
+
+    $ pytest
+
+Or select just a single test file to run::
+
+    $ pytest tests/test_virtualenv
+
+Status and License
+------------------
+
+``virtualenv`` is a successor to `workingenv
+<http://cheeseshop.python.org/pypi/workingenv.py>`_, and an extension
+of `virtual-python
+<http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall#creating-a-virtual-python>`_.
+
+It was written by Ian Bicking, sponsored by the `Open Planning
+Project <http://openplans.org>`_ and is now maintained by a
+`group of developers <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/raw/master/AUTHORS.txt>`_.
+It is licensed under an
+`MIT-style permissive license <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/raw/master/LICENSE.txt>`_.
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/index.rst b/python/virtualenv/docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e745a87b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+Virtualenv
+==========
+
+`Mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_ |
+`Issues <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues>`_ |
+`Github <https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv>`_ |
+`PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv/>`_ |
+User IRC: #pypa
+Dev IRC: #pypa-dev
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+``virtualenv`` is a tool to create isolated Python environments.
+
+The basic problem being addressed is one of dependencies and versions,
+and indirectly permissions. Imagine you have an application that
+needs version 1 of LibFoo, but another application requires version
+2. How can you use both these applications?  If you install
+everything into ``/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages`` (or whatever your
+platform's standard location is), it's easy to end up in a situation
+where you unintentionally upgrade an application that shouldn't be
+upgraded.
+
+Or more generally, what if you want to install an application *and
+leave it be*?  If an application works, any change in its libraries or
+the versions of those libraries can break the application.
+
+Also, what if you can't install packages into the global
+``site-packages`` directory?  For instance, on a shared host.
+
+In all these cases, ``virtualenv`` can help you. It creates an
+environment that has its own installation directories, that doesn't
+share libraries with other virtualenv environments (and optionally
+doesn't access the globally installed libraries either).
+
+.. comment: split here
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   installation
+   userguide
+   reference
+   development
+   changes
+
+.. warning::
+
+   Python bugfix releases 2.6.8, 2.7.3, 3.1.5 and 3.2.3 include a change that
+   will cause "import random" to fail with "cannot import name urandom" on any
+   virtualenv created on a Unix host with an earlier release of Python
+   2.6/2.7/3.1/3.2, if the underlying system Python is upgraded. This is due to
+   the fact that a virtualenv uses the system Python's standard library but
+   contains its own copy of the Python interpreter, so an upgrade to the system
+   Python results in a mismatch between the version of the Python interpreter
+   and the version of the standard library. It can be fixed by removing
+   ``$ENV/bin/python`` and re-running virtualenv on the same target directory
+   with the upgraded Python.
+
+Other Documentation and Links
+-----------------------------
+
+* `Blog announcement of virtualenv`__.
+
+  .. __: http://blog.ianbicking.org/2007/10/10/workingenv-is-dead-long-live-virtualenv/
+
+* James Gardner has written a tutorial on using `virtualenv with
+  Pylons
+  <http://wiki.pylonshq.com/display/pylonscookbook/Using+a+Virtualenv+Sandbox>`_.
+
+* Chris Perkins created a `showmedo video including virtualenv
+  <http://showmedo.com/videos/video?name=2910000&fromSeriesID=291>`_.
+
+* Doug Hellmann's `virtualenvwrapper`_ is a useful set of scripts to make
+  your workflow with many virtualenvs even easier. `His initial blog post on it`__.
+  He also wrote `an example of using virtualenv to try IPython`__.
+
+  .. _virtualenvwrapper: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenvwrapper/
+  .. __: https://doughellmann.com/blog/2008/05/01/virtualenvwrapper/
+  .. __: https://doughellmann.com/blog/2008/02/01/ipython-and-virtualenv/
+
+* `Pew`_ is another wrapper for virtualenv that makes use of a different
+  activation technique.
+
+  .. _Pew: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pew/
+
+* `Using virtualenv with mod_wsgi
+  <http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/VirtualEnvironments>`_.
+
+* `virtualenv commands
+  <https://github.com/thisismedium/virtualenv-commands>`_ for some more
+  workflow-related tools around virtualenv.
+
+* PyCon US 2011 talk: `Reverse-engineering Ian Bicking's brain: inside pip and virtualenv
+  <http://pyvideo.org/video/568/reverse-engineering-ian-bicking--39-s-brain--insi>`_.
+  By the end of the talk, you'll have a good idea exactly how pip
+  and virtualenv do their magic, and where to go looking in the source
+  for particular behaviors or bug fixes.
+
+Compare & Contrast with Alternatives
+------------------------------------
+
+There are several alternatives that create isolated environments:
+
+* ``workingenv`` (which I do not suggest you use anymore) is the
+  predecessor to this library. It used the main Python interpreter,
+  but relied on setting ``$PYTHONPATH`` to activate the environment.
+  This causes problems when running Python scripts that aren't part of
+  the environment (e.g., a globally installed ``hg`` or ``bzr``). It
+  also conflicted a lot with Setuptools.
+
+* `virtual-python
+  <http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall#creating-a-virtual-python>`_
+  is also a predecessor to this library. It uses only symlinks, so it
+  couldn't work on Windows. It also symlinks over the *entire*
+  standard library and global ``site-packages``. As a result, it
+  won't see new additions to the global ``site-packages``.
+
+  This script only symlinks a small portion of the standard library
+  into the environment, and so on Windows it is feasible to simply
+  copy these files over. Also, it creates a new/empty
+  ``site-packages`` and also adds the global ``site-packages`` to the
+  path, so updates are tracked separately. This script also installs
+  Setuptools automatically, saving a step and avoiding the need for
+  network access.
+
+* `zc.buildout <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/zc.buildout>`_ doesn't
+  create an isolated Python environment in the same style, but
+  achieves similar results through a declarative config file that sets
+  up scripts with very particular packages. As a declarative system,
+  it is somewhat easier to repeat and manage, but more difficult to
+  experiment with. ``zc.buildout`` includes the ability to setup
+  non-Python systems (e.g., a database server or an Apache instance).
+
+I *strongly* recommend anyone doing application development or
+deployment use one of these tools.
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/installation.rst b/python/virtualenv/docs/installation.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3006d7617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/installation.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+Installation
+============
+
+.. warning::
+
+    We advise installing virtualenv-1.9 or greater. Prior to version 1.9, the
+    pip included in virtualenv did not download from PyPI over SSL.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    When using pip to install virtualenv, we advise using pip 1.3 or greater.
+    Prior to version 1.3, pip did not download from PyPI over SSL.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    We advise against using easy_install to install virtualenv when using
+    setuptools < 0.9.7, because easy_install didn't download from PyPI over SSL
+    and was broken in some subtle ways.
+
+To install globally with `pip` (if you have pip 1.3 or greater installed globally):
+
+::
+
+ $ [sudo] pip install virtualenv
+
+Or to get the latest unreleased dev version:
+
+::
+
+ $ [sudo] pip install https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/tarball/develop
+
+
+To install version X.X globally from source:
+
+::
+
+ $ curl -O https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv/virtualenv-X.X.tar.gz
+ $ tar xvfz virtualenv-X.X.tar.gz
+ $ cd virtualenv-X.X
+ $ [sudo] python setup.py install
+
+
+To *use* locally from source:
+
+::
+
+ $ curl -O https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv/virtualenv-X.X.tar.gz
+ $ tar xvfz virtualenv-X.X.tar.gz
+ $ cd virtualenv-X.X
+ $ python virtualenv.py myVE
+
+.. note::
+
+    The ``virtualenv.py`` script is *not* supported if run without the
+    necessary pip/setuptools/virtualenv distributions available locally. All
+    of the installation methods above include a ``virtualenv_support``
+    directory alongside ``virtualenv.py`` which contains a complete set of
+    pip and setuptools distributions, and so are fully supported.
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/make.bat b/python/virtualenv/docs/make.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5c189fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/make.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+@ECHO OFF
+
+REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
+
+if "%SPHINXBUILD%" == "" (
+	set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
+)
+set BUILDDIR=_build
+set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d %BUILDDIR%/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% .
+if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
+	set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
+)
+
+if "%1" == "" goto help
+
+if "%1" == "help" (
+	:help
+	echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
+	echo.  html       to make standalone HTML files
+	echo.  dirhtml    to make HTML files named index.html in directories
+	echo.  singlehtml to make a single large HTML file
+	echo.  pickle     to make pickle files
+	echo.  json       to make JSON files
+	echo.  htmlhelp   to make HTML files and a HTML help project
+	echo.  qthelp     to make HTML files and a qthelp project
+	echo.  devhelp    to make HTML files and a Devhelp project
+	echo.  epub       to make an epub
+	echo.  latex      to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
+	echo.  text       to make text files
+	echo.  man        to make manual pages
+	echo.  changes    to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
+	echo.  linkcheck  to check all external links for integrity
+	echo.  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "clean" (
+	for /d %%i in (%BUILDDIR%\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
+	del /q /s %BUILDDIR%\*
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "html" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/html
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/html.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "singlehtml" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b singlehtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "pickle" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pickle
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "json" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/json
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
+.hhp project file in %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "qthelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/qthelp
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
+.qhcp project file in %BUILDDIR%/qthelp, like this:
+	echo.^> qcollectiongenerator %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\django-compressor.qhcp
+	echo.To view the help file:
+	echo.^> assistant -collectionFile %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\django-compressor.ghc
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "devhelp" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b devhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/devhelp
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "epub" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b epub %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/epub
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The epub file is in %BUILDDIR%/epub.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "latex" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "text" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b text %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/text
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The text files are in %BUILDDIR%/text.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "man" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b man %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/man
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Build finished. The manual pages are in %BUILDDIR%/man.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "changes" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/changes
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.The overview file is in %BUILDDIR%/changes.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
+or in %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+if "%1" == "doctest" (
+	%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/doctest
+	if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
+	echo.
+	echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
+results in %BUILDDIR%/doctest/output.txt.
+	goto end
+)
+
+:end
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/reference.rst b/python/virtualenv/docs/reference.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9249473c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/reference.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+Reference Guide
+===============
+
+``virtualenv`` Command
+----------------------
+
+.. _usage:
+
+Usage
+~~~~~
+
+:command:`virtualenv [OPTIONS] ENV_DIR`
+
+    Where ``ENV_DIR`` is an absolute or relative path to a directory to create
+    the virtual environment in.
+
+.. _options:
+
+Options
+~~~~~~~
+
+.. program: virtualenv
+
+.. option:: --version
+
+   show program's version number and exit
+
+.. option:: -h, --help
+
+   show this help message and exit
+
+.. option:: -v, --verbose
+
+   Increase verbosity.
+
+.. option:: -q, --quiet
+
+   Decrease verbosity.
+
+.. option:: -p PYTHON_EXE, --python=PYTHON_EXE
+
+   The Python interpreter to use, e.g.,
+   --python=python2.5 will use the python2.5 interpreter
+   to create the new environment.  The default is the
+   interpreter that virtualenv was installed with
+   (like ``/usr/bin/python``)
+
+.. option:: --clear
+
+   Clear out the non-root install and start from scratch.
+
+.. option:: --system-site-packages
+
+   Give the virtual environment access to the global
+   site-packages.
+
+.. option:: --always-copy
+
+   Always copy files rather than symlinking.
+
+.. option:: --relocatable
+
+   Make an EXISTING virtualenv environment relocatable.
+   This fixes up scripts and makes all .pth files relative.
+
+.. option:: --unzip-setuptools
+
+   Unzip Setuptools when installing it.
+
+.. option:: --no-setuptools
+
+   Do not install setuptools in the new virtualenv.
+
+.. option:: --no-pip
+
+   Do not install pip in the new virtualenv.
+
+.. option:: --no-wheel
+
+   Do not install wheel in the new virtualenv.
+
+.. option:: --extra-search-dir=DIR
+
+   Directory to look for setuptools/pip distributions in.
+   This option can be specified multiple times.
+
+.. option:: --prompt=PROMPT
+
+   Provides an alternative prompt prefix for this
+   environment.
+
+.. option:: --download
+
+   Download preinstalled packages from PyPI.
+
+.. option:: --no-download
+
+   Do not download preinstalled packages from PyPI.
+
+.. option:: --no-site-packages
+
+   DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility.
+   Not having access to global site-packages is now the
+   default behavior.
+
+.. option:: --distribute
+.. option:: --setuptools
+
+   Legacy; now have no effect.  Before version 1.10 these could be used
+   to choose whether to install Distribute_ or Setuptools_ into the created
+   virtualenv. Distribute has now been merged into Setuptools, and the
+   latter is always installed.
+
+.. _Distribute: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/distribute
+.. _Setuptools: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+
+Environment Variables
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Each command line option is automatically used to look for environment
+variables with the name format ``VIRTUALENV_<UPPER_NAME>``. That means
+the name of the command line options are capitalized and have dashes
+(``'-'``) replaced with underscores (``'_'``).
+
+For example, to automatically use a custom Python binary instead of the
+one virtualenv is run with you can also set an environment variable::
+
+  $ export VIRTUALENV_PYTHON=/opt/python-3.3/bin/python
+  $ virtualenv ENV
+
+It's the same as passing the option to virtualenv directly::
+
+  $ virtualenv --python=/opt/python-3.3/bin/python ENV
+
+This also works for appending command line options, like ``--find-links``.
+Just leave an empty space between the passed values, e.g.::
+
+  $ export VIRTUALENV_EXTRA_SEARCH_DIR="/path/to/dists /path/to/other/dists"
+  $ virtualenv ENV
+
+is the same as calling::
+
+  $ virtualenv --extra-search-dir=/path/to/dists --extra-search-dir=/path/to/other/dists ENV
+
+.. envvar:: VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT
+
+   Any virtualenv created when this is set to a non-empty value will not have
+   it's :ref:`activate` modify the shell prompt.
+
+
+Configuration File
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+virtualenv also looks for a standard ini config file. On Unix and Mac OS X
+that's ``$HOME/.virtualenv/virtualenv.ini`` and on Windows, it's
+``%APPDATA%\virtualenv\virtualenv.ini``.
+
+The names of the settings are derived from the long command line option,
+e.g. the option :option:`--python <-p>` would look like this::
+
+  [virtualenv]
+  python = /opt/python-3.3/bin/python
+
+Appending options like :option:`--extra-search-dir` can be written on multiple
+lines::
+
+  [virtualenv]
+  extra-search-dir =
+      /path/to/dists
+      /path/to/other/dists
+
+Please have a look at the output of :option:`--help <-h>` for a full list
+of supported options.
+
+
+Extending Virtualenv
+--------------------
+
+
+Creating Your Own Bootstrap Scripts
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+While this creates an environment, it doesn't put anything into the
+environment. Developers may find it useful to distribute a script
+that sets up a particular environment, for example a script that
+installs a particular web application.
+
+To create a script like this, call
+:py:func:`virtualenv.create_bootstrap_script`, and write the
+result to your new bootstrapping script.
+
+.. py:function:: create_bootstrap_script(extra_text)
+
+   Creates a bootstrap script from ``extra_text``, which is like
+   this script but with extend_parser, adjust_options, and after_install hooks.
+
+This returns a string that (written to disk of course) can be used
+as a bootstrap script with your own customizations. The script
+will be the standard virtualenv.py script, with your extra text
+added (your extra text should be Python code).
+
+If you include these functions, they will be called:
+
+.. py:function:: extend_parser(optparse_parser)
+
+   You can add or remove options from the parser here.
+
+.. py:function:: adjust_options(options, args)
+
+   You can change options here, or change the args (if you accept
+   different kinds of arguments, be sure you modify ``args`` so it is
+   only ``[DEST_DIR]``).
+
+.. py:function:: after_install(options, home_dir)
+
+   After everything is installed, this function is called. This
+   is probably the function you are most likely to use. An
+   example would be::
+
+       def after_install(options, home_dir):
+           if sys.platform == 'win32':
+               bin = 'Scripts'
+           else:
+               bin = 'bin'
+           subprocess.call([join(home_dir, bin, 'easy_install'),
+                            'MyPackage'])
+           subprocess.call([join(home_dir, bin, 'my-package-script'),
+                            'setup', home_dir])
+
+   This example immediately installs a package, and runs a setup
+   script from that package.
+
+Bootstrap Example
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Here's a more concrete example of how you could use this::
+
+    import virtualenv, textwrap
+    output = virtualenv.create_bootstrap_script(textwrap.dedent("""
+    import os, subprocess
+    def after_install(options, home_dir):
+        etc = join(home_dir, 'etc')
+        if not os.path.exists(etc):
+            os.makedirs(etc)
+        subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'easy_install'),
+                         'BlogApplication'])
+        subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'paster'),
+                         'make-config', 'BlogApplication',
+                         join(etc, 'blog.ini')])
+        subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'paster'),
+                         'setup-app', join(etc, 'blog.ini')])
+    """))
+    f = open('blog-bootstrap.py', 'w').write(output)
+
+Another example is available `here`__.
+
+.. __: https://github.com/socialplanning/fassembler/blob/master/fassembler/create-venv-script.py
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/docs/userguide.rst b/python/virtualenv/docs/userguide.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35f0dc950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/docs/userguide.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+User Guide
+==========
+
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+Virtualenv has one basic command::
+
+    $ virtualenv ENV
+
+Where ``ENV`` is a directory to place the new virtual environment. It has
+a number of usual effects (modifiable by many :ref:`options`):
+
+ - :file:`ENV/lib/` and :file:`ENV/include/` are created, containing supporting
+   library files for a new virtualenv python. Packages installed in this
+   environment will live under :file:`ENV/lib/pythonX.X/site-packages/`.
+
+ - :file:`ENV/bin` is created, where executables live - noticeably a new
+   :command:`python`. Thus running a script with ``#! /path/to/ENV/bin/python``
+   would run that script under this virtualenv's python.
+
+ - The crucial packages pip_ and setuptools_ are installed, which allow other
+   packages to be easily installed to the environment. This associated pip
+   can be run from :file:`ENV/bin/pip`.
+
+The python in your new virtualenv is effectively isolated from the python that
+was used to create it.
+
+.. _pip: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
+.. _setuptools: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+
+.. _activate:
+
+activate script
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In a newly created virtualenv there will also be a :command:`activate` shell
+script. For Windows systems, activation scripts are provided for
+the Command Prompt and Powershell.
+
+On Posix systems, this resides in :file:`/ENV/bin/`, so you can run::
+
+    $ source bin/activate
+
+For some shells (e.g. the original Bourne Shell) you may need to use the
+:command:`.` command, when :command:`source` does not exist. There are also
+separate activate files for some other shells, like csh and fish.
+:file:`bin/activate` should work for bash/zsh/dash.
+
+This will change your ``$PATH`` so its first entry is the virtualenv's
+``bin/`` directory. (You have to use ``source`` because it changes your
+shell environment in-place.) This is all it does; it's purely a
+convenience. If you directly run a script or the python interpreter
+from the virtualenv's ``bin/`` directory (e.g. ``path/to/ENV/bin/pip``
+or ``/path/to/ENV/bin/python-script.py``) there's no need for
+activation.
+
+The ``activate`` script will also modify your shell prompt to indicate
+which environment is currently active. To disable this behaviour, see
+:envvar:`VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT`.
+
+To undo these changes to your path (and prompt), just run::
+
+    $ deactivate
+
+On Windows, the equivalent `activate` script is in the ``Scripts`` folder::
+
+    > \path\to\env\Scripts\activate
+
+And type ``deactivate`` to undo the changes.
+
+Based on your active shell (CMD.exe or Powershell.exe), Windows will use
+either activate.bat or activate.ps1 (as appropriate) to activate the
+virtual environment. If using Powershell, see the notes about code signing
+below.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If using Powershell, the ``activate`` script is subject to the
+    `execution policies`_ on the system. By default on Windows 7, the system's
+    excution policy is set to ``Restricted``, meaning no scripts like the
+    ``activate`` script are allowed to be executed. But that can't stop us
+    from changing that slightly to allow it to be executed.
+
+    In order to use the script, you can relax your system's execution
+    policy to ``AllSigned``, meaning all scripts on the system must be
+    digitally signed to be executed. Since the virtualenv activation
+    script is signed by one of the authors (Jannis Leidel) this level of
+    the execution policy suffices. As an administrator run::
+
+        PS C:\> Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned
+
+    Then you'll be asked to trust the signer, when executing the script.
+    You will be prompted with the following::
+
+        PS C:\> virtualenv .\foo
+        New python executable in C:\foo\Scripts\python.exe
+        Installing setuptools................done.
+        Installing pip...................done.
+        PS C:\> .\foo\scripts\activate
+
+        Do you want to run software from this untrusted publisher?
+        File C:\foo\scripts\activate.ps1 is published by E=jannis@leidel.info,
+        CN=Jannis Leidel, L=Berlin, S=Berlin, C=DE, Description=581796-Gh7xfJxkxQSIO4E0
+        and is not trusted on your system. Only run scripts from trusted publishers.
+        [V] Never run  [D] Do not run  [R] Run once  [A] Always run  [?] Help
+        (default is "D"):A
+        (foo) PS C:\>
+
+    If you select ``[A] Always Run``, the certificate will be added to the
+    Trusted Publishers of your user account, and will be trusted in this
+    user's context henceforth. If you select ``[R] Run Once``, the script will
+    be run, but you will be prometed on a subsequent invocation. Advanced users
+    can add the signer's certificate to the Trusted Publishers of the Computer
+    account to apply to all users (though this technique is out of scope of this
+    document).
+
+    Alternatively, you may relax the system execution policy to allow running
+    of local scripts without verifying the code signature using the following::
+
+        PS C:\> Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
+
+    Since the ``activate.ps1`` script is generated locally for each virtualenv,
+    it is not considered a remote script and can then be executed.
+
+.. _`execution policies`: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd347641.aspx
+
+Removing an Environment
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Removing a virtual environment is simply done by deactivating it and deleting the
+environment folder with all its contents::
+
+    (ENV)$ deactivate
+    $ rm -r /path/to/ENV
+
+The :option:`--system-site-packages` Option
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you build with ``virtualenv --system-site-packages ENV``, your virtual
+environment will inherit packages from ``/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages``
+(or wherever your global site-packages directory is).
+
+This can be used if you have control over the global site-packages directory,
+and you want to depend on the packages there. If you want isolation from the
+global system, do not use this flag.
+
+Windows Notes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some paths within the virtualenv are slightly different on Windows: scripts and
+executables on Windows go in ``ENV\Scripts\`` instead of ``ENV/bin/`` and
+libraries go in ``ENV\Lib\`` rather than ``ENV/lib/``.
+
+To create a virtualenv under a path with spaces in it on Windows, you'll need
+the `win32api <http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/>`_ library installed.
+
+
+Using Virtualenv without ``bin/python``
+---------------------------------------
+
+Sometimes you can't or don't want to use the Python interpreter
+created by the virtualenv. For instance, in a `mod_python
+<http://www.modpython.org/>`_ or `mod_wsgi <http://www.modwsgi.org/>`_
+environment, there is only one interpreter.
+
+Luckily, it's easy. You must use the custom Python interpreter to
+*install* libraries. But to *use* libraries, you just have to be sure
+the path is correct. A script is available to correct the path. You
+can setup the environment like::
+
+    activate_this = '/path/to/env/bin/activate_this.py'
+    execfile(activate_this, dict(__file__=activate_this))
+
+This will change ``sys.path`` and even change ``sys.prefix``, but also allow
+you to use an existing interpreter. Items in your environment will show up
+first on ``sys.path``, before global items. However, global items will
+always be accessible (as if the :option:`--system-site-packages` flag had been
+used in creating the environment, whether it was or not). Also, this cannot undo
+the activation of other environments, or modules that have been imported.
+You shouldn't try to, for instance, activate an environment before a web
+request; you should activate *one* environment as early as possible, and not
+do it again in that process.
+
+Making Environments Relocatable
+-------------------------------
+
+**Note:** this option is somewhat experimental, and there are probably
+caveats that have not yet been identified.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The ``--relocatable`` option currently has a number of issues,
+    and is not guaranteed to work in all circumstances. It is possible
+    that the option will be deprecated in a future version of ``virtualenv``.
+
+Normally environments are tied to a specific path. That means that
+you cannot move an environment around or copy it to another computer.
+You can fix up an environment to make it relocatable with the
+command::
+
+    $ virtualenv --relocatable ENV
+
+This will make some of the files created by setuptools use relative paths,
+and will change all the scripts to use ``activate_this.py`` instead of using
+the location of the Python interpreter to select the environment.
+
+**Note:** scripts which have been made relocatable will only work if
+the virtualenv is activated, specifically the python executable from
+the virtualenv must be the first one on the system PATH. Also note that
+the activate scripts are not currently made relocatable by
+``virtualenv --relocatable``.
+
+**Note:** you must run this after you've installed *any* packages into
+the environment. If you make an environment relocatable, then
+install a new package, you must run ``virtualenv --relocatable``
+again.
+
+Also, this **does not make your packages cross-platform**. You can
+move the directory around, but it can only be used on other similar
+computers. Some known environmental differences that can cause
+incompatibilities: a different version of Python, when one platform
+uses UCS2 for its internal unicode representation and another uses
+UCS4 (a compile-time option), obvious platform changes like Windows
+vs. Linux, or Intel vs. ARM, and if you have libraries that bind to C
+libraries on the system, if those C libraries are located somewhere
+different (either different versions, or a different filesystem
+layout).
+
+If you use this flag to create an environment, currently, the
+:option:`--system-site-packages` option will be implied.
+
+The :option:`--extra-search-dir` option
+---------------------------------------
+
+This option allows you to provide your own versions of setuptools and/or
+pip to use instead of the embedded versions that come with virtualenv.
+
+To use this feature, pass one or more ``--extra-search-dir`` options to
+virtualenv like this::
+
+    $ virtualenv --extra-search-dir=/path/to/distributions ENV
+
+The ``/path/to/distributions`` path should point to a directory that contains
+setuptools and/or pip wheels.
+
+virtualenv will look for wheels in the specified directories, but will use
+pip's standard algorithm for selecting the wheel to install, which looks for
+the latest compatible wheel.
+
+As well as the extra directories, the search order includes:
+
+#. The ``virtualenv_support`` directory relative to virtualenv.py
+#. The directory where virtualenv.py is located.
+#. The current directory.
+
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/scripts/virtualenv b/python/virtualenv/scripts/virtualenv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c961dd7db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/scripts/virtualenv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import virtualenv
+virtualenv.main()
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/setup.cfg b/python/virtualenv/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6662fa569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[bdist_wheel]
+universal = 1
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_date = 0
+tag_build = 
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/setup.py b/python/virtualenv/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee03bc531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 6):
+    sys.exit('virtualenv requires Python 2.6 or higher.')
+
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+    from setuptools.command.test import test as TestCommand
+
+    class PyTest(TestCommand):
+        user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass to py.test")]
+
+        def initialize_options(self):
+            TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
+            self.pytest_args = []
+
+        def finalize_options(self):
+            TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
+            #self.test_args = []
+            #self.test_suite = True
+
+        def run_tests(self):
+            # import here, because outside the eggs aren't loaded
+            import pytest
+            sys.exit(pytest.main(self.pytest_args))
+
+    setup_params = {
+        'entry_points': {
+            'console_scripts': ['virtualenv=virtualenv:main'],
+        },
+        'zip_safe': False,
+        'cmdclass': {'test': PyTest},
+        'tests_require': ['pytest', 'mock'],
+    }
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        print('Note: without Setuptools installed you will '
+              'have to use "python -m virtualenv ENV"')
+        setup_params = {}
+    else:
+        script = 'scripts/virtualenv'
+        setup_params = {'scripts': [script]}
+
+
+def read_file(*paths):
+    here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+    with open(os.path.join(here, *paths)) as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+# Get long_description from index.rst:
+long_description = read_file('docs', 'index.rst')
+long_description = long_description.strip().split('split here', 1)[0]
+# Add release history
+changes = read_file('docs', 'changes.rst')
+# Only report last two releases for brevity
+releases_found = 0
+change_lines = []
+for line in changes.splitlines():
+    change_lines.append(line)
+    if line.startswith('--------------'):
+        releases_found += 1
+    if releases_found > 2:
+        break
+
+changes = '\n'.join(change_lines[:-2]) + '\n'
+changes += '`Full Changelog <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/changes.html>`_.'
+# Replace issue/pull directives
+changes = re.sub(r':pull:`(\d+)`', r'PR #\1', changes)
+changes = re.sub(r':issue:`(\d+)`', r'#\1', changes)
+
+long_description += '\n\n' + changes
+
+
+def get_version():
+    version_file = read_file('virtualenv.py')
+    version_match = re.search(r"^__version__ = ['\"]([^'\"]*)['\"]",
+                              version_file, re.M)
+    if version_match:
+        return version_match.group(1)
+    raise RuntimeError("Unable to find version string.")
+
+
+# Hack to prevent stupid TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable error on
+# exit of python setup.py test # in multiprocessing/util.py _exit_function when
+# running python setup.py test (see
+# http://www.eby-sarna.com/pipermail/peak/2010-May/003357.html)
+try:
+    import multiprocessing  # noqa
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+setup(
+    name='virtualenv',
+    version=get_version(),
+    description="Virtual Python Environment builder",
+    long_description=long_description,
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
+    ],
+    keywords='setuptools deployment installation distutils',
+    author='Ian Bicking',
+    author_email='ianb@colorstudy.com',
+    maintainer='Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner',
+    maintainer_email='python-virtualenv@groups.google.com',
+    url='https://virtualenv.pypa.io/',
+    license='MIT',
+    py_modules=['virtualenv'],
+    packages=['virtualenv_support'],
+    package_data={'virtualenv_support': ['*.whl']},
+    **setup_params)
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/site.py b/python/virtualenv/site.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e426cdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/site.py
@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+"""Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.
+
+****************************************************************
+* This module is automatically imported during initialization. *
+****************************************************************
+
+In earlier versions of Python (up to 1.5a3), scripts or modules that
+needed to use site-specific modules would place ``import site''
+somewhere near the top of their code.  Because of the automatic
+import, this is no longer necessary (but code that does it still
+works).
+
+This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.  On
+Unix, it starts with sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix (if different) and
+appends lib/python<version>/site-packages as well as lib/site-python.
+It also supports the Debian convention of
+lib/python<version>/dist-packages.  On other platforms (mainly Mac and
+Windows), it uses just sys.prefix (and sys.exec_prefix, if different,
+but this is unlikely).  The resulting directories, if they exist, are
+appended to sys.path, and also inspected for path configuration files.
+
+FOR DEBIAN, this sys.path is augmented with directories in /usr/local.
+Local addons go into /usr/local/lib/python<version>/site-packages
+(resp. /usr/local/lib/site-python), Debian addons install into
+/usr/{lib,share}/python<version>/dist-packages.
+
+A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form
+<package>.pth; its contents are additional directories (one per line)
+to be added to sys.path.  Non-existing directories (or
+non-directories) are never added to sys.path; no directory is added to
+sys.path more than once.  Blank lines and lines beginning with
+'#' are skipped. Lines starting with 'import' are executed.
+
+For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to
+/usr/local and there is a directory /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages
+with three subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path
+configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth.  Assume foo.pth contains the
+following:
+
+  # foo package configuration
+  foo
+  bar
+  bletch
+
+and bar.pth contains:
+
+  # bar package configuration
+  bar
+
+Then the following directories are added to sys.path, in this order:
+
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/bar
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/foo
+
+Note that bletch is omitted because it doesn't exist; bar precedes foo
+because bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam is
+omitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file.
+
+After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module
+named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary additional
+site-specific customizations.  If this import fails with an
+ImportError exception, it is silently ignored.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+
+try:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+except ImportError:
+    import builtins
+try:
+    set
+except NameError:
+    from sets import Set as set
+
+# Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local here
+PREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix]
+# Enable per user site-packages directory
+# set it to False to disable the feature or True to force the feature
+ENABLE_USER_SITE = None
+# for distutils.commands.install
+USER_SITE = None
+USER_BASE = None
+
+_is_64bit = (getattr(sys, 'maxsize', None) or getattr(sys, 'maxint')) > 2**32
+_is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+_is_jython = sys.platform[:4] == 'java'
+if _is_jython:
+    ModuleType = type(os)
+
+def makepath(*paths):
+    dir = os.path.join(*paths)
+    if _is_jython and (dir == '__classpath__' or
+                       dir.startswith('__pyclasspath__')):
+        return dir, dir
+    dir = os.path.abspath(dir)
+    return dir, os.path.normcase(dir)
+
+def abs__file__():
+    """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path"""
+    for m in sys.modules.values():
+        if ((_is_jython and not isinstance(m, ModuleType)) or
+            hasattr(m, '__loader__')):
+            # only modules need the abspath in Jython. and don't mess
+            # with a PEP 302-supplied __file__
+            continue
+        f = getattr(m, '__file__', None)
+        if f is None:
+            continue
+        m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(f)
+
+def removeduppaths():
+    """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them
+    absolute"""
+    # This ensures that the initial path provided by the interpreter contains
+    # only absolute pathnames, even if we're running from the build directory.
+    L = []
+    known_paths = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        # Filter out duplicate paths (on case-insensitive file systems also
+        # if they only differ in case); turn relative paths into absolute
+        # paths.
+        dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+        if not dircase in known_paths:
+            L.append(dir)
+            known_paths.add(dircase)
+    sys.path[:] = L
+    return known_paths
+
+# XXX This should not be part of site.py, since it is needed even when
+# using the -S option for Python.  See http://www.python.org/sf/586680
+def addbuilddir():
+    """Append ./build/lib.<platform> in case we're running in the build dir
+    (especially for Guido :-)"""
+    from distutils.util import get_platform
+    s = "build/lib.%s-%.3s" % (get_platform(), sys.version)
+    if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):
+        s += '-pydebug'
+    s = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.path[-1]), s)
+    sys.path.append(s)
+
+def _init_pathinfo():
+    """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path"""
+    d = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        try:
+            if os.path.isdir(dir):
+                dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+                d.add(dircase)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+    return d
+
+def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
+    """Add a new path to known_paths by combining sitedir and 'name' or execute
+    sitedir if it starts with 'import'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name)
+    try:
+        f = open(fullname, "rU")
+    except IOError:
+        return
+    try:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+            if line.startswith("import"):
+                exec(line)
+                continue
+            line = line.rstrip()
+            dir, dircase = makepath(sitedir, line)
+            if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir):
+                sys.path.append(dir)
+                known_paths.add(dircase)
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
+    """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in
+    'sitedir'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        known_paths = _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir)
+    if not sitedircase in known_paths:
+        sys.path.append(sitedir)        # Add path component
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(sitedir)
+    except os.error:
+        return
+    names.sort()
+    for name in names:
+        if name.endswith(os.extsep + "pth"):
+            addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths)
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_prefix):
+    """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path"""
+    prefixes = [os.path.join(sys_prefix, "local"), sys_prefix]
+    if exec_prefix != sys_prefix:
+        prefixes.append(os.path.join(exec_prefix, "local"))
+
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos') or _is_jython:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")]
+            elif _is_pypy:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, 'site-packages')]
+            elif sys.platform == 'darwin' and prefix == sys_prefix:
+
+                if prefix.startswith("/System/Library/Frameworks/"): # Apple's Python
+
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                                os.path.join(prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python")]
+
+                else: # any other Python distros on OSX work this way
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")]
+
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix,
+                                         "lib",
+                                         "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                         "site-packages"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "python" + sys.version[:3], "lib-dynload")]
+                lib64_dir = os.path.join(prefix, "lib64", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
+                if (os.path.exists(lib64_dir) and
+                    os.path.realpath(lib64_dir) not in [os.path.realpath(p) for p in sitedirs]):
+                    if _is_64bit:
+                        sitedirs.insert(0, lib64_dir)
+                    else:
+                        sitedirs.append(lib64_dir)
+                try:
+                    # sys.getobjects only available in --with-pydebug build
+                    sys.getobjects
+                    sitedirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sitedirs[0], 'debug'))
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                # Debian-specific dist-packages directories:
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                             "dist-packages"))
+                if sys.version[0] == '2':
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                else:
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[0],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "dist-python"))
+            else:
+                sitedirs = [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+            for sitedir in sitedirs:
+                if os.path.isdir(sitedir):
+                    addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths)
+    return None
+
+def check_enableusersite():
+    """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion
+
+    The function tests for the command line flag (including environment var),
+    process uid/gid equal to effective uid/gid.
+
+    None: Disabled for security reasons
+    False: Disabled by user (command line option)
+    True: Safe and enabled
+    """
+    if hasattr(sys, 'flags') and getattr(sys.flags, 'no_user_site', False):
+        return False
+
+    if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        # check process uid == effective uid
+        if os.geteuid() != os.getuid():
+            return None
+    if hasattr(os, "getgid") and hasattr(os, "getegid"):
+        # check process gid == effective gid
+        if os.getegid() != os.getgid():
+            return None
+
+    return True
+
+def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
+    """Add a per user site-package to sys.path
+
+    Each user has its own python directory with site-packages in the
+    home directory.
+
+    USER_BASE is the root directory for all Python versions
+
+    USER_SITE is the user specific site-packages directory
+
+    USER_SITE/.. can be used for data.
+    """
+    global USER_BASE, USER_SITE, ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    env_base = os.environ.get("PYTHONUSERBASE", None)
+
+    def joinuser(*args):
+        return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
+
+    #if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+    #    # Don't know what to put here
+    #    USER_BASE = ''
+    #    USER_SITE = ''
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        base = os.environ.get("APPDATA") or "~"
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser(base, "Python")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE,
+                                 "Python" + sys.version[0] + sys.version[2],
+                                 "site-packages")
+    else:
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser("~", ".local")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib",
+                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                 "site-packages")
+
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(USER_SITE):
+        addsitedir(USER_SITE, known_paths)
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        for dist_libdir in ("lib", "local/lib"):
+            user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir,
+                                     "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                     "dist-packages")
+            if os.path.isdir(user_site):
+                addsitedir(user_site, known_paths)
+    return known_paths
+
+
+
+def setBEGINLIBPATH():
+    """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty
+    as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions.
+    The library search path needs to be amended so these will be found
+    during module import.  Use BEGINLIBPATH so that these are at the start
+    of the library search path.
+
+    """
+    dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload")
+    libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';')
+    if libpath[-1]:
+        libpath.append(dllpath)
+    else:
+        libpath[-1] = dllpath
+    os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath)
+
+
+def setquit():
+    """Define new built-ins 'quit' and 'exit'.
+    These are simply strings that display a hint on how to exit.
+
+    """
+    if os.sep == ':':
+        eof = 'Cmd-Q'
+    elif os.sep == '\\':
+        eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return'
+    else:
+        eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)'
+
+    class Quitter(object):
+        def __init__(self, name):
+            self.name = name
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof)
+        def __call__(self, code=None):
+            # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their
+            # stdin wrapper is closed.
+            try:
+                sys.stdin.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+            raise SystemExit(code)
+    builtins.quit = Quitter('quit')
+    builtins.exit = Quitter('exit')
+
+
+class _Printer(object):
+    """interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
+    contributors and the copyright notice."""
+
+    MAXLINES = 23
+
+    def __init__(self, name, data, files=(), dirs=()):
+        self.__name = name
+        self.__data = data
+        self.__files = files
+        self.__dirs = dirs
+        self.__lines = None
+
+    def __setup(self):
+        if self.__lines:
+            return
+        data = None
+        for dir in self.__dirs:
+            for filename in self.__files:
+                filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
+                try:
+                    fp = open(filename, "rU")
+                    data = fp.read()
+                    fp.close()
+                    break
+                except IOError:
+                    pass
+            if data:
+                break
+        if not data:
+            data = self.__data
+        self.__lines = data.split('\n')
+        self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES:
+            return "\n".join(self.__lines)
+        else:
+            return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2)
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: '
+        lineno = 0
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                for i in range(lineno, lineno + self.MAXLINES):
+                    print(self.__lines[i])
+            except IndexError:
+                break
+            else:
+                lineno += self.MAXLINES
+                key = None
+                while key is None:
+                    try:
+                        key = raw_input(prompt)
+                    except NameError:
+                        key = input(prompt)
+                    if key not in ('', 'q'):
+                        key = None
+                if key == 'q':
+                    break
+
+def setcopyright():
+    """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__"""
+    builtins.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright)
+    if _is_jython:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "PyPy is maintained by the PyPy developers: http://pypy.org/")
+    else:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", """\
+    Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
+    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""")
+    here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__)
+    builtins.license = _Printer(
+        "license", "See http://www.python.org/%.3s/license.html" % sys.version,
+        ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"],
+        [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir])
+
+
+class _Helper(object):
+    """Define the built-in 'help'.
+    This is a wrapper around pydoc.help (with a twist).
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Type help() for interactive help, " \
+               "or help(object) for help about object."
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        import pydoc
+        return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds)
+
+def sethelper():
+    builtins.help = _Helper()
+
+def aliasmbcs():
+    """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python,
+    while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make
+    them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case."""
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        import locale, codecs
+        enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]
+        if enc.startswith('cp'):            # "cp***" ?
+            try:
+                codecs.lookup(enc)
+            except LookupError:
+                import encodings
+                encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown
+                encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs'
+
+def setencoding():
+    """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.  The
+    default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can
+    change this."""
+    encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings.
+        import locale
+        loc = locale.getdefaultlocale()
+        if loc[1]:
+            encoding = loc[1]
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to switch off string to Unicode coercion and implicit
+        # Unicode to string conversion.
+        encoding = "undefined"
+    if encoding != "ascii":
+        # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError...
+        sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build !
+
+
+def execsitecustomize():
+    """Run custom site specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import sitecustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+def virtual_install_main_packages():
+    f = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'orig-prefix.txt'))
+    sys.real_prefix = f.read().strip()
+    f.close()
+    pos = 2
+    hardcoded_relative_dirs = []
+    if sys.path[0] == '':
+        pos += 1
+    if _is_jython:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib')]
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        if sys.version_info > (3, 2):
+            cpyver = '%d' % sys.version_info[0]
+        elif sys.pypy_version_info >= (1, 5):
+            cpyver = '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+        else:
+            cpyver = '%d.%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:3]
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib_pypy'),
+                 os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib-python', cpyver)]
+        if sys.pypy_version_info < (1, 9):
+            paths.insert(1, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix,
+                                         'lib-python', 'modified-%s' % cpyver))
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        #
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to sys.prefix:
+        for path in paths[:]:
+            plat_path = os.path.join(path, 'plat-%s' % sys.platform)
+            if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+                paths.append(plat_path)
+    # MOZ: The MSYS2 and MinGW versions of Python have their main packages in the UNIX directory this checks specifically for the native win32 python
+    elif sys.platform == 'win32' and os.sep == '\\':
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib'), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'DLLs')]
+    else:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib', 'python'+sys.version[:3])]
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        lib64_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib64', 'python'+sys.version[:3])
+        if os.path.exists(lib64_path):
+            if _is_64bit:
+                paths.insert(0, lib64_path)
+            else:
+                paths.append(lib64_path)
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to
+        # sys.prefix.  Debian change: we need to add the multiarch triplet
+        # here, which is where the real stuff lives.  As per PEP 421, in
+        # Python 3.3+, this lives in sys.implementation, while in Python 2.7
+        # it lives in sys.
+        try:
+            arch = getattr(sys, 'implementation', sys)._multiarch
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a non-multiarch aware Python.  Fallback to the old way.
+            arch = sys.platform
+        plat_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib',
+                                 'python'+sys.version[:3],
+                                 'plat-%s' % arch)
+        if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+            paths.append(plat_path)
+    # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but
+    # relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix up:
+    for path in list(paths):
+        tk_dir = os.path.join(path, 'lib-tk')
+        if os.path.exists(tk_dir):
+            paths.append(tk_dir)
+
+    # These are hardcoded in the Apple's Python executable,
+    # but relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix them up:
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        hardcoded_paths = [os.path.join(relative_dir, module)
+                           for relative_dir in hardcoded_relative_dirs
+                           for module in ('plat-darwin', 'plat-mac', 'plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages')]
+
+        for path in hardcoded_paths:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                paths.append(path)
+
+    sys.path.extend(paths)
+
+def force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages():
+    """
+    Force easy_installed eggs in the global environment to get placed
+    in sys.path after all packages inside the virtualenv.  This
+    maintains the "least surprise" result that packages in the
+    virtualenv always mask global packages, never the other way
+    around.
+
+    """
+    egginsert = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+    for i, path in enumerate(sys.path):
+        if i > egginsert and path.startswith(sys.prefix):
+            egginsert = i
+    sys.__egginsert = egginsert + 1
+
+def virtual_addsitepackages(known_paths):
+    force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages()
+    return addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.real_prefix)
+
+def fixclasspath():
+    """Adjust the special classpath sys.path entries for Jython. These
+    entries should follow the base virtualenv lib directories.
+    """
+    paths = []
+    classpaths = []
+    for path in sys.path:
+        if path == '__classpath__' or path.startswith('__pyclasspath__'):
+            classpaths.append(path)
+        else:
+            paths.append(path)
+    sys.path = paths
+    sys.path.extend(classpaths)
+
+def execusercustomize():
+    """Run custom user specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import usercustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+def main():
+    global ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    virtual_install_main_packages()
+    abs__file__()
+    paths_in_sys = removeduppaths()
+    if (os.name == "posix" and sys.path and
+        os.path.basename(sys.path[-1]) == "Modules"):
+        addbuilddir()
+    if _is_jython:
+        fixclasspath()
+    GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES = not os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'no-global-site-packages.txt'))
+    if not GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = False
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = check_enableusersite()
+    paths_in_sys = addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    paths_in_sys = addusersitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        paths_in_sys = virtual_addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if sys.platform == 'os2emx':
+        setBEGINLIBPATH()
+    setquit()
+    setcopyright()
+    sethelper()
+    aliasmbcs()
+    setencoding()
+    execsitecustomize()
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        execusercustomize()
+    # Remove sys.setdefaultencoding() so that users cannot change the
+    # encoding after initialization.  The test for presence is needed when
+    # this module is run as a script, because this code is executed twice.
+    if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"):
+        del sys.setdefaultencoding
+
+main()
+
+def _script():
+    help = """\
+    %s [--user-base] [--user-site]
+
+    Without arguments print some useful information
+    With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated
+    by '%s'.
+
+    Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site:
+      0 - user site directory is enabled
+      1 - user site directory is disabled by user
+      2 - uses site directory is disabled by super user
+          or for security reasons
+     >2 - unknown error
+    """
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not args:
+        print("sys.path = [")
+        for dir in sys.path:
+            print("    %r," % (dir,))
+        print("]")
+        def exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                return "exists"
+            else:
+                return "doesn't exist"
+        print("USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" %  ENABLE_USER_SITE)
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    buffer = []
+    if '--user-base' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_BASE)
+    if '--user-site' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_SITE)
+
+    if buffer:
+        print(os.pathsep.join(buffer))
+        if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is False:
+            sys.exit(1)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+            sys.exit(2)
+        else:
+            sys.exit(3)
+    else:
+        import textwrap
+        print(textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)))
+        sys.exit(10)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _script()
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/tests/__init__.py b/python/virtualenv/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/tests/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/tests/test_activate.sh b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_activate.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e27727386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_activate.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -u
+
+ROOT="$(dirname $0)/.."
+VIRTUALENV="${ROOT}/virtualenv.py"
+TESTENV="/tmp/test_virtualenv_activate.venv"
+
+rm -rf ${TESTENV}
+
+echo "$0: Creating virtualenv ${TESTENV}..." 1>&2
+
+${VIRTUALENV} ${TESTENV} | tee ${ROOT}/tests/test_activate_output.actual
+if ! diff ${ROOT}/tests/test_activate_output.expected ${ROOT}/tests/test_activate_output.actual; then
+    echo "$0: Failed to get expected output from ${VIRTUALENV}!" 1>&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "$0: Created virtualenv ${TESTENV}." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Activating ${TESTENV}..." 1>&2
+. ${TESTENV}/bin/activate
+echo "$0: Activated ${TESTENV}." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Checking value of \$VIRTUAL_ENV..." 1>&2
+
+if [ "$VIRTUAL_ENV" != "${TESTENV}" ]; then
+    echo "$0: Expected \$VIRTUAL_ENV to be set to \"${TESTENV}\"; actual value: \"${VIRTUAL_ENV}\"!" 1>&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+echo "$0: \$VIRTUAL_ENV = \"${VIRTUAL_ENV}\" -- OK." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Checking output of \$(which python)..." 1>&2
+
+if [ "$(which python)" != "${TESTENV}/bin/python" ]; then
+    echo "$0: Expected \$(which python) to return \"${TESTENV}/bin/python\"; actual value: \"$(which python)\"!" 1>&2
+    exit 3
+fi
+
+echo "$0: Output of \$(which python) is OK." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Checking output of \$(which pip)..." 1>&2
+
+if [ "$(which pip)" != "${TESTENV}/bin/pip" ]; then
+    echo "$0: Expected \$(which pip) to return \"${TESTENV}/bin/pip\"; actual value: \"$(which pip)\"!" 1>&2
+    exit 4
+fi
+
+echo "$0: Output of \$(which pip) is OK." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Checking output of \$(which easy_install)..." 1>&2
+
+if [ "$(which easy_install)" != "${TESTENV}/bin/easy_install" ]; then
+    echo "$0: Expected \$(which easy_install) to return \"${TESTENV}/bin/easy_install\"; actual value: \"$(which easy_install)\"!" 1>&2
+    exit 5
+fi
+
+echo "$0: Output of \$(which easy_install) is OK." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Executing a simple Python program..." 1>&2
+
+TESTENV=${TESTENV} python <<__END__
+import os, sys
+
+expected_site_packages = os.path.join(os.environ['TESTENV'], 'lib','python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
+site_packages = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
+
+assert site_packages == expected_site_packages, 'site_packages did not have expected value; actual value: %r' % site_packages
+
+open(os.path.join(site_packages, 'pydoc_test.py'), 'w').write('"""This is pydoc_test.py"""\n')
+__END__
+
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    echo "$0: Python script failed!" 1>&2
+    exit 6
+fi
+
+echo "$0: Execution of a simple Python program -- OK." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Testing pydoc..." 1>&2
+
+if ! PAGER=cat pydoc pydoc_test | grep 'This is pydoc_test.py' > /dev/null; then
+    echo "$0: pydoc test failed!" 1>&2
+    exit 7
+fi
+
+echo "$0: pydoc is OK." 1>&2
+
+echo "$0: Deactivating ${TESTENV}..." 1>&2
+deactivate
+echo "$0: Deactivated ${TESTENV}." 1>&2
+echo "$0: OK!" 1>&2
+
+rm -rf ${TESTENV}
+
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/tests/test_activate_output.expected b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_activate_output.expected
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d49469feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_activate_output.expected
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+New python executable in /tmp/test_virtualenv_activate.venv/bin/python
+Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/tests/test_cmdline.py b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_cmdline.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9682ef003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_cmdline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import sys
+import subprocess
+import virtualenv
+import pytest
+
+VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT = virtualenv.__file__
+
+def test_commandline_basic(tmpdir):
+    """Simple command line usage should work"""
+    subprocess.check_call([
+        sys.executable,
+        VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT,
+        str(tmpdir.join('venv'))
+    ])
+
+def test_commandline_explicit_interp(tmpdir):
+    """Specifying the Python interpreter should work"""
+    subprocess.check_call([
+        sys.executable,
+        VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT,
+        '-p', sys.executable,
+        str(tmpdir.join('venv'))
+    ])
+
+# The registry lookups to support the abbreviated "-p 3.5" form of specifying
+# a Python interpreter on Windows don't seem to work with Python 3.5. The
+# registry layout is not well documented, and it's not clear that the feature
+# is sufficiently widely used to be worth fixing.
+# See https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/864
+@pytest.mark.skipif("sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3,5)")
+def test_commandline_abbrev_interp(tmpdir):
+    """Specifying abbreviated forms of the Python interpreter should work"""
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        fmt = '%s.%s'
+    else:
+        fmt = 'python%s.%s'
+    abbrev = fmt % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+    subprocess.check_call([
+        sys.executable,
+        VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT,
+        '-p', abbrev,
+        str(tmpdir.join('venv'))
+    ])
+
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/tests/test_virtualenv.py b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_virtualenv.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..756cde936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/tests/test_virtualenv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import virtualenv
+import optparse
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import pytest
+import platform  # noqa
+
+from mock import patch, Mock
+
+
+def test_version():
+    """Should have a version string"""
+    assert virtualenv.virtualenv_version, "Should have version"
+
+
+@patch('os.path.exists')
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_absolute_path(mock_exists):
+    """Should return absolute path if given and exists"""
+    mock_exists.return_value = True
+    virtualenv.is_executable = Mock(return_value=True)
+    test_abs_path = os.path.abspath("/usr/bin/python53")
+
+    exe = virtualenv.resolve_interpreter(test_abs_path)
+
+    assert exe == test_abs_path, "Absolute path should return as is"
+    mock_exists.assert_called_with(test_abs_path)
+    virtualenv.is_executable.assert_called_with(test_abs_path)
+
+
+@patch('os.path.exists')
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_nonexistent_interpreter(mock_exists):
+    """Should SystemExit with an nonexistent python interpreter path"""
+    mock_exists.return_value = False
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        virtualenv.resolve_interpreter("/usr/bin/python53")
+
+    mock_exists.assert_called_with("/usr/bin/python53")
+
+
+@patch('os.path.exists')
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_invalid_interpreter(mock_exists):
+    """Should exit when with absolute path if not exists"""
+    mock_exists.return_value = True
+    virtualenv.is_executable = Mock(return_value=False)
+    invalid = os.path.abspath("/usr/bin/pyt_hon53")
+
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
+        virtualenv.resolve_interpreter(invalid)
+
+    mock_exists.assert_called_with(invalid)
+    virtualenv.is_executable.assert_called_with(invalid)
+
+
+def test_activate_after_future_statements():
+    """Should insert activation line after last future statement"""
+    script = [
+        '#!/usr/bin/env python',
+        'from __future__ import with_statement',
+        'from __future__ import print_function',
+        'print("Hello, world!")'
+    ]
+    assert virtualenv.relative_script(script) == [
+        '#!/usr/bin/env python',
+        'from __future__ import with_statement',
+        'from __future__ import print_function',
+        '',
+        "import os; activate_this=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'activate_this.py'); exec(compile(open(activate_this).read(), activate_this, 'exec'), dict(__file__=activate_this)); del os, activate_this",
+        '',
+        'print("Hello, world!")'
+    ]
+
+
+def test_cop_update_defaults_with_store_false():
+    """store_false options need reverted logic"""
+    class MyConfigOptionParser(virtualenv.ConfigOptionParser):
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            self.config = virtualenv.ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()
+            self.files = []
+            optparse.OptionParser.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        def get_environ_vars(self, prefix='VIRTUALENV_'):
+            yield ("no_site_packages", "1")
+
+    cop = MyConfigOptionParser()
+    cop.add_option(
+        '--no-site-packages',
+        dest='system_site_packages',
+        action='store_false',
+        help="Don't give access to the global site-packages dir to the "
+             "virtual environment (default)")
+
+    defaults = {}
+    cop.update_defaults(defaults)
+    assert defaults == {'system_site_packages': 0}
+
+def test_install_python_bin():
+    """Should create the right python executables and links"""
+    tmp_virtualenv = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = \
+                                virtualenv.path_locations(tmp_virtualenv)
+        virtualenv.install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, False,
+                                  False)
+
+        if virtualenv.is_win:
+            required_executables = [ 'python.exe', 'pythonw.exe']
+        else:
+            py_exe_no_version = 'python'
+            py_exe_version_major = 'python%s' % sys.version_info[0]
+            py_exe_version_major_minor = 'python%s.%s' % (
+                sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+            required_executables = [ py_exe_no_version, py_exe_version_major,
+                                     py_exe_version_major_minor ]
+
+        for pth in required_executables:
+            assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(bin_dir, pth)), ("%s should "
+                            "exist in bin_dir" % pth)
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(tmp_virtualenv)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif("platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy'")
+def test_always_copy_option():
+    """Should be no symlinks in directory tree"""
+    tmp_virtualenv = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    ve_path = os.path.join(tmp_virtualenv, 'venv')
+    try:
+        virtualenv.create_environment(ve_path, symlink=False)
+
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(tmp_virtualenv):
+            for f in files + dirs:
+                full_name = os.path.join(root, f)
+                assert not os.path.islink(full_name), "%s should not be a" \
+                    " symlink (to %s)" % (full_name, os.readlink(full_name))
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(tmp_virtualenv)
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv.py b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e363021cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2329 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""Create a "virtual" Python installation"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+# If we are running in a new interpreter to create a virtualenv,
+# we do NOT want paths from our existing location interfering with anything,
+# So we remove this file's directory from sys.path - most likely to be
+# the previous interpreter's site-packages. Solves #705, #763, #779
+if os.environ.get('VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING'):
+    for path in sys.path[:]:
+        if os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) == os.path.realpath(path):
+            sys.path.remove(path)
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import optparse
+import re
+import shutil
+import logging
+import zlib
+import errno
+import glob
+import distutils.sysconfig
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import pkgutil
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+from distutils.util import strtobool
+from os.path import join
+
+try:
+    import ConfigParser
+except ImportError:
+    import configparser as ConfigParser
+
+__version__ = "15.0.1"
+virtualenv_version = __version__  # legacy
+
+if sys.version_info < (2, 6):
+    print('ERROR: %s' % sys.exc_info()[1])
+    print('ERROR: this script requires Python 2.6 or greater.')
+    sys.exit(101)
+
+try:
+    basestring
+except NameError:
+    basestring = str
+
+py_version = 'python%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+
+is_jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
+is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+is_win = (sys.platform == 'win32' and os.sep == '\\')
+is_cygwin = (sys.platform == 'cygwin')
+is_msys2 = (sys.platform == 'win32' and os.sep == '/')
+is_darwin = (sys.platform == 'darwin')
+abiflags = getattr(sys, 'abiflags', '')
+
+user_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
+if is_win:
+    default_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, 'virtualenv')
+else:
+    default_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, '.virtualenv')
+default_config_file = os.path.join(default_storage_dir, 'virtualenv.ini')
+
+if is_pypy:
+    expected_exe = 'pypy'
+elif is_jython:
+    expected_exe = 'jython'
+else:
+    expected_exe = 'python'
+
+# Return a mapping of version -> Python executable
+# Only provided for Windows, where the information in the registry is used
+if not is_win:
+    def get_installed_pythons():
+        return {}
+else:
+    try:
+        import winreg
+    except ImportError:
+        import _winreg as winreg
+
+    def get_installed_pythons():
+        try:
+            python_core = winreg.CreateKey(winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+                                           "Software\\Python\\PythonCore")
+        except WindowsError:
+            # No registered Python installations
+            return {}
+        i = 0
+        versions = []
+        while True:
+            try:
+                versions.append(winreg.EnumKey(python_core, i))
+                i = i + 1
+            except WindowsError:
+                break
+        exes = dict()
+        for ver in versions:
+            try:
+                path = winreg.QueryValue(python_core, "%s\\InstallPath" % ver)
+            except WindowsError:
+                continue
+            exes[ver] = join(path, "python.exe")
+
+        winreg.CloseKey(python_core)
+
+        # Add the major versions
+        # Sort the keys, then repeatedly update the major version entry
+        # Last executable (i.e., highest version) wins with this approach
+        for ver in sorted(exes):
+            exes[ver[0]] = exes[ver]
+
+        return exes
+
+REQUIRED_MODULES = ['os', 'posix', 'posixpath', 'nt', 'ntpath', 'genericpath',
+                    'fnmatch', 'locale', 'encodings', 'codecs',
+                    'stat', 'UserDict', 'readline', 'copy_reg', 'types',
+                    're', 'sre', 'sre_parse', 'sre_constants', 'sre_compile',
+                    'zlib']
+
+REQUIRED_FILES = ['lib-dynload', 'config']
+
+majver, minver = sys.version_info[:2]
+if majver == 2:
+    if minver >= 6:
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['warnings', 'linecache', '_abcoll', 'abc'])
+    if minver >= 7:
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['_weakrefset'])
+    if is_msys2:
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['functools'])
+elif majver == 3:
+    # Some extra modules are needed for Python 3, but different ones
+    # for different versions.
+    REQUIRED_MODULES.extend([
+    	'_abcoll', 'warnings', 'linecache', 'abc', 'io', '_weakrefset',
+    	'copyreg', 'tempfile', 'random', '__future__', 'collections',
+    	'keyword', 'tarfile', 'shutil', 'struct', 'copy', 'tokenize',
+    	'token', 'functools', 'heapq', 'bisect', 'weakref', 'reprlib'
+    ])
+    if minver >= 2:
+        REQUIRED_FILES[-1] = 'config-%s' % majver
+    if minver >= 3:
+        import sysconfig
+        platdir = sysconfig.get_config_var('PLATDIR')
+        REQUIRED_FILES.append(platdir)
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend([
+        	'base64', '_dummy_thread', 'hashlib', 'hmac',
+        	'imp', 'importlib', 'rlcompleter'
+        ])
+    if minver >= 4:
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend([
+            'operator',
+            '_collections_abc',
+            '_bootlocale',
+        ])
+
+if is_pypy:
+    # these are needed to correctly display the exceptions that may happen
+    # during the bootstrap
+    REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['traceback', 'linecache'])
+
+
+class Logger(object):
+
+    """
+    Logging object for use in command-line script.  Allows ranges of
+    levels, to avoid some redundancy of displayed information.
+    """
+
+    DEBUG = logging.DEBUG
+    INFO = logging.INFO
+    NOTIFY = (logging.INFO+logging.WARN)/2
+    WARN = WARNING = logging.WARN
+    ERROR = logging.ERROR
+    FATAL = logging.FATAL
+
+    LEVELS = [DEBUG, INFO, NOTIFY, WARN, ERROR, FATAL]
+
+    def __init__(self, consumers):
+        self.consumers = consumers
+        self.indent = 0
+        self.in_progress = None
+        self.in_progress_hanging = False
+
+    def debug(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        self.log(self.DEBUG, msg, *args, **kw)
+
+    def info(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        self.log(self.INFO, msg, *args, **kw)
+
+    def notify(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        self.log(self.NOTIFY, msg, *args, **kw)
+
+    def warn(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        self.log(self.WARN, msg, *args, **kw)
+
+    def error(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        self.log(self.ERROR, msg, *args, **kw)
+
+    def fatal(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        self.log(self.FATAL, msg, *args, **kw)
+
+    def log(self, level, msg, *args, **kw):
+        if args:
+            if kw:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "You may give positional or keyword arguments, not both")
+        args = args or kw
+        rendered = None
+        for consumer_level, consumer in self.consumers:
+            if self.level_matches(level, consumer_level):
+                if (self.in_progress_hanging
+                    and consumer in (sys.stdout, sys.stderr)):
+                    self.in_progress_hanging = False
+                    sys.stdout.write('\n')
+                    sys.stdout.flush()
+                if rendered is None:
+                    if args:
+                        rendered = msg % args
+                    else:
+                        rendered = msg
+                    rendered = ' '*self.indent + rendered
+                if hasattr(consumer, 'write'):
+                    consumer.write(rendered+'\n')
+                else:
+                    consumer(rendered)
+
+    def start_progress(self, msg):
+        assert not self.in_progress, (
+            "Tried to start_progress(%r) while in_progress %r"
+            % (msg, self.in_progress))
+        if self.level_matches(self.NOTIFY, self._stdout_level()):
+            sys.stdout.write(msg)
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            self.in_progress_hanging = True
+        else:
+            self.in_progress_hanging = False
+        self.in_progress = msg
+
+    def end_progress(self, msg='done.'):
+        assert self.in_progress, (
+            "Tried to end_progress without start_progress")
+        if self.stdout_level_matches(self.NOTIFY):
+            if not self.in_progress_hanging:
+                # Some message has been printed out since start_progress
+                sys.stdout.write('...' + self.in_progress + msg + '\n')
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+            else:
+                sys.stdout.write(msg + '\n')
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+        self.in_progress = None
+        self.in_progress_hanging = False
+
+    def show_progress(self):
+        """If we are in a progress scope, and no log messages have been
+        shown, write out another '.'"""
+        if self.in_progress_hanging:
+            sys.stdout.write('.')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def stdout_level_matches(self, level):
+        """Returns true if a message at this level will go to stdout"""
+        return self.level_matches(level, self._stdout_level())
+
+    def _stdout_level(self):
+        """Returns the level that stdout runs at"""
+        for level, consumer in self.consumers:
+            if consumer is sys.stdout:
+                return level
+        return self.FATAL
+
+    def level_matches(self, level, consumer_level):
+        """
+        >>> l = Logger([])
+        >>> l.level_matches(3, 4)
+        False
+        >>> l.level_matches(3, 2)
+        True
+        >>> l.level_matches(slice(None, 3), 3)
+        False
+        >>> l.level_matches(slice(None, 3), 2)
+        True
+        >>> l.level_matches(slice(1, 3), 1)
+        True
+        >>> l.level_matches(slice(2, 3), 1)
+        False
+        """
+        if isinstance(level, slice):
+            start, stop = level.start, level.stop
+            if start is not None and start > consumer_level:
+                return False
+            if stop is not None and stop <= consumer_level:
+                return False
+            return True
+        else:
+            return level >= consumer_level
+
+    #@classmethod
+    def level_for_integer(cls, level):
+        levels = cls.LEVELS
+        if level < 0:
+            return levels[0]
+        if level >= len(levels):
+            return levels[-1]
+        return levels[level]
+
+    level_for_integer = classmethod(level_for_integer)
+
+# create a silent logger just to prevent this from being undefined
+# will be overridden with requested verbosity main() is called.
+logger = Logger([(Logger.LEVELS[-1], sys.stdout)])
+
+def mkdir(path):
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        logger.info('Creating %s', path)
+        os.makedirs(path)
+    else:
+        logger.info('Directory %s already exists', path)
+
+def copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink=True):
+    if os.path.isdir(src):
+        shutil.copytree(src, dest, symlink)
+    else:
+        shutil.copy2(src, dest)
+
+def copyfile(src, dest, symlink=True):
+    if not os.path.exists(src):
+        # Some bad symlink in the src
+        logger.warn('Cannot find file %s (bad symlink)', src)
+        return
+    if os.path.exists(dest):
+        logger.debug('File %s already exists', dest)
+        return
+    if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(dest)):
+        logger.info('Creating parent directories for %s', os.path.dirname(dest))
+        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(dest))
+    if not os.path.islink(src):
+        srcpath = os.path.abspath(src)
+    else:
+        srcpath = os.readlink(src)
+    if symlink and hasattr(os, 'symlink') and not is_win:
+        logger.info('Symlinking %s', dest)
+        try:
+            os.symlink(srcpath, dest)
+        except (OSError, NotImplementedError):
+            logger.info('Symlinking failed, copying to %s', dest)
+            copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink)
+    else:
+        logger.info('Copying to %s', dest)
+        copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink)
+
+def writefile(dest, content, overwrite=True):
+    if not os.path.exists(dest):
+        logger.info('Writing %s', dest)
+        with open(dest, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(content.encode('utf-8'))
+        return
+    else:
+        with open(dest, 'rb') as f:
+            c = f.read()
+        if c != content.encode("utf-8"):
+            if not overwrite:
+                logger.notify('File %s exists with different content; not overwriting', dest)
+                return
+            logger.notify('Overwriting %s with new content', dest)
+            with open(dest, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(content.encode('utf-8'))
+        else:
+            logger.info('Content %s already in place', dest)
+
+def rmtree(dir):
+    if os.path.exists(dir):
+        logger.notify('Deleting tree %s', dir)
+        shutil.rmtree(dir)
+    else:
+        logger.info('Do not need to delete %s; already gone', dir)
+
+def make_exe(fn):
+    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+        oldmode = os.stat(fn).st_mode & 0xFFF # 0o7777
+        newmode = (oldmode | 0x16D) & 0xFFF # 0o555, 0o7777
+        os.chmod(fn, newmode)
+        logger.info('Changed mode of %s to %s', fn, oct(newmode))
+
+def _find_file(filename, dirs):
+    for dir in reversed(dirs):
+        files = glob.glob(os.path.join(dir, filename))
+        if files and os.path.isfile(files[0]):
+            return True, files[0]
+    return False, filename
+
+def file_search_dirs():
+    here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+    dirs = [here, join(here, 'virtualenv_support')]
+    if os.path.splitext(os.path.dirname(__file__))[0] != 'virtualenv':
+        # Probably some boot script; just in case virtualenv is installed...
+        try:
+            import virtualenv
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            dirs.append(os.path.join(
+                os.path.dirname(virtualenv.__file__), 'virtualenv_support'))
+    return [d for d in dirs if os.path.isdir(d)]
+
+
+class UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter):
+    """
+    Custom help formatter for use in ConfigOptionParser that updates
+    the defaults before expanding them, allowing them to show up correctly
+    in the help listing
+    """
+    def expand_default(self, option):
+        if self.parser is not None:
+            self.parser.update_defaults(self.parser.defaults)
+        return optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter.expand_default(self, option)
+
+
+class ConfigOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
+    """
+    Custom option parser which updates its defaults by checking the
+    configuration files and environmental variables
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()
+        self.files = self.get_config_files()
+        self.config.read(self.files)
+        optparse.OptionParser.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_config_files(self):
+        config_file = os.environ.get('VIRTUALENV_CONFIG_FILE', False)
+        if config_file and os.path.exists(config_file):
+            return [config_file]
+        return [default_config_file]
+
+    def update_defaults(self, defaults):
+        """
+        Updates the given defaults with values from the config files and
+        the environ. Does a little special handling for certain types of
+        options (lists).
+        """
+        # Then go and look for the other sources of configuration:
+        config = {}
+        # 1. config files
+        config.update(dict(self.get_config_section('virtualenv')))
+        # 2. environmental variables
+        config.update(dict(self.get_environ_vars()))
+        # Then set the options with those values
+        for key, val in config.items():
+            key = key.replace('_', '-')
+            if not key.startswith('--'):
+                key = '--%s' % key  # only prefer long opts
+            option = self.get_option(key)
+            if option is not None:
+                # ignore empty values
+                if not val:
+                    continue
+                # handle multiline configs
+                if option.action == 'append':
+                    val = val.split()
+                else:
+                    option.nargs = 1
+                if option.action == 'store_false':
+                    val = not strtobool(val)
+                elif option.action in ('store_true', 'count'):
+                    val = strtobool(val)
+                try:
+                    val = option.convert_value(key, val)
+                except optparse.OptionValueError:
+                    e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                    print("An error occurred during configuration: %s" % e)
+                    sys.exit(3)
+                defaults[option.dest] = val
+        return defaults
+
+    def get_config_section(self, name):
+        """
+        Get a section of a configuration
+        """
+        if self.config.has_section(name):
+            return self.config.items(name)
+        return []
+
+    def get_environ_vars(self, prefix='VIRTUALENV_'):
+        """
+        Returns a generator with all environmental vars with prefix VIRTUALENV
+        """
+        for key, val in os.environ.items():
+            if key.startswith(prefix):
+                yield (key.replace(prefix, '').lower(), val)
+
+    def get_default_values(self):
+        """
+        Overridding to make updating the defaults after instantiation of
+        the option parser possible, update_defaults() does the dirty work.
+        """
+        if not self.process_default_values:
+            # Old, pre-Optik 1.5 behaviour.
+            return optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+
+        defaults = self.update_defaults(self.defaults.copy())  # ours
+        for option in self._get_all_options():
+            default = defaults.get(option.dest)
+            if isinstance(default, basestring):
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                defaults[option.dest] = option.check_value(opt_str, default)
+        return optparse.Values(defaults)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = ConfigOptionParser(
+        version=virtualenv_version,
+        usage="%prog [OPTIONS] DEST_DIR",
+        formatter=UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter())
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '-v', '--verbose',
+        action='count',
+        dest='verbose',
+        default=0,
+        help="Increase verbosity.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '-q', '--quiet',
+        action='count',
+        dest='quiet',
+        default=0,
+        help='Decrease verbosity.')
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '-p', '--python',
+        dest='python',
+        metavar='PYTHON_EXE',
+        help='The Python interpreter to use, e.g., --python=python2.5 will use the python2.5 '
+        'interpreter to create the new environment.  The default is the interpreter that '
+        'virtualenv was installed with (%s)' % sys.executable)
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--clear',
+        dest='clear',
+        action='store_true',
+        help="Clear out the non-root install and start from scratch.")
+
+    parser.set_defaults(system_site_packages=False)
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--no-site-packages',
+        dest='system_site_packages',
+        action='store_false',
+        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. "
+             "Not having access to global site-packages is now the default behavior.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--system-site-packages',
+        dest='system_site_packages',
+        action='store_true',
+        help="Give the virtual environment access to the global site-packages.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--always-copy',
+        dest='symlink',
+        action='store_false',
+        default=True,
+        help="Always copy files rather than symlinking.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--unzip-setuptools',
+        dest='unzip_setuptools',
+        action='store_true',
+        help="Unzip Setuptools when installing it.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--relocatable',
+        dest='relocatable',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Make an EXISTING virtualenv environment relocatable. '
+             'This fixes up scripts and makes all .pth files relative.')
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--no-setuptools',
+        dest='no_setuptools',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Do not install setuptools in the new virtualenv.')
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--no-pip',
+        dest='no_pip',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Do not install pip in the new virtualenv.')
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--no-wheel',
+        dest='no_wheel',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Do not install wheel in the new virtualenv.')
+
+    default_search_dirs = file_search_dirs()
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--extra-search-dir',
+        dest="search_dirs",
+        action="append",
+        metavar='DIR',
+        default=default_search_dirs,
+        help="Directory to look for setuptools/pip distributions in. "
+              "This option can be used multiple times.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        "--download",
+        dest="download",
+        default=True,
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Download preinstalled packages from PyPI.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        "--no-download",
+        '--never-download',
+        dest="download",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Do not download preinstalled packages from PyPI.",
+    )
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--prompt',
+        dest='prompt',
+        help='Provides an alternative prompt prefix for this environment.')
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--setuptools',
+        dest='setuptools',
+        action='store_true',
+        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.")
+
+    parser.add_option(
+        '--distribute',
+        dest='distribute',
+        action='store_true',
+        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.")
+
+    if 'extend_parser' in globals():
+        extend_parser(parser)
+
+    options, args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    global logger
+
+    if 'adjust_options' in globals():
+        adjust_options(options, args)
+
+    verbosity = options.verbose - options.quiet
+    logger = Logger([(Logger.level_for_integer(2 - verbosity), sys.stdout)])
+
+    if options.python and not os.environ.get('VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING'):
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        interpreter = resolve_interpreter(options.python)
+        if interpreter == sys.executable:
+            logger.warn('Already using interpreter %s' % interpreter)
+        else:
+            logger.notify('Running virtualenv with interpreter %s' % interpreter)
+            env['VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING'] = 'true'
+            file = __file__
+            if file.endswith('.pyc'):
+                file = file[:-1]
+            popen = subprocess.Popen([interpreter, file] + sys.argv[1:], env=env)
+            raise SystemExit(popen.wait())
+
+    if not args:
+        print('You must provide a DEST_DIR')
+        parser.print_help()
+        sys.exit(2)
+    if len(args) > 1:
+        print('There must be only one argument: DEST_DIR (you gave %s)' % (
+            ' '.join(args)))
+        parser.print_help()
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    home_dir = args[0]
+
+    if os.path.exists(home_dir) and os.path.isfile(home_dir):
+        logger.fatal('ERROR: File already exists and is not a directory.')
+        logger.fatal('Please provide a different path or delete the file.')
+        sys.exit(3)
+
+    if os.environ.get('WORKING_ENV'):
+        logger.fatal('ERROR: you cannot run virtualenv while in a workingenv')
+        logger.fatal('Please deactivate your workingenv, then re-run this script')
+        sys.exit(3)
+
+    if 'PYTHONHOME' in os.environ:
+        logger.warn('PYTHONHOME is set.  You *must* activate the virtualenv before using it')
+        del os.environ['PYTHONHOME']
+
+    if options.relocatable:
+        make_environment_relocatable(home_dir)
+        return
+
+    create_environment(home_dir,
+                       site_packages=options.system_site_packages,
+                       clear=options.clear,
+                       unzip_setuptools=options.unzip_setuptools,
+                       prompt=options.prompt,
+                       search_dirs=options.search_dirs,
+                       download=options.download,
+                       no_setuptools=options.no_setuptools,
+                       no_pip=options.no_pip,
+                       no_wheel=options.no_wheel,
+                       symlink=options.symlink and hasattr(os, 'symlink')) # MOZ: Make sure we don't use symlink when we don't have it
+    if 'after_install' in globals():
+        after_install(options, home_dir)
+
+def call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=True,
+                    filter_stdout=None, cwd=None,
+                    raise_on_returncode=True, extra_env=None,
+                    remove_from_env=None, stdin=None):
+    cmd_parts = []
+    for part in cmd:
+        if len(part) > 45:
+            part = part[:20]+"..."+part[-20:]
+        if ' ' in part or '\n' in part or '"' in part or "'" in part:
+            part = '"%s"' % part.replace('"', '\\"')
+        if hasattr(part, 'decode'):
+            try:
+                part = part.decode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                part = part.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        cmd_parts.append(part)
+    cmd_desc = ' '.join(cmd_parts)
+    if show_stdout:
+        stdout = None
+    else:
+        stdout = subprocess.PIPE
+    logger.debug("Running command %s" % cmd_desc)
+    if extra_env or remove_from_env:
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        if extra_env:
+            env.update(extra_env)
+        if remove_from_env:
+            for varname in remove_from_env:
+                env.pop(varname, None)
+    else:
+        env = None
+    try:
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(
+            cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+            stdin=None if stdin is None else subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=stdout,
+            cwd=cwd, env=env)
+    except Exception:
+        e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        logger.fatal(
+            "Error %s while executing command %s" % (e, cmd_desc))
+        raise
+    all_output = []
+    if stdout is not None:
+        if stdin is not None:
+            proc.stdin.write(stdin)
+            proc.stdin.close()
+
+        stdout = proc.stdout
+        encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding()
+        fs_encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+        while 1:
+            line = stdout.readline()
+            try:
+                line = line.decode(encoding)
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                line = line.decode(fs_encoding)
+            if not line:
+                break
+            line = line.rstrip()
+            all_output.append(line)
+            if filter_stdout:
+                level = filter_stdout(line)
+                if isinstance(level, tuple):
+                    level, line = level
+                logger.log(level, line)
+                if not logger.stdout_level_matches(level):
+                    logger.show_progress()
+            else:
+                logger.info(line)
+    else:
+        proc.communicate(stdin)
+    proc.wait()
+    if proc.returncode:
+        if raise_on_returncode:
+            if all_output:
+                logger.notify('Complete output from command %s:' % cmd_desc)
+                logger.notify('\n'.join(all_output) + '\n----------------------------------------')
+            raise OSError(
+                "Command %s failed with error code %s"
+                % (cmd_desc, proc.returncode))
+        else:
+            logger.warn(
+                "Command %s had error code %s"
+                % (cmd_desc, proc.returncode))
+
+def filter_install_output(line):
+    if line.strip().startswith('running'):
+        return Logger.INFO
+    return Logger.DEBUG
+
+def find_wheels(projects, search_dirs):
+    """Find wheels from which we can import PROJECTS.
+
+    Scan through SEARCH_DIRS for a wheel for each PROJECT in turn. Return
+    a list of the first wheel found for each PROJECT
+    """
+
+    wheels = []
+
+    # Look through SEARCH_DIRS for the first suitable wheel. Don't bother
+    # about version checking here, as this is simply to get something we can
+    # then use to install the correct version.
+    for project in projects:
+        for dirname in search_dirs:
+            # This relies on only having "universal" wheels available.
+            # The pattern could be tightened to require -py2.py3-none-any.whl.
+            files = glob.glob(os.path.join(dirname, project + '-*.whl'))
+            if files:
+                wheels.append(os.path.abspath(files[0]))
+                break
+        else:
+            # We're out of luck, so quit with a suitable error
+            logger.fatal('Cannot find a wheel for %s' % (project,))
+
+    return wheels
+
+def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None,
+                  download=False):
+    if search_dirs is None:
+        search_dirs = file_search_dirs()
+
+    wheels = find_wheels(['setuptools', 'pip'], search_dirs)
+    pythonpath = os.pathsep.join(wheels)
+
+    # PIP_FIND_LINKS uses space as the path separator and thus cannot have paths
+    # with spaces in them. Convert any of those to local file:// URL form.
+    try:
+        from urlparse import urljoin
+        from urllib import pathname2url
+    except ImportError:
+        from urllib.parse import urljoin
+        from urllib.request import pathname2url
+    def space_path2url(p):
+        if ' ' not in p:
+            return p
+        return urljoin('file:', pathname2url(os.path.abspath(p)))
+    findlinks = ' '.join(space_path2url(d) for d in search_dirs)
+
+    SCRIPT = textwrap.dedent("""
+        import sys
+        import pkgutil
+        import tempfile
+        import os
+
+        import pip
+
+        cert_data = pkgutil.get_data("pip._vendor.requests", "cacert.pem")
+        if cert_data is not None:
+            cert_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
+            cert_file.write(cert_data)
+            cert_file.close()
+        else:
+            cert_file = None
+
+        try:
+            args = ["install", "--ignore-installed"]
+            if cert_file is not None:
+                args += ["--cert", cert_file.name]
+            args += sys.argv[1:]
+
+            sys.exit(pip.main(args))
+        finally:
+            if cert_file is not None:
+                os.remove(cert_file.name)
+    """).encode("utf8")
+
+    cmd = [py_executable, '-'] + project_names
+    logger.start_progress('Installing %s...' % (', '.join(project_names)))
+    logger.indent += 2
+
+    env = {
+        "PYTHONPATH": pythonpath,
+        "JYTHONPATH": pythonpath,  # for Jython < 3.x
+        "PIP_FIND_LINKS": findlinks,
+        "PIP_USE_WHEEL": "1",
+        "PIP_ONLY_BINARY": ":all:",
+        "PIP_PRE": "1",
+        "PIP_USER": "0",
+    }
+
+    if not download:
+        env["PIP_NO_INDEX"] = "1"
+
+    try:
+        call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=False, extra_env=env, stdin=SCRIPT)
+    finally:
+        logger.indent -= 2
+        logger.end_progress()
+
+
+def create_environment(home_dir, site_packages=False, clear=False,
+                       unzip_setuptools=False,
+                       prompt=None, search_dirs=None, download=False,
+                       no_setuptools=False, no_pip=False, no_wheel=False,
+                       symlink=True):
+    """
+    Creates a new environment in ``home_dir``.
+
+    If ``site_packages`` is true, then the global ``site-packages/``
+    directory will be on the path.
+
+    If ``clear`` is true (default False) then the environment will
+    first be cleared.
+    """
+    home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = path_locations(home_dir)
+
+    py_executable = os.path.abspath(install_python(
+        home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir,
+        site_packages=site_packages, clear=clear, symlink=symlink))
+
+    install_distutils(home_dir)
+
+    to_install = []
+
+    if not no_setuptools:
+        to_install.append('setuptools')
+
+    if not no_pip:
+        to_install.append('pip')
+
+    if not no_wheel:
+        to_install.append('wheel')
+
+    if to_install:
+        install_wheel(
+            to_install,
+            py_executable,
+            search_dirs,
+            download=download,
+        )
+
+    install_activate(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt)
+
+    install_python_config(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt)
+
+def is_executable_file(fpath):
+    return os.path.isfile(fpath) and os.access(fpath, os.X_OK)
+
+def path_locations(home_dir):
+    """Return the path locations for the environment (where libraries are,
+    where scripts go, etc)"""
+    home_dir = os.path.abspath(home_dir)
+    # XXX: We'd use distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc/lib but its
+    # prefix arg is broken: http://bugs.python.org/issue3386
+    if is_win:
+        # Windows has lots of problems with executables with spaces in
+        # the name; this function will remove them (using the ~1
+        # format):
+        mkdir(home_dir)
+        if ' ' in home_dir:
+            import ctypes
+            GetShortPathName = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW
+            size = max(len(home_dir)+1, 256)
+            buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(size)
+            try:
+                u = unicode
+            except NameError:
+                u = str
+            ret = GetShortPathName(u(home_dir), buf, size)
+            if not ret:
+                print('Error: the path "%s" has a space in it' % home_dir)
+                print('We could not determine the short pathname for it.')
+                print('Exiting.')
+                sys.exit(3)
+            home_dir = str(buf.value)
+        lib_dir = join(home_dir, 'Lib')
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'Include')
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'Scripts')
+    if is_jython:
+        lib_dir = join(home_dir, 'Lib')
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'Include')
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'bin')
+    elif is_pypy:
+        lib_dir = home_dir
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'include')
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'bin')
+    elif not is_win:
+        lib_dir = join(home_dir, 'lib', py_version)
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'include', py_version + abiflags)
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'bin')
+    return home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir
+
+
+def change_prefix(filename, dst_prefix):
+    prefixes = [sys.prefix]
+
+    if is_darwin:
+        prefixes.extend((
+            os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+            os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python"),
+            os.path.join("~", "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+            # Python 2.6 no-frameworks
+            os.path.join("~", ".local", "lib","python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+            # System Python 2.7 on OSX Mountain Lion
+            os.path.join("~", "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "lib", "python", "site-packages")))
+
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        prefixes.append(sys.real_prefix)
+    if hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
+        prefixes.append(sys.base_prefix)
+    prefixes = list(map(os.path.expanduser, prefixes))
+    prefixes = list(map(os.path.abspath, prefixes))
+    # Check longer prefixes first so we don't split in the middle of a filename
+    prefixes = sorted(prefixes, key=len, reverse=True)
+    filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
+    # On Windows, make sure drive letter is uppercase
+    if is_win and filename[0] in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
+        filename = filename[0].upper() + filename[1:]
+    for i, prefix in enumerate(prefixes):
+        if is_win and prefix[0] in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
+            prefixes[i] = prefix[0].upper() + prefix[1:]
+    for src_prefix in prefixes:
+        if filename.startswith(src_prefix):
+            _, relpath = filename.split(src_prefix, 1)
+            if src_prefix != os.sep: # sys.prefix == "/"
+                assert relpath[0] == os.sep
+                relpath = relpath[1:]
+            return join(dst_prefix, relpath)
+    assert False, "Filename %s does not start with any of these prefixes: %s" % \
+        (filename, prefixes)
+
+def copy_required_modules(dst_prefix, symlink):
+    import imp
+
+    for modname in REQUIRED_MODULES:
+        if modname in sys.builtin_module_names:
+            logger.info("Ignoring built-in bootstrap module: %s" % modname)
+            continue
+        try:
+            f, filename, _ = imp.find_module(modname)
+        except ImportError:
+            logger.info("Cannot import bootstrap module: %s" % modname)
+        else:
+            if f is not None:
+                f.close()
+            # special-case custom readline.so on OS X, but not for pypy:
+            if modname == 'readline' and sys.platform == 'darwin' and not (
+                    is_pypy or filename.endswith(join('lib-dynload', 'readline.so'))):
+                dst_filename = join(dst_prefix, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'readline.so')
+            elif modname == 'readline' and sys.platform == 'win32':
+                # special-case for Windows, where readline is not a
+                # standard module, though it may have been installed in
+                # site-packages by a third-party package
+                pass
+            else:
+                dst_filename = change_prefix(filename, dst_prefix)
+            copyfile(filename, dst_filename, symlink)
+            if filename.endswith('.pyc'):
+                pyfile = filename[:-1]
+                if os.path.exists(pyfile):
+                    copyfile(pyfile, dst_filename[:-1], symlink)
+
+
+def subst_path(prefix_path, prefix, home_dir):
+    prefix_path = os.path.normpath(prefix_path)
+    prefix = os.path.normpath(prefix)
+    home_dir = os.path.normpath(home_dir)
+    if not prefix_path.startswith(prefix):
+        logger.warn('Path not in prefix %r %r', prefix_path, prefix)
+        return
+    return prefix_path.replace(prefix, home_dir, 1)
+
+
+def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, symlink=True):
+    """Install just the base environment, no distutils patches etc"""
+    if sys.executable.startswith(bin_dir):
+        print('Please use the *system* python to run this script')
+        return
+
+    if clear:
+        rmtree(lib_dir)
+        ## FIXME: why not delete it?
+        ## Maybe it should delete everything with #!/path/to/venv/python in it
+        logger.notify('Not deleting %s', bin_dir)
+
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        logger.notify('Using real prefix %r' % sys.real_prefix)
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    elif hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
+        logger.notify('Using base prefix %r' % sys.base_prefix)
+        prefix = sys.base_prefix
+    else:
+        prefix = sys.prefix
+    mkdir(lib_dir)
+    fix_lib64(lib_dir, symlink)
+    stdlib_dirs = [os.path.dirname(os.__file__)]
+    if is_win:
+        stdlib_dirs.append(join(os.path.dirname(stdlib_dirs[0]), 'DLLs'))
+    elif is_darwin:
+        stdlib_dirs.append(join(stdlib_dirs[0], 'site-packages'))
+    if hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
+        logger.info('Symlinking Python bootstrap modules')
+    else:
+        logger.info('Copying Python bootstrap modules')
+    logger.indent += 2
+    try:
+        # copy required files...
+        for stdlib_dir in stdlib_dirs:
+            if not os.path.isdir(stdlib_dir):
+                continue
+            for fn in os.listdir(stdlib_dir):
+                bn = os.path.splitext(fn)[0]
+                if fn != 'site-packages' and bn in REQUIRED_FILES:
+                    copyfile(join(stdlib_dir, fn), join(lib_dir, fn), symlink)
+        # ...and modules
+        copy_required_modules(home_dir, symlink)
+    finally:
+        logger.indent -= 2
+    mkdir(join(lib_dir, 'site-packages'))
+    import site
+    site_filename = site.__file__
+    if site_filename.endswith('.pyc') or site_filename.endswith('.pyo'):
+        site_filename = site_filename[:-1]
+    elif site_filename.endswith('$py.class'):
+        site_filename = site_filename.replace('$py.class', '.py')
+    site_filename_dst = change_prefix(site_filename, home_dir)
+    site_dir = os.path.dirname(site_filename_dst)
+    # MOZ: Copies a site.py if it exists instead of using the one hex encoded in
+    # this file. Necessary for some site.py fixes for MinGW64 version of python
+    site_py_src_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'site.py')
+    if os.path.isfile(site_py_src_path):
+        shutil.copy(site_py_src_path, site_filename_dst)
+    else:
+        writefile(site_filename_dst, SITE_PY)
+    writefile(join(site_dir, 'orig-prefix.txt'), prefix)
+    site_packages_filename = join(site_dir, 'no-global-site-packages.txt')
+    if not site_packages:
+        writefile(site_packages_filename, '')
+
+    if is_pypy or is_win:
+        stdinc_dir = join(prefix, 'include')
+    else:
+        stdinc_dir = join(prefix, 'include', py_version + abiflags)
+    if os.path.exists(stdinc_dir):
+        copyfile(stdinc_dir, inc_dir, symlink)
+    else:
+        logger.debug('No include dir %s' % stdinc_dir)
+
+    platinc_dir = distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc(plat_specific=1)
+    if platinc_dir != stdinc_dir:
+        platinc_dest = distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc(
+            plat_specific=1, prefix=home_dir)
+        if platinc_dir == platinc_dest:
+            # Do platinc_dest manually due to a CPython bug;
+            # not http://bugs.python.org/issue3386 but a close cousin
+            platinc_dest = subst_path(platinc_dir, prefix, home_dir)
+        if platinc_dest:
+            # PyPy's stdinc_dir and prefix are relative to the original binary
+            # (traversing virtualenvs), whereas the platinc_dir is relative to
+            # the inner virtualenv and ignores the prefix argument.
+            # This seems more evolved than designed.
+            copyfile(platinc_dir, platinc_dest, symlink)
+
+    # pypy never uses exec_prefix, just ignore it
+    if sys.exec_prefix != prefix and not is_pypy:
+        if is_win:
+            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, 'lib')
+        elif is_jython:
+            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, 'Lib')
+        else:
+            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, 'lib', py_version)
+        for fn in os.listdir(exec_dir):
+            copyfile(join(exec_dir, fn), join(lib_dir, fn), symlink)
+
+    if is_jython:
+        # Jython has either jython-dev.jar and javalib/ dir, or just
+        # jython.jar
+        for name in 'jython-dev.jar', 'javalib', 'jython.jar':
+            src = join(prefix, name)
+            if os.path.exists(src):
+                copyfile(src, join(home_dir, name), symlink)
+        # XXX: registry should always exist after Jython 2.5rc1
+        src = join(prefix, 'registry')
+        if os.path.exists(src):
+            copyfile(src, join(home_dir, 'registry'), symlink=False)
+        copyfile(join(prefix, 'cachedir'), join(home_dir, 'cachedir'),
+                 symlink=False)
+
+    mkdir(bin_dir)
+    py_executable = join(bin_dir, os.path.basename(sys.executable))
+    if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+        # OS X framework builds cause validation to break
+        # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/322
+        if os.environ.get('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__'):
+            del os.environ["__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__"]
+        if re.search(r'/Python(?:-32|-64)*$', py_executable):
+            # The name of the python executable is not quite what
+            # we want, rename it.
+            py_executable = os.path.join(
+                    os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'python')
+
+    logger.notify('New %s executable in %s', expected_exe, py_executable)
+    pcbuild_dir = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
+    pyd_pth = os.path.join(lib_dir, 'site-packages', 'virtualenv_builddir_pyd.pth')
+    if is_win and os.path.exists(os.path.join(pcbuild_dir, 'build.bat')):
+        logger.notify('Detected python running from build directory %s', pcbuild_dir)
+        logger.notify('Writing .pth file linking to build directory for *.pyd files')
+        writefile(pyd_pth, pcbuild_dir)
+    else:
+        pcbuild_dir = None
+        if os.path.exists(pyd_pth):
+            logger.info('Deleting %s (not Windows env or not build directory python)' % pyd_pth)
+            os.unlink(pyd_pth)
+
+    if sys.executable != py_executable:
+        ## FIXME: could I just hard link?
+        executable = sys.executable
+        shutil.copyfile(executable, py_executable)
+        make_exe(py_executable)
+        if is_win or is_cygwin:
+            pythonw = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), 'pythonw.exe')
+            if os.path.exists(pythonw):
+                logger.info('Also created pythonw.exe')
+                shutil.copyfile(pythonw, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'pythonw.exe'))
+            python_d = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), 'python_d.exe')
+            python_d_dest = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'python_d.exe')
+            if os.path.exists(python_d):
+                logger.info('Also created python_d.exe')
+                shutil.copyfile(python_d, python_d_dest)
+            elif os.path.exists(python_d_dest):
+                logger.info('Removed python_d.exe as it is no longer at the source')
+                os.unlink(python_d_dest)
+            # we need to copy the DLL to enforce that windows will load the correct one.
+            # may not exist if we are cygwin.
+            py_executable_dll = 'python%s%s.dll' % (
+                sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+            py_executable_dll_d = 'python%s%s_d.dll' % (
+                sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+            pythondll = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), py_executable_dll)
+            pythondll_d = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), py_executable_dll_d)
+            pythondll_d_dest = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), py_executable_dll_d)
+            if os.path.exists(pythondll):
+                logger.info('Also created %s' % py_executable_dll)
+                shutil.copyfile(pythondll, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), py_executable_dll))
+            if os.path.exists(pythondll_d):
+                logger.info('Also created %s' % py_executable_dll_d)
+                shutil.copyfile(pythondll_d, pythondll_d_dest)
+            elif os.path.exists(pythondll_d_dest):
+                logger.info('Removed %s as the source does not exist' % pythondll_d_dest)
+                os.unlink(pythondll_d_dest)
+        if is_pypy:
+            # make a symlink python --> pypy-c
+            python_executable = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'python')
+            if sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin'):
+                python_executable += '.exe'
+            logger.info('Also created executable %s' % python_executable)
+            copyfile(py_executable, python_executable, symlink)
+
+            if is_win:
+                for name in ['libexpat.dll', 'libpypy.dll', 'libpypy-c.dll',
+                            'libeay32.dll', 'ssleay32.dll', 'sqlite3.dll',
+                            'tcl85.dll', 'tk85.dll']:
+                    src = join(prefix, name)
+                    if os.path.exists(src):
+                        copyfile(src, join(bin_dir, name), symlink)
+
+                for d in sys.path:
+                    if d.endswith('lib_pypy'):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    logger.fatal('Could not find lib_pypy in sys.path')
+                    raise SystemExit(3)
+                logger.info('Copying lib_pypy')
+                copyfile(d, os.path.join(home_dir, 'lib_pypy'), symlink)
+
+    if os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(py_executable))[0] != expected_exe:
+        secondary_exe = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable),
+                                     expected_exe)
+        py_executable_ext = os.path.splitext(py_executable)[1]
+        if py_executable_ext.lower() == '.exe':
+            # python2.4 gives an extension of '.4' :P
+            secondary_exe += py_executable_ext
+        if os.path.exists(secondary_exe):
+            logger.warn('Not overwriting existing %s script %s (you must use %s)'
+                        % (expected_exe, secondary_exe, py_executable))
+        else:
+            logger.notify('Also creating executable in %s' % secondary_exe)
+            shutil.copyfile(sys.executable, secondary_exe)
+            make_exe(secondary_exe)
+
+    if '.framework' in prefix:
+        if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+            logger.debug('MacOSX Python framework detected')
+            # Make sure we use the embedded interpreter inside
+            # the framework, even if sys.executable points to
+            # the stub executable in ${sys.prefix}/bin
+            # See http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv/
+            #                              browse_thread/thread/17cab2f85da75951
+            original_python = os.path.join(
+                prefix, 'Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python')
+        if 'EPD' in prefix:
+            logger.debug('EPD framework detected')
+            original_python = os.path.join(prefix, 'bin/python')
+        shutil.copy(original_python, py_executable)
+
+        # Copy the framework's dylib into the virtual
+        # environment
+        virtual_lib = os.path.join(home_dir, '.Python')
+
+        if os.path.exists(virtual_lib):
+            os.unlink(virtual_lib)
+        copyfile(
+            os.path.join(prefix, 'Python'),
+            virtual_lib,
+            symlink)
+
+        # And then change the install_name of the copied python executable
+        try:
+            mach_o_change(py_executable,
+                          os.path.join(prefix, 'Python'),
+                          '@executable_path/../.Python')
+        except:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            logger.warn("Could not call mach_o_change: %s. "
+                        "Trying to call install_name_tool instead." % e)
+            try:
+                call_subprocess(
+                    ["install_name_tool", "-change",
+                     os.path.join(prefix, 'Python'),
+                     '@executable_path/../.Python',
+                     py_executable])
+            except:
+                logger.fatal("Could not call install_name_tool -- you must "
+                             "have Apple's development tools installed")
+                raise
+
+    if not is_win:
+        # Ensure that 'python', 'pythonX' and 'pythonX.Y' all exist
+        py_exe_version_major = 'python%s' % sys.version_info[0]
+        py_exe_version_major_minor = 'python%s.%s' % (
+            sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+        py_exe_no_version = 'python'
+        required_symlinks = [ py_exe_no_version, py_exe_version_major,
+                         py_exe_version_major_minor ]
+
+        py_executable_base = os.path.basename(py_executable)
+
+        if py_executable_base in required_symlinks:
+            # Don't try to symlink to yourself.
+            required_symlinks.remove(py_executable_base)
+
+        for pth in required_symlinks:
+            full_pth = join(bin_dir, pth)
+            if os.path.exists(full_pth):
+                os.unlink(full_pth)
+            if symlink:
+                os.symlink(py_executable_base, full_pth)
+            else:
+                copyfile(py_executable, full_pth, symlink)
+
+    if is_win and ' ' in py_executable:
+        # There's a bug with subprocess on Windows when using a first
+        # argument that has a space in it.  Instead we have to quote
+        # the value:
+        py_executable = '"%s"' % py_executable
+    # NOTE: keep this check as one line, cmd.exe doesn't cope with line breaks
+    cmd = [py_executable, '-c', 'import sys;out=sys.stdout;'
+        'getattr(out, "buffer", out).write(sys.prefix.encode("utf-8"))']
+    logger.info('Testing executable with %s %s "%s"' % tuple(cmd))
+    try:
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
+                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        proc_stdout, proc_stderr = proc.communicate()
+    except OSError:
+        e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        if e.errno == errno.EACCES:
+            logger.fatal('ERROR: The executable %s could not be run: %s' % (py_executable, e))
+            sys.exit(100)
+        else:
+            raise e
+
+    proc_stdout = proc_stdout.strip().decode("utf-8")
+    proc_stdout = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(proc_stdout))
+    norm_home_dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(home_dir))
+    if hasattr(norm_home_dir, 'decode'):
+        norm_home_dir = norm_home_dir.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+    if proc_stdout != norm_home_dir:
+        logger.fatal(
+            'ERROR: The executable %s is not functioning' % py_executable)
+        logger.fatal(
+            'ERROR: It thinks sys.prefix is %r (should be %r)'
+            % (proc_stdout, norm_home_dir))
+        logger.fatal(
+            'ERROR: virtualenv is not compatible with this system or executable')
+        if is_win:
+            logger.fatal(
+                'Note: some Windows users have reported this error when they '
+                'installed Python for "Only this user" or have multiple '
+                'versions of Python installed. Copying the appropriate '
+                'PythonXX.dll to the virtualenv Scripts/ directory may fix '
+                'this problem.')
+        sys.exit(100)
+    else:
+        logger.info('Got sys.prefix result: %r' % proc_stdout)
+
+    pydistutils = os.path.expanduser('~/.pydistutils.cfg')
+    if os.path.exists(pydistutils):
+        logger.notify('Please make sure you remove any previous custom paths from '
+                      'your %s file.' % pydistutils)
+    ## FIXME: really this should be calculated earlier
+
+    fix_local_scheme(home_dir, symlink)
+
+    if site_packages:
+        if os.path.exists(site_packages_filename):
+            logger.info('Deleting %s' % site_packages_filename)
+            os.unlink(site_packages_filename)
+
+    return py_executable
+
+
+def install_activate(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt=None):
+    if is_win or is_jython and os._name == 'nt':
+        files = {
+            'activate.bat': ACTIVATE_BAT,
+            'deactivate.bat': DEACTIVATE_BAT,
+            'activate.ps1': ACTIVATE_PS,
+        }
+
+        # MSYS needs paths of the form /c/path/to/file
+        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(home_dir.replace(os.sep, '/'))
+        home_dir_msys = (drive and "/%s%s" or "%s%s") % (drive[:1], tail)
+
+        # Run-time conditional enables (basic) Cygwin compatibility
+        home_dir_sh = ("""$(if [ "$OSTYPE" "==" "cygwin" ]; then cygpath -u '%s'; else echo '%s'; fi;)""" %
+                       (home_dir, home_dir_msys))
+        files['activate'] = ACTIVATE_SH.replace('__VIRTUAL_ENV__', home_dir_sh)
+
+    else:
+        files = {'activate': ACTIVATE_SH}
+
+        # suppling activate.fish in addition to, not instead of, the
+        # bash script support.
+        files['activate.fish'] = ACTIVATE_FISH
+
+        # same for csh/tcsh support...
+        files['activate.csh'] = ACTIVATE_CSH
+
+    files['activate_this.py'] = ACTIVATE_THIS
+
+    install_files(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt, files)
+
+def install_files(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt, files):
+    if hasattr(home_dir, 'decode'):
+        home_dir = home_dir.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+    vname = os.path.basename(home_dir)
+    for name, content in files.items():
+        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__', prompt or '')
+        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_WINPROMPT__', prompt or '(%s)' % vname)
+        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_ENV__', home_dir)
+        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_NAME__', vname)
+        content = content.replace('__BIN_NAME__', os.path.basename(bin_dir))
+        writefile(os.path.join(bin_dir, name), content)
+
+def install_python_config(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt=None):
+    if sys.platform == 'win32' or is_jython and os._name == 'nt':
+        files = {}
+    else:
+        files = {'python-config': PYTHON_CONFIG}
+    install_files(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt, files)
+    for name, content in files.items():
+        make_exe(os.path.join(bin_dir, name))
+
+def install_distutils(home_dir):
+    distutils_path = change_prefix(distutils.__path__[0], home_dir)
+    mkdir(distutils_path)
+    ## FIXME: maybe this prefix setting should only be put in place if
+    ## there's a local distutils.cfg with a prefix setting?
+    home_dir = os.path.abspath(home_dir)
+    ## FIXME: this is breaking things, removing for now:
+    #distutils_cfg = DISTUTILS_CFG + "\n[install]\nprefix=%s\n" % home_dir
+    writefile(os.path.join(distutils_path, '__init__.py'), DISTUTILS_INIT)
+    writefile(os.path.join(distutils_path, 'distutils.cfg'), DISTUTILS_CFG, overwrite=False)
+
+def fix_local_scheme(home_dir, symlink=True):
+    """
+    Platforms that use the "posix_local" install scheme (like Ubuntu with
+    Python 2.7) need to be given an additional "local" location, sigh.
+    """
+    try:
+        import sysconfig
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        if sysconfig._get_default_scheme() == 'posix_local':
+            local_path = os.path.join(home_dir, 'local')
+            if not os.path.exists(local_path):
+                os.mkdir(local_path)
+                for subdir_name in os.listdir(home_dir):
+                    if subdir_name == 'local':
+                        continue
+                    copyfile(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(home_dir, subdir_name)), \
+                                                            os.path.join(local_path, subdir_name), symlink)
+
+def fix_lib64(lib_dir, symlink=True):
+    """
+    Some platforms (particularly Gentoo on x64) put things in lib64/pythonX.Y
+    instead of lib/pythonX.Y.  If this is such a platform we'll just create a
+    symlink so lib64 points to lib
+    """
+    # PyPy's library path scheme is not affected by this.
+    # Return early or we will die on the following assert.
+    if is_pypy:
+        logger.debug('PyPy detected, skipping lib64 symlinking')
+        return
+    # Check we have a lib64 library path
+    if not [p for p in distutils.sysconfig.get_config_vars().values()
+            if isinstance(p, basestring) and 'lib64' in p]:
+        return
+
+    logger.debug('This system uses lib64; symlinking lib64 to lib')
+
+    assert os.path.basename(lib_dir) == 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], (
+        "Unexpected python lib dir: %r" % lib_dir)
+    lib_parent = os.path.dirname(lib_dir)
+    top_level = os.path.dirname(lib_parent)
+    lib_dir = os.path.join(top_level, 'lib')
+    lib64_link = os.path.join(top_level, 'lib64')
+    assert os.path.basename(lib_parent) == 'lib', (
+        "Unexpected parent dir: %r" % lib_parent)
+    if os.path.lexists(lib64_link):
+        return
+    if symlink:
+        os.symlink('lib', lib64_link)
+    else:
+        copyfile('lib', lib64_link)
+
+def resolve_interpreter(exe):
+    """
+    If the executable given isn't an absolute path, search $PATH for the interpreter
+    """
+    # If the "executable" is a version number, get the installed executable for
+    # that version
+    python_versions = get_installed_pythons()
+    if exe in python_versions:
+        exe = python_versions[exe]
+
+    if os.path.abspath(exe) != exe:
+        paths = os.environ.get('PATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+        for path in paths:
+            if os.path.exists(join(path, exe)):
+                exe = join(path, exe)
+                break
+    if not os.path.exists(exe):
+        logger.fatal('The executable %s (from --python=%s) does not exist' % (exe, exe))
+        raise SystemExit(3)
+    if not is_executable(exe):
+        logger.fatal('The executable %s (from --python=%s) is not executable' % (exe, exe))
+        raise SystemExit(3)
+    return exe
+
+def is_executable(exe):
+    """Checks a file is executable"""
+    return os.access(exe, os.X_OK)
+
+############################################################
+## Relocating the environment:
+
+def make_environment_relocatable(home_dir):
+    """
+    Makes the already-existing environment use relative paths, and takes out
+    the #!-based environment selection in scripts.
+    """
+    home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = path_locations(home_dir)
+    activate_this = os.path.join(bin_dir, 'activate_this.py')
+    if not os.path.exists(activate_this):
+        logger.fatal(
+            'The environment doesn\'t have a file %s -- please re-run virtualenv '
+            'on this environment to update it' % activate_this)
+    fixup_scripts(home_dir, bin_dir)
+    fixup_pth_and_egg_link(home_dir)
+    ## FIXME: need to fix up distutils.cfg
+
+OK_ABS_SCRIPTS = ['python', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3],
+                  'activate', 'activate.bat', 'activate_this.py',
+                  'activate.fish', 'activate.csh']
+
+def fixup_scripts(home_dir, bin_dir):
+    if is_win:
+        new_shebang_args = (
+            '%s /c' % os.path.normcase(os.environ.get('COMSPEC', 'cmd.exe')),
+            '', '.exe')
+    else:
+        new_shebang_args = ('/usr/bin/env', sys.version[:3], '')
+
+    # This is what we expect at the top of scripts:
+    shebang = '#!%s' % os.path.normcase(os.path.join(
+        os.path.abspath(bin_dir), 'python%s' % new_shebang_args[2]))
+    # This is what we'll put:
+    new_shebang = '#!%s python%s%s' % new_shebang_args
+
+    for filename in os.listdir(bin_dir):
+        filename = os.path.join(bin_dir, filename)
+        if not os.path.isfile(filename):
+            # ignore subdirs, e.g. .svn ones.
+            continue
+        lines = None
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            try:
+                lines = f.read().decode('utf-8').splitlines()
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                # This is probably a binary program instead
+                # of a script, so just ignore it.
+                continue
+        if not lines:
+            logger.warn('Script %s is an empty file' % filename)
+            continue
+
+        old_shebang = lines[0].strip()
+        old_shebang = old_shebang[0:2] + os.path.normcase(old_shebang[2:])
+
+        if not old_shebang.startswith(shebang):
+            if os.path.basename(filename) in OK_ABS_SCRIPTS:
+                logger.debug('Cannot make script %s relative' % filename)
+            elif lines[0].strip() == new_shebang:
+                logger.info('Script %s has already been made relative' % filename)
+            else:
+                logger.warn('Script %s cannot be made relative (it\'s not a normal script that starts with %s)'
+                            % (filename, shebang))
+            continue
+        logger.notify('Making script %s relative' % filename)
+        script = relative_script([new_shebang] + lines[1:])
+        with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(script).encode('utf-8'))
+
+
+def relative_script(lines):
+    "Return a script that'll work in a relocatable environment."
+    activate = "import os; activate_this=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'activate_this.py'); exec(compile(open(activate_this).read(), activate_this, 'exec'), dict(__file__=activate_this)); del os, activate_this"
+    # Find the last future statement in the script. If we insert the activation
+    # line before a future statement, Python will raise a SyntaxError.
+    activate_at = None
+    for idx, line in reversed(list(enumerate(lines))):
+        if line.split()[:3] == ['from', '__future__', 'import']:
+            activate_at = idx + 1
+            break
+    if activate_at is None:
+        # Activate after the shebang.
+        activate_at = 1
+    return lines[:activate_at] + ['', activate, ''] + lines[activate_at:]
+
+def fixup_pth_and_egg_link(home_dir, sys_path=None):
+    """Makes .pth and .egg-link files use relative paths"""
+    home_dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(home_dir))
+    if sys_path is None:
+        sys_path = sys.path
+    for path in sys_path:
+        if not path:
+            path = '.'
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):
+            continue
+        path = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(path))
+        if not path.startswith(home_dir):
+            logger.debug('Skipping system (non-environment) directory %s' % path)
+            continue
+        for filename in os.listdir(path):
+            filename = os.path.join(path, filename)
+            if filename.endswith('.pth'):
+                if not os.access(filename, os.W_OK):
+                    logger.warn('Cannot write .pth file %s, skipping' % filename)
+                else:
+                    fixup_pth_file(filename)
+            if filename.endswith('.egg-link'):
+                if not os.access(filename, os.W_OK):
+                    logger.warn('Cannot write .egg-link file %s, skipping' % filename)
+                else:
+                    fixup_egg_link(filename)
+
+def fixup_pth_file(filename):
+    lines = []
+    prev_lines = []
+    with open(filename) as f:
+        prev_lines = f.readlines()
+    for line in prev_lines:
+        line = line.strip()
+        if (not line or line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('import ')
+            or os.path.abspath(line) != line):
+            lines.append(line)
+        else:
+            new_value = make_relative_path(filename, line)
+            if line != new_value:
+                logger.debug('Rewriting path %s as %s (in %s)' % (line, new_value, filename))
+            lines.append(new_value)
+    if lines == prev_lines:
+        logger.info('No changes to .pth file %s' % filename)
+        return
+    logger.notify('Making paths in .pth file %s relative' % filename)
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        f.write('\n'.join(lines) + '\n')
+
+def fixup_egg_link(filename):
+    with open(filename) as f:
+        link = f.readline().strip()
+    if os.path.abspath(link) != link:
+        logger.debug('Link in %s already relative' % filename)
+        return
+    new_link = make_relative_path(filename, link)
+    logger.notify('Rewriting link %s in %s as %s' % (link, filename, new_link))
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(new_link)
+
+def make_relative_path(source, dest, dest_is_directory=True):
+    """
+    Make a filename relative, where the filename is dest, and it is
+    being referred to from the filename source.
+
+        >>> make_relative_path('/usr/share/something/a-file.pth',
+        ...                    '/usr/share/another-place/src/Directory')
+        '../another-place/src/Directory'
+        >>> make_relative_path('/usr/share/something/a-file.pth',
+        ...                    '/home/user/src/Directory')
+        '../../../home/user/src/Directory'
+        >>> make_relative_path('/usr/share/a-file.pth', '/usr/share/')
+        './'
+    """
+    source = os.path.dirname(source)
+    if not dest_is_directory:
+        dest_filename = os.path.basename(dest)
+        dest = os.path.dirname(dest)
+    dest = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(dest))
+    source = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(source))
+    dest_parts = dest.strip(os.path.sep).split(os.path.sep)
+    source_parts = source.strip(os.path.sep).split(os.path.sep)
+    while dest_parts and source_parts and dest_parts[0] == source_parts[0]:
+        dest_parts.pop(0)
+        source_parts.pop(0)
+    full_parts = ['..']*len(source_parts) + dest_parts
+    if not dest_is_directory:
+        full_parts.append(dest_filename)
+    if not full_parts:
+        # Special case for the current directory (otherwise it'd be '')
+        return './'
+    return os.path.sep.join(full_parts)
+
+
+
+############################################################
+## Bootstrap script creation:
+
+def create_bootstrap_script(extra_text, python_version=''):
+    """
+    Creates a bootstrap script, which is like this script but with
+    extend_parser, adjust_options, and after_install hooks.
+
+    This returns a string that (written to disk of course) can be used
+    as a bootstrap script with your own customizations.  The script
+    will be the standard virtualenv.py script, with your extra text
+    added (your extra text should be Python code).
+
+    If you include these functions, they will be called:
+
+    ``extend_parser(optparse_parser)``:
+        You can add or remove options from the parser here.
+
+    ``adjust_options(options, args)``:
+        You can change options here, or change the args (if you accept
+        different kinds of arguments, be sure you modify ``args`` so it is
+        only ``[DEST_DIR]``).
+
+    ``after_install(options, home_dir)``:
+
+        After everything is installed, this function is called.  This
+        is probably the function you are most likely to use.  An
+        example would be::
+
+            def after_install(options, home_dir):
+                subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'easy_install'),
+                                 'MyPackage'])
+                subprocess.call([join(home_dir, 'bin', 'my-package-script'),
+                                 'setup', home_dir])
+
+        This example immediately installs a package, and runs a setup
+        script from that package.
+
+    If you provide something like ``python_version='2.5'`` then the
+    script will start with ``#!/usr/bin/env python2.5`` instead of
+    ``#!/usr/bin/env python``.  You can use this when the script must
+    be run with a particular Python version.
+    """
+    filename = __file__
+    if filename.endswith('.pyc'):
+        filename = filename[:-1]
+    with codecs.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        content = f.read()
+    py_exe = 'python%s' % python_version
+    content = (('#!/usr/bin/env %s\n' % py_exe)
+               + '## WARNING: This file is generated\n'
+               + content)
+    return content.replace('##EXT' 'END##', extra_text)
+
+##EXTEND##
+
+def convert(s):
+    b = base64.b64decode(s.encode('ascii'))
+    return zlib.decompress(b).decode('utf-8')
+
+##file site.py
+SITE_PY = convert("""
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+tx9+gn/fyI9gQbHmcSr+BqOLt3kJ20ou2qXbFLCAo+L9Yl4rLIwkaHRCwRdPoLd24ZEXT0N0ZYlf
+UmIVpMBk2nLDt50AijxBKmRv3ANTLwG/TUFXywk1DmLfWoz0S6TBcI0L1oUc6JbRutqkaCac4Eiz
+iJej87O3px8+nUbVPTK2+Tlygid+HhZORx8Nl3gMNhX2yaLGJ1eOv/yDTIsed1nvNU29DO41RQjb
+kcLuL/kmjdjuKeISAwai2C7zRYQtgdO5RK+6A/954mwrH7TvnnFFWOOJPjxrnHh8DNQQP7f1zwga
+Uh89J+pJCMVzrBXjx9Go3wJPBUW04c/zm7ulGxDXRT80wTamzazHfnerAtdMZw3PchLhdWyXwdSB
+pkmsNvOFWx/4MRP6IhRQbnS8IVdxnVZCZrCVor093UgBCt4t6WMJYVZhK0Z1bhSdSe/irXJyj2Il
+RjjqiIrq8RyGAoWw9f4xvmEzgLWGouYSaIBOiNK2KXe6qnqxZgnmnRBRryff4C7JXrnJL5rCPChv
+jBeN/wrzRG+RMbqWlZ4/PxhPLl82CQ4UjF54Bb2LAoydyyZ7oDGL58+fj8S/Pez0MCpRmuc34I0B
+7F5n5ZxeDxhsPTm7Wl2H3ryJgB8Xa3kJD64oaG6f1xlFJHd0pQWR9q+BEeLahJYZTfuWOeZYXcnn
+y9yCz6m0wfhLltB1RxhRkqhs9a1RGG0y0kQsCYohjNUiSUKOTsB6bPMaa/Ewuqj5Rd4DxycIZopv
+8WCMd9hrdCwpb9Zyj0XnWIwI8IhSyng0KmamajTAc3ax1WjOzrKkaspIXrhnpvoKgMreYqT5SsR3
+KBlmHi1iOGWdHqs2jnW+k0W9jUq+uHTjjK1Z8uuHcAfWBknLVyuDKTw0i7TIZbkw5hRXLFkklQPG
+tEM43JkubyLrEwU9KI1AvZNVWFqJtm//YNfFxfQjHR/vm5F01lBlL8TimFCctfIKo6gZn6JPlpCW
+b82XCYzygaLZ2hPwxhJ/0LFUrCHw7u1wyxnrTN/HwWkbzSUdAIfugLIK0rKjpyOci8csfGbagVs0
+8EM7c8LtNimrOk5n+tqHGfppM3uervG0ZXA7CzyttwK+fQ6O777O2AfHwSTXID0x49ZUZByLlY5M
+RG5lmV+EVeTo5R2yrwQ+BVJmOTP10CZ2dGnZ1Raa6gRHR8UjqK9M8dKAQ26qZjoFJy7mU0pvMuUO
+A86zn29JV1eI78T41VQctnY+i2KLNzkBss+Woe+KUTeYihMMMHNs34shvjsW45dT8ccd0KOBAY4O
+3RHa+9gWhEEgr66eTMY0mRPZwr4U9of76hxG0PSM4+SqTf4umb4lKv1ri0pcIagTlV+2E5VbYw/u
+WzsfH8lwA4pjlcjl/jOFJNRIN7p5mMEJPyyg37M5Wrp2vKmoocK5OWxG7ho96GhE4zbbQUxRulZf
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+8xt0BeviyIbYjE3Bk8+xm82Jn+qmt+6M7Qka2+om3DV97r9r7rpFYGdukhk6c/frS10a6L7DVrSP
+Bhze0IR4VIlEo/H7jYlrB6Y6h6Y/Qq8/SH63E850wKw8BMZk7GC8n9hTY2/M/iZeuN8xIWyfL2R2
+y4l7nY3WtDs2o83xj/EUOPkFn9sbBiijaak5kPdLdMPejHNkZ/L6Ws1ivN1xRptsyufq7J7Mtu09
+Xc4nY7U1uy28tAhAGG7Smbducj0wBuhKvmWa06Gc22kEDU1Jw04WskqWbBL01g7ARRwxpf4mEM9p
+xKNUYqBb1WVRwm54pO8i5jydvtTmBqgJ4G1idWNQNz2m+mpaUqyUHGZKkDlO20ryASKwEe+YhtnM
+vgNeedFcs5BMLTPIrN7IMq6aK4b8jIAENl3NCFR0jovrhOcaqWxxiYtYYnnDQQoDZPb7V7Cx9DbV
+O+5VmFht93h2oh465PuUKxscY2S4OLm31wu611ot6Wpr1zu0zRqus1cqwTKYu/JIR+pYGb/V93fx
+HbMcyUf/0uEfkHe38tLPQrfqjL1bi4bzzFUI3Qub8MYAMs599zB2OKB742JrA2zH9/WFZZSOhznQ
+2FJR++S9CqcZbdJEkDBh9IEIkl8U8MQIkgf/kREkfWsmGBqNj9YDvWUCD4SaWD24V1A2jAB9ZkAk
+PMBuXWBoTOXYTbovcpXcj+yF0qwrnUo+Yx6QI7t3kxEIvmpSuRnK3lVwuyJIvnTR4+/PP745OSda
+zC5O3v7HyfeUlIXHJS1b9egQW5bvM7X3vfRvN9ymE2n6Bm+w7bkhlmuYNITO+04OQg+E/nq1vgVt
+KzL39VCHTt1PtxMgvnvaLahDKrsXcscv0zUmbvpMK0870E85qdb8cjITzCNzUsfi0JzEmffN4YmW
+0U5seWjhnPTWrjrR/qq+BXQg7j2xSda0Anhmgvxlj0xMxYwNzLOD0v7ffFBmOFYbmht0QAoX0rnJ
+kS5xZFCV//8TKUHZxbi3Y0dxau/mpnZ8PKTspfN49ruQkSGIV+436s7PFfalTAeoEASs8PQ9hYyI
+0X/6QNWmHzxT4nKfCov3Udlc2V+4Ztq5/WuCSQaVve9LcYISH7NC41WduokDtk+nAzl9dBqVr5xK
+FtB8B0DnRjwVsDf6S6wQ51sRwsZRu2SYHEt01Jf1Ocij3XSwN7R6IfaHyk7dskshXg43XLYqO3WP
+Q+6hHuihalPc51hgzNIcqicV3xFkPs4UdMGX53zgGbre9sPX28uXR/ZwAfkdXzuKhLLJRo5hv3Sy
+MXdeKul0J2Ypp5Suh3s1JySsW1w5UNknGNrbdEpSBvY/Js+BIY289/0hM9PDu3p/1MbUst4RTEmM
+n6kJTcsp4tG42yeT7nQbtdUFwgVJjwDSUYEAC8F0dKOTILrlLO/xC70bnNd0Ha97whQ6UkHJYj5H
+cA/j+zX4tbtTIfGjujOKpj83aHOgXnIQbvYduNXEC4UMm4T21Bs+GHABuCa7v//LR/TvpjHa7oe7
+/Grb6lVvHSD7spj5iplBLRKZxxEYGdCbY9LWWC5hBB2voWno6DJUMzfkC3T8KJsWL9umDQY5szPt
+AVijEPwfucjncQ==
+""")
+
+##file activate.sh
+ACTIVATE_SH = convert("""
+eJytVd9v2kAMfs9fYQLq2m4MscdNVKMqEkgtVIQxbeuUHolpTgsXdHehpT/+9/mSEBJS2MOaB0ji
+z77P9menDpOAK5jzEGERKw0zhFihD/dcB2CrKJYewoyLFvM0XzGNNpzOZbSAGVPBqVWHdRSDx4SI
+NMhYANfgc4meDteW5ePGC45P4MkCumKhUENzDsu1H3lw1vJx1RJxGMKns6O2lWDqINGgotAHFCsu
+I7FAoWHFJGezEFWGqsEvaD5C42naHb93X+A3+elYCgVaxgh8DmQAys9HL2SS0mIaWBgm7mTN/O3G
+kzu6vHCng/HkW/fSve5O+hTOpnhfQAcoEry5jKVjNypoO0fgwzKSOgHm79KUK06Jfc7/RebHpD8a
+9kdXvT2UcnuFWG6p0stNB0mWUUQ1q3uiGRVEMfXHR03dTuQATPjwqIIPcB9wL4CArRAY/ZHJixYL
+Y9YBtcAoLQtFevOoI9QaHcEdMSAB0d08kuZhyUiSmav6CPCdVBnFOjNrLu6yMCWgKRA0TInBC5i4
+QwX3JG/mm581GKnSsSSxJTFHf9MAKr8w5T/vOv1mUurn5/zlT6fvTntjZzAaNl9rQ5JkU5KIc0GX
+inagwU57T2eddqWlTrvaS6d9sImZeUMkhWysveF0m37NcGub9Dpgi0j4qGiOzATjDr06OBjOYQOo
+7RBoGtNm9Denv1i0LVI7lxJDXLHSSBeWRflsyyqw7diuW3h0XdvK6lBMyaoMG1UyHdTsoYBuue75
+YOgOu1c91/2cwYpznPPeDoQpGL2xSm09NKp7BsvQ2hnT3aMs07lUnskpxewvBk73/LLnXo9HV9eT
+ijB3hWBO2ygoiWg/bKuZxqCCQq0DD3vkWIVvI2KosIw+vqW1gIItEG5KJb+xb09g65ktwYKgTc51
+uGJ/EFQs0ayEWLCQM5V9N4g+1+8UbXOJzF8bqhKtIqIwicWvzNFROZJlpfD8A7Vc044R0FxkcezG
+VzsV75usvTdYef+57v5n1b225qhXfwEmxHEs
+""")
+
+##file activate.fish
+ACTIVATE_FISH = convert("""
+eJyFVVFv0zAQfs+vONJO3RDNxCsSQoMVrdK2Vl03CSHkesllMXLsYDvZivjx2GmTOG0YfWhV+7u7
+73z33Y1gnTENKeMIeakNPCKUGhP7xcQTbCJ4ZOKcxoZV1GCUMp1t4O0zMxkTQEGVQjicO4dTyIwp
+Ppyfu386Q86jWOZwBhq1ZlK8jYIRXEoQ0jhDYAYSpjA2fBsFQVoKG0UKSLAJB9MEJrMXi6uYMiXl
+KCrIZYJARQIKTakEGAkmQ+tU5ZSDRTAlRY7CRJMA7GdkgRoNSJ74t1BRxegjR12jWAoGbfpTAeGY
+LK4vycN8tb6/uCbLi/VVWGPcx3maPr2AO4VjYB+HMAxAkQT/i/ptfbW4vVrczAZit3eHDNqL13n0
+Ya+w+Tq/uyLL1eJmuSaLh9lqNb/0+IzgznqnAjAvzBa4jG0BNmNXfdJUkxTU2I6xRaKcy+e6VApz
+WVmoTGFTgwslrYdN03ONrbbMN1E/FQ7H7gOP0UxRjV67TPRBjF3naCMV1mSkYk9MUN7F8cODZzsE
+iIHYviIe6n8WeGQxWKuhl+9Xa49uijq7fehXMRxT9VR9f/8jhDcfYSKkSOyxKp22cNIrIk+nzd2b
+Yc7FNpHx8FUn15ZfzXEE98JxZEohx4r6kosCT+R9ZkHQtLmXGYSEeH8JCTvYkcRgXAutp9Rw7Jmf
+E/J5fktuL25m1tMe3vLdjDt9bNxr2sMo2P3C9BccqGeYhqfQITz6XurXaqdf99LF1mT2YJrvzqCu
+5w7dKvV3PzNyOb+7+Hw923dOuB+AX2SxrZs9Lm0xbCH6kmhjUyuWw+7cC7DX8367H3VzDz6oBtty
+tMIeobE21JT6HaRS+TbaoqhbE7rgdGs3xtE4cOF3xo0TfxwsdyRlhUoxuzes18r+Jp88zDx1G+kd
+/HTrr1BY2CeuyfnbQtAcu9j+pOw6cy9X0k3IuoyKCZPC5ESf6MkgHE5tLiSW3Oa+W2NnrQfkGv/h
+7tR5PNFnMBlw4B9NJTxnzKA9fLTT0aXSb5vw7FUKzcTZPddqYHi2T9/axJmEEN3qHncVCuEPaFmq
+uEtpcBj2Z1wjrqGReJBHrY6/go21NA==
+""")
+
+##file activate.csh
+ACTIVATE_CSH = convert("""
+eJx1U2FP2zAQ/e5f8TAV3Soo+0zXbYUiDQkKQgVp2ibjJNfFUuIg22nVf885SVFLO3+I7Lt3fr6X
+d8eY58ZjYQpCWfuAhFB7yrAyIYf0Ve1SQmLsuU6DWepAw9TnEoOFq0rwdjAUx/hV1Ui1tVWAqy1M
+QGYcpaFYx+yVI67LkKwx1UuTEaYGl4X2Bl+zJpAlP/6V2hTDtCq/DYXQhdEeGW040Q/Eb+t9V/e3
+U/V88zh/mtyqh8n8J47G+IKTE3gKZJdoYrK3h5MRU1tGYS83gqNc+3yEgyyP93cP820evHLvr2H8
+kaYB/peoyY7aVHzpJnE9e+6I5Z+ji4GMTNJWNuOQq6MA1N25p8pW9HWdVWlfsNpPDbdxjgpaahuw
+1M7opCA/FFu1uwxC7L8KUqmto1KyQe3rx0I0Eovdf7BVe67U5c1MzSZ310pddGheZoFPWyytRkzU
+aCA/I+RkBXhFXr5aWV0SxjhUI6jwdAj8kmhPzX7nTfJFkM3MImp2VdVFFq1vLHSU5szYQK4Ri+Jd
+xlW2JBtOGcyYVW7SnB3v6RS91g3gKapZ0oWxbHVteYIIq3iv7QeuSrUj6KSqQ+yqsxDj1ivNQxKF
+YON10Q+NH/ARS95i5Tuqq2Vxfvc23f/FO6zrtXXmJr+ZtMY9/A15ZXFWtmch2rEQ4g1ryVHH
+""")
+
+##file activate.bat
+ACTIVATE_BAT = convert("""
+eJx9Ul9LhEAQfxf8DoOclI/dYyFkaCmcq4gZQTBUrincuZFbff12T133TM+nnd35/Zvxlr7XDFhV
+mUZHOVhFlOWP3g4DUriIWoVomYZpNBWUtGpaWgImO191pFkSpzlcmgaI70jVX7n2Qp8tuByg+46O
+CMHbMq64T+nmlJt082D1T44muCDk2prgEHF4mdI9RaS/QwSt3zSyIAaftRccvqVTBziD1x/WlPD5
+xd729NDBb8Nr4DU9QNMKsJeH9pkhPedhQsIkDuCDCa6A+NF9IevVFAohkqizdHetg/tkWvPoftWJ
+MCqnOxv7/x7Np6yv9P2Ker5dmX8yNyCkkWnbZy3N5LarczlqL8htx2EM9rQ/2H5BvIsIEi8OEG8U
++g8CsNTr
+""")
+
+##file deactivate.bat
+DEACTIVATE_BAT = convert("""
+eJyFkN0KgkAUhO8F32EQpHqFQEjQUPAPMaErqVxzId3IrV6/XST/UDx3c86c4WMO5FYysKJQFVVp
+CEfqxsnJ9DI7SA25i20fFqs3HO+GYLsDZ7h8GM3xfLHrg1QNvpSX4CWpQGvokZk4uqrQAjXjyElB
+a5IjCz0r+2dHcehHCe5MZNmB5R7TdqMqECMptHZh6DN/utb7Zs6Cej8OXYE5J04YOKFvD4GkHuJ0
+pilSd1jG6n87tDZ+BUwUOepI6CGSkFMYWf0ihvT33Qj1A+tCkSI=
+""")
+
+##file activate.ps1
+ACTIVATE_PS = convert("""
+eJylWdmO41hyfW+g/0FTU7C7IXeJIqmtB/3AnZRIStxF2kaBm7gv4ipyMF/mB3+Sf8GXVGVl1tLT
+43ECSqR4b5wbETeWE8z/+a///vNCDaN6cYtSf5G1dbNw/IVXNIu6aCvX9xa3qsgWl0IJ/7IYinbh
+2nkOVqs2X0TNjz/8eeFFle826fBhQRaLBkD9uviw+LCy3Sbq7Mb/UNbrH3+YNtLcVaB+Xbipb+eL
+tly0eVsD/M6u6g8//vC+dquobH5VWU75eMFUdvHb4n02RHlXuHYTFfmHbHCLLLNz70NpN+GrBI4p
+1EeSk4FAXaZR88u0vPip8usi7fznt3fvP+OuPnx49/Pil4td+XnzigIAPoqYQH2J8v4z+C+8b98m
+Q25t7k76LIK0cOz0V89/MXXx0+Lf6z5q3PA/F+/FIif9uqnaadFf/PzXSXYBfqIb2NeApecJwPzI
+dlL/149nnvyoc7KqYfzTAT8v/voUmX7e+3n364tffl/oVaDyswKY/7J18e6bve8Wv9RuUfqfLHmK
+/u139Hwx+9ePRep97KKqae30YwmCo2y+0vTz1k+rv7159B3pb1SOGj97Pe8/flfkC1Vn/7xYR4n6
+lypNEGDDV5f7lcjil3S+4++p881Wv6qKyn5GQg1yJwcp4BZ5E+Wt/z1P/umbiHir4J8Xip/eFt6n
+9T/9gU9eY+7zUX97Jlmb136ziKrKT/3OzpvP8VX/+MObSP0lL3LvVZlJ9v1b8357jXyw8rXxYPXN
+11n4UzJ8G8S/vUbuJ6RPj999DbtS5kys//JusXwrNLnvT99cFlBNwXCe+niRz8JF/ezNr9Pze+H6
+18W7d5PPvozW7+387Zto/v4pL8BvbxTzvIW9KCv/Fj0WzVQb/YXbVlPZWTz3/9vCaRtQbPN/Bb+j
+2rUrDxTVD68gfQXu/ZewAFX53U/vf/rD2P3558W7+W79Po1y/xXoX/6RFHyNIoVjgAG4H0RTcAe5
+3bSVv3DSwk2mZYHjFB8zj6fC4sLOFTHJJQrwzFYJgso0ApOoBzFiRzzQKjIQCCbQMIFJGCKqGUyS
+8AkjiF2wTwmMEbcEUvq8Nj+X0f4YcCQmYRiOY7eRbAJDqzm1chOoNstbJ8oTBhZQ2NcfgaB6QjLp
+U4+SWFjQGCZpyqby8V4JkPGs9eH1BscXIrTG24QxXLIgCLYNsIlxSYLA6SjAeg7HAg4/kpiIB8k9
+TCLm0EM4gKIxEj8IUj2dQeqSxEwYVH88qiRlCLjEYGuNIkJB1BA5dHOZdGAoUFk54WOqEojkuf4Q
+Ig3WY+96TDlKLicMC04h0+gDCdYHj0kz2xBDj9ECDU5zJ0tba6RKgXBneewhBG/xJ5m5FX+WSzsn
+wnHvKhcOciw9NunZ0BUF0n0IJAcJMdcLqgQb0zP19dl8t9PzmMBjkuIF7KkvHgqEovUPOsY0PBB1
+HCtUUhch83qEJPjQcNQDsgj0cRqx2ZbnnlrlUjE1EX2wFJyyDa/0GLrmKDEFepdWlsbmVU45Wiwt
+eFM6mfs4kxg8yc4YmKDy67dniLV5FUeO5AKNPZaOQQ++gh+dXE7dbJ1aTDr7S4WPd8sQoQkDyODg
+XnEu/voeKRAXZxB/e2xaJ4LTFLPYEJ15Ltb87I45l+P6OGFA5F5Ix8A4ORV6M1NH1uMuZMnmFtLi
+VpYed+gSq9JDBoHc05J4OhKetrk1p0LYiKipxLMe3tYS7c5V7O1KcPU8BJGdLfcswhoFCSGQqJ8f
+ThyQKy5EWFtHVuNhvTnkeTc8JMpN5li3buURh0+3ZGuzdwM55kon+8urbintjdQJf9U1D0ah+hNh
+i1XNu4fSKbTC5AikGEaj0CYM1dpuli7EoqUt7929f1plxGGNZnixFSFP2qzhlZMonu2bB9OWSqYx
+VuHKWNGJI8kqUhMTRtk0vJ5ycZ60JlodlmN3D9XiEj/cG2lSt+WV3OtMgt1Tf4/Z+1BaCus740kx
+Nvj78+jMd9tq537Xz/mNFyiHb0HdwHytJ3uQUzKkYhK7wjGtx3oKX43YeYoJVtqDSrCnQFzMemCS
+2bPSvP+M4yZFi/iZhAjL4UOeMfa7Ex8HKBqw4umOCPh+imOP6yVTwG2MplB+wtg97olEtykNZ6wg
+FJBNXSTJ3g0CCTEEMdUjjcaBDjhJ9fyINXgQVHhA0bjk9lhhhhOGzcqQSxYdj3iIN2xGEOODx4qj
+Q2xikJudC1ujCVOtiRwhga5nPdhe1gSa649bLJ0wCuLMcEYIeSy25YcDQHJb95nfowv3rQnin0fE
+zIXFkM/EwSGxvCCMgEPNcDp/wph1gMEa8Xd1qAWOwWZ/KhjlqzgisBpDDDXz9Cmov46GYBKHC4zZ
+84HJnXoTxyWNBbXV4LK/r+OEwSN45zBp7Cub3gIYIvYlxon5BzDgtPUYfXAMPbENGrI+YVGSeTQ5
+i8NMB5UCcC+YRGIBhgs0xhAGwSgYwywpbu4vpCSTdEKrsy8osXMUnHQYenQHbOBofLCNNTg3CRRj
+A1nXY2MZcjnXI+oQ2Zk+561H4CqoW61tbPKv65Y7fqc3TDUF9CA3F3gM0e0JQ0TPADJFJXVzphpr
+2FzwAY8apGCju1QGOiUVO5KV6/hKbtgVN6hRVwpRYtu+/OC6w2bCcGzZQ8NCc4WejNEjFxOIgR3o
+QqR1ZK0IaUxZ9nbL7GWJIjxBARUhAMnYrq/S0tVOjzlOSYRqeIZxaSaOBX5HSR3MFekOXVdUPbjX
+nru61fDwI8HRYPUS7a6Inzq9JLjokU6P6OzT4UCH+Nha+JrU4VqEo4rRHQJhVuulAnvFhYz5NWFT
+aS/bKxW6J3e46y4PLagGrCDKcq5B9EmP+s1QMCaxHNeM7deGEV3WPn3CeKjndlygdPyoIcNaL3dd
+bdqPs47frcZ3aNWQ2Tk+rjFR01Ul4XnQQB6CSKA+cZusD0CP3F2Ph0e78baybgioepG12luSpFXi
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+gnicYz0496dYauCjpTCA4VA0cdLJewzRmZeTwuXWD0talJsSF9J1Pe72nkaHSpULgNeK1+o+9yi0
+YpYwXZyvaZatK2eL0U0ZY6ekZkFPdC8JTF4Yo1ytawNfepqUKEhwznp6HO6+2l7L2R9Q3N49JMIe
+Z+ax1mVaWussz98QbNTRPo1xu4W33LJpd9H14dd66ype7UktfEDi3oUTccJ4nODjwBKFxS7lYWiq
+XoHu/b7ZVcK5TbRD0F/2GShg2ywwUl07k4LLqhofKxFBNd1grWY+Zt/cPtacBpV9ys2z1moMLrT3
+W0Elrjtt5y/dvDQYtObYS97pqj0eqmwvD3jCPRqamGthLiF0XkgB6IdHLBBwDGPiIDh7oPaRmTrN
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+77YCyRXwO8P8wdzG/8489KwfFBZWI6Vvx76gmlOc03JI1HEfXYZEL4sNFQ3+bqf7e2hdSWQknwKF
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+gF7W82tNutRRZExad+k4GYYsCfmEbvizS4jsRr3fdzqjEthpEwm7pmN7OgVzRbrktjrFw1lc0vM8
+V7dyTJ71qlsd7v3KhmHzeJB35pqEOk2pEe5uPeCToNkmedmxcKbIj+MZzjFSsvCmimaMQB1uJJKa
++hoWUi7aEFLvIxKxJavqpggXBIk2hr0608dIgnfG5ZEprqmH0b0YSy6jVXTCuIB+WER4d5BPVy9Q
+M4taX0RIlDYxQ2CjBuq78AAcHQf5qoKP8BXHnDnd/+ed5fS+csL4g3eWqECaL+8suy9r8hx7c+4L
+EegEWdqAWN1w1NezP34xsxLkvRRI0DRzKOg0U+BKfQY128YlYsbwSczEg2LqKxRmcgiwHdhc9MQJ
+IwKQHlgBejWeMGDYYxTOQUiJOmIjJbzIzHH6lAMP+y/fR0v1g4wx4St8fcqTt3gz5wc+xXFZZ3qI
+JpXI5iJk7xmNL2tYsDpcqu0375Snd5EKsIvg8u5szTOyZ4v06Ny2TZXRpHUSinh4IFp8Eoi7GINJ
+02lPJnS/9jSxolJwp2slPMIEbjleWw3eec4XaetyEnSSqTPRZ9fVA0cPXMqzrPYQQyrRux3LaAh1
+wujbgcObg1nt4iiJ5IMbc/WNPc280I2T4nTkdwG8H6iS5xO2WfsFsruBwf2QkgZlb6w7om2G65Lr
+r2Gl4dk63F8rCEHoUJ3fW+pU2Srjlmcbp+JXY3DMifEI22HcHAvT7zzXiMTr7VbUR5a2lZtJkk4k
+1heZZFdru8ucCWMTr3Z4eNnjLm7LW7rcN7QjMpxrsCzjxndeyFUX7deIs3PQkgyH8k6luI0uUyLr
+va47TBjM4JmNHFzGPcP6BV6cYgQy8VQYZe5GmzZHMxyBYhGiUdekZQ/qwyxC3WGylQGdUpSf9ZCP
+a7qPdJd31fPRC0TOgzupO7nLuBGr2A02yuUQwt2KQG31sW8Gd9tQiHq+hPDt4OzJuY4pS8XRsepY
+tsd7dVEfJFmc15IYqwHverrpWyS1rFZibDPW1hUUb+85CGUzSBSTK8hpvee/ZxonW51TUXekMy3L
+uy25tMTg4mqbSLQQJ+skiQu2toIfBFYrOWql+EQipgfT15P1aq6FDK3xgSjIGWde0BPftYchDTdM
+i4QdudHFkN0u6fSKiT09QLv2mtSblt5nNzBR6UReePNs+khE4rHcXuoK21igUKHl1c3MXMgPu7y8
+rKQDxR6N/rffXv+lROXet/9Q+l9I4D1U
+""")
+
+##file distutils-init.py
+DISTUTILS_INIT = convert("""
+eJytV1uL4zYUfvevOE0ottuMW9q3gVDa3aUMXXbLMlDKMBiNrSTqOJKRlMxkf33PkXyRbGe7Dw2E
+UXTu37lpxLFV2oIyifAncxmOL0xLIfcG+gv80x9VW6maw7o/CANSWWBwFtqeWMPlGY6qPjV8A0bB
+C4eKSTgZ5LRgFeyErMEeOBhbN+Ipgeizhjtnhkn7DdyjuNLPoCS0l/ayQTG0djwZC08cLXozeMss
+aG5EzQ0IScpnWtHSTXuxByV/QCmxE7y+eS0uxWeoheaVVfqSJHiU7Mhhi6gULbOHorshkrEnKxpT
+0n3A8Y8SMpuwZx6aoix3ouFlmW8gHRSkeSJ2g7hU+kiHLDaQw3bmRDaTGfTnty7gPm0FHbIBg9U9
+oh1kZzAFLaue2R6htPCtAda2nGlDSUJ4PZBgCJBGVcwKTAMz/vJiLD+Oin5Z5QlvDPdulC6EsiyE
+NFzb7McNTKJzbJqzphx92VKRFY1idenzmq3K0emRcbWBD0ryqc4NZGmKOOOX9Pz5x+/l27tP797c
+f/z0d+4NruGNai8uAM0bfsYaw8itFk8ny41jsfpyO+BWlpqfhcG4yxLdi/0tQqoT4a8Vby382mt8
+p7XSo7aWGdPBc+b6utaBmCQ7rQKQoWtAuthQCiold2KfJIPTT8xwg9blPumc+YDZC/wYGdAyHpJk
+vUbHbHWAp5No6pK/WhhLEWrFjUwtPEv1Agf8YmnsuXUQYkeZoHm8ogP16gt2uHoxcEMdf2C6pmbw
+hUMsWGhanboh4IzzmsIpWs134jVPqD/c74bZHdY69UKKSn/+KfVhxLgUlToemayLMYQOqfEC61bh
+cbhwaqoGUzIyZRFHPmau5juaWqwRn3mpWmoEA5nhzS5gog/5jbcFQqOZvmBasZtwYlG93k5GEiyw
+buHhMWLjDarEGpMGB2LFs5nIJkhp/nUmZneFaRth++lieJtHepIvKgx6PJqIlD9X2j6pG1i9x3pZ
+5bHuCPFiirGHeO7McvoXkz786GaKVzC9DSpnOxJdc4xm6NSVq7lNEnKdVlnpu9BNYoKX2Iq3wvgh
+gGEUM66kK6j4NiyoneuPLSwaCWDxczgaolEWpiMyDVDb7dNuLAbriL8ig8mmeju31oNvQdpnvEPC
+1vAXbWacGRVrGt/uXN/gU0CDDwgooKRrHfTBb1/s9lYZ8ZqOBU0yLvpuP6+K9hLFsvIjeNhBi0KL
+MlOuWRn3FRwx5oHXjl0YImUx0+gLzjGchrgzca026ETmYJzPD+IpuKzNi8AFn048Thd63OdD86M6
+84zE8yQm0VqXdbbgvub2pKVnS76icBGdeTHHXTKspUmr4NYo/furFLKiMdQzFjHJNcdAnMhltBJK
+0/IKX3DVFqvPJ2dLE7bDBkH0l/PJ29074+F0CsGYOxsb7U3myTUncYfXqnLLfa6sJybX4g+hmcjO
+kMRBfA1JellfRRKJcyRpxdS4rIl6FdmQCWjo/o9Qz7yKffoP4JHjOvABcRn4CZIT2RH4jnxmfpVG
+qgLaAvQBNfuO6X0/Ux02nb4FKx3vgP+XnkX0QW9pLy/NsXgdN24dD3LxO2Nwil7Zlc1dqtP3d7/h
+kzp1/+7hGBuY4pk0XD/0Ao/oTe/XGrfyM773aB7iUhgkpy+dwAMalxMP0DrBcsVw/6p25+/hobP9
+GBknrWExDhLJ1bwt1NcCNblaFbMKCyvmX0PeRaQ=
+""")
+
+##file distutils.cfg
+DISTUTILS_CFG = convert("""
+eJxNj00KwkAMhfc9xYNuxe4Ft57AjYiUtDO1wXSmNJnK3N5pdSEEAu8nH6lxHVlRhtDHMPATA4uH
+xJ4EFmGbvfJiicSHFRzUSISMY6hq3GLCRLnIvSTnEefN0FIjw5tF0Hkk9Q5dRunBsVoyFi24aaLg
+9FDOlL0FPGluf4QjcInLlxd6f6rqkgPu/5nHLg0cXCscXoozRrP51DRT3j9QNl99AP53T2Q=
+""")
+
+##file activate_this.py
+ACTIVATE_THIS = convert("""
+eJyNU01v2zAMvetXEB4K21jnDOstQA4dMGCHbeihlyEIDMWmE62yJEiKE//7kXKdpEWLzYBt8evx
+kRSzLPs6wiEoswM8YdMpjUXcq1Dz6RZa1cSiTkJdr86GsoTRHuCotBayiWqQEYGtMCgfD1KjGYBe
+5a3p0cRKiEe2NtLAFikftnDco0ko/SFEVgEZ8aRCZDIPY9xbA8pE9M4jfW/B2CjiHq9zbJVZuOQq
+siwTIvpxKYCembPAU4Muwi/Z4zfvrZ/MXipKeB8C+qisSZYiWfjJfs+0/MFMdWn1hJcO5U7G/SLa
+xVx8zU6VG/PXLXvfsyyzUqjeWR8hjGE+2iCE1W1tQ82hsCJN9dzKaoexyB/uH79TnjwvxcW0ntSb
+yZ8jq1Z5Q1UXsyy3gf9nbjTEj7NzQMfCJa/YSmrQ+2D/BqfiOi6sclrGzvoeVivIj8rcfcmnIQRF
+7XCyeZI7DFe5/lhlCs5PRf5QW66VXT/NrlQ46oD/D6InkOmi3IQcbhKxAX2g4a+Xd5s3UtCtG2py
+m8eg6WYWqR6SL5OjKMGfSrYt/6kxxQtOpeAgj1LXBNmpE2ElmCSIy5H0zFd8gJ924HWijWhb2hRC
+6wNEm1QdDZtuSZcEprIUBo/XRNcbQe1OUbQ/r3hPTaPJJDNtFLu8KHV5XoNr3Eo6h6YtOKw8e8yw
+VF5PnJ+ts3a9/Mz38RpG/AUSzYUW
+""")
+
+##file python-config
+PYTHON_CONFIG = convert("""
+eJyNVV1P2zAUfc+v8ODBiSABxlulTipbO6p1LWqBgVhlhcZpPYUkctzSivHfd6+dpGloGH2Ja/ue
+e+65Hz78xNhtf3x90xmw7vCWsRPGLvpDNuz87MKfdKMWSWxZ4ilNpCLZJiuWc66SVFUOZkkcirll
+rfxIBAzOMtImDzSVPBRrekwoX/OZu/0r4lm0DHiG60g86u8sjPw5rCyy86NRkB8QuuBRSqfAKESn
+3orLTCQxE3GYkC9tYp8fk89OSwNsmXgizrhUtnumeSgeo5GbLUMk49Rv+2nK48Cm/qMwfp333J2/
+dVcAGE0CIQHBsgIeEr4Wij0LtWDLzJ9ze5YEvH2WI6CHTAVcSu9ZCsXtgxu81CIvp6/k4eXsdfo7
+PvDCRD75yi41QitfzlcPp1OI7i/1/iQitqnr0iMgQ+A6wa+IKwwdxyk9IiXNAzgquTFU8NIxAVjM
+osm1Zz526e+shQ4hKRVci69nPC3Kw4NQEmkQ65E7OodxorSvxjvpBjQHDmWFIQ1mlmzlS5vedseT
+/mgIEsMJ7Lxz2bLAF9M5xeLEhdbHxpWOw0GdkJApMVBRF1y+a0z3c9WZPAXGFcFrJgCIB+024uad
+0CrzmEoRa3Ub4swNIHPGf7QDV+2uj2OiFWsChgCwjKqN6rp5izpbH6Wc1O1TclQTP/XVwi6anTr1
+1sbubjZLI1+VptPSdCfwnFBrB1jvebrTA9uUhU2/9gad7xPqeFkaQcnnLbCViZK8d7R1kxzFrIJV
+8EaLYmKYpvGVkig+3C5HCXbM1jGCGekiM2pRCVPyRyXYdPf6kcbWEQ36F5V4Gq9N7icNNw+JHwRE
+LTgxRXACpvnQv/PuT0xCCAywY/K4hE6Now2qDwaSE5FB+1agsoUveYDepS83qFcF1NufvULD3fTl
+g6Hgf7WBt6lzMeiyyWVn3P1WVbwaczHmTzE9A5SyItTVgFYyvs/L/fXlaNgbw8v3azT+0eikVlWD
+/vBHbzQumP23uBCjsYdrL9OWARwxs/nuLOzeXbPJTa/Xv6sUmQir5pC1YRLz3eA+CD8Z0XpcW8v9
+MZWF36ryyXXf3yBIz6nzqz8Muyz0m5Qj7OexfYo/Ph3LqvkHUg7AuA==
+""")
+
+MH_MAGIC = 0xfeedface
+MH_CIGAM = 0xcefaedfe
+MH_MAGIC_64 = 0xfeedfacf
+MH_CIGAM_64 = 0xcffaedfe
+FAT_MAGIC = 0xcafebabe
+BIG_ENDIAN = '>'
+LITTLE_ENDIAN = '<'
+LC_LOAD_DYLIB = 0xc
+maxint = majver == 3 and getattr(sys, 'maxsize') or getattr(sys, 'maxint')
+
+
+class fileview(object):
+    """
+    A proxy for file-like objects that exposes a given view of a file.
+    Modified from macholib.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, start=0, size=maxint):
+        if isinstance(fileobj, fileview):
+            self._fileobj = fileobj._fileobj
+        else:
+            self._fileobj = fileobj
+        self._start = start
+        self._end = start + size
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<fileview [%d, %d] %r>' % (
+            self._start, self._end, self._fileobj)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._pos
+
+    def _checkwindow(self, seekto, op):
+        if not (self._start <= seekto <= self._end):
+            raise IOError("%s to offset %d is outside window [%d, %d]" % (
+                op, seekto, self._start, self._end))
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=0):
+        seekto = offset
+        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
+            seekto += self._start
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_CUR:
+            seekto += self._start + self._pos
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
+            seekto += self._end
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Invalid whence argument to seek: %r" % (whence,))
+        self._checkwindow(seekto, 'seek')
+        self._fileobj.seek(seekto)
+        self._pos = seekto - self._start
+
+    def write(self, bytes):
+        here = self._start + self._pos
+        self._checkwindow(here, 'write')
+        self._checkwindow(here + len(bytes), 'write')
+        self._fileobj.seek(here, os.SEEK_SET)
+        self._fileobj.write(bytes)
+        self._pos += len(bytes)
+
+    def read(self, size=maxint):
+        assert size >= 0
+        here = self._start + self._pos
+        self._checkwindow(here, 'read')
+        size = min(size, self._end - here)
+        self._fileobj.seek(here, os.SEEK_SET)
+        bytes = self._fileobj.read(size)
+        self._pos += len(bytes)
+        return bytes
+
+
+def read_data(file, endian, num=1):
+    """
+    Read a given number of 32-bits unsigned integers from the given file
+    with the given endianness.
+    """
+    res = struct.unpack(endian + 'L' * num, file.read(num * 4))
+    if len(res) == 1:
+        return res[0]
+    return res
+
+
+def mach_o_change(path, what, value):
+    """
+    Replace a given name (what) in any LC_LOAD_DYLIB command found in
+    the given binary with a new name (value), provided it's shorter.
+    """
+
+    def do_macho(file, bits, endian):
+        # Read Mach-O header (the magic number is assumed read by the caller)
+        cputype, cpusubtype, filetype, ncmds, sizeofcmds, flags = read_data(file, endian, 6)
+        # 64-bits header has one more field.
+        if bits == 64:
+            read_data(file, endian)
+        # The header is followed by ncmds commands
+        for n in range(ncmds):
+            where = file.tell()
+            # Read command header
+            cmd, cmdsize = read_data(file, endian, 2)
+            if cmd == LC_LOAD_DYLIB:
+                # The first data field in LC_LOAD_DYLIB commands is the
+                # offset of the name, starting from the beginning of the
+                # command.
+                name_offset = read_data(file, endian)
+                file.seek(where + name_offset, os.SEEK_SET)
+                # Read the NUL terminated string
+                load = file.read(cmdsize - name_offset).decode()
+                load = load[:load.index('\0')]
+                # If the string is what is being replaced, overwrite it.
+                if load == what:
+                    file.seek(where + name_offset, os.SEEK_SET)
+                    file.write(value.encode() + '\0'.encode())
+            # Seek to the next command
+            file.seek(where + cmdsize, os.SEEK_SET)
+
+    def do_file(file, offset=0, size=maxint):
+        file = fileview(file, offset, size)
+        # Read magic number
+        magic = read_data(file, BIG_ENDIAN)
+        if magic == FAT_MAGIC:
+            # Fat binaries contain nfat_arch Mach-O binaries
+            nfat_arch = read_data(file, BIG_ENDIAN)
+            for n in range(nfat_arch):
+                # Read arch header
+                cputype, cpusubtype, offset, size, align = read_data(file, BIG_ENDIAN, 5)
+                do_file(file, offset, size)
+        elif magic == MH_MAGIC:
+            do_macho(file, 32, BIG_ENDIAN)
+        elif magic == MH_CIGAM:
+            do_macho(file, 32, LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+        elif magic == MH_MAGIC_64:
+            do_macho(file, 64, BIG_ENDIAN)
+        elif magic == MH_CIGAM_64:
+            do_macho(file, 64, LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+
+    assert(len(what) >= len(value))
+
+    with open(path, 'r+b') as f:
+        do_file(f)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
+
+# TODO:
+# Copy python.exe.manifest
+# Monkeypatch distutils.sysconfig
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.bat b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..529b9733c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+@echo off

+set "VIRTUAL_ENV=__VIRTUAL_ENV__"

+

+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT (

+    set "PROMPT=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT%"

+) else (

+    if not defined PROMPT (

+        set "PROMPT=$P$G"

+    )

+    set "_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT=%PROMPT%"

+)

+set "PROMPT=__VIRTUAL_WINPROMPT__ %PROMPT%"

+

+REM Don't use () to avoid problems with them in %PATH%

+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME goto ENDIFVHOME

+    set "_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME=%PYTHONHOME%"

+:ENDIFVHOME

+

+set PYTHONHOME=

+

+REM if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH (

+if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH goto ENDIFVPATH1

+    set "PATH=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH%"

+:ENDIFVPATH1

+REM ) else (

+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH goto ENDIFVPATH2

+    set "_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH=%PATH%"

+:ENDIFVPATH2

+

+set "PATH=%VIRTUAL_ENV%\__BIN_NAME__;%PATH%"

diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..864865b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate.csh" *from csh*.
+# You cannot run it directly.
+# Created by Davide Di Blasi <davidedb@gmail.com>.
+
+alias deactivate 'test $?_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH != 0 && setenv PATH "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH" && unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH; rehash; test $?_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT != 0 && set prompt="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT" && unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT; unsetenv VIRTUAL_ENV; test "\!:*" != "nondestructive" && unalias deactivate && unalias pydoc'
+
+# Unset irrelevant variables.
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+setenv VIRTUAL_ENV "__VIRTUAL_ENV__"
+
+set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+setenv PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/__BIN_NAME__:$PATH"
+
+
+
+if ("__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__" != "") then
+    set env_name = "__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__"
+else
+    set env_name = `basename "$VIRTUAL_ENV"`
+endif
+
+# Could be in a non-interactive environment,
+# in which case, $prompt is undefined and we wouldn't
+# care about the prompt anyway.
+if ( $?prompt ) then
+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT="$prompt"
+    set prompt = "[$env_name] $prompt"
+endif
+
+unset env_name
+
+alias pydoc python -m pydoc
+
+rehash
+
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.fish b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.fish
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3d1797a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.fish
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# This file must be used using `. bin/activate.fish` *within a running fish ( http://fishshell.com ) session*.
+# Do not run it directly.
+
+function deactivate -d 'Exit virtualenv mode and return to the normal environment.'
+    # reset old environment variables
+    if test -n "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH"
+        set -gx PATH $_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+        set -e _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    end
+
+    if test -n "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME"
+        set -gx PYTHONHOME $_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+        set -e _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    end
+
+    if test -n "$_OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE"
+        # Set an empty local `$fish_function_path` to allow the removal of `fish_prompt` using `functions -e`.
+        set -l fish_function_path
+
+        # Erase virtualenv's `fish_prompt` and restore the original.
+        functions -e fish_prompt
+        functions -c _old_fish_prompt fish_prompt
+        functions -e _old_fish_prompt
+        set -e _OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE
+    end
+
+    set -e VIRTUAL_ENV
+
+    if test "$argv[1]" != 'nondestructive'
+        # Self-destruct!
+        functions -e pydoc
+        functions -e deactivate
+    end
+end
+
+# Unset irrelevant variables.
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+set -gx VIRTUAL_ENV "__VIRTUAL_ENV__"
+
+set -gx _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH $PATH
+set -gx PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/__BIN_NAME__" $PATH
+
+# Unset `$PYTHONHOME` if set.
+if set -q PYTHONHOME
+    set -gx _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME $PYTHONHOME
+    set -e PYTHONHOME
+end
+
+function pydoc
+    python -m pydoc $argv
+end
+
+if test -z "$VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT"
+    # Copy the current `fish_prompt` function as `_old_fish_prompt`.
+    functions -c fish_prompt _old_fish_prompt
+
+    function fish_prompt
+        # Save the current $status, for fish_prompts that display it.
+        set -l old_status $status
+
+        # Prompt override provided?
+        # If not, just prepend the environment name.
+        if test -n "__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__"
+            printf '%s%s' "__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__" (set_color normal)
+        else
+            printf '%s(%s%s%s) ' (set_color normal) (set_color -o white) (basename "$VIRTUAL_ENV") (set_color normal)
+        end
+
+        # Restore the original $status
+        echo "exit $old_status" | source
+        _old_fish_prompt
+    end
+
+    set -gx _OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE "$VIRTUAL_ENV"
+end
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.ps1 b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.ps1
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f4adf19f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# This file must be dot sourced from PoSh; you cannot run it

+# directly. Do this: . ./activate.ps1

+

+# FIXME: clean up unused vars.

+$script:THIS_PATH = $myinvocation.mycommand.path

+$script:BASE_DIR = split-path (resolve-path "$THIS_PATH/..") -Parent

+$script:DIR_NAME = split-path $BASE_DIR -Leaf

+

+function global:deactivate ( [switch] $NonDestructive ){

+

+    if ( test-path variable:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH ) {

+        $env:PATH = $variable:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH

+        remove-variable "_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH" -scope global

+    }

+

+    if ( test-path function:_old_virtual_prompt ) {

+        $function:prompt = $function:_old_virtual_prompt

+        remove-item function:\_old_virtual_prompt

+    }

+

+    if ($env:VIRTUAL_ENV) {

+        $old_env = split-path $env:VIRTUAL_ENV -leaf

+        remove-item env:VIRTUAL_ENV -erroraction silentlycontinue

+    }

+

+    if ( !$NonDestructive ) {

+        # Self destruct!

+        remove-item function:deactivate

+    }

+}

+

+# unset irrelevant variables

+deactivate -nondestructive

+

+$VIRTUAL_ENV = $BASE_DIR

+$env:VIRTUAL_ENV = $VIRTUAL_ENV

+

+$global:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH = $env:PATH

+$env:PATH = "$env:VIRTUAL_ENV/Scripts;" + $env:PATH

+if (! $env:VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT) {

+    function global:_old_virtual_prompt { "" }

+    $function:_old_virtual_prompt = $function:prompt

+    function global:prompt {

+        # Add a prefix to the current prompt, but don't discard it.

+        write-host "($(split-path $env:VIRTUAL_ENV -leaf)) " -nonewline

+        & $function:_old_virtual_prompt

+    }

+}

+

+# SIG # Begin signature block

+# MIISeAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIISaTCCEmUCAQExCzAJBgUrDgMCGgUAMGkGCisGAQQB

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+# SIG # End signature block

diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.sh b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..477b7eca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate" *from bash*
+# you cannot run it directly
+
+deactivate () {
+    unset -f pydoc >/dev/null 2>&1
+
+    # reset old environment variables
+    # ! [ -z ${VAR+_} ] returns true if VAR is declared at all
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH+_}" ] ; then
+        PATH="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH"
+        export PATH
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    fi
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME+_}" ] ; then
+        PYTHONHOME="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME"
+        export PYTHONHOME
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    fi
+
+    # This should detect bash and zsh, which have a hash command that must
+    # be called to get it to forget past commands.  Without forgetting
+    # past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+    if [ -n "${BASH-}" ] || [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ] ; then
+        hash -r 2>/dev/null
+    fi
+
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1+_}" ] ; then
+        PS1="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1"
+        export PS1
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1
+    fi
+
+    unset VIRTUAL_ENV
+    if [ ! "${1-}" = "nondestructive" ] ; then
+    # Self destruct!
+        unset -f deactivate
+    fi
+}
+
+# unset irrelevant variables
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+VIRTUAL_ENV="__VIRTUAL_ENV__"
+export VIRTUAL_ENV
+
+_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/__BIN_NAME__:$PATH"
+export PATH
+
+# unset PYTHONHOME if set
+if ! [ -z "${PYTHONHOME+_}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME="$PYTHONHOME"
+    unset PYTHONHOME
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT-}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1="$PS1"
+    if [ "x__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__" != x ] ; then
+        PS1="__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__$PS1"
+    else
+        PS1="(`basename \"$VIRTUAL_ENV\"`) $PS1"
+    fi
+    export PS1
+fi
+
+# Make sure to unalias pydoc if it's already there
+alias pydoc 2>/dev/null >/dev/null && unalias pydoc
+
+pydoc () {
+    python -m pydoc "$@"
+}
+
+# This should detect bash and zsh, which have a hash command that must
+# be called to get it to forget past commands.  Without forgetting
+# past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+if [ -n "${BASH-}" ] || [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ] ; then
+    hash -r 2>/dev/null
+fi
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f18193bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""By using execfile(this_file, dict(__file__=this_file)) you will
+activate this virtualenv environment.
+
+This can be used when you must use an existing Python interpreter, not
+the virtualenv bin/python
+"""
+
+try:
+    __file__
+except NameError:
+    raise AssertionError(
+        "You must run this like execfile('path/to/activate_this.py', dict(__file__='path/to/activate_this.py'))")
+import sys
+import os
+
+old_os_path = os.environ.get('PATH', '')
+os.environ['PATH'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) + os.pathsep + old_os_path
+base = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'Lib', 'site-packages')
+else:
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
+prev_sys_path = list(sys.path)
+import site
+site.addsitedir(site_packages)
+sys.real_prefix = sys.prefix
+sys.prefix = base
+# Move the added items to the front of the path:
+new_sys_path = []
+for item in list(sys.path):
+    if item not in prev_sys_path:
+        new_sys_path.append(item)
+        sys.path.remove(item)
+sys.path[:0] = new_sys_path
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9228d3171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+@echo off

+

+set VIRTUAL_ENV=

+

+REM Don't use () to avoid problems with them in %PATH%

+if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT goto ENDIFVPROMPT

+    set "PROMPT=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT%"

+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT=

+:ENDIFVPROMPT

+

+if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME goto ENDIFVHOME

+    set "PYTHONHOME=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME%"

+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME=

+:ENDIFVHOME

+

+if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH goto ENDIFVPATH

+    set "PATH=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH%"

+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH=

+:ENDIFVPATH
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29fc1da45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings 
+import imp
+import opcode # opcode is not a virtualenv module, so we can use it to find the stdlib
+              # Important! To work on pypy, this must be a module that resides in the
+              # lib-python/modified-x.y.z directory
+
+dirname = os.path.dirname
+
+distutils_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(opcode.__file__), 'distutils')
+if os.path.normpath(distutils_path) == os.path.dirname(os.path.normpath(__file__)):
+    warnings.warn(
+        "The virtualenv distutils package at %s appears to be in the same location as the system distutils?")
+else:
+    __path__.insert(0, distutils_path)
+    real_distutils = imp.load_module("_virtualenv_distutils", None, distutils_path, ('', '', imp.PKG_DIRECTORY))
+    # Copy the relevant attributes
+    try:
+        __revision__ = real_distutils.__revision__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    __version__ = real_distutils.__version__
+
+from distutils import dist, sysconfig
+
+try:
+    basestring
+except NameError:
+    basestring = str
+
+## patch build_ext (distutils doesn't know how to get the libs directory
+## path on windows - it hardcodes the paths around the patched sys.prefix)
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as old_build_ext
+    class build_ext(old_build_ext):
+        def finalize_options (self):
+            if self.library_dirs is None:
+                self.library_dirs = []
+            elif isinstance(self.library_dirs, basestring):
+                self.library_dirs = self.library_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+            
+            self.library_dirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "Libs"))
+            old_build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+            
+    from distutils.command import build_ext as build_ext_module 
+    build_ext_module.build_ext = build_ext
+
+## distutils.dist patches:
+
+old_find_config_files = dist.Distribution.find_config_files
+def find_config_files(self):
+    found = old_find_config_files(self)
+    system_distutils = os.path.join(distutils_path, 'distutils.cfg')
+    #if os.path.exists(system_distutils):
+    #    found.insert(0, system_distutils)
+        # What to call the per-user config file
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        user_filename = ".pydistutils.cfg"
+    else:
+        user_filename = "pydistutils.cfg"
+    user_filename = os.path.join(sys.prefix, user_filename)
+    if os.path.isfile(user_filename):
+        for item in list(found):
+            if item.endswith('pydistutils.cfg'):
+                found.remove(item)
+        found.append(user_filename)
+    return found
+dist.Distribution.find_config_files = find_config_files
+
+## distutils.sysconfig patches:
+
+old_get_python_inc = sysconfig.get_python_inc
+def sysconfig_get_python_inc(plat_specific=0, prefix=None):
+    if prefix is None:
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    return old_get_python_inc(plat_specific, prefix)
+sysconfig_get_python_inc.__doc__ = old_get_python_inc.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_python_inc = sysconfig_get_python_inc
+
+old_get_python_lib = sysconfig.get_python_lib
+def sysconfig_get_python_lib(plat_specific=0, standard_lib=0, prefix=None):
+    if standard_lib and prefix is None:
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    return old_get_python_lib(plat_specific, standard_lib, prefix)
+sysconfig_get_python_lib.__doc__ = old_get_python_lib.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_python_lib = sysconfig_get_python_lib
+
+old_get_config_vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars
+def sysconfig_get_config_vars(*args):
+    real_vars = old_get_config_vars(*args)
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        lib_dir = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "libs")
+        if isinstance(real_vars, dict) and 'LIBDIR' not in real_vars:
+            real_vars['LIBDIR'] = lib_dir # asked for all
+        elif isinstance(real_vars, list) and 'LIBDIR' in args:
+            real_vars = real_vars + [lib_dir] # asked for list
+    return real_vars
+sysconfig_get_config_vars.__doc__ = old_get_config_vars.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_config_vars = sysconfig_get_config_vars
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/distutils.cfg b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/distutils.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1af230ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/distutils.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# This is a config file local to this virtualenv installation
+# You may include options that will be used by all distutils commands,
+# and by easy_install.  For instance:
+#
+#   [easy_install]
+#   find_links = http://mylocalsite
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/python-config b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/python-config
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e7a7c901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/python-config
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!__VIRTUAL_ENV__/__BIN_NAME__/python
+
+import sys
+import getopt
+import sysconfig
+
+valid_opts = ['prefix', 'exec-prefix', 'includes', 'libs', 'cflags',
+              'ldflags', 'help']
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
+    valid_opts.insert(-1, 'extension-suffix')
+    valid_opts.append('abiflags')
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+    valid_opts.append('configdir')
+
+
+def exit_with_usage(code=1):
+    sys.stderr.write("Usage: {0} [{1}]\n".format(
+        sys.argv[0], '|'.join('--'+opt for opt in valid_opts)))
+    sys.exit(code)
+
+try:
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], '', valid_opts)
+except getopt.error:
+    exit_with_usage()
+
+if not opts:
+    exit_with_usage()
+
+pyver = sysconfig.get_config_var('VERSION')
+getvar = sysconfig.get_config_var
+
+opt_flags = [flag for (flag, val) in opts]
+
+if '--help' in opt_flags:
+    exit_with_usage(code=0)
+
+for opt in opt_flags:
+    if opt == '--prefix':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('prefix'))
+
+    elif opt == '--exec-prefix':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('exec_prefix'))
+
+    elif opt in ('--includes', '--cflags'):
+        flags = ['-I' + sysconfig.get_path('include'),
+                 '-I' + sysconfig.get_path('platinclude')]
+        if opt == '--cflags':
+            flags.extend(getvar('CFLAGS').split())
+        print(' '.join(flags))
+
+    elif opt in ('--libs', '--ldflags'):
+        abiflags = getattr(sys, 'abiflags', '')
+        libs = ['-lpython' + pyver + abiflags]
+        libs += getvar('LIBS').split()
+        libs += getvar('SYSLIBS').split()
+        # add the prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/config dir, but only if there is no
+        # shared library in prefix/lib/.
+        if opt == '--ldflags':
+            if not getvar('Py_ENABLE_SHARED'):
+                libs.insert(0, '-L' + getvar('LIBPL'))
+            if not getvar('PYTHONFRAMEWORK'):
+                libs.extend(getvar('LINKFORSHARED').split())
+        print(' '.join(libs))
+
+    elif opt == '--extension-suffix':
+        ext_suffix = sysconfig.get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')
+        if ext_suffix is None:
+            ext_suffix = sysconfig.get_config_var('SO')
+        print(ext_suffix)
+
+    elif opt == '--abiflags':
+        if not getattr(sys, 'abiflags', None):
+            exit_with_usage()
+        print(sys.abiflags)
+
+    elif opt == '--configdir':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('LIBPL'))
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/site.py b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/site.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7969769c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_embedded/site.py
@@ -0,0 +1,758 @@
+"""Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.
+
+****************************************************************
+* This module is automatically imported during initialization. *
+****************************************************************
+
+In earlier versions of Python (up to 1.5a3), scripts or modules that
+needed to use site-specific modules would place ``import site''
+somewhere near the top of their code.  Because of the automatic
+import, this is no longer necessary (but code that does it still
+works).
+
+This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.  On
+Unix, it starts with sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix (if different) and
+appends lib/python<version>/site-packages as well as lib/site-python.
+It also supports the Debian convention of
+lib/python<version>/dist-packages.  On other platforms (mainly Mac and
+Windows), it uses just sys.prefix (and sys.exec_prefix, if different,
+but this is unlikely).  The resulting directories, if they exist, are
+appended to sys.path, and also inspected for path configuration files.
+
+FOR DEBIAN, this sys.path is augmented with directories in /usr/local.
+Local addons go into /usr/local/lib/python<version>/site-packages
+(resp. /usr/local/lib/site-python), Debian addons install into
+/usr/{lib,share}/python<version>/dist-packages.
+
+A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form
+<package>.pth; its contents are additional directories (one per line)
+to be added to sys.path.  Non-existing directories (or
+non-directories) are never added to sys.path; no directory is added to
+sys.path more than once.  Blank lines and lines beginning with
+'#' are skipped. Lines starting with 'import' are executed.
+
+For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to
+/usr/local and there is a directory /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages
+with three subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path
+configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth.  Assume foo.pth contains the
+following:
+
+  # foo package configuration
+  foo
+  bar
+  bletch
+
+and bar.pth contains:
+
+  # bar package configuration
+  bar
+
+Then the following directories are added to sys.path, in this order:
+
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/bar
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/foo
+
+Note that bletch is omitted because it doesn't exist; bar precedes foo
+because bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam is
+omitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file.
+
+After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module
+named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary additional
+site-specific customizations.  If this import fails with an
+ImportError exception, it is silently ignored.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+try:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+except ImportError:
+    import builtins
+try:
+    set
+except NameError:
+    from sets import Set as set
+
+# Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local here
+PREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix]
+# Enable per user site-packages directory
+# set it to False to disable the feature or True to force the feature
+ENABLE_USER_SITE = None
+# for distutils.commands.install
+USER_SITE = None
+USER_BASE = None
+
+_is_64bit = (getattr(sys, 'maxsize', None) or getattr(sys, 'maxint')) > 2**32
+_is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+_is_jython = sys.platform[:4] == 'java'
+if _is_jython:
+    ModuleType = type(os)
+
+def makepath(*paths):
+    dir = os.path.join(*paths)
+    if _is_jython and (dir == '__classpath__' or
+                       dir.startswith('__pyclasspath__')):
+        return dir, dir
+    dir = os.path.abspath(dir)
+    return dir, os.path.normcase(dir)
+
+def abs__file__():
+    """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path"""
+    for m in sys.modules.values():
+        if ((_is_jython and not isinstance(m, ModuleType)) or
+            hasattr(m, '__loader__')):
+            # only modules need the abspath in Jython. and don't mess
+            # with a PEP 302-supplied __file__
+            continue
+        f = getattr(m, '__file__', None)
+        if f is None:
+            continue
+        m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(f)
+
+def removeduppaths():
+    """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them
+    absolute"""
+    # This ensures that the initial path provided by the interpreter contains
+    # only absolute pathnames, even if we're running from the build directory.
+    L = []
+    known_paths = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        # Filter out duplicate paths (on case-insensitive file systems also
+        # if they only differ in case); turn relative paths into absolute
+        # paths.
+        dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+        if not dircase in known_paths:
+            L.append(dir)
+            known_paths.add(dircase)
+    sys.path[:] = L
+    return known_paths
+
+# XXX This should not be part of site.py, since it is needed even when
+# using the -S option for Python.  See http://www.python.org/sf/586680
+def addbuilddir():
+    """Append ./build/lib.<platform> in case we're running in the build dir
+    (especially for Guido :-)"""
+    from distutils.util import get_platform
+    s = "build/lib.%s-%.3s" % (get_platform(), sys.version)
+    if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):
+        s += '-pydebug'
+    s = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.path[-1]), s)
+    sys.path.append(s)
+
+def _init_pathinfo():
+    """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path"""
+    d = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        try:
+            if os.path.isdir(dir):
+                dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+                d.add(dircase)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+    return d
+
+def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
+    """Add a new path to known_paths by combining sitedir and 'name' or execute
+    sitedir if it starts with 'import'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name)
+    try:
+        f = open(fullname, "rU")
+    except IOError:
+        return
+    try:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+            if line.startswith("import"):
+                exec(line)
+                continue
+            line = line.rstrip()
+            dir, dircase = makepath(sitedir, line)
+            if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir):
+                sys.path.append(dir)
+                known_paths.add(dircase)
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
+    """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in
+    'sitedir'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        known_paths = _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir)
+    if not sitedircase in known_paths:
+        sys.path.append(sitedir)        # Add path component
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(sitedir)
+    except os.error:
+        return
+    names.sort()
+    for name in names:
+        if name.endswith(os.extsep + "pth"):
+            addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths)
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_prefix):
+    """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path"""
+    prefixes = [os.path.join(sys_prefix, "local"), sys_prefix]
+    if exec_prefix != sys_prefix:
+        prefixes.append(os.path.join(exec_prefix, "local"))
+
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos') or _is_jython:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")]
+            elif _is_pypy:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, 'site-packages')]
+            elif sys.platform == 'darwin' and prefix == sys_prefix:
+
+                if prefix.startswith("/System/Library/Frameworks/"): # Apple's Python
+
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                                os.path.join(prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python")]
+
+                else: # any other Python distros on OSX work this way
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")]
+
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix,
+                                         "lib",
+                                         "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                         "site-packages"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "python" + sys.version[:3], "lib-dynload")]
+                lib64_dir = os.path.join(prefix, "lib64", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
+                if (os.path.exists(lib64_dir) and
+                    os.path.realpath(lib64_dir) not in [os.path.realpath(p) for p in sitedirs]):
+                    if _is_64bit:
+                        sitedirs.insert(0, lib64_dir)
+                    else:
+                        sitedirs.append(lib64_dir)
+                try:
+                    # sys.getobjects only available in --with-pydebug build
+                    sys.getobjects
+                    sitedirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sitedirs[0], 'debug'))
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                # Debian-specific dist-packages directories:
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                             "dist-packages"))
+                if sys.version[0] == '2':
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                else:
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[0],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "dist-python"))
+            else:
+                sitedirs = [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+            for sitedir in sitedirs:
+                if os.path.isdir(sitedir):
+                    addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths)
+    return None
+
+def check_enableusersite():
+    """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion
+
+    The function tests for the command line flag (including environment var),
+    process uid/gid equal to effective uid/gid.
+
+    None: Disabled for security reasons
+    False: Disabled by user (command line option)
+    True: Safe and enabled
+    """
+    if hasattr(sys, 'flags') and getattr(sys.flags, 'no_user_site', False):
+        return False
+
+    if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        # check process uid == effective uid
+        if os.geteuid() != os.getuid():
+            return None
+    if hasattr(os, "getgid") and hasattr(os, "getegid"):
+        # check process gid == effective gid
+        if os.getegid() != os.getgid():
+            return None
+
+    return True
+
+def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
+    """Add a per user site-package to sys.path
+
+    Each user has its own python directory with site-packages in the
+    home directory.
+
+    USER_BASE is the root directory for all Python versions
+
+    USER_SITE is the user specific site-packages directory
+
+    USER_SITE/.. can be used for data.
+    """
+    global USER_BASE, USER_SITE, ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    env_base = os.environ.get("PYTHONUSERBASE", None)
+
+    def joinuser(*args):
+        return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
+
+    #if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+    #    # Don't know what to put here
+    #    USER_BASE = ''
+    #    USER_SITE = ''
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        base = os.environ.get("APPDATA") or "~"
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser(base, "Python")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE,
+                                 "Python" + sys.version[0] + sys.version[2],
+                                 "site-packages")
+    else:
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser("~", ".local")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib",
+                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                 "site-packages")
+
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(USER_SITE):
+        addsitedir(USER_SITE, known_paths)
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        for dist_libdir in ("lib", "local/lib"):
+            user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir,
+                                     "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                     "dist-packages")
+            if os.path.isdir(user_site):
+                addsitedir(user_site, known_paths)
+    return known_paths
+
+
+
+def setBEGINLIBPATH():
+    """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty
+    as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions.
+    The library search path needs to be amended so these will be found
+    during module import.  Use BEGINLIBPATH so that these are at the start
+    of the library search path.
+
+    """
+    dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload")
+    libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';')
+    if libpath[-1]:
+        libpath.append(dllpath)
+    else:
+        libpath[-1] = dllpath
+    os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath)
+
+
+def setquit():
+    """Define new built-ins 'quit' and 'exit'.
+    These are simply strings that display a hint on how to exit.
+
+    """
+    if os.sep == ':':
+        eof = 'Cmd-Q'
+    elif os.sep == '\\':
+        eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return'
+    else:
+        eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)'
+
+    class Quitter(object):
+        def __init__(self, name):
+            self.name = name
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof)
+        def __call__(self, code=None):
+            # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their
+            # stdin wrapper is closed.
+            try:
+                sys.stdin.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+            raise SystemExit(code)
+    builtins.quit = Quitter('quit')
+    builtins.exit = Quitter('exit')
+
+
+class _Printer(object):
+    """interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
+    contributors and the copyright notice."""
+
+    MAXLINES = 23
+
+    def __init__(self, name, data, files=(), dirs=()):
+        self.__name = name
+        self.__data = data
+        self.__files = files
+        self.__dirs = dirs
+        self.__lines = None
+
+    def __setup(self):
+        if self.__lines:
+            return
+        data = None
+        for dir in self.__dirs:
+            for filename in self.__files:
+                filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
+                try:
+                    fp = open(filename, "rU")
+                    data = fp.read()
+                    fp.close()
+                    break
+                except IOError:
+                    pass
+            if data:
+                break
+        if not data:
+            data = self.__data
+        self.__lines = data.split('\n')
+        self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES:
+            return "\n".join(self.__lines)
+        else:
+            return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2)
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: '
+        lineno = 0
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                for i in range(lineno, lineno + self.MAXLINES):
+                    print(self.__lines[i])
+            except IndexError:
+                break
+            else:
+                lineno += self.MAXLINES
+                key = None
+                while key is None:
+                    try:
+                        key = raw_input(prompt)
+                    except NameError:
+                        key = input(prompt)
+                    if key not in ('', 'q'):
+                        key = None
+                if key == 'q':
+                    break
+
+def setcopyright():
+    """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__"""
+    builtins.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright)
+    if _is_jython:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "PyPy is maintained by the PyPy developers: http://pypy.org/")
+    else:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", """\
+    Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
+    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""")
+    here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__)
+    builtins.license = _Printer(
+        "license", "See http://www.python.org/%.3s/license.html" % sys.version,
+        ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"],
+        [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir])
+
+
+class _Helper(object):
+    """Define the built-in 'help'.
+    This is a wrapper around pydoc.help (with a twist).
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Type help() for interactive help, " \
+               "or help(object) for help about object."
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        import pydoc
+        return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds)
+
+def sethelper():
+    builtins.help = _Helper()
+
+def aliasmbcs():
+    """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python,
+    while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make
+    them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case."""
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        import locale, codecs
+        enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]
+        if enc.startswith('cp'):            # "cp***" ?
+            try:
+                codecs.lookup(enc)
+            except LookupError:
+                import encodings
+                encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown
+                encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs'
+
+def setencoding():
+    """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.  The
+    default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can
+    change this."""
+    encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings.
+        import locale
+        loc = locale.getdefaultlocale()
+        if loc[1]:
+            encoding = loc[1]
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to switch off string to Unicode coercion and implicit
+        # Unicode to string conversion.
+        encoding = "undefined"
+    if encoding != "ascii":
+        # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError...
+        sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build !
+
+
+def execsitecustomize():
+    """Run custom site specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import sitecustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+def virtual_install_main_packages():
+    f = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'orig-prefix.txt'))
+    sys.real_prefix = f.read().strip()
+    f.close()
+    pos = 2
+    hardcoded_relative_dirs = []
+    if sys.path[0] == '':
+        pos += 1
+    if _is_jython:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib')]
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        if sys.version_info > (3, 2):
+            cpyver = '%d' % sys.version_info[0]
+        elif sys.pypy_version_info >= (1, 5):
+            cpyver = '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+        else:
+            cpyver = '%d.%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:3]
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib_pypy'),
+                 os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib-python', cpyver)]
+        if sys.pypy_version_info < (1, 9):
+            paths.insert(1, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix,
+                                         'lib-python', 'modified-%s' % cpyver))
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        #
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to sys.prefix:
+        for path in paths[:]:
+            plat_path = os.path.join(path, 'plat-%s' % sys.platform)
+            if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+                paths.append(plat_path)
+    elif sys.platform == 'win32':
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib'), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'DLLs')]
+    else:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib', 'python'+sys.version[:3])]
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        lib64_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib64', 'python'+sys.version[:3])
+        if os.path.exists(lib64_path):
+            if _is_64bit:
+                paths.insert(0, lib64_path)
+            else:
+                paths.append(lib64_path)
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to
+        # sys.prefix.  Debian change: we need to add the multiarch triplet
+        # here, which is where the real stuff lives.  As per PEP 421, in
+        # Python 3.3+, this lives in sys.implementation, while in Python 2.7
+        # it lives in sys.
+        try:
+            arch = getattr(sys, 'implementation', sys)._multiarch
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a non-multiarch aware Python.  Fallback to the old way.
+            arch = sys.platform
+        plat_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib',
+                                 'python'+sys.version[:3],
+                                 'plat-%s' % arch)
+        if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+            paths.append(plat_path)
+    # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but
+    # relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix up:
+    for path in list(paths):
+        tk_dir = os.path.join(path, 'lib-tk')
+        if os.path.exists(tk_dir):
+            paths.append(tk_dir)
+
+    # These are hardcoded in the Apple's Python executable,
+    # but relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix them up:
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        hardcoded_paths = [os.path.join(relative_dir, module)
+                           for relative_dir in hardcoded_relative_dirs
+                           for module in ('plat-darwin', 'plat-mac', 'plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages')]
+
+        for path in hardcoded_paths:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                paths.append(path)
+
+    sys.path.extend(paths)
+
+def force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages():
+    """
+    Force easy_installed eggs in the global environment to get placed
+    in sys.path after all packages inside the virtualenv.  This
+    maintains the "least surprise" result that packages in the
+    virtualenv always mask global packages, never the other way
+    around.
+
+    """
+    egginsert = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+    for i, path in enumerate(sys.path):
+        if i > egginsert and path.startswith(sys.prefix):
+            egginsert = i
+    sys.__egginsert = egginsert + 1
+
+def virtual_addsitepackages(known_paths):
+    force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages()
+    return addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.real_prefix)
+
+def fixclasspath():
+    """Adjust the special classpath sys.path entries for Jython. These
+    entries should follow the base virtualenv lib directories.
+    """
+    paths = []
+    classpaths = []
+    for path in sys.path:
+        if path == '__classpath__' or path.startswith('__pyclasspath__'):
+            classpaths.append(path)
+        else:
+            paths.append(path)
+    sys.path = paths
+    sys.path.extend(classpaths)
+
+def execusercustomize():
+    """Run custom user specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import usercustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+def main():
+    global ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    virtual_install_main_packages()
+    abs__file__()
+    paths_in_sys = removeduppaths()
+    if (os.name == "posix" and sys.path and
+        os.path.basename(sys.path[-1]) == "Modules"):
+        addbuilddir()
+    if _is_jython:
+        fixclasspath()
+    GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES = not os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'no-global-site-packages.txt'))
+    if not GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = False
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = check_enableusersite()
+    paths_in_sys = addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    paths_in_sys = addusersitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        paths_in_sys = virtual_addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if sys.platform == 'os2emx':
+        setBEGINLIBPATH()
+    setquit()
+    setcopyright()
+    sethelper()
+    aliasmbcs()
+    setencoding()
+    execsitecustomize()
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        execusercustomize()
+    # Remove sys.setdefaultencoding() so that users cannot change the
+    # encoding after initialization.  The test for presence is needed when
+    # this module is run as a script, because this code is executed twice.
+    if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"):
+        del sys.setdefaultencoding
+
+main()
+
+def _script():
+    help = """\
+    %s [--user-base] [--user-site]
+
+    Without arguments print some useful information
+    With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated
+    by '%s'.
+
+    Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site:
+      0 - user site directory is enabled
+      1 - user site directory is disabled by user
+      2 - uses site directory is disabled by super user
+          or for security reasons
+     >2 - unknown error
+    """
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not args:
+        print("sys.path = [")
+        for dir in sys.path:
+            print("    %r," % (dir,))
+        print("]")
+        def exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                return "exists"
+            else:
+                return "doesn't exist"
+        print("USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" %  ENABLE_USER_SITE)
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    buffer = []
+    if '--user-base' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_BASE)
+    if '--user-site' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_SITE)
+
+    if buffer:
+        print(os.pathsep.join(buffer))
+        if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is False:
+            sys.exit(1)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+            sys.exit(2)
+        else:
+            sys.exit(3)
+    else:
+        import textwrap
+        print(textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)))
+        sys.exit(10)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _script()
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/__init__.py b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/__init__.py
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/argparse-1.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/argparse-1.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfef51d44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/argparse-1.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/pip-8.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/pip-8.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc49227a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/pip-8.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/setuptools-25.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/setuptools-25.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02c8ce873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/setuptools-25.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
diff --git a/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/wheel-0.29.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/wheel-0.29.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..506d5e520
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/virtualenv/virtualenv_support/wheel-0.29.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/COPYING b/python/voluptuous/COPYING
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a19b7057f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/COPYING
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2010, Alec Thomas
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+ - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ - Neither the name of SwapOff.org nor the names of its contributors may
+   be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+   specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/MANIFEST.in b/python/voluptuous/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f03451d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+include *.md
+include COPYING
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/PKG-INFO b/python/voluptuous/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a9e9551a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.1
+Name: voluptuous
+Version: 0.8.11
+Summary: Voluptuous is a Python data validation library
+Home-page: https://github.com/alecthomas/voluptuous
+Author: Alec Thomas
+Author-email: alec@swapoff.org
+License: BSD
+Download-URL: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/voluptuous
+Description: Voluptuous is a Python data validation library
+        ==============================================
+        
+        |Build Status| |Stories in Ready|
+        
+        Voluptuous, *despite* the name, is a Python data validation library. It
+        is primarily intended for validating data coming into Python as JSON,
+        YAML, etc.
+        
+        It has three goals:
+        
+        1. Simplicity.
+        2. Support for complex data structures.
+        3. Provide useful error messages.
+        
+        Contact
+        -------
+        
+        Voluptuous now has a mailing list! Send a mail to
+        ` <mailto:voluptuous@librelist.com>`__ to subscribe. Instructions will
+        follow.
+        
+        You can also contact me directly via `email <mailto:alec@swapoff.org>`__
+        or `Twitter <https://twitter.com/alecthomas>`__.
+        
+        To file a bug, create a `new
+        issue <https://github.com/alecthomas/voluptuous/issues/new>`__ on GitHub
+        with a short example of how to replicate the issue.
+        
+        Show me an example
+        ------------------
+        
+        Twitter's `user search
+        API <https://dev.twitter.com/docs/api/1/get/users/search>`__ accepts
+        query URLs like:
+        
+        ::
+        
+            $ curl 'http://api.twitter.com/1/users/search.json?q=python&per_page=20&page=1
+        
+        To validate this we might use a schema like:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Schema
+            >>> schema = Schema({
+            ...   'q': str,
+            ...   'per_page': int,
+            ...   'page': int,
+            ... })
+        
+        This schema very succinctly and roughly describes the data required by
+        the API, and will work fine. But it has a few problems. Firstly, it
+        doesn't fully express the constraints of the API. According to the API,
+        ``per_page`` should be restricted to at most 20, defaulting to 5, for
+        example. To describe the semantics of the API more accurately, our
+        schema will need to be more thoroughly defined:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Required, All, Length, Range
+            >>> schema = Schema({
+            ...   Required('q'): All(str, Length(min=1)),
+            ...   Required('per_page', default=5): All(int, Range(min=1, max=20)),
+            ...   'page': All(int, Range(min=0)),
+            ... })
+        
+        This schema fully enforces the interface defined in Twitter's
+        documentation, and goes a little further for completeness.
+        
+        "q" is required:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import MultipleInvalid, Invalid
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data['q']"
+            True
+        
+        ...must be a string:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({'q': 123})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "expected str for dictionary value @ data['q']"
+            True
+        
+        ...and must be at least one character in length:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({'q': ''})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "length of value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['q']"
+            True
+            >>> schema({'q': '#topic'}) == {'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 5}
+            True
+        
+        "per\_page" is a positive integer no greater than 20:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 900})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "value must be at most 20 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+            True
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': -10})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+            True
+        
+        "page" is an integer >= 0:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 'one'})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc)
+            "expected int for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+            >>> schema({'q': '#topic', 'page': 1}) == {'q': '#topic', 'page': 1, 'per_page': 5}
+            True
+        
+        Defining schemas
+        ----------------
+        
+        Schemas are nested data structures consisting of dictionaries, lists,
+        scalars and *validators*. Each node in the input schema is pattern
+        matched against corresponding nodes in the input data.
+        
+        Literals
+        ~~~~~~~~
+        
+        Literals in the schema are matched using normal equality checks:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema(1)
+            >>> schema(1)
+            1
+            >>> schema = Schema('a string')
+            >>> schema('a string')
+            'a string'
+        
+        Types
+        ~~~~~
+        
+        Types in the schema are matched by checking if the corresponding value
+        is an instance of the type:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema(int)
+            >>> schema(1)
+            1
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema('one')
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "expected int"
+            True
+        
+        URL's
+        ~~~~~
+        
+        URL's in the schema are matched by using ``urlparse`` library.
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Url
+            >>> schema = Schema(Url())
+            >>> schema('http://w3.org')
+            'http://w3.org'
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema('one')
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "expected a URL"
+            True
+        
+        Lists
+        ~~~~~
+        
+        Lists in the schema are treated as a set of valid values. Each element
+        in the schema list is compared to each value in the input data:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema([1, 'a', 'string'])
+            >>> schema([1])
+            [1]
+            >>> schema([1, 1, 1])
+            [1, 1, 1]
+            >>> schema(['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string'])
+            ['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string']
+        
+        Validation functions
+        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+        
+        Validators are simple callables that raise an ``Invalid`` exception when
+        they encounter invalid data. The criteria for determining validity is
+        entirely up to the implementation; it may check that a value is a valid
+        username with ``pwd.getpwnam()``, it may check that a value is of a
+        specific type, and so on.
+        
+        The simplest kind of validator is a Python function that raises
+        ValueError when its argument is invalid. Conveniently, many builtin
+        Python functions have this property. Here's an example of a date
+        validator:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from datetime import datetime
+            >>> def Date(fmt='%Y-%m-%d'):
+            ...   return lambda v: datetime.strptime(v, fmt)
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema(Date())
+            >>> schema('2013-03-03')
+            datetime.datetime(2013, 3, 3, 0, 0)
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema('2013-03')
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "not a valid value"
+            True
+        
+        In addition to simply determining if a value is valid, validators may
+        mutate the value into a valid form. An example of this is the
+        ``Coerce(type)`` function, which returns a function that coerces its
+        argument to the given type:
+        
+        .. code:: python
+        
+            def Coerce(type, msg=None):
+                """Coerce a value to a type.
+        
+                If the type constructor throws a ValueError, the value will be marked as
+                Invalid.
+                """
+                def f(v):
+                    try:
+                        return type(v)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise Invalid(msg or ('expected %s' % type.__name__))
+                return f
+        
+        This example also shows a common idiom where an optional human-readable
+        message can be provided. This can vastly improve the usefulness of the
+        resulting error messages.
+        
+        Dictionaries
+        ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+        
+        Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each
+        key-value pair in the corresponding data dictionary:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema({1: 'one', 2: 'two'})
+            >>> schema({1: 'one'})
+            {1: 'one'}
+        
+        Extra dictionary keys
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+        
+        By default any additional keys in the data, not in the schema will
+        trigger exceptions:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema({2: 3})
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[1]"
+            True
+        
+        This behaviour can be altered on a per-schema basis. To allow additional
+        keys use ``Schema(..., extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)``:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import ALLOW_EXTRA
+            >>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)
+            >>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+            {1: 2, 2: 3}
+        
+        To remove additional keys use ``Schema(..., extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)``:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import REMOVE_EXTRA
+            >>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)
+            >>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+            {2: 3}
+        
+        It can also be overridden per-dictionary by using the catch-all marker
+        token ``extra`` as a key:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Extra
+            >>> schema = Schema({1: {Extra: object}})
+            >>> schema({1: {'foo': 'bar'}})
+            {1: {'foo': 'bar'}}
+        
+        Required dictionary keys
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+        
+        By default, keys in the schema are not required to be in the data:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
+            >>> schema({3: 4})
+            {3: 4}
+        
+        Similarly to how extra\_ keys work, this behaviour can be overridden
+        per-schema:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4}, required=True)
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({3: 4})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+            True
+        
+        And per-key, with the marker token ``Required(key)``:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema({Required(1): 2, 3: 4})
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({3: 4})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+            True
+            >>> schema({1: 2})
+            {1: 2}
+        
+        Optional dictionary keys
+        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+        
+        If a schema has ``required=True``, keys may be individually marked as
+        optional using the marker token ``Optional(key)``:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Optional
+            >>> schema = Schema({1: 2, Optional(3): 4}, required=True)
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+            True
+            >>> schema({1: 2})
+            {1: 2}
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema({1: 2, 4: 5})
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[4]"
+            True
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
+            {1: 2, 3: 4}
+        
+        Recursive schema
+        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+        
+        There is no syntax to have a recursive schema. The best way to do it is
+        to have a wrapper like this:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Schema, Any
+            >>> def s2(v):
+            ...     return s1(v)
+            ...
+            >>> s1 = Schema({"key": Any(s2, "value")})
+            >>> s1({"key": {"key": "value"}})
+            {'key': {'key': 'value'}}
+        
+        Extending an existing Schema
+        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+        
+        Often it comes handy to have a base ``Schema`` that is extended with
+        more requirements. In that case you can use ``Schema.extend`` to create
+        a new ``Schema``:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Schema
+            >>> person = Schema({'name': str})
+            >>> person_with_age = person.extend({'age': int})
+            >>> sorted(list(person_with_age.schema.keys()))
+            ['age', 'name']
+        
+        The original ``Schema`` remains unchanged.
+        
+        Objects
+        ~~~~~~~
+        
+        Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each
+        attribute-value pair in the corresponding object:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Object
+            >>> class Structure(object):
+            ...     def __init__(self, q=None):
+            ...         self.q = q
+            ...     def __repr__(self):
+            ...         return '<Structure(q={0.q!r})>'.format(self)
+            ...
+            >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=Structure))
+            >>> schema(Structure(q='one'))
+            <Structure(q='one')>
+        
+        Allow None values
+        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+        
+        To allow value to be None as well, use Any:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> from voluptuous import Any
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema(Any(None, int))
+            >>> schema(None)
+            >>> schema(5)
+            5
+        
+        Error reporting
+        ---------------
+        
+        Validators must throw an ``Invalid`` exception if invalid data is passed
+        to them. All other exceptions are treated as errors in the validator and
+        will not be caught.
+        
+        Each ``Invalid`` exception has an associated ``path`` attribute
+        representing the path in the data structure to our currently validating
+        value, as well as an ``error_message`` attribute that contains the
+        message of the original exception. This is especially useful when you
+        want to catch ``Invalid`` exceptions and give some feedback to the user,
+        for instance in the context of an HTTP API.
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> def validate_email(email):
+            ...     """Validate email."""
+            ...     if not "@" in email:
+            ...         raise Invalid("This email is invalid.")
+            ...     return email
+            >>> schema = Schema({"email": validate_email})
+            >>> exc = None
+            >>> try:
+            ...     schema({"email": "whatever"})
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...     exc = e
+            >>> str(exc)
+            "This email is invalid. for dictionary value @ data['email']"
+            >>> exc.path
+            ['email']
+            >>> exc.msg
+            'This email is invalid.'
+            >>> exc.error_message
+            'This email is invalid.'
+        
+        The ``path`` attribute is used during error reporting, but also during
+        matching to determine whether an error should be reported to the user or
+        if the next match should be attempted. This is determined by comparing
+        the depth of the path where the check is, to the depth of the path where
+        the error occurred. If the error is more than one level deeper, it is
+        reported.
+        
+        The upshot of this is that *matching is depth-first and fail-fast*.
+        
+        To illustrate this, here is an example schema:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema = Schema([[2, 3], 6])
+        
+        Each value in the top-level list is matched depth-first in-order. Given
+        input data of ``[[6]]``, the inner list will match the first element of
+        the schema, but the literal ``6`` will not match any of the elements of
+        that list. This error will be reported back to the user immediately. No
+        backtracking is attempted:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> try:
+            ...   schema([[6]])
+            ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+            ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+            ...   exc = e
+            >>> str(exc) == "not a valid value @ data[0][0]"
+            True
+        
+        If we pass the data ``[6]``, the ``6`` is not a list type and so will
+        not recurse into the first element of the schema. Matching will continue
+        on to the second element in the schema, and succeed:
+        
+        .. code:: pycon
+        
+            >>> schema([6])
+            [6]
+        
+        Running tests.
+        --------------
+        
+        Voluptuous is using nosetests:
+        
+        ::
+        
+            $ nosetests
+        
+        Why use Voluptuous over another validation library?
+        ---------------------------------------------------
+        
+        **Validators are simple callables**
+            No need to subclass anything, just use a function.
+        **Errors are simple exceptions.**
+            A validator can just ``raise Invalid(msg)`` and expect the user to
+            get useful messages.
+        **Schemas are basic Python data structures.**
+            Should your data be a dictionary of integer keys to strings?
+            ``{int: str}`` does what you expect. List of integers, floats or
+            strings? ``[int, float, str]``.
+        **Designed from the ground up for validating more than just forms.**
+            Nested data structures are treated in the same way as any other
+            type. Need a list of dictionaries? ``[{}]``
+        **Consistency.**
+            Types in the schema are checked as types. Values are compared as
+            values. Callables are called to validate. Simple.
+        
+        Other libraries and inspirations
+        --------------------------------
+        
+        Voluptuous is heavily inspired by
+        `Validino <http://code.google.com/p/validino/>`__, and to a lesser
+        extent, `jsonvalidator <http://code.google.com/p/jsonvalidator/>`__ and
+        `json\_schema <http://blog.sendapatch.se/category/json_schema.html>`__.
+        
+        I greatly prefer the light-weight style promoted by these libraries to
+        the complexity of libraries like FormEncode.
+        
+        .. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/alecthomas/voluptuous.png
+           :target: https://travis-ci.org/alecthomas/voluptuous
+        .. |Stories in Ready| image:: https://badge.waffle.io/alecthomas/voluptuous.png?label=ready&title=Ready
+           :target: https://waffle.io/alecthomas/voluptuous
+        
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/README.md b/python/voluptuous/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd84c64e7
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+# Voluptuous is a Python data validation library
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/alecthomas/voluptuous.png)](https://travis-ci.org/alecthomas/voluptuous) [![Stories in Ready](https://badge.waffle.io/alecthomas/voluptuous.png?label=ready&title=Ready)](https://waffle.io/alecthomas/voluptuous)
+
+Voluptuous, *despite* the name, is a Python data validation library. It
+is primarily intended for validating data coming into Python as JSON,
+YAML, etc.
+
+It has three goals:
+
+1.  Simplicity.
+2.  Support for complex data structures.
+3.  Provide useful error messages.
+
+## Contact
+
+Voluptuous now has a mailing list! Send a mail to
+[<voluptuous@librelist.com>](mailto:voluptuous@librelist.com) to subscribe. Instructions
+will follow.
+
+You can also contact me directly via [email](mailto:alec@swapoff.org) or
+[Twitter](https://twitter.com/alecthomas).
+
+To file a bug, create a [new issue](https://github.com/alecthomas/voluptuous/issues/new) on GitHub with a short example of how to replicate the issue.
+
+## Show me an example
+
+Twitter's [user search API](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/api/1/get/users/search) accepts
+query URLs like:
+
+```
+$ curl 'http://api.twitter.com/1/users/search.json?q=python&per_page=20&page=1
+```
+
+To validate this we might use a schema like:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Schema
+>>> schema = Schema({
+...   'q': str,
+...   'per_page': int,
+...   'page': int,
+... })
+
+```
+
+This schema very succinctly and roughly describes the data required by
+the API, and will work fine. But it has a few problems. Firstly, it
+doesn't fully express the constraints of the API. According to the API,
+`per_page` should be restricted to at most 20, defaulting to 5, for
+example. To describe the semantics of the API more accurately, our
+schema will need to be more thoroughly defined:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Required, All, Length, Range
+>>> schema = Schema({
+...   Required('q'): All(str, Length(min=1)),
+...   Required('per_page', default=5): All(int, Range(min=1, max=20)),
+...   'page': All(int, Range(min=0)),
+... })
+
+```
+
+This schema fully enforces the interface defined in Twitter's
+documentation, and goes a little further for completeness.
+
+"q" is required:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import MultipleInvalid, Invalid
+>>> try:
+...   schema({})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data['q']"
+True
+
+```
+
+...must be a string:
+
+```pycon
+>>> try:
+...   schema({'q': 123})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "expected str for dictionary value @ data['q']"
+True
+
+```
+
+...and must be at least one character in length:
+
+```pycon
+>>> try:
+...   schema({'q': ''})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "length of value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['q']"
+True
+>>> schema({'q': '#topic'}) == {'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 5}
+True
+
+```
+
+"per\_page" is a positive integer no greater than 20:
+
+```pycon
+>>> try:
+...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 900})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "value must be at most 20 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+True
+>>> try:
+...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': -10})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+True
+
+```
+
+"page" is an integer \>= 0:
+
+```pycon
+>>> try:
+...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 'one'})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc)
+"expected int for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+>>> schema({'q': '#topic', 'page': 1}) == {'q': '#topic', 'page': 1, 'per_page': 5}
+True
+
+```
+
+## Defining schemas
+
+Schemas are nested data structures consisting of dictionaries, lists,
+scalars and *validators*. Each node in the input schema is pattern
+matched against corresponding nodes in the input data.
+
+### Literals
+
+Literals in the schema are matched using normal equality checks:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema(1)
+>>> schema(1)
+1
+>>> schema = Schema('a string')
+>>> schema('a string')
+'a string'
+
+```
+
+### Types
+
+Types in the schema are matched by checking if the corresponding value
+is an instance of the type:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema(int)
+>>> schema(1)
+1
+>>> try:
+...   schema('one')
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "expected int"
+True
+
+```
+
+### URL's
+
+URL's in the schema are matched by using `urlparse` library.
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Url
+>>> schema = Schema(Url())
+>>> schema('http://w3.org')
+'http://w3.org'
+>>> try:
+...   schema('one')
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "expected a URL"
+True
+
+```
+
+### Lists
+
+Lists in the schema are treated as a set of valid values. Each element
+in the schema list is compared to each value in the input data:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema([1, 'a', 'string'])
+>>> schema([1])
+[1]
+>>> schema([1, 1, 1])
+[1, 1, 1]
+>>> schema(['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string'])
+['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string']
+
+```
+
+### Validation functions
+
+Validators are simple callables that raise an `Invalid` exception when
+they encounter invalid data. The criteria for determining validity is
+entirely up to the implementation; it may check that a value is a valid
+username with `pwd.getpwnam()`, it may check that a value is of a
+specific type, and so on.
+
+The simplest kind of validator is a Python function that raises
+ValueError when its argument is invalid. Conveniently, many builtin
+Python functions have this property. Here's an example of a date
+validator:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from datetime import datetime
+>>> def Date(fmt='%Y-%m-%d'):
+...   return lambda v: datetime.strptime(v, fmt)
+
+```
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema(Date())
+>>> schema('2013-03-03')
+datetime.datetime(2013, 3, 3, 0, 0)
+>>> try:
+...   schema('2013-03')
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "not a valid value"
+True
+
+```
+
+In addition to simply determining if a value is valid, validators may
+mutate the value into a valid form. An example of this is the
+`Coerce(type)` function, which returns a function that coerces its
+argument to the given type:
+
+```python
+def Coerce(type, msg=None):
+    """Coerce a value to a type.
+
+    If the type constructor throws a ValueError, the value will be marked as
+    Invalid.
+    """
+    def f(v):
+        try:
+            return type(v)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise Invalid(msg or ('expected %s' % type.__name__))
+    return f
+
+```
+
+This example also shows a common idiom where an optional human-readable
+message can be provided. This can vastly improve the usefulness of the
+resulting error messages.
+
+### Dictionaries
+
+Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each
+key-value pair in the corresponding data dictionary:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema({1: 'one', 2: 'two'})
+>>> schema({1: 'one'})
+{1: 'one'}
+
+```
+
+#### Extra dictionary keys
+
+By default any additional keys in the data, not in the schema will
+trigger exceptions:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema({2: 3})
+>>> try:
+...   schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[1]"
+True
+
+```
+
+This behaviour can be altered on a per-schema basis. To allow
+additional keys use
+`Schema(..., extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)`:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import ALLOW_EXTRA
+>>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)
+>>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+{1: 2, 2: 3}
+
+```
+
+To remove additional keys use
+`Schema(..., extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)`:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import REMOVE_EXTRA
+>>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)
+>>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+{2: 3}
+
+```
+
+It can also be overridden per-dictionary by using the catch-all marker
+token `extra` as a key:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Extra
+>>> schema = Schema({1: {Extra: object}})
+>>> schema({1: {'foo': 'bar'}})
+{1: {'foo': 'bar'}}
+
+```
+
+#### Required dictionary keys
+
+By default, keys in the schema are not required to be in the data:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
+>>> schema({3: 4})
+{3: 4}
+
+```
+
+Similarly to how extra\_ keys work, this behaviour can be overridden
+per-schema:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4}, required=True)
+>>> try:
+...   schema({3: 4})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+True
+
+```
+
+And per-key, with the marker token `Required(key)`:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema({Required(1): 2, 3: 4})
+>>> try:
+...   schema({3: 4})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+True
+>>> schema({1: 2})
+{1: 2}
+
+```
+
+#### Optional dictionary keys
+
+If a schema has `required=True`, keys may be individually marked as
+optional using the marker token `Optional(key)`:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Optional
+>>> schema = Schema({1: 2, Optional(3): 4}, required=True)
+>>> try:
+...   schema({})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+True
+>>> schema({1: 2})
+{1: 2}
+>>> try:
+...   schema({1: 2, 4: 5})
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[4]"
+True
+
+```
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
+{1: 2, 3: 4}
+
+```
+
+### Recursive schema
+
+There is no syntax to have a recursive schema. The best way to do it is to have a wrapper like this:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Schema, Any
+>>> def s2(v):
+...     return s1(v)
+...
+>>> s1 = Schema({"key": Any(s2, "value")})
+>>> s1({"key": {"key": "value"}})
+{'key': {'key': 'value'}}
+
+```
+
+### Extending an existing Schema
+
+Often it comes handy to have a base `Schema` that is extended with more
+requirements. In that case you can use `Schema.extend` to create a new
+`Schema`:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Schema
+>>> person = Schema({'name': str})
+>>> person_with_age = person.extend({'age': int})
+>>> sorted(list(person_with_age.schema.keys()))
+['age', 'name']
+
+```
+
+The original `Schema` remains unchanged.
+
+### Objects
+
+Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each
+attribute-value pair in the corresponding object:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Object
+>>> class Structure(object):
+...     def __init__(self, q=None):
+...         self.q = q
+...     def __repr__(self):
+...         return '<Structure(q={0.q!r})>'.format(self)
+...
+>>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=Structure))
+>>> schema(Structure(q='one'))
+<Structure(q='one')>
+
+```
+
+### Allow None values
+
+To allow value to be None as well, use Any:
+
+```pycon
+>>> from voluptuous import Any
+
+>>> schema = Schema(Any(None, int))
+>>> schema(None)
+>>> schema(5)
+5
+
+```
+
+## Error reporting
+
+Validators must throw an `Invalid` exception if invalid data is passed
+to them. All other exceptions are treated as errors in the validator and
+will not be caught.
+
+Each `Invalid` exception has an associated `path` attribute representing
+the path in the data structure to our currently validating value, as well
+as an `error_message` attribute that contains the message of the original
+exception. This is especially useful when you want to catch `Invalid`
+exceptions and give some feedback to the user, for instance in the context of
+an HTTP API.
+
+
+```pycon
+>>> def validate_email(email):
+...     """Validate email."""
+...     if not "@" in email:
+...         raise Invalid("This email is invalid.")
+...     return email
+>>> schema = Schema({"email": validate_email})
+>>> exc = None
+>>> try:
+...     schema({"email": "whatever"})
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...     exc = e
+>>> str(exc)
+"This email is invalid. for dictionary value @ data['email']"
+>>> exc.path
+['email']
+>>> exc.msg
+'This email is invalid.'
+>>> exc.error_message
+'This email is invalid.'
+
+```
+
+The `path` attribute is used during error reporting, but also during matching
+to determine whether an error should be reported to the user or if the next
+match should be attempted. This is determined by comparing the depth of the
+path where the check is, to the depth of the path where the error occurred. If
+the error is more than one level deeper, it is reported.
+
+The upshot of this is that *matching is depth-first and fail-fast*.
+
+To illustrate this, here is an example schema:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema = Schema([[2, 3], 6])
+
+```
+
+Each value in the top-level list is matched depth-first in-order. Given
+input data of `[[6]]`, the inner list will match the first element of
+the schema, but the literal `6` will not match any of the elements of
+that list. This error will be reported back to the user immediately. No
+backtracking is attempted:
+
+```pycon
+>>> try:
+...   schema([[6]])
+...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+...   exc = e
+>>> str(exc) == "not a valid value @ data[0][0]"
+True
+
+```
+
+If we pass the data `[6]`, the `6` is not a list type and so will not
+recurse into the first element of the schema. Matching will continue on
+to the second element in the schema, and succeed:
+
+```pycon
+>>> schema([6])
+[6]
+
+```
+
+## Running tests.
+
+Voluptuous is using nosetests:
+
+    $ nosetests
+
+
+## Why use Voluptuous over another validation library?
+
+**Validators are simple callables**
+:   No need to subclass anything, just use a function.
+
+**Errors are simple exceptions.**
+:   A validator can just `raise Invalid(msg)` and expect the user to get
+useful messages.
+
+**Schemas are basic Python data structures.**
+:   Should your data be a dictionary of integer keys to strings?
+`{int: str}` does what you expect. List of integers, floats or
+strings? `[int, float, str]`.
+
+**Designed from the ground up for validating more than just forms.**
+:   Nested data structures are treated in the same way as any other
+type. Need a list of dictionaries? `[{}]`
+
+**Consistency.**
+:   Types in the schema are checked as types. Values are compared as
+values. Callables are called to validate. Simple.
+
+## Other libraries and inspirations
+
+Voluptuous is heavily inspired by
+[Validino](http://code.google.com/p/validino/), and to a lesser extent,
+[jsonvalidator](http://code.google.com/p/jsonvalidator/) and
+[json\_schema](http://blog.sendapatch.se/category/json_schema.html).
+
+I greatly prefer the light-weight style promoted by these libraries to
+the complexity of libraries like FormEncode.
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/README.rst b/python/voluptuous/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa68a7cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+Voluptuous is a Python data validation library
+==============================================
+
+|Build Status| |Stories in Ready|
+
+Voluptuous, *despite* the name, is a Python data validation library. It
+is primarily intended for validating data coming into Python as JSON,
+YAML, etc.
+
+It has three goals:
+
+1. Simplicity.
+2. Support for complex data structures.
+3. Provide useful error messages.
+
+Contact
+-------
+
+Voluptuous now has a mailing list! Send a mail to
+` <mailto:voluptuous@librelist.com>`__ to subscribe. Instructions will
+follow.
+
+You can also contact me directly via `email <mailto:alec@swapoff.org>`__
+or `Twitter <https://twitter.com/alecthomas>`__.
+
+To file a bug, create a `new
+issue <https://github.com/alecthomas/voluptuous/issues/new>`__ on GitHub
+with a short example of how to replicate the issue.
+
+Show me an example
+------------------
+
+Twitter's `user search
+API <https://dev.twitter.com/docs/api/1/get/users/search>`__ accepts
+query URLs like:
+
+::
+
+    $ curl 'http://api.twitter.com/1/users/search.json?q=python&per_page=20&page=1
+
+To validate this we might use a schema like:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Schema
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...   'q': str,
+    ...   'per_page': int,
+    ...   'page': int,
+    ... })
+
+This schema very succinctly and roughly describes the data required by
+the API, and will work fine. But it has a few problems. Firstly, it
+doesn't fully express the constraints of the API. According to the API,
+``per_page`` should be restricted to at most 20, defaulting to 5, for
+example. To describe the semantics of the API more accurately, our
+schema will need to be more thoroughly defined:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Required, All, Length, Range
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...   Required('q'): All(str, Length(min=1)),
+    ...   Required('per_page', default=5): All(int, Range(min=1, max=20)),
+    ...   'page': All(int, Range(min=0)),
+    ... })
+
+This schema fully enforces the interface defined in Twitter's
+documentation, and goes a little further for completeness.
+
+"q" is required:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import MultipleInvalid, Invalid
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data['q']"
+    True
+
+...must be a string:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'q': 123})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "expected str for dictionary value @ data['q']"
+    True
+
+...and must be at least one character in length:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'q': ''})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "length of value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['q']"
+    True
+    >>> schema({'q': '#topic'}) == {'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 5}
+    True
+
+"per\_page" is a positive integer no greater than 20:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 900})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "value must be at most 20 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+    True
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': -10})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+    True
+
+"page" is an integer >= 0:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 'one'})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "expected int for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
+    >>> schema({'q': '#topic', 'page': 1}) == {'q': '#topic', 'page': 1, 'per_page': 5}
+    True
+
+Defining schemas
+----------------
+
+Schemas are nested data structures consisting of dictionaries, lists,
+scalars and *validators*. Each node in the input schema is pattern
+matched against corresponding nodes in the input data.
+
+Literals
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Literals in the schema are matched using normal equality checks:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema(1)
+    >>> schema(1)
+    1
+    >>> schema = Schema('a string')
+    >>> schema('a string')
+    'a string'
+
+Types
+~~~~~
+
+Types in the schema are matched by checking if the corresponding value
+is an instance of the type:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema(int)
+    >>> schema(1)
+    1
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema('one')
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "expected int"
+    True
+
+URL's
+~~~~~
+
+URL's in the schema are matched by using ``urlparse`` library.
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Url
+    >>> schema = Schema(Url())
+    >>> schema('http://w3.org')
+    'http://w3.org'
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema('one')
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "expected a URL"
+    True
+
+Lists
+~~~~~
+
+Lists in the schema are treated as a set of valid values. Each element
+in the schema list is compared to each value in the input data:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema([1, 'a', 'string'])
+    >>> schema([1])
+    [1]
+    >>> schema([1, 1, 1])
+    [1, 1, 1]
+    >>> schema(['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string'])
+    ['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string']
+
+Validation functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Validators are simple callables that raise an ``Invalid`` exception when
+they encounter invalid data. The criteria for determining validity is
+entirely up to the implementation; it may check that a value is a valid
+username with ``pwd.getpwnam()``, it may check that a value is of a
+specific type, and so on.
+
+The simplest kind of validator is a Python function that raises
+ValueError when its argument is invalid. Conveniently, many builtin
+Python functions have this property. Here's an example of a date
+validator:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from datetime import datetime
+    >>> def Date(fmt='%Y-%m-%d'):
+    ...   return lambda v: datetime.strptime(v, fmt)
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema(Date())
+    >>> schema('2013-03-03')
+    datetime.datetime(2013, 3, 3, 0, 0)
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema('2013-03')
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "not a valid value"
+    True
+
+In addition to simply determining if a value is valid, validators may
+mutate the value into a valid form. An example of this is the
+``Coerce(type)`` function, which returns a function that coerces its
+argument to the given type:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    def Coerce(type, msg=None):
+        """Coerce a value to a type.
+
+        If the type constructor throws a ValueError, the value will be marked as
+        Invalid.
+        """
+        def f(v):
+            try:
+                return type(v)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise Invalid(msg or ('expected %s' % type.__name__))
+        return f
+
+This example also shows a common idiom where an optional human-readable
+message can be provided. This can vastly improve the usefulness of the
+resulting error messages.
+
+Dictionaries
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each
+key-value pair in the corresponding data dictionary:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({1: 'one', 2: 'two'})
+    >>> schema({1: 'one'})
+    {1: 'one'}
+
+Extra dictionary keys
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By default any additional keys in the data, not in the schema will
+trigger exceptions:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({2: 3})
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[1]"
+    True
+
+This behaviour can be altered on a per-schema basis. To allow additional
+keys use ``Schema(..., extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)``:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import ALLOW_EXTRA
+    >>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)
+    >>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+    {1: 2, 2: 3}
+
+To remove additional keys use ``Schema(..., extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)``:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import REMOVE_EXTRA
+    >>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)
+    >>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
+    {2: 3}
+
+It can also be overridden per-dictionary by using the catch-all marker
+token ``extra`` as a key:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Extra
+    >>> schema = Schema({1: {Extra: object}})
+    >>> schema({1: {'foo': 'bar'}})
+    {1: {'foo': 'bar'}}
+
+Required dictionary keys
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By default, keys in the schema are not required to be in the data:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
+    >>> schema({3: 4})
+    {3: 4}
+
+Similarly to how extra\_ keys work, this behaviour can be overridden
+per-schema:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4}, required=True)
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({3: 4})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+    True
+
+And per-key, with the marker token ``Required(key)``:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({Required(1): 2, 3: 4})
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({3: 4})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+    True
+    >>> schema({1: 2})
+    {1: 2}
+
+Optional dictionary keys
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+If a schema has ``required=True``, keys may be individually marked as
+optional using the marker token ``Optional(key)``:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Optional
+    >>> schema = Schema({1: 2, Optional(3): 4}, required=True)
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
+    True
+    >>> schema({1: 2})
+    {1: 2}
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({1: 2, 4: 5})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[4]"
+    True
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
+    {1: 2, 3: 4}
+
+Recursive schema
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+There is no syntax to have a recursive schema. The best way to do it is
+to have a wrapper like this:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Schema, Any
+    >>> def s2(v):
+    ...     return s1(v)
+    ...
+    >>> s1 = Schema({"key": Any(s2, "value")})
+    >>> s1({"key": {"key": "value"}})
+    {'key': {'key': 'value'}}
+
+Extending an existing Schema
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Often it comes handy to have a base ``Schema`` that is extended with
+more requirements. In that case you can use ``Schema.extend`` to create
+a new ``Schema``:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Schema
+    >>> person = Schema({'name': str})
+    >>> person_with_age = person.extend({'age': int})
+    >>> sorted(list(person_with_age.schema.keys()))
+    ['age', 'name']
+
+The original ``Schema`` remains unchanged.
+
+Objects
+~~~~~~~
+
+Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each
+attribute-value pair in the corresponding object:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Object
+    >>> class Structure(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, q=None):
+    ...         self.q = q
+    ...     def __repr__(self):
+    ...         return '<Structure(q={0.q!r})>'.format(self)
+    ...
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=Structure))
+    >>> schema(Structure(q='one'))
+    <Structure(q='one')>
+
+Allow None values
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To allow value to be None as well, use Any:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import Any
+
+    >>> schema = Schema(Any(None, int))
+    >>> schema(None)
+    >>> schema(5)
+    5
+
+Error reporting
+---------------
+
+Validators must throw an ``Invalid`` exception if invalid data is passed
+to them. All other exceptions are treated as errors in the validator and
+will not be caught.
+
+Each ``Invalid`` exception has an associated ``path`` attribute
+representing the path in the data structure to our currently validating
+value, as well as an ``error_message`` attribute that contains the
+message of the original exception. This is especially useful when you
+want to catch ``Invalid`` exceptions and give some feedback to the user,
+for instance in the context of an HTTP API.
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> def validate_email(email):
+    ...     """Validate email."""
+    ...     if not "@" in email:
+    ...         raise Invalid("This email is invalid.")
+    ...     return email
+    >>> schema = Schema({"email": validate_email})
+    >>> exc = None
+    >>> try:
+    ...     schema({"email": "whatever"})
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...     exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "This email is invalid. for dictionary value @ data['email']"
+    >>> exc.path
+    ['email']
+    >>> exc.msg
+    'This email is invalid.'
+    >>> exc.error_message
+    'This email is invalid.'
+
+The ``path`` attribute is used during error reporting, but also during
+matching to determine whether an error should be reported to the user or
+if the next match should be attempted. This is determined by comparing
+the depth of the path where the check is, to the depth of the path where
+the error occurred. If the error is more than one level deeper, it is
+reported.
+
+The upshot of this is that *matching is depth-first and fail-fast*.
+
+To illustrate this, here is an example schema:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema = Schema([[2, 3], 6])
+
+Each value in the top-level list is matched depth-first in-order. Given
+input data of ``[[6]]``, the inner list will match the first element of
+the schema, but the literal ``6`` will not match any of the elements of
+that list. This error will be reported back to the user immediately. No
+backtracking is attempted:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema([[6]])
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == "not a valid value @ data[0][0]"
+    True
+
+If we pass the data ``[6]``, the ``6`` is not a list type and so will
+not recurse into the first element of the schema. Matching will continue
+on to the second element in the schema, and succeed:
+
+.. code:: pycon
+
+    >>> schema([6])
+    [6]
+
+Running tests.
+--------------
+
+Voluptuous is using nosetests:
+
+::
+
+    $ nosetests
+
+Why use Voluptuous over another validation library?
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+**Validators are simple callables**
+    No need to subclass anything, just use a function.
+**Errors are simple exceptions.**
+    A validator can just ``raise Invalid(msg)`` and expect the user to
+    get useful messages.
+**Schemas are basic Python data structures.**
+    Should your data be a dictionary of integer keys to strings?
+    ``{int: str}`` does what you expect. List of integers, floats or
+    strings? ``[int, float, str]``.
+**Designed from the ground up for validating more than just forms.**
+    Nested data structures are treated in the same way as any other
+    type. Need a list of dictionaries? ``[{}]``
+**Consistency.**
+    Types in the schema are checked as types. Values are compared as
+    values. Callables are called to validate. Simple.
+
+Other libraries and inspirations
+--------------------------------
+
+Voluptuous is heavily inspired by
+`Validino <http://code.google.com/p/validino/>`__, and to a lesser
+extent, `jsonvalidator <http://code.google.com/p/jsonvalidator/>`__ and
+`json\_schema <http://blog.sendapatch.se/category/json_schema.html>`__.
+
+I greatly prefer the light-weight style promoted by these libraries to
+the complexity of libraries like FormEncode.
+
+.. |Build Status| image:: https://travis-ci.org/alecthomas/voluptuous.png
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/alecthomas/voluptuous
+.. |Stories in Ready| image:: https://badge.waffle.io/alecthomas/voluptuous.png?label=ready&title=Ready
+   :target: https://waffle.io/alecthomas/voluptuous
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/setup.cfg b/python/voluptuous/setup.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5b3b4dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/setup.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[nosetests]
+doctest-extension = md
+with-doctest = 1
+where = .
+
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = 
+tag_date = 0
+tag_svn_revision = 0
+
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/setup.py b/python/voluptuous/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2fc07251d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+try:
+    from setuptools import setup
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.core import setup
+
+import sys
+import os
+import atexit
+sys.path.insert(0, '.')
+version = __import__('voluptuous').__version__
+
+try:
+    import pypandoc
+    long_description = pypandoc.convert('README.md', 'rst')
+    with open('README.rst', 'w') as f:
+        f.write(long_description)
+    atexit.register(lambda: os.unlink('README.rst'))
+except (ImportError, OSError):
+    print('WARNING: Could not locate pandoc, using Markdown long_description.')
+    with open('README.md') as f:
+        long_description = f.read()
+
+description = long_description.splitlines()[0].strip()
+
+
+setup(
+    name='voluptuous',
+    url='https://github.com/alecthomas/voluptuous',
+    download_url='https://pypi.python.org/pypi/voluptuous',
+    version=version,
+    description=description,
+    long_description=long_description,
+    license='BSD',
+    platforms=['any'],
+    py_modules=['voluptuous'],
+    author='Alec Thomas',
+    author_email='alec@swapoff.org',
+    classifiers=[
+        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
+        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
+        'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
+        'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+    ],
+    install_requires=[
+        'setuptools >= 0.6b1',
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/tests.md b/python/voluptuous/tests.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18f6fbafa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/tests.md
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+Error reporting should be accurate:
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import *
+    >>> schema = Schema(['one', {'two': 'three', 'four': ['five'],
+    ...                          'six': {'seven': 'eight'}}])
+    >>> schema(['one'])
+    ['one']
+    >>> schema([{'two': 'three'}])
+    [{'two': 'three'}]
+
+It should show the exact index and container type, in this case a list
+value:
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema(['one', 'two'])
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc) == 'expected a dictionary @ data[1]'
+    True
+
+It should also be accurate for nested values:
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema([{'two': 'nine'}])
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "not a valid value for dictionary value @ data[0]['two']"
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema([{'four': ['nine']}])
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "not a valid value @ data[0]['four'][0]"
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema([{'six': {'seven': 'nine'}}])
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "not a valid value for dictionary value @ data[0]['six']['seven']"
+
+Errors should be reported depth-first:
+
+    >>> validate = Schema({'one': {'two': 'three', 'four': 'five'}})
+    >>> try:
+    ...   validate({'one': {'four': 'six'}})
+    ... except Invalid as e:
+    ...   print(e)
+    ...   print(e.path)
+    not a valid value for dictionary value @ data['one']['four']
+    ['one', 'four']
+
+Voluptuous supports validation when extra fields are present in the
+data:
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({'one': 1, Extra: object})
+    >>> schema({'two': 'two', 'one': 1}) == {'two': 'two', 'one': 1}
+    True
+    >>> schema = Schema({'one': 1})
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'two': 2})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "extra keys not allowed @ data['two']"
+
+dict, list, and tuple should be available as type validators:
+
+    >>> Schema(dict)({'a': 1, 'b': 2}) == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
+    True
+    >>> Schema(list)([1,2,3])
+    [1, 2, 3]
+    >>> Schema(tuple)((1,2,3))
+    (1, 2, 3)
+
+Validation should return instances of the right types when the types are
+subclasses of dict or list:
+
+    >>> class Dict(dict):
+    ...   pass
+    >>>
+    >>> d = Schema(dict)(Dict(a=1, b=2))
+    >>> d == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
+    True
+    >>> type(d) is Dict
+    True
+    >>> class List(list):
+    ...   pass
+    >>>
+    >>> l = Schema(list)(List([1,2,3]))
+    >>> l
+    [1, 2, 3]
+    >>> type(l) is List
+    True
+
+Multiple errors are reported:
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({'one': 1, 'two': 2})
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'one': 2, 'two': 3, 'three': 4})
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   errors = sorted(e.errors, key=lambda k: str(k))
+    ...   print([str(i) for i in errors])  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    ["extra keys not allowed @ data['three']",
+     "not a valid value for dictionary value @ data['one']",
+     "not a valid value for dictionary value @ data['two']"]
+    >>> schema = Schema([[1], [2], [3]])
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema([1, 2, 3])
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   print([str(i) for i in e.errors])  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+    ['expected a list @ data[0]',
+     'expected a list @ data[1]',
+     'expected a list @ data[2]']
+
+Required fields in dictionary which are invalid should not have required :
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import *
+    >>> schema = Schema({'one': {'two': 3}}, required=True)
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'one': {'two': 2}})
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   errors = e.errors
+    >>> 'required' in ' '.join([x.msg for x in errors])
+    False
+
+Multiple errors for nested fields in dicts and objects:
+
+> \>\>\> from collections import namedtuple \>\>\> validate = Schema({
+> ... 'anobject': Object({ ... 'strfield': str, ... 'intfield': int ...
+> }) ... }) \>\>\> try: ... SomeObj = namedtuple('SomeObj', ('strfield',
+> 'intfield')) ... validate({'anobject': SomeObj(strfield=123,
+> intfield='one')}) ... except MultipleInvalid as e: ...
+> print(sorted(str(i) for i in e.errors)) \# doctest:
+> +NORMALIZE\_WHITESPACE ["expected int for object value @
+> data['anobject']['intfield']", "expected str for object value @
+> data['anobject']['strfield']"]
+
+Custom classes validate as schemas:
+
+    >>> class Thing(object):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> schema = Schema(Thing)
+    >>> t = schema(Thing())
+    >>> type(t) is Thing
+    True
+
+Classes with custom metaclasses should validate as schemas:
+
+    >>> class MyMeta(type):
+    ...     pass
+    >>> class Thing(object):
+    ...     __metaclass__ = MyMeta
+    >>> schema = Schema(Thing)
+    >>> t = schema(Thing())
+    >>> type(t) is Thing
+    True
+
+Schemas built with All() should give the same error as the original
+validator (Issue \#26):
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...   Required('items'): All([{
+    ...     Required('foo'): str
+    ...   }])
+    ... })
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'items': [{}]})
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "required key not provided @ data['items'][0]['foo']"
+
+Validator should return same instance of the same type for object:
+
+    >>> class Structure(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self, q=None):
+    ...         self.q = q
+    ...     def __repr__(self):
+    ...         return '{0.__name__}(q={1.q!r})'.format(type(self), self)
+    ...
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=Structure))
+    >>> type(schema(Structure(q='one'))) is Structure
+    True
+
+Object validator should treat cls argument as optional. In this case it
+shouldn't check object type:
+
+    >>> from collections import namedtuple
+    >>> NamedTuple = namedtuple('NamedTuple', ('q',))
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}))
+    >>> named = NamedTuple(q='one')
+    >>> schema(named) == named
+    True
+    >>> schema(named)
+    NamedTuple(q='one')
+
+If cls argument passed to object validator we should check object type:
+
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=Structure))
+    >>> schema(NamedTuple(q='one'))  # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ...
+    MultipleInvalid: expected a <class 'Structure'>
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=NamedTuple))
+    >>> schema(NamedTuple(q='one'))
+    NamedTuple(q='one')
+
+Ensure that objects with \_\_slots\_\_ supported properly:
+
+    >>> class SlotsStructure(Structure):
+    ...     __slots__ = ['q']
+    ...
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}))
+    >>> schema(SlotsStructure(q='one'))
+    SlotsStructure(q='one')
+    >>> class DictStructure(object):
+    ...     __slots__ = ['q', '__dict__']
+    ...     def __init__(self, q=None, page=None):
+    ...         self.q = q
+    ...         self.page = page
+    ...     def __repr__(self):
+    ...         return '{0.__name__}(q={1.q!r}, page={1.page!r})'.format(type(self), self)
+    ...
+    >>> structure = DictStructure(q='one')
+    >>> structure.page = 1
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema(structure)
+    ...   raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> str(exc)
+    "extra keys not allowed @ data['page']"
+
+    >>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one', Extra: object}))
+    >>> schema(structure)
+    DictStructure(q='one', page=1)
+
+Ensure that objects can be used with other validators:
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({'meta': Object({'q': 'one'})})
+    >>> schema({'meta': Structure(q='one')})
+    {'meta': Structure(q='one')}
+
+Ensure that subclasses of Invalid of are raised as is.
+
+    >>> class SpecialInvalid(Invalid):
+    ...   pass
+    ...
+    >>> def custom_validator(value):
+    ...   raise SpecialInvalid('boom')
+    ...
+    >>> schema = Schema({'thing': custom_validator})
+    >>> try:
+    ...   schema({'thing': 'not an int'})
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   exc = e
+    >>> exc.errors[0].__class__.__name__
+    'SpecialInvalid'
diff --git a/python/voluptuous/voluptuous.py b/python/voluptuous/voluptuous.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..132c3c476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/voluptuous/voluptuous.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1954 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2013 Alec Thomas <alec@swapoff.org>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
+# you should have received as part of this distribution.
+#
+# Author: Alec Thomas <alec@swapoff.org>
+
+"""Schema validation for Python data structures.
+
+Given eg. a nested data structure like this:
+
+    {
+        'exclude': ['Users', 'Uptime'],
+        'include': [],
+        'set': {
+            'snmp_community': 'public',
+            'snmp_timeout': 15,
+            'snmp_version': '2c',
+        },
+        'targets': {
+            'localhost': {
+                'exclude': ['Uptime'],
+                'features': {
+                    'Uptime': {
+                        'retries': 3,
+                    },
+                    'Users': {
+                        'snmp_community': 'monkey',
+                        'snmp_port': 15,
+                    },
+                },
+                'include': ['Users'],
+                'set': {
+                    'snmp_community': 'monkeys',
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+A schema like this:
+
+    >>> settings = {
+    ...   'snmp_community': str,
+    ...   'retries': int,
+    ...   'snmp_version': All(Coerce(str), Any('3', '2c', '1')),
+    ... }
+    >>> features = ['Ping', 'Uptime', 'Http']
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...    'exclude': features,
+    ...    'include': features,
+    ...    'set': settings,
+    ...    'targets': {
+    ...      'exclude': features,
+    ...      'include': features,
+    ...      'features': {
+    ...        str: settings,
+    ...      },
+    ...    },
+    ... })
+
+Validate like so:
+
+    >>> schema({
+    ...   'set': {
+    ...     'snmp_community': 'public',
+    ...     'snmp_version': '2c',
+    ...   },
+    ...   'targets': {
+    ...     'exclude': ['Ping'],
+    ...     'features': {
+    ...       'Uptime': {'retries': 3},
+    ...       'Users': {'snmp_community': 'monkey'},
+    ...     },
+    ...   },
+    ... }) == {
+    ...   'set': {'snmp_version': '2c', 'snmp_community': 'public'},
+    ...   'targets': {
+    ...     'exclude': ['Ping'],
+    ...     'features': {'Uptime': {'retries': 3},
+    ...                  'Users': {'snmp_community': 'monkey'}}}}
+    True
+"""
+import collections
+import datetime
+import inspect
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import wraps
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3,):
+    import urllib.parse as urlparse
+    long = int
+    unicode = str
+    basestring = str
+    ifilter = filter
+    iteritems = lambda d: d.items()
+else:
+    from itertools import ifilter
+    import urlparse
+    iteritems = lambda d: d.iteritems()
+
+
+__author__ = 'Alec Thomas <alec@swapoff.org>'
+__version__ = '0.8.11'
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def raises(exc, msg=None, regex=None):
+    try:
+        yield
+    except exc as e:
+        if msg is not None:
+            assert str(e) == msg, '%r != %r' % (str(e), msg)
+        if regex is not None:
+            assert re.search(regex, str(e)), '%r does not match %r' % (str(e), regex)
+
+
+class Undefined(object):
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '...'
+
+
+UNDEFINED = Undefined()
+
+
+def default_factory(value):
+    if value is UNDEFINED or callable(value):
+        return value
+    return lambda: value
+
+
+# options for extra keys
+PREVENT_EXTRA = 0  # any extra key not in schema will raise an error
+ALLOW_EXTRA = 1    # extra keys not in schema will be included in output
+REMOVE_EXTRA = 2   # extra keys not in schema will be excluded from output
+
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Base validation exception."""
+
+
+class SchemaError(Error):
+    """An error was encountered in the schema."""
+
+
+class Invalid(Error):
+    """The data was invalid.
+
+    :attr msg: The error message.
+    :attr path: The path to the error, as a list of keys in the source data.
+    :attr error_message: The actual error message that was raised, as a
+        string.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, path=None, error_message=None, error_type=None):
+        Error.__init__(self, message)
+        self.path = path or []
+        self.error_message = error_message or message
+        self.error_type = error_type
+
+    @property
+    def msg(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        path = ' @ data[%s]' % ']['.join(map(repr, self.path)) \
+            if self.path else ''
+        output = Exception.__str__(self)
+        if self.error_type:
+            output += ' for ' + self.error_type
+        return output + path
+
+    def prepend(self, path):
+        self.path = path + self.path
+
+
+class MultipleInvalid(Invalid):
+    def __init__(self, errors=None):
+        self.errors = errors[:] if errors else []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'MultipleInvalid(%r)' % self.errors
+
+    @property
+    def msg(self):
+        return self.errors[0].msg
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return self.errors[0].path
+
+    @property
+    def error_message(self):
+        return self.errors[0].error_message
+
+    def add(self, error):
+        self.errors.append(error)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.errors[0])
+
+    def prepend(self, path):
+        for error in self.errors:
+            error.prepend(path)
+
+
+class RequiredFieldInvalid(Invalid):
+    """Required field was missing."""
+
+
+class ObjectInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value we found was not an object."""
+
+
+class DictInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value found was not a dict."""
+
+
+class ExclusiveInvalid(Invalid):
+    """More than one value found in exclusion group."""
+
+
+class InclusiveInvalid(Invalid):
+    """Not all values found in inclusion group."""
+
+
+class SequenceTypeInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The type found is not a sequence type."""
+
+
+class TypeInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value was not of required type."""
+
+
+class ValueInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value was found invalid by evaluation function."""
+
+
+class ScalarInvalid(Invalid):
+    """Scalars did not match."""
+
+
+class CoerceInvalid(Invalid):
+    """Impossible to coerce value to type."""
+
+
+class AnyInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value did not pass any validator."""
+
+
+class AllInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value did not pass all validators."""
+
+
+class MatchInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value does not match the given regular expression."""
+
+
+class RangeInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not in given range."""
+
+
+class TrueInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not True."""
+
+
+class FalseInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not False."""
+
+
+class BooleanInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not a boolean."""
+
+
+class UrlInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not a url."""
+
+
+class FileInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not a file."""
+
+
+class DirInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not a directory."""
+
+
+class PathInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not a path."""
+
+
+class LiteralInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The literal values do not match."""
+
+
+class VirtualPathComponent(str):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '<' + self + '>'
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__str__()
+
+
+class Schema(object):
+    """A validation schema.
+
+    The schema is a Python tree-like structure where nodes are pattern
+    matched against corresponding trees of values.
+
+    Nodes can be values, in which case a direct comparison is used, types,
+    in which case an isinstance() check is performed, or callables, which will
+    validate and optionally convert the value.
+    """
+
+    _extra_to_name = {
+        REMOVE_EXTRA: 'REMOVE_EXTRA',
+        ALLOW_EXTRA: 'ALLOW_EXTRA',
+        PREVENT_EXTRA: 'PREVENT_EXTRA',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, schema, required=False, extra=PREVENT_EXTRA):
+        """Create a new Schema.
+
+        :param schema: Validation schema. See :module:`voluptuous` for details.
+        :param required: Keys defined in the schema must be in the data.
+        :param extra: Specify how extra keys in the data are treated:
+            - :const:`~voluptuous.PREVENT_EXTRA`: to disallow any undefined
+              extra keys (raise ``Invalid``).
+            - :const:`~voluptuous.ALLOW_EXTRA`: to include undefined extra
+              keys in the output.
+            - :const:`~voluptuous.REMOVE_EXTRA`: to exclude undefined extra keys
+              from the output.
+            - Any value other than the above defaults to
+              :const:`~voluptuous.PREVENT_EXTRA`
+        """
+        self.schema = schema
+        self.required = required
+        self.extra = int(extra)  # ensure the value is an integer
+        self._compiled = self._compile(schema)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Schema(%s, extra=%s, required=%s) object at 0x%x>" % (
+            self.schema, self._extra_to_name.get(self.extra, '??'),
+            self.required, id(self))
+
+    def __call__(self, data):
+        """Validate data against this schema."""
+        try:
+            return self._compiled([], data)
+        except MultipleInvalid:
+            raise
+        except Invalid as e:
+            raise MultipleInvalid([e])
+        # return self.validate([], self.schema, data)
+
+    def _compile(self, schema):
+        if schema is Extra:
+            return lambda _, v: v
+        if isinstance(schema, Object):
+            return self._compile_object(schema)
+        if isinstance(schema, collections.Mapping):
+            return self._compile_dict(schema)
+        elif isinstance(schema, list):
+            return self._compile_list(schema)
+        elif isinstance(schema, tuple):
+            return self._compile_tuple(schema)
+        type_ = type(schema)
+        if type_ is type:
+            type_ = schema
+        if type_ in (bool, int, long, str, unicode, float, complex, object,
+                     list, dict, type(None)) or callable(schema):
+            return _compile_scalar(schema)
+        raise SchemaError('unsupported schema data type %r' %
+                          type(schema).__name__)
+
+    def _compile_mapping(self, schema, invalid_msg=None):
+        """Create validator for given mapping."""
+        invalid_msg = invalid_msg or 'mapping value'
+
+        # Keys that may be required
+        all_required_keys = set(key for key in schema
+                                if key is not Extra
+                                and ((self.required and not isinstance(key, (Optional, Remove)))
+                                     or isinstance(key, Required)))
+
+        # Keys that may have defaults
+        all_default_keys = set(key for key in schema
+                               if isinstance(key, Required)
+                               or isinstance(key, Optional))
+
+        _compiled_schema = {}
+        for skey, svalue in iteritems(schema):
+            new_key = self._compile(skey)
+            new_value = self._compile(svalue)
+            _compiled_schema[skey] = (new_key, new_value)
+
+        candidates = list(_iterate_mapping_candidates(_compiled_schema))
+
+        def validate_mapping(path, iterable, out):
+            required_keys = all_required_keys.copy()
+            # keeps track of all default keys that haven't been filled
+            default_keys = all_default_keys.copy()
+            error = None
+            errors = []
+            for key, value in iterable:
+                key_path = path + [key]
+                remove_key = False
+
+                # compare each given key/value against all compiled key/values
+                # schema key, (compiled key, compiled value)
+                for skey, (ckey, cvalue) in candidates:
+                    try:
+                        new_key = ckey(key_path, key)
+                    except Invalid as e:
+                        if len(e.path) > len(key_path):
+                            raise
+                        if not error or len(e.path) > len(error.path):
+                            error = e
+                        continue
+                    # Backtracking is not performed once a key is selected, so if
+                    # the value is invalid we immediately throw an exception.
+                    exception_errors = []
+                    # check if the key is marked for removal
+                    is_remove = new_key is Remove
+                    try:
+                        cval = cvalue(key_path, value)
+                        # include if it's not marked for removal
+                        if not is_remove:
+                            out[new_key] = cval
+                        else:
+                            remove_key = True
+                            continue
+                    except MultipleInvalid as e:
+                        exception_errors.extend(e.errors)
+                    except Invalid as e:
+                        exception_errors.append(e)
+
+                    if exception_errors:
+                        if is_remove or remove_key:
+                            continue
+                        for err in exception_errors:
+                            if len(err.path) <= len(key_path):
+                                err.error_type = invalid_msg
+                            errors.append(err)
+                        # If there is a validation error for a required
+                        # key, this means that the key was provided.
+                        # Discard the required key so it does not
+                        # create an additional, noisy exception.
+                        required_keys.discard(skey)
+                        break
+
+                    # Key and value okay, mark any Required() fields as found.
+                    required_keys.discard(skey)
+
+                    # No need for a default if it was filled
+                    default_keys.discard(skey)
+
+                    break
+                else:
+                    if remove_key:
+                        # remove key
+                        continue
+                    elif self.extra == ALLOW_EXTRA:
+                        out[key] = value
+                    elif self.extra != REMOVE_EXTRA:
+                        errors.append(Invalid('extra keys not allowed', key_path))
+                    # else REMOVE_EXTRA: ignore the key so it's removed from output
+
+            # set defaults for any that can have defaults
+            for key in default_keys:
+                if not isinstance(key.default, Undefined):  # if the user provides a default with the node
+                    out[key.schema] = key.default()
+                    if key in required_keys:
+                        required_keys.discard(key)
+
+            # for any required keys left that weren't found and don't have defaults:
+            for key in required_keys:
+                msg = key.msg if hasattr(key, 'msg') and key.msg else 'required key not provided'
+                errors.append(RequiredFieldInvalid(msg, path + [key]))
+            if errors:
+                raise MultipleInvalid(errors)
+
+            return out
+
+        return validate_mapping
+
+    def _compile_object(self, schema):
+        """Validate an object.
+
+        Has the same behavior as dictionary validator but work with object
+        attributes.
+
+        For example:
+
+            >>> class Structure(object):
+            ...     def __init__(self, one=None, three=None):
+            ...         self.one = one
+            ...         self.three = three
+            ...
+            >>> validate = Schema(Object({'one': 'two', 'three': 'four'}, cls=Structure))
+            >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "not a valid value for object value @ data['one']"):
+            ...   validate(Structure(one='three'))
+
+        """
+        base_validate = self._compile_mapping(
+            schema, invalid_msg='object value')
+
+        def validate_object(path, data):
+            if (schema.cls is not UNDEFINED
+                    and not isinstance(data, schema.cls)):
+                raise ObjectInvalid('expected a {0!r}'.format(schema.cls), path)
+            iterable = _iterate_object(data)
+            iterable = ifilter(lambda item: item[1] is not None, iterable)
+            out = base_validate(path, iterable, {})
+            return type(data)(**out)
+
+        return validate_object
+
+    def _compile_dict(self, schema):
+        """Validate a dictionary.
+
+        A dictionary schema can contain a set of values, or at most one
+        validator function/type.
+
+        A dictionary schema will only validate a dictionary:
+
+            >>> validate = Schema({})
+            >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected a dictionary'):
+            ...   validate([])
+
+        An invalid dictionary value:
+
+            >>> validate = Schema({'one': 'two', 'three': 'four'})
+            >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "not a valid value for dictionary value @ data['one']"):
+            ...   validate({'one': 'three'})
+
+        An invalid key:
+
+            >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "extra keys not allowed @ data['two']"):
+            ...   validate({'two': 'three'})
+
+
+        Validation function, in this case the "int" type:
+
+            >>> validate = Schema({'one': 'two', 'three': 'four', int: str})
+
+        Valid integer input:
+
+            >>> validate({10: 'twenty'})
+            {10: 'twenty'}
+
+        By default, a "type" in the schema (in this case "int") will be used
+        purely to validate that the corresponding value is of that type. It
+        will not Coerce the value:
+
+            >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "extra keys not allowed @ data['10']"):
+            ...   validate({'10': 'twenty'})
+
+        Wrap them in the Coerce() function to achieve this:
+
+            >>> validate = Schema({'one': 'two', 'three': 'four',
+            ...                    Coerce(int): str})
+            >>> validate({'10': 'twenty'})
+            {10: 'twenty'}
+
+        Custom message for required key
+
+            >>> validate = Schema({Required('one', 'required'): 'two'})
+            >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "required @ data['one']"):
+            ...   validate({})
+
+        (This is to avoid unexpected surprises.)
+
+        Multiple errors for nested field in a dict:
+
+        >>> validate = Schema({
+        ...     'adict': {
+        ...         'strfield': str,
+        ...         'intfield': int
+        ...     }
+        ... })
+        >>> try:
+        ...     validate({
+        ...         'adict': {
+        ...             'strfield': 123,
+        ...             'intfield': 'one'
+        ...         }
+        ...     })
+        ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+        ...     print(sorted(str(i) for i in e.errors)) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+        ["expected int for dictionary value @ data['adict']['intfield']",
+         "expected str for dictionary value @ data['adict']['strfield']"]
+
+        """
+        base_validate = self._compile_mapping(
+            schema, invalid_msg='dictionary value')
+
+        groups_of_exclusion = {}
+        groups_of_inclusion = {}
+        for node in schema:
+            if isinstance(node, Exclusive):
+                g = groups_of_exclusion.setdefault(node.group_of_exclusion, [])
+                g.append(node)
+            elif isinstance(node, Inclusive):
+                g = groups_of_inclusion.setdefault(node.group_of_inclusion, [])
+                g.append(node)
+
+        def validate_dict(path, data):
+            if not isinstance(data, dict):
+                raise DictInvalid('expected a dictionary', path)
+
+            errors = []
+            for label, group in groups_of_exclusion.items():
+                exists = False
+                for exclusive in group:
+                    if exclusive.schema in data:
+                        if exists:
+                            msg = exclusive.msg if hasattr(exclusive, 'msg') and exclusive.msg else \
+                                "two or more values in the same group of exclusion '%s'" % label
+                            next_path = path + [VirtualPathComponent(label)]
+                            errors.append(ExclusiveInvalid(msg, next_path))
+                            break
+                        exists = True
+
+            if errors:
+                raise MultipleInvalid(errors)
+
+            for label, group in groups_of_inclusion.items():
+                included = [node.schema in data for node in group]
+                if any(included) and not all(included):
+                    msg = "some but not all values in the same group of inclusion '%s'" % label
+                    for g in group:
+                        if hasattr(g, 'msg') and g.msg:
+                            msg = g.msg
+                            break
+                    next_path = path + [VirtualPathComponent(label)]
+                    errors.append(InclusiveInvalid(msg, next_path))
+                    break
+
+            if errors:
+                raise MultipleInvalid(errors)
+
+            out = {}
+            return base_validate(path, iteritems(data), out)
+
+        return validate_dict
+
+    def _compile_sequence(self, schema, seq_type):
+        """Validate a sequence type.
+
+        This is a sequence of valid values or validators tried in order.
+
+        >>> validator = Schema(['one', 'two', int])
+        >>> validator(['one'])
+        ['one']
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int @ data[0]'):
+        ...   validator([3.5])
+        >>> validator([1])
+        [1]
+        """
+        _compiled = [self._compile(s) for s in schema]
+        seq_type_name = seq_type.__name__
+
+        def validate_sequence(path, data):
+            if not isinstance(data, seq_type):
+                raise SequenceTypeInvalid('expected a %s' % seq_type_name, path)
+
+            # Empty seq schema, allow any data.
+            if not schema:
+                return data
+
+            out = []
+            invalid = None
+            errors = []
+            index_path = UNDEFINED
+            for i, value in enumerate(data):
+                index_path = path + [i]
+                invalid = None
+                for validate in _compiled:
+                    try:
+                        cval = validate(index_path, value)
+                        if cval is not Remove:  # do not include Remove values
+                            out.append(cval)
+                        break
+                    except Invalid as e:
+                        if len(e.path) > len(index_path):
+                            raise
+                        invalid = e
+                else:
+                    errors.append(invalid)
+            if errors:
+                raise MultipleInvalid(errors)
+            return type(data)(out)
+        return validate_sequence
+
+    def _compile_tuple(self, schema):
+        """Validate a tuple.
+
+        A tuple is a sequence of valid values or validators tried in order.
+
+        >>> validator = Schema(('one', 'two', int))
+        >>> validator(('one',))
+        ('one',)
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int @ data[0]'):
+        ...   validator((3.5,))
+        >>> validator((1,))
+        (1,)
+        """
+        return self._compile_sequence(schema, tuple)
+
+    def _compile_list(self, schema):
+        """Validate a list.
+
+        A list is a sequence of valid values or validators tried in order.
+
+        >>> validator = Schema(['one', 'two', int])
+        >>> validator(['one'])
+        ['one']
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int @ data[0]'):
+        ...   validator([3.5])
+        >>> validator([1])
+        [1]
+        """
+        return self._compile_sequence(schema, list)
+
+    def extend(self, schema, required=None, extra=None):
+        """Create a new `Schema` by merging this and the provided `schema`.
+
+        Neither this `Schema` nor the provided `schema` are modified. The
+        resulting `Schema` inherits the `required` and `extra` parameters of
+        this, unless overridden.
+
+        Both schemas must be dictionary-based.
+
+        :param schema: dictionary to extend this `Schema` with
+        :param required: if set, overrides `required` of this `Schema`
+        :param extra: if set, overrides `extra` of this `Schema`
+        """
+
+        assert type(self.schema) == dict and type(schema) == dict, 'Both schemas must be dictionary-based'
+
+        result = self.schema.copy()
+        result.update(schema)
+
+        result_required = (required if required is not None else self.required)
+        result_extra = (extra if extra is not None else self.extra)
+        return Schema(result, required=result_required, extra=result_extra)
+
+
+def _compile_scalar(schema):
+    """A scalar value.
+
+    The schema can either be a value or a type.
+
+    >>> _compile_scalar(int)([], 1)
+    1
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, 'expected float'):
+    ...   _compile_scalar(float)([], '1')
+
+    Callables have
+    >>> _compile_scalar(lambda v: float(v))([], '1')
+    1.0
+
+    As a convenience, ValueError's are trapped:
+
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, 'not a valid value'):
+    ...   _compile_scalar(lambda v: float(v))([], 'a')
+    """
+    if isinstance(schema, type):
+        def validate_instance(path, data):
+            if isinstance(data, schema):
+                return data
+            else:
+                msg = 'expected %s' % schema.__name__
+                raise TypeInvalid(msg, path)
+        return validate_instance
+
+    if callable(schema):
+        def validate_callable(path, data):
+            try:
+                return schema(data)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                raise ValueInvalid('not a valid value', path)
+            except Invalid as e:
+                e.prepend(path)
+                raise
+        return validate_callable
+
+    def validate_value(path, data):
+        if data != schema:
+            raise ScalarInvalid('not a valid value', path)
+        return data
+
+    return validate_value
+
+
+def _compile_itemsort():
+    '''return sort function of mappings'''
+    def is_extra(key_):
+        return key_ is Extra
+
+    def is_remove(key_):
+        return isinstance(key_, Remove)
+
+    def is_marker(key_):
+        return isinstance(key_, Marker)
+
+    def is_type(key_):
+        return inspect.isclass(key_)
+
+    def is_callable(key_):
+        return callable(key_)
+
+    # priority list for map sorting (in order of checking)
+    # We want Extra to match last, because it's a catch-all. On the other hand,
+    # Remove markers should match first (since invalid values will not
+    # raise an Error, instead the validator will check if other schemas match
+    # the same value).
+    priority = [(1, is_remove),    # Remove highest priority after values
+                (2, is_marker),    # then other Markers
+                (4, is_type),      # types/classes lowest before Extra
+                (3, is_callable),  # callables after markers
+                (5, is_extra)]     # Extra lowest priority
+
+    def item_priority(item_):
+        key_ = item_[0]
+        for i, check_ in priority:
+            if check_(key_):
+                return i
+        # values have hightest priorities
+        return 0
+
+    return item_priority
+
+_sort_item = _compile_itemsort()
+
+
+def _iterate_mapping_candidates(schema):
+    """Iterate over schema in a meaningful order."""
+    # Without this, Extra might appear first in the iterator, and fail to
+    # validate a key even though it's a Required that has its own validation,
+    # generating a false positive.
+    return sorted(iteritems(schema), key=_sort_item)
+
+
+def _iterate_object(obj):
+    """Return iterator over object attributes. Respect objects with
+    defined __slots__.
+
+    """
+    d = {}
+    try:
+        d = vars(obj)
+    except TypeError:
+        # maybe we have named tuple here?
+        if hasattr(obj, '_asdict'):
+            d = obj._asdict()
+    for item in iteritems(d):
+        yield item
+    try:
+        slots = obj.__slots__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        for key in slots:
+            if key != '__dict__':
+                yield (key, getattr(obj, key))
+    raise StopIteration()
+
+
+class Object(dict):
+    """Indicate that we should work with attributes, not keys."""
+
+    def __init__(self, schema, cls=UNDEFINED):
+        self.cls = cls
+        super(Object, self).__init__(schema)
+
+
+class Marker(object):
+    """Mark nodes for special treatment."""
+
+    def __init__(self, schema, msg=None):
+        self.schema = schema
+        self._schema = Schema(schema)
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            return self._schema(v)
+        except Invalid as e:
+            if not self.msg or len(e.path) > 1:
+                raise
+            raise Invalid(self.msg)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.schema)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.schema)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.schema < other.schema
+
+
+class Optional(Marker):
+    """Mark a node in the schema as optional, and optionally provide a default
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({Optional('key'): str})
+    >>> schema({})
+    {}
+    >>> schema = Schema({Optional('key', default='value'): str})
+    >>> schema({})
+    {'key': 'value'}
+    >>> schema = Schema({Optional('key', default=list): list})
+    >>> schema({})
+    {'key': []}
+
+    If 'required' flag is set for an entire schema, optional keys aren't required
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...    Optional('key'): str,
+    ...    'key2': str
+    ... }, required=True)
+    >>> schema({'key2':'value'})
+    {'key2': 'value'}
+    """
+    def __init__(self, schema, msg=None, default=UNDEFINED):
+        super(Optional, self).__init__(schema, msg=msg)
+        self.default = default_factory(default)
+
+
+class Exclusive(Optional):
+    """Mark a node in the schema as exclusive.
+
+    Exclusive keys inherited from Optional:
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({Exclusive('alpha', 'angles'): int, Exclusive('beta', 'angles'): int})
+    >>> schema({'alpha': 30})
+    {'alpha': 30}
+
+    Keys inside a same group of exclusion cannot be together, it only makes sense for dictionaries:
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "two or more values in the same group of exclusion 'angles' @ data[<angles>]"):
+    ...   schema({'alpha': 30, 'beta': 45})
+
+    For example, API can provides multiple types of authentication, but only one works in the same time:
+
+    >>> msg = 'Please, use only one type of authentication at the same time.'
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ... Exclusive('classic', 'auth', msg=msg):{
+    ...     Required('email'): basestring,
+    ...     Required('password'): basestring
+    ...     },
+    ... Exclusive('internal', 'auth', msg=msg):{
+    ...     Required('secret_key'): basestring
+    ...     },
+    ... Exclusive('social', 'auth', msg=msg):{
+    ...     Required('social_network'): basestring,
+    ...     Required('token'): basestring
+    ...     }
+    ... })
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "Please, use only one type of authentication at the same time. @ data[<auth>]"):
+    ...     schema({'classic': {'email': 'foo@example.com', 'password': 'bar'},
+    ...             'social': {'social_network': 'barfoo', 'token': 'tEMp'}})
+    """
+    def __init__(self, schema, group_of_exclusion, msg=None):
+        super(Exclusive, self).__init__(schema, msg=msg)
+        self.group_of_exclusion = group_of_exclusion
+
+
+class Inclusive(Optional):
+    """ Mark a node in the schema as inclusive.
+
+    Exclusive keys inherited from Optional:
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...     Inclusive('filename', 'file'): str,
+    ...     Inclusive('mimetype', 'file'): str
+    ... })
+    >>> data = {'filename': 'dog.jpg', 'mimetype': 'image/jpeg'}
+    >>> data == schema(data)
+    True
+
+    Keys inside a same group of inclusive must exist together, it only makes sense for dictionaries:
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "some but not all values in the same group of inclusion 'file' @ data[<file>]"):
+    ...     schema({'filename': 'dog.jpg'})
+
+    If none of the keys in the group are present, it is accepted:
+
+    >>> schema({})
+    {}
+
+    For example, API can return 'height' and 'width' together, but not separately.
+
+    >>> msg = "Height and width must exist together"
+    >>> schema = Schema({
+    ...     Inclusive('height', 'size', msg=msg): int,
+    ...     Inclusive('width', 'size', msg=msg): int
+    ... })
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, msg + " @ data[<size>]"):
+    ...     schema({'height': 100})
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, msg + " @ data[<size>]"):
+    ...     schema({'width': 100})
+
+    >>> data = {'height': 100, 'width': 100}
+    >>> data == schema(data)
+    True
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, schema, group_of_inclusion, msg=None):
+        super(Inclusive, self).__init__(schema, msg=msg)
+        self.group_of_inclusion = group_of_inclusion
+
+
+class Required(Marker):
+    """Mark a node in the schema as being required, and optionally provide a default value.
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({Required('key'): str})
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "required key not provided @ data['key']"):
+    ...   schema({})
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({Required('key', default='value'): str})
+    >>> schema({})
+    {'key': 'value'}
+    >>> schema = Schema({Required('key', default=list): list})
+    >>> schema({})
+    {'key': []}
+    """
+    def __init__(self, schema, msg=None, default=UNDEFINED):
+        super(Required, self).__init__(schema, msg=msg)
+        self.default = default_factory(default)
+
+
+class Remove(Marker):
+    """Mark a node in the schema to be removed and excluded from the validated
+    output. Keys that fail validation will not raise ``Invalid``. Instead, these
+    keys will be treated as extras.
+
+    >>> schema = Schema({str: int, Remove(int): str})
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "extra keys not allowed @ data[1]"):
+    ...    schema({'keep': 1, 1: 1.0})
+    >>> schema({1: 'red', 'red': 1, 2: 'green'})
+    {'red': 1}
+    >>> schema = Schema([int, Remove(float), Extra])
+    >>> schema([1, 2, 3, 4.0, 5, 6.0, '7'])
+    [1, 2, 3, 5, '7']
+    """
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        super(Remove, self).__call__(v)
+        return self.__class__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Remove(%r)" % (self.schema,)
+
+
+def Extra(_):
+    """Allow keys in the data that are not present in the schema."""
+    raise SchemaError('"Extra" should never be called')
+
+
+# As extra() is never called there's no way to catch references to the
+# deprecated object, so we just leave an alias here instead.
+extra = Extra
+
+class Msg(object):
+    """Report a user-friendly message if a schema fails to validate.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(
+    ...   Msg(['one', 'two', int],
+    ...       'should be one of "one", "two" or an integer'))
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'should be one of "one", "two" or an integer'):
+    ...   validate(['three'])
+
+    Messages are only applied to invalid direct descendants of the schema:
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Msg([['one', 'two', int]], 'not okay!'))
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int @ data[0][0]'):
+    ...   validate([['three']])
+
+    The type which is thrown can be overridden but needs to be a subclass of Invalid
+
+    >>> with raises(SchemaError, 'Msg can only use subclases of Invalid as custom class'):
+    ...   validate = Schema(Msg([int], 'should be int', cls=KeyError))
+
+    If you do use a subclass of Invalid, that error will be thrown (wrapped in a MultipleInvalid)
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Msg([['one', 'two', int]], 'not okay!', cls=RangeInvalid))
+    >>> try:
+    ...  validate(['three'])
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], RangeInvalid)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, schema, msg, cls=None):
+        if cls and not issubclass(cls, Invalid):
+            raise SchemaError("Msg can only use subclases of"
+                              " Invalid as custom class")
+        self._schema = schema
+        self.schema = Schema(schema)
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.cls = cls
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            return self.schema(v)
+        except Invalid as e:
+            if len(e.path) > 1:
+                raise e
+            else:
+                raise (self.cls or Invalid)(self.msg)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Msg(%s, %s, cls=%s)' % (self._schema, self.msg, self.cls)
+
+
+def message(default=None, cls=None):
+    """Convenience decorator to allow functions to provide a message.
+
+    Set a default message:
+
+        >>> @message('not an integer')
+        ... def isint(v):
+        ...   return int(v)
+
+        >>> validate = Schema(isint())
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'not an integer'):
+        ...   validate('a')
+
+    The message can be overridden on a per validator basis:
+
+        >>> validate = Schema(isint('bad'))
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'bad'):
+        ...   validate('a')
+
+    The class thrown too:
+
+        >>> class IntegerInvalid(Invalid): pass
+        >>> validate = Schema(isint('bad', clsoverride=IntegerInvalid))
+        >>> try:
+        ...  validate('a')
+        ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+        ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], IntegerInvalid)
+    """
+    if cls and not issubclass(cls, Invalid):
+        raise SchemaError("message can only use subclases of Invalid as custom class")
+
+    def decorator(f):
+        @wraps(f)
+        def check(msg=None, clsoverride=None):
+            @wraps(f)
+            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                try:
+                    return f(*args, **kwargs)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise (clsoverride or cls or ValueInvalid)(msg or default or 'invalid value')
+            return wrapper
+        return check
+    return decorator
+
+
+def truth(f):
+    """Convenience decorator to convert truth functions into validators.
+
+        >>> @truth
+        ... def isdir(v):
+        ...   return os.path.isdir(v)
+        >>> validate = Schema(isdir)
+        >>> validate('/')
+        '/'
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'not a valid value'):
+        ...   validate('/notavaliddir')
+    """
+    @wraps(f)
+    def check(v):
+        t = f(v)
+        if not t:
+            raise ValueError
+        return v
+    return check
+
+
+class Coerce(object):
+    """Coerce a value to a type.
+
+    If the type constructor throws a ValueError or TypeError, the value
+    will be marked as Invalid.
+
+    Default behavior:
+
+        >>> validate = Schema(Coerce(int))
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int'):
+        ...   validate(None)
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected int'):
+        ...   validate('foo')
+
+    With custom message:
+
+        >>> validate = Schema(Coerce(int, "moo"))
+        >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'moo'):
+        ...   validate('foo')
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, type, msg=None):
+        self.type = type
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.type_name = type.__name__
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            return self.type(v)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            msg = self.msg or ('expected %s' % self.type_name)
+            raise CoerceInvalid(msg)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Coerce(%s, msg=%r)' % (self.type_name, self.msg)
+
+
+@message('value was not true', cls=TrueInvalid)
+@truth
+def IsTrue(v):
+    """Assert that a value is true, in the Python sense.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(IsTrue())
+
+    "In the Python sense" means that implicitly false values, such as empty
+    lists, dictionaries, etc. are treated as "false":
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "value was not true"):
+    ...   validate([])
+    >>> validate([1])
+    [1]
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "value was not true"):
+    ...   validate(False)
+
+    ...and so on.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...  validate([])
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], TrueInvalid)
+    """
+    return v
+
+
+@message('value was not false', cls=FalseInvalid)
+def IsFalse(v):
+    """Assert that a value is false, in the Python sense.
+
+    (see :func:`IsTrue` for more detail)
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(IsFalse())
+    >>> validate([])
+    []
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "value was not false"):
+    ...   validate(True)
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...  validate(True)
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], FalseInvalid)
+    """
+    if v:
+        raise ValueError
+    return v
+
+
+@message('expected boolean', cls=BooleanInvalid)
+def Boolean(v):
+    """Convert human-readable boolean values to a bool.
+
+    Accepted values are 1, true, yes, on, enable, and their negatives.
+    Non-string values are cast to bool.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Boolean())
+    >>> validate(True)
+    True
+    >>> validate("1")
+    True
+    >>> validate("0")
+    False
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "expected boolean"):
+    ...   validate('moo')
+    >>> try:
+    ...  validate('moo')
+    ... except MultipleInvalid as e:
+    ...   assert isinstance(e.errors[0], BooleanInvalid)
+    """
+    if isinstance(v, basestring):
+        v = v.lower()
+        if v in ('1', 'true', 'yes', 'on', 'enable'):
+            return True
+        if v in ('0', 'false', 'no', 'off', 'disable'):
+            return False
+        raise ValueError
+    return bool(v)
+
+
+class Any(object):
+    """Use the first validated value.
+
+    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
+    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-Schema constructors.
+    :returns: Return value of the first validator that passes.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Any('true', 'false',
+    ...                       All(Any(int, bool), Coerce(bool))))
+    >>> validate('true')
+    'true'
+    >>> validate(1)
+    True
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "not a valid value"):
+    ...   validate('moo')
+
+    msg argument is used
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Any(1, 2, 3, msg="Expected 1 2 or 3"))
+    >>> validate(1)
+    1
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "Expected 1 2 or 3"):
+    ...   validate(4)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *validators, **kwargs):
+        self.validators = validators
+        self.msg = kwargs.pop('msg', None)
+        self._schemas = [Schema(val, **kwargs) for val in validators]
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        error = None
+        for schema in self._schemas:
+            try:
+                return schema(v)
+            except Invalid as e:
+                if error is None or len(e.path) > len(error.path):
+                    error = e
+        else:
+            if error:
+                raise error if self.msg is None else AnyInvalid(self.msg)
+            raise AnyInvalid(self.msg or 'no valid value found')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Any([%s])' % (", ".join(repr(v) for v in self.validators))
+
+
+# Convenience alias
+Or = Any
+
+
+class All(object):
+    """Value must pass all validators.
+
+    The output of each validator is passed as input to the next.
+
+    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
+    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-Schema constructors.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(All('10', Coerce(int)))
+    >>> validate('10')
+    10
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *validators, **kwargs):
+        self.validators = validators
+        self.msg = kwargs.pop('msg', None)
+        self._schemas = [Schema(val, **kwargs) for val in validators]
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            for schema in self._schemas:
+                v = schema(v)
+        except Invalid as e:
+            raise e if self.msg is None else AllInvalid(self.msg)
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'All(%s, msg=%r)' % (
+            ", ".join(repr(v) for v in self.validators),
+            self.msg
+        )
+
+
+# Convenience alias
+And = All
+
+
+class Match(object):
+    """Value must be a string that matches the regular expression.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Match(r'^0x[A-F0-9]+$'))
+    >>> validate('0x123EF4')
+    '0x123EF4'
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, "does not match regular expression"):
+    ...   validate('123EF4')
+
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected string or buffer'):
+    ...   validate(123)
+
+    Pattern may also be a _compiled regular expression:
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(Match(re.compile(r'0x[A-F0-9]+', re.I)))
+    >>> validate('0x123ef4')
+    '0x123ef4'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pattern, msg=None):
+        if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
+            pattern = re.compile(pattern)
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            match = self.pattern.match(v)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise MatchInvalid("expected string or buffer")
+        if not match:
+            raise MatchInvalid(self.msg or 'does not match regular expression')
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Match(%r, msg=%r)' % (self.pattern.pattern, self.msg)
+
+
+class Replace(object):
+    """Regex substitution.
+
+    >>> validate = Schema(All(Replace('you', 'I'),
+    ...                       Replace('hello', 'goodbye')))
+    >>> validate('you say hello')
+    'I say goodbye'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pattern, substitution, msg=None):
+        if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
+            pattern = re.compile(pattern)
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.substitution = substitution
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        return self.pattern.sub(self.substitution, v)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Replace(%r, %r, msg=%r)' % (self.pattern.pattern,
+                                            self.substitution,
+                                            self.msg)
+
+
+def _url_validation(v):
+    parsed = urlparse.urlparse(v)
+    if not parsed.scheme or not parsed.netloc:
+        raise UrlInvalid("must have a URL scheme and host")
+    return parsed
+
+
+@message('expected a Fully qualified domain name URL', cls=UrlInvalid)
+def FqdnUrl(v):
+    """Verify that the value is a Fully qualified domain name URL.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(FqdnUrl())
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected a Fully qualified domain name URL'):
+    ...   s("http://localhost/")
+    >>> s('http://w3.org')
+    'http://w3.org'
+    """
+    try:
+        parsed_url = _url_validation(v)
+        if "." not in parsed_url.netloc:
+            raise UrlInvalid("must have a domain name in URL")
+        return v
+    except:
+        raise ValueError
+
+
+@message('expected a URL', cls=UrlInvalid)
+def Url(v):
+    """Verify that the value is a URL.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Url())
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'expected a URL'):
+    ...   s(1)
+    >>> s('http://w3.org')
+    'http://w3.org'
+    """
+    try:
+        _url_validation(v)
+        return v
+    except:
+        raise ValueError
+
+
+@message('not a file', cls=FileInvalid)
+@truth
+def IsFile(v):
+    """Verify the file exists.
+
+    >>> os.path.basename(IsFile()(__file__)).startswith('voluptuous.py')
+    True
+    >>> with raises(FileInvalid, 'not a file'):
+    ...   IsFile()("random_filename_goes_here.py")
+    """
+    return os.path.isfile(v)
+
+
+@message('not a directory', cls=DirInvalid)
+@truth
+def IsDir(v):
+    """Verify the directory exists.
+
+    >>> IsDir()('/')
+    '/'
+    """
+    return os.path.isdir(v)
+
+
+@message('path does not exist', cls=PathInvalid)
+@truth
+def PathExists(v):
+    """Verify the path exists, regardless of its type.
+
+    >>> os.path.basename(PathExists()(__file__)).startswith('voluptuous.py')
+    True
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, 'path does not exist'):
+    ...   PathExists()("random_filename_goes_here.py")
+    """
+    return os.path.exists(v)
+
+
+class Range(object):
+    """Limit a value to a range.
+
+    Either min or max may be omitted.
+    Either min or max can be excluded from the range of accepted values.
+
+    :raises Invalid: If the value is outside the range.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Range(min=1, max=10, min_included=False))
+    >>> s(5)
+    5
+    >>> s(10)
+    10
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be at most 10'):
+    ...   s(20)
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be higher than 1'):
+    ...   s(1)
+    >>> with raises(MultipleInvalid, 'value must be lower than 10'):
+    ...   Schema(Range(max=10, max_included=False))(20)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, min_included=True,
+                 max_included=True, msg=None):
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.min_included = min_included
+        self.max_included = max_included
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        if self.min_included:
+            if self.min is not None and v < self.min:
+                raise RangeInvalid(
+                    self.msg or 'value must be at least %s' % self.min)
+        else:
+            if self.min is not None and v <= self.min:
+                raise RangeInvalid(
+                    self.msg or 'value must be higher than %s' % self.min)
+        if self.max_included:
+            if self.max is not None and v > self.max:
+                raise RangeInvalid(
+                    self.msg or 'value must be at most %s' % self.max)
+        else:
+            if self.max is not None and v >= self.max:
+                raise RangeInvalid(
+                    self.msg or 'value must be lower than %s' % self.max)
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('Range(min=%r, max=%r, min_included=%r,'
+                ' max_included=%r, msg=%r)' % (self.min, self.max,
+                                               self.min_included,
+                                               self.max_included,
+                                               self.msg))
+
+
+class Clamp(object):
+    """Clamp a value to a range.
+
+    Either min or max may be omitted.
+    >>> s = Schema(Clamp(min=0, max=1))
+    >>> s(0.5)
+    0.5
+    >>> s(5)
+    1
+    >>> s(-1)
+    0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, msg=None):
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        if self.min is not None and v < self.min:
+            v = self.min
+        if self.max is not None and v > self.max:
+            v = self.max
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Clamp(min=%s, max=%s)' % (self.min, self.max)
+
+
+class LengthInvalid(Invalid):
+    pass
+
+
+class Length(object):
+    """The length of a value must be in a certain range."""
+
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, msg=None):
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        if self.min is not None and len(v) < self.min:
+            raise LengthInvalid(
+                self.msg or 'length of value must be at least %s' % self.min)
+        if self.max is not None and len(v) > self.max:
+            raise LengthInvalid(
+                self.msg or 'length of value must be at most %s' % self.max)
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Length(min=%s, max=%s)' % (self.min, self.max)
+
+
+class DatetimeInvalid(Invalid):
+    """The value is not a formatted datetime string."""
+
+
+class Datetime(object):
+    """Validate that the value matches the datetime format."""
+
+    DEFAULT_FORMAT = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'
+
+    def __init__(self, format=None, msg=None):
+        self.format = format or self.DEFAULT_FORMAT
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            datetime.datetime.strptime(v, self.format)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise DatetimeInvalid(
+                self.msg or 'value does not match'
+                            ' expected format %s' % self.format)
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Datetime(format=%s)' % self.format
+
+
+class InInvalid(Invalid):
+    pass
+
+
+class In(object):
+    """Validate that a value is in a collection."""
+
+    def __init__(self, container, msg=None):
+        self.container = container
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            check = v not in self.container
+        except TypeError:
+            check = True
+        if check:
+            raise InInvalid(self.msg or 'value is not allowed')
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'In(%s)' % (self.container,)
+
+
+class NotInInvalid(Invalid):
+    pass
+
+
+class NotIn(object):
+    """Validate that a value is not in a collection."""
+
+    def __init__(self, container, msg=None):
+        self.container = container
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            check = v in self.container
+        except TypeError:
+            check = True
+        if check:
+            raise NotInInvalid(self.msg or 'value is not allowed')
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'NotIn(%s)' % (self.container,)
+
+
+def Lower(v):
+    """Transform a string to lower case.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Lower)
+    >>> s('HI')
+    'hi'
+    """
+    return str(v).lower()
+
+
+def Upper(v):
+    """Transform a string to upper case.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Upper)
+    >>> s('hi')
+    'HI'
+    """
+    return str(v).upper()
+
+
+def Capitalize(v):
+    """Capitalise a string.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Capitalize)
+    >>> s('hello world')
+    'Hello world'
+    """
+    return str(v).capitalize()
+
+
+def Title(v):
+    """Title case a string.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Title)
+    >>> s('hello world')
+    'Hello World'
+    """
+    return str(v).title()
+
+
+def Strip(v):
+    """Strip whitespace from a string.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Strip)
+    >>> s('  hello world  ')
+    'hello world'
+    """
+    return str(v).strip()
+
+
+class DefaultTo(object):
+    """Sets a value to default_value if none provided.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(DefaultTo(42))
+    >>> s(None)
+    42
+    >>> s = Schema(DefaultTo(list))
+    >>> s(None)
+    []
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, default_value, msg=None):
+        self.default_value = default_factory(default_value)
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        if v is None:
+            v = self.default_value()
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'DefaultTo(%s)' % (self.default_value(),)
+
+
+class SetTo(object):
+    """Set a value, ignoring any previous value.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Any(int, SetTo(42)))
+    >>> s(2)
+    2
+    >>> s("foo")
+    42
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = default_factory(value)
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        return self.value()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'SetTo(%s)' % (self.value(),)
+
+
+class ExactSequenceInvalid(Invalid):
+    pass
+
+
+class ExactSequence(object):
+    """Matches each element in a sequence against the corresponding element in
+    the validators.
+
+    :param msg: Message to deliver to user if validation fails.
+    :param kwargs: All other keyword arguments are passed to the sub-Schema
+        constructors.
+
+    >>> from voluptuous import *
+    >>> validate = Schema(ExactSequence([str, int, list, list]))
+    >>> validate(['hourly_report', 10, [], []])
+    ['hourly_report', 10, [], []]
+    >>> validate(('hourly_report', 10, [], []))
+    ('hourly_report', 10, [], [])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, validators, **kwargs):
+        self.validators = validators
+        self.msg = kwargs.pop('msg', None)
+        self._schemas = [Schema(val, **kwargs) for val in validators]
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        if not isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+            raise ExactSequenceInvalid(self.msg)
+        try:
+            v = type(v)(schema(x) for x, schema in zip(v, self._schemas))
+        except Invalid as e:
+            raise e if self.msg is None else ExactSequenceInvalid(self.msg)
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'ExactSequence([%s])' % (", ".join(repr(v)
+                                                  for v in self.validators))
+
+
+class Literal(object):
+    def __init__(self, lit):
+        self.lit = lit
+
+    def __call__(self, value, msg=None):
+        if self.lit != value:
+            raise LiteralInvalid(
+                msg or '%s not match for %s' % (value, self.lit)
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.lit
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.lit)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.lit)
+
+
+class Unique(object):
+    """Ensure an iterable does not contain duplicate items.
+
+    Only iterables convertable to a set are supported (native types and
+    objects with correct __eq__).
+
+    JSON does not support set, so they need to be presented as arrays.
+    Unique allows ensuring that such array does not contain dupes.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Unique())
+    >>> s([])
+    []
+    >>> s([1, 2])
+    [1, 2]
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, 'contains duplicate items: [1]'):
+    ...   s([1, 1, 2])
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, "contains duplicate items: ['one']"):
+    ...   s(['one', 'two', 'one'])
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, regex="^contains unhashable elements: "):
+    ...   s([set([1, 2]), set([3, 4])])
+    >>> s('abc')
+    'abc'
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, regex="^contains duplicate items: "):
+    ...   s('aabbc')
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, msg=None):
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            set_v = set(v)
+        except TypeError as e:
+            raise TypeInvalid(
+                self.msg or 'contains unhashable elements: {0}'.format(e))
+        if len(set_v) != len(v):
+            seen = set()
+            dupes = list(set(x for x in v if x in seen or seen.add(x)))
+            raise Invalid(
+                self.msg or 'contains duplicate items: {0}'.format(dupes))
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Unique()'
+
+
+class Set(object):
+    """Convert a list into a set.
+
+    >>> s = Schema(Set())
+    >>> s([]) == set([])
+    True
+    >>> s([1, 2]) == set([1, 2])
+    True
+    >>> with raises(Invalid, regex="^cannot be presented as set: "):
+    ...   s([set([1, 2]), set([3, 4])])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, msg=None):
+        self.msg = msg
+
+    def __call__(self, v):
+        try:
+            set_v = set(v)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise TypeInvalid(
+                self.msg or 'cannot be presented as set: {0}'.format(e))
+        return set_v
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Set()'
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/python/which/LICENSE.txt b/python/which/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de85cd53a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Copyright (c) 2002-2005 ActiveState Corp.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
diff --git a/python/which/MANIFEST.in b/python/which/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b8970ab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+include *.py *.cpp *.in which.exe Makefile* *.txt logo.jpg
+exclude *~
+recursive-include test *.txt *.py
diff --git a/python/which/Makefile.win b/python/which/Makefile.win
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c400aafd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/Makefile.win
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2003 ActiveState Corp.
+# Author: Trent Mick (TrentM@ActiveState.com)
+#
+# A Makefile to do this: launcher.cpp -> foo.exe
+
+APPNAME=which
+
+# for release:
+CFLAGS=-D_CONSOLE -D_MBCS -DWIN32 -W3 -Ox -DNDEBUG -D_NDEBUG -MD 
+LDFLAGS=/subsystem:console kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib advapi32.lib shlwapi.lib
+# for debug:
+#  CFLAGS = -D_CONSOLE -D_MBCS /DWIN32 /Zi /Od /DDEBUG /D_DEBUG /MDd
+#  LDFLAGS += /DEBUG
+
+$(APPNAME).exe: launcher.cpp
+	cl -nologo $(CFLAGS) -c launcher.cpp
+	link -nologo $(LDFLAGS) launcher.obj -out:$(APPNAME).exe
+
+clean:
+	if exist launcher.obj; del launcher.obj
+    if exist $(APPNAME).exe; del $(APPNAME).exe
diff --git a/python/which/PKG-INFO b/python/which/PKG-INFO
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfa8baa28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/PKG-INFO
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Metadata-Version: 1.0
+Name: which
+Version: 1.1.0
+Summary: a portable GNU which replacement
+Home-page: http://trentm.com/projects/which/
+Author: Trent Mick
+Author-email: TrentM@ActiveState.com
+License: MIT License
+Description: This is a GNU which replacement with the following features:
+        - it is portable (Windows, Linux);
+        - it understands PATHEXT on Windows;
+        - it can print <em>all</em> matches on the PATH;
+        - it can note "near misses" on the PATH (e.g. files that match but
+        may not, say, have execute permissions; and
+        - it can be used as a Python module.
+        
+Keywords: which,find,path,where
+Platform: Windows
+Platform: Linux
+Platform: Mac OS X
+Platform: Unix
diff --git a/python/which/README.txt b/python/which/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ece7f6de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+which.py -- a portable GNU which replacement
+============================================
+
+Download the latest which.py packages from here:
+    (source) http://trentm.com/downloads/which/1.1.0/which-1.1.0.zip
+
+
+Home            : http://trentm.com/projects/which/
+License         : MIT (see LICENSE.txt)
+Platforms       : Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Unix
+Current Version : 1.1
+Dev Status      : mature, has been heavily used in a commercial product for
+                  over 2 years
+Requirements    : Python >= 2.3 (http://www.activestate.com/ActivePython/)
+
+
+What's new?
+-----------
+
+I have moved hosting of `which.py` from my old [Starship
+pages](http://starship.python.net/~tmick/) to this site. These starter
+docs have been improved a little bit. See the [Change Log](#changelog)
+below for more.
+
+**WARNING**: If you are upgrading your `which.py` and you also use my
+[process.py](../process/) module, you must upgrade `process.py` as well
+because of the `_version_/__version__` change in v1.1.0.
+
+
+Why which.py?
+-------------
+
+`which.py` is a small GNU-which replacement. It has the following
+features:
+
+- it is portable (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Un*x); 
+- it understands PATHEXT and "App Paths" registration on Windows 
+  (i.e. it will find everything that `start` does from the command shell); 
+- it can print all matches on the PATH; 
+- it can note "near misses" on the PATH (e.g. files that match but may
+  not, say, have execute permissions); and 
+- it can be used as a Python module. 
+
+I also would be happy to have this be a replacement for the `which.py` in the
+Python CVS tree at `dist/src/Tools/scripts/which.py` which is
+Unix-specific and not usable as a module; and perhaps for inclusion in
+the stdlib.
+
+Please send any feedback to [Trent Mick](mailto:TrentM@ActiveState.com).
+
+
+Install Notes
+-------------
+
+Download the latest `which.py` source package, unzip it, and run
+`python setup.py install`:
+
+    unzip which-1.1.0.zip
+    cd which-1.1.0
+    python setup.py install
+
+If your install fails then please visit [the Troubleshooting
+FAQ](http://trentm.com/faq.html#troubleshooting-python-package-installation).
+
+`which.py` can be used both as a module and as a script. By default,
+`which.py` will be installed into your Python's `site-packages`
+directory so it can be used as a module. On *Windows only*, `which.py`
+(and the launcher stub `which.exe`) will be installed in the Python
+install dir to (hopefully) put `which` on your PATH.
+
+On Un*x platforms (including Linux and Mac OS X) there is often a
+`which` executable already on your PATH. To use this `which` instead of
+your system's on those platforms you can manually do one of the
+following:
+
+- Copy `which.py` to `which` somewhere on your PATH ahead of the system
+  `which`. This can be a symlink, as well:
+
+        ln -s /PATH/TO/site-packages/which.py /usr/local/bin/which
+
+- Python 2.4 users might want to use Python's new '-m' switch and setup
+  and alias:
+  
+        alias which='python -m which'
+  
+  or stub script like this:
+
+        #!/bin/sh
+        python -m which $@
+
+
+Getting Started
+---------------
+
+Currently the best intro to using `which.py` as a module is its module
+documentation.  Either install `which.py` and run:
+
+    pydoc which
+    
+take a look at `which.py` in your editor or [here](which.py), or read
+on. Most commonly you'll use the `which()` method to find an
+executable:
+
+    >>> import which
+    >>> which.which("perl")
+    '/usr/local/bin/perl'
+
+Or you might want to know if you have multiple versions on your path:
+
+    >>> which.whichall("perl")
+    ['/usr/local/bin/perl', '/usr/bin/perl']
+
+Use `verbose` to see where your executable is being found. (On Windows
+this might not always be so obvious as your PATH environment variable.
+There is an "App Paths" area of the registry where the `start` command
+will find "registered" executables -- `which.py` mimics this.)
+
+    >>> which.whichall("perl", verbose=True)
+    [('/usr/local/bin/perl', 'from PATH element 10'), 
+     ('/usr/bin/perl', 'from PATH element 15')]
+
+You can restrict the searched path:
+
+    >>> which.whichall("perl", path=["/usr/bin"])
+    ['/usr/bin/perl']
+
+There is a generator interface:
+
+    >>> for perl in which.whichgen("perl"):
+    ...     print "found a perl here:", perl
+    ... 
+    found a perl here: /usr/local/bin/perl
+    found a perl here: /usr/bin/perl
+
+An exception is raised if your executable is not found:
+
+    >>> which.which("fuzzywuzzy")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    which.WhichError: Could not find 'fuzzywuzzy' on the path.
+    >>> 
+
+There are some other options too:
+    
+    >>> help(which.which)
+    ...
+
+Run `which --help` to see command-line usage:
+
+    $ which --help
+    Show the full path of commands.
+
+    Usage:
+        which [<options>...] [<command-name>...]
+
+    Options:
+        -h, --help      Print this help and exit.
+        -V, --version   Print the version info and exit.
+
+        -a, --all       Print *all* matching paths.
+        -v, --verbose   Print out how matches were located and
+                        show near misses on stderr.
+        -q, --quiet     Just print out matches. I.e., do not print out
+                        near misses.
+
+        -p <altpath>, --path=<altpath>
+                        An alternative path (list of directories) may
+                        be specified for searching.
+        -e <exts>, --exts=<exts>
+                        Specify a list of extensions to consider instead
+                        of the usual list (';'-separate list, Windows
+                        only).
+
+    Show the full path to the program that would be run for each given
+    command name, if any. Which, like GNU's which, returns the number of
+    failed arguments, or -1 when no <command-name> was given.
+
+    Near misses include duplicates, non-regular files and (on Un*x)
+    files without executable access.
+
+
+Change Log
+----------
+
+### v1.1.0
+- Change version attributes and semantics. Before: had a _version_
+  tuple. After: __version__ is a string, __version_info__ is a tuple.
+
+### v1.0.3
+- Move hosting of which.py to trentm.com. Tweaks to associated bits
+  (README.txt, etc.)
+
+### v1.0.2:
+- Rename mainline handler function from _main() to main(). I can
+  conceive of it being called from externally.
+
+### v1.0.1:
+- Add an optimization for Windows to allow the optional
+  specification of a list of exts to consider when searching the
+  path.
+
+### v1.0.0:
+- Simpler interface: What was which() is now called whichgen() -- it
+  is a generator of matches. The simpler which() and whichall()
+  non-generator interfaces were added.
+
+### v0.8.1:
+- API change: 0.8.0's API change making "verbose" output the default
+  was a mistake -- it breaks backward compatibility for existing
+  uses of which in scripts. This makes verbose, once again, optional
+  but NOT the default.
+
+### v0.8.0:
+- bug fix: "App Paths" lookup had been crippled in 0.7.0. Restore that.
+- feature/module API change: Now print out (and return for the module
+  interface) from where a match was found, e.g. "(from PATH element 3)".
+  The module interfaces now returns (match, from-where) tuples.
+- bug fix: --path argument was broken (-p shortform was fine)
+
+### v0.7.0:
+- bug fix: Handle "App Paths" registered executable that does not
+  exist.
+- feature: Allow an alternate PATH to be specified via 'path'
+  optional argument to which.which() and via -p|--path command line
+  option.
+
+### v0.6.1:
+- first public release
+
diff --git a/python/which/TODO.txt b/python/which/TODO.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6df2de7f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/TODO.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# High Priority
+
+- Figure out the script story on the various platforms. On Windows, look into
+  the launcher thing that effbot has. Unix, don't install the script my
+  default. They can always do "python -m which ..." with Python >= 2.4.
+  Suggest an alias that some folks might want to use for that.
+
+
+# Medium Priority
+
+- define __all__?
+- improve test suite
+- test with other versions of Python
+- get the PATHEXT attached extension to reflect the actual canonical
+  case of file matches on Windows, currently the extension from PATHEXT
+  is always uppercase
+- What to do with Change 145624 by shanec. It is a bit of a
+  bastardization. Maybe allow this with a special option to allow the change
+  in semantics.
+
+    > Change 145624 by shanec@shanec-ocelotl on 2005/05/24 16:51:55
+    > 
+    >     make which work better on OSX
+    >     - add support for searching /Applications and /Network/Applications
+    >     - add support for .app bundles
+    > 
+    > Affected files ...
+    > 
+    > ... //depot/main/Apps/Komodo-devel/src/python-sitelib/which.py#7 edit
+    > 
+    > Differences ...
+    > 
+    > ==== //depot/main/Apps/Komodo-devel/src/python-sitelib/which.py#7 (text) ====
+    > 
+    > @@ -126,10 +126,11 @@
+    >                  sys.stderr.write("duplicate: %s (%s)\n" % potential)
+    >              return None
+    >      else:
+    > -        if not stat.S_ISREG(os.stat(potential[0]).st_mode):
+    > +        darwinApp = sys.platform == 'darwin' and potential[0][-4:]=='.app'
+    > +        if not darwinApp and not stat.S_ISREG(os.stat(potential[0]).st_mode):
+    >              if verbose:
+    >                  sys.stderr.write("not a regular file: %s (%s)\n" % potential)
+    > -        elif not os.access(potential[0], os.X_OK):
+    > +        elif not darwinApp and not os.access(potential[0], os.X_OK):
+    >              if verbose:
+    >                  sys.stderr.write("no executable access: %s (%s)\n"\
+    >                                   % potential)
+    > @@ -166,6 +167,9 @@
+    >          path = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
+    >          if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+    >              path.insert(0, os.curdir)  # implied by Windows shell
+    > +        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    > +            path.insert(0, '/Network/Applications')
+    > +            path.insert(0, '/Applications')
+    >      else:
+    >          usingGivenPath = 1
+    >  
+    > @@ -182,6 +186,9 @@
+    >                  exts = ['.COM', '.EXE', '.BAT']
+    >          elif not isinstance(exts, list):
+    >              raise TypeError("'exts' argument must be a list or None")
+    > +    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    > +        if exts is None:
+    > +            exts = ['.app']
+    >      else:
+    >          if exts is not None:
+    >              raise WhichError("'exts' argument is not supported on "\
+    > @@ -202,7 +209,8 @@
+    >              for ext in ['']+exts:
+    >                  absName = os.path.abspath(
+    >                      os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirName, command+ext)))
+    > -                if os.path.isfile(absName):
+    > +                if os.path.isfile(absName) or (sys.platform == 'darwin' and \
+    > +                    absName[-4:]=='.app' and os.path.isdir(absName)):
+    >                      if usingGivenPath:
+    >                          fromWhere = "from given path element %d" % i
+    >                      elif not sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+
+  Here is a start with slight improvements:
+
+    > Index: which.py
+    > ===================================================================
+    > --- which.py	(revision 270)
+    > +++ which.py	(working copy)
+    > @@ -126,9 +126,18 @@
+    >                  sys.stderr.write("duplicate: %s (%s)\n" % potential)
+    >              return None
+    >      else:
+    > -        if not stat.S_ISREG(os.stat(potential[0]).st_mode):
+    > +        st_mode = os.stat(potential[0]).st_mode
+    > +        isMacAppBundle = sys.platform == "darwin" \
+    > +                         and potential[0].endswith(".app") \
+    > +                         and stat.S_ISDIR(st_mode)
+    > +        if not isMacAppBundle and not stat.S_ISREG(st_mode):
+    >              if verbose:
+    > -                sys.stderr.write("not a regular file: %s (%s)\n" % potential)
+    > +                if sys.platform == "darwin":
+    > +                    sys.stderr.write("not a regular file or .app bundle: "
+    > +                                     "%s (%s)\n" % potential)
+    > +                else:
+    > +                    sys.stderr.write("not a regular file: %s (%s)\n"
+    > +                                     % potential)
+    >          elif not os.access(potential[0], os.X_OK):
+    >              if verbose:
+    >                  sys.stderr.write("no executable access: %s (%s)\n"\
+
+
+# Low Priority
+
+- have a version for pre-generators (i.e. Python 2.1)
+- add a "logging" interface
+
diff --git a/python/which/build.py b/python/which/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c8f09d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2005 ActiveState
+# See LICENSE.txt for license details.
+
+"""
+    which.py dev build script
+
+    Usage:
+        python build.py [<options>...] [<targets>...]
+
+    Options:
+        --help, -h      Print this help and exit.
+        --targets, -t   List all available targets.
+
+    This is the primary build script for the which.py project. It exists
+    to assist in building, maintaining, and distributing this project.
+    
+    It is intended to have Makefile semantics. I.e. 'python build.py'
+    will build execute the default target, 'python build.py foo' will
+    build target foo, etc. However, there is no intelligent target
+    interdependency tracking (I suppose I could do that with function
+    attributes).
+"""
+
+import os
+from os.path import basename, dirname, splitext, isfile, isdir, exists, \
+                    join, abspath, normpath
+import sys
+import getopt
+import types
+import getpass
+import shutil
+import glob
+import logging
+import re
+
+
+
+#---- exceptions
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+
+#---- globals
+
+log = logging.getLogger("build")
+
+
+
+
+#---- globals
+
+_project_name_ = "which"
+
+
+
+#---- internal support routines
+
+def _get_trentm_com_dir():
+    """Return the path to the local trentm.com source tree."""
+    d = normpath(join(dirname(__file__), os.pardir, "trentm.com"))
+    if not isdir(d):
+        raise Error("could not find 'trentm.com' src dir at '%s'" % d)
+    return d
+
+def _get_local_bits_dir():
+    import imp
+    info = imp.find_module("tmconfig", [_get_trentm_com_dir()])
+    tmconfig = imp.load_module("tmconfig", *info)
+    return tmconfig.bitsDir
+
+def _get_project_bits_dir():
+    d = normpath(join(dirname(__file__), "bits"))
+    return d
+
+def _get_project_version():
+    import imp, os
+    data = imp.find_module(_project_name_, [os.path.dirname(__file__)])
+    mod = imp.load_module(_project_name_, *data)
+    return mod.__version__
+
+
+# Recipe: run (0.5.1) in /Users/trentm/tm/recipes/cookbook
+_RUN_DEFAULT_LOGSTREAM = ("RUN", "DEFAULT", "LOGSTREAM")
+def __run_log(logstream, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+    if not logstream:
+        pass
+    elif logstream is _RUN_DEFAULT_LOGSTREAM:
+        try:
+            log.debug(msg, *args, **kwargs)
+        except NameError:
+            pass
+    else:
+        logstream(msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+def _run(cmd, logstream=_RUN_DEFAULT_LOGSTREAM):
+    """Run the given command.
+
+        "cmd" is the command to run
+        "logstream" is an optional logging stream on which to log the command.
+            If None, no logging is done. If unspecifed, this looks for a Logger
+            instance named 'log' and logs the command on log.debug().
+
+    Raises OSError is the command returns a non-zero exit status.
+    """
+    __run_log(logstream, "running '%s'", cmd)
+    retval = os.system(cmd)
+    if hasattr(os, "WEXITSTATUS"):
+        status = os.WEXITSTATUS(retval)
+    else:
+        status = retval
+    if status:
+        #TODO: add std OSError attributes or pick more approp. exception
+        raise OSError("error running '%s': %r" % (cmd, status))
+
+def _run_in_dir(cmd, cwd, logstream=_RUN_DEFAULT_LOGSTREAM):
+    old_dir = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+        __run_log(logstream, "running '%s' in '%s'", cmd, cwd)
+        _run(cmd, logstream=None)
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(old_dir)
+
+
+# Recipe: rmtree (0.5) in /Users/trentm/tm/recipes/cookbook
+def _rmtree_OnError(rmFunction, filePath, excInfo):
+    if excInfo[0] == OSError:
+        # presuming because file is read-only
+        os.chmod(filePath, 0777)
+        rmFunction(filePath)
+def _rmtree(dirname):
+    import shutil
+    shutil.rmtree(dirname, 0, _rmtree_OnError)
+
+
+# Recipe: pretty_logging (0.1) in /Users/trentm/tm/recipes/cookbook
+class _PerLevelFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    """Allow multiple format string -- depending on the log level.
+    
+    A "fmtFromLevel" optional arg is added to the constructor. It can be
+    a dictionary mapping a log record level to a format string. The
+    usual "fmt" argument acts as the default.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fmt=None, datefmt=None, fmtFromLevel=None):
+        logging.Formatter.__init__(self, fmt, datefmt)
+        if fmtFromLevel is None:
+            self.fmtFromLevel = {}
+        else:
+            self.fmtFromLevel = fmtFromLevel
+    def format(self, record):
+        record.levelname = record.levelname.lower()
+        if record.levelno in self.fmtFromLevel:
+            #XXX This is a non-threadsafe HACK. Really the base Formatter
+            #    class should provide a hook accessor for the _fmt
+            #    attribute. *Could* add a lock guard here (overkill?).
+            _saved_fmt = self._fmt
+            self._fmt = self.fmtFromLevel[record.levelno]
+            try:
+                return logging.Formatter.format(self, record)
+            finally:
+                self._fmt = _saved_fmt
+        else:
+            return logging.Formatter.format(self, record)
+
+def _setup_logging():
+    hdlr = logging.StreamHandler()
+    defaultFmt = "%(name)s: %(levelname)s: %(message)s"
+    infoFmt = "%(name)s: %(message)s"
+    fmtr = _PerLevelFormatter(fmt=defaultFmt,
+                              fmtFromLevel={logging.INFO: infoFmt})
+    hdlr.setFormatter(fmtr)
+    logging.root.addHandler(hdlr)
+    log.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+
+def _getTargets():
+    """Find all targets and return a dict of targetName:targetFunc items."""
+    targets = {}
+    for name, attr in sys.modules[__name__].__dict__.items():
+        if name.startswith('target_'):
+            targets[ name[len('target_'):] ] = attr
+    return targets
+
+def _listTargets(targets):
+    """Pretty print a list of targets."""
+    width = 77
+    nameWidth = 15 # min width
+    for name in targets.keys():
+        nameWidth = max(nameWidth, len(name))
+    nameWidth += 2  # space btwn name and doc
+    format = "%%-%ds%%s" % nameWidth
+    print format % ("TARGET", "DESCRIPTION")
+    for name, func in sorted(targets.items()):
+        doc = _first_paragraph(func.__doc__ or "", True)
+        if len(doc) > (width - nameWidth):
+            doc = doc[:(width-nameWidth-3)] + "..."
+        print format % (name, doc)
+
+
+# Recipe: first_paragraph (1.0.1) in /Users/trentm/tm/recipes/cookbook
+def _first_paragraph(text, join_lines=False):
+    """Return the first paragraph of the given text."""
+    para = text.lstrip().split('\n\n', 1)[0]
+    if join_lines:
+        lines = [line.strip() for line in  para.splitlines(0)]
+        para = ' '.join(lines)
+    return para
+
+
+
+#---- build targets
+
+def target_default():
+    target_all()
+
+def target_all():
+    """Build all release packages."""
+    log.info("target: default")
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        target_launcher()
+    target_sdist()
+    target_webdist()
+
+
+def target_clean():
+    """remove all build/generated bits"""
+    log.info("target: clean")
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        _run("nmake -f Makefile.win clean")
+
+    ver = _get_project_version()
+    dirs = ["dist", "build", "%s-%s" % (_project_name_, ver)]
+    for d in dirs:
+        print "removing '%s'" % d
+        if os.path.isdir(d): _rmtree(d)
+
+    patterns = ["*.pyc", "*~", "MANIFEST",
+                os.path.join("test", "*~"),
+                os.path.join("test", "*.pyc"),
+               ]
+    for pattern in patterns:
+        for file in glob.glob(pattern):
+            print "removing '%s'" % file
+            os.unlink(file)
+
+
+def target_launcher():
+    """Build the Windows launcher executable."""
+    log.info("target: launcher")
+    assert sys.platform == "win32", "'launcher' target only supported on Windows"
+    _run("nmake -f Makefile.win")
+
+
+def target_docs():
+    """Regenerate some doc bits from project-info.xml."""
+    log.info("target: docs")
+    _run("projinfo -f project-info.xml -R -o README.txt --force")
+    _run("projinfo -f project-info.xml --index-markdown -o index.markdown --force")
+
+
+def target_sdist():
+    """Build a source distribution."""
+    log.info("target: sdist")
+    target_docs()
+    bitsDir = _get_project_bits_dir()
+    _run("python setup.py sdist -f --formats zip -d %s" % bitsDir,
+         log.info)
+
+
+def target_webdist():
+    """Build a web dist package.
+    
+    "Web dist" packages are zip files with '.web' package. All files in
+    the zip must be under a dir named after the project. There must be a
+    webinfo.xml file at <projname>/webinfo.xml. This file is "defined"
+    by the parsing in trentm.com/build.py.
+    """ 
+    assert sys.platform != "win32", "'webdist' not implemented for win32"
+    log.info("target: webdist")
+    bitsDir = _get_project_bits_dir()
+    buildDir = join("build", "webdist")
+    distDir = join(buildDir, _project_name_)
+    if exists(buildDir):
+        _rmtree(buildDir)
+    os.makedirs(distDir)
+
+    target_docs()
+    
+    # Copy the webdist bits to the build tree.
+    manifest = [
+        "project-info.xml",
+        "index.markdown",
+        "LICENSE.txt",
+        "which.py",
+        "logo.jpg",
+    ]
+    for src in manifest:
+        if dirname(src):
+            dst = join(distDir, dirname(src))
+            os.makedirs(dst)
+        else:
+            dst = distDir
+        _run("cp %s %s" % (src, dst))
+
+    # Zip up the webdist contents.
+    ver = _get_project_version()
+    bit = abspath(join(bitsDir, "%s-%s.web" % (_project_name_, ver)))
+    if exists(bit):
+        os.remove(bit)
+    _run_in_dir("zip -r %s %s" % (bit, _project_name_), buildDir, log.info)
+
+
+def target_install():
+    """Use the setup.py script to install."""
+    log.info("target: install")
+    _run("python setup.py install")
+
+
+def target_upload_local():
+    """Update release bits to *local* trentm.com bits-dir location.
+    
+    This is different from the "upload" target, which uploads release
+    bits remotely to trentm.com.
+    """
+    log.info("target: upload_local")
+    assert sys.platform != "win32", "'upload_local' not implemented for win32"
+
+    ver = _get_project_version()
+    localBitsDir = _get_local_bits_dir()
+    uploadDir = join(localBitsDir, _project_name_, ver)
+
+    bitsPattern = join(_get_project_bits_dir(),
+                       "%s-*%s*" % (_project_name_, ver))
+    bits = glob.glob(bitsPattern)
+    if not bits:
+        log.info("no bits matching '%s' to upload", bitsPattern)
+    else:
+        if not exists(uploadDir):
+            os.makedirs(uploadDir)
+        for bit in bits:
+            _run("cp %s %s" % (bit, uploadDir), log.info)
+
+
+def target_upload():
+    """Upload binary and source distribution to trentm.com bits
+    directory.
+    """
+    log.info("target: upload")
+
+    ver = _get_project_version()
+    bitsDir = _get_project_bits_dir()
+    bitsPattern = join(bitsDir, "%s-*%s*" % (_project_name_, ver))
+    bits = glob.glob(bitsPattern)
+    if not bits:
+        log.info("no bits matching '%s' to upload", bitsPattern)
+        return
+
+    # Ensure have all the expected bits.
+    expectedBits = [
+        re.compile("%s-.*\.zip$" % _project_name_),
+        re.compile("%s-.*\.web$" % _project_name_)
+    ]
+    for expectedBit in expectedBits:
+        for bit in bits:
+            if expectedBit.search(bit):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise Error("can't find expected bit matching '%s' in '%s' dir"
+                        % (expectedBit.pattern, bitsDir))
+
+    # Upload the bits.
+    user = "trentm"
+    host = "trentm.com"
+    remoteBitsBaseDir = "~/data/bits"
+    remoteBitsDir = join(remoteBitsBaseDir, _project_name_, ver)
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        ssh = "plink"
+        scp = "pscp -unsafe"
+    else:
+        ssh = "ssh"
+        scp = "scp"
+    _run("%s %s@%s 'mkdir -p %s'" % (ssh, user, host, remoteBitsDir), log.info)
+    for bit in bits:
+        _run("%s %s %s@%s:%s" % (scp, bit, user, host, remoteBitsDir),
+             log.info)
+
+
+def target_check_version():
+    """grep for version strings in source code
+    
+    List all things that look like version strings in the source code.
+    Used for checking that versioning is updated across the board.  
+    """
+    sources = [
+        "which.py",
+        "project-info.xml",
+    ]
+    pattern = r'[0-9]\+\(\.\|, \)[0-9]\+\(\.\|, \)[0-9]\+'
+    _run('grep -n "%s" %s' % (pattern, ' '.join(sources)), None)
+
+
+
+#---- mainline
+
+def build(targets=[]):
+    log.debug("build(targets=%r)" % targets)
+    available = _getTargets()
+    if not targets:
+        if available.has_key('default'):
+            return available['default']()
+        else:   
+            log.warn("No default target available. Doing nothing.")
+    else:
+        for target in targets:
+            if available.has_key(target):
+                retval = available[target]()
+                if retval:
+                    raise Error("Error running '%s' target: retval=%s"\
+                                % (target, retval))
+            else:
+                raise Error("Unknown target: '%s'" % target)
+
+def main(argv):
+    _setup_logging()
+
+    # Process options.
+    optlist, targets = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], 'ht', ['help', 'targets'])
+    for opt, optarg in optlist:
+        if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
+            sys.stdout.write(__doc__ + '\n')
+            return 0
+        elif opt in ('-t', '--targets'):
+            return _listTargets(_getTargets())
+
+    return build(targets)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit( main(sys.argv) )
+
diff --git a/python/which/launcher.cpp b/python/which/launcher.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36bbbe866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/launcher.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2003 ActiveState Corp.
+ * Author: Trent Mick (TrentM@ActiveState.com)
+ * 
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+ * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+ * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+ * CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+ * TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+ * SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/* Console launch executable.  
+ * 
+ * This program exists solely to launch:
+ * 		python <installdir>/<exename>.py <argv>
+ * on Windows. "<exename>.py" must be in the same directory.
+ *
+ * Rationale:
+ *    - On some Windows flavours .py *can* be put on the PATHEXT to be
+ *      able to find "<exename>.py" if it is on the PATH. This is fine
+ *      until you need shell redirection to work. It does NOT for
+ *      extensions to PATHEXT.  Redirection *does* work for "python
+ *      <script>.py" so we will try to do that.
+ */
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+    #include <windows.h>
+    #include <process.h>
+    #include <direct.h>
+    #include <shlwapi.h>
+#else /* linux */
+    #include <unistd.h>
+#endif /* WIN32 */
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+//---- constants
+
+#define BUF_LENGTH 2048
+#define MAX_PYTHON_ARGS 50
+#define MAX_FILES 50
+#define MAXPATHLEN 1024
+#ifdef WIN32
+    #define SEP '\\'
+    #define ALTSEP '/'
+    // path list element separator
+    #define DELIM ';'
+#else /* linux */
+    #define SEP '/'
+    // path list element separator
+    #define DELIM ':'
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+    #define spawnvp _spawnvp
+    #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1900
+        #define snprintf _snprintf
+        #define vsnprintf _vsnprintf
+    #endif
+    //NOTE: this is for the stat *call* and the stat *struct*
+    #define stat _stat
+#endif
+
+
+//---- globals
+
+char* programName = NULL;
+char* programPath = NULL;
+#ifndef WIN32 /* i.e. linux */
+    extern char **environ;   // the user environment
+#endif /* linux */
+
+//---- error logging functions
+
+void _LogError(const char* format ...)
+{
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, format);
+#if defined(WIN32) && defined(_WINDOWS)
+    // put up a MessageBox
+    char caption[BUF_LENGTH+1];
+    snprintf(caption, BUF_LENGTH, "Error in %s", programName);
+    char msg[BUF_LENGTH+1];
+    vsnprintf(msg, BUF_LENGTH, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    MessageBox(NULL, msg, caption, MB_OK | MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
+#else
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: error: ", programName);
+    vfprintf(stderr, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+#endif /* WIN32 && _WINDOWS */
+}
+
+
+void _LogWarning(const char* format ...)
+{
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, format);
+#if defined(WIN32) && defined(_WINDOWS)
+    // put up a MessageBox
+    char caption[BUF_LENGTH+1];
+    snprintf(caption, BUF_LENGTH, "Warning in %s", programName);
+    char msg[BUF_LENGTH+1];
+    vsnprintf(msg, BUF_LENGTH, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    MessageBox(NULL, msg, caption, MB_OK | MB_ICONWARNING);
+#else
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: ", programName);
+    vfprintf(stderr, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+#endif /* WIN32 && _WINDOWS */
+}
+
+
+
+//---- utilities functions
+
+/* _IsDir: Is the given dirname an existing directory */
+static int _IsDir(char *dirname)
+{
+#ifdef WIN32
+    DWORD dwAttrib;
+    dwAttrib = GetFileAttributes(dirname);
+    if (dwAttrib == -1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (dwAttrib & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+#else /* i.e. linux */
+    struct stat buf;
+    if (stat(dirname, &buf) != 0)
+        return 0;
+    if (!S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode))
+        return 0;
+    return 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/* _IsLink: Is the given filename a symbolic link */
+static int _IsLink(char *filename)
+{
+#ifdef WIN32
+    return 0;
+#else /* i.e. linux */
+    struct stat buf;
+    if (lstat(filename, &buf) != 0)
+        return 0;
+    if (!S_ISLNK(buf.st_mode))
+        return 0;
+    return 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/* Is executable file
+ * On Linux: check 'x' permission. On Windows: just check existence.
+ */
+static int _IsExecutableFile(char *filename)
+{
+#ifdef WIN32
+    return (int)PathFileExists(filename);
+#else /* i.e. linux */
+    struct stat buf;
+    if (stat(filename, &buf) != 0)
+        return 0;
+    if (!S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))
+        return 0;
+    if ((buf.st_mode & 0111) == 0)
+        return 0;
+    return 1;
+#endif /* WIN32 */
+}
+
+
+/* _GetProgramPath: Determine the absolute path to the given program name.
+ *
+ *      Takes into account the current working directory, etc.
+ *      The implementations require the global 'programName' to be set.
+ */
+#ifdef WIN32
+    static char* _GetProgramPath(void)
+    {
+        //XXX this is ugly but I didn't want to use malloc, no reason
+        static char progPath[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+        // get absolute path to module
+        if (!GetModuleFileName(NULL, progPath, MAXPATHLEN)) {
+            _LogError("could not get absolute program name from "\
+                "GetModuleFileName\n");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        // just need dirname
+        for (char* p = progPath+strlen(progPath);
+             *p != SEP && *p != ALTSEP;
+             --p)
+        {
+            *p = '\0';
+        }
+        *p = '\0';  // remove the trailing SEP as well
+
+        return progPath;
+    }
+#else
+
+    /* _JoinPath requires that any buffer argument passed to it has at
+       least MAXPATHLEN + 1 bytes allocated.  If this requirement is met,
+       it guarantees that it will never overflow the buffer.  If stuff
+       is too long, buffer will contain a truncated copy of stuff.
+    */
+    static void
+    _JoinPath(char *buffer, char *stuff)
+    {
+        size_t n, k;
+        if (stuff[0] == SEP)
+            n = 0;
+        else {
+            n = strlen(buffer);
+            if (n > 0 && buffer[n-1] != SEP && n < MAXPATHLEN)
+                buffer[n++] = SEP;
+        }
+        k = strlen(stuff);
+        if (n + k > MAXPATHLEN)
+            k = MAXPATHLEN - n;
+        strncpy(buffer+n, stuff, k);
+        buffer[n+k] = '\0';
+    }
+
+
+    static char*
+    _GetProgramPath(void)
+    {
+        /* XXX this routine does *no* error checking */
+        char* path = getenv("PATH");
+        static char progPath[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+
+        /* If there is no slash in the argv0 path, then we have to
+         * assume the program is on the user's $PATH, since there's no
+         * other way to find a directory to start the search from.  If
+         * $PATH isn't exported, you lose.
+         */
+        if (strchr(programName, SEP)) {
+            strncpy(progPath, programName, MAXPATHLEN);
+        }
+        else if (path) {
+            int bufspace = MAXPATHLEN;
+            while (1) {
+                char *delim = strchr(path, DELIM);
+
+                if (delim) {
+                    size_t len = delim - path;
+                    if (len > bufspace) {
+                        len = bufspace;
+                    }
+                    strncpy(progPath, path, len);
+                    *(progPath + len) = '\0';
+                    bufspace -= len;
+                }
+                else {
+                    strncpy(progPath, path, bufspace);
+                }
+
+                _JoinPath(progPath, programName);
+                if (_IsExecutableFile(progPath)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (!delim) {
+                    progPath[0] = '\0';
+                    break;
+                }
+                path = delim + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            progPath[0] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        // now we have to resolve a string of possible symlinks
+        //   - we'll just handle the simple case of a single level of
+        //     indirection
+        //
+        // XXX note this does not handle multiple levels of symlinks
+        //     here is pseudo-code for that (please implement it :):
+        // while 1:
+        //     if islink(progPath):
+        //         linkText = readlink(progPath)
+        //         if isabsolute(linkText):
+        //             progPath = os.path.join(dirname(progPath), linkText)
+        //         else:
+        //             progPath = linkText
+        //     else:
+        //         break
+        if (_IsLink(progPath)) {
+            char newProgPath[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+            readlink(progPath, newProgPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+            strncpy(progPath, newProgPath, MAXPATHLEN);
+        }
+
+        
+        // prefix with the current working directory if the path is
+        // relative to conform with the Windows version of this
+        if (strlen(progPath) != 0 && progPath[0] != SEP) {
+            char cwd[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+            char tmp[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+            //XXX should check for failure retvals
+            getcwd(cwd, MAXPATHLEN);
+            snprintf(tmp, MAXPATHLEN, "%s%c%s", cwd, SEP, progPath);
+            strncpy(progPath, tmp, MAXPATHLEN);
+        }
+        
+        // 'progPath' now contains the full path to the program *and* the program
+        // name. The latter is not desire.
+        char* pLetter = progPath + strlen(progPath);
+        for (;pLetter != progPath && *pLetter != SEP; --pLetter) {
+            /* do nothing */
+        }
+        *pLetter = '\0';
+
+        return progPath;
+    }
+#endif  /* WIN32 */
+
+
+//---- mainline
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    programName = argv[0];
+    programPath = _GetProgramPath();
+
+    // Determine the extension-less program basename.
+    // XXX Will not always handle app names with '.' in them (other than
+    //     the '.' for the extension.
+    char programNameNoExt[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+    char *pStart, *pEnd;
+    pStart = pEnd = programName + strlen(programName) - 1;
+    while (pStart != programName && *(pStart-1) != SEP) {
+	pStart--;
+    }
+    while (1) {
+	if (pEnd == pStart) {
+            pEnd = programName + strlen(programName) - 1;
+	    break;
+	}
+	pEnd--;
+	if (*(pEnd+1) == '.') {
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    strncpy(programNameNoExt, pStart, pEnd-pStart+1);
+    *(programNameNoExt+(pEnd-pStart+1)) = '\0';
+
+    // determine the full path to "<exename>.py"
+    char pyFile[MAXPATHLEN+1];
+    snprintf(pyFile, MAXPATHLEN, "%s%c%s.py", programPath, SEP,
+	     programNameNoExt);
+    
+    // Build the argument array for launching.
+    char* pythonArgs[MAX_PYTHON_ARGS+1];
+    int nPythonArgs = 0;
+    pythonArgs[nPythonArgs++] = "python";
+    pythonArgs[nPythonArgs++] = "-tt";
+    pythonArgs[nPythonArgs++] = pyFile;
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+        pythonArgs[nPythonArgs++] = argv[i];
+    }
+    pythonArgs[nPythonArgs++] = NULL;
+
+    return _spawnvp(_P_WAIT, pythonArgs[0], pythonArgs);
+}
+
+
+//---- mainline for win32 subsystem:windows app
+#ifdef WIN32
+    int WINAPI WinMain(
+        HINSTANCE hInstance,      /* handle to current instance */
+        HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,  /* handle to previous instance */
+        LPSTR lpCmdLine,          /* pointer to command line */
+        int nCmdShow              /* show state of window */
+    )
+    {
+        return main(__argc, __argv);
+    }
+#endif
+
diff --git a/python/which/logo.jpg b/python/which/logo.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..300c23f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/logo.jpg
diff --git a/python/which/setup.py b/python/which/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f6d1072c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2005 ActiveState Corp.
+# Author: Trent Mick (TrentM@ActiveState.com)
+
+"""Distutils setup script for 'which'."""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import shutil
+from distutils.core import setup
+
+
+#---- support routines
+
+def _getVersion():
+    import which
+    return which.__version__
+
+def _getBinDir():
+    """Return the current Python's bindir."""
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        bindir = sys.prefix
+    else:
+        bindir = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "bin")
+    return bindir
+
+
+#---- setup mainline
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    scripts = []
+    binFiles = ["which.exe", "which.py"]
+else:
+    #XXX Disable installing which as a script on non-Windows platforms.
+    #    It can get in the way of the system which.
+    #
+    #if os.path.exists("which"):
+    #    os.remove("which")
+    #shutil.copy2("which.py", "which")
+    #scripts = ["which"]
+    binFiles = []
+    scripts = []
+
+setup(name="which",
+      version=_getVersion(),
+      description="a portable GNU which replacement",
+      author="Trent Mick",
+      author_email="TrentM@ActiveState.com",
+      url="http://trentm.com/projects/which/",
+      license="MIT License",
+      platforms=["Windows", "Linux", "Mac OS X", "Unix"],
+      long_description="""\
+This is a GNU which replacement with the following features:
+    - it is portable (Windows, Linux);
+    - it understands PATHEXT on Windows;
+    - it can print <em>all</em> matches on the PATH;
+    - it can note "near misses" on the PATH (e.g. files that match but
+      may not, say, have execute permissions; and
+    - it can be used as a Python module.
+""",
+      keywords=["which", "find", "path", "where"],
+
+      py_modules=['which'],
+      scripts=scripts,
+      # Install the Windows script/executable bits as data files with
+      # distutils chosen scripts install dir on Windows,
+      # "<prefix>/Scripts", is just wrong.
+      data_files=[ (_getBinDir(), binFiles) ],
+     )
+
diff --git a/python/which/test/test_which.py b/python/which/test/test_which.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b56976989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/test/test_which.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2003 ActiveState Corp.
+# Author: Trent Mick (TrentM@ActiveState.com)
+
+"""Test suite for which.py."""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+import testsupport
+
+#XXX:TODO
+#   - def test_registry_success(self): ...App Paths setting
+#   - def test_registry_noexist(self):
+#   - test all the other options
+#   - test on linux
+#   - test the module API
+
+class WhichTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Create a temp directory with a couple test "commands".
+        The temp dir can be added to the PATH, etc, for testing purposes.
+        """
+        # Find the which.py to call.
+        whichPy = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                               os.pardir, "which.py")
+        self.which = sys.executable + " " + whichPy
+
+        # Setup the test environment.
+        self.tmpdir = tempfile.mktemp()
+        os.makedirs(self.tmpdir)
+        if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+            self.testapps = ['whichtestapp1.exe',
+                             'whichtestapp2.exe',
+                             'whichtestapp3.wta']
+        else:
+            self.testapps = ['whichtestapp1', 'whichtestapp2']
+        for app in self.testapps:
+            path = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, app)
+            open(path, 'wb').write('\n')
+            os.chmod(path, 0755)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        testsupport.rmtree(self.tmpdir)
+
+    def test_opt_h(self):
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' --h')
+        token = 'Usage:'
+        self.failUnless(output.find(token) != -1,
+                        "'%s' was not found in 'which -h' output: '%s' "\
+                        % (token, output))
+        self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+                        "'which -h' did not return 0: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+    def test_opt_help(self):
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' --help')
+        token = 'Usage:'
+        self.failUnless(output.find(token) != -1,
+                        "'%s' was not found in 'which --help' output: '%s' "\
+                        % (token, output))
+        self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+                        "'which --help' did not return 0: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+    def test_opt_version(self):
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' --version')
+        versionRe = re.compile("^which \d+\.\d+\.\d+$")
+        versionMatch = versionRe.search(output.strip())
+        self.failUnless(versionMatch,
+                        "Version, '%s', from 'which --version' does not "\
+                        "match pattern, '%s'."\
+                        % (output.strip(), versionRe.pattern))
+        self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+                        "'which --version' did not return 0: retval=%d"\
+                        % retval)
+
+    def test_no_args(self):
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which)
+        self.failUnless(retval == -1,
+                        "'which' with no args should return -1: retval=%d"\
+                        % retval)
+
+    def test_one_failure(self):
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(
+            self.which+' whichtestapp1')
+        self.failUnless(retval == 1,
+            "One failure did not return 1: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+    def test_two_failures(self):
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(
+            self.which+' whichtestapp1 whichtestapp2')
+        self.failUnless(retval == 2,
+            "Two failures did not return 2: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+    def _match(self, path1, path2):
+        #print "_match: %r =?= %r" % (path1, path2)
+        if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+            path1 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(path1))
+            path2 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(path2))
+            path1 = os.path.splitext(path1)[0]
+            path2 = os.path.splitext(path2)[0]
+            return path1 == path2
+        else:
+            return os.path.samefile(path1, path2)
+
+    def test_one_success(self):
+        os.environ["PATH"] += os.pathsep + self.tmpdir 
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' -q whichtestapp1')
+        expectedOutput = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "whichtestapp1")
+        self.failUnless(self._match(output.strip(), expectedOutput),
+            "Output, %r, and expected output, %r, do not match."\
+            % (output.strip(), expectedOutput))
+        self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+            "'which ...' should have returned 0: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+    def test_two_successes(self):
+        os.environ["PATH"] += os.pathsep + self.tmpdir 
+        apps = ['whichtestapp1', 'whichtestapp2']
+        output, error, retval = testsupport.run(
+            self.which + ' -q ' + ' '.join(apps))
+        lines = output.strip().split("\n")
+        for app, line in zip(apps, lines):
+            expected = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, app)
+            self.failUnless(self._match(line, expected),
+                "Output, %r, and expected output, %r, do not match."\
+                % (line, expected))
+        self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+            "'which ...' should have returned 0: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        def test_PATHEXT_failure(self):
+            os.environ["PATH"] += os.pathsep + self.tmpdir 
+            output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' whichtestapp3')
+            self.failUnless(retval == 1,
+                "'which ...' should have returned 1: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+        def test_PATHEXT_success(self):
+            os.environ["PATH"] += os.pathsep + self.tmpdir 
+            os.environ["PATHEXT"] += os.pathsep + '.wta'
+            output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' whichtestapp3')
+            expectedOutput = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "whichtestapp3")
+            self.failUnless(self._match(output.strip(), expectedOutput),
+                "Output, %r, and expected output, %r, do not match."\
+                % (output.strip(), expectedOutput))
+            self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+                "'which ...' should have returned 0: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+        def test_exts(self):
+            os.environ["PATH"] += os.pathsep + self.tmpdir 
+            output, error, retval = testsupport.run(self.which+' -e .wta whichtestapp3')
+            expectedOutput = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, "whichtestapp3")
+            self.failUnless(self._match(output.strip(), expectedOutput),
+                "Output, %r, and expected output, %r, do not match."\
+                % (output.strip(), expectedOutput))
+            self.failUnless(retval == 0,
+                "'which ...' should have returned 0: retval=%d" % retval)
+
+
+
+def suite():
+    """Return a unittest.TestSuite to be used by test.py."""
+    return unittest.makeSuite(WhichTestCase)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
+
diff --git a/python/which/test/testsupport.py b/python/which/test/testsupport.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ff519fad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/test/testsupport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2003 ActiveState Corp.
+# Author: Trent Mick (TrentM@ActiveState.com)
+
+import os
+import sys
+import types
+
+
+#---- Support routines
+
+def _escapeArg(arg):
+    """Escape the given command line argument for the shell."""
+    #XXX There is a *lot* more that we should escape here.
+    return arg.replace('"', r'\"')
+
+
+def _joinArgv(argv):
+    r"""Join an arglist to a string appropriate for running.
+        >>> import os
+        >>> _joinArgv(['foo', 'bar "baz'])
+        'foo "bar \\"baz"'
+    """
+    cmdstr = ""
+    for arg in argv:
+        if ' ' in arg:
+            cmdstr += '"%s"' % _escapeArg(arg)
+        else:
+            cmdstr += _escapeArg(arg)
+        cmdstr += ' '
+    if cmdstr.endswith(' '): cmdstr = cmdstr[:-1]  # strip trailing space
+    return cmdstr
+
+
+def run(argv):
+    """Prepare and run the given arg vector, 'argv', and return the
+    results.  Returns (<stdout lines>, <stderr lines>, <return value>).
+    Note: 'argv' may also just be the command string.
+    """
+    if type(argv) in (types.ListType, types.TupleType):
+        cmd = _joinArgv(argv)
+    else:
+        cmd = argv
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        i, o, e = os.popen3(cmd)
+        output = o.read()
+        error = e.read()
+        i.close()
+        e.close()
+        try:
+            retval = o.close()
+        except IOError:
+            # IOError is raised iff the spawned app returns -1. Go
+            # figure.
+            retval = -1 
+        if retval is None:
+            retval = 0
+    else:
+        import popen2
+        p = popen2.Popen3(cmd, 1)
+        i, o, e = p.tochild, p.fromchild, p.childerr
+        output = o.read()
+        error = e.read()
+        i.close()
+        o.close()
+        e.close()
+        retval = (p.wait() & 0xFF00) >> 8
+        if retval > 2**7: # 8-bit signed 1's-complement conversion
+            retval -= 2**8
+    return output, error, retval
+
+
+def _rmtreeOnError(rmFunction, filePath, excInfo):
+    if excInfo[0] == OSError:
+        # presuming because file is read-only
+        os.chmod(filePath, 0777)
+        rmFunction(filePath)
+
+def rmtree(dirname):
+    import shutil
+    shutil.rmtree(dirname, 0, _rmtreeOnError)
+
+
diff --git a/python/which/which.py b/python/which/which.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dd790518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/which/which.py
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright (c) 2002-2005 ActiveState Corp.
+# See LICENSE.txt for license details.
+# Author:
+#   Trent Mick (TrentM@ActiveState.com)
+# Home:
+#   http://trentm.com/projects/which/
+
+r"""Find the full path to commands.
+
+which(command, path=None, verbose=0, exts=None)
+    Return the full path to the first match of the given command on the
+    path.
+
+whichall(command, path=None, verbose=0, exts=None)
+    Return a list of full paths to all matches of the given command on
+    the path.
+
+whichgen(command, path=None, verbose=0, exts=None)
+    Return a generator which will yield full paths to all matches of the
+    given command on the path.
+    
+By default the PATH environment variable is searched (as well as, on
+Windows, the AppPaths key in the registry), but a specific 'path' list
+to search may be specified as well.  On Windows, the PATHEXT environment
+variable is applied as appropriate.
+
+If "verbose" is true then a tuple of the form
+    (<fullpath>, <matched-where-description>)
+is returned for each match. The latter element is a textual description
+of where the match was found. For example:
+    from PATH element 0
+    from HKLM\SOFTWARE\...\perl.exe
+"""
+
+_cmdlnUsage = """
+    Show the full path of commands.
+
+    Usage:
+        which [<options>...] [<command-name>...]
+
+    Options:
+        -h, --help      Print this help and exit.
+        -V, --version   Print the version info and exit.
+
+        -a, --all       Print *all* matching paths.
+        -v, --verbose   Print out how matches were located and
+                        show near misses on stderr.
+        -q, --quiet     Just print out matches. I.e., do not print out
+                        near misses.
+
+        -p <altpath>, --path=<altpath>
+                        An alternative path (list of directories) may
+                        be specified for searching.
+        -e <exts>, --exts=<exts>
+                        Specify a list of extensions to consider instead
+                        of the usual list (';'-separate list, Windows
+                        only).
+
+    Show the full path to the program that would be run for each given
+    command name, if any. Which, like GNU's which, returns the number of
+    failed arguments, or -1 when no <command-name> was given.
+
+    Near misses include duplicates, non-regular files and (on Un*x)
+    files without executable access.
+"""
+
+__revision__ = "$Id: which.py 430 2005-08-20 03:11:58Z trentm $"
+__version_info__ = (1, 1, 0)
+__version__ = '.'.join(map(str, __version_info__))
+
+import os
+import sys
+import getopt
+import stat
+
+
+#---- exceptions
+
+class WhichError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+
+#---- internal support stuff
+
+def _getRegisteredExecutable(exeName):
+    """Windows allow application paths to be registered in the registry."""
+    registered = None
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        if os.path.splitext(exeName)[1].lower() != '.exe':
+            exeName += '.exe'
+        import _winreg
+        try:
+            key = "SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\App Paths\\" +\
+                  exeName
+            value = _winreg.QueryValue(_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, key)
+            registered = (value, "from HKLM\\"+key)
+        except _winreg.error:
+            pass
+        if registered and not os.path.exists(registered[0]):
+            registered = None
+    return registered
+
+def _samefile(fname1, fname2):
+    if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        return ( os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(fname1)) ==\
+            os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(fname2)) )
+    else:
+        return os.path.samefile(fname1, fname2)
+
+def _cull(potential, matches, verbose=0):
+    """Cull inappropriate matches. Possible reasons:
+        - a duplicate of a previous match
+        - not a disk file
+        - not executable (non-Windows)
+    If 'potential' is approved it is returned and added to 'matches'.
+    Otherwise, None is returned.
+    """
+    for match in matches:  # don't yield duplicates
+        if _samefile(potential[0], match[0]):
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stderr.write("duplicate: %s (%s)\n" % potential)
+            return None
+    else:
+        if not stat.S_ISREG(os.stat(potential[0]).st_mode):
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stderr.write("not a regular file: %s (%s)\n" % potential)
+        elif not os.access(potential[0], os.X_OK):
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stderr.write("no executable access: %s (%s)\n"\
+                                 % potential)
+        else:
+            matches.append(potential)
+            return potential
+
+        
+#---- module API
+
+def whichgen(command, path=None, verbose=0, exts=None):
+    """Return a generator of full paths to the given command.
+    
+    "command" is a the name of the executable to search for.
+    "path" is an optional alternate path list to search. The default it
+        to use the PATH environment variable.
+    "verbose", if true, will cause a 2-tuple to be returned for each
+        match. The second element is a textual description of where the
+        match was found.
+    "exts" optionally allows one to specify a list of extensions to use
+        instead of the standard list for this system. This can
+        effectively be used as an optimization to, for example, avoid
+        stat's of "foo.vbs" when searching for "foo" and you know it is
+        not a VisualBasic script but ".vbs" is on PATHEXT. This option
+        is only supported on Windows.
+
+    This method returns a generator which yields either full paths to
+    the given command or, if verbose, tuples of the form (<path to
+    command>, <where path found>).
+    """
+    matches = []
+    if path is None:
+        usingGivenPath = 0
+        path = os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
+        if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+            path.insert(0, os.curdir)  # implied by Windows shell
+    else:
+        usingGivenPath = 1
+
+    # Windows has the concept of a list of extensions (PATHEXT env var).
+    if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+        if exts is None:
+            exts = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            # If '.exe' is not in exts then obviously this is Win9x and
+            # or a bogus PATHEXT, then use a reasonable default.
+            for ext in exts:
+                if ext.lower() == ".exe":
+                    break
+            else:
+                exts = ['.COM', '.EXE', '.BAT']
+        elif not isinstance(exts, list):
+            raise TypeError("'exts' argument must be a list or None")
+    else:
+        if exts is not None:
+            raise WhichError("'exts' argument is not supported on "\
+                             "platform '%s'" % sys.platform)
+        exts = []
+
+    # File name cannot have path separators because PATH lookup does not
+    # work that way.
+    if os.sep in command or os.altsep and os.altsep in command:
+        pass
+    else:
+        for i in range(len(path)):
+            dirName = path[i]
+            # On windows the dirName *could* be quoted, drop the quotes
+            if sys.platform.startswith("win") and len(dirName) >= 2\
+               and dirName[0] == '"' and dirName[-1] == '"':
+                dirName = dirName[1:-1]
+            for ext in ['']+exts:
+                absName = os.path.abspath(
+                    os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirName, command+ext)))
+                if os.path.isfile(absName):
+                    if usingGivenPath:
+                        fromWhere = "from given path element %d" % i
+                    elif not sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+                        fromWhere = "from PATH element %d" % i
+                    elif i == 0:
+                        fromWhere = "from current directory"
+                    else:
+                        fromWhere = "from PATH element %d" % (i-1)
+                    match = _cull((absName, fromWhere), matches, verbose)
+                    if match:
+                        if verbose:
+                            yield match
+                        else:
+                            yield match[0]
+        match = _getRegisteredExecutable(command)
+        if match is not None:
+            match = _cull(match, matches, verbose)
+            if match:
+                if verbose:
+                    yield match
+                else:
+                    yield match[0]
+
+
+def which(command, path=None, verbose=0, exts=None):
+    """Return the full path to the first match of the given command on
+    the path.
+    
+    "command" is a the name of the executable to search for.
+    "path" is an optional alternate path list to search. The default it
+        to use the PATH environment variable.
+    "verbose", if true, will cause a 2-tuple to be returned. The second
+        element is a textual description of where the match was found.
+    "exts" optionally allows one to specify a list of extensions to use
+        instead of the standard list for this system. This can
+        effectively be used as an optimization to, for example, avoid
+        stat's of "foo.vbs" when searching for "foo" and you know it is
+        not a VisualBasic script but ".vbs" is on PATHEXT. This option
+        is only supported on Windows.
+
+    If no match is found for the command, a WhichError is raised.
+    """
+    try:
+        match = whichgen(command, path, verbose, exts).next()
+    except StopIteration:
+        raise WhichError("Could not find '%s' on the path." % command)
+    return match
+
+
+def whichall(command, path=None, verbose=0, exts=None):
+    """Return a list of full paths to all matches of the given command
+    on the path.  
+
+    "command" is a the name of the executable to search for.
+    "path" is an optional alternate path list to search. The default it
+        to use the PATH environment variable.
+    "verbose", if true, will cause a 2-tuple to be returned for each
+        match. The second element is a textual description of where the
+        match was found.
+    "exts" optionally allows one to specify a list of extensions to use
+        instead of the standard list for this system. This can
+        effectively be used as an optimization to, for example, avoid
+        stat's of "foo.vbs" when searching for "foo" and you know it is
+        not a VisualBasic script but ".vbs" is on PATHEXT. This option
+        is only supported on Windows.
+    """
+    return list( whichgen(command, path, verbose, exts) )
+
+
+
+#---- mainline
+
+def main(argv):
+    all = 0
+    verbose = 0
+    altpath = None
+    exts = None
+    try:
+        optlist, args = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], 'haVvqp:e:',
+            ['help', 'all', 'version', 'verbose', 'quiet', 'path=', 'exts='])
+    except getopt.GetoptError, msg:
+        sys.stderr.write("which: error: %s. Your invocation was: %s\n"\
+                         % (msg, argv))
+        sys.stderr.write("Try 'which --help'.\n")
+        return 1
+    for opt, optarg in optlist:
+        if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
+            print _cmdlnUsage
+            return 0
+        elif opt in ('-V', '--version'):
+            print "which %s" % __version__
+            return 0
+        elif opt in ('-a', '--all'):
+            all = 1
+        elif opt in ('-v', '--verbose'):
+            verbose = 1
+        elif opt in ('-q', '--quiet'):
+            verbose = 0
+        elif opt in ('-p', '--path'):
+            if optarg:
+                altpath = optarg.split(os.pathsep)
+            else:
+                altpath = []
+        elif opt in ('-e', '--exts'):
+            if optarg:
+                exts = optarg.split(os.pathsep)
+            else:
+                exts = []
+
+    if len(args) == 0:
+        return -1
+
+    failures = 0
+    for arg in args:
+        #print "debug: search for %r" % arg
+        nmatches = 0
+        for match in whichgen(arg, path=altpath, verbose=verbose, exts=exts):
+            if verbose:
+                print "%s (%s)" % match
+            else:
+                print match
+            nmatches += 1
+            if not all:
+                break
+        if not nmatches:
+            failures += 1
+    return failures
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit( main(sys.argv) )
+
+